{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Johnson%2C+Lyndon+B.+%28Lyndon+Baines%29%2C+1908-1973.\u0026view=compact","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Johnson%2C+Lyndon+B.+%28Lyndon+Baines%29%2C+1908-1973.\u0026page=1\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":4,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vifgm_apic","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"American Political Items Collectors collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_apic#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"American Political Items Collectors","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_apic#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The American Political Items Collectors Collection (APIC) contains donations of scholarly material that relates to national political campaigns as well as American history dating from 1895 to 1988. This collection is comprised of presidential campaigning materials that stem from bumper stickers to voting ballots. Not only is it an extensive collection of presidential campaigns but it also houses historical magazines, newspapers, and many other manuscripts and books. ","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_apic#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_apic","ead_ssi":"vifgm_apic","_root_":"vifgm_apic","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_apic","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/gmu/apic.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/apic.html","title_ssm":["American Political Items Collectors collection\n"],"title_tesim":["American Political Items Collectors collection\n"],"unitdate_ssm":["1895-1988\n"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1895-1988\n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0023\n"],"text":["C0023\n","American Political Items Collectors collection","Political campaigns--United States.","Watergate Affair, 1972-1974.","Organized into three series:","Series 1: Subject Files, 1895-1982 (Boxes 1-3) Series 2: Printed Material, 1932-1982 (Boxes 3-6) Series 3: Oversize Material, 1940-1988 (Boxes 7-8)","The American Political Items Collectors (APIC) is a non-profit membership organization that seeks to encourage and support the collection, study and preservation of original materials relating to political campaigns of the United States of America.  The APIC was founded in 1945 with the hope of promoting the heritage of the United States through the study of materials that cover political campaigns and the presidency.  \n","The American Political Items Collectors Collection (APIC) contains donations of scholarly material that relates to national political campaigns as well as American history dating from 1895 to 1988.  This collection is comprised of presidential campaigning materials that stem from bumper stickers to voting ballots.  Not only is it an extensive collection of presidential campaigns but it  also houses historical magazines, newspapers, and many other manuscripts and books.  The APIC collection is divided into three series for easy research and use.  The three series are: Subject Files, arranged alphabetically; Printed Material, arranged alphabetically; and Oversize Materials, separated into posters and newspapers arranged chronologically.  \n","The first series, Subject Files, ranges from 1895 to 1982.  It is composed of campaigning materials from presidential candidates such as Jimmy Carter, Hubert Humphrey,George McGovern, Richard Nixon and many more.  Included in this campaigning material are informational pamphlets, stickers and stamps.  The inaugural events and invitations to John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson's inaugural celebration are included here as well as a copy of the Watergate Transcript.  The historic voting ballots of 1936 which elected Franklin D. Roosevelt president are in this collection as well.  Also in the Subject Files is a collection of magazines such as \"Time\" and \"Life\" from 1960-1967 that cover the life and death of President John F. Kennedy.  Lyndon B. Johnson's photography book entitled \"This America\" is also included here.\n","The second series, Printed Material, is composed of magazines, newsletters and books dating from 1932 to 1982.  Included in this collection is the APIC newsletter, \"Keynoter,\" dating from 1967 to 1982, as well as the 1965 APIC \"Brummagem.\"  Also included are special 1976 magazine issues covering the 200-year anniversary of America.  Magazines included for these special anniversary issues are \"McCall's,\" \"Time,\" and \"Newsweek.\"  Also provided in the Printed Materials series are handbooks, pamphlets, admission tickets and official proceeding booklets of the Democratic National Convention from the years 1964 to 1976.  Other printed material included in this collection are copies of  \"Political Intelligence\" newsletter, \"The Capitol,\" and \"The Standard.\"  \n","The third series in the APIC collection, Oversize Material, is composed of posters, newspapers, photographs, political buttons and a Presidential Fact Finder Wheel artifact.  Posters date from as early as 1940 up to as late as 1980.  Some highlights in the poster collection include posters of Ronald Reagan and George Bush, Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale, Richard Nixon, Andrew Pulley and Matilde Zimmerman of the Socialist Workers Party, and Henry Wallace.  The newspaper collection contains articles from 1961 to 1981 and is composed of the \"Washington Post,\" \"Washington Star,\" \"Washington Daily News,\" and the \"New York Times.\"  Important subjects of these newspapers range from President John F. Kennedy's assassination and internment as well as the marriage of Chuck Robb and Lynda Bird Johnson.  Other highlights are the 100 year anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg and the inauguration coverage of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. There are also three large format photographs from the 1988 Democratic National Convention and the 1988 Republican National Convention.  The photographs are of Michael Dukakis' acceptance speech, Beryl Ann Bentson, Lloyd Bentson, Michael Dukakis, and Kitty Dukakis together on the stage, Senator Paul Simon speaking to reporters, Jesse Jackson, Pat Robertson, and Jerry Falwell.  The three political buttons feature \"Vote Communist for a free, happy, prosperous America\", \"Ollie for President!\", and \"Bush, Quayle '88\".\n","The American Political Items Collectors Collection (APIC) contains donations of scholarly material that relates to national political campaigns as well as American history dating from 1895 to 1988.  This collection is comprised of presidential campaigning materials that stem from bumper stickers to voting ballots.  Not only is it an extensive collection of presidential campaigns but it also houses historical magazines, newspapers, and many other manuscripts and books.\n","George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives\n","American Political Items Collectors","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["C0023\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["American Political Items Collectors collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["American Political Items Collectors collection"],"collection_ssim":["American Political Items Collectors collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["American Political Items Collectors"],"creator_ssim":["American Political Items Collectors"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["American Political Items Collectors"],"creators_ssim":["American Political Items Collectors"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was donated by Richard Lyon and Robert Fratkin of APIC in 1981 and donated by Theodore Hake in 1982. Additional photographs donated by Mills Kelly in 2009.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Political campaigns--United States.","Watergate Affair, 1972-1974."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Political campaigns--United States.","Watergate Affair, 1972-1974."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6 linear feet (8 boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["6 linear feet (8 boxes)"],"date_range_isim":[1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized into three series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Subject Files, 1895-1982 (Boxes 1-3)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Printed Material, 1932-1982 (Boxes 3-6)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: Oversize Material, 1940-1988 (Boxes 7-8)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized into three series:","Series 1: Subject Files, 1895-1982 (Boxes 1-3) Series 2: Printed Material, 1932-1982 (Boxes 3-6) Series 3: Oversize Material, 1940-1988 (Boxes 7-8)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe American Political Items Collectors (APIC) is a non-profit membership organization that seeks to encourage and support the collection, study and preservation of original materials relating to political campaigns of the United States of America.  The APIC was founded in 1945 with the hope of promoting the heritage of the United States through the study of materials that cover political campaigns and the presidency.  \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The American Political Items Collectors (APIC) is a non-profit membership organization that seeks to encourage and support the collection, study and preservation of original materials relating to political campaigns of the United States of America.  