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In one instance, access to the video interview is only available on-site."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMoses, Hannah. \"Ang Buhay Sa Nayon - Life in the Shenandoah Valley\" Masters Thesis Project. http://sites.jmu.edu/lifeinthevalley/\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Moses, Hannah. \"Ang Buhay Sa Nayon - Life in the Shenandoah Valley\" Masters Thesis Project. http://sites.jmu.edu/lifeinthevalley/"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAng Buhay sa Nayon - Life in the Valley Oral History Project, 2007-2015, is comprised of video recordings, transcripts, photographs and a scrapbook documenting twenty-three oral history interviews from seventeen Filipino Americans from the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia. The interviews were conducted during 2014 and edited and transcribed in 2015.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe project employed a life narrative approach where interviewees were asked to tell their life story and were then asked follow-up questions. Transcribing, editing, and reviewing took place in the Spring of 2015.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAll interviews were conducted by Hannah Moses, and some interviews also included Luz M. de Tablan as an active interviewer. In some cases, interviewees wanted to conduct a second interview. Please see the transcripts for details about the interviews including length and date of interview as well as information about each interviewee including age, place of birth, and the date each individual arrived in the Shenandoah Valley.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease note that video recordings and transcripts for each interview are available for use in the JMU Special Collections Reading Room.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Ang Buhay sa Nayon - Life in the Valley Oral History Project, 2007-2015, is comprised of video recordings, transcripts, photographs and a scrapbook documenting twenty-three oral history interviews from seventeen Filipino Americans from the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia. The interviews were conducted during 2014 and edited and transcribed in 2015.","The project employed a life narrative approach where interviewees were asked to tell their life story and were then asked follow-up questions. Transcribing, editing, and reviewing took place in the Spring of 2015.","All interviews were conducted by Hannah Moses, and some interviews also included Luz M. de Tablan as an active interviewer. In some cases, interviewees wanted to conduct a second interview. Please see the transcripts for details about the interviews including length and date of interview as well as information about each interviewee including age, place of birth, and the date each individual arrived in the Shenandoah Valley.","Please note that video recordings and transcripts for each interview are available for use in the JMU Special Collections Reading Room."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccess to the Oral Histories is governed by agreements with the interviewees. The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Access to the Oral Histories is governed by agreements with the interviewees. The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_69208b63663606d32360f06571c03c4c\"\u003eAng Buhay sa Nayon - Life in the Valley Oral History Project, 2007-2015, is comprised of video recordings, transcripts, photographs and a scrapbook documenting twenty-three oral history interviews from seventeen Filipino Americans from the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Ang Buhay sa Nayon - Life in the Valley Oral History Project, 2007-2015, is comprised of video recordings, transcripts, photographs and a scrapbook documenting twenty-three oral history interviews from seventeen Filipino Americans from the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia."],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Moses, Hannah","de Tablan, Luz M."],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Moses, Hannah","de Tablan, Luz M."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":31,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:18:27.342Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_597"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_237","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_237#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Custer, Elizabeth \"Libby\" Wampler, 1913-2019","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_237#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca. 1930s-1997, comprise business and personal records relating to the Custer family business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., of Hinton, Virginia.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_237#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_237","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_237","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_237","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_237","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_237.xml","title_ssm":["Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers"],"title_tesim":["Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1930s-1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1930s-1997"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0077","/repositories/4/resources/237"],"text":["SC 0077","/repositories/4/resources/237","Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers","Hinton (Va.) -- Industries -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century","Family-owned business enterprises -- Virginia","Poultry industry -- Virginia -- Hinton","Poultry -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Poultry -- Breeding","Poultry -- Hatcheries","Poultry -- Processing","Poultry -- Management","Poultry -- Economic aspects -- Virginia -- History","Poultry -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History"," Poultry industry -- Virginia -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Periodicals","Magazines (periodicals)","Account books","Newspaper clippings","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Digital images of photographs and other material were made from a scrapbook retained by the donor. Images are available in Special Collections.","The collection is arranged in three series:","Account Books, 1951-1955 Publications and Clippings, 1939-1997 Digitized Materials, circa 1930s-1960s","Wampler Family Papers, SC 0150, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.","\"Harry Custer Receives Award.\"  Turkey Talk , Vol 2:21 (May 31, 1973): 1.","\"Libby Custer Art Exhibit On Display now at HRHS.\"  Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Newsletter , Vol 29:2 (Spring 2007): 9.","Wampler, Charles W.  My grandfather, my grandchildren and me: an autobiography of Charles Wampler . Harrisonburg, Va.: Dayton, Va.: Shenandoah Press, 1968.","Virginia Poultry Growers Cooperative website. http://www.vapoultrygrowers.com/VPGC-Web/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=1 (accessed November 5, 2009).","Elizabeth Libby Wampler Custer was born on March 27, 1913 in Dayton, Virginia to Charles Wampler Sr. and Sadie Zigler Wampler. The Wampler family has been one of the most influential families in the Rockingham County, Virginia area. Libby's father was a pioneer in poultry raising and was considered the founder of the modern turkey industry. In 1927 he and two brothers established the Wampler Feed and Seed Company. One of nine children, Libby worked in the family business from a young age. She later attended Juniata College, a Church of the Brethren liberal arts college in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. She married Harry Lawson Custer (November 17, 1909 to February 22, 1981), a Fulks Run native, on October 12, 1934, and continued working with him in their poultry processing business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc. They had three children, Kay, Stephen and Judy.","Throughout her life Libby also expressed herself through painting. Between 1935 and 1959 Libby occasionally took classes taught by Olive Delp Graham at Bridgewater College. In 1964, at the age of 41, Libby participated in the first adult education class offered by Harrisonburg Public Schools under Mrs. Carrie K. Showalter. Over the years, Libby has painted various properties, homesteads, and scenic vistas at the request of friends and family, often on unconventional materials such as planks of wood, reflecting her pragmatism: \"You can paint on anything.\" An exhibit of her work and a reception in her honor was hosted in 2007 by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, where she continues to volunteer.","Harry Custer and Virginia Valley Processors, Inc.","The history of Virginia Valley Processors is part of a larger \"family tree\" of poultry and other business ventures. After starting a small business in 1928, Custer made a name for himself as a distributor of poultry and eggs in the Washington, D.C. area in the 1930s. In 1942, Custer bought property in Hinton, Virginia, where he had decided to settle. After serving in the Navy during World War II, Harry made a living hauling live poultry and established H.L. Custer Poultry in 1947, originally operating from a barn on the property. The business flourished, with Custer distributing poultry to markets in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, and Philadelphia, as well as entering into business ventures in West Virginia. In 1956, he and two associates, Homer and Jim Long, organized as Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., which operated from a plant on the property in Hinton through the 1960s. By 1970 the company merged with his father-in-law's company, Wampler Feed and Seed, Inc., and other Wampler family operations which were reorganized as Wampler Foods, Inc. The Hinton plant thus became the processing division, with Custer serving as vice president and a member of the board of directors.","A 1984 merger with poultry processor Horace W. Longacre resulted in the formation of Wampler-Longacre, Inc. Shortly after another acquisition in 1988, the company reorganized as WLR Foods, Inc., and continued to acquire several other businesses in the decades that followed. In 2001, Pilgrim's Pride, Inc., acquired WLR Foods, Inc. In 2004, after a reported three year loss, Pilgrim's Pride, Inc., announced the pending closure of the Hinton plant. This prompted swift action by the newly formed Virginia Poultry Grower's Cooperative, Inc., in its successful efforts to purchase the plant. The Hinton plant continues to operate today under the Virginia Poultry Growers Cooperative, Inc.","Libby Custer retained the original scrapbook from which digital images were created.","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2002.","Wampler Family Papers, 1798-1962, SC 0150, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.","Wampler Business Records, 1916-1972, SC 0202, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.","WLR Foods records, 1984-2002, SC 0112, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.","The Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca. 1930s-1997, comprise business and personal records relating to the Custer family business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., of Hinton, Virginia. The collection is arranged in three series: Account Books, Publications and Clippings, and Digitized Material. ","Series 1: Account Books, 1951-1955, includes payroll accounts, live poultry purchases, and refrigeration expenses during transport. The original covers were removed and the pages retained. One payroll account book records the names, hours worked, and rates of pay of female employees from February 18, 1955 until December 21, 1955, while a second account book documents the names, hours worked, and rates of pay of male employees from April 29, 1955 until December 30, 1955. Information regarding a possible temporary closing of the plant is also present. An account book regarding a possible temporary closure of the plant is also present. An account book regarding live poultry purchases between May 17, 1954 and December 21, 1955, documents the seller, type of poultry (i.e. toms, hens, culls, chicks) and amount paid. Pages from the account book of Cassco Ice consists of twenty pages that document expenses for transporting refrigerated dressed poultry to various named vendors, including dates, lot numbers, number of boxes, and cost. The last three pages contain entries from 1951-1952 recording stock purchases, listing stocks, shares purchased, cost, and dividends.","Series 2: Publications and Clippings, 1939-1997, consists of photocopies of articles and brochures relating to the local poultry industry and its history. One folder contains seven issues of the Wampler Foods, Inc., publication \"Turkey Talk.\" Another folder of material pertains to the takeover of one of the Virginia Valley Processors' New York customers, Murray Packing Company, in 1963 allegedly by an organized crime family under the auspices of Berkshire Foods. As a result, Virginia Valley Processors suffered an unrecoverable loss of $200,000. Also notable in this series are biographical information relating to Harry Custer's 1973 Virginia Poultry Federation awards and a typed memorial after his death in 1981, a news clipping regarding Charles W. Wampler Jr.'s 1997 Lifetime Achievement Award in Industry from the Science Museum of Virginia, and an undated article about a longtime employee of the Hinton plant, Sissy Obaugh.","Series 3: Digitized Materials, ca. 1930s-1960s, consists of photocopies of digital images from a scrapbook Mrs. Custer loaned to Carrier Library Special Collections. Images pertain to the early days of Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., various employees, and family. Digital images are available for viewing in Special Collections. An itemized list of these images is also available.","Digital images are provided for educational and research purposes only and are not to be downloaded, reproduced, or otherwise distributed.","  The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca. 1930s-1997, comprise business and personal records relating to the Custer family business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., of Hinton, Virginia.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","WLR Foods, Inc. -- Periodicals","Virginia Valley Processing, Inc. (Hinton, Va.) -- History","Wampler family","Custer, Elizabeth \"Libby\" Wampler, 1913-2019","Custer, Harry Lawson, 1909-1981","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0077","/repositories/4/resources/237"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Hinton (Va.) -- Industries -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Hinton (Va.) -- Industries -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. 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For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was donated in April 2008 by Libby Custer of Hinton, Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Family-owned business enterprises -- Virginia","Poultry industry -- Virginia -- Hinton","Poultry -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Poultry -- Breeding","Poultry -- Hatcheries","Poultry -- Processing","Poultry -- Management","Poultry -- Economic aspects -- Virginia -- History","Poultry -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History"," Poultry industry -- Virginia -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Periodicals","Magazines (periodicals)","Account books","Newspaper clippings"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Family-owned business enterprises -- Virginia","Poultry industry -- Virginia -- Hinton","Poultry -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Poultry -- Breeding","Poultry -- Hatcheries","Poultry -- Processing","Poultry -- Management","Poultry -- Economic aspects -- Virginia -- History","Poultry -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History"," Poultry industry -- Virginia -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Periodicals","Magazines (periodicals)","Account books","Newspaper clippings"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.2 cubic feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.2 cubic feet 1 box"],"genreform_ssim":["Magazines (periodicals)","Account books","Newspaper clippings"],"date_range_isim":[1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDigital images of photographs and other material were made from a scrapbook retained by the donor. Images are available in Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternative Form Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["Digital images of photographs and other material were made from a scrapbook retained by the donor. Images are available in Special Collections."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in three series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eAccount Books, 1951-1955\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePublications and Clippings, 1939-1997\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eDigitized Materials, circa 1930s-1960s\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in three series:","Account Books, 1951-1955 Publications and Clippings, 1939-1997 Digitized Materials, circa 1930s-1960s"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eWampler Family Papers, SC 0150, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\"Harry Custer Receives Award.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eTurkey Talk\u003c/emph\u003e, Vol 2:21 (May 31, 1973): 1.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\"Libby Custer Art Exhibit On Display now at HRHS.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHarrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Newsletter\u003c/emph\u003e, Vol 29:2 (Spring 2007): 9.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWampler, Charles W. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eMy grandfather, my grandchildren and me: an autobiography of Charles Wampler\u003c/emph\u003e. Harrisonburg, Va.: Dayton, Va.: Shenandoah Press, 1968.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eVirginia Poultry Growers Cooperative website. http://www.vapoultrygrowers.com/VPGC-Web/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=1 (accessed November 5, 2009).\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Wampler Family Papers, SC 0150, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.","\"Harry Custer Receives Award.\"  Turkey Talk , Vol 2:21 (May 31, 1973): 1.","\"Libby Custer Art Exhibit On Display now at HRHS.\"  Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Newsletter , Vol 29:2 (Spring 2007): 9.","Wampler, Charles W.  My grandfather, my grandchildren and me: an autobiography of Charles Wampler . Harrisonburg, Va.: Dayton, Va.: Shenandoah Press, 1968.","Virginia Poultry Growers Cooperative website. http://www.vapoultrygrowers.com/VPGC-Web/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=1 (accessed November 5, 2009)."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eElizabeth Libby Wampler Custer was born on March 27, 1913 in Dayton, Virginia to Charles Wampler Sr. and Sadie Zigler Wampler. The Wampler family has been one of the most influential families in the Rockingham County, Virginia area. Libby's father was a pioneer in poultry raising and was considered the founder of the modern turkey industry. In 1927 he and two brothers established the Wampler Feed and Seed Company. One of nine children, Libby worked in the family business from a young age. She later attended Juniata College, a Church of the Brethren liberal arts college in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. She married Harry Lawson Custer (November 17, 1909 to February 22, 1981), a Fulks Run native, on October 12, 1934, and continued working with him in their poultry processing business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc. They had three children, Kay, Stephen and Judy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThroughout her life Libby also expressed herself through painting. Between 1935 and 1959 Libby occasionally took classes taught by Olive Delp Graham at Bridgewater College. In 1964, at the age of 41, Libby participated in the first adult education class offered by Harrisonburg Public Schools under Mrs. Carrie K. Showalter. Over the years, Libby has painted various properties, homesteads, and scenic vistas at the request of friends and family, often on unconventional materials such as planks of wood, reflecting her pragmatism: \"You can paint on anything.\" An exhibit of her work and a reception in her honor was hosted in 2007 by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, where she continues to volunteer.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eHarry Custer and Virginia Valley Processors, Inc.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe history of Virginia Valley Processors is part of a larger \"family tree\" of poultry and other business ventures. After starting a small business in 1928, Custer made a name for himself as a distributor of poultry and eggs in the Washington, D.C. area in the 1930s. In 1942, Custer bought property in Hinton, Virginia, where he had decided to settle. After serving in the Navy during World War II, Harry made a living hauling live poultry and established H.L. Custer Poultry in 1947, originally operating from a barn on the property. The business flourished, with Custer distributing poultry to markets in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, and Philadelphia, as well as entering into business ventures in West Virginia. In 1956, he and two associates, Homer and Jim Long, organized as Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., which operated from a plant on the property in Hinton through the 1960s. By 1970 the company merged with his father-in-law's company, Wampler Feed and Seed, Inc., and other Wampler family operations which were reorganized as Wampler Foods, Inc. The Hinton plant thus became the processing division, with Custer serving as vice president and a member of the board of directors.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA 1984 merger with poultry processor Horace W. Longacre resulted in the formation of Wampler-Longacre, Inc. Shortly after another acquisition in 1988, the company reorganized as WLR Foods, Inc., and continued to acquire several other businesses in the decades that followed. In 2001, Pilgrim's Pride, Inc., acquired WLR Foods, Inc. In 2004, after a reported three year loss, Pilgrim's Pride, Inc., announced the pending closure of the Hinton plant. This prompted swift action by the newly formed Virginia Poultry Grower's Cooperative, Inc., in its successful efforts to purchase the plant. The Hinton plant continues to operate today under the Virginia Poultry Growers Cooperative, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Elizabeth Libby Wampler Custer was born on March 27, 1913 in Dayton, Virginia to Charles Wampler Sr. and Sadie Zigler Wampler. The Wampler family has been one of the most influential families in the Rockingham County, Virginia area. Libby's father was a pioneer in poultry raising and was considered the founder of the modern turkey industry. In 1927 he and two brothers established the Wampler Feed and Seed Company. One of nine children, Libby worked in the family business from a young age. She later attended Juniata College, a Church of the Brethren liberal arts college in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. She married Harry Lawson Custer (November 17, 1909 to February 22, 1981), a Fulks Run native, on October 12, 1934, and continued working with him in their poultry processing business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc. They had three children, Kay, Stephen and Judy.","Throughout her life Libby also expressed herself through painting. Between 1935 and 1959 Libby occasionally took classes taught by Olive Delp Graham at Bridgewater College. In 1964, at the age of 41, Libby participated in the first adult education class offered by Harrisonburg Public Schools under Mrs. Carrie K. Showalter. Over the years, Libby has painted various properties, homesteads, and scenic vistas at the request of friends and family, often on unconventional materials such as planks of wood, reflecting her pragmatism: \"You can paint on anything.