{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Richmond+%28Va.%29+--+History+--+20th+century.","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Richmond+%28Va.%29+--+History+--+20th+century.\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":3,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vil_vil00008","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00008#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Virginia. Supreme Court. \n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00008#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral history interviews, 2009-2018, of judges who have served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired Court of Appeals Judge James W. Benton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; retired Court of Appeals Judge Richard S. Bray, at the office of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth; retired Court of Appeals Judge Johanna L. Fitzpatrick, at her home in Alexandria; Senior Judge James W. Haley, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Senior Judge Samuel W. Coleman, at the Supreme Building in Richmond; and Chief Judge Salter S. Felton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Judge Robert P. Frank, at his chambers in Newport News; Judge William H. Hodges, at his residence in Norfolk; and Judge Rosemarie Annunziata, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond. Transcripts available.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00008#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00008","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00008","_root_":"vil_vil00008","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00008","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00008.xml","title_ssm":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015 \n"],"title_tesim":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00020373, 00022067, 00033074, 00032456,00036013,00036014, 00037938, and 00043198."],"text":["00020373, 00022067, 00033074, 00032456,00036013,00036014, 00037938, and 00043198.","Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015","Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic relations court -- Virginia.","Juvenile court -- Virginia.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Women lawyers -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","2 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and seven digital video files; 9 interviews and 9 transcripts.","The Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.","James W. Benton, Jr. (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and retired in 2007. A native of Norfolk, Benton attended public schools there and participated in civil rights demonstrations while he was in high school. He earned an undergraduate degree from Temple University in Boston and a law degree from the University of Virginia.  He worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in Richmond and was a partner at the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker Marsh.","Robert S. Bray (b. 1946) was appointed to the Court of Appeals in 1991 by Governor Gerald Baliles and retired in 2002. A native of Portsmouth, Bray attended public schools there. He earned an undergraduate degree from Randolph-Macon College in Ashland and a law degree from the College of William and Mary. He was in private practice in Chesapeake for fifteen years before he was elected circuit court judge in Chesapeake in 1989. After retiring from the court in 2002 he served as president of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth.","Samuel W. Coleman (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985-2001. He has served as a senior (retired) judge from 2001-2010 and 2013 to the present. Coleman was born in Kingsport, Tennessee and grew up in Gate City, Virginia, where he attended public schools. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a law degree from Washington and Lee University. He practiced law in Gate City until he was elected circuit cour judge in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit (Lee, Scott, and Wise Counties). In 1985, Coleman was elected to the first Court of Appeals of Virginia.","Walter S. Felton, Jr., (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2002 and retired in 2014. He served as chief judge from 2006 to 2014. A native of Suffolk, Felton attended public schools there and college and law school at the University of Richmond. He practiced law in Suffolk, taught law at the College of William and Mary, and worked in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Governor James S. Gilmore before he was appointed to the court in 2002.","Johanna L. Fitzpatrick (b. 1946) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1992 to 2006. A native of Birmingham, Alabama, she attended Tufts University in Boston and earned a law degree from Catholic University in Washington, D.C.  She began working for Fairfax Legal Aid Society in 1974.  In 1980, she was elected Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Fairfax County, making her the second woman elected judge in Virginia.  In 1982, Fitzpatrick was elected circuit court judge in Fairfax County.","Robert P. Frank (b. 1944) served on the Court of Appeals from 1999 to 2014, when to took senior status. He was born and reared in Newport News. Frank earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia. He pratice law in Newport news with his brother from 1968 to 1986, when he was elected judge of the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, Seventh Judicial Circuit in Newport News.","James W. Haley, Jr. (b. 1942) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2005 to 2012, when he took senior status. He was born in Washington, DC and reared in Arlington. Haley attended Washington and Lee University and the University of Virginia School of Law.  He was a law clerk for Chief Justice John W. Eggleston in 1967 and 1968, then worked as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Arlington County. He practiced law in Fredericksburg County and was County Attorney in King George County. In 1985, he was elected general district judge in the 15 judicial circuit, and in 1989 circuit court judge in the same circuit. He was elected to the Court of Appeals in 2005."," William H. Hodges (b. 1929) served on the Court of Appeals from 1985 to 1989. He was a state delegate from 1962 to 1966 and state senator from 1966 to 1966 to 1972, when he was elected circuit court judge. He practiced law in Norfolk and Chesapeake from 1960 to 1972.  He continued to served as a substitute judge after he retired in 1989.","Rosemarie Annunziata (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1995 to 2005, and as a senior judge on the court from 2005 to 2015. She was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County from 1989 to 1995.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","In the interview of James W. Benton, Jr., conducted March 12, 2009 (2 hours, 12 minutes; transcript available), Benton discusses growing up in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk Va., attending segregated schools, participating in sit-in protests to desegregate public facilities, and being among the first African Americans to attend a formerly white high school in Norfolk.  He talks about attending Temple University in Philadelphia, graduate school in Northwestern University in Chicago, and law school at the University of Virginia in the late 1960s and the experience of being one of the first African Americans to attend the law school. He relates his experiences working as an attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund at the Richmond law firm Hill, Tucker, Marsh in Richmond; his work on the Norfolk school desegregation court cases, and his work on business cases and housing discrimination cases in the 1970s and 1980s. Benton also talks about the circumstances leading to his appointment on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was established in 1985, the work of establishing the court, his approach to his role as a judge, his thoughts about writing dissenting opinions, and his views on constitutional rights and criminal cases.","In the interview of Robert S. Bray, conducted August 6, 2018, at the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth (1 hour, 46 minutes; transcript available), Judge Bray talks about growing up in Portsmouth and particularly the influences of his father, a pharmacist who owned several drugs stores in the community, and Lawrence W. I'Anson, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. I'Anson was a neighbor and family friend and mentored Bray from a young age. He discusses his experiences as an attorney in private practice in Chesapeake, a circuit court judge, and as a judge on the Court of Appeals. He also reflects on his experience as president of the Beazley Foundation, where he succeeded retired Chief Justice I'Anson as president in 2002.","In the interview of Samuel W. Coleman, conducted December 16, 2013, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond (2 hours, 27 minutes; transcript available), Judge Coleman talks about his family's roots in Scott County and growing up in Gate City, his education, practice law in Gate City, and serving as a circuit court judge. He also discusses making the transition to an appellate court judge and his experiences serving as a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.   \n","In the interview of James S. Felton, Jr., conducted November 7, 2014 (1 hour, 40 minutes; transcript available), Felton discusses growing up in Suffolk, attending public schools there, attending college and law school at the University of Richmond, and his career as an attorney, professor of law at William and Mary, an attorney in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Virginia Governor James S. Gilmore, and as a judge and chief judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\n","In the interview of Robert P. Frank, conducted December 19, 2014, at his chambers in Newport News (1 hours, 26 minutes; transcript available), Frank discusses his childhood in Newport News, his family's roots in Europe and immigration to Baltimore and Newport News; his family's connections to the Jewish community in Newport News, playing sports, attending public schools in Newport News and the University of Virginia. He talks about his career, first as a lawyer in private practice with his brother; and as a judicial and domestic relations judge, a circuit court judge, and a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.","In the interview of Johanna Levenson Fitzpatrick, conducted July 13, 2009 (2 hours; transcript available), Judge Fitzpatrick talks about her early life and growing up in Birmingham, Alabama, where her father owned a department store; her education at Tufts University in Boston and Catholic University Law School in Washington, D.C., working as a legal-aid lawyer and on revisions to the code on neglect and abuse of children; and her work as a juvenile and domestic relations judge and a circuit court judge in Fairfax County. She talks about breaking down gender barriers as a judge in Virginia, and her appointment to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1992; choosing and mentoring law clerks, the process of writing opinions, differences between working as a trial judge and an appellate judge, her decision to retire in 2006, and her subsequent career as a mediator.    \n","In the interview of James W. Haley, Jr., conducted September 11, 2013 (1 hour, 45 minutes, 24 seconds; transcript available), Judge Haley talks about growing up in Arlington, Virginia, and the influence of his parents (his father was a lawyer and worked as a lobbyist for coal companies; his mother was an attorney for the Treasury Department before Haley was born) and teachers at St. Stephen's Episcopal School for Boys, Washington and Lee, and the University of Virginia. He reflects on the experience of clerking for Chief Justice Eggleston and working for Commonwealth's Attorney William Hassan and a county attorney in King George County, and his experiences in private practice and as a district, circuit, and appellate judge on the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of William H. Hodges, conducted March 6, 2015, at his residence in Norfolk, Hodges talks about growing up in rural Norfolk County, where his father farmed and worked as a police officer; attending Randolph Macon Military Academy in Winchester and Randolph Macon College in Ashland, and law school at Washington and Lee; praticing law in Norfolk and Chesapeake, serving in the House of Delegates and Senate, and a circuit court judge, and the experience of being one of the founding members of the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of Rosemarie Annunziata, conducted November 18, 2015, Judge Annunziata talks about growing up a first-generation American in Newark and Irvington, New Jersery, her family's roots in the Puglia region of Italy; her education, including French studies at the Sorbonne, in Paris, and Yale University; working at the  Montgomery Advertiser   newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama, from 1963 to 1966; her work on the Fairfax County, Va., Planning Commission and other community work, attending law school after having a family, practicing law in Fairfax County, and her career as a circuit court and appellate judge.","Oral history interviews, 2009-2018, of judges who have served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired Court of Appeals Judge James W. Benton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; retired Court of Appeals Judge Richard S. Bray, at the office of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth; retired Court of Appeals Judge Johanna L. Fitzpatrick, at her home in Alexandria; Senior Judge James W. Haley, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Senior Judge Samuel W. Coleman, at the Supreme Building in Richmond; and Chief Judge Salter S. Felton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Judge Robert P. Frank, at his chambers in Newport News; Judge William H. Hodges, at his residence in Norfolk; and Judge Rosemarie Annunziata, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond. Transcripts available.","Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00020373, 00022067, 00033074, 00032456,00036013,00036014, 00037938, and 00043198."],"normalized_title_ssm":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015"],"collection_title_tesim":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015"],"collection_ssim":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Supreme Court. \n"],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court. \n"],"places_ssim":["Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, 2009-2018.     \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic relations court -- Virginia.","Juvenile court -- Virginia.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Women lawyers -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic relations court -- Virginia.","Juvenile court -- Virginia.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Women lawyers -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["2 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and seven digital video files; 9 interviews and 9 transcripts."],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames W. Benton, Jr. (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and retired in 2007. A native of Norfolk, Benton attended public schools there and participated in civil rights demonstrations while he was in high school. He earned an undergraduate degree from Temple University in Boston and a law degree from the University of Virginia.  He worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in Richmond and was a partner at the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker Marsh.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert S. Bray (b. 1946) was appointed to the Court of Appeals in 1991 by Governor Gerald Baliles and retired in 2002. A native of Portsmouth, Bray attended public schools there. He earned an undergraduate degree from Randolph-Macon College in Ashland and a law degree from the College of William and Mary. He was in private practice in Chesapeake for fifteen years before he was elected circuit court judge in Chesapeake in 1989. After retiring from the court in 2002 he served as president of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSamuel W. Coleman (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985-2001. He has served as a senior (retired) judge from 2001-2010 and 2013 to the present. Coleman was born in Kingsport, Tennessee and grew up in Gate City, Virginia, where he attended public schools. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a law degree from Washington and Lee University. He practiced law in Gate City until he was elected circuit cour judge in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit (Lee, Scott, and Wise Counties). In 1985, Coleman was elected to the first Court of Appeals of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter S. Felton, Jr., (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2002 and retired in 2014. He served as chief judge from 2006 to 2014. A native of Suffolk, Felton attended public schools there and college and law school at the University of Richmond. He practiced law in Suffolk, taught law at the College of William and Mary, and worked in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Governor James S. Gilmore before he was appointed to the court in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohanna L. Fitzpatrick (b. 1946) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1992 to 2006. A native of Birmingham, Alabama, she attended Tufts University in Boston and earned a law degree from Catholic University in Washington, D.C.  She began working for Fairfax Legal Aid Society in 1974.  In 1980, she was elected Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Fairfax County, making her the second woman elected judge in Virginia.  In 1982, Fitzpatrick was elected circuit court judge in Fairfax County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert P. Frank (b. 1944) served on the Court of Appeals from 1999 to 2014, when to took senior status. He was born and reared in Newport News. Frank earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia. He pratice law in Newport news with his brother from 1968 to 1986, when he was elected judge of the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, Seventh Judicial Circuit in Newport News.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames W. Haley, Jr. (b. 1942) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2005 to 2012, when he took senior status. He was born in Washington, DC and reared in Arlington. Haley attended Washington and Lee University and the University of Virginia School of Law.  He was a law clerk for Chief Justice John W. Eggleston in 1967 and 1968, then worked as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Arlington County. He practiced law in Fredericksburg County and was County Attorney in King George County. In 1985, he was elected general district judge in the 15 judicial circuit, and in 1989 circuit court judge in the same circuit. He was elected to the Court of Appeals in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e William H. Hodges (b. 1929) served on the Court of Appeals from 1985 to 1989. He was a state delegate from 1962 to 1966 and state senator from 1966 to 1966 to 1972, when he was elected circuit court judge. He practiced law in Norfolk and Chesapeake from 1960 to 1972.  He continued to served as a substitute judge after he retired in 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRosemarie Annunziata (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1995 to 2005, and as a senior judge on the court from 2005 to 2015. She was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County from 1989 to 1995.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.","James W. Benton, Jr. (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and retired in 2007. A native of Norfolk, Benton attended public schools there and participated in civil rights demonstrations while he was in high school. He earned an undergraduate degree from Temple University in Boston and a law degree from the University of Virginia.  He worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in Richmond and was a partner at the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker Marsh.","Robert S. Bray (b. 1946) was appointed to the Court of Appeals in 1991 by Governor Gerald Baliles and retired in 2002. A native of Portsmouth, Bray attended public schools there. He earned an undergraduate degree from Randolph-Macon College in Ashland and a law degree from the College of William and Mary. He was in private practice in Chesapeake for fifteen years before he was elected circuit court judge in Chesapeake in 1989. After retiring from the court in 2002 he served as president of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth.","Samuel W. Coleman (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985-2001. He has served as a senior (retired) judge from 2001-2010 and 2013 to the present. Coleman was born in Kingsport, Tennessee and grew up in Gate City, Virginia, where he attended public schools. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a law degree from Washington and Lee University. He practiced law in Gate City until he was elected circuit cour judge in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit (Lee, Scott, and Wise Counties). In 1985, Coleman was elected to the first Court of Appeals of Virginia.","Walter S. Felton, Jr., (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2002 and retired in 2014. He served as chief judge from 2006 to 2014. A native of Suffolk, Felton attended public schools there and college and law school at the University of Richmond. He practiced law in Suffolk, taught law at the College of William and Mary, and worked in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Governor James S. Gilmore before he was appointed to the court in 2002.","Johanna L. Fitzpatrick (b. 1946) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1992 to 2006. A native of Birmingham, Alabama, she attended Tufts University in Boston and earned a law degree from Catholic University in Washington, D.C.  She began working for Fairfax Legal Aid Society in 1974.  In 1980, she was elected Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Fairfax County, making her the second woman elected judge in Virginia.  In 1982, Fitzpatrick was elected circuit court judge in Fairfax County.","Robert P. Frank (b. 1944) served on the Court of Appeals from 1999 to 2014, when to took senior status. He was born and reared in Newport News. Frank earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia. He pratice law in Newport news with his brother from 1968 to 1986, when he was elected judge of the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, Seventh Judicial Circuit in Newport News.","James W. Haley, Jr. (b. 1942) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2005 to 2012, when he took senior status. He was born in Washington, DC and reared in Arlington. Haley attended Washington and Lee University and the University of Virginia School of Law.  He was a law clerk for Chief Justice John W. Eggleston in 1967 and 1968, then worked as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Arlington County. He practiced law in Fredericksburg County and was County Attorney in King George County. In 1985, he was elected general district judge in the 15 judicial circuit, and in 1989 circuit court judge in the same circuit. He was elected to the Court of Appeals in 2005."," William H. Hodges (b. 1929) served on the Court of Appeals from 1985 to 1989. He was a state delegate from 1962 to 1966 and state senator from 1966 to 1966 to 1972, when he was elected circuit court judge. He practiced law in Norfolk and Chesapeake from 1960 to 1972.  He continued to served as a substitute judge after he retired in 1989.","Rosemarie Annunziata (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1995 to 2005, and as a senior judge on the court from 2005 to 2015. She was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County from 1989 to 1995.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of James W. Benton, Jr., conducted March 12, 2009 (2 hours, 12 minutes; transcript available), Benton discusses growing up in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk Va., attending segregated schools, participating in sit-in protests to desegregate public facilities, and being among the first African Americans to attend a formerly white high school in Norfolk.  He talks about attending Temple University in Philadelphia, graduate school in Northwestern University in Chicago, and law school at the University of Virginia in the late 1960s and the experience of being one of the first African Americans to attend the law school. He relates his experiences working as an attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund at the Richmond law firm Hill, Tucker, Marsh in Richmond; his work on the Norfolk school desegregation court cases, and his work on business cases and housing discrimination cases in the 1970s and 1980s. Benton also talks about the circumstances leading to his appointment on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was established in 1985, the work of establishing the court, his approach to his role as a judge, his thoughts about writing dissenting opinions, and his views on constitutional rights and criminal cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Robert S. Bray, conducted August 6, 2018, at the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth (1 hour, 46 minutes; transcript available), Judge Bray talks about growing up in Portsmouth and particularly the influences of his father, a pharmacist who owned several drugs stores in the community, and Lawrence W. I'Anson, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. I'Anson was a neighbor and family friend and mentored Bray from a young age. He discusses his experiences as an attorney in private practice in Chesapeake, a circuit court judge, and as a judge on the Court of Appeals. He also reflects on his experience as president of the Beazley Foundation, where he succeeded retired Chief Justice I'Anson as president in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Samuel W. Coleman, conducted December 16, 2013, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond (2 hours, 27 minutes; transcript available), Judge Coleman talks about his family's roots in Scott County and growing up in Gate City, his education, practice law in Gate City, and serving as a circuit court judge. He also discusses making the transition to an appellate court judge and his experiences serving as a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of James S. Felton, Jr., conducted November 7, 2014 (1 hour, 40 minutes; transcript available), Felton discusses growing up in Suffolk, attending public schools there, attending college and law school at the University of Richmond, and his career as an attorney, professor of law at William and Mary, an attorney in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Virginia Governor James S. Gilmore, and as a judge and chief judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Robert P. Frank, conducted December 19, 2014, at his chambers in Newport News (1 hours, 26 minutes; transcript available), Frank discusses his childhood in Newport News, his family's roots in Europe and immigration to Baltimore and Newport News; his family's connections to the Jewish community in Newport News, playing sports, attending public schools in Newport News and the University of Virginia. He talks about his career, first as a lawyer in private practice with his brother; and as a judicial and domestic relations judge, a circuit court judge, and a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Johanna Levenson Fitzpatrick, conducted July 13, 2009 (2 hours; transcript available), Judge Fitzpatrick talks about her early life and growing up in Birmingham, Alabama, where her father owned a department store; her education at Tufts University in Boston and Catholic University Law School in Washington, D.C., working as a legal-aid lawyer and on revisions to the code on neglect and abuse of children; and her work as a juvenile and domestic relations judge and a circuit court judge in Fairfax County. She talks about breaking down gender barriers as a judge in Virginia, and her appointment to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1992; choosing and mentoring law clerks, the process of writing opinions, differences between working as a trial judge and an appellate judge, her decision to retire in 2006, and her subsequent career as a mediator.    \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of James W. Haley, Jr., conducted September 11, 2013 (1 hour, 45 minutes, 24 seconds; transcript available), Judge Haley talks about growing up in Arlington, Virginia, and the influence of his parents (his father was a lawyer and worked as a lobbyist for coal companies; his mother was an attorney for the Treasury Department before Haley was born) and teachers at St. Stephen's Episcopal School for Boys, Washington and Lee, and the University of Virginia. He reflects on the experience of clerking for Chief Justice Eggleston and working for Commonwealth's Attorney William Hassan and a county attorney in King George County, and his experiences in private practice and as a district, circuit, and appellate judge on the Court of Appeals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of William H. Hodges, conducted March 6, 2015, at his residence in Norfolk, Hodges talks about growing up in rural Norfolk County, where his father farmed and worked as a police officer; attending Randolph Macon Military Academy in Winchester and Randolph Macon College in Ashland, and law school at Washington and Lee; praticing law in Norfolk and Chesapeake, serving in the House of Delegates and Senate, and a circuit court judge, and the experience of being one of the founding members of the Court of Appeals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Rosemarie Annunziata, conducted November 18, 2015, Judge Annunziata talks about growing up a first-generation American in Newark and Irvington, New Jersery, her family's roots in the Puglia region of Italy; her education, including French studies at the Sorbonne, in Paris, and Yale University; working at the \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMontgomery Advertiser \u003c/title\u003e newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama, from 1963 to 1966; her work on the Fairfax County, Va., Planning Commission and other community work, attending law school after having a family, practicing law in Fairfax County, and her career as a circuit court and appellate judge.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of James W. Benton, Jr., conducted March 12, 2009 (2 hours, 12 minutes; transcript available), Benton discusses growing up in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk Va., attending segregated schools, participating in sit-in protests to desegregate public facilities, and being among the first African Americans to attend a formerly white high school in Norfolk.  