The APIC was founded in 1945 with the hope of promoting the heritage of the United States through the study of materials that cover political campaigns and the presidency.  \n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe American Political Items Collectors Collection (APIC) contains donations of scholarly material that relates to national political campaigns as well as American history dating from 1895 to 1988.  This collection is comprised of presidential campaigning materials that stem from bumper stickers to voting ballots.  Not only is it an extensive collection of presidential campaigns but it  also houses historical magazines, newspapers, and many other manuscripts and books.  The APIC collection is divided into three series for easy research and use.  The three series are: Subject Files, arranged alphabetically; Printed Material, arranged alphabetically; and Oversize Materials, separated into posters and newspapers arranged chronologically.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first series, Subject Files, ranges from 1895 to 1982.  It is composed of campaigning materials from presidential candidates such as Jimmy Carter, Hubert Humphrey,George McGovern, Richard Nixon and many more.  Included in this campaigning material are informational pamphlets, stickers and stamps.  The inaugural events and invitations to John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson's inaugural celebration are included here as well as a copy of the Watergate Transcript.  The historic voting ballots of 1936 which elected Franklin D. Roosevelt president are in this collection as well.  Also in the Subject Files is a collection of magazines such as \"Time\" and \"Life\" from 1960-1967 that cover the life and death of President John F. Kennedy.  Lyndon B. Johnson's photography book entitled \"This America\" is also included here.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second series, Printed Material, is composed of magazines, newsletters and books dating from 1932 to 1982.  Included in this collection is the APIC newsletter, \"Keynoter,\" dating from 1967 to 1982, as well as the 1965 APIC \"Brummagem.\"  Also included are special 1976 magazine issues covering the 200-year anniversary of America.  Magazines included for these special anniversary issues are \"McCall's,\" \"Time,\" and \"Newsweek.\"  Also provided in the Printed Materials series are handbooks, pamphlets, admission tickets and official proceeding booklets of the Democratic National Convention from the years 1964 to 1976.  Other printed material included in this collection are copies of  \"Political Intelligence\" newsletter, \"The Capitol,\" and \"The Standard.\"  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe third series in the APIC collection, Oversize Material, is composed of posters, newspapers, photographs, political buttons and a Presidential Fact Finder Wheel artifact.  Posters date from as early as 1940 up to as late as 1980.  Some highlights in the poster collection include posters of Ronald Reagan and George Bush, Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale, Richard Nixon, Andrew Pulley and Matilde Zimmerman of the Socialist Workers Party, and Henry Wallace.  The newspaper collection contains articles from 1961 to 1981 and is composed of the \"Washington Post,\" \"Washington Star,\" \"Washington Daily News,\" and the \"New York Times.\"  Important subjects of these newspapers range from President John F. Kennedy's assassination and internment as well as the marriage of Chuck Robb and Lynda Bird Johnson.  Other highlights are the 100 year anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg and the inauguration coverage of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. There are also three large format photographs from the 1988 Democratic National Convention and the 1988 Republican National Convention.  The photographs are of Michael Dukakis' acceptance speech, Beryl Ann Bentson, Lloyd Bentson, Michael Dukakis, and Kitty Dukakis together on the stage, Senator Paul Simon speaking to reporters, Jesse Jackson, Pat Robertson, and Jerry Falwell.  The three political buttons feature \"Vote Communist for a free, happy, prosperous America\", \"Ollie for President!\", and \"Bush, Quayle '88\".\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The American Political Items Collectors Collection (APIC) contains donations of scholarly material that relates to national political campaigns as well as American history dating from 1895 to 1988.  This collection is comprised of presidential campaigning materials that stem from bumper stickers to voting ballots.  Not only is it an extensive collection of presidential campaigns but it  also houses historical magazines, newspapers, and many other manuscripts and books.  The APIC collection is divided into three series for easy research and use.  The three series are: Subject Files, arranged alphabetically; Printed Material, arranged alphabetically; and Oversize Materials, separated into posters and newspapers arranged chronologically.  \n","The first series, Subject Files, ranges from 1895 to 1982.  It is composed of campaigning materials from presidential candidates such as Jimmy Carter, Hubert Humphrey,George McGovern, Richard Nixon and many more.  Included in this campaigning material are informational pamphlets, stickers and stamps.  The inaugural events and invitations to John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson's inaugural celebration are included here as well as a copy of the Watergate Transcript.  The historic voting ballots of 1936 which elected Franklin D. Roosevelt president are in this collection as well.  Also in the Subject Files is a collection of magazines such as \"Time\" and \"Life\" from 1960-1967 that cover the life and death of President John F. Kennedy.  Lyndon B. Johnson's photography book entitled \"This America\" is also included here.\n","The second series, Printed Material, is composed of magazines, newsletters and books dating from 1932 to 1982.  Included in this collection is the APIC newsletter, \"Keynoter,\" dating from 1967 to 1982, as well as the 1965 APIC \"Brummagem.\"  Also included are special 1976 magazine issues covering the 200-year anniversary of America.  Magazines included for these special anniversary issues are \"McCall's,\" \"Time,\" and \"Newsweek.\"  Also provided in the Printed Materials series are handbooks, pamphlets, admission tickets and official proceeding booklets of the Democratic National Convention from the years 1964 to 1976.  Other printed material included in this collection are copies of  \"Political Intelligence\" newsletter, \"The Capitol,\" and \"The Standard.\"  \n","The third series in the APIC collection, Oversize Material, is composed of posters, newspapers, photographs, political buttons and a Presidential Fact Finder Wheel artifact.  Posters date from as early as 1940 up to as late as 1980.  Some highlights in the poster collection include posters of Ronald Reagan and George Bush, Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale, Richard Nixon, Andrew Pulley and Matilde Zimmerman of the Socialist Workers Party, and Henry Wallace.  The newspaper collection contains articles from 1961 to 1981 and is composed of the \"Washington Post,\" \"Washington Star,\" \"Washington Daily News,\" and the \"New York Times.\"  Important subjects of these newspapers range from President John F. Kennedy's assassination and internment as well as the marriage of Chuck Robb and Lynda Bird Johnson.  Other highlights are the 100 year anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg and the inauguration coverage of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. There are also three large format photographs from the 1988 Democratic National Convention and the 1988 Republican National Convention.  The photographs are of Michael Dukakis' acceptance speech, Beryl Ann Bentson, Lloyd Bentson, Michael Dukakis, and Kitty Dukakis together on the stage, Senator Paul Simon speaking to reporters, Jesse Jackson, Pat Robertson, and Jerry Falwell.  The three political buttons feature \"Vote Communist for a free, happy, prosperous America\", \"Ollie for President!\", and \"Bush, Quayle '88\".\n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe American Political Items Collectors Collection (APIC) contains donations of scholarly material that relates to national political campaigns as well as American history dating from 1895 to 1988.  This collection is comprised of presidential campaigning materials that stem from bumper stickers to voting ballots.  Not only is it an extensive collection of presidential campaigns but it also houses historical magazines, newspapers, and many other manuscripts and books.\n\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The American Political Items Collectors Collection (APIC) contains donations of scholarly material that relates to national political campaigns as well as American history dating from 1895 to 1988.  This collection is comprised of presidential campaigning materials that stem from bumper stickers to voting ballots.  Not only is it an extensive collection of presidential campaigns but it also houses historical magazines, newspapers, and many other manuscripts and books.\n"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives\n","American Political Items Collectors","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives\n","American Political Items Collectors"],"persname_ssim":["Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":100,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:49:04.653Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_apic","ead_ssi":"vifgm_apic","_root_":"vifgm_apic","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_apic","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/gmu/apic.