{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Newby-Alexander%2C+Cassandra%2C+1956-.\u0026view=list","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Newby-Alexander%2C+Cassandra%2C+1956-.\u0026page=1\u0026view=list"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":5,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vil_vil00008","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00008#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Virginia. Supreme Court. \n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00008#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral history interviews, 2009-2018, of judges who have served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired Court of Appeals Judge James W. Benton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; retired Court of Appeals Judge Richard S. Bray, at the office of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth; retired Court of Appeals Judge Johanna L. Fitzpatrick, at her home in Alexandria; Senior Judge James W. Haley, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Senior Judge Samuel W. Coleman, at the Supreme Building in Richmond; and Chief Judge Salter S. Felton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Judge Robert P. Frank, at his chambers in Newport News; Judge William H. Hodges, at his residence in Norfolk; and Judge Rosemarie Annunziata, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond. Transcripts available.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00008#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00008","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00008","_root_":"vil_vil00008","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00008","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00008.xml","title_ssm":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015 \n"],"title_tesim":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00020373, 00022067, 00033074, 00032456,00036013,00036014, 00037938, and 00043198."],"text":["00020373, 00022067, 00033074, 00032456,00036013,00036014, 00037938, and 00043198.","Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015","Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic relations court -- Virginia.","Juvenile court -- Virginia.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Women lawyers -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","2 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and seven digital video files; 9 interviews and 9 transcripts.","The Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.","James W. Benton, Jr. (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and retired in 2007. A native of Norfolk, Benton attended public schools there and participated in civil rights demonstrations while he was in high school. He earned an undergraduate degree from Temple University in Boston and a law degree from the University of Virginia.  He worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in Richmond and was a partner at the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker Marsh.","Robert S. Bray (b. 1946) was appointed to the Court of Appeals in 1991 by Governor Gerald Baliles and retired in 2002. A native of Portsmouth, Bray attended public schools there. He earned an undergraduate degree from Randolph-Macon College in Ashland and a law degree from the College of William and Mary. He was in private practice in Chesapeake for fifteen years before he was elected circuit court judge in Chesapeake in 1989. After retiring from the court in 2002 he served as president of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth.","Samuel W. Coleman (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985-2001. He has served as a senior (retired) judge from 2001-2010 and 2013 to the present. Coleman was born in Kingsport, Tennessee and grew up in Gate City, Virginia, where he attended public schools. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a law degree from Washington and Lee University. He practiced law in Gate City until he was elected circuit cour judge in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit (Lee, Scott, and Wise Counties). In 1985, Coleman was elected to the first Court of Appeals of Virginia.","Walter S. Felton, Jr., (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2002 and retired in 2014. He served as chief judge from 2006 to 2014. A native of Suffolk, Felton attended public schools there and college and law school at the University of Richmond. He practiced law in Suffolk, taught law at the College of William and Mary, and worked in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Governor James S. Gilmore before he was appointed to the court in 2002.","Johanna L. Fitzpatrick (b. 1946) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1992 to 2006. A native of Birmingham, Alabama, she attended Tufts University in Boston and earned a law degree from Catholic University in Washington, D.C.  She began working for Fairfax Legal Aid Society in 1974.  In 1980, she was elected Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Fairfax County, making her the second woman elected judge in Virginia.  In 1982, Fitzpatrick was elected circuit court judge in Fairfax County.","Robert P. Frank (b. 1944) served on the Court of Appeals from 1999 to 2014, when to took senior status. He was born and reared in Newport News. Frank earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia. He pratice law in Newport news with his brother from 1968 to 1986, when he was elected judge of the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, Seventh Judicial Circuit in Newport News.","James W. Haley, Jr. (b. 1942) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2005 to 2012, when he took senior status. He was born in Washington, DC and reared in Arlington. Haley attended Washington and Lee University and the University of Virginia School of Law.  He was a law clerk for Chief Justice John W. Eggleston in 1967 and 1968, then worked as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Arlington County. He practiced law in Fredericksburg County and was County Attorney in King George County. In 1985, he was elected general district judge in the 15 judicial circuit, and in 1989 circuit court judge in the same circuit. He was elected to the Court of Appeals in 2005."," William H. Hodges (b. 1929) served on the Court of Appeals from 1985 to 1989. He was a state delegate from 1962 to 1966 and state senator from 1966 to 1966 to 1972, when he was elected circuit court judge. He practiced law in Norfolk and Chesapeake from 1960 to 1972.  He continued to served as a substitute judge after he retired in 1989.","Rosemarie Annunziata (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1995 to 2005, and as a senior judge on the court from 2005 to 2015. She was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County from 1989 to 1995.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","In the interview of James W. Benton, Jr., conducted March 12, 2009 (2 hours, 12 minutes; transcript available), Benton discusses growing up in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk Va., attending segregated schools, participating in sit-in protests to desegregate public facilities, and being among the first African Americans to attend a formerly white high school in Norfolk.  He talks about attending Temple University in Philadelphia, graduate school in Northwestern University in Chicago, and law school at the University of Virginia in the late 1960s and the experience of being one of the first African Americans to attend the law school. He relates his experiences working as an attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund at the Richmond law firm Hill, Tucker, Marsh in Richmond; his work on the Norfolk school desegregation court cases, and his work on business cases and housing discrimination cases in the 1970s and 1980s. Benton also talks about the circumstances leading to his appointment on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was established in 1985, the work of establishing the court, his approach to his role as a judge, his thoughts about writing dissenting opinions, and his views on constitutional rights and criminal cases.","In the interview of Robert S. Bray, conducted August 6, 2018, at the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth (1 hour, 46 minutes; transcript available), Judge Bray talks about growing up in Portsmouth and particularly the influences of his father, a pharmacist who owned several drugs stores in the community, and Lawrence W. I'Anson, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. I'Anson was a neighbor and family friend and mentored Bray from a young age. He discusses his experiences as an attorney in private practice in Chesapeake, a circuit court judge, and as a judge on the Court of Appeals. He also reflects on his experience as president of the Beazley Foundation, where he succeeded retired Chief Justice I'Anson as president in 2002.","In the interview of Samuel W. Coleman, conducted December 16, 2013, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond (2 hours, 27 minutes; transcript available), Judge Coleman talks about his family's roots in Scott County and growing up in Gate City, his education, practice law in Gate City, and serving as a circuit court judge. He also discusses making the transition to an appellate court judge and his experiences serving as a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.   \n","In the interview of James S. Felton, Jr., conducted November 7, 2014 (1 hour, 40 minutes; transcript available), Felton discusses growing up in Suffolk, attending public schools there, attending college and law school at the University of Richmond, and his career as an attorney, professor of law at William and Mary, an attorney in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Virginia Governor James S. Gilmore, and as a judge and chief judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\n","In the interview of Robert P. Frank, conducted December 19, 2014, at his chambers in Newport News (1 hours, 26 minutes; transcript available), Frank discusses his childhood in Newport News, his family's roots in Europe and immigration to Baltimore and Newport News; his family's connections to the Jewish community in Newport News, playing sports, attending public schools in Newport News and the University of Virginia. He talks about his career, first as a lawyer in private practice with his brother; and as a judicial and domestic relations judge, a circuit court judge, and a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.","In the interview of Johanna Levenson Fitzpatrick, conducted July 13, 2009 (2 hours; transcript available), Judge Fitzpatrick talks about her early life and growing up in Birmingham, Alabama, where her father owned a department store; her education at Tufts University in Boston and Catholic University Law School in Washington, D.C., working as a legal-aid lawyer and on revisions to the code on neglect and abuse of children; and her work as a juvenile and domestic relations judge and a circuit court judge in Fairfax County. She talks about breaking down gender barriers as a judge in Virginia, and her appointment to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1992; choosing and mentoring law clerks, the process of writing opinions, differences between working as a trial judge and an appellate judge, her decision to retire in 2006, and her subsequent career as a mediator.    \n","In the interview of James W. Haley, Jr., conducted September 11, 2013 (1 hour, 45 minutes, 24 seconds; transcript available), Judge Haley talks about growing up in Arlington, Virginia, and the influence of his parents (his father was a lawyer and worked as a lobbyist for coal companies; his mother was an attorney for the Treasury Department before Haley was born) and teachers at St. Stephen's Episcopal School for Boys, Washington and Lee, and the University of Virginia. He reflects on the experience of clerking for Chief Justice Eggleston and working for Commonwealth's Attorney William Hassan and a county attorney in King George County, and his experiences in private practice and as a district, circuit, and appellate judge on the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of William H. Hodges, conducted March 6, 2015, at his residence in Norfolk, Hodges talks about growing up in rural Norfolk County, where his father farmed and worked as a police officer; attending Randolph Macon Military Academy in Winchester and Randolph Macon College in Ashland, and law school at Washington and Lee; praticing law in Norfolk and Chesapeake, serving in the House of Delegates and Senate, and a circuit court judge, and the experience of being one of the founding members of the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of Rosemarie Annunziata, conducted November 18, 2015, Judge Annunziata talks about growing up a first-generation American in Newark and Irvington, New Jersery, her family's roots in the Puglia region of Italy; her education, including French studies at the Sorbonne, in Paris, and Yale University; working at the  Montgomery Advertiser   newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama, from 1963 to 1966; her work on the Fairfax County, Va., Planning Commission and other community work, attending law school after having a family, practicing law in Fairfax County, and her career as a circuit court and appellate judge.","Oral history interviews, 2009-2018, of judges who have served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired Court of Appeals Judge James W. Benton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; retired Court of Appeals Judge Richard S. Bray, at the office of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth; retired Court of Appeals Judge Johanna L. Fitzpatrick, at her home in Alexandria; Senior Judge James W. Haley, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Senior Judge Samuel W. Coleman, at the Supreme Building in Richmond; and Chief Judge Salter S. Felton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Judge Robert P. Frank, at his chambers in Newport News; Judge William H. Hodges, at his residence in Norfolk; and Judge Rosemarie Annunziata, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond. Transcripts available.","Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00020373, 00022067, 00033074, 00032456,00036013,00036014, 00037938, and 00043198."],"normalized_title_ssm":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015"],"collection_title_tesim":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015"],"collection_ssim":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Supreme Court. \n"],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court. \n"],"places_ssim":["Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, 2009-2018.     \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic relations court -- Virginia.","Juvenile court -- Virginia.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Women lawyers -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic relations court -- Virginia.","Juvenile court -- Virginia.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Women lawyers -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["2 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and seven digital video files; 9 interviews and 9 transcripts."],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames W. Benton, Jr. (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and retired in 2007. A native of Norfolk, Benton attended public schools there and participated in civil rights demonstrations while he was in high school. He earned an undergraduate degree from Temple University in Boston and a law degree from the University of Virginia.  He worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in Richmond and was a partner at the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker Marsh.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert S. Bray (b. 1946) was appointed to the Court of Appeals in 1991 by Governor Gerald Baliles and retired in 2002. A native of Portsmouth, Bray attended public schools there. He earned an undergraduate degree from Randolph-Macon College in Ashland and a law degree from the College of William and Mary. He was in private practice in Chesapeake for fifteen years before he was elected circuit court judge in Chesapeake in 1989. After retiring from the court in 2002 he served as president of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSamuel W. Coleman (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985-2001. He has served as a senior (retired) judge from 2001-2010 and 2013 to the present. Coleman was born in Kingsport, Tennessee and grew up in Gate City, Virginia, where he attended public schools. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a law degree from Washington and Lee University. He practiced law in Gate City until he was elected circuit cour judge in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit (Lee, Scott, and Wise Counties). In 1985, Coleman was elected to the first Court of Appeals of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter S. Felton, Jr., (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2002 and retired in 2014. He served as chief judge from 2006 to 2014. A native of Suffolk, Felton attended public schools there and college and law school at the University of Richmond. He practiced law in Suffolk, taught law at the College of William and Mary, and worked in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Governor James S. Gilmore before he was appointed to the court in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohanna L. Fitzpatrick (b. 1946) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1992 to 2006. A native of Birmingham, Alabama, she attended Tufts University in Boston and earned a law degree from Catholic University in Washington, D.C.  She began working for Fairfax Legal Aid Society in 1974.  In 1980, she was elected Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Fairfax County, making her the second woman elected judge in Virginia.  In 1982, Fitzpatrick was elected circuit court judge in Fairfax County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert P. Frank (b. 1944) served on the Court of Appeals from 1999 to 2014, when to took senior status. He was born and reared in Newport News. Frank earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia. He pratice law in Newport news with his brother from 1968 to 1986, when he was elected judge of the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, Seventh Judicial Circuit in Newport News.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames W. Haley, Jr. (b. 1942) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2005 to 2012, when he took senior status. He was born in Washington, DC and reared in Arlington. Haley attended Washington and Lee University and the University of Virginia School of Law.  He was a law clerk for Chief Justice John W. Eggleston in 1967 and 1968, then worked as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Arlington County. He practiced law in Fredericksburg County and was County Attorney in King George County. In 1985, he was elected general district judge in the 15 judicial circuit, and in 1989 circuit court judge in the same circuit. He was elected to the Court of Appeals in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e William H. Hodges (b. 1929) served on the Court of Appeals from 1985 to 1989. He was a state delegate from 1962 to 1966 and state senator from 1966 to 1966 to 1972, when he was elected circuit court judge. He practiced law in Norfolk and Chesapeake from 1960 to 1972.  He continued to served as a substitute judge after he retired in 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRosemarie Annunziata (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1995 to 2005, and as a senior judge on the court from 2005 to 2015. She was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County from 1989 to 1995.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.","James W. Benton, Jr. (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and retired in 2007. A native of Norfolk, Benton attended public schools there and participated in civil rights demonstrations while he was in high school. He earned an undergraduate degree from Temple University in Boston and a law degree from the University of Virginia.  He worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in Richmond and was a partner at the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker Marsh.","Robert S. Bray (b. 1946) was appointed to the Court of Appeals in 1991 by Governor Gerald Baliles and retired in 2002. A native of Portsmouth, Bray attended public schools there. He earned an undergraduate degree from Randolph-Macon College in Ashland and a law degree from the College of William and Mary. He was in private practice in Chesapeake for fifteen years before he was elected circuit court judge in Chesapeake in 1989. After retiring from the court in 2002 he served as president of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth.","Samuel W. Coleman (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985-2001. He has served as a senior (retired) judge from 2001-2010 and 2013 to the present. Coleman was born in Kingsport, Tennessee and grew up in Gate City, Virginia, where he attended public schools. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a law degree from Washington and Lee University. He practiced law in Gate City until he was elected circuit cour judge in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit (Lee, Scott, and Wise Counties). In 1985, Coleman was elected to the first Court of Appeals of Virginia.","Walter S. Felton, Jr., (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2002 and retired in 2014. He served as chief judge from 2006 to 2014. A native of Suffolk, Felton attended public schools there and college and law school at the University of Richmond. He practiced law in Suffolk, taught law at the College of William and Mary, and worked in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Governor James S. Gilmore before he was appointed to the court in 2002.","Johanna L. Fitzpatrick (b. 1946) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1992 to 2006. A native of Birmingham, Alabama, she attended Tufts University in Boston and earned a law degree from Catholic University in Washington, D.C.  She began working for Fairfax Legal Aid Society in 1974.  In 1980, she was elected Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Fairfax County, making her the second woman elected judge in Virginia.  In 1982, Fitzpatrick was elected circuit court judge in Fairfax County.","Robert P. Frank (b. 1944) served on the Court of Appeals from 1999 to 2014, when to took senior status. He was born and reared in Newport News. Frank earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia. He pratice law in Newport news with his brother from 1968 to 1986, when he was elected judge of the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, Seventh Judicial Circuit in Newport News.","James W. Haley, Jr. (b. 1942) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2005 to 2012, when he took senior status. He was born in Washington, DC and reared in Arlington. Haley attended Washington and Lee University and the University of Virginia School of Law.  He was a law clerk for Chief Justice John W. Eggleston in 1967 and 1968, then worked as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Arlington County. He practiced law in Fredericksburg County and was County Attorney in King George County. In 1985, he was elected general district judge in the 15 judicial circuit, and in 1989 circuit court judge in the same circuit. He was elected to the Court of Appeals in 2005."," William H. Hodges (b. 1929) served on the Court of Appeals from 1985 to 1989. He was a state delegate from 1962 to 1966 and state senator from 1966 to 1966 to 1972, when he was elected circuit court judge. He practiced law in Norfolk and Chesapeake from 1960 to 1972.  He continued to served as a substitute judge after he retired in 1989.","Rosemarie Annunziata (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1995 to 2005, and as a senior judge on the court from 2005 to 2015. She was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County from 1989 to 1995.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of James W. Benton, Jr., conducted March 12, 2009 (2 hours, 12 minutes; transcript available), Benton discusses growing up in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk Va., attending segregated schools, participating in sit-in protests to desegregate public facilities, and being among the first African Americans to attend a formerly white high school in Norfolk.  He talks about attending Temple University in Philadelphia, graduate school in Northwestern University in Chicago, and law school at the University of Virginia in the late 1960s and the experience of being one of the first African Americans to attend the law school. He relates his experiences working as an attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund at the Richmond law firm Hill, Tucker, Marsh in Richmond; his work on the Norfolk school desegregation court cases, and his work on business cases and housing discrimination cases in the 1970s and 1980s. Benton also talks about the circumstances leading to his appointment on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was established in 1985, the work of establishing the court, his approach to his role as a judge, his thoughts about writing dissenting opinions, and his views on constitutional rights and criminal cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Robert S. Bray, conducted August 6, 2018, at the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth (1 hour, 46 minutes; transcript available), Judge Bray talks about growing up in Portsmouth and particularly the influences of his father, a pharmacist who owned several drugs stores in the community, and Lawrence W. I'Anson, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. I'Anson was a neighbor and family friend and mentored Bray from a young age. He discusses his experiences as an attorney in private practice in Chesapeake, a circuit court judge, and as a judge on the Court of Appeals. He also reflects on his experience as president of the Beazley Foundation, where he succeeded retired Chief Justice I'Anson as president in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Samuel W. Coleman, conducted December 16, 2013, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond (2 hours, 27 minutes; transcript available), Judge Coleman talks about his family's roots in Scott County and growing up in Gate City, his education, practice law in Gate City, and serving as a circuit court judge. He also discusses making the transition to an appellate court judge and his experiences serving as a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of James S. Felton, Jr., conducted November 7, 2014 (1 hour, 40 minutes; transcript available), Felton discusses growing up in Suffolk, attending public schools there, attending college and law school at the University of Richmond, and his career as an attorney, professor of law at William and Mary, an attorney in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Virginia Governor James S. Gilmore, and as a judge and chief judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Robert P. Frank, conducted December 19, 2014, at his chambers in Newport News (1 hours, 26 minutes; transcript available), Frank discusses his childhood in Newport News, his family's roots in Europe and immigration to Baltimore and Newport News; his family's connections to the Jewish community in Newport News, playing sports, attending public schools in Newport News and the University of Virginia. He talks about his career, first as a lawyer in private practice with his brother; and as a judicial and domestic relations judge, a circuit court judge, and a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Johanna Levenson Fitzpatrick, conducted July 13, 2009 (2 hours; transcript available), Judge Fitzpatrick talks about her early life and growing up in Birmingham, Alabama, where her father owned a department store; her education at Tufts University in Boston and Catholic University Law School in Washington, D.C., working as a legal-aid lawyer and on revisions to the code on neglect and abuse of children; and her work as a juvenile and domestic relations judge and a circuit court judge in Fairfax County. She talks about breaking down gender barriers as a judge in Virginia, and her appointment to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1992; choosing and mentoring law clerks, the process of writing opinions, differences between working as a trial judge and an appellate judge, her decision to retire in 2006, and her subsequent career as a mediator.    \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of James W. Haley, Jr., conducted September 11, 2013 (1 hour, 45 minutes, 24 seconds; transcript available), Judge Haley talks about growing up in Arlington, Virginia, and the influence of his parents (his father was a lawyer and worked as a lobbyist for coal companies; his mother was an attorney for the Treasury Department before Haley was born) and teachers at St. Stephen's Episcopal School for Boys, Washington and Lee, and the University of Virginia. He reflects on the experience of clerking for Chief Justice Eggleston and working for Commonwealth's Attorney William Hassan and a county attorney in King George County, and his experiences in private practice and as a district, circuit, and appellate judge on the Court of Appeals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of William H. Hodges, conducted March 6, 2015, at his residence in Norfolk, Hodges talks about growing up in rural Norfolk County, where his father farmed and worked as a police officer; attending Randolph Macon Military Academy in Winchester and Randolph Macon College in Ashland, and law school at Washington and Lee; praticing law in Norfolk and Chesapeake, serving in the House of Delegates and Senate, and a circuit court judge, and the experience of being one of the founding members of the Court of Appeals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Rosemarie Annunziata, conducted November 18, 2015, Judge Annunziata talks about growing up a first-generation American in Newark and Irvington, New Jersery, her family's roots in the Puglia region of Italy; her education, including French studies at the Sorbonne, in Paris, and Yale University; working at the \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMontgomery Advertiser \u003c/title\u003e newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama, from 1963 to 1966; her work on the Fairfax County, Va., Planning Commission and other community work, attending law school after having a family, practicing law in Fairfax County, and her career as a circuit court and appellate judge.