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Nathaniel Burwell Memorandum Books, 1809-1814, records the financial transactions of Nathaniel Burwell including the hiring out of slaves. Transactions record the names of individuals who purchased items or hired slaves and the amount paid. Transactions include the names of slaves.

Roanoke County (Va.) Birth Records, 1912-1917, consist of birth records.

Roanoke County (Va.) Chancery Causes, 1839-1942, consists of cases concerning issues of equity brought largely by residents of the county and filed in the circuit court. These cases often involve the following actions: divisions of estates or land, disputes over wills, disputes regarding contracts, debt, divorce, and business disputes. Other less prevalent issues include freedom suits, permissions to sell property, and disputes concerning trespass. Predominant documents found in these chancery causes include bills (documents the plaintiff's complaint), answers (defendant's response to the plaintiff's complaint), decrees (court's decision), depositions, affidavits, correspondence, lists of heirs, deeds, plats, wills, records involving enslaved individuals, business records or vital statistics.

Roanoke County (Va.) Church Files, 1931-1954, is a collection of petitions to receive the court's permission to sale church property and replace trustees.

Roanoke County (Va) Coroners' Inquisitions, 1840-1946, are investigations into the deaths of individuals who died by a sudden, violent, unnatural or suspicious manner, or died without medical attendance. Causes of death found in coroners' inquisitions include murder, infanticide, suicide, domestic violence, exposure to elements, drownings, train accidents, automobile accidents, and natural causes, or as commonly referred to in the 19th century, visitation by God. Documents commonly found in coroners' inquests include the inquisition, depositions, and summons. Criminal papers such as recognizance bonds can be found in coroner inquisitions. Information found in the inquisition include the name of the coroner, the names of the jurors, the name and age of the deceased if known, gender and race of the deceased, and when, how, and by what means the deceased came to his or her death. If the deceased was African American, the inquest would identify the deceased as a slave or free person if known. If the deceased was a slave, the inquest would include, if known, the name of the slaveowner and the slaveowner's residence. Information found in the depositions include the name of the deponent and his or her account of the circumstances that led to the death of the deceased. Slaves were deponents in coroner investigations.

Roanoke County (Va.) Court Records, 1823-1849. The collection contains seven documents removed from Roanoke County court records: a deed between William Richards, John Lister, and Jacob Helms, 1823; a letter from G.W. Wingfield to Frederick Johnston, 1829; a subpoena from the chancery cause George Dillard, etc. vs. Louisa Dillard, widow of Charles Dillard, etc., 1841; a Greenbrier County (West) Virginia Court of Appeals ruling, 1845, on a Botetourt County Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery decree from the chancery cause John Campbell vs. Executor of William Rowland; a letter, 1845, from A. S. Broaddus to F. Johnston pertaining to the estate of Charles Dillard; an answer, 1842, from the chancery cause John Faris vs. Henry Martin; and a letter from John McClanahan to J. Bushong with information about the sale of some tobacco, 1849.

Roanoke County (Va.) Deeds, 1838-1968 (bulk 1875-1968) consist of deeds of bargain and sale, deeds of gift, mortgages, and deeds of trust. On presentation to the court, deeds were proved and recorded. If the deed was not witnessed, the grantor acknowledged the deed in open court. A few of the deeds include plats. Except for a few years early in the eighteenth century, slaves in Virginia were considered personal property and consequently were not usually sold by deed. However, they were often transferred in deeds of gift or were the property listed in mortgages and deeds of trust.

Roanoke County (Va.) Land Grant Files, Notes, and Maps, 1795-1865 circa, is a collection of land grant information compiled by a researcher. Information recorded includes name of land grant recipient, value of buildings on the land, total number of acres, plats, and geographic location in relation to courthouse.

Roanoke County (Va.) Military and Pension Records, 1837-1946, consist of militia returns, list of militia officers, muster rolls, correspondence, circulars, and obituaries of Confederate veterans; compilations, reports, and depositions related to servicemen who served in the Spanish-American War and World War I; and records of Hupp-Deyerle Camp of Confederate veterans. The collection also includes correspondence from the headquarters of the First Military District during the Reconstruction era and from the national United Confederate Veterans; a compiled history of civilian defense during World War II; World War II casualty list; war service record of Virginia's war dead; World War I draft board report of physical examinations and exemption claims.

Roanoke County (Va.) Minute Books, 1878-1909, record all matters brought before the court on a daily basis when it was in session including but not limited to: civil and criminal suits, appointments of county officers, appointments of guardians and administrators, deed recordings, naturalization registrations, and court fees. Clerks would transfer information from minute books to appropriate order book, deed book, fiduciary book, etc.