\" An exhibit of her work and a reception in her honor was hosted in 2007 by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, where she continues to volunteer.","Harry Custer and Virginia Valley Processors, Inc.","The history of Virginia Valley Processors is part of a larger \"family tree\" of poultry and other business ventures. After starting a small business in 1928, Custer made a name for himself as a distributor of poultry and eggs in the Washington, D.C. area in the 1930s. In 1942, Custer bought property in Hinton, Virginia, where he had decided to settle. After serving in the Navy during World War II, Harry made a living hauling live poultry and established H.L. Custer Poultry in 1947, originally operating from a barn on the property. The business flourished, with Custer distributing poultry to markets in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, and Philadelphia, as well as entering into business ventures in West Virginia. In 1956, he and two associates, Homer and Jim Long, organized as Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., which operated from a plant on the property in Hinton through the 1960s. By 1970 the company merged with his father-in-law's company, Wampler Feed and Seed, Inc., and other Wampler family operations which were reorganized as Wampler Foods, Inc. The Hinton plant thus became the processing division, with Custer serving as vice president and a member of the board of directors.","A 1984 merger with poultry processor Horace W. Longacre resulted in the formation of Wampler-Longacre, Inc. Shortly after another acquisition in 1988, the company reorganized as WLR Foods, Inc., and continued to acquire several other businesses in the decades that followed. In 2001, Pilgrim's Pride, Inc., acquired WLR Foods, Inc. In 2004, after a reported three year loss, Pilgrim's Pride, Inc., announced the pending closure of the Hinton plant. This prompted swift action by the newly formed Virginia Poultry Grower's Cooperative, Inc., in its successful efforts to purchase the plant. The Hinton plant continues to operate today under the Virginia Poultry Growers Cooperative, Inc."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLibby Custer retained the original scrapbook from which digital images were created.\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["Libby Custer retained the original scrapbook from which digital images were created."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca.1930s-1997, SC 0077, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca.1930s-1997, SC 0077, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2002.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2002."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWampler Family Papers, 1798-1962, SC 0150, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWampler Business Records, 1916-1972, SC 0202, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWLR Foods records, 1984-2002, SC 0112, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Wampler Family Papers, 1798-1962, SC 0150, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.","Wampler Business Records, 1916-1972, SC 0202, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.","WLR Foods records, 1984-2002, SC 0112, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca. 1930s-1997, comprise business and personal records relating to the Custer family business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., of Hinton, Virginia. The collection is arranged in three series: Account Books, Publications and Clippings, and Digitized Material. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Account Books, 1951-1955, includes payroll accounts, live poultry purchases, and refrigeration expenses during transport. The original covers were removed and the pages retained. One payroll account book records the names, hours worked, and rates of pay of female employees from February 18, 1955 until December 21, 1955, while a second account book documents the names, hours worked, and rates of pay of male employees from April 29, 1955 until December 30, 1955. Information regarding a possible temporary closing of the plant is also present. An account book regarding a possible temporary closure of the plant is also present. An account book regarding live poultry purchases between May 17, 1954 and December 21, 1955, documents the seller, type of poultry (i.e. toms, hens, culls, chicks) and amount paid. Pages from the account book of Cassco Ice consists of twenty pages that document expenses for transporting refrigerated dressed poultry to various named vendors, including dates, lot numbers, number of boxes, and cost. The last three pages contain entries from 1951-1952 recording stock purchases, listing stocks, shares purchased, cost, and dividends.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Publications and Clippings, 1939-1997, consists of photocopies of articles and brochures relating to the local poultry industry and its history. One folder contains seven issues of the Wampler Foods, Inc., publication \"Turkey Talk.\" Another folder of material pertains to the takeover of one of the Virginia Valley Processors' New York customers, Murray Packing Company, in 1963 allegedly by an organized crime family under the auspices of Berkshire Foods. As a result, Virginia Valley Processors suffered an unrecoverable loss of $200,000. Also notable in this series are biographical information relating to Harry Custer's 1973 Virginia Poultry Federation awards and a typed memorial after his death in 1981, a news clipping regarding Charles W. Wampler Jr.'s 1997 Lifetime Achievement Award in Industry from the Science Museum of Virginia, and an undated article about a longtime employee of the Hinton plant, Sissy Obaugh.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Digitized Materials, ca. 1930s-1960s, consists of photocopies of digital images from a scrapbook Mrs. Custer loaned to Carrier Library Special Collections. Images pertain to the early days of Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., various employees, and family. Digital images are available for viewing in Special Collections. An itemized list of these images is also available.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca. 1930s-1997, comprise business and personal records relating to the Custer family business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., of Hinton, Virginia. The collection is arranged in three series: Account Books, Publications and Clippings, and Digitized Material. ","Series 1: Account Books, 1951-1955, includes payroll accounts, live poultry purchases, and refrigeration expenses during transport. The original covers were removed and the pages retained. One payroll account book records the names, hours worked, and rates of pay of female employees from February 18, 1955 until December 21, 1955, while a second account book documents the names, hours worked, and rates of pay of male employees from April 29, 1955 until December 30, 1955. Information regarding a possible temporary closing of the plant is also present. An account book regarding a possible temporary closure of the plant is also present. An account book regarding live poultry purchases between May 17, 1954 and December 21, 1955, documents the seller, type of poultry (i.e. toms, hens, culls, chicks) and amount paid. Pages from the account book of Cassco Ice consists of twenty pages that document expenses for transporting refrigerated dressed poultry to various named vendors, including dates, lot numbers, number of boxes, and cost. The last three pages contain entries from 1951-1952 recording stock purchases, listing stocks, shares purchased, cost, and dividends.","Series 2: Publications and Clippings, 1939-1997, consists of photocopies of articles and brochures relating to the local poultry industry and its history. One folder contains seven issues of the Wampler Foods, Inc., publication \"Turkey Talk.\" Another folder of material pertains to the takeover of one of the Virginia Valley Processors' New York customers, Murray Packing Company, in 1963 allegedly by an organized crime family under the auspices of Berkshire Foods. As a result, Virginia Valley Processors suffered an unrecoverable loss of $200,000. Also notable in this series are biographical information relating to Harry Custer's 1973 Virginia Poultry Federation awards and a typed memorial after his death in 1981, a news clipping regarding Charles W. Wampler Jr.'s 1997 Lifetime Achievement Award in Industry from the Science Museum of Virginia, and an undated article about a longtime employee of the Hinton plant, Sissy Obaugh.","Series 3: Digitized Materials, ca. 1930s-1960s, consists of photocopies of digital images from a scrapbook Mrs. Custer loaned to Carrier Library Special Collections. Images pertain to the early days of Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., various employees, and family. Digital images are available for viewing in Special Collections. An itemized list of these images is also available."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDigital images are provided for educational and research purposes only and are not to be downloaded, reproduced, or otherwise distributed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Digital images are provided for educational and research purposes only and are not to be downloaded, reproduced, or otherwise distributed.","  The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_12fc7cd450178b87a76d0aa364911cd7\"\u003eThe Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca. 1930s-1997, comprise business and personal records relating to the Custer family business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., of Hinton, Virginia.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca. 1930s-1997, comprise business and personal records relating to the Custer family business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., of Hinton, Virginia."],"names_coll_ssim":["WLR Foods, Inc. -- Periodicals","Virginia Valley Processing, Inc. (Hinton, Va.) -- History","Wampler family","Custer, Elizabeth \"Libby\" Wampler, 1913-2019","Custer, Harry Lawson, 1909-1981"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","WLR Foods, Inc. -- Periodicals","Virginia Valley Processing, Inc. (Hinton, Va.) -- History","Wampler family","Custer, Elizabeth \"Libby\" Wampler, 1913-2019","Custer, Harry Lawson, 1909-1981"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","WLR Foods, Inc. -- Periodicals","Virginia Valley Processing, Inc. (Hinton, Va.) -- History"],"famname_ssim":["Wampler family"],"persname_ssim":["Custer, Elizabeth \"Libby\" Wampler, 1913-2019","Custer, Harry Lawson, 1909-1981"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":10,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:25:48.758Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_237","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_237","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_237","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_237","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_237.xml","title_ssm":["Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers"],"title_tesim":["Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1930s-1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1930s-1997"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0077","/repositories/4/resources/237"],"text":["SC 0077","/repositories/4/resources/237","Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers","Hinton (Va.) -- Industries -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century","Family-owned business enterprises -- Virginia","Poultry industry -- Virginia -- Hinton","Poultry -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Poultry -- Breeding","Poultry -- Hatcheries","Poultry -- Processing","Poultry -- Management","Poultry -- Economic aspects -- Virginia -- History","Poultry -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History"," Poultry industry -- Virginia -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Periodicals","Magazines (periodicals)","Account books","Newspaper clippings","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Digital images of photographs and other material were made from a scrapbook retained by the donor. Images are available in Special Collections.","The collection is arranged in three series:","Account Books, 1951-1955 Publications and Clippings, 1939-1997 Digitized Materials, circa 1930s-1960s","Wampler Family Papers, SC 0150, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.","\"Harry Custer Receives Award.\"  Turkey Talk , Vol 2:21 (May 31, 1973): 1.","\"Libby Custer Art Exhibit On Display now at HRHS.\"  Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Newsletter , Vol 29:2 (Spring 2007): 9.","Wampler, Charles W.  My grandfather, my grandchildren and me: an autobiography of Charles Wampler . Harrisonburg, Va.: Dayton, Va.: Shenandoah Press, 1968.","Virginia Poultry Growers Cooperative website. http://www.vapoultrygrowers.com/VPGC-Web/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=1 (accessed November 5, 2009).","Elizabeth Libby Wampler Custer was born on March 27, 1913 in Dayton, Virginia to Charles Wampler Sr. and Sadie Zigler Wampler. The Wampler family has been one of the most influential families in the Rockingham County, Virginia area. Libby's father was a pioneer in poultry raising and was considered the founder of the modern turkey industry. In 1927 he and two brothers established the Wampler Feed and Seed Company. One of nine children, Libby worked in the family business from a young age. She later attended Juniata College, a Church of the Brethren liberal arts college in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. She married Harry Lawson Custer (November 17, 1909 to February 22, 1981), a Fulks Run native, on October 12, 1934, and continued working with him in their poultry processing business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc. They had three children, Kay, Stephen and Judy.","Throughout her life Libby also expressed herself through painting. Between 1935 and 1959 Libby occasionally took classes taught by Olive Delp Graham at Bridgewater College. In 1964, at the age of 41, Libby participated in the first adult education class offered by Harrisonburg Public Schools under Mrs. Carrie K. Showalter. Over the years, Libby has painted various properties, homesteads, and scenic vistas at the request of friends and family, often on unconventional materials such as planks of wood, reflecting her pragmatism: \"You can paint on anything.\" An exhibit of her work and a reception in her honor was hosted in 2007 by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, where she continues to volunteer.","Harry Custer and Virginia Valley Processors, Inc.","The history of Virginia Valley Processors is part of a larger \"family tree\" of poultry and other business ventures. After starting a small business in 1928, Custer made a name for himself as a distributor of poultry and eggs in the Washington, D.C. area in the 1930s. In 1942, Custer bought property in Hinton, Virginia, where he had decided to settle. After serving in the Navy during World War II, Harry made a living hauling live poultry and established H.L. Custer Poultry in 1947, originally operating from a barn on the property. The business flourished, with Custer distributing poultry to markets in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, and Philadelphia, as well as entering into business ventures in West Virginia. In 1956, he and two associates, Homer and Jim Long, organized as Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., which operated from a plant on the property in Hinton through the 1960s. By 1970 the company merged with his father-in-law's company, Wampler Feed and Seed, Inc., and other Wampler family operations which were reorganized as Wampler Foods, Inc. The Hinton plant thus became the processing division, with Custer serving as vice president and a member of the board of directors.","A 1984 merger with poultry processor Horace W. Longacre resulted in the formation of Wampler-Longacre, Inc. Shortly after another acquisition in 1988, the company reorganized as WLR Foods, Inc., and continued to acquire several other businesses in the decades that followed. In 2001, Pilgrim's Pride, Inc., acquired WLR Foods, Inc. In 2004, after a reported three year loss, Pilgrim's Pride, Inc., announced the pending closure of the Hinton plant. This prompted swift action by the newly formed Virginia Poultry Grower's Cooperative, Inc., in its successful efforts to purchase the plant. The Hinton plant continues to operate today under the Virginia Poultry Growers Cooperative, Inc.","Libby Custer retained the original scrapbook from which digital images were created.","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2002.","Wampler Family Papers, 1798-1962, SC 0150, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.","Wampler Business Records, 1916-1972, SC 0202, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.","WLR Foods records, 1984-2002, SC 0112, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.","The Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca. 1930s-1997, comprise business and personal records relating to the Custer family business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., of Hinton, Virginia. The collection is arranged in three series: Account Books, Publications and Clippings, and Digitized Material. ","Series 1: Account Books, 1951-1955, includes payroll accounts, live poultry purchases, and refrigeration expenses during transport. The original covers were removed and the pages retained. One payroll account book records the names, hours worked, and rates of pay of female employees from February 18, 1955 until December 21, 1955, while a second account book documents the names, hours worked, and rates of pay of male employees from April 29, 1955 until December 30, 1955. Information regarding a possible temporary closing of the plant is also present. An account book regarding a possible temporary closure of the plant is also present. An account book regarding live poultry purchases between May 17, 1954 and December 21, 1955, documents the seller, type of poultry (i.e. toms, hens, culls, chicks) and amount paid. Pages from the account book of Cassco Ice consists of twenty pages that document expenses for transporting refrigerated dressed poultry to various named vendors, including dates, lot numbers, number of boxes, and cost. The last three pages contain entries from 1951-1952 recording stock purchases, listing stocks, shares purchased, cost, and dividends.","Series 2: Publications and Clippings, 1939-1997, consists of photocopies of articles and brochures relating to the local poultry industry and its history. One folder contains seven issues of the Wampler Foods, Inc., publication \"Turkey Talk.\" Another folder of material pertains to the takeover of one of the Virginia Valley Processors' New York customers, Murray Packing Company, in 1963 allegedly by an organized crime family under the auspices of Berkshire Foods. As a result, Virginia Valley Processors suffered an unrecoverable loss of $200,000. Also notable in this series are biographical information relating to Harry Custer's 1973 Virginia Poultry Federation awards and a typed memorial after his death in 1981, a news clipping regarding Charles W. Wampler Jr.'s 1997 Lifetime Achievement Award in Industry from the Science Museum of Virginia, and an undated article about a longtime employee of the Hinton plant, Sissy Obaugh.","Series 3: Digitized Materials, ca. 1930s-1960s, consists of photocopies of digital images from a scrapbook Mrs. Custer loaned to Carrier Library Special Collections. Images pertain to the early days of Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., various employees, and family. Digital images are available for viewing in Special Collections. An itemized list of these images is also available.","Digital images are provided for educational and research purposes only and are not to be downloaded, reproduced, or otherwise distributed.","  The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca. 1930s-1997, comprise business and personal records relating to the Custer family business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., of Hinton, Virginia.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","WLR Foods, Inc. -- Periodicals","Virginia Valley Processing, Inc. (Hinton, Va.) -- History","Wampler family","Custer, Elizabeth \"Libby\" Wampler, 1913-2019","Custer, Harry Lawson, 1909-1981","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0077","/repositories/4/resources/237"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Hinton (Va.) -- Industries -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Hinton (Va.) -- Industries -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Custer, Elizabeth \"Libby\" Wampler, 1913-2019"],"creator_ssim":["Custer, Elizabeth \"Libby\" Wampler, 1913-2019"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Custer, Elizabeth \"Libby\" Wampler, 1913-2019"],"creators_ssim":["Custer, Elizabeth \"Libby\" Wampler, 1913-2019"],"places_ssim":["Hinton (Va.) -- Industries -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["Digital images are provided for educational and research purposes only and are not to be downloaded, reproduced, or otherwise distributed.","  The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was donated in April 2008 by Libby Custer of Hinton, Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Family-owned business enterprises -- Virginia","Poultry industry -- Virginia -- Hinton","Poultry -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Poultry -- Breeding","Poultry -- Hatcheries","Poultry -- Processing","Poultry -- Management","Poultry -- Economic aspects -- Virginia -- History","Poultry -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History"," Poultry industry -- Virginia -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Periodicals","Magazines (periodicals)","Account books","Newspaper clippings"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Family-owned business enterprises -- Virginia","Poultry industry -- Virginia -- Hinton","Poultry -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Poultry -- Breeding","Poultry -- Hatcheries","Poultry -- Processing","Poultry -- Management","Poultry -- Economic aspects -- Virginia -- History","Poultry -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History"," Poultry industry -- Virginia -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Periodicals","Magazines (periodicals)","Account books","Newspaper clippings"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.2 cubic feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.2 cubic feet 1 box"],"genreform_ssim":["Magazines (periodicals)","Account books","Newspaper clippings"],"date_range_isim":[1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDigital images of photographs and other material were made from a scrapbook retained by the donor. Images are available in Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternative Form Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["Digital images of photographs and other material were made from a scrapbook retained by the donor. Images are available in Special Collections."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in three series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eAccount Books, 1951-1955\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePublications and Clippings, 1939-1997\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eDigitized Materials, circa 1930s-1960s\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in three series:","Account Books, 1951-1955 Publications and Clippings, 1939-1997 Digitized Materials, circa 1930s-1960s"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eWampler Family Papers, SC 0150, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\"Harry Custer Receives Award.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eTurkey Talk\u003c/emph\u003e, Vol 2:21 (May 31, 1973): 1.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\"Libby Custer Art Exhibit On Display now at HRHS.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHarrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Newsletter\u003c/emph\u003e, Vol 29:2 (Spring 2007): 9.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWampler, Charles W. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eMy grandfather, my grandchildren and me: an autobiography of Charles Wampler\u003c/emph\u003e. Harrisonburg, Va.: Dayton, Va.: Shenandoah Press, 1968.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eVirginia Poultry Growers Cooperative website. http://www.vapoultrygrowers.com/VPGC-Web/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=1 (accessed November 5, 2009).\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Wampler Family Papers, SC 0150, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.","\"Harry Custer Receives Award.\"  Turkey Talk , Vol 2:21 (May 31, 1973): 1.","\"Libby Custer Art Exhibit On Display now at HRHS.\"  Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Newsletter , Vol 29:2 (Spring 2007): 9.","Wampler, Charles W.  My grandfather, my grandchildren and me: an autobiography of Charles Wampler . Harrisonburg, Va.: Dayton, Va.: Shenandoah Press, 1968.","Virginia Poultry Growers Cooperative website. http://www.vapoultrygrowers.com/VPGC-Web/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=1 (accessed November 5, 2009)."