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of James W. Benton, Jr., conducted March 12, 2009 (2 hours, 12 minutes; transcript available), Benton discusses growing up in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk Va., attending segregated schools, participating in sit-in protests to desegregate public facilities, and being among the first African Americans to attend a formerly white high school in Norfolk.  He talks about attending Temple University in Philadelphia, graduate school in Northwestern University in Chicago, and law school at the University of Virginia in the late 1960s and the experience of being one of the first African Americans to attend the law school. He relates his experiences working as an attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund at the Richmond law firm Hill, Tucker, Marsh in Richmond; his work on the Norfolk school desegregation court cases, and his work on business cases and housing discrimination cases in the 1970s and 1980s. Benton also talks about the circumstances leading to his appointment on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was established in 1985, the work of establishing the court, his approach to his role as a judge, his thoughts about writing dissenting opinions, and his views on constitutional rights and criminal cases.","In the interview of Robert S. Bray, conducted August 6, 2018, at the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth (1 hour, 46 minutes; transcript available), Judge Bray talks about growing up in Portsmouth and particularly the influences of his father, a pharmacist who owned several drugs stores in the community, and Lawrence W. I'Anson, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. I'Anson was a neighbor and family friend and mentored Bray from a young age. He discusses his experiences as an attorney in private practice in Chesapeake, a circuit court judge, and as a judge on the Court of Appeals. He also reflects on his experience as president of the Beazley Foundation, where he succeeded retired Chief Justice I'Anson as president in 2002.","In the interview of Samuel W. Coleman, conducted December 16, 2013, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond (2 hours, 27 minutes; transcript available), Judge Coleman talks about his family's roots in Scott County and growing up in Gate City, his education, practice law in Gate City, and serving as a circuit court judge. He also discusses making the transition to an appellate court judge and his experiences serving as a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.   \n","In the interview of James S. Felton, Jr., conducted November 7, 2014 (1 hour, 40 minutes; transcript available), Felton discusses growing up in Suffolk, attending public schools there, attending college and law school at the University of Richmond, and his career as an attorney, professor of law at William and Mary, an attorney in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Virginia Governor James S. Gilmore, and as a judge and chief judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\n","In the interview of Robert P. Frank, conducted December 19, 2014, at his chambers in Newport News (1 hours, 26 minutes; transcript available), Frank discusses his childhood in Newport News, his family's roots in Europe and immigration to Baltimore and Newport News; his family's connections to the Jewish community in Newport News, playing sports, attending public schools in Newport News and the University of Virginia. He talks about his career, first as a lawyer in private practice with his brother; and as a judicial and domestic relations judge, a circuit court judge, and a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.","In the interview of Johanna Levenson Fitzpatrick, conducted July 13, 2009 (2 hours; transcript available), Judge Fitzpatrick talks about her early life and growing up in Birmingham, Alabama, where her father owned a department store; her education at Tufts University in Boston and Catholic University Law School in Washington, D.C., working as a legal-aid lawyer and on revisions to the code on neglect and abuse of children; and her work as a juvenile and domestic relations judge and a circuit court judge in Fairfax County. She talks about breaking down gender barriers as a judge in Virginia, and her appointment to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1992; choosing and mentoring law clerks, the process of writing opinions, differences between working as a trial judge and an appellate judge, her decision to retire in 2006, and her subsequent career as a mediator.    \n","In the interview of James W. Haley, Jr., conducted September 11, 2013 (1 hour, 45 minutes, 24 seconds; transcript available), Judge Haley talks about growing up in Arlington, Virginia, and the influence of his parents (his father was a lawyer and worked as a lobbyist for coal companies; his mother was an attorney for the Treasury Department before Haley was born) and teachers at St. Stephen's Episcopal School for Boys, Washington and Lee, and the University of Virginia. He reflects on the experience of clerking for Chief Justice Eggleston and working for Commonwealth's Attorney William Hassan and a county attorney in King George County, and his experiences in private practice and as a district, circuit, and appellate judge on the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of William H. Hodges, conducted March 6, 2015, at his residence in Norfolk, Hodges talks about growing up in rural Norfolk County, where his father farmed and worked as a police officer; attending Randolph Macon Military Academy in Winchester and Randolph Macon College in Ashland, and law school at Washington and Lee; praticing law in Norfolk and Chesapeake, serving in the House of Delegates and Senate, and a circuit court judge, and the experience of being one of the founding members of the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of Rosemarie Annunziata, conducted November 18, 2015, Judge Annunziata talks about growing up a first-generation American in Newark and Irvington, New Jersery, her family's roots in the Puglia region of Italy; her education, including French studies at the Sorbonne, in Paris, and Yale University; working at the  Montgomery Advertiser   newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama, from 1963 to 1966; her work on the Fairfax County, Va., Planning Commission and other community work, attending law school after having a family, practicing law in Fairfax County, and her career as a circuit court and appellate judge."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews, 2009-2018, of judges who have served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired Court of Appeals Judge James W. Benton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; retired Court of Appeals Judge Richard S. Bray, at the office of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth; retired Court of Appeals Judge Johanna L. Fitzpatrick, at her home in Alexandria; Senior Judge James W. Haley, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Senior Judge Samuel W. Coleman, at the Supreme Building in Richmond; and Chief Judge Salter S. Felton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Judge Robert P. Frank, at his chambers in Newport News; Judge William H. Hodges, at his residence in Norfolk; and Judge Rosemarie Annunziata, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond. Transcripts available.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews, 2009-2018, of judges who have served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired Court of Appeals Judge James W. Benton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; retired Court of Appeals Judge Richard S. Bray, at the office of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth; retired Court of Appeals Judge Johanna L. Fitzpatrick, at her home in Alexandria; Senior Judge James W. Haley, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Senior Judge Samuel W. Coleman, at the Supreme Building in Richmond; and Chief Judge Salter S. Felton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Judge Robert P. Frank, at his chambers in Newport News; Judge William H. Hodges, at his residence in Norfolk; and Judge Rosemarie Annunziata, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond. Transcripts available."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:35.427Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00008","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00008","_root_":"vil_vil00008","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00008","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00008.xml","title_ssm":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015 \n"],"title_tesim":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00020373, 00022067, 00033074, 00032456,00036013,00036014, 00037938, and 00043198."],"text":["00020373, 00022067, 00033074, 00032456,00036013,00036014, 00037938, and 00043198.","Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015","Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic relations court -- Virginia.","Juvenile court -- Virginia.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Women lawyers -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","2 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and seven digital video files; 9 interviews and 9 transcripts.","The Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.","James W. Benton, Jr. (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and retired in 2007. A native of Norfolk, Benton attended public schools there and participated in civil rights demonstrations while he was in high school. He earned an undergraduate degree from Temple University in Boston and a law degree from the University of Virginia.  He worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in Richmond and was a partner at the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker Marsh.","Robert S. Bray (b. 1946) was appointed to the Court of Appeals in 1991 by Governor Gerald Baliles and retired in 2002. A native of Portsmouth, Bray attended public schools there. He earned an undergraduate degree from Randolph-Macon College in Ashland and a law degree from the College of William and Mary. He was in private practice in Chesapeake for fifteen years before he was elected circuit court judge in Chesapeake in 1989. After retiring from the court in 2002 he served as president of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth.","Samuel W. Coleman (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985-2001. He has served as a senior (retired) judge from 2001-2010 and 2013 to the present. Coleman was born in Kingsport, Tennessee and grew up in Gate City, Virginia, where he attended public schools. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a law degree from Washington and Lee University. He practiced law in Gate City until he was elected circuit cour judge in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit (Lee, Scott, and Wise Counties). In 1985, Coleman was elected to the first Court of Appeals of Virginia.","Walter S. Felton, Jr., (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2002 and retired in 2014. He served as chief judge from 2006 to 2014. A native of Suffolk, Felton attended public schools there and college and law school at the University of Richmond. He practiced law in Suffolk, taught law at the College of William and Mary, and worked in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Governor James S. Gilmore before he was appointed to the court in 2002.","Johanna L. Fitzpatrick (b. 1946) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1992 to 2006. A native of Birmingham, Alabama, she attended Tufts University in Boston and earned a law degree from Catholic University in Washington, D.C.  She began working for Fairfax Legal Aid Society in 1974.  In 1980, she was elected Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Fairfax County, making her the second woman elected judge in Virginia.  In 1982, Fitzpatrick was elected circuit court judge in Fairfax County.","Robert P. Frank (b. 1944) served on the Court of Appeals from 1999 to 2014, when to took senior status. He was born and reared in Newport News. Frank earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia. He pratice law in Newport news with his brother from 1968 to 1986, when he was elected judge of the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, Seventh Judicial Circuit in Newport News.","James W. Haley, Jr. (b. 1942) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2005 to 2012, when he took senior status. He was born in Washington, DC and reared in Arlington. Haley attended Washington and Lee University and the University of Virginia School of Law.  He was a law clerk for Chief Justice John W. Eggleston in 1967 and 1968, then worked as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Arlington County. He practiced law in Fredericksburg County and was County Attorney in King George County. In 1985, he was elected general district judge in the 15 judicial circuit, and in 1989 circuit court judge in the same circuit. He was elected to the Court of Appeals in 2005."," William H. Hodges (b. 1929) served on the Court of Appeals from 1985 to 1989. He was a state delegate from 1962 to 1966 and state senator from 1966 to 1966 to 1972, when he was elected circuit court judge. He practiced law in Norfolk and Chesapeake from 1960 to 1972.  He continued to served as a substitute judge after he retired in 1989.","Rosemarie Annunziata (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1995 to 2005, and as a senior judge on the court from 2005 to 2015. She was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County from 1989 to 1995.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","In the interview of James W. Benton, Jr., conducted March 12, 2009 (2 hours, 12 minutes; transcript available), Benton discusses growing up in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk Va., attending segregated schools, participating in sit-in protests to desegregate public facilities, and being among the first African Americans to attend a formerly white high school in Norfolk.  He talks about attending Temple University in Philadelphia, graduate school in Northwestern University in Chicago, and law school at the University of Virginia in the late 1960s and the experience of being one of the first African Americans to attend the law school. He relates his experiences working as an attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund at the Richmond law firm Hill, Tucker, Marsh in Richmond; his work on the Norfolk school desegregation court cases, and his work on business cases and housing discrimination cases in the 1970s and 1980s. Benton also talks about the circumstances leading to his appointment on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was established in 1985, the work of establishing the court, his approach to his role as a judge, his thoughts about writing dissenting opinions, and his views on constitutional rights and criminal cases.","In the interview of Robert S. Bray, conducted August 6, 2018, at the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth (1 hour, 46 minutes; transcript available), Judge Bray talks about growing up in Portsmouth and particularly the influences of his father, a pharmacist who owned several drugs stores in the community, and Lawrence W. I'Anson, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. I'Anson was a neighbor and family friend and mentored Bray from a young age. He discusses his experiences as an attorney in private practice in Chesapeake, a circuit court judge, and as a judge on the Court of Appeals. He also reflects on his experience as president of the Beazley Foundation, where he succeeded retired Chief Justice I'Anson as president in 2002.","In the interview of Samuel W. Coleman, conducted December 16, 2013, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond (2 hours, 27 minutes; transcript available), Judge Coleman talks about his family's roots in Scott County and growing up in Gate City, his education, practice law in Gate City, and serving as a circuit court judge. He also discusses making the transition to an appellate court judge and his experiences serving as a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.   \n","In the interview of James S. Felton, Jr., conducted November 7, 2014 (1 hour, 40 minutes; transcript available), Felton discusses growing up in Suffolk, attending public schools there, attending college and law school at the University of Richmond, and his career as an attorney, professor of law at William and Mary, an attorney in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Virginia Governor James S. Gilmore, and as a judge and chief judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\n","In the interview of Robert P. Frank, conducted December 19, 2014, at his chambers in Newport News (1 hours, 26 minutes; transcript available), Frank discusses his childhood in Newport News, his family's roots in Europe and immigration to Baltimore and Newport News; his family's connections to the Jewish community in Newport News, playing sports, attending public schools in Newport News and the University of Virginia. He talks about his career, first as a lawyer in private practice with his brother; and as a judicial and domestic relations judge, a circuit court judge, and a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.","In the interview of Johanna Levenson Fitzpatrick, conducted July 13, 2009 (2 hours; transcript available), Judge Fitzpatrick talks about her early life and growing up in Birmingham, Alabama, where her father owned a department store; her education at Tufts University in Boston and Catholic University Law School in Washington, D.C., working as a legal-aid lawyer and on revisions to the code on neglect and abuse of children; and her work as a juvenile and domestic relations judge and a circuit court judge in Fairfax County. She talks about breaking down gender barriers as a judge in Virginia, and her appointment to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1992; choosing and mentoring law clerks, the process of writing opinions, differences between working as a trial judge and an appellate judge, her decision to retire in 2006, and her subsequent career as a mediator.    \n","In the interview of James W. Haley, Jr., conducted September 11, 2013 (1 hour, 45 minutes, 24 seconds; transcript available), Judge Haley talks about growing up in Arlington, Virginia, and the influence of his parents (his father was a lawyer and worked as a lobbyist for coal companies; his mother was an attorney for the Treasury Department before Haley was born) and teachers at St. Stephen's Episcopal School for Boys, Washington and Lee, and the University of Virginia. He reflects on the experience of clerking for Chief Justice Eggleston and working for Commonwealth's Attorney William Hassan and a county attorney in King George County, and his experiences in private practice and as a district, circuit, and appellate judge on the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of William H. Hodges, conducted March 6, 2015, at his residence in Norfolk, Hodges talks about growing up in rural Norfolk County, where his father farmed and worked as a police officer; attending Randolph Macon Military Academy in Winchester and Randolph Macon College in Ashland, and law school at Washington and Lee; praticing law in Norfolk and Chesapeake, serving in the House of Delegates and Senate, and a circuit court judge, and the experience of being one of the founding members of the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of Rosemarie Annunziata, conducted November 18, 2015, Judge Annunziata talks about growing up a first-generation American in Newark and Irvington, New Jersery, her family's roots in the Puglia region of Italy; her education, including French studies at the Sorbonne, in Paris, and Yale University; working at the  Montgomery Advertiser   newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama, from 1963 to 1966; her work on the Fairfax County, Va., Planning Commission and other community work, attending law school after having a family, practicing law in Fairfax County, and her career as a circuit court and appellate judge.","Oral history interviews, 2009-2018, of judges who have served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired Court of Appeals Judge James W. Benton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; retired Court of Appeals Judge Richard S. Bray, at the office of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth; retired Court of Appeals Judge Johanna L. Fitzpatrick, at her home in Alexandria; Senior Judge James W. Haley, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Senior Judge Samuel W. Coleman, at the Supreme Building in Richmond; and Chief Judge Salter S. Felton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Judge Robert P. Frank, at his chambers in Newport News; Judge William H. Hodges, at his residence in Norfolk; and Judge Rosemarie Annunziata, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond. Transcripts available.","Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00020373, 00022067, 00033074, 00032456,00036013,00036014, 00037938, and 00043198."],"normalized_title_ssm":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015"],"collection_title_tesim":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015"],"collection_ssim":["Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Supreme Court. \n"],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court. \n"],"places_ssim":["Birmingham (Al.) -- History -- 20th century.","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, 2009-2018.     \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic relations court -- Virginia.","Juvenile court -- Virginia.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Women lawyers -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic relations court -- Virginia.","Juvenile court -- Virginia.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Women lawyers -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["2 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and seven digital video files; 9 interviews and 9 transcripts."],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames W. Benton, Jr. (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and retired in 2007. A native of Norfolk, Benton attended public schools there and participated in civil rights demonstrations while he was in high school. He earned an undergraduate degree from Temple University in Boston and a law degree from the University of Virginia.  He worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in Richmond and was a partner at the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker Marsh.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert S. Bray (b. 1946) was appointed to the Court of Appeals in 1991 by Governor Gerald Baliles and retired in 2002. A native of Portsmouth, Bray attended public schools there. He earned an undergraduate degree from Randolph-Macon College in Ashland and a law degree from the College of William and Mary. He was in private practice in Chesapeake for fifteen years before he was elected circuit court judge in Chesapeake in 1989. After retiring from the court in 2002 he served as president of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSamuel W. Coleman (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985-2001. He has served as a senior (retired) judge from 2001-2010 and 2013 to the present. Coleman was born in Kingsport, Tennessee and grew up in Gate City, Virginia, where he attended public schools. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a law degree from Washington and Lee University. He practiced law in Gate City until he was elected circuit cour judge in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit (Lee, Scott, and Wise Counties). In 1985, Coleman was elected to the first Court of Appeals of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter S. Felton, Jr., (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2002 and retired in 2014. He served as chief judge from 2006 to 2014. A native of Suffolk, Felton attended public schools there and college and law school at the University of Richmond. He practiced law in Suffolk, taught law at the College of William and Mary, and worked in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Governor James S. Gilmore before he was appointed to the court in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohanna L. Fitzpatrick (b. 1946) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1992 to 2006. A native of Birmingham, Alabama, she attended Tufts University in Boston and earned a law degree from Catholic University in Washington, D.C.  She began working for Fairfax Legal Aid Society in 1974.  In 1980, she was elected Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Fairfax County, making her the second woman elected judge in Virginia.  In 1982, Fitzpatrick was elected circuit court judge in Fairfax County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert P. Frank (b. 1944) served on the Court of Appeals from 1999 to 2014, when to took senior status. He was born and reared in Newport News. Frank earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia. He pratice law in Newport news with his brother from 1968 to 1986, when he was elected judge of the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, Seventh Judicial Circuit in Newport News.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames W. Haley, Jr. (b. 1942) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2005 to 2012, when he took senior status. He was born in Washington, DC and reared in Arlington. Haley attended Washington and Lee University and the University of Virginia School of Law.  He was a law clerk for Chief Justice John W. Eggleston in 1967 and 1968, then worked as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Arlington County. He practiced law in Fredericksburg County and was County Attorney in King George County. In 1985, he was elected general district judge in the 15 judicial circuit, and in 1989 circuit court judge in the same circuit. He was elected to the Court of Appeals in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e William H. Hodges (b. 1929) served on the Court of Appeals from 1985 to 1989. He was a state delegate from 1962 to 1966 and state senator from 1966 to 1966 to 1972, when he was elected circuit court judge. He practiced law in Norfolk and Chesapeake from 1960 to 1972.  He continued to served as a substitute judge after he retired in 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRosemarie Annunziata (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1995 to 2005, and as a senior judge on the court from 2005 to 2015. She was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County from 1989 to 1995.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.","James W. Benton, Jr. (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and retired in 2007. A native of Norfolk, Benton attended public schools there and participated in civil rights demonstrations while he was in high school. He earned an undergraduate degree from Temple University in Boston and a law degree from the University of Virginia.  He worked for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in Richmond and was a partner at the Richmond law firm of Hill, Tucker Marsh.","Robert S. Bray (b. 1946) was appointed to the Court of Appeals in 1991 by Governor Gerald Baliles and retired in 2002. A native of Portsmouth, Bray attended public schools there. He earned an undergraduate degree from Randolph-Macon College in Ashland and a law degree from the College of William and Mary. He was in private practice in Chesapeake for fifteen years before he was elected circuit court judge in Chesapeake in 1989. After retiring from the court in 2002 he served as president of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth.","Samuel W. Coleman (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985-2001. He has served as a senior (retired) judge from 2001-2010 and 2013 to the present. Coleman was born in Kingsport, Tennessee and grew up in Gate City, Virginia, where he attended public schools. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a law degree from Washington and Lee University. He practiced law in Gate City until he was elected circuit cour judge in the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit (Lee, Scott, and Wise Counties). In 1985, Coleman was elected to the first Court of Appeals of Virginia.","Walter S. Felton, Jr., (b. 1944) was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2002 and retired in 2014. He served as chief judge from 2006 to 2014. A native of Suffolk, Felton attended public schools there and college and law school at the University of Richmond. He practiced law in Suffolk, taught law at the College of William and Mary, and worked in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Governor James S. Gilmore before he was appointed to the court in 2002.","Johanna L. Fitzpatrick (b. 1946) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1992 to 2006. A native of Birmingham, Alabama, she attended Tufts University in Boston and earned a law degree from Catholic University in Washington, D.C.  