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/apic.html","title_ssm":["American Political Items Collectors collection\n"],"title_tesim":["American Political Items Collectors collection\n"],"unitdate_ssm":["1895-1988\n"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1895-1988\n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0023\n"],"text":["C0023\n","American Political Items Collectors collection","Political campaigns--United States.","Watergate Affair, 1972-1974.","Organized into three series:","Series 1: Subject Files, 1895-1982 (Boxes 1-3) Series 2: Printed Material, 1932-1982 (Boxes 3-6) Series 3: Oversize Material, 1940-1988 (Boxes 7-8)","The American Political Items Collectors (APIC) is a non-profit membership organization that seeks to encourage and support the collection, study and preservation of original materials relating to political campaigns of the United States of America.  The APIC was founded in 1945 with the hope of promoting the heritage of the United States through the study of materials that cover political campaigns and the presidency.  \n","The American Political Items Collectors Collection (APIC) contains donations of scholarly material that relates to national political campaigns as well as American history dating from 1895 to 1988.  This collection is comprised of presidential campaigning materials that stem from bumper stickers to voting ballots.  Not only is it an extensive collection of presidential campaigns but it  also houses historical magazines, newspapers, and many other manuscripts and books.  The APIC collection is divided into three series for easy research and use.  The three series are: Subject Files, arranged alphabetically; Printed Material, arranged alphabetically; and Oversize Materials, separated into posters and newspapers arranged chronologically.  \n","The first series, Subject Files, ranges from 1895 to 1982.  It is composed of campaigning materials from presidential candidates such as Jimmy Carter, Hubert Humphrey,George McGovern, Richard Nixon and many more.  Included in this campaigning material are informational pamphlets, stickers and stamps.  The inaugural events and invitations to John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson's inaugural celebration are included here as well as a copy of the Watergate Transcript.  The historic voting ballots of 1936 which elected Franklin D. Roosevelt president are in this collection as well.  Also in the Subject Files is a collection of magazines such as \"Time\" and \"Life\" from 1960-1967 that cover the life and death of President John F. Kennedy.  Lyndon B. Johnson's photography book entitled \"This America\" is also included here.\n","The second series, Printed Material, is composed of magazines, newsletters and books dating from 1932 to 1982.  Included in this collection is the APIC newsletter, \"Keynoter,\" dating from 1967 to 1982, as well as the 1965 APIC \"Brummagem.\"  Also included are special 1976 magazine issues covering the 200-year anniversary of America.  Magazines included for these special anniversary issues are \"McCall's,\" \"Time,\" and \"Newsweek.\"  Also provided in the Printed Materials series are handbooks, pamphlets, admission tickets and official proceeding booklets of the Democratic National Convention from the years 1964 to 1976.  Other printed material included in this collection are copies of  \"Political Intelligence\" newsletter, \"The Capitol,\" and \"The Standard.\"  \n","The third series in the APIC collection, Oversize Material, is composed of posters, newspapers, photographs, political buttons and a Presidential Fact Finder Wheel artifact.  Posters date from as early as 1940 up to as late as 1980.  Some highlights in the poster collection include posters of Ronald Reagan and George Bush, Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale, Richard Nixon, Andrew Pulley and Matilde Zimmerman of the Socialist Workers Party, and Henry Wallace.  The newspaper collection contains articles from 1961 to 1981 and is composed of the \"Washington Post,\" \"Washington Star,\" \"Washington Daily News,\" and the \"New York Times.\"  Important subjects of these newspapers range from President John F. Kennedy's assassination and internment as well as the marriage of Chuck Robb and Lynda Bird Johnson.  Other highlights are the 100 year anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg and the inauguration coverage of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. There are also three large format photographs from the 1988 Democratic National Convention and the 1988 Republican National Convention.  The photographs are of Michael Dukakis' acceptance speech, Beryl Ann Bentson, Lloyd Bentson, Michael Dukakis, and Kitty Dukakis together on the stage, Senator Paul Simon speaking to reporters, Jesse Jackson, Pat Robertson, and Jerry Falwell.  The three political buttons feature \"Vote Communist for a free, happy, prosperous America\", \"Ollie for President!\", and \"Bush, Quayle '88\".\n","The American Political Items Collectors Collection (APIC) contains donations of scholarly material that relates to national political campaigns as well as American history dating from 1895 to 1988.  This collection is comprised of presidential campaigning materials that stem from bumper stickers to voting ballots.  Not only is it an extensive collection of presidential campaigns but it also houses historical magazines, newspapers, and many other manuscripts and books.\n","George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives\n","American Political Items Collectors","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["C0023\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["American Political Items Collectors collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["American Political Items Collectors collection"],"collection_ssim":["American Political Items Collectors collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["American Political Items Collectors"],"creator_ssim":["American Political Items Collectors"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["American Political Items Collectors"],"creators_ssim":["American Political Items Collectors"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was donated by Richard Lyon and Robert Fratkin of APIC in 1981 and donated by Theodore Hake in 1982. Additional photographs donated by Mills Kelly in 2009.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Political campaigns--United States.","Watergate Affair, 1972-1974."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Political campaigns--United States.","Watergate Affair, 1972-1974."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6 linear feet (8 boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["6 linear feet (8 boxes)"],"date_range_isim":[1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized into three series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Subject Files, 1895-1982 (Boxes 1-3)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Printed Material, 1932-1982 (Boxes 3-6)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: Oversize Material, 1940-1988 (Boxes 7-8)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized into three series:","Series 1: Subject Files, 1895-1982 (Boxes 1-3) Series 2: Printed Material, 1932-1982 (Boxes 3-6) Series 3: Oversize Material, 1940-1988 (Boxes 7-8)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe American Political Items Collectors (APIC) is a non-profit membership organization that seeks to encourage and support the collection, study and preservation of original materials relating to political campaigns of the United States of America.  The APIC was founded in 1945 with the hope of promoting the heritage of the United States through the study of materials that cover political campaigns and the presidency.  \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The American Political Items Collectors (APIC) is a non-profit membership organization that seeks to encourage and support the collection, study and preservation of original materials relating to political campaigns of the United States of America.  The APIC was founded in 1945 with the hope of promoting the heritage of the United States through the study of materials that cover political campaigns and the presidency.  \n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe American Political Items Collectors Collection (APIC) contains donations of scholarly material that relates to national political campaigns as well as American history dating from 1895 to 1988.  This collection is comprised of presidential campaigning materials that stem from bumper stickers to voting ballots.  Not only is it an extensive collection of presidential campaigns but it  also houses historical magazines, newspapers, and many other manuscripts and books.  The APIC collection is divided into three series for easy research and use.  The three series are: Subject Files, arranged alphabetically; Printed Material, arranged alphabetically; and Oversize Materials, separated into posters and newspapers arranged chronologically.  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first series, Subject Files, ranges from 1895 to 1982.  It is composed of campaigning materials from presidential candidates such as Jimmy Carter, Hubert Humphrey,George McGovern, Richard Nixon and many more.  Included in this campaigning material are informational pamphlets, stickers and stamps.  