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eElizabeth Libby Wampler Custer was born on March 27, 1913 in Dayton, Virginia to Charles Wampler Sr. and Sadie Zigler Wampler. The Wampler family has been one of the most influential families in the Rockingham County, Virginia area. Libby's father was a pioneer in poultry raising and was considered the founder of the modern turkey industry. In 1927 he and two brothers established the Wampler Feed and Seed Company. One of nine children, Libby worked in the family business from a young age. She later attended Juniata College, a Church of the Brethren liberal arts college in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. She married Harry Lawson Custer (November 17, 1909 to February 22, 1981), a Fulks Run native, on October 12, 1934, and continued working with him in their poultry processing business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc. They had three children, Kay, Stephen and Judy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThroughout her life Libby also expressed herself through painting. Between 1935 and 1959 Libby occasionally took classes taught by Olive Delp Graham at Bridgewater College. In 1964, at the age of 41, Libby participated in the first adult education class offered by Harrisonburg Public Schools under Mrs. Carrie K. Showalter. Over the years, Libby has painted various properties, homesteads, and scenic vistas at the request of friends and family, often on unconventional materials such as planks of wood, reflecting her pragmatism: \"You can paint on anything.\" An exhibit of her work and a reception in her honor was hosted in 2007 by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, where she continues to volunteer.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eHarry Custer and Virginia Valley Processors, Inc.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe history of Virginia Valley Processors is part of a larger \"family tree\" of poultry and other business ventures. After starting a small business in 1928, Custer made a name for himself as a distributor of poultry and eggs in the Washington, D.C. area in the 1930s. In 1942, Custer bought property in Hinton, Virginia, where he had decided to settle. After serving in the Navy during World War II, Harry made a living hauling live poultry and established H.L. Custer Poultry in 1947, originally operating from a barn on the property. The business flourished, with Custer distributing poultry to markets in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, and Philadelphia, as well as entering into business ventures in West Virginia. In 1956, he and two associates, Homer and Jim Long, organized as Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., which operated from a plant on the property in Hinton through the 1960s. By 1970 the company merged with his father-in-law's company, Wampler Feed and Seed, Inc., and other Wampler family operations which were reorganized as Wampler Foods, Inc. The Hinton plant thus became the processing division, with Custer serving as vice president and a member of the board of directors.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA 1984 merger with poultry processor Horace W. Longacre resulted in the formation of Wampler-Longacre, Inc. Shortly after another acquisition in 1988, the company reorganized as WLR Foods, Inc., and continued to acquire several other businesses in the decades that followed. In 2001, Pilgrim's Pride, Inc., acquired WLR Foods, Inc. In 2004, after a reported three year loss, Pilgrim's Pride, Inc., announced the pending closure of the Hinton plant. This prompted swift action by the newly formed Virginia Poultry Grower's Cooperative, Inc., in its successful efforts to purchase the plant. The Hinton plant continues to operate today under the Virginia Poultry Growers Cooperative, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Elizabeth Libby Wampler Custer was born on March 27, 1913 in Dayton, Virginia to Charles Wampler Sr. and Sadie Zigler Wampler. The Wampler family has been one of the most influential families in the Rockingham County, Virginia area. Libby's father was a pioneer in poultry raising and was considered the founder of the modern turkey industry. In 1927 he and two brothers established the Wampler Feed and Seed Company. One of nine children, Libby worked in the family business from a young age. She later attended Juniata College, a Church of the Brethren liberal arts college in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. She married Harry Lawson Custer (November 17, 1909 to February 22, 1981), a Fulks Run native, on October 12, 1934, and continued working with him in their poultry processing business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc. They had three children, Kay, Stephen and Judy.","Throughout her life Libby also expressed herself through painting. Between 1935 and 1959 Libby occasionally took classes taught by Olive Delp Graham at Bridgewater College. In 1964, at the age of 41, Libby participated in the first adult education class offered by Harrisonburg Public Schools under Mrs. Carrie K. Showalter. Over the years, Libby has painted various properties, homesteads, and scenic vistas at the request of friends and family, often on unconventional materials such as planks of wood, reflecting her pragmatism: \"You can paint on anything.\" An exhibit of her work and a reception in her honor was hosted in 2007 by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, where she continues to volunteer.","Harry Custer and Virginia Valley Processors, Inc.","The history of Virginia Valley Processors is part of a larger \"family tree\" of poultry and other business ventures. After starting a small business in 1928, Custer made a name for himself as a distributor of poultry and eggs in the Washington, D.C. area in the 1930s. In 1942, Custer bought property in Hinton, Virginia, where he had decided to settle. After serving in the Navy during World War II, Harry made a living hauling live poultry and established H.L. Custer Poultry in 1947, originally operating from a barn on the property. The business flourished, with Custer distributing poultry to markets in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, and Philadelphia, as well as entering into business ventures in West Virginia. In 1956, he and two associates, Homer and Jim Long, organized as Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., which operated from a plant on the property in Hinton through the 1960s. By 1970 the company merged with his father-in-law's company, Wampler Feed and Seed, Inc., and other Wampler family operations which were reorganized as Wampler Foods, Inc. The Hinton plant thus became the processing division, with Custer serving as vice president and a member of the board of directors.","A 1984 merger with poultry processor Horace W. Longacre resulted in the formation of Wampler-Longacre, Inc. Shortly after another acquisition in 1988, the company reorganized as WLR Foods, Inc., and continued to acquire several other businesses in the decades that followed. In 2001, Pilgrim's Pride, Inc., acquired WLR Foods, Inc. In 2004, after a reported three year loss, Pilgrim's Pride, Inc., announced the pending closure of the Hinton plant. This prompted swift action by the newly formed Virginia Poultry Grower's Cooperative, Inc., in its successful efforts to purchase the plant. The Hinton plant continues to operate today under the Virginia Poultry Growers Cooperative, Inc."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLibby Custer retained the original scrapbook from which digital images were created.\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["Libby Custer retained the original scrapbook from which digital images were created."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca.1930s-1997, SC 0077, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca.1930s-1997, SC 0077, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2002.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2002."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWampler Family Papers, 1798-1962, SC 0150, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWampler Business Records, 1916-1972, SC 0202, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWLR Foods records, 1984-2002, SC 0112, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Wampler Family Papers, 1798-1962, SC 0150, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.","Wampler Business Records, 1916-1972, SC 0202, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.","WLR Foods records, 1984-2002, SC 0112, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca. 1930s-1997, comprise business and personal records relating to the Custer family business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., of Hinton, Virginia. The collection is arranged in three series: Account Books, Publications and Clippings, and Digitized Material. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Account Books, 1951-1955, includes payroll accounts, live poultry purchases, and refrigeration expenses during transport. The original covers were removed and the pages retained. One payroll account book records the names, hours worked, and rates of pay of female employees from February 18, 1955 until December 21, 1955, while a second account book documents the names, hours worked, and rates of pay of male employees from April 29, 1955 until December 30, 1955. Information regarding a possible temporary closing of the plant is also present. An account book regarding a possible temporary closure of the plant is also present. An account book regarding live poultry purchases between May 17, 1954 and December 21, 1955, documents the seller, type of poultry (i.e. toms, hens, culls, chicks) and amount paid. Pages from the account book of Cassco Ice consists of twenty pages that document expenses for transporting refrigerated dressed poultry to various named vendors, including dates, lot numbers, number of boxes, and cost. The last three pages contain entries from 1951-1952 recording stock purchases, listing stocks, shares purchased, cost, and dividends.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Publications and Clippings, 1939-1997, consists of photocopies of articles and brochures relating to the local poultry industry and its history. One folder contains seven issues of the Wampler Foods, Inc., publication \"Turkey Talk.\" Another folder of material pertains to the takeover of one of the Virginia Valley Processors' New York customers, Murray Packing Company, in 1963 allegedly by an organized crime family under the auspices of Berkshire Foods. As a result, Virginia Valley Processors suffered an unrecoverable loss of $200,000. Also notable in this series are biographical information relating to Harry Custer's 1973 Virginia Poultry Federation awards and a typed memorial after his death in 1981, a news clipping regarding Charles W. Wampler Jr.'s 1997 Lifetime Achievement Award in Industry from the Science Museum of Virginia, and an undated article about a longtime employee of the Hinton plant, Sissy Obaugh.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Digitized Materials, ca. 1930s-1960s, consists of photocopies of digital images from a scrapbook Mrs. Custer loaned to Carrier Library Special Collections. Images pertain to the early days of Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., various employees, and family. Digital images are available for viewing in Special Collections. An itemized list of these images is also available.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca. 1930s-1997, comprise business and personal records relating to the Custer family business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., of Hinton, Virginia. The collection is arranged in three series: Account Books, Publications and Clippings, and Digitized Material. ","Series 1: Account Books, 1951-1955, includes payroll accounts, live poultry purchases, and refrigeration expenses during transport. The original covers were removed and the pages retained. One payroll account book records the names, hours worked, and rates of pay of female employees from February 18, 1955 until December 21, 1955, while a second account book documents the names, hours worked, and rates of pay of male employees from April 29, 1955 until December 30, 1955. Information regarding a possible temporary closing of the plant is also present. An account book regarding a possible temporary closure of the plant is also present. An account book regarding live poultry purchases between May 17, 1954 and December 21, 1955, documents the seller, type of poultry (i.e. toms, hens, culls, chicks) and amount paid. Pages from the account book of Cassco Ice consists of twenty pages that document expenses for transporting refrigerated dressed poultry to various named vendors, including dates, lot numbers, number of boxes, and cost. The last three pages contain entries from 1951-1952 recording stock purchases, listing stocks, shares purchased, cost, and dividends.","Series 2: Publications and Clippings, 1939-1997, consists of photocopies of articles and brochures relating to the local poultry industry and its history. One folder contains seven issues of the Wampler Foods, Inc., publication \"Turkey Talk.\" Another folder of material pertains to the takeover of one of the Virginia Valley Processors' New York customers, Murray Packing Company, in 1963 allegedly by an organized crime family under the auspices of Berkshire Foods. As a result, Virginia Valley Processors suffered an unrecoverable loss of $200,000. Also notable in this series are biographical information relating to Harry Custer's 1973 Virginia Poultry Federation awards and a typed memorial after his death in 1981, a news clipping regarding Charles W. Wampler Jr.'s 1997 Lifetime Achievement Award in Industry from the Science Museum of Virginia, and an undated article about a longtime employee of the Hinton plant, Sissy Obaugh.","Series 3: Digitized Materials, ca. 1930s-1960s, consists of photocopies of digital images from a scrapbook Mrs. Custer loaned to Carrier Library Special Collections. Images pertain to the early days of Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., various employees, and family. Digital images are available for viewing in Special Collections. An itemized list of these images is also available."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDigital images are provided for educational and research purposes only and are not to be downloaded, reproduced, or otherwise distributed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Digital images are provided for educational and research purposes only and are not to be downloaded, reproduced, or otherwise distributed.","  The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_12fc7cd450178b87a76d0aa364911cd7\"\u003eThe Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca. 1930s-1997, comprise business and personal records relating to the Custer family business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., of Hinton, Virginia.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Elizabeth \"Libby\" Custer Papers, ca. 1930s-1997, comprise business and personal records relating to the Custer family business, Virginia Valley Processors, Inc., of Hinton, Virginia."],"names_coll_ssim":["WLR Foods, Inc. -- Periodicals","Virginia Valley Processing, Inc. (Hinton, Va.) -- History","Wampler family","Custer, Elizabeth \"Libby\" Wampler, 1913-2019","Custer, Harry Lawson, 1909-1981"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","WLR Foods, Inc. -- Periodicals","Virginia Valley Processing, Inc. (Hinton, Va.) -- History","Wampler family","Custer, Elizabeth \"Libby\" Wampler, 1913-2019","Custer, Harry Lawson, 1909-1981"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","WLR Foods, Inc. -- Periodicals","Virginia Valley Processing, Inc. (Hinton, Va.) -- History"],"famname_ssim":["Wampler family"],"persname_ssim":["Custer, Elizabeth \"Libby\" Wampler, 1913-2019","Custer, Harry Lawson, 1909-1981"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":10,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:25:48.758Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_237"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_301","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Leri Melissa Thomas Papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_301#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Thomas, Leri Melissa","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_301#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Leri Melissa Thomas Papers, 1926-1995 (bulk 1988-1992), consists of one box of files documenting the relationship between Shenandoah National Park (SNP) and residents and officials in several counties adjoining the park, especially Madison, Augusta, and Rockingham counties, Virginia.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_301#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_301","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_301","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_301","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_301","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_301.xml","title_ssm":["Leri Melissa Thomas Papers"],"title_tesim":["Leri Melissa Thomas Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1926-1995","1988-1992"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1988-1992"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1926-1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0156","/repositories/4/resources/301"],"text":["SC 0156","/repositories/4/resources/301","Leri Melissa Thomas Papers","Shenandoah National Park (Va.) -- History","Gore Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Light Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Rose River Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Madison County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Page County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century","Shenandoah National Park (Va.). Related Lands Study","Private property rights movement","Right of property -- United States","Real property -- Virginia","Compensation (law) -- United States","Land use -- Law and legislation -- United States","Land use -- Government policy -- United States","Land use -- Virginia","Land use surveys -- Virginia","Eviction -- Government policy -- United States","Rural-urban migration -- Virginia","Appalachians (People) -- 20th century","Mountain people -- Government policy -- Virginia","Mountain life -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Hunting -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Hunting -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Poaching -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Poaching -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Floods -- Virginia -- Madison County","Hunting customs -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Depressions -- 1929 -- United States","National parks and reserves -- Virginia -- History","Environmental monitoring -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Research (documents)","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","This collection is arranged topically into thirteen folders.","In 1979, Leri Melissa Thomas moved to Madison County within five miles of Shenandoah National Park. In the late 1980s, when the park inaugurated a study of its surrounding lands, she became a leader in the private property rights movement that protested the potential expansion of the park. She contacted government officials at all levels and publicized the public concern over the park's Related Lands Study (also known as Adjacent Lands Study) and other activities. Among her neighbors were descendants of people who had been dispossessed by the park in the 1920s and 1930s, when the park was first established.","Some originals are retained by the donor.","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in 2017-2018.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 4015 .","Shenandoah Park Oral History Collection, 1964-1999, SdArch SNP, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.","This collection is composed of one box of files documenting the relationship between Shenandoah National Park (SNP) and residents and officials in several counties adjoining the park, especially Madison, Augusta, and Rockingham Counties, 1926-1995. The documents, which are mostly photocopies, constitute a wide variety of materials, including newspaper clippings, newsletters, correspondence, memos, reports, maps, minutes of meetings, and surveys. Some materials were obtained from SNP and other federal agencies by Ms. Thomas through Freedom of Information Act requests. She has made notes on and/or highlighted many of the materials.","Letters, memos, laws, minutes of meetings, newsletters, reports, and other documents on the adjacent lands study conducted by SNP.","Forms containing survey information for Madison and Rockingham counties.","Letters and other documents concerning SNP acquisitions, and the role of The Conservation Fund in securing those acquisitions.","Letters, memos, surveys, maps, etc., related to SNP interest in the Gore Tract in Madison County.","Documents related to SNP interest in the Rose River Tract in Madison County.","Documents related to SNP interest in the Light property in Madison County.","Documents concerning the Park's interest in several tracts of land in Page County.","Documents concerning Park boundaries and concurrent jurisdiction.","Newsletters and other documents concerned with private property issues in general and specifically as related to SNP, including the pamphlet Us vs. NPS, co-authored by L. Thomas.","Documents concerning formation of an advisory committee to SNP of the eight bordering counties.","Miscellaneous articles related to SNP.","Letters describing several incidents in or near SNP.","A 15 p. report by L. Thomas entitled, \"The floods of 1995: a case study of Madisonian attitudes and experiences in the wake of flood relief efforts,\" which links attitudes and behaviors in response to floods to those concerning SNP. Includes some biographical information on L. Thomas.","The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Leri Melissa Thomas Papers, 1926-1995 (bulk 1988-1992), consists of one box of files documenting the relationship between Shenandoah National Park (SNP) and residents and officials in several counties adjoining the park, especially Madison, Augusta, and Rockingham counties, Virginia.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","United States. National Park Service","United States. Bureau of Land Management","Blue Ridge Committee for Shenandoah National Park Relations","Thomas, Leri Melissa","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0156","/repositories/4/resources/301"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Leri Melissa Thomas Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Leri Melissa Thomas Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Leri Melissa Thomas Papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Shenandoah National Park (Va.) -- History","Gore Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Light Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Rose River Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Madison County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Page County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Shenandoah National Park (Va.) -- History","Gore Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Light Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Rose River Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Madison County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Page County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Thomas, Leri Melissa"],"creator_ssim":["Thomas, Leri Melissa"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Thomas, Leri Melissa"],"creators_ssim":["Thomas, Leri Melissa"],"places_ssim":["Shenandoah National Park (Va.) -- History","Gore Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Light Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Rose River Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Madison County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Page County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Leri Thomas donated the collection to Special Collections in September 1998."