She began working for Fairfax Legal Aid Society in 1974.  In 1980, she was elected Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Fairfax County, making her the second woman elected judge in Virginia.  In 1982, Fitzpatrick was elected circuit court judge in Fairfax County.","Robert P. Frank (b. 1944) served on the Court of Appeals from 1999 to 2014, when to took senior status. He was born and reared in Newport News. Frank earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia. He pratice law in Newport news with his brother from 1968 to 1986, when he was elected judge of the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, Seventh Judicial Circuit in Newport News.","James W. Haley, Jr. (b. 1942) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2005 to 2012, when he took senior status. He was born in Washington, DC and reared in Arlington. Haley attended Washington and Lee University and the University of Virginia School of Law.  He was a law clerk for Chief Justice John W. Eggleston in 1967 and 1968, then worked as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Arlington County. He practiced law in Fredericksburg County and was County Attorney in King George County. In 1985, he was elected general district judge in the 15 judicial circuit, and in 1989 circuit court judge in the same circuit. He was elected to the Court of Appeals in 2005."," William H. Hodges (b. 1929) served on the Court of Appeals from 1985 to 1989. He was a state delegate from 1962 to 1966 and state senator from 1966 to 1966 to 1972, when he was elected circuit court judge. He practiced law in Norfolk and Chesapeake from 1960 to 1972.  He continued to served as a substitute judge after he retired in 1989.","Rosemarie Annunziata (b. 1940) served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1995 to 2005, and as a senior judge on the court from 2005 to 2015. She was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County from 1989 to 1995.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of James W. Benton, Jr., conducted March 12, 2009 (2 hours, 12 minutes; transcript available), Benton discusses growing up in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk Va., attending segregated schools, participating in sit-in protests to desegregate public facilities, and being among the first African Americans to attend a formerly white high school in Norfolk.  He talks about attending Temple University in Philadelphia, graduate school in Northwestern University in Chicago, and law school at the University of Virginia in the late 1960s and the experience of being one of the first African Americans to attend the law school. He relates his experiences working as an attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund at the Richmond law firm Hill, Tucker, Marsh in Richmond; his work on the Norfolk school desegregation court cases, and his work on business cases and housing discrimination cases in the 1970s and 1980s. Benton also talks about the circumstances leading to his appointment on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was established in 1985, the work of establishing the court, his approach to his role as a judge, his thoughts about writing dissenting opinions, and his views on constitutional rights and criminal cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Robert S. Bray, conducted August 6, 2018, at the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth (1 hour, 46 minutes; transcript available), Judge Bray talks about growing up in Portsmouth and particularly the influences of his father, a pharmacist who owned several drugs stores in the community, and Lawrence W. I'Anson, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. I'Anson was a neighbor and family friend and mentored Bray from a young age. He discusses his experiences as an attorney in private practice in Chesapeake, a circuit court judge, and as a judge on the Court of Appeals. He also reflects on his experience as president of the Beazley Foundation, where he succeeded retired Chief Justice I'Anson as president in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Samuel W. Coleman, conducted December 16, 2013, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond (2 hours, 27 minutes; transcript available), Judge Coleman talks about his family's roots in Scott County and growing up in Gate City, his education, practice law in Gate City, and serving as a circuit court judge. He also discusses making the transition to an appellate court judge and his experiences serving as a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of James S. Felton, Jr., conducted November 7, 2014 (1 hour, 40 minutes; transcript available), Felton discusses growing up in Suffolk, attending public schools there, attending college and law school at the University of Richmond, and his career as an attorney, professor of law at William and Mary, an attorney in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Virginia Governor James S. Gilmore, and as a judge and chief judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Robert P. Frank, conducted December 19, 2014, at his chambers in Newport News (1 hours, 26 minutes; transcript available), Frank discusses his childhood in Newport News, his family's roots in Europe and immigration to Baltimore and Newport News; his family's connections to the Jewish community in Newport News, playing sports, attending public schools in Newport News and the University of Virginia. He talks about his career, first as a lawyer in private practice with his brother; and as a judicial and domestic relations judge, a circuit court judge, and a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Johanna Levenson Fitzpatrick, conducted July 13, 2009 (2 hours; transcript available), Judge Fitzpatrick talks about her early life and growing up in Birmingham, Alabama, where her father owned a department store; her education at Tufts University in Boston and Catholic University Law School in Washington, D.C., working as a legal-aid lawyer and on revisions to the code on neglect and abuse of children; and her work as a juvenile and domestic relations judge and a circuit court judge in Fairfax County. She talks about breaking down gender barriers as a judge in Virginia, and her appointment to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1992; choosing and mentoring law clerks, the process of writing opinions, differences between working as a trial judge and an appellate judge, her decision to retire in 2006, and her subsequent career as a mediator.    \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of James W. Haley, Jr., conducted September 11, 2013 (1 hour, 45 minutes, 24 seconds; transcript available), Judge Haley talks about growing up in Arlington, Virginia, and the influence of his parents (his father was a lawyer and worked as a lobbyist for coal companies; his mother was an attorney for the Treasury Department before Haley was born) and teachers at St. Stephen's Episcopal School for Boys, Washington and Lee, and the University of Virginia. He reflects on the experience of clerking for Chief Justice Eggleston and working for Commonwealth's Attorney William Hassan and a county attorney in King George County, and his experiences in private practice and as a district, circuit, and appellate judge on the Court of Appeals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of William H. Hodges, conducted March 6, 2015, at his residence in Norfolk, Hodges talks about growing up in rural Norfolk County, where his father farmed and worked as a police officer; attending Randolph Macon Military Academy in Winchester and Randolph Macon College in Ashland, and law school at Washington and Lee; praticing law in Norfolk and Chesapeake, serving in the House of Delegates and Senate, and a circuit court judge, and the experience of being one of the founding members of the Court of Appeals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Rosemarie Annunziata, conducted November 18, 2015, Judge Annunziata talks about growing up a first-generation American in Newark and Irvington, New Jersery, her family's roots in the Puglia region of Italy; her education, including French studies at the Sorbonne, in Paris, and Yale University; working at the \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMontgomery Advertiser \u003c/title\u003e newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama, from 1963 to 1966; her work on the Fairfax County, Va., Planning Commission and other community work, attending law school after having a family, practicing law in Fairfax County, and her career as a circuit court and appellate judge.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of James W. Benton, Jr., conducted March 12, 2009 (2 hours, 12 minutes; transcript available), Benton discusses growing up in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk Va., attending segregated schools, participating in sit-in protests to desegregate public facilities, and being among the first African Americans to attend a formerly white high school in Norfolk.  He talks about attending Temple University in Philadelphia, graduate school in Northwestern University in Chicago, and law school at the University of Virginia in the late 1960s and the experience of being one of the first African Americans to attend the law school. He relates his experiences working as an attorney for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund at the Richmond law firm Hill, Tucker, Marsh in Richmond; his work on the Norfolk school desegregation court cases, and his work on business cases and housing discrimination cases in the 1970s and 1980s. Benton also talks about the circumstances leading to his appointment on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was established in 1985, the work of establishing the court, his approach to his role as a judge, his thoughts about writing dissenting opinions, and his views on constitutional rights and criminal cases.","In the interview of Robert S. Bray, conducted August 6, 2018, at the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth (1 hour, 46 minutes; transcript available), Judge Bray talks about growing up in Portsmouth and particularly the influences of his father, a pharmacist who owned several drugs stores in the community, and Lawrence W. I'Anson, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. I'Anson was a neighbor and family friend and mentored Bray from a young age. He discusses his experiences as an attorney in private practice in Chesapeake, a circuit court judge, and as a judge on the Court of Appeals. He also reflects on his experience as president of the Beazley Foundation, where he succeeded retired Chief Justice I'Anson as president in 2002.","In the interview of Samuel W. Coleman, conducted December 16, 2013, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond (2 hours, 27 minutes; transcript available), Judge Coleman talks about his family's roots in Scott County and growing up in Gate City, his education, practice law in Gate City, and serving as a circuit court judge. He also discusses making the transition to an appellate court judge and his experiences serving as a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.   \n","In the interview of James S. Felton, Jr., conducted November 7, 2014 (1 hour, 40 minutes; transcript available), Felton discusses growing up in Suffolk, attending public schools there, attending college and law school at the University of Richmond, and his career as an attorney, professor of law at William and Mary, an attorney in the Office of the Attorney General and the office of Virginia Governor James S. Gilmore, and as a judge and chief judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.\n","In the interview of Robert P. Frank, conducted December 19, 2014, at his chambers in Newport News (1 hours, 26 minutes; transcript available), Frank discusses his childhood in Newport News, his family's roots in Europe and immigration to Baltimore and Newport News; his family's connections to the Jewish community in Newport News, playing sports, attending public schools in Newport News and the University of Virginia. He talks about his career, first as a lawyer in private practice with his brother; and as a judicial and domestic relations judge, a circuit court judge, and a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia.","In the interview of Johanna Levenson Fitzpatrick, conducted July 13, 2009 (2 hours; transcript available), Judge Fitzpatrick talks about her early life and growing up in Birmingham, Alabama, where her father owned a department store; her education at Tufts University in Boston and Catholic University Law School in Washington, D.C., working as a legal-aid lawyer and on revisions to the code on neglect and abuse of children; and her work as a juvenile and domestic relations judge and a circuit court judge in Fairfax County. She talks about breaking down gender barriers as a judge in Virginia, and her appointment to the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1992; choosing and mentoring law clerks, the process of writing opinions, differences between working as a trial judge and an appellate judge, her decision to retire in 2006, and her subsequent career as a mediator.    \n","In the interview of James W. Haley, Jr., conducted September 11, 2013 (1 hour, 45 minutes, 24 seconds; transcript available), Judge Haley talks about growing up in Arlington, Virginia, and the influence of his parents (his father was a lawyer and worked as a lobbyist for coal companies; his mother was an attorney for the Treasury Department before Haley was born) and teachers at St. Stephen's Episcopal School for Boys, Washington and Lee, and the University of Virginia. He reflects on the experience of clerking for Chief Justice Eggleston and working for Commonwealth's Attorney William Hassan and a county attorney in King George County, and his experiences in private practice and as a district, circuit, and appellate judge on the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of William H. Hodges, conducted March 6, 2015, at his residence in Norfolk, Hodges talks about growing up in rural Norfolk County, where his father farmed and worked as a police officer; attending Randolph Macon Military Academy in Winchester and Randolph Macon College in Ashland, and law school at Washington and Lee; praticing law in Norfolk and Chesapeake, serving in the House of Delegates and Senate, and a circuit court judge, and the experience of being one of the founding members of the Court of Appeals.","In the interview of Rosemarie Annunziata, conducted November 18, 2015, Judge Annunziata talks about growing up a first-generation American in Newark and Irvington, New Jersery, her family's roots in the Puglia region of Italy; her education, including French studies at the Sorbonne, in Paris, and Yale University; working at the  Montgomery Advertiser   newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama, from 1963 to 1966; her work on the Fairfax County, Va., Planning Commission and other community work, attending law school after having a family, practicing law in Fairfax County, and her career as a circuit court and appellate judge."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews, 2009-2018, of judges who have served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired Court of Appeals Judge James W. Benton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; retired Court of Appeals Judge Richard S. Bray, at the office of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth; retired Court of Appeals Judge Johanna L. Fitzpatrick, at her home in Alexandria; Senior Judge James W. Haley, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Senior Judge Samuel W. Coleman, at the Supreme Building in Richmond; and Chief Judge Salter S. Felton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Judge Robert P. Frank, at his chambers in Newport News; Judge William H. Hodges, at his residence in Norfolk; and Judge Rosemarie Annunziata, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond. Transcripts available.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews, 2009-2018, of judges who have served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired Court of Appeals Judge James W. Benton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; retired Court of Appeals Judge Richard S. Bray, at the office of the Beazley Foundation in Portsmouth; retired Court of Appeals Judge Johanna L. Fitzpatrick, at her home in Alexandria; Senior Judge James W. Haley, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Senior Judge Samuel W. Coleman, at the Supreme Building in Richmond; and Chief Judge Salter S. Felton, Jr., at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond; Judge Robert P. Frank, at his chambers in Newport News; Judge William H. Hodges, at his residence in Norfolk; and Judge Rosemarie Annunziata, at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond. Transcripts available."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Court of Appeals -- History.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Annunziata, Rosemarie Petitti, 1940-.","Benton, James William, 1944-.","Bray, Robert S., 1946-.","Coleman, Samuel Walton, 1940-.","Felton, Walter S., Jr., 1944-.","Fitzpatrick, Johanna Levenson, 1946-.","Frank, Robert P., 1944-.","Haley, James W., Jr., 1942-.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hodges, William H., 1929-.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:35.427Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00008"}},{"id":"vil_vil00005","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00005#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00005#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral history interview of Judge Philip Trompeter, Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court since 1983.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00005#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00005","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00005","_root_":"vil_vil00005","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00005","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00005.xml","title_ssm":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009 \n"],"title_tesim":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00022965\n"],"text":["00022965\n","Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009","Roanoke (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic courts -- Virginia -- History.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Juvenile courts -- Virginia -- History.","Mental health laws -- Virginia -- History.","Oral history interviews -- Virginia.","1 mini video cassette (DV camera) 2 hours, 17 min., sound, color; 1 transcript (51 p.).","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Judge Philip Trompeter (b. 1952), was appointed Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court Judge in 1983. Before that, he worked on revisions to the code on mental health issues. He was born and reared in Roanoke and attended New York University, where he earned a B.A. degree in 1974.  He earned a J.D. from the University of Richmond School of Law in 1977.    \n","In the interview of Judge Philip Trompeter, conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander October 9, 2009 (2 hours, 17 minutes), Trompeter talks about his early years in downtown Roanoke, where his parents operated a bakery; his parents, both of whom were first-generation Jewish immigrants to the U.S., and attending college at New York University and law school at the University of Richmond.  He discusses his experience working on revisions to mental health legislation in Virginia in the early 1980s, his appointment to the bench, and his experiences as a Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Roanoke.","Oral history interview  of Judge Philip Trompeter, Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court since 1983.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Trompeter, Philip, 1952-.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00022965\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009"],"collection_title_tesim":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009"],"collection_ssim":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Roanoke (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Roanoke (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"places_ssim":["Roanoke (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interview was created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission in 2009.   \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Domestic courts -- Virginia -- History.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Juvenile courts -- Virginia -- History.","Mental health laws -- Virginia -- History.","Oral history interviews -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Domestic courts -- Virginia -- History.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Juvenile courts -- Virginia -- History.","Mental health laws -- Virginia -- History.","Oral history interviews -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["1 mini video cassette (DV camera) 2 hours, 17 min., sound, color; 1 transcript (51 p.)."],"genreform_ssim":["Oral history interviews -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJudge Philip Trompeter (b. 1952), was appointed Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court Judge in 1983. Before that, he worked on revisions to the code on mental health issues. He was born and reared in Roanoke and attended New York University, where he earned a B.A. degree in 1974.  He earned a J.D. from the University of Richmond School of Law in 1977.    \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Judge Philip Trompeter (b. 1952), was appointed Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court Judge in 1983. Before that, he worked on revisions to the code on mental health issues. He was born and reared in Roanoke and attended New York University, where he earned a B.A. degree in 1974.  He earned a J.D. from the University of Richmond School of Law in 1977.    \n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Judge Philip Trompeter, conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander October 9, 2009 (2 hours, 17 minutes), Trompeter talks about his early years in downtown Roanoke, where his parents operated a bakery; his parents, both of whom were first-generation Jewish immigrants to the U.S., and attending college at New York University and law school at the University of Richmond.  He discusses his experience working on revisions to mental health legislation in Virginia in the early 1980s, his appointment to the bench, and his experiences as a Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Roanoke.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of Judge Philip Trompeter, conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander October 9, 2009 (2 hours, 17 minutes), Trompeter talks about his early years in downtown Roanoke, where his parents operated a bakery; his parents, both of whom were first-generation Jewish immigrants to the U.S., and attending college at New York University and law school at the University of Richmond.  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Lucy by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, at Gloucester House, Gloucester Virginia, June 11, 2009; transcript available.  In the interview, Lucy talks about his parents and siblings, growing up in the Barton Heights neighborhood of Richmond in the 1920s and 1930s, meeting his wife, and starting a family.  He discusses his education in Richmond public schools, looking for work in Richmond during the Depression, and finding work at the City of Richmond Law and Equity Courts in 1935.  He reflects on the atmosphere among the staff working at the Supreme Court of Virginia during the 1950s, when the court was deliberating a large number of civil rights cases, and discusses his thoughts about segregation and integration and his interactions with attorneys on both sides of the issue. He recalls one evening when he worked until the early hours of the morning in order to record a large number of petitions filed by civil rights attorney Oliver Hill. Toward the end of the interview, Lucy talks about the nature of his work as deputy clerk and clerk, his relationships with justices, and the pressures, for both the justices and the staff, of managing the caseload of the court and meeting deadlines.  He emphasizes the sense of pride and gratitude he felt for having had the opportunity to work for the court and with the justices.   \n"],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court -- 20th century.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Lucy, Allen Linwood, 1917-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-."],"names_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court -- 20th century.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Lucy, Allen Linwood, 1917-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court -- 20th century.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Lucy, Allen Linwood, 1917-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:38.949Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00010"}},{"id":"vil_vil00009","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews,    \n 2007-","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00009#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Virginia State Law Library.  \n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00009#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices were conducted for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission by Arlington County Circuit Judge Joanne F. Alper (1 interview), Norfolk State Professor of History Cassandra Newby-Alexander, State Law Librarian Gail Warren (1 interview), and Connie Doebele (1 interview), beginning in 2007. Interviews have been conducted with the following: Judge G. Steven Agee, Justice Harry L. Carrico, Justice George M. Cochran, Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr., Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy, Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr., Justice Charles Russell, Justice W. Carrington Thompson, and Justice Henry H. Whiting.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00009#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00009","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00009","_root_":"vil_vil00009","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00009","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00009.xml","title_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews,    \n 2007- \n"],"title_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews,    \n 2007- \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942, 00032213, 00032782, 00040432, 00041143 \n"],"text":["00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942, 00032213, 00032782, 00040432, 00041143 \n","Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews,    \n 2007-","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century.","African American judges  -- Biographies.","African American judges -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Judges -- Virginia -- biographies.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Biographies.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","15 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and 4 digital moving image files recorded with HDV camera; 15 transcripts.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Advisory Committee (formerly Commission) was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project was brought under the auspices of the Virginia State Law Library in 2011 and is ongoing.","Judge G. Steven Agee (b. 1952) was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2003 and served until 2008, when he was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2001 to 2003. He was in private practice in Roanoke from 1977 to 2000 and a member of the House of Delegates from 1982 to 1994. Agee was born in Roanoke.","Justice Harry Lee Carrico (b. 1916) was appointed to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1961 and was chief justice from 1981-2003. Before joining the court, he was a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County.  He was an ensign in the he navy during World War II. Carrico was born in Washington D.C. and reared in rural Fauquier and Fairfax counties.","Justice George M. Cochran (1912-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1969-1987. A lifelong resident of Staunton, he was a member of the House of Delegates from 1948 to 1966 and the Virginia Senate from 1966 to 1968.","Barbara M. Keenan  (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1991 to 2010, when she was confirmed as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. She was a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985 to 1991. She was the first woman to serve as a circuit and appellate court judge in Virginia. \n","Cynthia D. Kinser (b. 1951) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1997 to 2014, and as chief justice from 2011 to 2014. She was the third woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia and the first woman to serve as chief justice.","Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (b. 1940) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1995 to 2011, when he took senior status. He was one ten judges who served on the first Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and served on the court until 1995. He was the second chief judge of the court, serving from 1985 to 1993. From 1976 to 1984, Koontz was a circuit court judge in 23rd judicial circuit in Roanoke; from 1968 to 1976, he was a juvenile and domestic relations judge in the general district court in Roanoke.","Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy (b. 1945) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1989 to 2007, when she took senior status. She was the first woman to serve on the court, the first woman to serve as Deputy Attorney General in Virginia, and the first woman to serve as a judge on the State Corporation Commission. Lacy was born in South Carolina and grew up in Wisconsin.  