The inaugural events and invitations to John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson's inaugural celebration are included here as well as a copy of the Watergate Transcript.  The historic voting ballots of 1936 which elected Franklin D. Roosevelt president are in this collection as well.  Also in the Subject Files is a collection of magazines such as \"Time\" and \"Life\" from 1960-1967 that cover the life and death of President John F. Kennedy.  Lyndon B. Johnson's photography book entitled \"This America\" is also included here.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second series, Printed Material, is composed of magazines, newsletters and books dating from 1932 to 1982.  Included in this collection is the APIC newsletter, \"Keynoter,\" dating from 1967 to 1982, as well as the 1965 APIC \"Brummagem.\"  Also included are special 1976 magazine issues covering the 200-year anniversary of America.  Magazines included for these special anniversary issues are \"McCall's,\" \"Time,\" and \"Newsweek.\"  Also provided in the Printed Materials series are handbooks, pamphlets, admission tickets and official proceeding booklets of the Democratic National Convention from the years 1964 to 1976.  Other printed material included in this collection are copies of  \"Political Intelligence\" newsletter, \"The Capitol,\" and \"The Standard.\"  \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe third series in the APIC collection, Oversize Material, is composed of posters, newspapers, photographs, political buttons and a Presidential Fact Finder Wheel artifact.  Posters date from as early as 1940 up to as late as 1980.  Some highlights in the poster collection include posters of Ronald Reagan and George Bush, Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale, Richard Nixon, Andrew Pulley and Matilde Zimmerman of the Socialist Workers Party, and Henry Wallace.  The newspaper collection contains articles from 1961 to 1981 and is composed of the \"Washington Post,\" \"Washington Star,\" \"Washington Daily News,\" and the \"New York Times.\"  Important subjects of these newspapers range from President John F. Kennedy's assassination and internment as well as the marriage of Chuck Robb and Lynda Bird Johnson.  Other highlights are the 100 year anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg and the inauguration coverage of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. There are also three large format photographs from the 1988 Democratic National Convention and the 1988 Republican National Convention.  The photographs are of Michael Dukakis' acceptance speech, Beryl Ann Bentson, Lloyd Bentson, Michael Dukakis, and Kitty Dukakis together on the stage, Senator Paul Simon speaking to reporters, Jesse Jackson, Pat Robertson, and Jerry Falwell.  The three political buttons feature \"Vote Communist for a free, happy, prosperous America\", \"Ollie for President!\", and \"Bush, Quayle '88\".\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The American Political Items Collectors Collection (APIC) contains donations of scholarly material that relates to national political campaigns as well as American history dating from 1895 to 1988.  This collection is comprised of presidential campaigning materials that stem from bumper stickers to voting ballots.  Not only is it an extensive collection of presidential campaigns but it  also houses historical magazines, newspapers, and many other manuscripts and books.  The APIC collection is divided into three series for easy research and use.  The three series are: Subject Files, arranged alphabetically; Printed Material, arranged alphabetically; and Oversize Materials, separated into posters and newspapers arranged chronologically.  \n","The first series, Subject Files, ranges from 1895 to 1982.  It is composed of campaigning materials from presidential candidates such as Jimmy Carter, Hubert Humphrey,George McGovern, Richard Nixon and many more.  Included in this campaigning material are informational pamphlets, stickers and stamps.  The inaugural events and invitations to John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson's inaugural celebration are included here as well as a copy of the Watergate Transcript.  The historic voting ballots of 1936 which elected Franklin D. Roosevelt president are in this collection as well.  Also in the Subject Files is a collection of magazines such as \"Time\" and \"Life\" from 1960-1967 that cover the life and death of President John F. Kennedy.  Lyndon B. Johnson's photography book entitled \"This America\" is also included here.\n","The second series, Printed Material, is composed of magazines, newsletters and books dating from 1932 to 1982.  Included in this collection is the APIC newsletter, \"Keynoter,\" dating from 1967 to 1982, as well as the 1965 APIC \"Brummagem.\"  Also included are special 1976 magazine issues covering the 200-year anniversary of America.  Magazines included for these special anniversary issues are \"McCall's,\" \"Time,\" and \"Newsweek.\"  Also provided in the Printed Materials series are handbooks, pamphlets, admission tickets and official proceeding booklets of the Democratic National Convention from the years 1964 to 1976.  Other printed material included in this collection are copies of  \"Political Intelligence\" newsletter, \"The Capitol,\" and \"The Standard.\"  \n","The third series in the APIC collection, Oversize Material, is composed of posters, newspapers, photographs, political buttons and a Presidential Fact Finder Wheel artifact.  Posters date from as early as 1940 up to as late as 1980.  Some highlights in the poster collection include posters of Ronald Reagan and George Bush, Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale, Richard Nixon, Andrew Pulley and Matilde Zimmerman of the Socialist Workers Party, and Henry Wallace.  The newspaper collection contains articles from 1961 to 1981 and is composed of the \"Washington Post,\" \"Washington Star,\" \"Washington Daily News,\" and the \"New York Times.\"  Important subjects of these newspapers range from President John F. Kennedy's assassination and internment as well as the marriage of Chuck Robb and Lynda Bird Johnson.  Other highlights are the 100 year anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg and the inauguration coverage of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. There are also three large format photographs from the 1988 Democratic National Convention and the 1988 Republican National Convention.  The photographs are of Michael Dukakis' acceptance speech, Beryl Ann Bentson, Lloyd Bentson, Michael Dukakis, and Kitty Dukakis together on the stage, Senator Paul Simon speaking to reporters, Jesse Jackson, Pat Robertson, and Jerry Falwell.  The three political buttons feature \"Vote Communist for a free, happy, prosperous America\", \"Ollie for President!\", and \"Bush, Quayle '88\".\n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe American Political Items Collectors Collection (APIC) contains donations of scholarly material that relates to national political campaigns as well as American history dating from 1895 to 1988.  This collection is comprised of presidential campaigning materials that stem from bumper stickers to voting ballots.  Not only is it an extensive collection of presidential campaigns but it also houses historical magazines, newspapers, and many other manuscripts and books.\n\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The American Political Items Collectors Collection (APIC) contains donations of scholarly material that relates to national political campaigns as well as American history dating from 1895 to 1988.  This collection is comprised of presidential campaigning materials that stem from bumper stickers to voting ballots.  Not only is it an extensive collection of presidential campaigns but it also houses historical magazines, newspapers, and many other manuscripts and books.\n"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives\n","American Political Items Collectors","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives\n","American Political Items Collectors"],"persname_ssim":["Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":100,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:49:04.653Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_apic"}},{"id":"vifgm_mccarthy","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_mccarthy#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 ","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_mccarthy#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign papers contain documents from six speech file \"books\" used by the campaign staff. The speeches span from October 1967 to July 1968 and include remarks he gave prior to his entry into the race for the Democratic nomination. Some of the speeches are from campaign stops in particular primary states, such as Nebraska, and the speeches generally document McCarthy's positions on the Vietnam War, the economy, and race relations.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_mccarthy#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_mccarthy","ead_ssi":"vifgm_mccarthy","_root_":"vifgm_mccarthy","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_mccarthy","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/gmu/mccarthy.