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Shenandoah National Park (Va.). Related Lands Study","Private property rights movement","Right of property -- United States","Real property -- Virginia","Compensation (law) -- United States","Land use -- Law and legislation -- United States","Land use -- Government policy -- United States","Land use -- Virginia","Land use surveys -- Virginia","Eviction -- Government policy -- United States","Rural-urban migration -- Virginia","Appalachians (People) -- 20th century","Mountain people -- Government policy -- Virginia","Mountain life -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Hunting -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Hunting -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Poaching -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Poaching -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Floods -- Virginia -- Madison County","Hunting customs -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Depressions -- 1929 -- United States","National parks and reserves -- Virginia -- History","Environmental monitoring -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Research (documents)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Shenandoah National Park (Va.). Related Lands Study","Private property rights movement","Right of property -- United States","Real property -- Virginia","Compensation (law) -- United States","Land use -- Law and legislation -- United States","Land use -- Government policy -- United States","Land use -- Virginia","Land use surveys -- Virginia","Eviction -- Government policy -- United States","Rural-urban migration -- Virginia","Appalachians (People) -- 20th century","Mountain people -- Government policy -- Virginia","Mountain life -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Hunting -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Hunting -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Poaching -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Poaching -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Floods -- Virginia -- Madison County","Hunting customs -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Depressions -- 1929 -- United States","National parks and reserves -- Virginia -- History","Environmental monitoring -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Research (documents)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.33 cubic feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.33 cubic feet 1 box"],"genreform_ssim":["Research (documents)"],"date_range_isim":[1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged topically into thirteen folders.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged topically into thirteen folders."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1979, Leri Melissa Thomas moved to Madison County within five miles of Shenandoah National Park. In the late 1980s, when the park inaugurated a study of its surrounding lands, she became a leader in the private property rights movement that protested the potential expansion of the park. She contacted government officials at all levels and publicized the public concern over the park's Related Lands Study (also known as Adjacent Lands Study) and other activities. Among her neighbors were descendants of people who had been dispossessed by the park in the 1920s and 1930s, when the park was first established.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1979, Leri Melissa Thomas moved to Madison County within five miles of Shenandoah National Park. In the late 1980s, when the park inaugurated a study of its surrounding lands, she became a leader in the private property rights movement that protested the potential expansion of the park. She contacted government officials at all levels and publicized the public concern over the park's Related Lands Study (also known as Adjacent Lands Study) and other activities. Among her neighbors were descendants of people who had been dispossessed by the park in the 1920s and 1930s, when the park was first established."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome originals are retained by the donor.\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["Some originals are retained by the donor."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Leri Melissa Thomas Papers, 1926-1995 (bulk 1988-1992), SC 0156, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Leri Melissa Thomas Papers, 1926-1995 (bulk 1988-1992), SC 0156, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in 2017-2018. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 4015\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in 2017-2018.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 4015 ."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eShenandoah Park Oral History Collection, 1964-1999, SdArch SNP, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Shenandoah Park Oral History Collection, 1964-1999, SdArch SNP, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is composed of one box of files documenting the relationship between Shenandoah National Park (SNP) and residents and officials in several counties adjoining the park, especially Madison, Augusta, and Rockingham Counties, 1926-1995. The documents, which are mostly photocopies, constitute a wide variety of materials, including newspaper clippings, newsletters, correspondence, memos, reports, maps, minutes of meetings, and surveys. Some materials were obtained from SNP and other federal agencies by Ms. Thomas through Freedom of Information Act requests. She has made notes on and/or highlighted many of the materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters, memos, laws, minutes of meetings, newsletters, reports, and other documents on the adjacent lands study conducted by SNP.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eForms containing survey information for Madison and Rockingham counties.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters and other documents concerning SNP acquisitions, and the role of The Conservation Fund in securing those acquisitions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters, memos, surveys, maps, etc., related to SNP interest in the Gore Tract in Madison County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments related to SNP interest in the Rose River Tract in Madison County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments related to SNP interest in the Light property in Madison County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments concerning the Park's interest in several tracts of land in Page County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments concerning Park boundaries and concurrent jurisdiction.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNewsletters and other documents concerned with private property issues in general and specifically as related to SNP, including the pamphlet Us vs. NPS, co-authored by L. Thomas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments concerning formation of an advisory committee to SNP of the eight bordering counties.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous articles related to SNP.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters describing several incidents in or near SNP.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA 15 p. report by L. Thomas entitled, \"The floods of 1995: a case study of Madisonian attitudes and experiences in the wake of flood relief efforts,\" which links attitudes and behaviors in response to floods to those concerning SNP. Includes some biographical information on L. Thomas.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is composed of one box of files documenting the relationship between Shenandoah National Park (SNP) and residents and officials in several counties adjoining the park, especially Madison, Augusta, and Rockingham Counties, 1926-1995. The documents, which are mostly photocopies, constitute a wide variety of materials, including newspaper clippings, newsletters, correspondence, memos, reports, maps, minutes of meetings, and surveys. Some materials were obtained from SNP and other federal agencies by Ms. Thomas through Freedom of Information Act requests. She has made notes on and/or highlighted many of the materials.","Letters, memos, laws, minutes of meetings, newsletters, reports, and other documents on the adjacent lands study conducted by SNP.","Forms containing survey information for Madison and Rockingham counties.","Letters and other documents concerning SNP acquisitions, and the role of The Conservation Fund in securing those acquisitions.","Letters, memos, surveys, maps, etc., related to SNP interest in the Gore Tract in Madison County.","Documents related to SNP interest in the Rose River Tract in Madison County.","Documents related to SNP interest in the Light property in Madison County.","Documents concerning the Park's interest in several tracts of land in Page County.","Documents concerning Park boundaries and concurrent jurisdiction.","Newsletters and other documents concerned with private property issues in general and specifically as related to SNP, including the pamphlet Us vs. NPS, co-authored by L. Thomas.","Documents concerning formation of an advisory committee to SNP of the eight bordering counties.","Miscellaneous articles related to SNP.","Letters describing several incidents in or near SNP.","A 15 p. report by L. Thomas entitled, \"The floods of 1995: a case study of Madisonian attitudes and experiences in the wake of flood relief efforts,\" which links attitudes and behaviors in response to floods to those concerning SNP. Includes some biographical information on L. Thomas."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d8640cb4e05f8f0f88ce7ce96242dda2\"\u003eThe Leri Melissa Thomas Papers, 1926-1995 (bulk 1988-1992), consists of one box of files documenting the relationship between Shenandoah National Park (SNP) and residents and officials in several counties adjoining the park, especially Madison, Augusta, and Rockingham counties, Virginia.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Leri Melissa Thomas Papers, 1926-1995 (bulk 1988-1992), consists of one box of files documenting the relationship between Shenandoah National Park (SNP) and residents and officials in several counties adjoining the park, especially Madison, Augusta, and Rockingham counties, Virginia."],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. National Park Service","United States. Bureau of Land Management","Blue Ridge Committee for Shenandoah National Park Relations"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","United States. National Park Service","United States. Bureau of Land Management","Blue Ridge Committee for Shenandoah National Park Relations","Thomas, Leri Melissa"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","United States. National Park Service","United States. Bureau of Land Management","Blue Ridge Committee for Shenandoah National Park Relations"],"persname_ssim":["Thomas, Leri Melissa"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":13,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:25:29.210Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_301","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_301","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_301","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_301","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_301.xml","title_ssm":["Leri Melissa Thomas Papers"],"title_tesim":["Leri Melissa Thomas Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1926-1995","1988-1992"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1988-1992"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1926-1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0156","/repositories/4/resources/301"],"text":["SC 0156","/repositories/4/resources/301","Leri Melissa Thomas Papers","Shenandoah National Park (Va.) -- History","Gore Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Light Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Rose River Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Madison County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Page County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century","Shenandoah National Park (Va.). Related Lands Study","Private property rights movement","Right of property -- United States","Real property -- Virginia","Compensation (law) -- United States","Land use -- Law and legislation -- United States","Land use -- Government policy -- United States","Land use -- Virginia","Land use surveys -- Virginia","Eviction -- Government policy -- United States","Rural-urban migration -- Virginia","Appalachians (People) -- 20th century","Mountain people -- Government policy -- Virginia","Mountain life -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Hunting -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Hunting -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Poaching -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Poaching -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Floods -- Virginia -- Madison County","Hunting customs -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Depressions -- 1929 -- United States","National parks and reserves -- Virginia -- History","Environmental monitoring -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Research (documents)","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","This collection is arranged topically into thirteen folders.","In 1979, Leri Melissa Thomas moved to Madison County within five miles of Shenandoah National Park. In the late 1980s, when the park inaugurated a study of its surrounding lands, she became a leader in the private property rights movement that protested the potential expansion of the park. She contacted government officials at all levels and publicized the public concern over the park's Related Lands Study (also known as Adjacent Lands Study) and other activities. Among her neighbors were descendants of people who had been dispossessed by the park in the 1920s and 1930s, when the park was first established.","Some originals are retained by the donor.","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in 2017-2018.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 4015 .","Shenandoah Park Oral History Collection, 1964-1999, SdArch SNP, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.","This collection is composed of one box of files documenting the relationship between Shenandoah National Park (SNP) and residents and officials in several counties adjoining the park, especially Madison, Augusta, and Rockingham Counties, 1926-1995. The documents, which are mostly photocopies, constitute a wide variety of materials, including newspaper clippings, newsletters, correspondence, memos, reports, maps, minutes of meetings, and surveys. Some materials were obtained from SNP and other federal agencies by Ms. Thomas through Freedom of Information Act requests. She has made notes on and/or highlighted many of the materials.","Letters, memos, laws, minutes of meetings, newsletters, reports, and other documents on the adjacent lands study conducted by SNP.","Forms containing survey information for Madison and Rockingham counties.","Letters and other documents concerning SNP acquisitions, and the role of The Conservation Fund in securing those acquisitions.","Letters, memos, surveys, maps, etc., related to SNP interest in the Gore Tract in Madison County.","Documents related to SNP interest in the Rose River Tract in Madison County.","Documents related to SNP interest in the Light property in Madison County.","Documents concerning the Park's interest in several tracts of land in Page County.","Documents concerning Park boundaries and concurrent jurisdiction.","Newsletters and other documents concerned with private property issues in general and specifically as related to SNP, including the pamphlet Us vs. NPS, co-authored by L. Thomas.","Documents concerning formation of an advisory committee to SNP of the eight bordering counties.","Miscellaneous articles related to SNP.","Letters describing several incidents in or near SNP.","A 15 p. report by L. Thomas entitled, \"The floods of 1995: a case study of Madisonian attitudes and experiences in the wake of flood relief efforts,\" which links attitudes and behaviors in response to floods to those concerning SNP. Includes some biographical information on L. Thomas.","The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Leri Melissa Thomas Papers, 1926-1995 (bulk 1988-1992), consists of one box of files documenting the relationship between Shenandoah National Park (SNP) and residents and officials in several counties adjoining the park, especially Madison, Augusta, and Rockingham counties, Virginia.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","United States. National Park Service","United States. Bureau of Land Management","Blue Ridge Committee for Shenandoah National Park Relations","Thomas, Leri Melissa","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0156","/repositories/4/resources/301"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Leri Melissa Thomas Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Leri Melissa Thomas Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Leri Melissa Thomas Papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Shenandoah National Park (Va.) -- History","Gore Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Light Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Rose River Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Madison County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Page County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Shenandoah National Park (Va.) -- History","Gore Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Light Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Rose River Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Madison County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Page County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Thomas, Leri Melissa"],"creator_ssim":["Thomas, Leri Melissa"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Thomas, Leri Melissa"],"creators_ssim":["Thomas, Leri Melissa"],"places_ssim":["Shenandoah National Park (Va.) -- History","Gore Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Light Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Rose River Tract (Madison County, Va.)","Madison County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Page County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. 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Va.)","Hunting -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Hunting -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Poaching -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Poaching -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Floods -- Virginia -- Madison County","Hunting customs -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Depressions -- 1929 -- United States","National parks and reserves -- Virginia -- History","Environmental monitoring -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Research (documents)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Shenandoah National Park (Va.). 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Va.)","Depressions -- 1929 -- United States","National parks and reserves -- Virginia -- History","Environmental monitoring -- Virginia -- Shenandoah National Park","Research (documents)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.33 cubic feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.33 cubic feet 1 box"],"genreform_ssim":["Research (documents)"],"date_range_isim":[1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged topically into thirteen folders.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged topically into thirteen folders."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1979, Leri Melissa Thomas moved to Madison County within five miles of Shenandoah National Park. In the late 1980s, when the park inaugurated a study of its surrounding lands, she became a leader in the private property rights movement that protested the potential expansion of the park. She contacted government officials at all levels and publicized the public concern over the park's Related Lands Study (also known as Adjacent Lands Study) and other activities. Among her neighbors were descendants of people who had been dispossessed by the park in the 1920s and 1930s, when the park was first established.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1979, Leri Melissa Thomas moved to Madison County within five miles of Shenandoah National Park. In the late 1980s, when the park inaugurated a study of its surrounding lands, she became a leader in the private property rights movement that protested the potential expansion of the park. She contacted government officials at all levels and publicized the public concern over the park's Related Lands Study (also known as Adjacent Lands Study) and other activities. Among her neighbors were descendants of people who had been dispossessed by the park in the 1920s and 1930s, when the park was first established."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome originals are retained by the donor.\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["Some originals are retained by the donor."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Leri Melissa Thomas Papers, 1926-1995 (bulk 1988-1992), SC 0156, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Leri Melissa Thomas Papers, 1926-1995 (bulk 1988-1992), SC 0156, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in 2017-2018. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 4015\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in 2017-2018.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 4015 ."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eShenandoah Park Oral History Collection, 1964-1999, SdArch SNP, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Shenandoah Park Oral History Collection, 1964-1999, SdArch SNP, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is composed of one box of files documenting the relationship between Shenandoah National Park (SNP) and residents and officials in several counties adjoining the park, especially Madison, Augusta, and Rockingham Counties, 1926-1995. The documents, which are mostly photocopies, constitute a wide variety of materials, including newspaper clippings, newsletters, correspondence, memos, reports, maps, minutes of meetings, and surveys. Some materials were obtained from SNP and other federal agencies by Ms. Thomas through Freedom of Information Act requests. She has made notes on and/or highlighted many of the materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters, memos, laws, minutes of meetings, newsletters, reports, and other documents on the adjacent lands study conducted by SNP.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eForms containing survey information for Madison and Rockingham counties.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters and other documents concerning SNP acquisitions, and the role of The Conservation Fund in securing those acquisitions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters, memos, surveys, maps, etc., related to SNP interest in the Gore Tract in Madison County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments related to SNP interest in the Rose River Tract in Madison County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments related to SNP interest in the Light property in Madison County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments concerning the Park's interest in several tracts of land in Page County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments concerning Park boundaries and concurrent jurisdiction.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNewsletters and other documents concerned with private property issues in general and specifically as related to SNP, including the pamphlet Us vs. NPS, co-authored by L. Thomas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments concerning formation of an advisory committee to SNP of the eight bordering counties.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous articles related to SNP.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters describing several incidents in or near SNP.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA 15 p. report by L. Thomas entitled, \"The floods of 1995: a case study of Madisonian attitudes and experiences in the wake of flood relief efforts,\" which links attitudes and behaviors in response to floods to those concerning SNP. Includes some biographical information on L. Thomas.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is composed of one box of files documenting the relationship between Shenandoah National Park (SNP) and residents and officials in several counties adjoining the park, especially Madison, Augusta, and Rockingham Counties, 1926-1995. The documents, which are mostly photocopies, constitute a wide variety of materials, including newspaper clippings, newsletters, correspondence, memos, reports, maps, minutes of meetings, and surveys. Some materials were obtained from SNP and other federal agencies by Ms. Thomas through Freedom of Information Act requests. She has made notes on and/or highlighted many of the materials.","Letters, memos, laws, minutes of meetings, newsletters, reports, and other documents on the adjacent lands study conducted by SNP.","Forms containing survey information for Madison and Rockingham counties.","Letters and other documents concerning SNP acquisitions, and the role of The Conservation Fund in securing those acquisitions.","Letters, memos, surveys, maps, etc., related to SNP interest in the Gore Tract in Madison County.","Documents related to SNP interest in the Rose River Tract in Madison County.","Documents related to SNP interest in the Light property in Madison County.","Documents concerning the Park's interest in several tracts of land in Page County.","Documents concerning Park boundaries and concurrent jurisdiction.","Newsletters and other documents concerned with private property issues in general and specifically as related to SNP, including the pamphlet Us vs. NPS, co-authored by L. Thomas.","Documents concerning formation of an advisory committee to SNP of the eight bordering counties.","Miscellaneous articles related to SNP.","Letters describing several incidents in or near SNP.","A 15 p. report by L. Thomas entitled, \"The floods of 1995: a case study of Madisonian attitudes and experiences in the wake of flood relief efforts,\" which links attitudes and behaviors in response to floods to those concerning SNP. Includes some biographical information on L. Thomas."