She worked in Texas as a teacher and Assistant Attorney General and Division Chief (1972-1976) before moving to Virginia. She was Virginia Deputy Attorney General, overseeing all civil litigation, from 1982-1985; and Judge, Virginia State Corporation Commission, 1985-1989.","Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr. (b. 1949) served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 2008 to 2015, when he took senior status. He served on the Court of Appeals from 2007 to 2008. Millette was a circuit court judge in Prince William County from 1993 to 2007, a district court judge from 1990 to 1993, and an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Prince William County from 1986 to 1993. As a circuit court judge he presided over two widely publicized criminal trials: John Wayne Bobbitt in 1993 and John Allen Muhammed in 2003.   \n","Justice Charles S. Russell (b. 1926) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1982-1991. He returned to the court as a senior justice in 2004.Russell practiced law in Arlington and Fairfax from 1951 to 1967 and was appointed judge for the 17th Judicial District in 1967. From 1967 to 1982, Russell was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County.  Russell was born in Richmond.  He served in the U.S. Navy in World II and the Korean War.","Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson (1922-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia as justice from 1981 to 1997, when he took senior status. A lifelong resident of Covington, Va., Stephenson practiced law in Covington and was Alleghany County Commonwealth's Attorney and a judge on the 25th judicial circuit before his appointment to the Supreme Court.","Justice John Charles Thomas (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1983-1989. A native of Norfolk, Thomas graduated from the University of Virginia law school in 1975 and worked at Hunton \u0026 Williams law form in Richmond, where he became the first African American to be named partner in a large law firm in the South. When Thomas resigned from the Supreme Court in 1989, he returned to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.","Justice W. Carrington (William Carrington) Thompson (1915-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1980-1983. A native of Chatham, Virginia, he established a law practice there after returning from service in the navy during World War II.  Thompson served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1959 to 1968 and the Virginia State Senate from 1968-1973.  He was a circuit judge before his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia.","Justice Henry H. Whiting (1923-) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1987 to 1995, when he took senior status. Whiting was born in Fort Logan, Colorado, and spent most of his youth in Winchester, Virginia.  He attended Virginia Tech for one year before enlisting in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended the University of Virginia and earned a law degree there in 1949.  He practiced law in Winchester, Virginia, for much of his career. In 1980, Whiting was appointed to the 28th Judicial Circuit by Governor John Dalton; in 1987, he was elected by the General Assembly to the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Judge G. Steven Agee by Connie Doebele (September 26, 2017, 2 hours, 22 minutes; transcript available), Judge Agee talks about his early life and family, his father's military service in World War II, practicing law in Roanoke, and serving in the House of Delegates.  He discusses changes in Virginia politics in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Republican party; and serving as an appellate court judge in the state and federal court system. Agee also discusses his legislative career, including his advocacy of changes in the judicial selection process and the parole system; and the unique sense of history associated with the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Judge Joanne Alper (April 12, 2007, 78 minutes; transcript available), Justice Carrico discusses changes he witnessed during his long tenure on the court, his experiences as a young judge and lawyer in northern Virginia (Alexandria and Fairfax and Prince William counties) in the 1940s and 1950s, his work on the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and his relationships with U.S. Supreme Court justices Warren Burger and William Rehnquist.  Toward the end of the interview, he reflects on his relationships with the justices who were on the Supreme Court of Virginia when he was appointed in 1961, his workflow and opinion-writing processes, the creation of the Office of the Executive Secretary (court administrator), and the appointments of the first African American and women justices to the court.  He also talks about the establishment of the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and a statewide system of Juvenile and Domestic Relations courts in 1972 and 1973. The interview concludes with a discussion of the founding of the National Center for State Courts in 1971.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 28, 2007, 1 hour, 57 minutes; transcript available), Carrico discusses his family and early life on a dairy farm in rural Fairfax County, his father's work as a billboard artist for the General Outdoor Advertising Company and his business operating a riding stable.  He recalls going to a combined grade school and high school in Bailey's Crossroads and attending Lee-Jackson High School in Fairfax County, and working and attending law school in Washington D.C. He discusses his experience working in contract terminations in the navy during World War II, his work as a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County before and after the war, and his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1961. Toward the end of the interview, Carrico talks about the process of writing opinions, and his decision in Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, which upheld the state statute barring interracial marriage in 1967.  He reflects on changes in the court during his tenure, including the appointment of the first African American and women justices, and his recollections of the justices who were on the court when he was appointed in 1961 (Chief Justice John Eggleston, Justice L. Warren I'Anson, Justice Claude V. Spratley, Harold F. Snead). The interview ends with a discussion of Carrico's work for the John Marshall Foundation and his thoughts about the historical importance of Marshall's contributions to the judiciary.","In the interview of Justice George M. Cochran by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (March 30, 2007, 1 hour, 56 minutes; transcript available), Justice Cochran talks about his family's roots in Staunton, his ancestor Alexander H.H. Stuart and Stuart's political career before and after the Civil War.  He reflects on his early life in Staunton, his education at Episcopal High School in Alexandria and at the University of Virginia, and his service in the navy in California and the Pacific during World War II. He discusses being a state legislator  during the 1950s and 1960s and efforts by a younger generation of legislators to repeal the poll tax and segregation laws after World War II.  Cochran also reflects on massive resistance and working to establish a community college system in Virginia. He talks about working with fellow state legislators Armistead Boothe, Mosby G. Perrow, Tayloe Murphy, Mills Godwin, and Albertis Harrison, and Governor Colgate Darden, and Governor Lindsay Almond. Toward the end of the interview, Cochran talks about his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, his friendship with Albertis Harrison when they were both on the court, his thoughts about dissenting from the majority, and making the transition from writing legal briefs to writing judicial opinions. The interview concludes with Cochran's recollections about organizing meetings of the Virginia State Bar Association in England and Scotland, the appointment of the first women and African American justices to the court, and socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond.","In the interview of Judge Barbara Milano Keenan by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 6, 2013, 2 hours, 38 minutes; transcript available), Judge Keenan talks about her family's history and the influence of their experiences as immigrants to West Virginia in the early twentieth century, attending Catholic high school in Arlington, Virginia, and Cornell University during the 1960s; and working at the U.S. Department of Justice while attending law school at George Washington University. She discusses her early career as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Fairfax County, working as a lawyer in private practice, her first years on the bench as a district and circuit court judge in Fairfax, and her service on the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the Supreme Court of Virginia, and the Fourth Circuit, U.S. Court of Appeals. She also reflects on the experience of being among the first women judges in Virginia and the influences of mentors and colleagues throughout her career.   \n","The interview of Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser was conducted by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander August 16, 2016, at Gentry Locke law firm in Roanoke, Virginia. The recording and transcript of the interview are closed until August 16, 2026.","In the interview of Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. by Gail Warren, State Law Librarian (May 17, 2013, 55 minutes; transcript available), Justice Koontz talks about growing up in Salem, Virginia, attending Virginia Tech and law school at the University of Richmond, and his early years as a lawyer, commonwealth's attorney, and judge in Roanoke. He reflects on the experience of forming rules and procedures for the Court of Appeals, serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia, and changes in the legal profession and the judiciary during his career.","In the interview of Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 15, 2008, 1 hour, 56 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about growing up in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where her parents owned a business, in the 1950s; her education at Catholic schools in Oshkosh and at St. Mary's College at Notre Dame, and attending law school at the University of Texas in Austin.  She talks about her early legal career working for the Texas Legislative Council and the Texas Attorney General's office, where she became the first woman division chief.  She reflects on the political atmosphere in Texas when she was in law school and in the early years of her legal career, and the influence of women such as Barbara Jordan, Kay Bailey Hutchinson, Sarah Weddington, and others who were elected to public office in Texas in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy recounts moving to Virginia in the late 1970s, her work as Deputy Attorney General under Attorney General Gerald Baliles, her appointment to the State Corporation Commission in 1985 and her work there, and her appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  The interview ends with Lacy's reflections on her early experiences on the court and changes in the court during her tenure.","In the interview of Justice Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (October 8, 2008, 1 hour, 38 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about the appellate court process and the experience of working as a member of a group.  She recalls cases that were particularly memorable involving redistricting, the definition of injury in a medical malpractice suit involving a tubal litigation; and a privacy case pertaining to parents' right to serve alcohol to minors in the privacy of their homes. She also talks about the early use of DNA evidence in Virginia and problems with evidence in death penalty cases.  In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy talks about her work on the Virginia Taskforce on Gender Bias in the Courtroom, her thoughts about gender, feminism, and gender discrimination, her perception of changes in the tone of the court during the period she served, her approach to decision-making in a group, the opinion-writing process, writing techniques, and working with law clerks.  Toward the end of the interview, Justice Lacy reflects on her involvement in professional organizations like the National Association of Women Judges and the American Bar Association, and the importance of being a public advocate for the judicial system.  She talks about the regulatory role of the Supreme Court of Virginia, and her efforts to stay informed of changes in legal education and practice.  The interview concludes with Justice Lacy's reflections on her legacy as the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia.\n","In the interview of Justice Millette by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 16, 2017, 2 hours, 1 minute; transcript available) Millette talks about his family and growing up in Alexandria and Fairfax Virginia, attending the College of William and Mary, establishing a law practice in Prince William County, working as an assistant commonwealth's attorney and becoming a judge. He discusses his experiences presiding over the trial of John Wayne Bobbitt, in 1993, and John Allen Muhammad in 2003; and working as a circuit court and appellate judge.","In the interview of Justice Charles S. Russell by Judge Joanne Alper (April 23, 2007, 68 minutes; transcript available), Russell talks about his experience as a circuit court judge in Arlington County and his tenure on the Supreme Court of Virginia.  He discusses his election to the court by one vote in 1982 and reflects on changes in the Virginia judiciary during his tenure as a justice and senior justice, particularly a greater acceptance of dissent and declining deference toward older justices.  Russell also talks about colorful personalities he remembers from his early years as a member of the Arlington County bar.  He talks about Judge Walter T. McCarthy, who inspired him when he was a child growing up in Arlington.  Russell also reflects on memorable cases and historical events during his career.  The interview closes with Russell's recollection of watching the attack on the Pentagon from his office window in Arlington on September 11, 2001, and his thoughts about the lasting impact of the event.","In the interview of Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (April 30, 2007, 1 hour, 27 minutes; transcript available), Justice Stephenson talks about his parents and siblings and growing up in Covington, Virginia, where his father was a lawyer.  He recalls attending Washington and Lee University as an undergraduate and working on a construction project in Hampton and a steamer out of Baltimore during the break between college and law school, after he was discharged from the military on account of a heart murmur.  Stephenson recalls that he was only one of two students attending law school at Washington and Lee University in 1945 because of the war. He talks about returning to Covington after law school, practicing law there with his father in the 1950s, and being Commonwealth's Attorney and a circuit court judge in Alleghany County.  Stephenson reflects on changes in the judiciary beginning in the 1970s, particularly the increase of women, and the appointment of Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman justice, to the court in 1989.  In the second part of the interview, Stephenson talks about his approach to writing opinions and cases that were particularly memorable. He discusses the use of DNA evidence in the Spencer v. Commonwealth of Virginia cases, other death penalty cases, and cases involving rights to mine coal and gas. The interview closes with Stephenson's recollections of his relationships with other justices and law clerks and memories of socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond when the court was in session.          \n","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 11, 2007, 2 hours, 21 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thomas discusses his family's roots in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk, growing up in segregated Norfolk, and the influence on him of his parents, grandparents, extended  family, community, school, and church.  He recalls his maternal grandfather, who taught him to recite poetry when he was a young boy, and the minister of the First Baptist Church. He talks about his decision to attend Maury High School, a predominantly white high school in Norfolk, in 1965, and his experiences as a student there; and attending the University of Virginia.  Thomas also reflects on clerking for the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department one summer when he was a law student, and how this experience helped him in his efforts to secure a position at a large law firm in Virginia after he graduated.  He recounts his early years working at the Richmond law firm Hunton \u0026 Williams, where he did legal work for Virginia Electric and Power Company, and becoming the first African American lawyer to make partner at a white law firm in the South. Toward the end of the interview, Thomas discusses his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia and being the first African American appointed to the court.  He reflects on differences between himself and the other justices, in style, training, and age.  The interview closes with Thomas' thoughts on memorable opinions.   \n","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (August 8, 2007, 1 hour, five minutes; transcript available), Thomas talks about his legal career in more detail, from his work as a young lawyer at Hunton \u0026 Williams, to his work as a justice, to his work on appellate cases after returning to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.  He recalls traveling to small courthouses around Virginia and arguing cases before the supreme court as a young lawyer.  Thomas also elaborates on his nomination to the court and adjusting to being an appellate judge. He reflects on the changes he observed when Justice Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman appointed to the court, joined the men on the court, and the generation gap he felt existed between himself and Lacy and the rest of the justices, who were much older. Thomas concludes by talking about the changes he has witnessed during his lifetime and the sacrifices made by Oliver Hill and other pioneering African American lawyers as they worked to change institutions that were resistant to change.   \n","In the interview of Justice W. Carrington Thompson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (November 14, 2007, 1 hour, 32 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thompson talks about his parents and his early life in Chatham, Virginia, particularly the influence of his father; his experiences as a student at Hampden-Sydney College, his professors, his religious education and the importance of his religious faith throughout his life.  He talks about attending law school at the University of Virginia and being in the navy during World War II in the South Pacific.  Thompson recalls his career in Chatham as a lawyer, state legislator, and circuit court judge.  He reflects on the political circumstances of his appointments to the circuit court and Supreme Court of Virginia and his decision to retire after serving only three years.  The interview closes with Thompson's thoughts on writing opinions in two death-penalty cases while he was on the court, his views on the death penalty, and his strict contructionist views on the Constitution and the role of the judiciary.     \n","In the interview of Justice Henry H. Whiting by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (December 12, 2011, 1 hour, 35 minutes; transcript available), Justice Whiting talks about his family, growing up in Winchester, Va., serving in the army during World War II and witnessing the Battle of Remagen, and his thoughts about General George S. Patton, who knew his father and was his godfather; attending college and law school at Virginia Tech and the University of Virginia, and practicing law in Winchester.  Toward the end of interview, he discusses being a circuit judge in Winchester, his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, and serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia.","Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices were conducted for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission by Arlington County Circuit Judge Joanne F. Alper (1 interview), Norfolk State Professor of History Cassandra Newby-Alexander, State Law Librarian Gail Warren (1 interview), and Connie Doebele (1 interview), beginning in 2007. Interviews have been conducted with the following:  Judge G. Steven Agee, Justice Harry L. Carrico, Justice George M. Cochran, Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr., Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy, Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr., Justice Charles Russell, Justice W. Carrington Thompson, and Justice Henry H. Whiting.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942, 00032213, 00032782, 00040432, 00041143 \n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews,    \n 2007-"],"collection_title_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews,    \n 2007-"],"collection_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews,    \n 2007-"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library.  \n"],"creator_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library.  \n"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, 2007-2018. In 2016, copies of interviews conducted from 2007-2016 were donated to the Library of Virginia for longterm preservation and access.    \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American judges  -- Biographies.","African American judges -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Judges -- Virginia -- biographies.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Biographies.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American judges  -- Biographies.","African American judges -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Judges -- Virginia -- biographies.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Biographies.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["15 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and 4 digital moving image files recorded with HDV camera; 15 transcripts."],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Advisory Committee (formerly Commission) was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project was brought under the auspices of the Virginia State Law Library in 2011 and is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJudge G. Steven Agee (b. 1952) was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2003 and served until 2008, when he was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2001 to 2003. He was in private practice in Roanoke from 1977 to 2000 and a member of the House of Delegates from 1982 to 1994. Agee was born in Roanoke.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice Harry Lee Carrico (b. 1916) was appointed to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1961 and was chief justice from 1981-2003. Before joining the court, he was a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County.  He was an ensign in the he navy during World War II. Carrico was born in Washington D.C. and reared in rural Fauquier and Fairfax counties.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice George M. Cochran (1912-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1969-1987. A lifelong resident of Staunton, he was a member of the House of Delegates from 1948 to 1966 and the Virginia Senate from 1966 to 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBarbara M. Keenan  (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1991 to 2010, when she was confirmed as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. She was a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985 to 1991. She was the first woman to serve as a circuit and appellate court judge in Virginia. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCynthia D. Kinser (b. 1951) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1997 to 2014, and as chief justice from 2011 to 2014. She was the third woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia and the first woman to serve as chief justice.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (b. 1940) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1995 to 2011, when he took senior status. He was one ten judges who served on the first Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and served on the court until 1995. He was the second chief judge of the court, serving from 1985 to 1993. From 1976 to 1984, Koontz was a circuit court judge in 23rd judicial circuit in Roanoke; from 1968 to 1976, he was a juvenile and domestic relations judge in the general district court in Roanoke.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice Elizabeth B. Lacy (b. 1945) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1989 to 2007, when she took senior status. She was the first woman to serve on the court, the first woman to serve as Deputy Attorney General in Virginia, and the first woman to serve as a judge on the State Corporation Commission. Lacy was born in South Carolina and grew up in Wisconsin.  She worked in Texas as a teacher and Assistant Attorney General and Division Chief (1972-1976) before moving to Virginia. She was Virginia Deputy Attorney General, overseeing all civil litigation, from 1982-1985; and Judge, Virginia State Corporation Commission, 1985-1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr. (b. 1949) served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 2008 to 2015, when he took senior status. He served on the Court of Appeals from 2007 to 2008. Millette was a circuit court judge in Prince William County from 1993 to 2007, a district court judge from 1990 to 1993, and an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Prince William County from 1986 to 1993. As a circuit court judge he presided over two widely publicized criminal trials: John Wayne Bobbitt in 1993 and John Allen Muhammed in 2003.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice Charles S. Russell (b. 1926) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1982-1991. He returned to the court as a senior justice in 2004.Russell practiced law in Arlington and Fairfax from 1951 to 1967 and was appointed judge for the 17th Judicial District in 1967. From 1967 to 1982, Russell was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County.  Russell was born in Richmond.  He served in the U.S. Navy in World II and the Korean War.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice Roscoe B. Stephenson (1922-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia as justice from 1981 to 1997, when he took senior status. A lifelong resident of Covington, Va., Stephenson practiced law in Covington and was Alleghany County Commonwealth's Attorney and a judge on the 25th judicial circuit before his appointment to the Supreme Court.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice John Charles Thomas (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1983-1989. A native of Norfolk, Thomas graduated from the University of Virginia law school in 1975 and worked at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams law form in Richmond, where he became the first African American to be named partner in a large law firm in the South. When Thomas resigned from the Supreme Court in 1989, he returned to private practice at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice W. Carrington (William Carrington) Thompson (1915-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1980-1983. A native of Chatham, Virginia, he established a law practice there after returning from service in the navy during World War II.  Thompson served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1959 to 1968 and the Virginia State Senate from 1968-1973.  He was a circuit judge before his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice Henry H. Whiting (1923-) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1987 to 1995, when he took senior status. Whiting was born in Fort Logan, Colorado, and spent most of his youth in Winchester, Virginia.  He attended Virginia Tech for one year before enlisting in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended the University of Virginia and earned a law degree there in 1949.  He practiced law in Winchester, Virginia, for much of his career. In 1980, Whiting was appointed to the 28th Judicial Circuit by Governor John Dalton; in 1987, he was elected by the General Assembly to the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Advisory Committee (formerly Commission) was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project was brought under the auspices of the Virginia State Law Library in 2011 and is ongoing.","Judge G. Steven Agee (b. 1952) was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2003 and served until 2008, when he was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2001 to 2003. He was in private practice in Roanoke from 1977 to 2000 and a member of the House of Delegates from 1982 to 1994. Agee was born in Roanoke.","Justice Harry Lee Carrico (b. 1916) was appointed to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1961 and was chief justice from 1981-2003. Before joining the court, he was a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County.  