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/mccarthy.html","title_ssm":["Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection"],"title_tesim":["Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1967-1968"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1967-1968"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0203"],"text":["C0203","Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection","Political campaigns--United States.","Presidential candidates.","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements--United States.","There are no access restrictions.","Copies of these speeches can be found in the Eugene McCarthy papers at the University of Minnesota.","The folders are arranged chronologically.","On November 30, 1967, Democratic Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota announced his candidacy for President of the United States. He positioned himself as the anti-Vietnam War candidate to present a clear distinction between himself and the incumbent president, Lyndon Johnson. With the help of younger voters, particularly college students, McCarthy gathered enough support to challenge Johnson in the primaries, and on March 31, 1968, Johnson dropped out of the race rather than face a long nomination battle against McCarthy as well as Robert F. Kennedy. Following Johnson's exit, Vice-President Hubert Humphrey entered the race, and George McGovern joined the race after the assassination of Kennedy on June 5. McCarthy went on to lose the nomination at the Democratic convention in Chicago, and the Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey lost in the general election to Richard M. Nixon. Hampton Brown, the collection donor, worked for the McCarthy campaign.","Processed by Jordan Patty in April 2012. EAD markup completed by Jordan Patty in April 2012.","Special Collections and Archives also holds other collections United States politics and government in the 20th century.\n","The Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign papers contain documents from six speech file \"books\" used by the campaign staff. The speeches span from October 1967 to July 1968 and include remarks he gave prior to his entry into the race for the Democratic nomination. Some of the speeches are from campaign stops in particular primary states, such as Nebraska, and the speeches generally document McCarthy's positions on the Vietnam War, the economy, and race relations. Although most of the documents are speeches, there are also transcripts of debates, television appearances, and press conferences. The transcripts include an exchange between McCarthy and Robert Kennedy on ABC television, and another transcript documents McCarthy's appearance on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. A press conference transcript from June 14, 1968, is particularly notable since it appears to be the first press conference McCarthy held following the assassination of Robert Kennedy. The documents are all photocopies, but some of them contain handwritten edits that were also copied.","There are no use restrictions for educational use. For purposes other than educational use, the materials are subject to United States Copyright Law.","The Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign papers contain documents from six speech file \"books\" used by the campaign staff. The speeches span from October 1967 to July 1968 and include remarks he gave prior to his entry into the race for the Democratic nomination. Some of the speeches are from campaign stops in particular primary states, such as Nebraska, and the speeches generally document McCarthy's positions on the Vietnam War, the economy, and race relations.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections \u0026 Archives","McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 ","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968.","McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005.","English\n\t\t"],"unitid_tesim":["C0203"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection"],"collection_ssim":["Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 "],"creator_ssim":["McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 "],"creator_persname_ssim":["McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 "],"creators_ssim":["McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 "],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no use restrictions for educational use. For purposes other than educational use, the materials are subject to United States Copyright Law."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Hampton Brown in 2011."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Political campaigns--United States.","Presidential candidates.","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements--United States."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Political campaigns--United States.","Presidential candidates.","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements--United States."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.0 linear feet (2 boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["1.0 linear feet (2 boxes)"],"date_range_isim":[1967,1968],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCopies of these speeches can be found in the Eugene McCarthy papers at the University of Minnesota.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Copies of these speeches can be found in the Eugene McCarthy papers at the University of Minnesota."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe folders are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The folders are arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOn November 30, 1967, Democratic Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota announced his candidacy for President of the United States. He positioned himself as the anti-Vietnam War candidate to present a clear distinction between himself and the incumbent president, Lyndon Johnson. With the help of younger voters, particularly college students, McCarthy gathered enough support to challenge Johnson in the primaries, and on March 31, 1968, Johnson dropped out of the race rather than face a long nomination battle against McCarthy as well as Robert F. Kennedy. Following Johnson's exit, Vice-President Hubert Humphrey entered the race, and George McGovern joined the race after the assassination of Kennedy on June 5. McCarthy went on to lose the nomination at the Democratic convention in Chicago, and the Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey lost in the general election to Richard M. Nixon. Hampton Brown, the collection donor, worked for the McCarthy campaign.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["On November 30, 1967, Democratic Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota announced his candidacy for President of the United States. He positioned himself as the anti-Vietnam War candidate to present a clear distinction between himself and the incumbent president, Lyndon Johnson. With the help of younger voters, particularly college students, McCarthy gathered enough support to challenge Johnson in the primaries, and on March 31, 1968, Johnson dropped out of the race rather than face a long nomination battle against McCarthy as well as Robert F. Kennedy. Following Johnson's exit, Vice-President Hubert Humphrey entered the race, and George McGovern joined the race after the assassination of Kennedy on June 5. McCarthy went on to lose the nomination at the Democratic convention in Chicago, and the Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey lost in the general election to Richard M. Nixon. Hampton Brown, the collection donor, worked for the McCarthy campaign."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection, C0203, Special Collections and Archives, George Mason University Libraries. \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection, C0203, Special Collections and Archives, George Mason University Libraries. \n"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Jordan Patty in April 2012. EAD markup completed by Jordan Patty in April 2012.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Jordan Patty in April 2012. EAD markup completed by Jordan Patty in April 2012."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections and Archives also holds other collections United States politics and government in the 20th century.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Special Collections and Archives also holds other collections United States politics and government in the 20th century.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign papers contain documents from six speech file \"books\" used by the campaign staff. The speeches span from October 1967 to July 1968 and include remarks he gave prior to his entry into the race for the Democratic nomination. Some of the speeches are from campaign stops in particular primary states, such as Nebraska, and the speeches generally document McCarthy's positions on the Vietnam War, the economy, and race relations. Although most of the documents are speeches, there are also transcripts of debates, television appearances, and press conferences. The transcripts include an exchange between McCarthy and Robert Kennedy on ABC television, and another transcript documents McCarthy's appearance on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. A press conference transcript from June 14, 1968, is particularly notable since it appears to be the first press conference McCarthy held following the assassination of Robert Kennedy. The documents are all photocopies, but some of them contain handwritten edits that were also copied.