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d8640cb4e05f8f0f88ce7ce96242dda2\"\u003eThe Leri Melissa Thomas Papers, 1926-1995 (bulk 1988-1992), consists of one box of files documenting the relationship between Shenandoah National Park (SNP) and residents and officials in several counties adjoining the park, especially Madison, Augusta, and Rockingham counties, Virginia.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Leri Melissa Thomas Papers, 1926-1995 (bulk 1988-1992), consists of one box of files documenting the relationship between Shenandoah National Park (SNP) and residents and officials in several counties adjoining the park, especially Madison, Augusta, and Rockingham counties, Virginia."],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. National Park Service","United States. Bureau of Land Management","Blue Ridge Committee for Shenandoah National Park Relations"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","United States. National Park Service","United States. Bureau of Land Management","Blue Ridge Committee for Shenandoah National Park Relations","Thomas, Leri Melissa"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","United States. National Park Service","United States. Bureau of Land Management","Blue Ridge Committee for Shenandoah National Park Relations"],"persname_ssim":["Thomas, Leri Melissa"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":13,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:25:29.210Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_301"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_586","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"New cultural pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley oral histories","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_586#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Staropoli, Theresa","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_586#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The New Cultural Pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley Oral Histories, 1992-1993, is comprised of 8 audio recordings and 12 transcripts or summaries of interviews by undergraduate history intern, Theresa Staropoli, with individuals from the Shenandoah Valley who provide services to refugees and immigrants, and individuals representative of groups new to the area.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_586#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_586","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_586","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_586","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_586","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_586.xml","title_ssm":["New cultural pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley oral histories"],"title_tesim":["New cultural pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley oral histories"],"unitdate_ssm":["1992-1993"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1992-1993"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SdArch 0008","/repositories/4/resources/586"],"text":["SdArch 0008","/repositories/4/resources/586","New cultural pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley oral histories","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century","United States -- Social conditions -- 1980-","United States -- Emigration and immigration -- Psychological aspects","Multiculturalism -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Immigrants -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Hispanic Americans -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Russian Americans -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Assimilation (Sociology)","Acculturation","English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers","Children of immigrants -- Education","Literacy programs -- Virginia","oral histories (literary works)","Access to the Oral Histories is governed by agreements with the narrators. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral History is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open to research.","Oral history is open for research. There is no audio for this interview.","Interview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview.","Interview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview.","Interview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview.","Content is arranged in no particular order.","Oral histories were created by Theresa Starapoli, an undergraduate student at JMU, who completed the project as an intern in Special Collections in 1992. The internship was funded by a Burruss Grant.","Oral histories were cataloged at the item level in 1997; The descriptive metadata was compiled into a Finding Aid format in 2019. Audio recordings were transferred from audiocassette digital files by Kirsten Mlodynia, Digital Project Specialist at JMU Libraries in July 2018.","This oral history series studies the immigration of various ethnic groups into the Shenandoah Valley, starting with a review of past history (see background paper). Records interviews of individuals who provide services to refugees; also interviews of individuals representative of groups new to the area. Shows how these people are maintaining their cultural identities and how they are adapting to mainstream Valley culture. Studies reasons why they left their homeland; why they settled in the Valley; how their cultures differ; what troubles they have had maintaining their cultures; and how they perceive their reception by local residents. Interviews conducted with seven individuals providing services for immigrants include: Rev. Joseph S. Roberson, Alex Flores, Marlene Webb, Marta F. de Meza, Laura Draim, Sam Ritchie, and Sheryl K. Wyse. Interviews of new immigrants include: Willie Chavez, Ana Sanchez and Efraim Sanchez-Garcia, Tanya and Sasha Reut, and Thu Huynh. Series of five articles from Daily news-record (Harrisonburg, Va.), Dec. 28-29, 1995 include: Valley Hispanics fare well at orchards, poultry plants / Bettina Tilson; Mexican natives find good, bad in America / Bettina Tilson; Few Hispanics appear on welfare rolls / Chris Edwards; Tax laws require immigrants to pay / News-record staff; Hispanics working to adapt to life as Valley residents / Chris Edwards. Article from July 27, 1996: Hispanic census: Service group places count below estimates, refutes job/tax stereotype / Julie Collins.","This interview records the viewpoints of Rev. Joseph S. Roberson, Program Coordinator, Virginia Council of Churches Refugee Resettlement Program. Explains purpose of the Refugee Resettlement Office, relations with other relief organizations (Church World Service, World Relief) and the Va. Dept. of Social Services. Mentions special emphasis placed on trying to place individuals persecuted for Christian beliefs. Comments on the refugee-immigration application and selection process from the standpoint of the refugee, the immigrating country, the U.S. government (incl. mention of the U.S. immigration law) and church organizations (such as his organization and its relation with sponsoring congregations in the area). Mentions numbers and variety of immigrants and their backgrounds (ex. Soviet Union, Hispanics and Ethiopia), including education and other related factors. Explains how the Resettlement Program tries to help support the refugees by providing interpreters, ESL (English as a second language) education opportunities, and other related services including providing entry-level job opportunities (ex. the poultry industry)","This interview records the viewpoints of Alex Flores, Human Resources Coordinator, Rocco Turkeys Inc., Dayton, Va. Talks about the plant and its relations with various groups of immigrant employees. Mentions hiring and management practices (ex. the high turn-over rate for production jobs, starting pay, application numbers and other related figures; low absenteeism and work ethic). Gives information on numbers of immigrants and their nationality (Hispanic, from Mexicio and Central America; Ukrainians; Pakistanians; and Laotians). Explains efforts to help support the refugees by providing interpreters, ESL (English as a second language) education opportunities (ex. JMU/federal grant literacy van), and other related services; also Spanish classes for managers. Mentions the typical day for a worker. Refers to different cultural backgrounds, family structure, assimilation (or lack of it) among varying groups, both within the plant and outside of it. Mentions need for further expansion of services within the community. Recorded at Rocco Turkeys Inc., Dayton, Va. on November 30, 1992","This interview records the viewpoints of Marlene Webb, an ESL (English as second language) teacher. Talks about her experiences with immigrants at the Dayton Learning Center; also as a tutor. Mentions nationalities of students and how/when they came to the area (beginning with the Vietnamese; then Laotians and Cambodians; Hispanics, mostly from Mexico; and more recently, Russians.) Explains the purpose of ESL teaching; publishers and training materials; bilingualism; and the language barrier encountered by many. Refers to different cultural and educational backgrounds of various groups and changes in economic and social status. Also mentions the family structure, assimilation (or lack of it) and related adaptabilities of age levels (differences between children and adults). Mentions stereotyping; attitudes among the community at large and differences in cultural values and the general need for greater understanding by the community. Recorded at the home of Marlene Webb at 1372 Sparrow Court, Harrisonburg, Va., Jan. 15, 1993.","This interview records the viewpoints of Willie Chavez (and his wife) about life as recent immigrants in America. Talks briefly about his experiences in the U.S. before coming to the Valley; illegal alien/visa status and recent citizenship as a result of the 1987 amnesty. Mentions reasons for coming to this country; separation from his family. Talks about different jobs he's had (ranch hand in Texas and Oklahoma); more recently in Bridgewater, Va. at the Perdue Processing Poultry Plant. Mentions the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through general association with friends and co-workers). Compares his economic and work situation in Mexico and the U.S. Talks about the traditional structure of the Mexican family and cultural and educational assimilation of and changes in his two children. Briefly mentions discrimination; stereotyping and attitudes among the general community. His wife mentions the differences in the place of the woman in Mexican and American society. Recorded at the apartment of Willie Chavez and family (wife, two children and brother), in Bridgewater, Va., Feb. 10, 1993.","This interview records the viewpoints of Mrs. Ana Sanchez and Mr. Efraim Sanchez-Garcia about life as immigrants/Mexican-Americans in the U.S. Ana talks about her first experience in this country at the age of thirteen, about going back and forth between the two countries, separation from family, attempts to stay in school, and about various jobs she has had across the country (Utah, Wisconsin, Virginia), among them as a migrant worker. Efraim mentions his job at the local Wampler poultry plant. Ana talks about the language barrier, the value of and attempts to learn English (through classes and general association with others); also mentions her experiences as a translator for others. She and her husband Efraim compare and contrast life in California and Virginia and why they prefer the latter (because of crime in Cal. and the fact that they want to develop English skills, which they are better able to do because there are fewer Spanish-speaking people in Va.). They mention the amnesty program which Efraim took part in; illegal alien status, and attempts to get a visa/resident alien card; also about Mexican passports and the border between Juarez, Mexico and El Paso, Texas. They also talk about the value of the traditional Mexican family and mention the cultural and educational assimilation of Mexican American children. Recorded at the trailer home of Mr. and Mrs. Sanchez and their two children, south of Harrisonburg, Va., Feb. 23, 1993.","This interview records the viewpoints of Tanya and Sasha Reut about life as immigrants/Ukrainian-Americans in the U.S. Both were University-trained building engineers in the Ukraine, with little English; Sasha now works as a maintenance man at the Wampler poultry plant and Tanya works at Massanutten Ski Resort. They mention the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through classes and general association with others, etc). Compare and contrast life in the Ukraine and the United States and explain why they left the Ukraine (which ended up being a week before the 1991 independence coup); and talk about the process they went through to emigrate (American embassy in Moscow; Church World Services sponsorship). Also mention the current influence of crime/KGB/mafia in the Ukraine. Compare and contrast big cities in the U.S. with the Shenandoah Valley and Hinton, Va., with its Mennonite influence, etc. Talk about starting a business; freedom and educational opportunities for their two children. Mention the blending of Ukrainian traditions (ex. Christmas traditions, customs) and values with the American way of life. Recorded at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Reut and their two children, Hinton, Va., Feb. 24, 1993","This interview records the viewpoints of Ms. Thu Huynh about life as an immigrant/Vietnamese-American. Talks about the long process it took for her family to emigrate, starting with her brother (boat refugee). Explains reasons for leaving: economic situation and lack of freedom (government took over her father's business). Talks about the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through classes at the Dayton Learning Center and general association with others; also from her work at High's in Broadway, Va.) Mentions differences between cultures in Vietnam and U.S.: multi-ethnic language background (Chinese: Cantonese, Manchurian; Thai; Vietnamese); the place of women in Vietnamese/Chinese society and increased independence in the U.S. (ex. learning how to drive in this country); the food, cooking from scratch; and other customs). Comments on differences in family structure between two cultures; and the reluctance of some children to learn the old language, etc. Recorded at the home of Ms. Thu Huynh, Harrisonburg, Va., March 17, 1993","Records the viewpoints of Marta F. de Meza, Coordinator of Spanish Ministry, Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church, Harrisonburg, Va. Explains purpose of the ministry: to provide religious and social support services for the Spanish speaking community which consists of a sizable Hispanic population, mostly from Mexico. Mentions assimilation and changes in lifestyle that occur in families as they try to adjust to American society. Explains economic reasons for leaving their country; separation of families, and changes in travel/settlement patterns over the years (crossing the border). Mentions discrimination; level of acceptance by local population and comparison of this acceptance to other immigrant groups such as the Russians. Interview setting: 154 N. Main Street, Harrisonburg, Va., Jan. 25, 1993.","Records the viewpoints of Laura Draim, English as a Second Language Program Coordinator, Dayton Learning Center, Dayton, Va. Talks about the purpose of the Center: to provide general adult education, literacy, family-learning/training and development programs, and child care to those in need of such services. Mentions the purpose and history of the ESL program (first begun in 1972 by the Massanutten Technical Center); who is eligible to attend; and funding and statistical information on numbers of teachers and students and their nationality, many of whom are Mexican. Talks about the make-up of classes; changes and growth of program and the need for additional support to expand services. Briefly mentions assimilation and changes in lifestyle that occur in families as they try to adjust to American society. Comments on nationalities of immigrants and how this has changed over the years, dependent upon world events. Interview setting: Dayton Learning Center, Dayton, Va. (?), Nov. 11, 1992.","Records the viewpoints of Sam Ritchie, Superintendent of the Rockingham County (Va.) English as a Second Language program. Briefly reviews the history of the program, beginning in 1990 (?); also earlier efforts. Mentions problems associated with the program: student enrollment numbers, etc. Talks about differences in approach to ESL, depending upon level of school; the use of tutoring; and the state-mandated Literary Passport test. Briefly mentions assimilation and difficulties/changes in lifestyle that occur especially with older students; problems faced by migrant children. Interview setting: place (?); Nov. 11, 1992.","Records the viewpoints of Sheryl K. Wyse, a teacher for the Harrisonburg City public schools ESL program. Reviews the history of the program, beginning in 1984; also earlier efforts. Gives statistical figures on the number and nationality of ESL students (total figure as of Oct. 1992: 101 students), the rapid growth of the program (in 1988-89 there were only 16); also numbers of teachers, with plans for more hiring. Mentions organization of classes; how students are divided (by fluency levels); credits needed for graduation; and the Va. English Language Literary Passport Test. Talks about new approaches to ESL teaching (ex. use of native language/English language textbooks, other innovations). Briefly mentions assimilation and difficulties/changes that occur especially with older students, and the influence that ESL teachers have on students trying to adjust to a new culture. Interview setting: Harrisonburg City School Board Building, Harrisonburg, Va., Nov. 18, 1992.","The copyright interests for select oral histories have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","The New Cultural Pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley Oral Histories, 1992-1993, is comprised of 8 audio recordings and 12 transcripts or summaries of interviews by undergraduate history intern, Theresa Staropoli, with individuals from the Shenandoah Valley who provide services to refugees and immigrants, and individuals representative of groups new to the area.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Staropoli, Theresa","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SdArch 0008","/repositories/4/resources/586"],"normalized_title_ssm":["New cultural pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley oral histories"],"collection_title_tesim":["New cultural pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley oral histories"],"collection_ssim":["New cultural pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley oral histories"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century","United States -- Social conditions -- 1980-","United States -- Emigration and immigration -- Psychological aspects"],"geogname_ssim":["Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century","United States -- Social conditions -- 1980-","United States -- Emigration and immigration -- Psychological aspects"],"creator_ssm":["Staropoli, Theresa"],"creator_ssim":["Staropoli, Theresa"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Staropoli, Theresa"],"creators_ssim":["Staropoli, Theresa"],"places_ssim":["Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century","United States -- Social conditions -- 1980-","United States -- Emigration and immigration -- Psychological aspects"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests for select oral histories have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection was donated by Theresa Staropoli on April 28, 1993."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Multiculturalism -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Immigrants -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Hispanic Americans -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Russian Americans -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Assimilation (Sociology)","Acculturation","English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers","Children of immigrants -- Education","Literacy programs -- Virginia","oral histories (literary works)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Multiculturalism -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Immigrants -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Hispanic Americans -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Russian Americans -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Assimilation (Sociology)","Acculturation","English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers","Children of immigrants -- Education","Literacy programs -- Virginia","oral histories (literary works)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.74 cubic feet 13 folders; 8 audiocassettes"],"extent_tesim":["0.74 cubic feet 13 folders; 8 audiocassettes"],"genreform_ssim":["oral histories (literary works)"],"date_range_isim":[1992,1993],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccess to the Oral Histories is governed by agreements with the narrators. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. 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There is no audio or transcript for this interview.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Access to the Oral Histories is governed by agreements with the narrators. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral History is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open to research.","Oral history is open for research. There is no audio for this interview.","Interview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview.","Interview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview.","Interview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent is arranged in no particular order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Content is arranged in no particular order."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOral histories were created by Theresa Starapoli, an undergraduate student at JMU, who completed the project as an intern in Special Collections in 1992. The internship was funded by a Burruss Grant.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Oral histories were created by Theresa Starapoli, an undergraduate student at JMU, who completed the project as an intern in Special Collections in 1992. The internship was funded by a Burruss Grant."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], New Cultural Pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley Oral Histories, 1992-1993, SdArch 0008, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], New Cultural Pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley Oral Histories, 1992-1993, SdArch 0008, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOral histories were cataloged at the item level in 1997; The descriptive metadata was compiled into a Finding Aid format in 2019. Audio recordings were transferred from audiocassette digital files by Kirsten Mlodynia, Digital Project Specialist at JMU Libraries in July 2018.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Oral histories were cataloged at the item level in 1997; The descriptive metadata was compiled into a Finding Aid format in 2019. Audio recordings were transferred from audiocassette digital files by Kirsten Mlodynia, Digital Project Specialist at JMU Libraries in July 2018."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis oral history series studies the immigration of various ethnic groups into the Shenandoah Valley, starting with a review of past history (see background paper). Records interviews of individuals who provide services to refugees; also interviews of individuals representative of groups new to the area. Shows how these people are maintaining their cultural identities and how they are adapting to mainstream Valley culture. Studies reasons why they left their homeland; why they settled in the Valley; how their cultures differ; what troubles they have had maintaining their cultures; and how they perceive their reception by local residents. Interviews conducted with seven individuals providing services for immigrants include: Rev. Joseph S. Roberson, Alex Flores, Marlene Webb, Marta F. de Meza, Laura Draim, Sam Ritchie, and Sheryl K. Wyse. Interviews of new immigrants include: Willie Chavez, Ana Sanchez and Efraim Sanchez-Garcia, Tanya and Sasha Reut, and Thu Huynh. Series of five articles from Daily news-record (Harrisonburg, Va.), Dec. 28-29, 1995 include: Valley Hispanics fare well at orchards, poultry plants / Bettina Tilson; Mexican natives find good, bad in America / Bettina Tilson; Few Hispanics appear on welfare rolls / Chris Edwards; Tax laws require immigrants to pay / News-record staff; Hispanics working to adapt to life as Valley residents / Chris Edwards. Article from July 27, 1996: Hispanic census: Service group places count below estimates, refutes job/tax stereotype / Julie Collins.