He was an ensign in the he navy during World War II. Carrico was born in Washington D.C. and reared in rural Fauquier and Fairfax counties.","Justice George M. Cochran (1912-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1969-1987. A lifelong resident of Staunton, he was a member of the House of Delegates from 1948 to 1966 and the Virginia Senate from 1966 to 1968.","Barbara M. Keenan  (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1991 to 2010, when she was confirmed as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. She was a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985 to 1991. She was the first woman to serve as a circuit and appellate court judge in Virginia. \n","Cynthia D. Kinser (b. 1951) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1997 to 2014, and as chief justice from 2011 to 2014. She was the third woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia and the first woman to serve as chief justice.","Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (b. 1940) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1995 to 2011, when he took senior status. He was one ten judges who served on the first Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and served on the court until 1995. He was the second chief judge of the court, serving from 1985 to 1993. From 1976 to 1984, Koontz was a circuit court judge in 23rd judicial circuit in Roanoke; from 1968 to 1976, he was a juvenile and domestic relations judge in the general district court in Roanoke.","Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy (b. 1945) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1989 to 2007, when she took senior status. She was the first woman to serve on the court, the first woman to serve as Deputy Attorney General in Virginia, and the first woman to serve as a judge on the State Corporation Commission. Lacy was born in South Carolina and grew up in Wisconsin.  She worked in Texas as a teacher and Assistant Attorney General and Division Chief (1972-1976) before moving to Virginia. She was Virginia Deputy Attorney General, overseeing all civil litigation, from 1982-1985; and Judge, Virginia State Corporation Commission, 1985-1989.","Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr. (b. 1949) served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 2008 to 2015, when he took senior status. He served on the Court of Appeals from 2007 to 2008. Millette was a circuit court judge in Prince William County from 1993 to 2007, a district court judge from 1990 to 1993, and an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Prince William County from 1986 to 1993. As a circuit court judge he presided over two widely publicized criminal trials: John Wayne Bobbitt in 1993 and John Allen Muhammed in 2003.   \n","Justice Charles S. Russell (b. 1926) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1982-1991. He returned to the court as a senior justice in 2004.Russell practiced law in Arlington and Fairfax from 1951 to 1967 and was appointed judge for the 17th Judicial District in 1967. From 1967 to 1982, Russell was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County.  Russell was born in Richmond.  He served in the U.S. Navy in World II and the Korean War.","Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson (1922-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia as justice from 1981 to 1997, when he took senior status. A lifelong resident of Covington, Va., Stephenson practiced law in Covington and was Alleghany County Commonwealth's Attorney and a judge on the 25th judicial circuit before his appointment to the Supreme Court.","Justice John Charles Thomas (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1983-1989. A native of Norfolk, Thomas graduated from the University of Virginia law school in 1975 and worked at Hunton \u0026 Williams law form in Richmond, where he became the first African American to be named partner in a large law firm in the South. When Thomas resigned from the Supreme Court in 1989, he returned to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.","Justice W. Carrington (William Carrington) Thompson (1915-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1980-1983. A native of Chatham, Virginia, he established a law practice there after returning from service in the navy during World War II.  Thompson served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1959 to 1968 and the Virginia State Senate from 1968-1973.  He was a circuit judge before his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia.","Justice Henry H. Whiting (1923-) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1987 to 1995, when he took senior status. Whiting was born in Fort Logan, Colorado, and spent most of his youth in Winchester, Virginia.  He attended Virginia Tech for one year before enlisting in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended the University of Virginia and earned a law degree there in 1949.  He practiced law in Winchester, Virginia, for much of his career. In 1980, Whiting was appointed to the 28th Judicial Circuit by Governor John Dalton; in 1987, he was elected by the General Assembly to the Supreme Court of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Judge G. Steven Agee by Connie Doebele (September 26, 2017, 2 hours, 22 minutes; transcript available), Judge Agee talks about his early life and family, his father's military service in World War II, practicing law in Roanoke, and serving in the House of Delegates.  He discusses changes in Virginia politics in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Republican party; and serving as an appellate court judge in the state and federal court system. Agee also discusses his legislative career, including his advocacy of changes in the judicial selection process and the parole system; and the unique sense of history associated with the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Judge Joanne Alper (April 12, 2007, 78 minutes; transcript available), Justice Carrico discusses changes he witnessed during his long tenure on the court, his experiences as a young judge and lawyer in northern Virginia (Alexandria and Fairfax and Prince William counties) in the 1940s and 1950s, his work on the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and his relationships with U.S. Supreme Court justices Warren Burger and William Rehnquist.  Toward the end of the interview, he reflects on his relationships with the justices who were on the Supreme Court of Virginia when he was appointed in 1961, his workflow and opinion-writing processes, the creation of the Office of the Executive Secretary (court administrator), and the appointments of the first African American and women justices to the court.  He also talks about the establishment of the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and a statewide system of Juvenile and Domestic Relations courts in 1972 and 1973. The interview concludes with a discussion of the founding of the National Center for State Courts in 1971.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 28, 2007, 1 hour, 57 minutes; transcript available), Carrico discusses his family and early life on a dairy farm in rural Fairfax County, his father's work as a billboard artist for the General Outdoor Advertising Company and his business operating a riding stable.  He recalls going to a combined grade school and high school in Bailey's Crossroads and attending Lee-Jackson High School in Fairfax County, and working and attending law school in Washington D.C. He discusses his experience working in contract terminations in the navy during World War II, his work as a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County before and after the war, and his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1961. Toward the end of the interview, Carrico talks about the process of writing opinions, and his decision in Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, which upheld the state statute barring interracial marriage in 1967.  He reflects on changes in the court during his tenure, including the appointment of the first African American and women justices, and his recollections of the justices who were on the court when he was appointed in 1961 (Chief Justice John Eggleston, Justice L. Warren I'Anson, Justice Claude V. Spratley, Harold F. Snead). The interview ends with a discussion of Carrico's work for the John Marshall Foundation and his thoughts about the historical importance of Marshall's contributions to the judiciary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice George M. Cochran by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (March 30, 2007, 1 hour, 56 minutes; transcript available), Justice Cochran talks about his family's roots in Staunton, his ancestor Alexander H.H. Stuart and Stuart's political career before and after the Civil War.  He reflects on his early life in Staunton, his education at Episcopal High School in Alexandria and at the University of Virginia, and his service in the navy in California and the Pacific during World War II. He discusses being a state legislator  during the 1950s and 1960s and efforts by a younger generation of legislators to repeal the poll tax and segregation laws after World War II.  Cochran also reflects on massive resistance and working to establish a community college system in Virginia. He talks about working with fellow state legislators Armistead Boothe, Mosby G. Perrow, Tayloe Murphy, Mills Godwin, and Albertis Harrison, and Governor Colgate Darden, and Governor Lindsay Almond. Toward the end of the interview, Cochran talks about his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, his friendship with Albertis Harrison when they were both on the court, his thoughts about dissenting from the majority, and making the transition from writing legal briefs to writing judicial opinions. The interview concludes with Cochran's recollections about organizing meetings of the Virginia State Bar Association in England and Scotland, the appointment of the first women and African American justices to the court, and socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Judge Barbara Milano Keenan by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 6, 2013, 2 hours, 38 minutes; transcript available), Judge Keenan talks about her family's history and the influence of their experiences as immigrants to West Virginia in the early twentieth century, attending Catholic high school in Arlington, Virginia, and Cornell University during the 1960s; and working at the U.S. Department of Justice while attending law school at George Washington University. She discusses her early career as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Fairfax County, working as a lawyer in private practice, her first years on the bench as a district and circuit court judge in Fairfax, and her service on the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the Supreme Court of Virginia, and the Fourth Circuit, U.S. Court of Appeals. She also reflects on the experience of being among the first women judges in Virginia and the influences of mentors and colleagues throughout her career.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview of Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser was conducted by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander August 16, 2016, at Gentry Locke law firm in Roanoke, Virginia. The recording and transcript of the interview are closed until August 16, 2026.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. by Gail Warren, State Law Librarian (May 17, 2013, 55 minutes; transcript available), Justice Koontz talks about growing up in Salem, Virginia, attending Virginia Tech and law school at the University of Richmond, and his early years as a lawyer, commonwealth's attorney, and judge in Roanoke. He reflects on the experience of forming rules and procedures for the Court of Appeals, serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia, and changes in the legal profession and the judiciary during his career.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 15, 2008, 1 hour, 56 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about growing up in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where her parents owned a business, in the 1950s; her education at Catholic schools in Oshkosh and at St. Mary's College at Notre Dame, and attending law school at the University of Texas in Austin.  She talks about her early legal career working for the Texas Legislative Council and the Texas Attorney General's office, where she became the first woman division chief.  She reflects on the political atmosphere in Texas when she was in law school and in the early years of her legal career, and the influence of women such as Barbara Jordan, Kay Bailey Hutchinson, Sarah Weddington, and others who were elected to public office in Texas in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy recounts moving to Virginia in the late 1970s, her work as Deputy Attorney General under Attorney General Gerald Baliles, her appointment to the State Corporation Commission in 1985 and her work there, and her appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  The interview ends with Lacy's reflections on her early experiences on the court and changes in the court during her tenure.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (October 8, 2008, 1 hour, 38 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about the appellate court process and the experience of working as a member of a group.  She recalls cases that were particularly memorable involving redistricting, the definition of injury in a medical malpractice suit involving a tubal litigation; and a privacy case pertaining to parents' right to serve alcohol to minors in the privacy of their homes. She also talks about the early use of DNA evidence in Virginia and problems with evidence in death penalty cases.  In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy talks about her work on the Virginia Taskforce on Gender Bias in the Courtroom, her thoughts about gender, feminism, and gender discrimination, her perception of changes in the tone of the court during the period she served, her approach to decision-making in a group, the opinion-writing process, writing techniques, and working with law clerks.  Toward the end of the interview, Justice Lacy reflects on her involvement in professional organizations like the National Association of Women Judges and the American Bar Association, and the importance of being a public advocate for the judicial system.  She talks about the regulatory role of the Supreme Court of Virginia, and her efforts to stay informed of changes in legal education and practice.  The interview concludes with Justice Lacy's reflections on her legacy as the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Millette by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 16, 2017, 2 hours, 1 minute; transcript available) Millette talks about his family and growing up in Alexandria and Fairfax Virginia, attending the College of William and Mary, establishing a law practice in Prince William County, working as an assistant commonwealth's attorney and becoming a judge. He discusses his experiences presiding over the trial of John Wayne Bobbitt, in 1993, and John Allen Muhammad in 2003; and working as a circuit court and appellate judge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Charles S. Russell by Judge Joanne Alper (April 23, 2007, 68 minutes; transcript available), Russell talks about his experience as a circuit court judge in Arlington County and his tenure on the Supreme Court of Virginia.  He discusses his election to the court by one vote in 1982 and reflects on changes in the Virginia judiciary during his tenure as a justice and senior justice, particularly a greater acceptance of dissent and declining deference toward older justices.  Russell also talks about colorful personalities he remembers from his early years as a member of the Arlington County bar.  He talks about Judge Walter T. McCarthy, who inspired him when he was a child growing up in Arlington.  Russell also reflects on memorable cases and historical events during his career.  The interview closes with Russell's recollection of watching the attack on the Pentagon from his office window in Arlington on September 11, 2001, and his thoughts about the lasting impact of the event.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (April 30, 2007, 1 hour, 27 minutes; transcript available), Justice Stephenson talks about his parents and siblings and growing up in Covington, Virginia, where his father was a lawyer.  He recalls attending Washington and Lee University as an undergraduate and working on a construction project in Hampton and a steamer out of Baltimore during the break between college and law school, after he was discharged from the military on account of a heart murmur.  Stephenson recalls that he was only one of two students attending law school at Washington and Lee University in 1945 because of the war. He talks about returning to Covington after law school, practicing law there with his father in the 1950s, and being Commonwealth's Attorney and a circuit court judge in Alleghany County.  Stephenson reflects on changes in the judiciary beginning in the 1970s, particularly the increase of women, and the appointment of Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman justice, to the court in 1989.  In the second part of the interview, Stephenson talks about his approach to writing opinions and cases that were particularly memorable. He discusses the use of DNA evidence in the Spencer v. Commonwealth of Virginia cases, other death penalty cases, and cases involving rights to mine coal and gas. The interview closes with Stephenson's recollections of his relationships with other justices and law clerks and memories of socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond when the court was in session.          \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 11, 2007, 2 hours, 21 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thomas discusses his family's roots in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk, growing up in segregated Norfolk, and the influence on him of his parents, grandparents, extended  family, community, school, and church.  He recalls his maternal grandfather, who taught him to recite poetry when he was a young boy, and the minister of the First Baptist Church. He talks about his decision to attend Maury High School, a predominantly white high school in Norfolk, in 1965, and his experiences as a student there; and attending the University of Virginia.  Thomas also reflects on clerking for the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department one summer when he was a law student, and how this experience helped him in his efforts to secure a position at a large law firm in Virginia after he graduated.  He recounts his early years working at the Richmond law firm Hunton \u0026amp; Williams, where he did legal work for Virginia Electric and Power Company, and becoming the first African American lawyer to make partner at a white law firm in the South. Toward the end of the interview, Thomas discusses his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia and being the first African American appointed to the court.  He reflects on differences between himself and the other justices, in style, training, and age.  The interview closes with Thomas' thoughts on memorable opinions.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (August 8, 2007, 1 hour, five minutes; transcript available), Thomas talks about his legal career in more detail, from his work as a young lawyer at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams, to his work as a justice, to his work on appellate cases after returning to private practice at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams.  He recalls traveling to small courthouses around Virginia and arguing cases before the supreme court as a young lawyer.  Thomas also elaborates on his nomination to the court and adjusting to being an appellate judge. He reflects on the changes he observed when Justice Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman appointed to the court, joined the men on the court, and the generation gap he felt existed between himself and Lacy and the rest of the justices, who were much older. Thomas concludes by talking about the changes he has witnessed during his lifetime and the sacrifices made by Oliver Hill and other pioneering African American lawyers as they worked to change institutions that were resistant to change.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice W. Carrington Thompson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (November 14, 2007, 1 hour, 32 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thompson talks about his parents and his early life in Chatham, Virginia, particularly the influence of his father; his experiences as a student at Hampden-Sydney College, his professors, his religious education and the importance of his religious faith throughout his life.  He talks about attending law school at the University of Virginia and being in the navy during World War II in the South Pacific.  Thompson recalls his career in Chatham as a lawyer, state legislator, and circuit court judge.  He reflects on the political circumstances of his appointments to the circuit court and Supreme Court of Virginia and his decision to retire after serving only three years.  The interview closes with Thompson's thoughts on writing opinions in two death-penalty cases while he was on the court, his views on the death penalty, and his strict contructionist views on the Constitution and the role of the judiciary.     \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Henry H. Whiting by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (December 12, 2011, 1 hour, 35 minutes; transcript available), Justice Whiting talks about his family, growing up in Winchester, Va., serving in the army during World War II and witnessing the Battle of Remagen, and his thoughts about General George S. Patton, who knew his father and was his godfather; attending college and law school at Virginia Tech and the University of Virginia, and practicing law in Winchester.  Toward the end of interview, he discusses being a circuit judge in Winchester, his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, and serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of Judge G. Steven Agee by Connie Doebele (September 26, 2017, 2 hours, 22 minutes; transcript available), Judge Agee talks about his early life and family, his father's military service in World War II, practicing law in Roanoke, and serving in the House of Delegates.  He discusses changes in Virginia politics in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Republican party; and serving as an appellate court judge in the state and federal court system. Agee also discusses his legislative career, including his advocacy of changes in the judicial selection process and the parole system; and the unique sense of history associated with the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Judge Joanne Alper (April 12, 2007, 78 minutes; transcript available), Justice Carrico discusses changes he witnessed during his long tenure on the court, his experiences as a young judge and lawyer in northern Virginia (Alexandria and Fairfax and Prince William counties) in the 1940s and 1950s, his work on the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and his relationships with U.S. Supreme Court justices Warren Burger and William Rehnquist.  Toward the end of the interview, he reflects on his relationships with the justices who were on the Supreme Court of Virginia when he was appointed in 1961, his workflow and opinion-writing processes, the creation of the Office of the Executive Secretary (court administrator), and the appointments of the first African American and women justices to the court.  He also talks about the establishment of the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and a statewide system of Juvenile and Domestic Relations courts in 1972 and 1973. The interview concludes with a discussion of the founding of the National Center for State Courts in 1971.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 28, 2007, 1 hour, 57 minutes; transcript available), Carrico discusses his family and early life on a dairy farm in rural Fairfax County, his father's work as a billboard artist for the General Outdoor Advertising Company and his business operating a riding stable.  He recalls going to a combined grade school and high school in Bailey's Crossroads and attending Lee-Jackson High School in Fairfax County, and working and attending law school in Washington D.C. He discusses his experience working in contract terminations in the navy during World War II, his work as a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County before and after the war, and his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1961. Toward the end of the interview, Carrico talks about the process of writing opinions, and his decision in Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, which upheld the state statute barring interracial marriage in 1967.  He reflects on changes in the court during his tenure, including the appointment of the first African American and women justices, and his recollections of the justices who were on the court when he was appointed in 1961 (Chief Justice John Eggleston, Justice L. Warren I'Anson, Justice Claude V. Spratley, Harold F. Snead). The interview ends with a discussion of Carrico's work for the John Marshall Foundation and his thoughts about the historical importance of Marshall's contributions to the judiciary.","In the interview of Justice George M. Cochran by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (March 30, 2007, 1 hour, 56 minutes; transcript available), Justice Cochran talks about his family's roots in Staunton, his ancestor Alexander H.H. Stuart and Stuart's political career before and after the Civil War.  He reflects on his early life in Staunton, his education at Episcopal High School in Alexandria and at the University of Virginia, and his service in the navy in California and the Pacific during World War II. He discusses being a state legislator  during the 1950s and 1960s and efforts by a younger generation of legislators to repeal the poll tax and segregation laws after World War II.  Cochran also reflects on massive resistance and working to establish a community college system in Virginia. He talks about working with fellow state legislators Armistead Boothe, Mosby G. Perrow, Tayloe Murphy, Mills Godwin, and Albertis Harrison, and Governor Colgate Darden, and Governor Lindsay Almond. Toward the end of the interview, Cochran talks about his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, his friendship with Albertis Harrison when they were both on the court, his thoughts about dissenting from the majority, and making the transition from writing legal briefs to writing judicial opinions. The interview concludes with Cochran's recollections about organizing meetings of the Virginia State Bar Association in England and Scotland, the appointment of the first women and African American justices to the court, and socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond.","In the interview of Judge Barbara Milano Keenan by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 6, 2013, 2 hours, 38 minutes; transcript available), Judge Keenan talks about her family's history and the influence of their experiences as immigrants to West Virginia in the early twentieth century, attending Catholic high school in Arlington, Virginia, and Cornell University during the 1960s; and working at the U.S. Department of Justice while attending law school at George Washington University. She discusses her early career as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Fairfax County, working as a lawyer in private practice, her first years on the bench as a district and circuit court judge in Fairfax, and her service on the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the Supreme Court of Virginia, and the Fourth Circuit, U.S. Court of Appeals. She also reflects on the experience of being among the first women judges in Virginia and the influences of mentors and colleagues throughout her career.   \n","The interview of Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser was conducted by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander August 16, 2016, at Gentry Locke law firm in Roanoke, Virginia. The recording and transcript of the interview are closed until August 16, 2026.","In the interview of Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. by Gail Warren, State Law Librarian (May 17, 2013, 55 minutes; transcript available), Justice Koontz talks about growing up in Salem, Virginia, attending Virginia Tech and law school at the University of Richmond, and his early years as a lawyer, commonwealth's attorney, and judge in Roanoke. He reflects on the experience of forming rules and procedures for the Court of Appeals, serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia, and changes in the legal profession and the judiciary during his career.","In the interview of Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 15, 2008, 1 hour, 56 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about growing up in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where her parents owned a business, in the 1950s; her education at Catholic schools in Oshkosh and at St. Mary's College at Notre Dame, and attending law school at the University of Texas in Austin.  