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign papers contain documents from six speech file \"books\" used by the campaign staff. The speeches span from October 1967 to July 1968 and include remarks he gave prior to his entry into the race for the Democratic nomination. Some of the speeches are from campaign stops in particular primary states, such as Nebraska, and the speeches generally document McCarthy's positions on the Vietnam War, the economy, and race relations. Although most of the documents are speeches, there are also transcripts of debates, television appearances, and press conferences. The transcripts include an exchange between McCarthy and Robert Kennedy on ABC television, and another transcript documents McCarthy's appearance on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. A press conference transcript from June 14, 1968, is particularly notable since it appears to be the first press conference McCarthy held following the assassination of Robert Kennedy. The documents are all photocopies, but some of them contain handwritten edits that were also copied."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no use restrictions for educational use. For purposes other than educational use, the materials are subject to United States Copyright Law.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no use restrictions for educational use. For purposes other than educational use, the materials are subject to United States Copyright Law."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"ref31\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign papers contain documents from six speech file \"books\" used by the campaign staff. The speeches span from October 1967 to July 1968 and include remarks he gave prior to his entry into the race for the Democratic nomination. Some of the speeches are from campaign stops in particular primary states, such as Nebraska, and the speeches generally document McCarthy's positions on the Vietnam War, the economy, and race relations.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign papers contain documents from six speech file \"books\" used by the campaign staff. The speeches span from October 1967 to July 1968 and include remarks he gave prior to his entry into the race for the Democratic nomination. Some of the speeches are from campaign stops in particular primary states, such as Nebraska, and the speeches generally document McCarthy's positions on the Vietnam War, the economy, and race relations."],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections \u0026 Archives","McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 ","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968.","McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"persname_ssim":["McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 ","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968.","McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005."],"language_ssim":["English\n\t\t"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":13,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:52:17.185Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_mccarthy","ead_ssi":"vifgm_mccarthy","_root_":"vifgm_mccarthy","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_mccarthy","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/gmu/mccarthy.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/mccarthy.html","title_ssm":["Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection"],"title_tesim":["Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1967-1968"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1967-1968"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0203"],"text":["C0203","Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection","Political campaigns--United States.","Presidential candidates.","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements--United States.","There are no access restrictions.","Copies of these speeches can be found in the Eugene McCarthy papers at the University of Minnesota.","The folders are arranged chronologically.","On November 30, 1967, Democratic Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota announced his candidacy for President of the United States. He positioned himself as the anti-Vietnam War candidate to present a clear distinction between himself and the incumbent president, Lyndon Johnson. With the help of younger voters, particularly college students, McCarthy gathered enough support to challenge Johnson in the primaries, and on March 31, 1968, Johnson dropped out of the race rather than face a long nomination battle against McCarthy as well as Robert F. Kennedy. Following Johnson's exit, Vice-President Hubert Humphrey entered the race, and George McGovern joined the race after the assassination of Kennedy on June 5. McCarthy went on to lose the nomination at the Democratic convention in Chicago, and the Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey lost in the general election to Richard M. Nixon. Hampton Brown, the collection donor, worked for the McCarthy campaign.","Processed by Jordan Patty in April 2012. EAD markup completed by Jordan Patty in April 2012.","Special Collections and Archives also holds other collections United States politics and government in the 20th century.\n","The Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign papers contain documents from six speech file \"books\" used by the campaign staff. The speeches span from October 1967 to July 1968 and include remarks he gave prior to his entry into the race for the Democratic nomination. Some of the speeches are from campaign stops in particular primary states, such as Nebraska, and the speeches generally document McCarthy's positions on the Vietnam War, the economy, and race relations. Although most of the documents are speeches, there are also transcripts of debates, television appearances, and press conferences. The transcripts include an exchange between McCarthy and Robert Kennedy on ABC television, and another transcript documents McCarthy's appearance on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. A press conference transcript from June 14, 1968, is particularly notable since it appears to be the first press conference McCarthy held following the assassination of Robert Kennedy. The documents are all photocopies, but some of them contain handwritten edits that were also copied.","There are no use restrictions for educational use. For purposes other than educational use, the materials are subject to United States Copyright Law.","The Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign papers contain documents from six speech file \"books\" used by the campaign staff. The speeches span from October 1967 to July 1968 and include remarks he gave prior to his entry into the race for the Democratic nomination. Some of the speeches are from campaign stops in particular primary states, such as Nebraska, and the speeches generally document McCarthy's positions on the Vietnam War, the economy, and race relations.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections \u0026 Archives","McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 ","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968.","McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005.","English\n\t\t"],"unitid_tesim":["C0203"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection"],"collection_ssim":["Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 "],"creator_ssim":["McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 "],"creator_persname_ssim":["McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 "],"creators_ssim":["McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 "],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no use restrictions for educational use. For purposes other than educational use, the materials are subject to United States Copyright Law."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Hampton Brown in 2011."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Political campaigns--United States.","Presidential candidates.","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements--United States."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Political campaigns--United States.","Presidential candidates.","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements--United States."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.0 linear feet (2 boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["1.0 linear feet (2 boxes)"],"date_range_isim":[1967,1968],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCopies of these speeches can be found in the Eugene McCarthy papers at the University of Minnesota.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Copies of these speeches can be found in the Eugene McCarthy papers at the University of Minnesota."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe folders are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The folders are arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOn November 30, 1967, Democratic Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota announced his candidacy for President of the United States. He positioned himself as the anti-Vietnam War candidate to present a clear distinction between himself and the incumbent president, Lyndon Johnson. With the help of younger voters, particularly college students, McCarthy gathered enough support to challenge Johnson in the primaries, and on March 31, 1968, Johnson dropped out of the race rather than face a long nomination battle against McCarthy as well as Robert F. Kennedy. Following Johnson's exit, Vice-President Hubert Humphrey entered the race, and George McGovern joined the race after the assassination of Kennedy on June 5. McCarthy went on to lose the nomination at the Democratic convention in Chicago, and the Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey lost in the general election to Richard M. Nixon. Hampton Brown, the collection donor, worked for the McCarthy campaign.