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview records the viewpoints of Rev. Joseph S. Roberson, Program Coordinator, Virginia Council of Churches Refugee Resettlement Program. Explains purpose of the Refugee Resettlement Office, relations with other relief organizations (Church World Service, World Relief) and the Va. Dept. of Social Services. Mentions special emphasis placed on trying to place individuals persecuted for Christian beliefs. Comments on the refugee-immigration application and selection process from the standpoint of the refugee, the immigrating country, the U.S. government (incl. mention of the U.S. immigration law) and church organizations (such as his organization and its relation with sponsoring congregations in the area). Mentions numbers and variety of immigrants and their backgrounds (ex. Soviet Union, Hispanics and Ethiopia), including education and other related factors. Explains how the Resettlement Program tries to help support the refugees by providing interpreters, ESL (English as a second language) education opportunities, and other related services including providing entry-level job opportunities (ex. the poultry industry)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview records the viewpoints of Alex Flores, Human Resources Coordinator, Rocco Turkeys Inc., Dayton, Va. Talks about the plant and its relations with various groups of immigrant employees. Mentions hiring and management practices (ex. the high turn-over rate for production jobs, starting pay, application numbers and other related figures; low absenteeism and work ethic). Gives information on numbers of immigrants and their nationality (Hispanic, from Mexicio and Central America; Ukrainians; Pakistanians; and Laotians). Explains efforts to help support the refugees by providing interpreters, ESL (English as a second language) education opportunities (ex. JMU/federal grant literacy van), and other related services; also Spanish classes for managers. Mentions the typical day for a worker. Refers to different cultural backgrounds, family structure, assimilation (or lack of it) among varying groups, both within the plant and outside of it. Mentions need for further expansion of services within the community. Recorded at Rocco Turkeys Inc., Dayton, Va. on November 30, 1992\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview records the viewpoints of Marlene Webb, an ESL (English as second language) teacher. Talks about her experiences with immigrants at the Dayton Learning Center; also as a tutor. Mentions nationalities of students and how/when they came to the area (beginning with the Vietnamese; then Laotians and Cambodians; Hispanics, mostly from Mexico; and more recently, Russians.) Explains the purpose of ESL teaching; publishers and training materials; bilingualism; and the language barrier encountered by many. Refers to different cultural and educational backgrounds of various groups and changes in economic and social status. Also mentions the family structure, assimilation (or lack of it) and related adaptabilities of age levels (differences between children and adults). Mentions stereotyping; attitudes among the community at large and differences in cultural values and the general need for greater understanding by the community. Recorded at the home of Marlene Webb at 1372 Sparrow Court, Harrisonburg, Va., Jan. 15, 1993.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview records the viewpoints of Willie Chavez (and his wife) about life as recent immigrants in America. Talks briefly about his experiences in the U.S. before coming to the Valley; illegal alien/visa status and recent citizenship as a result of the 1987 amnesty. Mentions reasons for coming to this country; separation from his family. Talks about different jobs he's had (ranch hand in Texas and Oklahoma); more recently in Bridgewater, Va. at the Perdue Processing Poultry Plant. Mentions the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through general association with friends and co-workers). Compares his economic and work situation in Mexico and the U.S. Talks about the traditional structure of the Mexican family and cultural and educational assimilation of and changes in his two children. Briefly mentions discrimination; stereotyping and attitudes among the general community. His wife mentions the differences in the place of the woman in Mexican and American society. Recorded at the apartment of Willie Chavez and family (wife, two children and brother), in Bridgewater, Va., Feb. 10, 1993.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview records the viewpoints of Mrs. Ana Sanchez and Mr. Efraim Sanchez-Garcia about life as immigrants/Mexican-Americans in the U.S. Ana talks about her first experience in this country at the age of thirteen, about going back and forth between the two countries, separation from family, attempts to stay in school, and about various jobs she has had across the country (Utah, Wisconsin, Virginia), among them as a migrant worker. Efraim mentions his job at the local Wampler poultry plant. Ana talks about the language barrier, the value of and attempts to learn English (through classes and general association with others); also mentions her experiences as a translator for others. She and her husband Efraim compare and contrast life in California and Virginia and why they prefer the latter (because of crime in Cal. and the fact that they want to develop English skills, which they are better able to do because there are fewer Spanish-speaking people in Va.). They mention the amnesty program which Efraim took part in; illegal alien status, and attempts to get a visa/resident alien card; also about Mexican passports and the border between Juarez, Mexico and El Paso, Texas. They also talk about the value of the traditional Mexican family and mention the cultural and educational assimilation of Mexican American children. Recorded at the trailer home of Mr. and Mrs. Sanchez and their two children, south of Harrisonburg, Va., Feb. 23, 1993.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview records the viewpoints of Tanya and Sasha Reut about life as immigrants/Ukrainian-Americans in the U.S. Both were University-trained building engineers in the Ukraine, with little English; Sasha now works as a maintenance man at the Wampler poultry plant and Tanya works at Massanutten Ski Resort. They mention the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through classes and general association with others, etc). Compare and contrast life in the Ukraine and the United States and explain why they left the Ukraine (which ended up being a week before the 1991 independence coup); and talk about the process they went through to emigrate (American embassy in Moscow; Church World Services sponsorship). Also mention the current influence of crime/KGB/mafia in the Ukraine. Compare and contrast big cities in the U.S. with the Shenandoah Valley and Hinton, Va., with its Mennonite influence, etc. Talk about starting a business; freedom and educational opportunities for their two children. Mention the blending of Ukrainian traditions (ex. Christmas traditions, customs) and values with the American way of life. Recorded at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Reut and their two children, Hinton, Va., Feb. 24, 1993\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview records the viewpoints of Ms. Thu Huynh about life as an immigrant/Vietnamese-American. Talks about the long process it took for her family to emigrate, starting with her brother (boat refugee). Explains reasons for leaving: economic situation and lack of freedom (government took over her father's business). Talks about the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through classes at the Dayton Learning Center and general association with others; also from her work at High's in Broadway, Va.) Mentions differences between cultures in Vietnam and U.S.: multi-ethnic language background (Chinese: Cantonese, Manchurian; Thai; Vietnamese); the place of women in Vietnamese/Chinese society and increased independence in the U.S. (ex. learning how to drive in this country); the food, cooking from scratch; and other customs). Comments on differences in family structure between two cultures; and the reluctance of some children to learn the old language, etc. Recorded at the home of Ms. Thu Huynh, Harrisonburg, Va., March 17, 1993\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the viewpoints of Marta F. de Meza, Coordinator of Spanish Ministry, Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church, Harrisonburg, Va. Explains purpose of the ministry: to provide religious and social support services for the Spanish speaking community which consists of a sizable Hispanic population, mostly from Mexico. Mentions assimilation and changes in lifestyle that occur in families as they try to adjust to American society. Explains economic reasons for leaving their country; separation of families, and changes in travel/settlement patterns over the years (crossing the border). Mentions discrimination; level of acceptance by local population and comparison of this acceptance to other immigrant groups such as the Russians. Interview setting: 154 N. Main Street, Harrisonburg, Va., Jan. 25, 1993.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the viewpoints of Laura Draim, English as a Second Language Program Coordinator, Dayton Learning Center, Dayton, Va. Talks about the purpose of the Center: to provide general adult education, literacy, family-learning/training and development programs, and child care to those in need of such services. Mentions the purpose and history of the ESL program (first begun in 1972 by the Massanutten Technical Center); who is eligible to attend; and funding and statistical information on numbers of teachers and students and their nationality, many of whom are Mexican. Talks about the make-up of classes; changes and growth of program and the need for additional support to expand services. Briefly mentions assimilation and changes in lifestyle that occur in families as they try to adjust to American society. Comments on nationalities of immigrants and how this has changed over the years, dependent upon world events. Interview setting: Dayton Learning Center, Dayton, Va. (?), Nov. 11, 1992.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the viewpoints of Sam Ritchie, Superintendent of the Rockingham County (Va.) English as a Second Language program. Briefly reviews the history of the program, beginning in 1990 (?); also earlier efforts. Mentions problems associated with the program: student enrollment numbers, etc. Talks about differences in approach to ESL, depending upon level of school; the use of tutoring; and the state-mandated Literary Passport test. Briefly mentions assimilation and difficulties/changes in lifestyle that occur especially with older students; problems faced by migrant children. Interview setting: place (?); Nov. 11, 1992.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the viewpoints of Sheryl K. Wyse, a teacher for the Harrisonburg City public schools ESL program. Reviews the history of the program, beginning in 1984; also earlier efforts. Gives statistical figures on the number and nationality of ESL students (total figure as of Oct. 1992: 101 students), the rapid growth of the program (in 1988-89 there were only 16); also numbers of teachers, with plans for more hiring. Mentions organization of classes; how students are divided (by fluency levels); credits needed for graduation; and the Va. English Language Literary Passport Test. Talks about new approaches to ESL teaching (ex. use of native language/English language textbooks, other innovations). Briefly mentions assimilation and difficulties/changes that occur especially with older students, and the influence that ESL teachers have on students trying to adjust to a new culture. Interview setting: Harrisonburg City School Board Building, Harrisonburg, Va., Nov. 18, 1992.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This oral history series studies the immigration of various ethnic groups into the Shenandoah Valley, starting with a review of past history (see background paper). Records interviews of individuals who provide services to refugees; also interviews of individuals representative of groups new to the area. Shows how these people are maintaining their cultural identities and how they are adapting to mainstream Valley culture. Studies reasons why they left their homeland; why they settled in the Valley; how their cultures differ; what troubles they have had maintaining their cultures; and how they perceive their reception by local residents. Interviews conducted with seven individuals providing services for immigrants include: Rev. Joseph S. Roberson, Alex Flores, Marlene Webb, Marta F. de Meza, Laura Draim, Sam Ritchie, and Sheryl K. Wyse. Interviews of new immigrants include: Willie Chavez, Ana Sanchez and Efraim Sanchez-Garcia, Tanya and Sasha Reut, and Thu Huynh. Series of five articles from Daily news-record (Harrisonburg, Va.), Dec. 28-29, 1995 include: Valley Hispanics fare well at orchards, poultry plants / Bettina Tilson; Mexican natives find good, bad in America / Bettina Tilson; Few Hispanics appear on welfare rolls / Chris Edwards; Tax laws require immigrants to pay / News-record staff; Hispanics working to adapt to life as Valley residents / Chris Edwards. Article from July 27, 1996: Hispanic census: Service group places count below estimates, refutes job/tax stereotype / Julie Collins.","This interview records the viewpoints of Rev. Joseph S. Roberson, Program Coordinator, Virginia Council of Churches Refugee Resettlement Program. Explains purpose of the Refugee Resettlement Office, relations with other relief organizations (Church World Service, World Relief) and the Va. Dept. of Social Services. Mentions special emphasis placed on trying to place individuals persecuted for Christian beliefs. Comments on the refugee-immigration application and selection process from the standpoint of the refugee, the immigrating country, the U.S. government (incl. mention of the U.S. immigration law) and church organizations (such as his organization and its relation with sponsoring congregations in the area). Mentions numbers and variety of immigrants and their backgrounds (ex. Soviet Union, Hispanics and Ethiopia), including education and other related factors. Explains how the Resettlement Program tries to help support the refugees by providing interpreters, ESL (English as a second language) education opportunities, and other related services including providing entry-level job opportunities (ex. the poultry industry)","This interview records the viewpoints of Alex Flores, Human Resources Coordinator, Rocco Turkeys Inc., Dayton, Va. Talks about the plant and its relations with various groups of immigrant employees. Mentions hiring and management practices (ex. the high turn-over rate for production jobs, starting pay, application numbers and other related figures; low absenteeism and work ethic). Gives information on numbers of immigrants and their nationality (Hispanic, from Mexicio and Central America; Ukrainians; Pakistanians; and Laotians). Explains efforts to help support the refugees by providing interpreters, ESL (English as a second language) education opportunities (ex. JMU/federal grant literacy van), and other related services; also Spanish classes for managers. Mentions the typical day for a worker. Refers to different cultural backgrounds, family structure, assimilation (or lack of it) among varying groups, both within the plant and outside of it. Mentions need for further expansion of services within the community. Recorded at Rocco Turkeys Inc., Dayton, Va. on November 30, 1992","This interview records the viewpoints of Marlene Webb, an ESL (English as second language) teacher. Talks about her experiences with immigrants at the Dayton Learning Center; also as a tutor. Mentions nationalities of students and how/when they came to the area (beginning with the Vietnamese; then Laotians and Cambodians; Hispanics, mostly from Mexico; and more recently, Russians.) Explains the purpose of ESL teaching; publishers and training materials; bilingualism; and the language barrier encountered by many. Refers to different cultural and educational backgrounds of various groups and changes in economic and social status. Also mentions the family structure, assimilation (or lack of it) and related adaptabilities of age levels (differences between children and adults). Mentions stereotyping; attitudes among the community at large and differences in cultural values and the general need for greater understanding by the community. Recorded at the home of Marlene Webb at 1372 Sparrow Court, Harrisonburg, Va., Jan. 15, 1993.","This interview records the viewpoints of Willie Chavez (and his wife) about life as recent immigrants in America. Talks briefly about his experiences in the U.S. before coming to the Valley; illegal alien/visa status and recent citizenship as a result of the 1987 amnesty. Mentions reasons for coming to this country; separation from his family. Talks about different jobs he's had (ranch hand in Texas and Oklahoma); more recently in Bridgewater, Va. at the Perdue Processing Poultry Plant. Mentions the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through general association with friends and co-workers). Compares his economic and work situation in Mexico and the U.S. Talks about the traditional structure of the Mexican family and cultural and educational assimilation of and changes in his two children. Briefly mentions discrimination; stereotyping and attitudes among the general community. His wife mentions the differences in the place of the woman in Mexican and American society. Recorded at the apartment of Willie Chavez and family (wife, two children and brother), in Bridgewater, Va., Feb. 10, 1993.","This interview records the viewpoints of Mrs. Ana Sanchez and Mr. Efraim Sanchez-Garcia about life as immigrants/Mexican-Americans in the U.S. Ana talks about her first experience in this country at the age of thirteen, about going back and forth between the two countries, separation from family, attempts to stay in school, and about various jobs she has had across the country (Utah, Wisconsin, Virginia), among them as a migrant worker. Efraim mentions his job at the local Wampler poultry plant. Ana talks about the language barrier, the value of and attempts to learn English (through classes and general association with others); also mentions her experiences as a translator for others. She and her husband Efraim compare and contrast life in California and Virginia and why they prefer the latter (because of crime in Cal. and the fact that they want to develop English skills, which they are better able to do because there are fewer Spanish-speaking people in Va.). They mention the amnesty program which Efraim took part in; illegal alien status, and attempts to get a visa/resident alien card; also about Mexican passports and the border between Juarez, Mexico and El Paso, Texas. They also talk about the value of the traditional Mexican family and mention the cultural and educational assimilation of Mexican American children. Recorded at the trailer home of Mr. and Mrs. Sanchez and their two children, south of Harrisonburg, Va., Feb. 23, 1993.","This interview records the viewpoints of Tanya and Sasha Reut about life as immigrants/Ukrainian-Americans in the U.S. Both were University-trained building engineers in the Ukraine, with little English; Sasha now works as a maintenance man at the Wampler poultry plant and Tanya works at Massanutten Ski Resort. They mention the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through classes and general association with others, etc). Compare and contrast life in the Ukraine and the United States and explain why they left the Ukraine (which ended up being a week before the 1991 independence coup); and talk about the process they went through to emigrate (American embassy in Moscow; Church World Services sponsorship). Also mention the current influence of crime/KGB/mafia in the Ukraine. Compare and contrast big cities in the U.S. with the Shenandoah Valley and Hinton, Va., with its Mennonite influence, etc. Talk about starting a business; freedom and educational opportunities for their two children. Mention the blending of Ukrainian traditions (ex. Christmas traditions, customs) and values with the American way of life. Recorded at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Reut and their two children, Hinton, Va., Feb. 24, 1993","This interview records the viewpoints of Ms. Thu Huynh about life as an immigrant/Vietnamese-American. Talks about the long process it took for her family to emigrate, starting with her brother (boat refugee). Explains reasons for leaving: economic situation and lack of freedom (government took over her father's business). Talks about the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through classes at the Dayton Learning Center and general association with others; also from her work at High's in Broadway, Va.) Mentions differences between cultures in Vietnam and U.S.: multi-ethnic language background (Chinese: Cantonese, Manchurian; Thai; Vietnamese); the place of women in Vietnamese/Chinese society and increased independence in the U.S. (ex. learning how to drive in this country); the food, cooking from scratch; and other customs). Comments on differences in family structure between two cultures; and the reluctance of some children to learn the old language, etc. Recorded at the home of Ms. Thu Huynh, Harrisonburg, Va., March 17, 1993","Records the viewpoints of Marta F. de Meza, Coordinator of Spanish Ministry, Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church, Harrisonburg, Va. Explains purpose of the ministry: to provide religious and social support services for the Spanish speaking community which consists of a sizable Hispanic population, mostly from Mexico. Mentions assimilation and changes in lifestyle that occur in families as they try to adjust to American society. Explains economic reasons for leaving their country; separation of families, and changes in travel/settlement patterns over the years (crossing the border). Mentions discrimination; level of acceptance by local population and comparison of this acceptance to other immigrant groups such as the Russians. Interview setting: 154 N. Main Street, Harrisonburg, Va., Jan. 25, 1993.","Records the viewpoints of Laura Draim, English as a Second Language Program Coordinator, Dayton Learning Center, Dayton, Va. Talks about the purpose of the Center: to provide general adult education, literacy, family-learning/training and development programs, and child care to those in need of such services. Mentions the purpose and history of the ESL program (first begun in 1972 by the Massanutten Technical Center); who is eligible to attend; and funding and statistical information on numbers of teachers and students and their nationality, many of whom are Mexican. Talks about the make-up of classes; changes and growth of program and the need for additional support to expand services. Briefly mentions assimilation and changes in lifestyle that occur in families as they try to adjust to American society. Comments on nationalities of immigrants and how this has changed over the years, dependent upon world events. Interview setting: Dayton Learning Center, Dayton, Va. (?), Nov. 11, 1992.","Records the viewpoints of Sam Ritchie, Superintendent of the Rockingham County (Va.) English as a Second Language program. Briefly reviews the history of the program, beginning in 1990 (?); also earlier efforts. Mentions problems associated with the program: student enrollment numbers, etc. Talks about differences in approach to ESL, depending upon level of school; the use of tutoring; and the state-mandated Literary Passport test. Briefly mentions assimilation and difficulties/changes in lifestyle that occur especially with older students; problems faced by migrant children. Interview setting: place (?); Nov. 11, 1992.","Records the viewpoints of Sheryl K. Wyse, a teacher for the Harrisonburg City public schools ESL program. Reviews the history of the program, beginning in 1984; also earlier efforts. Gives statistical figures on the number and nationality of ESL students (total figure as of Oct. 1992: 101 students), the rapid growth of the program (in 1988-89 there were only 16); also numbers of teachers, with plans for more hiring. Mentions organization of classes; how students are divided (by fluency levels); credits needed for graduation; and the Va. English Language Literary Passport Test. Talks about new approaches to ESL teaching (ex. use of native language/English language textbooks, other innovations). Briefly mentions assimilation and difficulties/changes that occur especially with older students, and the influence that ESL teachers have on students trying to adjust to a new culture. Interview setting: Harrisonburg City School Board Building, Harrisonburg, Va., Nov. 18, 1992."