She talks about her early legal career working for the Texas Legislative Council and the Texas Attorney General's office, where she became the first woman division chief.  She reflects on the political atmosphere in Texas when she was in law school and in the early years of her legal career, and the influence of women such as Barbara Jordan, Kay Bailey Hutchinson, Sarah Weddington, and others who were elected to public office in Texas in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy recounts moving to Virginia in the late 1970s, her work as Deputy Attorney General under Attorney General Gerald Baliles, her appointment to the State Corporation Commission in 1985 and her work there, and her appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  The interview ends with Lacy's reflections on her early experiences on the court and changes in the court during her tenure.","In the interview of Justice Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (October 8, 2008, 1 hour, 38 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about the appellate court process and the experience of working as a member of a group.  She recalls cases that were particularly memorable involving redistricting, the definition of injury in a medical malpractice suit involving a tubal litigation; and a privacy case pertaining to parents' right to serve alcohol to minors in the privacy of their homes. She also talks about the early use of DNA evidence in Virginia and problems with evidence in death penalty cases.  In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy talks about her work on the Virginia Taskforce on Gender Bias in the Courtroom, her thoughts about gender, feminism, and gender discrimination, her perception of changes in the tone of the court during the period she served, her approach to decision-making in a group, the opinion-writing process, writing techniques, and working with law clerks.  Toward the end of the interview, Justice Lacy reflects on her involvement in professional organizations like the National Association of Women Judges and the American Bar Association, and the importance of being a public advocate for the judicial system.  She talks about the regulatory role of the Supreme Court of Virginia, and her efforts to stay informed of changes in legal education and practice.  The interview concludes with Justice Lacy's reflections on her legacy as the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia.\n","In the interview of Justice Millette by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 16, 2017, 2 hours, 1 minute; transcript available) Millette talks about his family and growing up in Alexandria and Fairfax Virginia, attending the College of William and Mary, establishing a law practice in Prince William County, working as an assistant commonwealth's attorney and becoming a judge. He discusses his experiences presiding over the trial of John Wayne Bobbitt, in 1993, and John Allen Muhammad in 2003; and working as a circuit court and appellate judge.","In the interview of Justice Charles S. Russell by Judge Joanne Alper (April 23, 2007, 68 minutes; transcript available), Russell talks about his experience as a circuit court judge in Arlington County and his tenure on the Supreme Court of Virginia.  He discusses his election to the court by one vote in 1982 and reflects on changes in the Virginia judiciary during his tenure as a justice and senior justice, particularly a greater acceptance of dissent and declining deference toward older justices.  Russell also talks about colorful personalities he remembers from his early years as a member of the Arlington County bar.  He talks about Judge Walter T. McCarthy, who inspired him when he was a child growing up in Arlington.  Russell also reflects on memorable cases and historical events during his career.  The interview closes with Russell's recollection of watching the attack on the Pentagon from his office window in Arlington on September 11, 2001, and his thoughts about the lasting impact of the event.","In the interview of Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (April 30, 2007, 1 hour, 27 minutes; transcript available), Justice Stephenson talks about his parents and siblings and growing up in Covington, Virginia, where his father was a lawyer.  He recalls attending Washington and Lee University as an undergraduate and working on a construction project in Hampton and a steamer out of Baltimore during the break between college and law school, after he was discharged from the military on account of a heart murmur.  Stephenson recalls that he was only one of two students attending law school at Washington and Lee University in 1945 because of the war. He talks about returning to Covington after law school, practicing law there with his father in the 1950s, and being Commonwealth's Attorney and a circuit court judge in Alleghany County.  Stephenson reflects on changes in the judiciary beginning in the 1970s, particularly the increase of women, and the appointment of Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman justice, to the court in 1989.  In the second part of the interview, Stephenson talks about his approach to writing opinions and cases that were particularly memorable. He discusses the use of DNA evidence in the Spencer v. Commonwealth of Virginia cases, other death penalty cases, and cases involving rights to mine coal and gas. The interview closes with Stephenson's recollections of his relationships with other justices and law clerks and memories of socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond when the court was in session.          \n","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 11, 2007, 2 hours, 21 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thomas discusses his family's roots in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk, growing up in segregated Norfolk, and the influence on him of his parents, grandparents, extended  family, community, school, and church.  He recalls his maternal grandfather, who taught him to recite poetry when he was a young boy, and the minister of the First Baptist Church. He talks about his decision to attend Maury High School, a predominantly white high school in Norfolk, in 1965, and his experiences as a student there; and attending the University of Virginia.  Thomas also reflects on clerking for the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department one summer when he was a law student, and how this experience helped him in his efforts to secure a position at a large law firm in Virginia after he graduated.  He recounts his early years working at the Richmond law firm Hunton \u0026 Williams, where he did legal work for Virginia Electric and Power Company, and becoming the first African American lawyer to make partner at a white law firm in the South. Toward the end of the interview, Thomas discusses his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia and being the first African American appointed to the court.  He reflects on differences between himself and the other justices, in style, training, and age.  The interview closes with Thomas' thoughts on memorable opinions.   \n","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (August 8, 2007, 1 hour, five minutes; transcript available), Thomas talks about his legal career in more detail, from his work as a young lawyer at Hunton \u0026 Williams, to his work as a justice, to his work on appellate cases after returning to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.  He recalls traveling to small courthouses around Virginia and arguing cases before the supreme court as a young lawyer.  Thomas also elaborates on his nomination to the court and adjusting to being an appellate judge. He reflects on the changes he observed when Justice Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman appointed to the court, joined the men on the court, and the generation gap he felt existed between himself and Lacy and the rest of the justices, who were much older. Thomas concludes by talking about the changes he has witnessed during his lifetime and the sacrifices made by Oliver Hill and other pioneering African American lawyers as they worked to change institutions that were resistant to change.   \n","In the interview of Justice W. Carrington Thompson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (November 14, 2007, 1 hour, 32 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thompson talks about his parents and his early life in Chatham, Virginia, particularly the influence of his father; his experiences as a student at Hampden-Sydney College, his professors, his religious education and the importance of his religious faith throughout his life.  He talks about attending law school at the University of Virginia and being in the navy during World War II in the South Pacific.  Thompson recalls his career in Chatham as a lawyer, state legislator, and circuit court judge.  He reflects on the political circumstances of his appointments to the circuit court and Supreme Court of Virginia and his decision to retire after serving only three years.  The interview closes with Thompson's thoughts on writing opinions in two death-penalty cases while he was on the court, his views on the death penalty, and his strict contructionist views on the Constitution and the role of the judiciary.     \n","In the interview of Justice Henry H. Whiting by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (December 12, 2011, 1 hour, 35 minutes; transcript available), Justice Whiting talks about his family, growing up in Winchester, Va., serving in the army during World War II and witnessing the Battle of Remagen, and his thoughts about General George S. Patton, who knew his father and was his godfather; attending college and law school at Virginia Tech and the University of Virginia, and practicing law in Winchester.  Toward the end of interview, he discusses being a circuit judge in Winchester, his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, and serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices were conducted for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission by Arlington County Circuit Judge Joanne F. Alper (1 interview), Norfolk State Professor of History Cassandra Newby-Alexander, State Law Librarian Gail Warren (1 interview), and Connie Doebele (1 interview), beginning in 2007. Interviews have been conducted with the following:  Judge G. Steven Agee, Justice Harry L. Carrico, Justice George M. Cochran, Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr., Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy, Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr., Justice Charles Russell, Justice W. Carrington Thompson, and Justice Henry H. Whiting.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices were conducted for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission by Arlington County Circuit Judge Joanne F. Alper (1 interview), Norfolk State Professor of History Cassandra Newby-Alexander, State Law Librarian Gail Warren (1 interview), and Connie Doebele (1 interview), beginning in 2007. Interviews have been conducted with the following:  Judge G. Steven Agee, Justice Harry L. Carrico, Justice George M. Cochran, Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr., Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy, Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr., Justice Charles Russell, Justice W. Carrington Thompson, and Justice Henry H. Whiting."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:38.949Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00009","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00009","_root_":"vil_vil00009","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00009","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00009.xml","title_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews,    \n 2007- \n"],"title_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews,    \n 2007- \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942, 00032213, 00032782, 00040432, 00041143 \n"],"text":["00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942, 00032213, 00032782, 00040432, 00041143 \n","Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews,    \n 2007-","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century.","African American judges  -- Biographies.","African American judges -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Judges -- Virginia -- biographies.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Biographies.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","15 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and 4 digital moving image files recorded with HDV camera; 15 transcripts.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Advisory Committee (formerly Commission) was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project was brought under the auspices of the Virginia State Law Library in 2011 and is ongoing.","Judge G. Steven Agee (b. 1952) was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2003 and served until 2008, when he was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2001 to 2003. He was in private practice in Roanoke from 1977 to 2000 and a member of the House of Delegates from 1982 to 1994. Agee was born in Roanoke.","Justice Harry Lee Carrico (b. 1916) was appointed to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1961 and was chief justice from 1981-2003. Before joining the court, he was a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County.  He was an ensign in the he navy during World War II. Carrico was born in Washington D.C. and reared in rural Fauquier and Fairfax counties.","Justice George M. Cochran (1912-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1969-1987. A lifelong resident of Staunton, he was a member of the House of Delegates from 1948 to 1966 and the Virginia Senate from 1966 to 1968.","Barbara M. Keenan  (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1991 to 2010, when she was confirmed as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. She was a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985 to 1991. She was the first woman to serve as a circuit and appellate court judge in Virginia. \n","Cynthia D. Kinser (b. 1951) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1997 to 2014, and as chief justice from 2011 to 2014. She was the third woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia and the first woman to serve as chief justice.","Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (b. 1940) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1995 to 2011, when he took senior status. He was one ten judges who served on the first Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and served on the court until 1995. He was the second chief judge of the court, serving from 1985 to 1993. From 1976 to 1984, Koontz was a circuit court judge in 23rd judicial circuit in Roanoke; from 1968 to 1976, he was a juvenile and domestic relations judge in the general district court in Roanoke.","Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy (b. 1945) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1989 to 2007, when she took senior status. She was the first woman to serve on the court, the first woman to serve as Deputy Attorney General in Virginia, and the first woman to serve as a judge on the State Corporation Commission. Lacy was born in South Carolina and grew up in Wisconsin.  She worked in Texas as a teacher and Assistant Attorney General and Division Chief (1972-1976) before moving to Virginia. She was Virginia Deputy Attorney General, overseeing all civil litigation, from 1982-1985; and Judge, Virginia State Corporation Commission, 1985-1989.","Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr. (b. 1949) served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 2008 to 2015, when he took senior status. He served on the Court of Appeals from 2007 to 2008. Millette was a circuit court judge in Prince William County from 1993 to 2007, a district court judge from 1990 to 1993, and an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Prince William County from 1986 to 1993. As a circuit court judge he presided over two widely publicized criminal trials: John Wayne Bobbitt in 1993 and John Allen Muhammed in 2003.   \n","Justice Charles S. Russell (b. 1926) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1982-1991. He returned to the court as a senior justice in 2004.Russell practiced law in Arlington and Fairfax from 1951 to 1967 and was appointed judge for the 17th Judicial District in 1967. From 1967 to 1982, Russell was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County.  Russell was born in Richmond.  He served in the U.S. Navy in World II and the Korean War.","Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson (1922-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia as justice from 1981 to 1997, when he took senior status. A lifelong resident of Covington, Va., Stephenson practiced law in Covington and was Alleghany County Commonwealth's Attorney and a judge on the 25th judicial circuit before his appointment to the Supreme Court.","Justice John Charles Thomas (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1983-1989. A native of Norfolk, Thomas graduated from the University of Virginia law school in 1975 and worked at Hunton \u0026 Williams law form in Richmond, where he became the first African American to be named partner in a large law firm in the South. When Thomas resigned from the Supreme Court in 1989, he returned to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.","Justice W. Carrington (William Carrington) Thompson (1915-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1980-1983. A native of Chatham, Virginia, he established a law practice there after returning from service in the navy during World War II.  Thompson served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1959 to 1968 and the Virginia State Senate from 1968-1973.  He was a circuit judge before his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia.","Justice Henry H. Whiting (1923-) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1987 to 1995, when he took senior status. Whiting was born in Fort Logan, Colorado, and spent most of his youth in Winchester, Virginia.  He attended Virginia Tech for one year before enlisting in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended the University of Virginia and earned a law degree there in 1949.  He practiced law in Winchester, Virginia, for much of his career. In 1980, Whiting was appointed to the 28th Judicial Circuit by Governor John Dalton; in 1987, he was elected by the General Assembly to the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Judge G. Steven Agee by Connie Doebele (September 26, 2017, 2 hours, 22 minutes; transcript available), Judge Agee talks about his early life and family, his father's military service in World War II, practicing law in Roanoke, and serving in the House of Delegates.  He discusses changes in Virginia politics in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Republican party; and serving as an appellate court judge in the state and federal court system. Agee also discusses his legislative career, including his advocacy of changes in the judicial selection process and the parole system; and the unique sense of history associated with the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Judge Joanne Alper (April 12, 2007, 78 minutes; transcript available), Justice Carrico discusses changes he witnessed during his long tenure on the court, his experiences as a young judge and lawyer in northern Virginia (Alexandria and Fairfax and Prince William counties) in the 1940s and 1950s, his work on the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and his relationships with U.S. Supreme Court justices Warren Burger and William Rehnquist.  Toward the end of the interview, he reflects on his relationships with the justices who were on the Supreme Court of Virginia when he was appointed in 1961, his workflow and opinion-writing processes, the creation of the Office of the Executive Secretary (court administrator), and the appointments of the first African American and women justices to the court.  He also talks about the establishment of the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and a statewide system of Juvenile and Domestic Relations courts in 1972 and 1973. The interview concludes with a discussion of the founding of the National Center for State Courts in 1971.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 28, 2007, 1 hour, 57 minutes; transcript available), Carrico discusses his family and early life on a dairy farm in rural Fairfax County, his father's work as a billboard artist for the General Outdoor Advertising Company and his business operating a riding stable.  He recalls going to a combined grade school and high school in Bailey's Crossroads and attending Lee-Jackson High School in Fairfax County, and working and attending law school in Washington D.C. He discusses his experience working in contract terminations in the navy during World War II, his work as a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County before and after the war, and his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1961. Toward the end of the interview, Carrico talks about the process of writing opinions, and his decision in Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, which upheld the state statute barring interracial marriage in 1967.  He reflects on changes in the court during his tenure, including the appointment of the first African American and women justices, and his recollections of the justices who were on the court when he was appointed in 1961 (Chief Justice John Eggleston, Justice L. Warren I'Anson, Justice Claude V. Spratley, Harold F. Snead). The interview ends with a discussion of Carrico's work for the John Marshall Foundation and his thoughts about the historical importance of Marshall's contributions to the judiciary.","In the interview of Justice George M. Cochran by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (March 30, 2007, 1 hour, 56 minutes; transcript available), Justice Cochran talks about his family's roots in Staunton, his ancestor Alexander H.H. Stuart and Stuart's political career before and after the Civil War.  He reflects on his early life in Staunton, his education at Episcopal High School in Alexandria and at the University of Virginia, and his service in the navy in California and the Pacific during World War II. He discusses being a state legislator  during the 1950s and 1960s and efforts by a younger generation of legislators to repeal the poll tax and segregation laws after World War II.  Cochran also reflects on massive resistance and working to establish a community college system in Virginia. He talks about working with fellow state legislators Armistead Boothe, Mosby G. Perrow, Tayloe Murphy, Mills Godwin, and Albertis Harrison, and Governor Colgate Darden, and Governor Lindsay Almond. Toward the end of the interview, Cochran talks about his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, his friendship with Albertis Harrison when they were both on the court, his thoughts about dissenting from the majority, and making the transition from writing legal briefs to writing judicial opinions. The interview concludes with Cochran's recollections about organizing meetings of the Virginia State Bar Association in England and Scotland, the appointment of the first women and African American justices to the court, and socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond.","In the interview of Judge Barbara Milano Keenan by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 6, 2013, 2 hours, 38 minutes; transcript available), Judge Keenan talks about her family's history and the influence of their experiences as immigrants to West Virginia in the early twentieth century, attending Catholic high school in Arlington, Virginia, and Cornell University during the 1960s; and working at the U.S. Department of Justice while attending law school at George Washington University. She discusses her early career as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Fairfax County, working as a lawyer in private practice, her first years on the bench as a district and circuit court judge in Fairfax, and her service on the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the Supreme Court of Virginia, and the Fourth Circuit, U.S. Court of Appeals. She also reflects on the experience of being among the first women judges in Virginia and the influences of mentors and colleagues throughout her career.   \n","The interview of Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser was conducted by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander August 16, 2016, at Gentry Locke law firm in Roanoke, Virginia. The recording and transcript of the interview are closed until August 16, 2026.","In the interview of Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. by Gail Warren, State Law Librarian (May 17, 2013, 55 minutes; transcript available), Justice Koontz talks about growing up in Salem, Virginia, attending Virginia Tech and law school at the University of Richmond, and his early years as a lawyer, commonwealth's attorney, and judge in Roanoke. He reflects on the experience of forming rules and procedures for the Court of Appeals, serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia, and changes in the legal profession and the judiciary during his career.","In the interview of Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 15, 2008, 1 hour, 56 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about growing up in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where her parents owned a business, in the 1950s; her education at Catholic schools in Oshkosh and at St. Mary's College at Notre Dame, and attending law school at the University of Texas in Austin.  She talks about her early legal career working for the Texas Legislative Council and the Texas Attorney General's office, where she became the first woman division chief.  She reflects on the political atmosphere in Texas when she was in law school and in the early years of her legal career, and the influence of women such as Barbara Jordan, Kay Bailey Hutchinson, Sarah Weddington, and others who were elected to public office in Texas in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy recounts moving to Virginia in the late 1970s, her work as Deputy Attorney General under Attorney General Gerald Baliles, her appointment to the State Corporation Commission in 1985 and her work there, and her appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  The interview ends with Lacy's reflections on her early experiences on the court and changes in the court during her tenure.","In the interview of Justice Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (October 8, 2008, 1 hour, 38 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about the appellate court process and the experience of working as a member of a group.  She recalls cases that were particularly memorable involving redistricting, the definition of injury in a medical malpractice suit involving a tubal litigation; and a privacy case pertaining to parents' right to serve alcohol to minors in the privacy of their homes. She also talks about the early use of DNA evidence in Virginia and problems with evidence in death penalty cases.  In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy talks about her work on the Virginia Taskforce on Gender Bias in the Courtroom, her thoughts about gender, feminism, and gender discrimination, her perception of changes in the tone of the court during the period she served, her approach to decision-making in a group, the opinion-writing process, writing techniques, and working with law clerks.  Toward the end of the interview, Justice Lacy reflects on her involvement in professional organizations like the National Association of Women Judges and the American Bar Association, and the importance of being a public advocate for the judicial system.  She talks about the regulatory role of the Supreme Court of Virginia, and her efforts to stay informed of changes in legal education and practice.  The interview concludes with Justice Lacy's reflections on her legacy as the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia.\n","In the interview of Justice Millette by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 16, 2017, 2 hours, 1 minute; transcript available) Millette talks about his family and growing up in Alexandria and Fairfax Virginia, attending the College of William and Mary, establishing a law practice in Prince William County, working as an assistant commonwealth's attorney and becoming a judge. He discusses his experiences presiding over the trial of John Wayne Bobbitt, in 1993, and John Allen Muhammad in 2003; and working as a circuit court and appellate judge.","In the interview of Justice Charles S. Russell by Judge Joanne Alper (April 23, 2007, 68 minutes; transcript available), Russell talks about his experience as a circuit court judge in Arlington County and his tenure on the Supreme Court of Virginia.  He discusses his election to the court by one vote in 1982 and reflects on changes in the Virginia judiciary during his tenure as a justice and senior justice, particularly a greater acceptance of dissent and declining deference toward older justices.  Russell also talks about colorful personalities he remembers from his early years as a member of the Arlington County bar.  He talks about Judge Walter T. McCarthy, who inspired him when he was a child growing up in Arlington.  Russell also reflects on memorable cases and historical events during his career.  