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["On November 30, 1967, Democratic Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota announced his candidacy for President of the United States. He positioned himself as the anti-Vietnam War candidate to present a clear distinction between himself and the incumbent president, Lyndon Johnson. With the help of younger voters, particularly college students, McCarthy gathered enough support to challenge Johnson in the primaries, and on March 31, 1968, Johnson dropped out of the race rather than face a long nomination battle against McCarthy as well as Robert F. Kennedy. Following Johnson's exit, Vice-President Hubert Humphrey entered the race, and George McGovern joined the race after the assassination of Kennedy on June 5. McCarthy went on to lose the nomination at the Democratic convention in Chicago, and the Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey lost in the general election to Richard M. Nixon. Hampton Brown, the collection donor, worked for the McCarthy campaign."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection, C0203, Special Collections and Archives, George Mason University Libraries. \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection, C0203, Special Collections and Archives, George Mason University Libraries. \n"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Jordan Patty in April 2012. EAD markup completed by Jordan Patty in April 2012.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Jordan Patty in April 2012. EAD markup completed by Jordan Patty in April 2012."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections and Archives also holds other collections United States politics and government in the 20th century.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Special Collections and Archives also holds other collections United States politics and government in the 20th century.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign papers contain documents from six speech file \"books\" used by the campaign staff. The speeches span from October 1967 to July 1968 and include remarks he gave prior to his entry into the race for the Democratic nomination. Some of the speeches are from campaign stops in particular primary states, such as Nebraska, and the speeches generally document McCarthy's positions on the Vietnam War, the economy, and race relations. Although most of the documents are speeches, there are also transcripts of debates, television appearances, and press conferences. The transcripts include an exchange between McCarthy and Robert Kennedy on ABC television, and another transcript documents McCarthy's appearance on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. A press conference transcript from June 14, 1968, is particularly notable since it appears to be the first press conference McCarthy held following the assassination of Robert Kennedy. The documents are all photocopies, but some of them contain handwritten edits that were also copied.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign papers contain documents from six speech file \"books\" used by the campaign staff. The speeches span from October 1967 to July 1968 and include remarks he gave prior to his entry into the race for the Democratic nomination. Some of the speeches are from campaign stops in particular primary states, such as Nebraska, and the speeches generally document McCarthy's positions on the Vietnam War, the economy, and race relations. Although most of the documents are speeches, there are also transcripts of debates, television appearances, and press conferences. The transcripts include an exchange between McCarthy and Robert Kennedy on ABC television, and another transcript documents McCarthy's appearance on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. A press conference transcript from June 14, 1968, is particularly notable since it appears to be the first press conference McCarthy held following the assassination of Robert Kennedy. The documents are all photocopies, but some of them contain handwritten edits that were also copied."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no use restrictions for educational use. For purposes other than educational use, the materials are subject to United States Copyright Law.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no use restrictions for educational use. For purposes other than educational use, the materials are subject to United States Copyright Law."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"ref31\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign papers contain documents from six speech file \"books\" used by the campaign staff. The speeches span from October 1967 to July 1968 and include remarks he gave prior to his entry into the race for the Democratic nomination. Some of the speeches are from campaign stops in particular primary states, such as Nebraska, and the speeches generally document McCarthy's positions on the Vietnam War, the economy, and race relations.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign papers contain documents from six speech file \"books\" used by the campaign staff. The speeches span from October 1967 to July 1968 and include remarks he gave prior to his entry into the race for the Democratic nomination. Some of the speeches are from campaign stops in particular primary states, such as Nebraska, and the speeches generally document McCarthy's positions on the Vietnam War, the economy, and race relations."],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections \u0026 Archives","McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 ","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968.","McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"persname_ssim":["McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005 ","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968.","McCarthy, Eugene J., 1916-2005."],"language_ssim":["English\n\t\t"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":13,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:52:17.185Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_mccarthy"}},{"id":"vifgm_vifgm00070","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Hugh Heclo government policy collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_vifgm00070#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Heclo, Hugh\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_vifgm00070#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Research materials relating to the executive branch of the United States federal government. Several presidential administrations beginning with the 1932 Roosevelt Administration are represented. Materials include documents pertaining to cabinet posts and functions, federal bureaus, foreign and domestic policy. ","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_vifgm00070#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_vifgm00070","ead_ssi":"vifgm_vifgm00070","_root_":"vifgm_vifgm00070","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_vifgm00070","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/gmu/vifgm00070.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/","title_ssm":["Hugh Heclo government policy collection\n"],"title_tesim":["Hugh Heclo government policy collection\n"],"unitdate_ssm":["1901-1991\n"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1901-1991\n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0074\n"],"text":["C0074\n","Hugh Heclo government policy collection","This collection is arranged chronologically by folder title and subject.\n","Born in Marion Ohio on March 10, 1943 Hugh Heclo is a recognized expert on American democratic institutions as well as the international development of modern welfare states. He has received national awards for his books including Comparative Public Policy; A Government of Strangers: Executive Politics in Washington; and Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden. Professor Heclo is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, and he has served in the White House and as a senior fellow at The Brookings Institution. He chaired the Ford Foundation research advisory committee, which published The Common Good: Social Welfare and the American Future, and is co-author of the 1998 Urban Institute volume, The Government We Deserve. Hugh Heclo is senior editor and contributor to the 2003 volume, Religion Returns to the Public Square: Faith and Policy in America and a member of the Scholars Council advising the Librarian of Congress. Also in 2003, he wrote Ronald Reagan and the American Public Philosophy, chapter one in The Reagan Presidency and the chapter, The Political Ethos of George W. Bush, in The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment. In 2002 he received the American Political Science Association's John Gaus Award honoring exemplary scholarship in the joint tradition of political science and public administration. Each year, Heclo teaches introductory courses on Democracy and on American Government, and he leads interdisciplinary senior seminars on the Philosophy of History and on Religion and Politics in America. \n","Research materials relating to the executive branch of the United States federal government. Several presidential administrations beginning with the 1932 Roosevelt Administration are represented. Materials include documents pertaining to cabinet posts and functions, federal bureaus, foreign and domestic policy. \n","Research materials relating to the executive branch of the United States federal government. Several presidential administrations beginning with the 1932 Roosevelt Administration are represented. 