He talks about attending Temple University in Philadelphia, graduate school in Northwestern University in Chicago, and law school at the University of Virginia in the late 1960s and the experience of being one of the first African Americans to attend the law school. He relates his experiences working as an attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund at the Richmond law firm Hill, Tucker, Marsh in Richmond; his work on the Norfolk school desegregation court cases, and his work on business cases and housing discrimination cases in the 1970s and 1980s. Benton also talks about the circumstances leading to his appointment on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was established in 1985, the work of establishing the court, his approach to his role as a judge, his thoughts about writing dissenting opinions, and his views on constitutional rights and criminal cases.","In the interview of Robert S. Bray, conducted August 6, 2018, at the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth (1 hour, 46 minutes; transcript available), Judge Bray talks about growing up in Portsmouth and particularly the influences of his father, a pharmacist who owned several drugs stores in the community, and Lawrence W. I'Anson, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. I'Anson was a neighbor and family friend and mentored Bray from a young age. He discusses his experiences as an attorney in private practice in Chesapeake, a circuit court judge, and as a judge on the Court of Appeals. He also reflects on his experience as president of the Beazley Foundation, where he succeeded retired Chief Justice I'Anson as president in 2002.","In the interview of Samuel W. Coleman, conducted December 16, 2013, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond (2 hours, 27 minutes; transcript available), Judge Coleman talks about his family's roots in Scott County and growing up in Gate City, his education, practice law in Gate City, and serving as a circuit court judge. He also discusses making the transition to an appellate court judge and his experiences serving as a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.   \n","In the interview of James S. Felton, Jr., conducted November 7, 2014 (1 hour, 40 minutes; transcript available), Felton discusses growing up in Suffolk, attending public schools there, attending college and law school at the University of Richmond, and his career as an attorney, professor of law at William and Mary, an attorney in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Virginia Governor James S. Gilmore, and as a judge and chief judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\n","In the interview of Robert P. Frank, conducted December 19, 2014, at his chambers in Newport News (1 hours, 26 minutes; transcript available), Frank discusses his childhood in Newport News, his family's roots in Europe and immigration to Baltimore and Newport News; his family's connections to the Jewish community in Newport News, playing sports, attending public schools in Newport News and the University of Virginia. He talks about his career, first as a lawyer in private practice with his brother; and as a judicial and domestic relations judge, a circuit court judge, and a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.","In the interview of Johanna Levenson Fitzpatrick, conducted July 13, 2009 (2 hours; transcript available), Judge Fitzpatrick talks about her early life and growing up in Birmingham, Alabama, where her father owned a department store; her education at Tufts University in Boston and Catholic University Law School in Washington, D.C., working as a legal-aid lawyer and on revisions to the code on neglect and abuse of children; and her work as a juvenile and domestic relations judge and a circuit court judge in Fairfax County. She talks about breaking down gender barriers as a judge in Virginia, and her appointment to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1992; choosing and mentoring law clerks, the process of writing opinions, differences between working as a trial judge and an appellate judge, her decision to retire in 2006, and her subsequent career as a mediator.    \n","In the interview of James W. Haley, Jr., conducted September 11, 2013 (1 hour, 45 minutes, 24 seconds; transcript available), Judge Haley talks about growing up in Arlington, Virginia, and the influence of his parents (his father was a lawyer and worked as a lobbyist for coal companies; his mother was an attorney for the Treasury Department before Haley was born) and teachers at St. Stephen's Episcopal School for Boys, Washington and Lee, and the University of Virginia. He reflects on the experience of clerking for Chief Justice Eggleston and working for Commonwealth's Attorney William Hassan and a county attorney in King George County, and his experiences in private practice and as a district, circuit, and appellate judge on the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of William H. Hodges, conducted March 6, 2015, at his residence in Norfolk, Hodges talks about growing up in rural Norfolk County, where his father farmed and worked as a police officer; attending Randolph Macon Military Academy in Winchester and Randolph Macon College in Ashland, and law school at Washington and Lee; praticing law in Norfolk and Chesapeake, serving in the House of Delegates and Senate, and a circuit court judge, and the experience of being one of the founding members of the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of Rosemarie Annunziata, conducted November 18, 2015, Judge Annunziata talks about growing up a first-generation American in Newark and Irvington, New Jersery, her family's roots in the Puglia region of Italy; her education, including French studies at the Sorbonne, in Paris, and Yale University; working at the  Montgomery Advertiser   newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama, from 1963 to 1966; her work on the Fairfax County, Va., Planning Commission and other community work, attending law school after having a family, practicing law in Fairfax County, and her career as a circuit court and appellate judge."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews, 2009-2018, of judges who have served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired Court of Appeals Judge James W. Benton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; retired Court of Appeals Judge Richard S. Bray, at the office of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth; retired Court of Appeals Judge Johanna L. Fitzpatrick, at her home in Alexandria; Senior Judge James W. Haley, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Senior Judge Samuel W. Coleman, at the Supreme Building in Richmond; and Chief Judge Salter S. Felton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Judge Robert P. Frank, at his chambers in Newport News; Judge William H. Hodges, at his residence in Norfolk; and Judge Rosemarie Annunziata, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond. Transcripts available.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews, 2009-2018, of judges who have served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired Court of Appeals Judge James W. Benton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; retired Court of Appeals Judge Richard S. Bray, at the office of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth; retired Court of Appeals Judge Johanna L. Fitzpatrick, at her home in Alexandria; Senior Judge James W. Haley, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Senior Judge Samuel W. Coleman, at the Supreme Building in Richmond; and Chief Judge Salter S. Felton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Judge Robert P. Frank, at his chambers in Newport News; Judge William H. Hodges, at his residence in Norfolk; and Judge Rosemarie Annunziata, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond. Transcripts available."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:35.427Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00008","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00008","_root_":"vil_vil00008","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00008","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00008.xml","title_ssm":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015 \n"],"title_tesim":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00020373, 00022067, 00033074, 00032456,00036013,00036014, 00037938, and 00043198."],"text":["00020373, 00022067, 00033074, 00032456,00036013,00036014, 00037938, and 00043198.","Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015","Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic relations court -- Virginia.","Juvenile court -- Virginia.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Women lawyers -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","2 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and seven digital video files; 9 interviews and 9 transcripts.","The Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.","James W. Benton, Jr. (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and retired in 2007. A native of Norfolk, Benton attended public schools there and participated in civil rights demonstrations while he was in high school. He earned an undergraduate degree from Temple University in Boston and a law degree from the University of Virginia.  He worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in Richmond and was a partner at the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker Marsh.","Robert S. Bray (b. 1946) was appointed to the Court of Appeals in 1991 by Governor Gerald Baliles and retired in 2002. A native of Portsmouth, Bray attended public schools there. He earned an undergraduate degree from Randolph-Macon College in Ashland and a law degree from the College of William and Mary. He was in private practice in Chesapeake for fifteen years before he was elected circuit court judge in Chesapeake in 1989. After retiring from the court in 2002 he served as president of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth.","Samuel W. Coleman (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985-2001. He has served as a senior (retired) judge from 2001-2010 and 2013 to the present. Coleman was born in Kingsport, Tennessee and grew up in Gate City, Virginia, where he attended public schools. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a law degree from Washington and Lee University. He practiced law in Gate City until he was elected circuit cour judge in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit (Lee, Scott, and Wise Counties). In 1985, Coleman was elected to the first Court of Appeals of Virginia.","Walter S. Felton, Jr., (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2002 and retired in 2014. He served as chief judge from 2006 to 2014. A native of Suffolk, Felton attended public schools there and college and law school at the University of Richmond. He practiced law in Suffolk, taught law at the College of William and Mary, and worked in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Governor James S. Gilmore before he was appointed to the court in 2002.","Johanna L. Fitzpatrick (b. 1946) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1992 to 2006. A native of Birmingham, Alabama, she attended Tufts University in Boston and earned a law degree from Catholic University in Washington, D.C.  She began working for Fairfax Legal Aid Society in 1974.  In 1980, she was elected Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Fairfax County, making her the second woman elected judge in Virginia.  In 1982, Fitzpatrick was elected circuit court judge in Fairfax County.","Robert P. Frank (b. 1944) served on the Court of Appeals from 1999 to 2014, when to took senior status. He was born and reared in Newport News. Frank earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia. He pratice law in Newport news with his brother from 1968 to 1986, when he was elected judge of the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, Seventh Judicial Circuit in Newport News.","James W. Haley, Jr. (b. 1942) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2005 to 2012, when he took senior status. He was born in Washington, DC and reared in Arlington. Haley attended Washington and Lee University and the University of Virginia School of Law.  He was a law clerk for Chief Justice John W. Eggleston in 1967 and 1968, then worked as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Arlington County. He practiced law in Fredericksburg County and was County Attorney in King George County. In 1985, he was elected general district judge in the 15 judicial circuit, and in 1989 circuit court judge in the same circuit. He was elected to the Court of Appeals in 2005."," William H. Hodges (b. 1929) served on the Court of Appeals from 1985 to 1989. He was a state delegate from 1962 to 1966 and state senator from 1966 to 1966 to 1972, when he was elected circuit court judge. He practiced law in Norfolk and Chesapeake from 1960 to 1972.  He continued to served as a substitute judge after he retired in 1989.","Rosemarie Annunziata (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1995 to 2005, and as a senior judge on the court from 2005 to 2015. She was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County from 1989 to 1995.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","In the interview of James W. Benton, Jr., conducted March 12, 2009 (2 hours, 12 minutes; transcript available), Benton discusses growing up in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk Va., attending segregated schools, participating in sit-in protests to desegregate public facilities, and being among the first African Americans to attend a formerly white high school in Norfolk.  He talks about attending Temple University in Philadelphia, graduate school in Northwestern University in Chicago, and law school at the University of Virginia in the late 1960s and the experience of being one of the first African Americans to attend the law school. He relates his experiences working as an attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund at the Richmond law firm Hill, Tucker, Marsh in Richmond; his work on the Norfolk school desegregation court cases, and his work on business cases and housing discrimination cases in the 1970s and 1980s. Benton also talks about the circumstances leading to his appointment on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was established in 1985, the work of establishing the court, his approach to his role as a judge, his thoughts about writing dissenting opinions, and his views on constitutional rights and criminal cases.","In the interview of Robert S. Bray, conducted August 6, 2018, at the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth (1 hour, 46 minutes; transcript available), Judge Bray talks about growing up in Portsmouth and particularly the influences of his father, a pharmacist who owned several drugs stores in the community, and Lawrence W. I'Anson, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. I'Anson was a neighbor and family friend and mentored Bray from a young age. He discusses his experiences as an attorney in private practice in Chesapeake, a circuit court judge, and as a judge on the Court of Appeals. He also reflects on his experience as president of the Beazley Foundation, where he succeeded retired Chief Justice I'Anson as president in 2002.","In the interview of Samuel W. Coleman, conducted December 16, 2013, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond (2 hours, 27 minutes; transcript available), Judge Coleman talks about his family's roots in Scott County and growing up in Gate City, his education, practice law in Gate City, and serving as a circuit court judge. He also discusses making the transition to an appellate court judge and his experiences serving as a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.   \n","In the interview of James S. Felton, Jr., conducted November 7, 2014 (1 hour, 40 minutes; transcript available), Felton discusses growing up in Suffolk, attending public schools there, attending college and law school at the University of Richmond, and his career as an attorney, professor of law at William and Mary, an attorney in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Virginia Governor James S. Gilmore, and as a judge and chief judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\n","In the interview of Robert P. Frank, conducted December 19, 2014, at his chambers in Newport News (1 hours, 26 minutes; transcript available), Frank discusses his childhood in Newport News, his family's roots in Europe and immigration to Baltimore and Newport News; his family's connections to the Jewish community in Newport News, playing sports, attending public schools in Newport News and the University of Virginia. He talks about his career, first as a lawyer in private practice with his brother; and as a judicial and domestic relations judge, a circuit court judge, and a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.","In the interview of Johanna Levenson Fitzpatrick, conducted July 13, 2009 (2 hours; transcript available), Judge Fitzpatrick talks about her early life and growing up in Birmingham, Alabama, where her father owned a department store; her education at Tufts University in Boston and Catholic University Law School in Washington, D.C., working as a legal-aid lawyer and on revisions to the code on neglect and abuse of children; and her work as a juvenile and domestic relations judge and a circuit court judge in Fairfax County. She talks about breaking down gender barriers as a judge in Virginia, and her appointment to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1992; choosing and mentoring law clerks, the process of writing opinions, differences between working as a trial judge and an appellate judge, her decision to retire in 2006, and her subsequent career as a mediator.    \n","In the interview of James W. Haley, Jr., conducted September 11, 2013 (1 hour, 45 minutes, 24 seconds; transcript available), Judge Haley talks about growing up in Arlington, Virginia, and the influence of his parents (his father was a lawyer and worked as a lobbyist for coal companies; his mother was an attorney for the Treasury Department before Haley was born) and teachers at St. Stephen's Episcopal School for Boys, Washington and Lee, and the University of Virginia. He reflects on the experience of clerking for Chief Justice Eggleston and working for Commonwealth's Attorney William Hassan and a county attorney in King George County, and his experiences in private practice and as a district, circuit, and appellate judge on the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of William H. Hodges, conducted March 6, 2015, at his residence in Norfolk, Hodges talks about growing up in rural Norfolk County, where his father farmed and worked as a police officer; attending Randolph Macon Military Academy in Winchester and Randolph Macon College in Ashland, and law school at Washington and Lee; praticing law in Norfolk and Chesapeake, serving in the House of Delegates and Senate, and a circuit court judge, and the experience of being one of the founding members of the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of Rosemarie Annunziata, conducted November 18, 2015, Judge Annunziata talks about growing up a first-generation American in Newark and Irvington, New Jersery, her family's roots in the Puglia region of Italy; her education, including French studies at the Sorbonne, in Paris, and Yale University; working at the  Montgomery Advertiser   newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama, from 1963 to 1966; her work on the Fairfax County, Va., Planning Commission and other community work, attending law school after having a family, practicing law in Fairfax County, and her career as a circuit court and appellate judge.","Oral history interviews, 2009-2018, of judges who have served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired Court of Appeals Judge James W. Benton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; retired Court of Appeals Judge Richard S. Bray, at the office of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth; retired Court of Appeals Judge Johanna L. Fitzpatrick, at her home in Alexandria; Senior Judge James W. Haley, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Senior Judge Samuel W. Coleman, at the Supreme Building in Richmond; and Chief Judge Salter S. Felton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Judge Robert P. Frank, at his chambers in Newport News; Judge William H. Hodges, at his residence in Norfolk; and Judge Rosemarie Annunziata, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond. Transcripts available.","Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00020373, 00022067, 00033074, 00032456,00036013,00036014, 00037938, and 00043198."],"normalized_title_ssm":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015"],"collection_title_tesim":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015"],"collection_ssim":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Supreme Court. \n"],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court. \n"],"places_ssim":["Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, 2009-2018.     \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic relations court -- Virginia.","Juvenile court -- Virginia.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Women lawyers -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic relations court -- Virginia.","Juvenile court -- Virginia.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Women lawyers -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["2 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and seven digital video files; 9 interviews and 9 transcripts."],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames W. Benton, Jr. (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and retired in 2007. A native of Norfolk, Benton attended public schools there and participated in civil rights demonstrations while he was in high school. He earned an undergraduate degree from Temple University in Boston and a law degree from the University of Virginia.  He worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in Richmond and was a partner at the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker Marsh.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert S. Bray (b. 1946) was appointed to the Court of Appeals in 1991 by Governor Gerald Baliles and retired in 2002. A native of Portsmouth, Bray attended public schools there. He earned an undergraduate degree from Randolph-Macon College in Ashland and a law degree from the College of William and Mary. He was in private practice in Chesapeake for fifteen years before he was elected circuit court judge in Chesapeake in 1989. After retiring from the court in 2002 he served as president of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSamuel W. Coleman (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985-2001. He has served as a senior (retired) judge from 2001-2010 and 2013 to the present. Coleman was born in Kingsport, Tennessee and grew up in Gate City, Virginia, where he attended public schools. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a law degree from Washington and Lee University. He practiced law in Gate City until he was elected circuit cour judge in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit (Lee, Scott, and Wise Counties). In 1985, Coleman was elected to the first Court of Appeals of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter S. Felton, Jr., (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2002 and retired in 2014. He served as chief judge from 2006 to 2014. A native of Suffolk, Felton attended public schools there and college and law school at the University of Richmond. He practiced law in Suffolk, taught law at the College of William and Mary, and worked in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Governor James S. Gilmore before he was appointed to the court in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohanna L. Fitzpatrick (b. 1946) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1992 to 2006. A native of Birmingham, Alabama, she attended Tufts University in Boston and earned a law degree from Catholic University in Washington, D.C.  She began working for Fairfax Legal Aid Society in 1974.  In 1980, she was elected Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Fairfax County, making her the second woman elected judge in Virginia.  In 1982, Fitzpatrick was elected circuit court judge in Fairfax County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert P. Frank (b. 1944) served on the Court of Appeals from 1999 to 2014, when to took senior status. He was born and reared in Newport News. Frank earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia. He pratice law in Newport news with his brother from 1968 to 1986, when he was elected judge of the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, Seventh Judicial Circuit in Newport News.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames W. Haley, Jr. (b. 1942) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2005 to 2012, when he took senior status. He was born in Washington, DC and reared in Arlington. Haley attended Washington and Lee University and the University of Virginia School of Law.  He was a law clerk for Chief Justice John W. Eggleston in 1967 and 1968, then worked as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Arlington County. He practiced law in Fredericksburg County and was County Attorney in King George County. In 1985, he was elected general district judge in the 15 judicial circuit, and in 1989 circuit court judge in the same circuit. He was elected to the Court of Appeals in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e William H. Hodges (b. 1929) served on the Court of Appeals from 1985 to 1989. He was a state delegate from 1962 to 1966 and state senator from 1966 to 1966 to 1972, when he was elected circuit court judge. He practiced law in Norfolk and Chesapeake from 1960 to 1972.  He continued to served as a substitute judge after he retired in 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRosemarie Annunziata (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1995 to 2005, and as a senior judge on the court from 2005 to 2015. She was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County from 1989 to 1995.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.","James W. Benton, Jr. (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and retired in 2007. A native of Norfolk, Benton attended public schools there and participated in civil rights demonstrations while he was in high school. He earned an undergraduate degree from Temple University in Boston and a law degree from the University of Virginia.  He worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in Richmond and was a partner at the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker Marsh.","Robert S. Bray (b. 1946) was appointed to the Court of Appeals in 1991 by Governor Gerald Baliles and retired in 2002. A native of Portsmouth, Bray attended public schools there. He earned an undergraduate degree from Randolph-Macon College in Ashland and a law degree from the College of William and Mary. He was in private practice in Chesapeake for fifteen years before he was elected circuit court judge in Chesapeake in 1989. After retiring from the court in 2002 he served as president of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth.","Samuel W. Coleman (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985-2001. He has served as a senior (retired) judge from 2001-2010 and 2013 to the present. Coleman was born in Kingsport, Tennessee and grew up in Gate City, Virginia, where he attended public schools. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a law degree from Washington and Lee University. He practiced law in Gate City until he was elected circuit cour judge in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit (Lee, Scott, and Wise Counties). In 1985, Coleman was elected to the first Court of Appeals of Virginia.","Walter S. Felton, Jr., (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2002 and retired in 2014. He served as chief judge from 2006 to 2014. A native of Suffolk, Felton attended public schools there and college and law school at the University of Richmond. He practiced law in Suffolk, taught law at the College of William and Mary, and worked in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Governor James S. Gilmore before he was appointed to the court in 2002.","Johanna L. Fitzpatrick (b. 1946) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1992 to 2006. A native of Birmingham, Alabama, she attended Tufts University in Boston and earned a law degree from Catholic University in Washington, D.C.  She began working for Fairfax Legal Aid Society in 1974.  In 1980, she was elected Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Fairfax County, making her the second woman elected judge in Virginia.  In 1982, Fitzpatrick was elected circuit court judge in Fairfax County.","Robert P. Frank (b. 1944) served on the Court of Appeals from 1999 to 2014, when to took senior status. He was born and reared in Newport News. Frank earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia. He pratice law in Newport news with his brother from 1968 to 1986, when he was elected judge of the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, Seventh Judicial Circuit in Newport News.","James W. Haley, Jr. (b. 1942) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2005 to 2012, when he took senior status. He was born in Washington, DC and reared in Arlington. Haley attended Washington and Lee University and the University of Virginia School of Law.  He was a law clerk for Chief Justice John W. Eggleston in 1967 and 1968, then worked as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Arlington County. He practiced law in Fredericksburg County and was County Attorney in King George County. In 1985, he was elected general district judge in the 15 judicial circuit, and in 1989 circuit court judge in the same circuit. He was elected to the Court of Appeals in 2005."," William H. Hodges (b. 1929) served on the Court of Appeals from 1985 to 1989. He was a state delegate from 1962 to 1966 and state senator from 1966 to 1966 to 1972, when he was elected circuit court judge. He practiced law in Norfolk and Chesapeake from 1960 to 1972.  He continued to served as a substitute judge after he retired in 1989.","Rosemarie Annunziata (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1995 to 2005, and as a senior judge on the court from 2005 to 2015. She was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County from 1989 to 1995.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of James W. Benton, Jr., conducted March 12, 2009 (2 hours, 12 minutes; transcript available), Benton discusses growing up in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk Va., attending segregated schools, participating in sit-in protests to desegregate public facilities, and being among the first African Americans to attend a formerly white high school in Norfolk.  