The interview closes with Russell's recollection of watching the attack on the Pentagon from his office window in Arlington on September 11, 2001, and his thoughts about the lasting impact of the event.","In the interview of Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (April 30, 2007, 1 hour, 27 minutes; transcript available), Justice Stephenson talks about his parents and siblings and growing up in Covington, Virginia, where his father was a lawyer.  He recalls attending Washington and Lee University as an undergraduate and working on a construction project in Hampton and a steamer out of Baltimore during the break between college and law school, after he was discharged from the military on account of a heart murmur.  Stephenson recalls that he was only one of two students attending law school at Washington and Lee University in 1945 because of the war. He talks about returning to Covington after law school, practicing law there with his father in the 1950s, and being Commonwealth's Attorney and a circuit court judge in Alleghany County.  Stephenson reflects on changes in the judiciary beginning in the 1970s, particularly the increase of women, and the appointment of Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman justice, to the court in 1989.  In the second part of the interview, Stephenson talks about his approach to writing opinions and cases that were particularly memorable. He discusses the use of DNA evidence in the Spencer v. Commonwealth of Virginia cases, other death penalty cases, and cases involving rights to mine coal and gas. The interview closes with Stephenson's recollections of his relationships with other justices and law clerks and memories of socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond when the court was in session.          \n","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 11, 2007, 2 hours, 21 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thomas discusses his family's roots in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk, growing up in segregated Norfolk, and the influence on him of his parents, grandparents, extended  family, community, school, and church.  He recalls his maternal grandfather, who taught him to recite poetry when he was a young boy, and the minister of the First Baptist Church. He talks about his decision to attend Maury High School, a predominantly white high school in Norfolk, in 1965, and his experiences as a student there; and attending the University of Virginia.  Thomas also reflects on clerking for the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department one summer when he was a law student, and how this experience helped him in his efforts to secure a position at a large law firm in Virginia after he graduated.  He recounts his early years working at the Richmond law firm Hunton \u0026 Williams, where he did legal work for Virginia Electric and Power Company, and becoming the first African American lawyer to make partner at a white law firm in the South. Toward the end of the interview, Thomas discusses his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia and being the first African American appointed to the court.  He reflects on differences between himself and the other justices, in style, training, and age.  The interview closes with Thomas' thoughts on memorable opinions.   \n","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (August 8, 2007, 1 hour, five minutes; transcript available), Thomas talks about his legal career in more detail, from his work as a young lawyer at Hunton \u0026 Williams, to his work as a justice, to his work on appellate cases after returning to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.  He recalls traveling to small courthouses around Virginia and arguing cases before the supreme court as a young lawyer.  Thomas also elaborates on his nomination to the court and adjusting to being an appellate judge. He reflects on the changes he observed when Justice Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman appointed to the court, joined the men on the court, and the generation gap he felt existed between himself and Lacy and the rest of the justices, who were much older. Thomas concludes by talking about the changes he has witnessed during his lifetime and the sacrifices made by Oliver Hill and other pioneering African American lawyers as they worked to change institutions that were resistant to change.   \n","In the interview of Justice W. Carrington Thompson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (November 14, 2007, 1 hour, 32 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thompson talks about his parents and his early life in Chatham, Virginia, particularly the influence of his father; his experiences as a student at Hampden-Sydney College, his professors, his religious education and the importance of his religious faith throughout his life.  He talks about attending law school at the University of Virginia and being in the navy during World War II in the South Pacific.  Thompson recalls his career in Chatham as a lawyer, state legislator, and circuit court judge.  He reflects on the political circumstances of his appointments to the circuit court and Supreme Court of Virginia and his decision to retire after serving only three years.  The interview closes with Thompson's thoughts on writing opinions in two death-penalty cases while he was on the court, his views on the death penalty, and his strict contructionist views on the Constitution and the role of the judiciary.     \n","In the interview of Justice Henry H. Whiting by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (December 12, 2011, 1 hour, 35 minutes; transcript available), Justice Whiting talks about his family, growing up in Winchester, Va., serving in the army during World War II and witnessing the Battle of Remagen, and his thoughts about General George S. Patton, who knew his father and was his godfather; attending college and law school at Virginia Tech and the University of Virginia, and practicing law in Winchester.  Toward the end of interview, he discusses being a circuit judge in Winchester, his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, and serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia.","Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices were conducted for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission by Arlington County Circuit Judge Joanne F. Alper (1 interview), Norfolk State Professor of History Cassandra Newby-Alexander, State Law Librarian Gail Warren (1 interview), and Connie Doebele (1 interview), beginning in 2007. Interviews have been conducted with the following:  Judge G. Steven Agee, Justice Harry L. Carrico, Justice George M. Cochran, Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr., Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy, Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr., Justice Charles Russell, Justice W. Carrington Thompson, and Justice Henry H. Whiting.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942, 00032213, 00032782, 00040432, 00041143 \n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews,    \n 2007-"],"collection_title_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews,    \n 2007-"],"collection_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews,    \n 2007-"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library.  \n"],"creator_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library.  \n"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, 2007-2018. In 2016, copies of interviews conducted from 2007-2016 were donated to the Library of Virginia for longterm preservation and access.    \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American judges  -- Biographies.","African American judges -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Judges -- Virginia -- biographies.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Biographies.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American judges  -- Biographies.","African American judges -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Judges -- Virginia -- biographies.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Biographies.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["15 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and 4 digital moving image files recorded with HDV camera; 15 transcripts."],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Advisory Committee (formerly Commission) was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project was brought under the auspices of the Virginia State Law Library in 2011 and is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJudge G. Steven Agee (b. 1952) was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2003 and served until 2008, when he was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2001 to 2003. He was in private practice in Roanoke from 1977 to 2000 and a member of the House of Delegates from 1982 to 1994. Agee was born in Roanoke.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice Harry Lee Carrico (b. 1916) was appointed to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1961 and was chief justice from 1981-2003. Before joining the court, he was a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County.  He was an ensign in the he navy during World War II. Carrico was born in Washington D.C. and reared in rural Fauquier and Fairfax counties.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice George M. Cochran (1912-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1969-1987. A lifelong resident of Staunton, he was a member of the House of Delegates from 1948 to 1966 and the Virginia Senate from 1966 to 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBarbara M. Keenan  (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1991 to 2010, when she was confirmed as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. She was a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985 to 1991. She was the first woman to serve as a circuit and appellate court judge in Virginia. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCynthia D. Kinser (b. 1951) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1997 to 2014, and as chief justice from 2011 to 2014. She was the third woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia and the first woman to serve as chief justice.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (b. 1940) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1995 to 2011, when he took senior status. He was one ten judges who served on the first Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and served on the court until 1995. He was the second chief judge of the court, serving from 1985 to 1993. From 1976 to 1984, Koontz was a circuit court judge in 23rd judicial circuit in Roanoke; from 1968 to 1976, he was a juvenile and domestic relations judge in the general district court in Roanoke.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice Elizabeth B. Lacy (b. 1945) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1989 to 2007, when she took senior status. She was the first woman to serve on the court, the first woman to serve as Deputy Attorney General in Virginia, and the first woman to serve as a judge on the State Corporation Commission. Lacy was born in South Carolina and grew up in Wisconsin.  She worked in Texas as a teacher and Assistant Attorney General and Division Chief (1972-1976) before moving to Virginia. She was Virginia Deputy Attorney General, overseeing all civil litigation, from 1982-1985; and Judge, Virginia State Corporation Commission, 1985-1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr. (b. 1949) served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 2008 to 2015, when he took senior status. He served on the Court of Appeals from 2007 to 2008. Millette was a circuit court judge in Prince William County from 1993 to 2007, a district court judge from 1990 to 1993, and an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Prince William County from 1986 to 1993. As a circuit court judge he presided over two widely publicized criminal trials: John Wayne Bobbitt in 1993 and John Allen Muhammed in 2003.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice Charles S. Russell (b. 1926) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1982-1991. He returned to the court as a senior justice in 2004.Russell practiced law in Arlington and Fairfax from 1951 to 1967 and was appointed judge for the 17th Judicial District in 1967. From 1967 to 1982, Russell was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County.  Russell was born in Richmond.  He served in the U.S. Navy in World II and the Korean War.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice Roscoe B. Stephenson (1922-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia as justice from 1981 to 1997, when he took senior status. A lifelong resident of Covington, Va., Stephenson practiced law in Covington and was Alleghany County Commonwealth's Attorney and a judge on the 25th judicial circuit before his appointment to the Supreme Court.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice John Charles Thomas (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1983-1989. A native of Norfolk, Thomas graduated from the University of Virginia law school in 1975 and worked at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams law form in Richmond, where he became the first African American to be named partner in a large law firm in the South. When Thomas resigned from the Supreme Court in 1989, he returned to private practice at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice W. Carrington (William Carrington) Thompson (1915-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1980-1983. A native of Chatham, Virginia, he established a law practice there after returning from service in the navy during World War II.  Thompson served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1959 to 1968 and the Virginia State Senate from 1968-1973.  He was a circuit judge before his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJustice Henry H. Whiting (1923-) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1987 to 1995, when he took senior status. Whiting was born in Fort Logan, Colorado, and spent most of his youth in Winchester, Virginia.  He attended Virginia Tech for one year before enlisting in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended the University of Virginia and earned a law degree there in 1949.  He practiced law in Winchester, Virginia, for much of his career. In 1980, Whiting was appointed to the 28th Judicial Circuit by Governor John Dalton; in 1987, he was elected by the General Assembly to the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Advisory Committee (formerly Commission) was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project was brought under the auspices of the Virginia State Law Library in 2011 and is ongoing.","Judge G. Steven Agee (b. 1952) was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2003 and served until 2008, when he was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2001 to 2003. He was in private practice in Roanoke from 1977 to 2000 and a member of the House of Delegates from 1982 to 1994. Agee was born in Roanoke.","Justice Harry Lee Carrico (b. 1916) was appointed to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1961 and was chief justice from 1981-2003. Before joining the court, he was a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County.  He was an ensign in the he navy during World War II. Carrico was born in Washington D.C. and reared in rural Fauquier and Fairfax counties.","Justice George M. Cochran (1912-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1969-1987. A lifelong resident of Staunton, he was a member of the House of Delegates from 1948 to 1966 and the Virginia Senate from 1966 to 1968.","Barbara M. Keenan  (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1991 to 2010, when she was confirmed as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. She was a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985 to 1991. She was the first woman to serve as a circuit and appellate court judge in Virginia. \n","Cynthia D. Kinser (b. 1951) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1997 to 2014, and as chief justice from 2011 to 2014. She was the third woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia and the first woman to serve as chief justice.","Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (b. 1940) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1995 to 2011, when he took senior status. He was one ten judges who served on the first Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and served on the court until 1995. He was the second chief judge of the court, serving from 1985 to 1993. From 1976 to 1984, Koontz was a circuit court judge in 23rd judicial circuit in Roanoke; from 1968 to 1976, he was a juvenile and domestic relations judge in the general district court in Roanoke.","Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy (b. 1945) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1989 to 2007, when she took senior status. She was the first woman to serve on the court, the first woman to serve as Deputy Attorney General in Virginia, and the first woman to serve as a judge on the State Corporation Commission. Lacy was born in South Carolina and grew up in Wisconsin.  She worked in Texas as a teacher and Assistant Attorney General and Division Chief (1972-1976) before moving to Virginia. She was Virginia Deputy Attorney General, overseeing all civil litigation, from 1982-1985; and Judge, Virginia State Corporation Commission, 1985-1989.","Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr. (b. 1949) served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 2008 to 2015, when he took senior status. He served on the Court of Appeals from 2007 to 2008. Millette was a circuit court judge in Prince William County from 1993 to 2007, a district court judge from 1990 to 1993, and an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Prince William County from 1986 to 1993. As a circuit court judge he presided over two widely publicized criminal trials: John Wayne Bobbitt in 1993 and John Allen Muhammed in 2003.   \n","Justice Charles S. Russell (b. 1926) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1982-1991. He returned to the court as a senior justice in 2004.Russell practiced law in Arlington and Fairfax from 1951 to 1967 and was appointed judge for the 17th Judicial District in 1967. From 1967 to 1982, Russell was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County.  Russell was born in Richmond.  He served in the U.S. Navy in World II and the Korean War.","Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson (1922-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia as justice from 1981 to 1997, when he took senior status. A lifelong resident of Covington, Va., Stephenson practiced law in Covington and was Alleghany County Commonwealth's Attorney and a judge on the 25th judicial circuit before his appointment to the Supreme Court.","Justice John Charles Thomas (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1983-1989. A native of Norfolk, Thomas graduated from the University of Virginia law school in 1975 and worked at Hunton \u0026 Williams law form in Richmond, where he became the first African American to be named partner in a large law firm in the South. When Thomas resigned from the Supreme Court in 1989, he returned to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.","Justice W. Carrington (William Carrington) Thompson (1915-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1980-1983. A native of Chatham, Virginia, he established a law practice there after returning from service in the navy during World War II.  Thompson served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1959 to 1968 and the Virginia State Senate from 1968-1973.  He was a circuit judge before his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia.","Justice Henry H. Whiting (1923-) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1987 to 1995, when he took senior status. Whiting was born in Fort Logan, Colorado, and spent most of his youth in Winchester, Virginia.  He attended Virginia Tech for one year before enlisting in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended the University of Virginia and earned a law degree there in 1949.  He practiced law in Winchester, Virginia, for much of his career. In 1980, Whiting was appointed to the 28th Judicial Circuit by Governor John Dalton; in 1987, he was elected by the General Assembly to the Supreme Court of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Judge G. Steven Agee by Connie Doebele (September 26, 2017, 2 hours, 22 minutes; transcript available), Judge Agee talks about his early life and family, his father's military service in World War II, practicing law in Roanoke, and serving in the House of Delegates.  He discusses changes in Virginia politics in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Republican party; and serving as an appellate court judge in the state and federal court system. Agee also discusses his legislative career, including his advocacy of changes in the judicial selection process and the parole system; and the unique sense of history associated with the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Judge Joanne Alper (April 12, 2007, 78 minutes; transcript available), Justice Carrico discusses changes he witnessed during his long tenure on the court, his experiences as a young judge and lawyer in northern Virginia (Alexandria and Fairfax and Prince William counties) in the 1940s and 1950s, his work on the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and his relationships with U.S. Supreme Court justices Warren Burger and William Rehnquist.  Toward the end of the interview, he reflects on his relationships with the justices who were on the Supreme Court of Virginia when he was appointed in 1961, his workflow and opinion-writing processes, the creation of the Office of the Executive Secretary (court administrator), and the appointments of the first African American and women justices to the court.  He also talks about the establishment of the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and a statewide system of Juvenile and Domestic Relations courts in 1972 and 1973. The interview concludes with a discussion of the founding of the National Center for State Courts in 1971.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 28, 2007, 1 hour, 57 minutes; transcript available), Carrico discusses his family and early life on a dairy farm in rural Fairfax County, his father's work as a billboard artist for the General Outdoor Advertising Company and his business operating a riding stable.  He recalls going to a combined grade school and high school in Bailey's Crossroads and attending Lee-Jackson High School in Fairfax County, and working and attending law school in Washington D.C. He discusses his experience working in contract terminations in the navy during World War II, his work as a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County before and after the war, and his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1961. Toward the end of the interview, Carrico talks about the process of writing opinions, and his decision in Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, which upheld the state statute barring interracial marriage in 1967.  He reflects on changes in the court during his tenure, including the appointment of the first African American and women justices, and his recollections of the justices who were on the court when he was appointed in 1961 (Chief Justice John Eggleston, Justice L. Warren I'Anson, Justice Claude V. Spratley, Harold F. Snead). The interview ends with a discussion of Carrico's work for the John Marshall Foundation and his thoughts about the historical importance of Marshall's contributions to the judiciary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice George M. Cochran by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (March 30, 2007, 1 hour, 56 minutes; transcript available), Justice Cochran talks about his family's roots in Staunton, his ancestor Alexander H.H. Stuart and Stuart's political career before and after the Civil War.  He reflects on his early life in Staunton, his education at Episcopal High School in Alexandria and at the University of Virginia, and his service in the navy in California and the Pacific during World War II. He discusses being a state legislator  during the 1950s and 1960s and efforts by a younger generation of legislators to repeal the poll tax and segregation laws after World War II.  Cochran also reflects on massive resistance and working to establish a community college system in Virginia. He talks about working with fellow state legislators Armistead Boothe, Mosby G. Perrow, Tayloe Murphy, Mills Godwin, and Albertis Harrison, and Governor Colgate Darden, and Governor Lindsay Almond. Toward the end of the interview, Cochran talks about his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, his friendship with Albertis Harrison when they were both on the court, his thoughts about dissenting from the majority, and making the transition from writing legal briefs to writing judicial opinions. The interview concludes with Cochran's recollections about organizing meetings of the Virginia State Bar Association in England and Scotland, the appointment of the first women and African American justices to the court, and socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Judge Barbara Milano Keenan by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 6, 2013, 2 hours, 38 minutes; transcript available), Judge Keenan talks about her family's history and the influence of their experiences as immigrants to West Virginia in the early twentieth century, attending Catholic high school in Arlington, Virginia, and Cornell University during the 1960s; and working at the U.S. Department of Justice while attending law school at George Washington University. She discusses her early career as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Fairfax County, working as a lawyer in private practice, her first years on the bench as a district and circuit court judge in Fairfax, and her service on the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the Supreme Court of Virginia, and the Fourth Circuit, U.S. Court of Appeals. She also reflects on the experience of being among the first women judges in Virginia and the influences of mentors and colleagues throughout her career.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interview of Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser was conducted by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander August 16, 2016, at Gentry Locke law firm in Roanoke, Virginia. The recording and transcript of the interview are closed until August 16, 2026.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. by Gail Warren, State Law Librarian (May 17, 2013, 55 minutes; transcript available), Justice Koontz talks about growing up in Salem, Virginia, attending Virginia Tech and law school at the University of Richmond, and his early years as a lawyer, commonwealth's attorney, and judge in Roanoke. He reflects on the experience of forming rules and procedures for the Court of Appeals, serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia, and changes in the legal profession and the judiciary during his career.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 15, 2008, 1 hour, 56 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about growing up in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where her parents owned a business, in the 1950s; her education at Catholic schools in Oshkosh and at St. Mary's College at Notre Dame, and attending law school at the University of Texas in Austin.  She talks about her early legal career working for the Texas Legislative Council and the Texas Attorney General's office, where she became the first woman division chief.  She reflects on the political atmosphere in Texas when she was in law school and in the early years of her legal career, and the influence of women such as Barbara Jordan, Kay Bailey Hutchinson, Sarah Weddington, and others who were elected to public office in Texas in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy recounts moving to Virginia in the late 1970s, her work as Deputy Attorney General under Attorney General Gerald Baliles, her appointment to the State Corporation Commission in 1985 and her work there, and her appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  The interview ends with Lacy's reflections on her early experiences on the court and changes in the court during her tenure.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (October 8, 2008, 1 hour, 38 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about the appellate court process and the experience of working as a member of a group.  She recalls cases that were particularly memorable involving redistricting, the definition of injury in a medical malpractice suit involving a tubal litigation; and a privacy case pertaining to parents' right to serve alcohol to minors in the privacy of their homes. She also talks about the early use of DNA evidence in Virginia and problems with evidence in death penalty cases.  In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy talks about her work on the Virginia Taskforce on Gender Bias in the Courtroom, her thoughts about gender, feminism, and gender discrimination, her perception of changes in the tone of the court during the period she served, her approach to decision-making in a group, the opinion-writing process, writing techniques, and working with law clerks.  Toward the end of the interview, Justice Lacy reflects on her involvement in professional organizations like the National Association of Women Judges and the American Bar Association, and the importance of being a public advocate for the judicial system.  She talks about the regulatory role of the Supreme Court of Virginia, and her efforts to stay informed of changes in legal education and practice.  