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He has received national awards for his books including Comparative Public Policy; A Government of Strangers: Executive Politics in Washington; and Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden. Professor Heclo is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, and he has served in the White House and as a senior fellow at The Brookings Institution. He chaired the Ford Foundation research advisory committee, which published The Common Good: Social Welfare and the American Future, and is co-author of the 1998 Urban Institute volume, The Government We Deserve. Hugh Heclo is senior editor and contributor to the 2003 volume, Religion Returns to the Public Square: Faith and Policy in America and a member of the Scholars Council advising the Librarian of Congress. Also in 2003, he wrote Ronald Reagan and the American Public Philosophy, chapter one in The Reagan Presidency and the chapter, The Political Ethos of George W. Bush, in The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment. In 2002 he received the American Political Science Association's John Gaus Award honoring exemplary scholarship in the joint tradition of political science and public administration. Each year, Heclo teaches introductory courses on Democracy and on American Government, and he leads interdisciplinary senior seminars on the Philosophy of History and on Religion and Politics in America. \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Born in Marion Ohio on March 10, 1943 Hugh Heclo is a recognized expert on American democratic institutions as well as the international development of modern welfare states. He has received national awards for his books including Comparative Public Policy; A Government of Strangers: Executive Politics in Washington; and Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden. Professor Heclo is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, and he has served in the White House and as a senior fellow at The Brookings Institution. He chaired the Ford Foundation research advisory committee, which published The Common Good: Social Welfare and the American Future, and is co-author of the 1998 Urban Institute volume, The Government We Deserve. Hugh Heclo is senior editor and contributor to the 2003 volume, Religion Returns to the Public Square: Faith and Policy in America and a member of the Scholars Council advising the Librarian of Congress. Also in 2003, he wrote Ronald Reagan and the American Public Philosophy, chapter one in The Reagan Presidency and the chapter, The Political Ethos of George W. Bush, in The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment. In 2002 he received the American Political Science Association's John Gaus Award honoring exemplary scholarship in the joint tradition of political science and public administration. Each year, Heclo teaches introductory courses on Democracy and on American Government, and he leads interdisciplinary senior seminars on the Philosophy of History and on Religion and Politics in America. \n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearch materials relating to the executive branch of the United States federal government. Several presidential administrations beginning with the 1932 Roosevelt Administration are represented. Materials include documents pertaining to cabinet posts and functions, federal bureaus, foreign and domestic policy. \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Research materials relating to the executive branch of the United States federal government. 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Bush, in The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment. In 2002 he received the American Political Science Association's John Gaus Award honoring exemplary scholarship in the joint tradition of political science and public administration. Each year, Heclo teaches introductory courses on Democracy and on American Government, and he leads interdisciplinary senior seminars on the Philosophy of History and on Religion and Politics in America. \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Born in Marion Ohio on March 10, 1943 Hugh Heclo is a recognized expert on American democratic institutions as well as the international development of modern welfare states. He has received national awards for his books including Comparative Public Policy; A Government of Strangers: Executive Politics in Washington; and Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden. 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In 2002 he received the American Political Science Association's John Gaus Award honoring exemplary scholarship in the joint tradition of political science and public administration. Each year, Heclo teaches introductory courses on Democracy and on American Government, and he leads interdisciplinary senior seminars on the Philosophy of History and on Religion and Politics in America. \n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearch materials relating to the executive branch of the United States federal government. Several presidential administrations beginning with the 1932 Roosevelt Administration are represented. Materials include documents pertaining to cabinet posts and functions, federal bureaus, foreign and domestic policy. \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Research materials relating to the executive branch of the United States federal government. 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Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00007","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00007","_root_":"vil_vil00007","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00007","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00007.xml","title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"text":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n","William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n","The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.","In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n","Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"collection_title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"collection_ssim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission in 2008 and 2009.  \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)"],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n"],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cnote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/note\u003e"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026amp; Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:35.427Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00007","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00007","_root_":"vil_vil00007","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00007","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00007.xml","title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"text":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n","William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n","The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.","In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n","Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"collection_title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"collection_ssim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission in 2008 and 2009.  \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)"],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n"],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cnote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/note\u003e"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026amp; Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:35.427Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University","value":"George Mason University","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Johnson%2C+Lyndon+B.+%28Lyndon+Baines%29%2C+1908-1973.\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia","value":"Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Johnson%2C+Lyndon+B.+%28Lyndon+Baines%29%2C+1908-1973.\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+State+Law+Library%2C+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Johnson%2C+Lyndon+B.+%28Lyndon+Baines%29%2C+1908-1973.\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"American Political Items Collectors collection","value":"American Political Items Collectors collection","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=American+Political+Items+Collectors+collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Johnson%2C+Lyndon+B.+%28Lyndon+Baines%29%2C+1908-1973.\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection","value":"Eugene McCarthy presidential campaign speech files collection","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Eugene+McCarthy+presidential+campaign+speech+files+collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Johnson%2C+Lyndon+B.+%28Lyndon+Baines%29%2C+1908-1973.\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Hugh Heclo government policy collection","value":"Hugh Heclo government policy collection","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Hugh+Heclo+government+policy+collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Johnson%2C+Lyndon+B.+%28Lyndon+Baines%29%2C+1908-1973.\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"William T. 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