He talks about attending Temple University in Philadelphia, graduate school in Northwestern University in Chicago, and law school at the University of Virginia in the late 1960s and the experience of being one of the first African Americans to attend the law school. He relates his experiences working as an attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund at the Richmond law firm Hill, Tucker, Marsh in Richmond; his work on the Norfolk school desegregation court cases, and his work on business cases and housing discrimination cases in the 1970s and 1980s. Benton also talks about the circumstances leading to his appointment on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was established in 1985, the work of establishing the court, his approach to his role as a judge, his thoughts about writing dissenting opinions, and his views on constitutional rights and criminal cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Robert S. Bray, conducted August 6, 2018, at the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth (1 hour, 46 minutes; transcript available), Judge Bray talks about growing up in Portsmouth and particularly the influences of his father, a pharmacist who owned several drugs stores in the community, and Lawrence W. I'Anson, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. I'Anson was a neighbor and family friend and mentored Bray from a young age. He discusses his experiences as an attorney in private practice in Chesapeake, a circuit court judge, and as a judge on the Court of Appeals. He also reflects on his experience as president of the Beazley Foundation, where he succeeded retired Chief Justice I'Anson as president in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Samuel W. Coleman, conducted December 16, 2013, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond (2 hours, 27 minutes; transcript available), Judge Coleman talks about his family's roots in Scott County and growing up in Gate City, his education, practice law in Gate City, and serving as a circuit court judge. He also discusses making the transition to an appellate court judge and his experiences serving as a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of James S. Felton, Jr., conducted November 7, 2014 (1 hour, 40 minutes; transcript available), Felton discusses growing up in Suffolk, attending public schools there, attending college and law school at the University of Richmond, and his career as an attorney, professor of law at William and Mary, an attorney in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Virginia Governor James S. Gilmore, and as a judge and chief judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Robert P. Frank, conducted December 19, 2014, at his chambers in Newport News (1 hours, 26 minutes; transcript available), Frank discusses his childhood in Newport News, his family's roots in Europe and immigration to Baltimore and Newport News; his family's connections to the Jewish community in Newport News, playing sports, attending public schools in Newport News and the University of Virginia. He talks about his career, first as a lawyer in private practice with his brother; and as a judicial and domestic relations judge, a circuit court judge, and a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Johanna Levenson Fitzpatrick, conducted July 13, 2009 (2 hours; transcript available), Judge Fitzpatrick talks about her early life and growing up in Birmingham, Alabama, where her father owned a department store; her education at Tufts University in Boston and Catholic University Law School in Washington, D.C., working as a legal-aid lawyer and on revisions to the code on neglect and abuse of children; and her work as a juvenile and domestic relations judge and a circuit court judge in Fairfax County. She talks about breaking down gender barriers as a judge in Virginia, and her appointment to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1992; choosing and mentoring law clerks, the process of writing opinions, differences between working as a trial judge and an appellate judge, her decision to retire in 2006, and her subsequent career as a mediator.    \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of James W. Haley, Jr., conducted September 11, 2013 (1 hour, 45 minutes, 24 seconds; transcript available), Judge Haley talks about growing up in Arlington, Virginia, and the influence of his parents (his father was a lawyer and worked as a lobbyist for coal companies; his mother was an attorney for the Treasury Department before Haley was born) and teachers at St. Stephen's Episcopal School for Boys, Washington and Lee, and the University of Virginia. He reflects on the experience of clerking for Chief Justice Eggleston and working for Commonwealth's Attorney William Hassan and a county attorney in King George County, and his experiences in private practice and as a district, circuit, and appellate judge on the Court of Appeals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of William H. Hodges, conducted March 6, 2015, at his residence in Norfolk, Hodges talks about growing up in rural Norfolk County, where his father farmed and worked as a police officer; attending Randolph Macon Military Academy in Winchester and Randolph Macon College in Ashland, and law school at Washington and Lee; praticing law in Norfolk and Chesapeake, serving in the House of Delegates and Senate, and a circuit court judge, and the experience of being one of the founding members of the Court of Appeals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Rosemarie Annunziata, conducted November 18, 2015, Judge Annunziata talks about growing up a first-generation American in Newark and Irvington, New Jersery, her family's roots in the Puglia region of Italy; her education, including French studies at the Sorbonne, in Paris, and Yale University; working at the \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMontgomery Advertiser \u003c/title\u003e newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama, from 1963 to 1966; her work on the Fairfax County, Va., Planning Commission and other community work, attending law school after having a family, practicing law in Fairfax County, and her career as a circuit court and appellate judge.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of James W. Benton, Jr., conducted March 12, 2009 (2 hours, 12 minutes; transcript available), Benton discusses growing up in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk Va., attending segregated schools, participating in sit-in protests to desegregate public facilities, and being among the first African Americans to attend a formerly white high school in Norfolk.  He talks about attending Temple University in Philadelphia, graduate school in Northwestern University in Chicago, and law school at the University of Virginia in the late 1960s and the experience of being one of the first African Americans to attend the law school. He relates his experiences working as an attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund at the Richmond law firm Hill, Tucker, Marsh in Richmond; his work on the Norfolk school desegregation court cases, and his work on business cases and housing discrimination cases in the 1970s and 1980s. Benton also talks about the circumstances leading to his appointment on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was established in 1985, the work of establishing the court, his approach to his role as a judge, his thoughts about writing dissenting opinions, and his views on constitutional rights and criminal cases.","In the interview of Robert S. Bray, conducted August 6, 2018, at the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth (1 hour, 46 minutes; transcript available), Judge Bray talks about growing up in Portsmouth and particularly the influences of his father, a pharmacist who owned several drugs stores in the community, and Lawrence W. I'Anson, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. I'Anson was a neighbor and family friend and mentored Bray from a young age. He discusses his experiences as an attorney in private practice in Chesapeake, a circuit court judge, and as a judge on the Court of Appeals. He also reflects on his experience as president of the Beazley Foundation, where he succeeded retired Chief Justice I'Anson as president in 2002.","In the interview of Samuel W. Coleman, conducted December 16, 2013, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond (2 hours, 27 minutes; transcript available), Judge Coleman talks about his family's roots in Scott County and growing up in Gate City, his education, practice law in Gate City, and serving as a circuit court judge. He also discusses making the transition to an appellate court judge and his experiences serving as a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.   \n","In the interview of James S. Felton, Jr., conducted November 7, 2014 (1 hour, 40 minutes; transcript available), Felton discusses growing up in Suffolk, attending public schools there, attending college and law school at the University of Richmond, and his career as an attorney, professor of law at William and Mary, an attorney in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Virginia Governor James S. Gilmore, and as a judge and chief judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\n","In the interview of Robert P. Frank, conducted December 19, 2014, at his chambers in Newport News (1 hours, 26 minutes; transcript available), Frank discusses his childhood in Newport News, his family's roots in Europe and immigration to Baltimore and Newport News; his family's connections to the Jewish community in Newport News, playing sports, attending public schools in Newport News and the University of Virginia. He talks about his career, first as a lawyer in private practice with his brother; and as a judicial and domestic relations judge, a circuit court judge, and a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.","In the interview of Johanna Levenson Fitzpatrick, conducted July 13, 2009 (2 hours; transcript available), Judge Fitzpatrick talks about her early life and growing up in Birmingham, Alabama, where her father owned a department store; her education at Tufts University in Boston and Catholic University Law School in Washington, D.C., working as a legal-aid lawyer and on revisions to the code on neglect and abuse of children; and her work as a juvenile and domestic relations judge and a circuit court judge in Fairfax County. She talks about breaking down gender barriers as a judge in Virginia, and her appointment to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1992; choosing and mentoring law clerks, the process of writing opinions, differences between working as a trial judge and an appellate judge, her decision to retire in 2006, and her subsequent career as a mediator.    \n","In the interview of James W. Haley, Jr., conducted September 11, 2013 (1 hour, 45 minutes, 24 seconds; transcript available), Judge Haley talks about growing up in Arlington, Virginia, and the influence of his parents (his father was a lawyer and worked as a lobbyist for coal companies; his mother was an attorney for the Treasury Department before Haley was born) and teachers at St. Stephen's Episcopal School for Boys, Washington and Lee, and the University of Virginia. He reflects on the experience of clerking for Chief Justice Eggleston and working for Commonwealth's Attorney William Hassan and a county attorney in King George County, and his experiences in private practice and as a district, circuit, and appellate judge on the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of William H. Hodges, conducted March 6, 2015, at his residence in Norfolk, Hodges talks about growing up in rural Norfolk County, where his father farmed and worked as a police officer; attending Randolph Macon Military Academy in Winchester and Randolph Macon College in Ashland, and law school at Washington and Lee; praticing law in Norfolk and Chesapeake, serving in the House of Delegates and Senate, and a circuit court judge, and the experience of being one of the founding members of the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of Rosemarie Annunziata, conducted November 18, 2015, Judge Annunziata talks about growing up a first-generation American in Newark and Irvington, New Jersery, her family's roots in the Puglia region of Italy; her education, including French studies at the Sorbonne, in Paris, and Yale University; working at the  Montgomery Advertiser   newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama, from 1963 to 1966; her work on the Fairfax County, Va., Planning Commission and other community work, attending law school after having a family, practicing law in Fairfax County, and her career as a circuit court and appellate judge."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews, 2009-2018, of judges who have served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired Court of Appeals Judge James W. Benton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; retired Court of Appeals Judge Richard S. Bray, at the office of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth; retired Court of Appeals Judge Johanna L. Fitzpatrick, at her home in Alexandria; Senior Judge James W. Haley, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Senior Judge Samuel W. Coleman, at the Supreme Building in Richmond; and Chief Judge Salter S. Felton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Judge Robert P. Frank, at his chambers in Newport News; Judge William H. Hodges, at his residence in Norfolk; and Judge Rosemarie Annunziata, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond. Transcripts available.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews, 2009-2018, of judges who have served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired Court of Appeals Judge James W. Benton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; retired Court of Appeals Judge Richard S. Bray, at the office of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth; retired Court of Appeals Judge Johanna L. Fitzpatrick, at her home in Alexandria; Senior Judge James W. Haley, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Senior Judge Samuel W. Coleman, at the Supreme Building in Richmond; and Chief Judge Salter S. Felton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Judge Robert P. Frank, at his chambers in Newport News; Judge William H. Hodges, at his residence in Norfolk; and Judge Rosemarie Annunziata, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond. Transcripts available."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:35.427Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00008"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_593","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"VCU Libraries Richmond Subject Files","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_593#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"James Branch Cabell Library. 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A significant portion of the collection consists of VCU undergraduate student papers from the early 1990s on the architectural history of buildings and residences surrounding the university.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_593#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_593","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_593","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_593","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_593","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_593.xml","title_ssm":["VCU Libraries Richmond Subject Files"],"title_tesim":["VCU Libraries Richmond Subject Files"],"unitdate_ssm":["1970-2010"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1970-2010"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 561","/repositories/5/resources/593"],"text":["M 561","/repositories/5/resources/593","VCU Libraries Richmond Subject Files","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- Social life and customs -- 20th century","The collection is open for research","The collection is arranged alphabetically by file title.","The VCU Libraries Richmond Subject Files, 1970-2010 consist of approximately 140 files of printed material and ephemera produced by businesses, organizations, and people in Richmond, Virginia. Materials in the files were collected and organized by Special Collections and Archives staff over the course of four decades to document the history and cultural life of the city. The collection contains newspaper and magazine clippings in addition to promotional materials such as advertising fliers, brochures, and mailers for businesses, organizations, and events. A significant portion of the collection consists of VCU undergraduate student papers from the early 1990s on the architectural history of buildings and residences surrounding the university.","There are no restrictions on use.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","James Branch Cabell Library. 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Materials in the files were collected and organized by Special Collections and Archives staff over the course of four decades to document the history and cultural life of the city. The collection contains newspaper and magazine clippings in addition to promotional materials such as advertising fliers, brochures, and mailers for businesses, organizations, and events. A significant portion of the collection consists of VCU undergraduate student papers from the early 1990s on the architectural history of buildings and residences surrounding the university.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The VCU Libraries Richmond Subject Files, 1970-2010 consist of approximately 140 files of printed material and ephemera produced by businesses, organizations, and people in Richmond, Virginia. Materials in the files were collected and organized by Special Collections and Archives staff over the course of four decades to document the history and cultural life of the city. The collection contains newspaper and magazine clippings in addition to promotional materials such as advertising fliers, brochures, and mailers for businesses, organizations, and events. A significant portion of the collection consists of VCU undergraduate student papers from the early 1990s on the architectural history of buildings and residences surrounding the university."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions on use."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University -- Monroe Park Campus"],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","James Branch Cabell Library. 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Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00007","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00007","_root_":"vil_vil00007","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00007","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00007.xml","title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"text":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n","William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n","The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.","In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n","Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. 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Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n"],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cnote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/note\u003e"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026amp; Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:35.427Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00007","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00007","_root_":"vil_vil00007","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00007","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00007.xml","title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"text":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n","William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n","The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.","In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n","Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"collection_title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"collection_ssim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission in 2008 and 2009.  \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)"],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n"],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cnote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/note\u003e"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026amp; Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. 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