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests for select oral histories have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions","Use Restrictions","Use Restrictions","Use Restrictions","Use Restrictions","Use Restrictions","Use Restrictions","Use Restrictions","Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests for select oral histories have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_1e664fe2a4f56c583f91c234d7b6b336\"\u003eThe New Cultural Pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley Oral Histories, 1992-1993, is comprised of 8 audio recordings and 12 transcripts or summaries of interviews by undergraduate history intern, Theresa Staropoli, with individuals from the Shenandoah Valley who provide services to refugees and immigrants, and individuals representative of groups new to the area.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The New Cultural Pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley Oral Histories, 1992-1993, is comprised of 8 audio recordings and 12 transcripts or summaries of interviews by undergraduate history intern, Theresa Staropoli, with individuals from the Shenandoah Valley who provide services to refugees and immigrants, and individuals representative of groups new to the area."],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Staropoli, Theresa"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections"],"names_coll_ssim":["Staropoli, Theresa"],"persname_ssim":["Staropoli, Theresa"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":19,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:21:18.584Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_586","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_586","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_586","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_586","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_586.xml","title_ssm":["New cultural pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley oral histories"],"title_tesim":["New cultural pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley oral histories"],"unitdate_ssm":["1992-1993"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1992-1993"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SdArch 0008","/repositories/4/resources/586"],"text":["SdArch 0008","/repositories/4/resources/586","New cultural pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley oral histories","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century","United States -- Social conditions -- 1980-","United States -- Emigration and immigration -- Psychological aspects","Multiculturalism -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Immigrants -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Hispanic Americans -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Russian Americans -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Assimilation (Sociology)","Acculturation","English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers","Children of immigrants -- Education","Literacy programs -- Virginia","oral histories (literary works)","Access to the Oral Histories is governed by agreements with the narrators. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral History is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open to research.","Oral history is open for research. There is no audio for this interview.","Interview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview.","Interview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview.","Interview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview.","Content is arranged in no particular order.","Oral histories were created by Theresa Starapoli, an undergraduate student at JMU, who completed the project as an intern in Special Collections in 1992. The internship was funded by a Burruss Grant.","Oral histories were cataloged at the item level in 1997; The descriptive metadata was compiled into a Finding Aid format in 2019. Audio recordings were transferred from audiocassette digital files by Kirsten Mlodynia, Digital Project Specialist at JMU Libraries in July 2018.","This oral history series studies the immigration of various ethnic groups into the Shenandoah Valley, starting with a review of past history (see background paper). Records interviews of individuals who provide services to refugees; also interviews of individuals representative of groups new to the area. Shows how these people are maintaining their cultural identities and how they are adapting to mainstream Valley culture. Studies reasons why they left their homeland; why they settled in the Valley; how their cultures differ; what troubles they have had maintaining their cultures; and how they perceive their reception by local residents. Interviews conducted with seven individuals providing services for immigrants include: Rev. Joseph S. Roberson, Alex Flores, Marlene Webb, Marta F. de Meza, Laura Draim, Sam Ritchie, and Sheryl K. Wyse. Interviews of new immigrants include: Willie Chavez, Ana Sanchez and Efraim Sanchez-Garcia, Tanya and Sasha Reut, and Thu Huynh. Series of five articles from Daily news-record (Harrisonburg, Va.), Dec. 28-29, 1995 include: Valley Hispanics fare well at orchards, poultry plants / Bettina Tilson; Mexican natives find good, bad in America / Bettina Tilson; Few Hispanics appear on welfare rolls / Chris Edwards; Tax laws require immigrants to pay / News-record staff; Hispanics working to adapt to life as Valley residents / Chris Edwards. Article from July 27, 1996: Hispanic census: Service group places count below estimates, refutes job/tax stereotype / Julie Collins.","This interview records the viewpoints of Rev. Joseph S. Roberson, Program Coordinator, Virginia Council of Churches Refugee Resettlement Program. Explains purpose of the Refugee Resettlement Office, relations with other relief organizations (Church World Service, World Relief) and the Va. Dept. of Social Services. Mentions special emphasis placed on trying to place individuals persecuted for Christian beliefs. Comments on the refugee-immigration application and selection process from the standpoint of the refugee, the immigrating country, the U.S. government (incl. mention of the U.S. immigration law) and church organizations (such as his organization and its relation with sponsoring congregations in the area). Mentions numbers and variety of immigrants and their backgrounds (ex. Soviet Union, Hispanics and Ethiopia), including education and other related factors. Explains how the Resettlement Program tries to help support the refugees by providing interpreters, ESL (English as a second language) education opportunities, and other related services including providing entry-level job opportunities (ex. the poultry industry)","This interview records the viewpoints of Alex Flores, Human Resources Coordinator, Rocco Turkeys Inc., Dayton, Va. Talks about the plant and its relations with various groups of immigrant employees. Mentions hiring and management practices (ex. the high turn-over rate for production jobs, starting pay, application numbers and other related figures; low absenteeism and work ethic). Gives information on numbers of immigrants and their nationality (Hispanic, from Mexicio and Central America; Ukrainians; Pakistanians; and Laotians). Explains efforts to help support the refugees by providing interpreters, ESL (English as a second language) education opportunities (ex. JMU/federal grant literacy van), and other related services; also Spanish classes for managers. Mentions the typical day for a worker. Refers to different cultural backgrounds, family structure, assimilation (or lack of it) among varying groups, both within the plant and outside of it. Mentions need for further expansion of services within the community. Recorded at Rocco Turkeys Inc., Dayton, Va. on November 30, 1992","This interview records the viewpoints of Marlene Webb, an ESL (English as second language) teacher. Talks about her experiences with immigrants at the Dayton Learning Center; also as a tutor. Mentions nationalities of students and how/when they came to the area (beginning with the Vietnamese; then Laotians and Cambodians; Hispanics, mostly from Mexico; and more recently, Russians.) Explains the purpose of ESL teaching; publishers and training materials; bilingualism; and the language barrier encountered by many. Refers to different cultural and educational backgrounds of various groups and changes in economic and social status. Also mentions the family structure, assimilation (or lack of it) and related adaptabilities of age levels (differences between children and adults). Mentions stereotyping; attitudes among the community at large and differences in cultural values and the general need for greater understanding by the community. Recorded at the home of Marlene Webb at 1372 Sparrow Court, Harrisonburg, Va., Jan. 15, 1993.","This interview records the viewpoints of Willie Chavez (and his wife) about life as recent immigrants in America. Talks briefly about his experiences in the U.S. before coming to the Valley; illegal alien/visa status and recent citizenship as a result of the 1987 amnesty. Mentions reasons for coming to this country; separation from his family. Talks about different jobs he's had (ranch hand in Texas and Oklahoma); more recently in Bridgewater, Va. at the Perdue Processing Poultry Plant. Mentions the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through general association with friends and co-workers). Compares his economic and work situation in Mexico and the U.S. Talks about the traditional structure of the Mexican family and cultural and educational assimilation of and changes in his two children. Briefly mentions discrimination; stereotyping and attitudes among the general community. His wife mentions the differences in the place of the woman in Mexican and American society. Recorded at the apartment of Willie Chavez and family (wife, two children and brother), in Bridgewater, Va., Feb. 10, 1993.","This interview records the viewpoints of Mrs. Ana Sanchez and Mr. Efraim Sanchez-Garcia about life as immigrants/Mexican-Americans in the U.S. Ana talks about her first experience in this country at the age of thirteen, about going back and forth between the two countries, separation from family, attempts to stay in school, and about various jobs she has had across the country (Utah, Wisconsin, Virginia), among them as a migrant worker. Efraim mentions his job at the local Wampler poultry plant. Ana talks about the language barrier, the value of and attempts to learn English (through classes and general association with others); also mentions her experiences as a translator for others. She and her husband Efraim compare and contrast life in California and Virginia and why they prefer the latter (because of crime in Cal. and the fact that they want to develop English skills, which they are better able to do because there are fewer Spanish-speaking people in Va.). They mention the amnesty program which Efraim took part in; illegal alien status, and attempts to get a visa/resident alien card; also about Mexican passports and the border between Juarez, Mexico and El Paso, Texas. They also talk about the value of the traditional Mexican family and mention the cultural and educational assimilation of Mexican American children. Recorded at the trailer home of Mr. and Mrs. Sanchez and their two children, south of Harrisonburg, Va., Feb. 23, 1993.","This interview records the viewpoints of Tanya and Sasha Reut about life as immigrants/Ukrainian-Americans in the U.S. Both were University-trained building engineers in the Ukraine, with little English; Sasha now works as a maintenance man at the Wampler poultry plant and Tanya works at Massanutten Ski Resort. They mention the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through classes and general association with others, etc). Compare and contrast life in the Ukraine and the United States and explain why they left the Ukraine (which ended up being a week before the 1991 independence coup); and talk about the process they went through to emigrate (American embassy in Moscow; Church World Services sponsorship). Also mention the current influence of crime/KGB/mafia in the Ukraine. Compare and contrast big cities in the U.S. with the Shenandoah Valley and Hinton, Va., with its Mennonite influence, etc. Talk about starting a business; freedom and educational opportunities for their two children. Mention the blending of Ukrainian traditions (ex. Christmas traditions, customs) and values with the American way of life. Recorded at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Reut and their two children, Hinton, Va., Feb. 24, 1993","This interview records the viewpoints of Ms. Thu Huynh about life as an immigrant/Vietnamese-American. Talks about the long process it took for her family to emigrate, starting with her brother (boat refugee). Explains reasons for leaving: economic situation and lack of freedom (government took over her father's business). Talks about the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through classes at the Dayton Learning Center and general association with others; also from her work at High's in Broadway, Va.) Mentions differences between cultures in Vietnam and U.S.: multi-ethnic language background (Chinese: Cantonese, Manchurian; Thai; Vietnamese); the place of women in Vietnamese/Chinese society and increased independence in the U.S. (ex. learning how to drive in this country); the food, cooking from scratch; and other customs). Comments on differences in family structure between two cultures; and the reluctance of some children to learn the old language, etc. Recorded at the home of Ms. Thu Huynh, Harrisonburg, Va., March 17, 1993","Records the viewpoints of Marta F. de Meza, Coordinator of Spanish Ministry, Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church, Harrisonburg, Va. Explains purpose of the ministry: to provide religious and social support services for the Spanish speaking community which consists of a sizable Hispanic population, mostly from Mexico. Mentions assimilation and changes in lifestyle that occur in families as they try to adjust to American society. Explains economic reasons for leaving their country; separation of families, and changes in travel/settlement patterns over the years (crossing the border). Mentions discrimination; level of acceptance by local population and comparison of this acceptance to other immigrant groups such as the Russians. Interview setting: 154 N. Main Street, Harrisonburg, Va., Jan. 25, 1993.","Records the viewpoints of Laura Draim, English as a Second Language Program Coordinator, Dayton Learning Center, Dayton, Va. Talks about the purpose of the Center: to provide general adult education, literacy, family-learning/training and development programs, and child care to those in need of such services. Mentions the purpose and history of the ESL program (first begun in 1972 by the Massanutten Technical Center); who is eligible to attend; and funding and statistical information on numbers of teachers and students and their nationality, many of whom are Mexican. Talks about the make-up of classes; changes and growth of program and the need for additional support to expand services. Briefly mentions assimilation and changes in lifestyle that occur in families as they try to adjust to American society. Comments on nationalities of immigrants and how this has changed over the years, dependent upon world events. Interview setting: Dayton Learning Center, Dayton, Va. (?), Nov. 11, 1992.","Records the viewpoints of Sam Ritchie, Superintendent of the Rockingham County (Va.) English as a Second Language program. Briefly reviews the history of the program, beginning in 1990 (?); also earlier efforts. Mentions problems associated with the program: student enrollment numbers, etc. Talks about differences in approach to ESL, depending upon level of school; the use of tutoring; and the state-mandated Literary Passport test. Briefly mentions assimilation and difficulties/changes in lifestyle that occur especially with older students; problems faced by migrant children. Interview setting: place (?); Nov. 11, 1992.","Records the viewpoints of Sheryl K. Wyse, a teacher for the Harrisonburg City public schools ESL program. Reviews the history of the program, beginning in 1984; also earlier efforts. Gives statistical figures on the number and nationality of ESL students (total figure as of Oct. 1992: 101 students), the rapid growth of the program (in 1988-89 there were only 16); also numbers of teachers, with plans for more hiring. Mentions organization of classes; how students are divided (by fluency levels); credits needed for graduation; and the Va. English Language Literary Passport Test. Talks about new approaches to ESL teaching (ex. use of native language/English language textbooks, other innovations). Briefly mentions assimilation and difficulties/changes that occur especially with older students, and the influence that ESL teachers have on students trying to adjust to a new culture. Interview setting: Harrisonburg City School Board Building, Harrisonburg, Va., Nov. 18, 1992.","The copyright interests for select oral histories have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","Copyright interests have been transferred to Carrier Library.","The New Cultural Pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley Oral Histories, 1992-1993, is comprised of 8 audio recordings and 12 transcripts or summaries of interviews by undergraduate history intern, Theresa Staropoli, with individuals from the Shenandoah Valley who provide services to refugees and immigrants, and individuals representative of groups new to the area.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Staropoli, Theresa","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SdArch 0008","/repositories/4/resources/586"],"normalized_title_ssm":["New cultural pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley oral histories"],"collection_title_tesim":["New cultural pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley oral histories"],"collection_ssim":["New cultural pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley oral histories"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century","United States -- Social conditions -- 1980-","United States -- Emigration and immigration -- Psychological aspects"],"geogname_ssim":["Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century","United States -- Social conditions -- 1980-","United States -- Emigration and immigration -- Psychological aspects"],"creator_ssm":["Staropoli, Theresa"],"creator_ssim":["Staropoli, Theresa"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Staropoli, Theresa"],"creators_ssim":["Staropoli, Theresa"],"places_ssim":["Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- 20th century","United States -- Social conditions -- 1980-","United States -- Emigration and immigration -- Psychological aspects"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests for select oral histories have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection was donated by Theresa Staropoli on April 28, 1993."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Multiculturalism -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Immigrants -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Hispanic Americans -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Russian Americans -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Assimilation (Sociology)","Acculturation","English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers","Children of immigrants -- Education","Literacy programs -- Virginia","oral histories (literary works)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Multiculturalism -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Immigrants -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Hispanic Americans -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Russian Americans -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Assimilation (Sociology)","Acculturation","English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers","Children of immigrants -- Education","Literacy programs -- Virginia","oral histories (literary works)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.74 cubic feet 13 folders; 8 audiocassettes"],"extent_tesim":["0.74 cubic feet 13 folders; 8 audiocassettes"],"genreform_ssim":["oral histories (literary works)"],"date_range_isim":[1992,1993],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccess to the Oral Histories is governed by agreements with the narrators. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOral history is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOral History is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOral history is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOral history is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOral history is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOral history is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOral history is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOral history is open for research. There is no audio for this interview.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInterview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInterview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInterview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions","Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Access to the Oral Histories is governed by agreements with the narrators. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral History is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open for research.","Oral history is open to research.","Oral history is open for research. There is no audio for this interview.","Interview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview.","Interview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview.","Interview notes are open for research. There is no audio or transcript for this interview."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent is arranged in no particular order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Content is arranged in no particular order."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOral histories were created by Theresa Starapoli, an undergraduate student at JMU, who completed the project as an intern in Special Collections in 1992. The internship was funded by a Burruss Grant.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Oral histories were created by Theresa Starapoli, an undergraduate student at JMU, who completed the project as an intern in Special Collections in 1992. The internship was funded by a Burruss Grant."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], New Cultural Pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley Oral Histories, 1992-1993, SdArch 0008, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], New Cultural Pluralism in the Shenandoah Valley Oral Histories, 1992-1993, SdArch 0008, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOral histories were cataloged at the item level in 1997; The descriptive metadata was compiled into a Finding Aid format in 2019. Audio recordings were transferred from audiocassette digital files by Kirsten Mlodynia, Digital Project Specialist at JMU Libraries in July 2018.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Oral histories were cataloged at the item level in 1997; The descriptive metadata was compiled into a Finding Aid format in 2019. Audio recordings were transferred from audiocassette digital files by Kirsten Mlodynia, Digital Project Specialist at JMU Libraries in July 2018."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis oral history series studies the immigration of various ethnic groups into the Shenandoah Valley, starting with a review of past history (see background paper). Records interviews of individuals who provide services to refugees; also interviews of individuals representative of groups new to the area. Shows how these people are maintaining their cultural identities and how they are adapting to mainstream Valley culture. Studies reasons why they left their homeland; why they settled in the Valley; how their cultures differ; what troubles they have had maintaining their cultures; and how they perceive their reception by local residents. Interviews conducted with seven individuals providing services for immigrants include: Rev. Joseph S. Roberson, Alex Flores, Marlene Webb, Marta F. de Meza, Laura Draim, Sam Ritchie, and Sheryl K. Wyse. Interviews of new immigrants include: Willie Chavez, Ana Sanchez and Efraim Sanchez-Garcia, Tanya and Sasha Reut, and Thu Huynh. Series of five articles from Daily news-record (Harrisonburg, Va.), Dec. 28-29, 1995 include: Valley Hispanics fare well at orchards, poultry plants / Bettina Tilson; Mexican natives find good, bad in America / Bettina Tilson; Few Hispanics appear on welfare rolls / Chris Edwards; Tax laws require immigrants to pay / News-record staff; Hispanics working to adapt to life as Valley residents / Chris Edwards. Article from July 27, 1996: Hispanic census: Service group places count below estimates, refutes job/tax stereotype / Julie Collins.