The interview concludes with Justice Lacy's reflections on her legacy as the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Millette by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 16, 2017, 2 hours, 1 minute; transcript available) Millette talks about his family and growing up in Alexandria and Fairfax Virginia, attending the College of William and Mary, establishing a law practice in Prince William County, working as an assistant commonwealth's attorney and becoming a judge. He discusses his experiences presiding over the trial of John Wayne Bobbitt, in 1993, and John Allen Muhammad in 2003; and working as a circuit court and appellate judge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Charles S. Russell by Judge Joanne Alper (April 23, 2007, 68 minutes; transcript available), Russell talks about his experience as a circuit court judge in Arlington County and his tenure on the Supreme Court of Virginia.  He discusses his election to the court by one vote in 1982 and reflects on changes in the Virginia judiciary during his tenure as a justice and senior justice, particularly a greater acceptance of dissent and declining deference toward older justices.  Russell also talks about colorful personalities he remembers from his early years as a member of the Arlington County bar.  He talks about Judge Walter T. McCarthy, who inspired him when he was a child growing up in Arlington.  Russell also reflects on memorable cases and historical events during his career.  The interview closes with Russell's recollection of watching the attack on the Pentagon from his office window in Arlington on September 11, 2001, and his thoughts about the lasting impact of the event.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (April 30, 2007, 1 hour, 27 minutes; transcript available), Justice Stephenson talks about his parents and siblings and growing up in Covington, Virginia, where his father was a lawyer.  He recalls attending Washington and Lee University as an undergraduate and working on a construction project in Hampton and a steamer out of Baltimore during the break between college and law school, after he was discharged from the military on account of a heart murmur.  Stephenson recalls that he was only one of two students attending law school at Washington and Lee University in 1945 because of the war. He talks about returning to Covington after law school, practicing law there with his father in the 1950s, and being Commonwealth's Attorney and a circuit court judge in Alleghany County.  Stephenson reflects on changes in the judiciary beginning in the 1970s, particularly the increase of women, and the appointment of Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman justice, to the court in 1989.  In the second part of the interview, Stephenson talks about his approach to writing opinions and cases that were particularly memorable. He discusses the use of DNA evidence in the Spencer v. Commonwealth of Virginia cases, other death penalty cases, and cases involving rights to mine coal and gas. The interview closes with Stephenson's recollections of his relationships with other justices and law clerks and memories of socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond when the court was in session.          \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 11, 2007, 2 hours, 21 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thomas discusses his family's roots in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk, growing up in segregated Norfolk, and the influence on him of his parents, grandparents, extended  family, community, school, and church.  He recalls his maternal grandfather, who taught him to recite poetry when he was a young boy, and the minister of the First Baptist Church. He talks about his decision to attend Maury High School, a predominantly white high school in Norfolk, in 1965, and his experiences as a student there; and attending the University of Virginia.  Thomas also reflects on clerking for the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department one summer when he was a law student, and how this experience helped him in his efforts to secure a position at a large law firm in Virginia after he graduated.  He recounts his early years working at the Richmond law firm Hunton \u0026amp; Williams, where he did legal work for Virginia Electric and Power Company, and becoming the first African American lawyer to make partner at a white law firm in the South. Toward the end of the interview, Thomas discusses his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia and being the first African American appointed to the court.  He reflects on differences between himself and the other justices, in style, training, and age.  The interview closes with Thomas' thoughts on memorable opinions.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (August 8, 2007, 1 hour, five minutes; transcript available), Thomas talks about his legal career in more detail, from his work as a young lawyer at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams, to his work as a justice, to his work on appellate cases after returning to private practice at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams.  He recalls traveling to small courthouses around Virginia and arguing cases before the supreme court as a young lawyer.  Thomas also elaborates on his nomination to the court and adjusting to being an appellate judge. He reflects on the changes he observed when Justice Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman appointed to the court, joined the men on the court, and the generation gap he felt existed between himself and Lacy and the rest of the justices, who were much older. Thomas concludes by talking about the changes he has witnessed during his lifetime and the sacrifices made by Oliver Hill and other pioneering African American lawyers as they worked to change institutions that were resistant to change.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice W. Carrington Thompson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (November 14, 2007, 1 hour, 32 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thompson talks about his parents and his early life in Chatham, Virginia, particularly the influence of his father; his experiences as a student at Hampden-Sydney College, his professors, his religious education and the importance of his religious faith throughout his life.  He talks about attending law school at the University of Virginia and being in the navy during World War II in the South Pacific.  Thompson recalls his career in Chatham as a lawyer, state legislator, and circuit court judge.  He reflects on the political circumstances of his appointments to the circuit court and Supreme Court of Virginia and his decision to retire after serving only three years.  The interview closes with Thompson's thoughts on writing opinions in two death-penalty cases while he was on the court, his views on the death penalty, and his strict contructionist views on the Constitution and the role of the judiciary.     \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Henry H. Whiting by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (December 12, 2011, 1 hour, 35 minutes; transcript available), Justice Whiting talks about his family, growing up in Winchester, Va., serving in the army during World War II and witnessing the Battle of Remagen, and his thoughts about General George S. Patton, who knew his father and was his godfather; attending college and law school at Virginia Tech and the University of Virginia, and practicing law in Winchester.  Toward the end of interview, he discusses being a circuit judge in Winchester, his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, and serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of Judge G. Steven Agee by Connie Doebele (September 26, 2017, 2 hours, 22 minutes; transcript available), Judge Agee talks about his early life and family, his father's military service in World War II, practicing law in Roanoke, and serving in the House of Delegates.  He discusses changes in Virginia politics in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Republican party; and serving as an appellate court judge in the state and federal court system. Agee also discusses his legislative career, including his advocacy of changes in the judicial selection process and the parole system; and the unique sense of history associated with the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Judge Joanne Alper (April 12, 2007, 78 minutes; transcript available), Justice Carrico discusses changes he witnessed during his long tenure on the court, his experiences as a young judge and lawyer in northern Virginia (Alexandria and Fairfax and Prince William counties) in the 1940s and 1950s, his work on the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and his relationships with U.S. Supreme Court justices Warren Burger and William Rehnquist.  Toward the end of the interview, he reflects on his relationships with the justices who were on the Supreme Court of Virginia when he was appointed in 1961, his workflow and opinion-writing processes, the creation of the Office of the Executive Secretary (court administrator), and the appointments of the first African American and women justices to the court.  He also talks about the establishment of the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and a statewide system of Juvenile and Domestic Relations courts in 1972 and 1973. The interview concludes with a discussion of the founding of the National Center for State Courts in 1971.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 28, 2007, 1 hour, 57 minutes; transcript available), Carrico discusses his family and early life on a dairy farm in rural Fairfax County, his father's work as a billboard artist for the General Outdoor Advertising Company and his business operating a riding stable.  He recalls going to a combined grade school and high school in Bailey's Crossroads and attending Lee-Jackson High School in Fairfax County, and working and attending law school in Washington D.C. He discusses his experience working in contract terminations in the navy during World War II, his work as a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County before and after the war, and his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1961. Toward the end of the interview, Carrico talks about the process of writing opinions, and his decision in Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, which upheld the state statute barring interracial marriage in 1967.  He reflects on changes in the court during his tenure, including the appointment of the first African American and women justices, and his recollections of the justices who were on the court when he was appointed in 1961 (Chief Justice John Eggleston, Justice L. Warren I'Anson, Justice Claude V. Spratley, Harold F. Snead). The interview ends with a discussion of Carrico's work for the John Marshall Foundation and his thoughts about the historical importance of Marshall's contributions to the judiciary.","In the interview of Justice George M. Cochran by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (March 30, 2007, 1 hour, 56 minutes; transcript available), Justice Cochran talks about his family's roots in Staunton, his ancestor Alexander H.H. Stuart and Stuart's political career before and after the Civil War.  He reflects on his early life in Staunton, his education at Episcopal High School in Alexandria and at the University of Virginia, and his service in the navy in California and the Pacific during World War II. He discusses being a state legislator  during the 1950s and 1960s and efforts by a younger generation of legislators to repeal the poll tax and segregation laws after World War II.  Cochran also reflects on massive resistance and working to establish a community college system in Virginia. He talks about working with fellow state legislators Armistead Boothe, Mosby G. Perrow, Tayloe Murphy, Mills Godwin, and Albertis Harrison, and Governor Colgate Darden, and Governor Lindsay Almond. Toward the end of the interview, Cochran talks about his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, his friendship with Albertis Harrison when they were both on the court, his thoughts about dissenting from the majority, and making the transition from writing legal briefs to writing judicial opinions. The interview concludes with Cochran's recollections about organizing meetings of the Virginia State Bar Association in England and Scotland, the appointment of the first women and African American justices to the court, and socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond.","In the interview of Judge Barbara Milano Keenan by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 6, 2013, 2 hours, 38 minutes; transcript available), Judge Keenan talks about her family's history and the influence of their experiences as immigrants to West Virginia in the early twentieth century, attending Catholic high school in Arlington, Virginia, and Cornell University during the 1960s; and working at the U.S. Department of Justice while attending law school at George Washington University. She discusses her early career as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Fairfax County, working as a lawyer in private practice, her first years on the bench as a district and circuit court judge in Fairfax, and her service on the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the Supreme Court of Virginia, and the Fourth Circuit, U.S. Court of Appeals. She also reflects on the experience of being among the first women judges in Virginia and the influences of mentors and colleagues throughout her career.   \n","The interview of Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser was conducted by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander August 16, 2016, at Gentry Locke law firm in Roanoke, Virginia. The recording and transcript of the interview are closed until August 16, 2026.","In the interview of Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. by Gail Warren, State Law Librarian (May 17, 2013, 55 minutes; transcript available), Justice Koontz talks about growing up in Salem, Virginia, attending Virginia Tech and law school at the University of Richmond, and his early years as a lawyer, commonwealth's attorney, and judge in Roanoke. He reflects on the experience of forming rules and procedures for the Court of Appeals, serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia, and changes in the legal profession and the judiciary during his career.","In the interview of Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 15, 2008, 1 hour, 56 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about growing up in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where her parents owned a business, in the 1950s; her education at Catholic schools in Oshkosh and at St. Mary's College at Notre Dame, and attending law school at the University of Texas in Austin.  She talks about her early legal career working for the Texas Legislative Council and the Texas Attorney General's office, where she became the first woman division chief.  She reflects on the political atmosphere in Texas when she was in law school and in the early years of her legal career, and the influence of women such as Barbara Jordan, Kay Bailey Hutchinson, Sarah Weddington, and others who were elected to public office in Texas in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy recounts moving to Virginia in the late 1970s, her work as Deputy Attorney General under Attorney General Gerald Baliles, her appointment to the State Corporation Commission in 1985 and her work there, and her appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  The interview ends with Lacy's reflections on her early experiences on the court and changes in the court during her tenure.","In the interview of Justice Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (October 8, 2008, 1 hour, 38 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about the appellate court process and the experience of working as a member of a group.  She recalls cases that were particularly memorable involving redistricting, the definition of injury in a medical malpractice suit involving a tubal litigation; and a privacy case pertaining to parents' right to serve alcohol to minors in the privacy of their homes. She also talks about the early use of DNA evidence in Virginia and problems with evidence in death penalty cases.  In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy talks about her work on the Virginia Taskforce on Gender Bias in the Courtroom, her thoughts about gender, feminism, and gender discrimination, her perception of changes in the tone of the court during the period she served, her approach to decision-making in a group, the opinion-writing process, writing techniques, and working with law clerks.  Toward the end of the interview, Justice Lacy reflects on her involvement in professional organizations like the National Association of Women Judges and the American Bar Association, and the importance of being a public advocate for the judicial system.  She talks about the regulatory role of the Supreme Court of Virginia, and her efforts to stay informed of changes in legal education and practice.  The interview concludes with Justice Lacy's reflections on her legacy as the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia.\n","In the interview of Justice Millette by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 16, 2017, 2 hours, 1 minute; transcript available) Millette talks about his family and growing up in Alexandria and Fairfax Virginia, attending the College of William and Mary, establishing a law practice in Prince William County, working as an assistant commonwealth's attorney and becoming a judge. He discusses his experiences presiding over the trial of John Wayne Bobbitt, in 1993, and John Allen Muhammad in 2003; and working as a circuit court and appellate judge.","In the interview of Justice Charles S. Russell by Judge Joanne Alper (April 23, 2007, 68 minutes; transcript available), Russell talks about his experience as a circuit court judge in Arlington County and his tenure on the Supreme Court of Virginia.  He discusses his election to the court by one vote in 1982 and reflects on changes in the Virginia judiciary during his tenure as a justice and senior justice, particularly a greater acceptance of dissent and declining deference toward older justices.  Russell also talks about colorful personalities he remembers from his early years as a member of the Arlington County bar.  He talks about Judge Walter T. McCarthy, who inspired him when he was a child growing up in Arlington.  Russell also reflects on memorable cases and historical events during his career.  The interview closes with Russell's recollection of watching the attack on the Pentagon from his office window in Arlington on September 11, 2001, and his thoughts about the lasting impact of the event.","In the interview of Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (April 30, 2007, 1 hour, 27 minutes; transcript available), Justice Stephenson talks about his parents and siblings and growing up in Covington, Virginia, where his father was a lawyer.  He recalls attending Washington and Lee University as an undergraduate and working on a construction project in Hampton and a steamer out of Baltimore during the break between college and law school, after he was discharged from the military on account of a heart murmur.  Stephenson recalls that he was only one of two students attending law school at Washington and Lee University in 1945 because of the war. He talks about returning to Covington after law school, practicing law there with his father in the 1950s, and being Commonwealth's Attorney and a circuit court judge in Alleghany County.  Stephenson reflects on changes in the judiciary beginning in the 1970s, particularly the increase of women, and the appointment of Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman justice, to the court in 1989.  In the second part of the interview, Stephenson talks about his approach to writing opinions and cases that were particularly memorable. He discusses the use of DNA evidence in the Spencer v. Commonwealth of Virginia cases, other death penalty cases, and cases involving rights to mine coal and gas. The interview closes with Stephenson's recollections of his relationships with other justices and law clerks and memories of socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond when the court was in session.          \n","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 11, 2007, 2 hours, 21 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thomas discusses his family's roots in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk, growing up in segregated Norfolk, and the influence on him of his parents, grandparents, extended  family, community, school, and church.  He recalls his maternal grandfather, who taught him to recite poetry when he was a young boy, and the minister of the First Baptist Church. He talks about his decision to attend Maury High School, a predominantly white high school in Norfolk, in 1965, and his experiences as a student there; and attending the University of Virginia.  Thomas also reflects on clerking for the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department one summer when he was a law student, and how this experience helped him in his efforts to secure a position at a large law firm in Virginia after he graduated.  He recounts his early years working at the Richmond law firm Hunton \u0026 Williams, where he did legal work for Virginia Electric and Power Company, and becoming the first African American lawyer to make partner at a white law firm in the South. Toward the end of the interview, Thomas discusses his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia and being the first African American appointed to the court.  He reflects on differences between himself and the other justices, in style, training, and age.  The interview closes with Thomas' thoughts on memorable opinions.   \n","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (August 8, 2007, 1 hour, five minutes; transcript available), Thomas talks about his legal career in more detail, from his work as a young lawyer at Hunton \u0026 Williams, to his work as a justice, to his work on appellate cases after returning to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.  He recalls traveling to small courthouses around Virginia and arguing cases before the supreme court as a young lawyer.  Thomas also elaborates on his nomination to the court and adjusting to being an appellate judge. He reflects on the changes he observed when Justice Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman appointed to the court, joined the men on the court, and the generation gap he felt existed between himself and Lacy and the rest of the justices, who were much older. Thomas concludes by talking about the changes he has witnessed during his lifetime and the sacrifices made by Oliver Hill and other pioneering African American lawyers as they worked to change institutions that were resistant to change.   \n","In the interview of Justice W. Carrington Thompson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (November 14, 2007, 1 hour, 32 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thompson talks about his parents and his early life in Chatham, Virginia, particularly the influence of his father; his experiences as a student at Hampden-Sydney College, his professors, his religious education and the importance of his religious faith throughout his life.  He talks about attending law school at the University of Virginia and being in the navy during World War II in the South Pacific.  Thompson recalls his career in Chatham as a lawyer, state legislator, and circuit court judge.  He reflects on the political circumstances of his appointments to the circuit court and Supreme Court of Virginia and his decision to retire after serving only three years.  The interview closes with Thompson's thoughts on writing opinions in two death-penalty cases while he was on the court, his views on the death penalty, and his strict contructionist views on the Constitution and the role of the judiciary.     \n","In the interview of Justice Henry H. Whiting by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (December 12, 2011, 1 hour, 35 minutes; transcript available), Justice Whiting talks about his family, growing up in Winchester, Va., serving in the army during World War II and witnessing the Battle of Remagen, and his thoughts about General George S. Patton, who knew his father and was his godfather; attending college and law school at Virginia Tech and the University of Virginia, and practicing law in Winchester.  Toward the end of interview, he discusses being a circuit judge in Winchester, his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, and serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices were conducted for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission by Arlington County Circuit Judge Joanne F. Alper (1 interview), Norfolk State Professor of History Cassandra Newby-Alexander, State Law Librarian Gail Warren (1 interview), and Connie Doebele (1 interview), beginning in 2007. Interviews have been conducted with the following:  Judge G. Steven Agee, Justice Harry L. Carrico, Justice George M. Cochran, Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr., Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy, Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr., Justice Charles Russell, Justice W. Carrington Thompson, and Justice Henry H. Whiting.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices were conducted for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission by Arlington County Circuit Judge Joanne F. Alper (1 interview), Norfolk State Professor of History Cassandra Newby-Alexander, State Law Librarian Gail Warren (1 interview), and Connie Doebele (1 interview), beginning in 2007. Interviews have been conducted with the following:  Judge G. Steven Agee, Justice Harry L. Carrico, Justice George M. Cochran, Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr., Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy, Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr., Justice Charles Russell, Justice W. Carrington Thompson, and Justice Henry H. Whiting."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:38.949Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00009"}},{"id":"vil_vil00007","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00007","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00007","_root_":"vil_vil00007","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00007","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00007.xml","title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"text":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n","William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n","The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.","In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n","Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"collection_title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"collection_ssim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission in 2008 and 2009.  \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)"],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n"],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cnote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/note\u003e"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026amp; Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:35.427Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00007","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00007","_root_":"vil_vil00007","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00007","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00007.xml","title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"text":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n","William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n","The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.","In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n","Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"collection_title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"collection_ssim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission in 2008 and 2009.  \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)"],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n"],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cnote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/note\u003e"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026amp; Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:35.427Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia","value":"Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Newby-Alexander%2C+Cassandra%2C+1956-.\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+State+Law+Library%2C+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Newby-Alexander%2C+Cassandra%2C+1956-.\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015","value":"Court of Appeals of Virginia Oral History Interviews,   \n 2009-2015","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Court+of+Appeals+of+Virginia+Oral+History+Interviews%2C+++%0A+2009-2015\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Newby-Alexander%2C+Cassandra%2C+1956-.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009","value":"Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Judge+Philip+Trompeter+Oral+History+Interview%2C+++%0A+2009\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Newby-Alexander%2C+Cassandra%2C+1956-.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Oral History Interview of Allen L. 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