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview records the viewpoints of Rev. Joseph S. Roberson, Program Coordinator, Virginia Council of Churches Refugee Resettlement Program. Explains purpose of the Refugee Resettlement Office, relations with other relief organizations (Church World Service, World Relief) and the Va. Dept. of Social Services. Mentions special emphasis placed on trying to place individuals persecuted for Christian beliefs. Comments on the refugee-immigration application and selection process from the standpoint of the refugee, the immigrating country, the U.S. government (incl. mention of the U.S. immigration law) and church organizations (such as his organization and its relation with sponsoring congregations in the area). Mentions numbers and variety of immigrants and their backgrounds (ex. Soviet Union, Hispanics and Ethiopia), including education and other related factors. Explains how the Resettlement Program tries to help support the refugees by providing interpreters, ESL (English as a second language) education opportunities, and other related services including providing entry-level job opportunities (ex. the poultry industry)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview records the viewpoints of Alex Flores, Human Resources Coordinator, Rocco Turkeys Inc., Dayton, Va. Talks about the plant and its relations with various groups of immigrant employees. Mentions hiring and management practices (ex. the high turn-over rate for production jobs, starting pay, application numbers and other related figures; low absenteeism and work ethic). Gives information on numbers of immigrants and their nationality (Hispanic, from Mexicio and Central America; Ukrainians; Pakistanians; and Laotians). Explains efforts to help support the refugees by providing interpreters, ESL (English as a second language) education opportunities (ex. JMU/federal grant literacy van), and other related services; also Spanish classes for managers. Mentions the typical day for a worker. Refers to different cultural backgrounds, family structure, assimilation (or lack of it) among varying groups, both within the plant and outside of it. Mentions need for further expansion of services within the community. Recorded at Rocco Turkeys Inc., Dayton, Va. on November 30, 1992\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview records the viewpoints of Marlene Webb, an ESL (English as second language) teacher. Talks about her experiences with immigrants at the Dayton Learning Center; also as a tutor. Mentions nationalities of students and how/when they came to the area (beginning with the Vietnamese; then Laotians and Cambodians; Hispanics, mostly from Mexico; and more recently, Russians.) Explains the purpose of ESL teaching; publishers and training materials; bilingualism; and the language barrier encountered by many. Refers to different cultural and educational backgrounds of various groups and changes in economic and social status. Also mentions the family structure, assimilation (or lack of it) and related adaptabilities of age levels (differences between children and adults). Mentions stereotyping; attitudes among the community at large and differences in cultural values and the general need for greater understanding by the community. Recorded at the home of Marlene Webb at 1372 Sparrow Court, Harrisonburg, Va., Jan. 15, 1993.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview records the viewpoints of Willie Chavez (and his wife) about life as recent immigrants in America. Talks briefly about his experiences in the U.S. before coming to the Valley; illegal alien/visa status and recent citizenship as a result of the 1987 amnesty. Mentions reasons for coming to this country; separation from his family. Talks about different jobs he's had (ranch hand in Texas and Oklahoma); more recently in Bridgewater, Va. at the Perdue Processing Poultry Plant. Mentions the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through general association with friends and co-workers). Compares his economic and work situation in Mexico and the U.S. Talks about the traditional structure of the Mexican family and cultural and educational assimilation of and changes in his two children. Briefly mentions discrimination; stereotyping and attitudes among the general community. His wife mentions the differences in the place of the woman in Mexican and American society. Recorded at the apartment of Willie Chavez and family (wife, two children and brother), in Bridgewater, Va., Feb. 10, 1993.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview records the viewpoints of Mrs. Ana Sanchez and Mr. Efraim Sanchez-Garcia about life as immigrants/Mexican-Americans in the U.S. Ana talks about her first experience in this country at the age of thirteen, about going back and forth between the two countries, separation from family, attempts to stay in school, and about various jobs she has had across the country (Utah, Wisconsin, Virginia), among them as a migrant worker. Efraim mentions his job at the local Wampler poultry plant. Ana talks about the language barrier, the value of and attempts to learn English (through classes and general association with others); also mentions her experiences as a translator for others. She and her husband Efraim compare and contrast life in California and Virginia and why they prefer the latter (because of crime in Cal. and the fact that they want to develop English skills, which they are better able to do because there are fewer Spanish-speaking people in Va.). They mention the amnesty program which Efraim took part in; illegal alien status, and attempts to get a visa/resident alien card; also about Mexican passports and the border between Juarez, Mexico and El Paso, Texas. They also talk about the value of the traditional Mexican family and mention the cultural and educational assimilation of Mexican American children. Recorded at the trailer home of Mr. and Mrs. Sanchez and their two children, south of Harrisonburg, Va., Feb. 23, 1993.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview records the viewpoints of Tanya and Sasha Reut about life as immigrants/Ukrainian-Americans in the U.S. Both were University-trained building engineers in the Ukraine, with little English; Sasha now works as a maintenance man at the Wampler poultry plant and Tanya works at Massanutten Ski Resort. They mention the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through classes and general association with others, etc). Compare and contrast life in the Ukraine and the United States and explain why they left the Ukraine (which ended up being a week before the 1991 independence coup); and talk about the process they went through to emigrate (American embassy in Moscow; Church World Services sponsorship). Also mention the current influence of crime/KGB/mafia in the Ukraine. Compare and contrast big cities in the U.S. with the Shenandoah Valley and Hinton, Va., with its Mennonite influence, etc. Talk about starting a business; freedom and educational opportunities for their two children. Mention the blending of Ukrainian traditions (ex. Christmas traditions, customs) and values with the American way of life. Recorded at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Reut and their two children, Hinton, Va., Feb. 24, 1993\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis interview records the viewpoints of Ms. Thu Huynh about life as an immigrant/Vietnamese-American. Talks about the long process it took for her family to emigrate, starting with her brother (boat refugee). Explains reasons for leaving: economic situation and lack of freedom (government took over her father's business). Talks about the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through classes at the Dayton Learning Center and general association with others; also from her work at High's in Broadway, Va.) Mentions differences between cultures in Vietnam and U.S.: multi-ethnic language background (Chinese: Cantonese, Manchurian; Thai; Vietnamese); the place of women in Vietnamese/Chinese society and increased independence in the U.S. (ex. learning how to drive in this country); the food, cooking from scratch; and other customs). Comments on differences in family structure between two cultures; and the reluctance of some children to learn the old language, etc. Recorded at the home of Ms. Thu Huynh, Harrisonburg, Va., March 17, 1993\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the viewpoints of Marta F. de Meza, Coordinator of Spanish Ministry, Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church, Harrisonburg, Va. Explains purpose of the ministry: to provide religious and social support services for the Spanish speaking community which consists of a sizable Hispanic population, mostly from Mexico. Mentions assimilation and changes in lifestyle that occur in families as they try to adjust to American society. Explains economic reasons for leaving their country; separation of families, and changes in travel/settlement patterns over the years (crossing the border). Mentions discrimination; level of acceptance by local population and comparison of this acceptance to other immigrant groups such as the Russians. Interview setting: 154 N. Main Street, Harrisonburg, Va., Jan. 25, 1993.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the viewpoints of Laura Draim, English as a Second Language Program Coordinator, Dayton Learning Center, Dayton, Va. Talks about the purpose of the Center: to provide general adult education, literacy, family-learning/training and development programs, and child care to those in need of such services. Mentions the purpose and history of the ESL program (first begun in 1972 by the Massanutten Technical Center); who is eligible to attend; and funding and statistical information on numbers of teachers and students and their nationality, many of whom are Mexican. Talks about the make-up of classes; changes and growth of program and the need for additional support to expand services. Briefly mentions assimilation and changes in lifestyle that occur in families as they try to adjust to American society. Comments on nationalities of immigrants and how this has changed over the years, dependent upon world events. Interview setting: Dayton Learning Center, Dayton, Va. (?), Nov. 11, 1992.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the viewpoints of Sam Ritchie, Superintendent of the Rockingham County (Va.) English as a Second Language program. Briefly reviews the history of the program, beginning in 1990 (?); also earlier efforts. Mentions problems associated with the program: student enrollment numbers, etc. Talks about differences in approach to ESL, depending upon level of school; the use of tutoring; and the state-mandated Literary Passport test. Briefly mentions assimilation and difficulties/changes in lifestyle that occur especially with older students; problems faced by migrant children. Interview setting: place (?); Nov. 11, 1992.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords the viewpoints of Sheryl K. Wyse, a teacher for the Harrisonburg City public schools ESL program. Reviews the history of the program, beginning in 1984; also earlier efforts. Gives statistical figures on the number and nationality of ESL students (total figure as of Oct. 1992: 101 students), the rapid growth of the program (in 1988-89 there were only 16); also numbers of teachers, with plans for more hiring. Mentions organization of classes; how students are divided (by fluency levels); credits needed for graduation; and the Va. English Language Literary Passport Test. Talks about new approaches to ESL teaching (ex. use of native language/English language textbooks, other innovations). Briefly mentions assimilation and difficulties/changes that occur especially with older students, and the influence that ESL teachers have on students trying to adjust to a new culture. Interview setting: Harrisonburg City School Board Building, Harrisonburg, Va., Nov. 18, 1992.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This oral history series studies the immigration of various ethnic groups into the Shenandoah Valley, starting with a review of past history (see background paper). Records interviews of individuals who provide services to refugees; also interviews of individuals representative of groups new to the area. Shows how these people are maintaining their cultural identities and how they are adapting to mainstream Valley culture. Studies reasons why they left their homeland; why they settled in the Valley; how their cultures differ; what troubles they have had maintaining their cultures; and how they perceive their reception by local residents. Interviews conducted with seven individuals providing services for immigrants include: Rev. Joseph S. Roberson, Alex Flores, Marlene Webb, Marta F. de Meza, Laura Draim, Sam Ritchie, and Sheryl K. Wyse. Interviews of new immigrants include: Willie Chavez, Ana Sanchez and Efraim Sanchez-Garcia, Tanya and Sasha Reut, and Thu Huynh. Series of five articles from Daily news-record (Harrisonburg, Va.), Dec. 28-29, 1995 include: Valley Hispanics fare well at orchards, poultry plants / Bettina Tilson; Mexican natives find good, bad in America / Bettina Tilson; Few Hispanics appear on welfare rolls / Chris Edwards; Tax laws require immigrants to pay / News-record staff; Hispanics working to adapt to life as Valley residents / Chris Edwards. Article from July 27, 1996: Hispanic census: Service group places count below estimates, refutes job/tax stereotype / Julie Collins.","This interview records the viewpoints of Rev. Joseph S. Roberson, Program Coordinator, Virginia Council of Churches Refugee Resettlement Program. Explains purpose of the Refugee Resettlement Office, relations with other relief organizations (Church World Service, World Relief) and the Va. Dept. of Social Services. Mentions special emphasis placed on trying to place individuals persecuted for Christian beliefs. Comments on the refugee-immigration application and selection process from the standpoint of the refugee, the immigrating country, the U.S. government (incl. mention of the U.S. immigration law) and church organizations (such as his organization and its relation with sponsoring congregations in the area). Mentions numbers and variety of immigrants and their backgrounds (ex. Soviet Union, Hispanics and Ethiopia), including education and other related factors. Explains how the Resettlement Program tries to help support the refugees by providing interpreters, ESL (English as a second language) education opportunities, and other related services including providing entry-level job opportunities (ex. the poultry industry)","This interview records the viewpoints of Alex Flores, Human Resources Coordinator, Rocco Turkeys Inc., Dayton, Va. Talks about the plant and its relations with various groups of immigrant employees. Mentions hiring and management practices (ex. the high turn-over rate for production jobs, starting pay, application numbers and other related figures; low absenteeism and work ethic). Gives information on numbers of immigrants and their nationality (Hispanic, from Mexicio and Central America; Ukrainians; Pakistanians; and Laotians). Explains efforts to help support the refugees by providing interpreters, ESL (English as a second language) education opportunities (ex. JMU/federal grant literacy van), and other related services; also Spanish classes for managers. Mentions the typical day for a worker. Refers to different cultural backgrounds, family structure, assimilation (or lack of it) among varying groups, both within the plant and outside of it. Mentions need for further expansion of services within the community. Recorded at Rocco Turkeys Inc., Dayton, Va. on November 30, 1992","This interview records the viewpoints of Marlene Webb, an ESL (English as second language) teacher. Talks about her experiences with immigrants at the Dayton Learning Center; also as a tutor. Mentions nationalities of students and how/when they came to the area (beginning with the Vietnamese; then Laotians and Cambodians; Hispanics, mostly from Mexico; and more recently, Russians.) Explains the purpose of ESL teaching; publishers and training materials; bilingualism; and the language barrier encountered by many. Refers to different cultural and educational backgrounds of various groups and changes in economic and social status. Also mentions the family structure, assimilation (or lack of it) and related adaptabilities of age levels (differences between children and adults). Mentions stereotyping; attitudes among the community at large and differences in cultural values and the general need for greater understanding by the community. Recorded at the home of Marlene Webb at 1372 Sparrow Court, Harrisonburg, Va., Jan. 15, 1993.","This interview records the viewpoints of Willie Chavez (and his wife) about life as recent immigrants in America. Talks briefly about his experiences in the U.S. before coming to the Valley; illegal alien/visa status and recent citizenship as a result of the 1987 amnesty. Mentions reasons for coming to this country; separation from his family. Talks about different jobs he's had (ranch hand in Texas and Oklahoma); more recently in Bridgewater, Va. at the Perdue Processing Poultry Plant. Mentions the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through general association with friends and co-workers). Compares his economic and work situation in Mexico and the U.S. Talks about the traditional structure of the Mexican family and cultural and educational assimilation of and changes in his two children. Briefly mentions discrimination; stereotyping and attitudes among the general community. His wife mentions the differences in the place of the woman in Mexican and American society. Recorded at the apartment of Willie Chavez and family (wife, two children and brother), in Bridgewater, Va., Feb. 10, 1993.","This interview records the viewpoints of Mrs. Ana Sanchez and Mr. Efraim Sanchez-Garcia about life as immigrants/Mexican-Americans in the U.S. Ana talks about her first experience in this country at the age of thirteen, about going back and forth between the two countries, separation from family, attempts to stay in school, and about various jobs she has had across the country (Utah, Wisconsin, Virginia), among them as a migrant worker. Efraim mentions his job at the local Wampler poultry plant. Ana talks about the language barrier, the value of and attempts to learn English (through classes and general association with others); also mentions her experiences as a translator for others. She and her husband Efraim compare and contrast life in California and Virginia and why they prefer the latter (because of crime in Cal. and the fact that they want to develop English skills, which they are better able to do because there are fewer Spanish-speaking people in Va.). They mention the amnesty program which Efraim took part in; illegal alien status, and attempts to get a visa/resident alien card; also about Mexican passports and the border between Juarez, Mexico and El Paso, Texas. They also talk about the value of the traditional Mexican family and mention the cultural and educational assimilation of Mexican American children. Recorded at the trailer home of Mr. and Mrs. Sanchez and their two children, south of Harrisonburg, Va., Feb. 23, 1993.","This interview records the viewpoints of Tanya and Sasha Reut about life as immigrants/Ukrainian-Americans in the U.S. Both were University-trained building engineers in the Ukraine, with little English; Sasha now works as a maintenance man at the Wampler poultry plant and Tanya works at Massanutten Ski Resort. They mention the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through classes and general association with others, etc). Compare and contrast life in the Ukraine and the United States and explain why they left the Ukraine (which ended up being a week before the 1991 independence coup); and talk about the process they went through to emigrate (American embassy in Moscow; Church World Services sponsorship). Also mention the current influence of crime/KGB/mafia in the Ukraine. Compare and contrast big cities in the U.S. with the Shenandoah Valley and Hinton, Va., with its Mennonite influence, etc. Talk about starting a business; freedom and educational opportunities for their two children. Mention the blending of Ukrainian traditions (ex. Christmas traditions, customs) and values with the American way of life. Recorded at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Reut and their two children, Hinton, Va., Feb. 24, 1993","This interview records the viewpoints of Ms. Thu Huynh about life as an immigrant/Vietnamese-American. Talks about the long process it took for her family to emigrate, starting with her brother (boat refugee). Explains reasons for leaving: economic situation and lack of freedom (government took over her father's business). Talks about the language barrier and attempts to learn English (through classes at the Dayton Learning Center and general association with others; also from her work at High's in Broadway, Va.) Mentions differences between cultures in Vietnam and U.S.: multi-ethnic language background (Chinese: Cantonese, Manchurian; Thai; Vietnamese); the place of women in Vietnamese/Chinese society and increased independence in the U.S. (ex. learning how to drive in this country); the food, cooking from scratch; and other customs). Comments on differences in family structure between two cultures; and the reluctance of some children to learn the old language, etc. Recorded at the home of Ms. Thu Huynh, Harrisonburg, Va., March 17, 1993","Records the viewpoints of Marta F. de Meza, Coordinator of Spanish Ministry, Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church, Harrisonburg, Va. Explains purpose of the ministry: to provide religious and social support services for the Spanish speaking community which consists of a sizable Hispanic population, mostly from Mexico. Mentions assimilation and changes in lifestyle that occur in families as they try to adjust to American society. Explains economic reasons for leaving their country; separation of families, and changes in travel/settlement patterns over the years (crossing the border). Mentions discrimination; level of acceptance by local population and comparison of this acceptance to other immigrant groups such as the Russians. Interview setting: 154 N. Main Street, Harrisonburg, Va., Jan. 25, 1993.","Records the viewpoints of Laura Draim, English as a Second Language Program Coordinator, Dayton Learning Center, Dayton, Va. Talks about the purpose of the Center: to provide general adult education, literacy, family-learning/training and development programs, and child care to those in need of such services. Mentions the purpose and history of the ESL program (first begun in 1972 by the Massanutten Technical Center); who is eligible to attend; and funding and statistical information on numbers of teachers and students and their nationality, many of whom are Mexican. Talks about the make-up of classes; changes and growth of program and the need for additional support to expand services. Briefly mentions assimilation and changes in lifestyle that occur in families as they try to adjust to American society. Comments on nationalities of immigrants and how this has changed over the years, dependent upon world events. Interview setting: Dayton Learning Center, Dayton, Va. (?), Nov. 11, 1992.","Records the viewpoints of Sam Ritchie, Superintendent of the Rockingham County (Va.) English as a Second Language program. Briefly reviews the history of the program, beginning in 1990 (?); also earlier efforts. Mentions problems associated with the program: student enrollment numbers, etc. Talks about differences in approach to ESL, depending upon level of school; the use of tutoring; and the state-mandated Literary Passport test. Briefly mentions assimilation and difficulties/changes in lifestyle that occur especially with older students; problems faced by migrant children. Interview setting: place (?); Nov. 11, 1992.","Records the viewpoints of Sheryl K. Wyse, a teacher for the Harrisonburg City public schools ESL program. Reviews the history of the program, beginning in 1984; also earlier efforts. Gives statistical figures on the number and nationality of ESL students (total figure as of Oct. 1992: 101 students), the rapid growth of the program (in 1988-89 there were only 16); also numbers of teachers, with plans for more hiring. Mentions organization of classes; how students are divided (by fluency levels); credits needed for graduation; and the Va. English Language Literary Passport Test. Talks about new approaches to ESL teaching (ex. use of native language/English language textbooks, other innovations). Briefly mentions assimilation and difficulties/changes that occur especially with older students, and the influence that ESL teachers have on students trying to adjust to a new culture. Interview setting: Harrisonburg City School Board Building, Harrisonburg, Va., Nov. 18, 1992."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests for select oral histories have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. 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