{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1975\u0026view=compact","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1975\u0026page=2\u0026view=compact","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1975\u0026page=5889\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":5889,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":58883,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4_c01_c04_c204","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"#10, #11, #12","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4_c01_c04_c204#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4_c01_c04_c204","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4_c01_c04_c204"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4_c01_c04_c204","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4_c01_c04","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4_c01_c04","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4_c01","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4_c01_c04"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4_c01","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4_c01_c04"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II Papers","I. Press","D. Audiovisual"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II Papers","I. Press","D. Audiovisual"],"text":["Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II Papers","I. Press","D. Audiovisual","#10, #11, #12","English .","Box I.D. - 6"],"title_filing_ssi":"#10, #11, #12","title_ssm":["#10, #11, #12"],"title_tesim":["#10, #11, #12"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["undated"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1970/2015"],"normalized_title_ssm":["#10, #11, #12"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":1015,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The majority of the Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II papers are closed until 2030. Permission to access materials may be given at the donor's discretion.","Materials previously made publicly available, such as speeches, press releases, photographs, press interviews, clippings, and publications are open for research.","The collection is stored off-site. Researchers should contact the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center prior to visiting to ensure materials are available.","Some digital materials are available online at https://rahall.lib.wvu.edu/."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Materials may contain sensitive or private information. Researchers may use data collected from these materials in the statistical aggregate or as an example to illustrate a theme. No identifying information should point to specific individuals or families mentioned in the files.","Materials produced by public servants while carrying out official duties are not copyrighted. Materials created outside of official duties, including diaries, personal correspondence, and campaign materials, are protected by copyright. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please contact the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center."],"date_range_isim":[1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015],"language_ssim":["English ."],"containers_ssim":["Box I.D. - 6"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#3/components#203","timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:19:41.987Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_4.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/209076","title_ssm":["Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II Papers"],"title_tesim":["Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1970-2015"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1970-2015"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 4118","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4"],"text":["A\u0026M 4118","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4","Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II Papers","United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century","West Virginia -- Politics and government","Democratic Party","United States. Congress -- History -- 20th century","United States. Congress -- Archives","Coal miners--West Virginia","Veterans--United States","Coal mines and mining -- Law and legislation -- United States","Politicians -- United States","United States Congressmen - West Virginia.","The majority of the Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II papers are closed until 2030. Permission to access materials may be given at the donor's discretion.","Materials previously made publicly available, such as speeches, press releases, photographs, press interviews, clippings, and publications are open for research.","The collection is stored off-site. Researchers should contact the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center prior to visiting to ensure materials are available.","Some digital materials are available online at https://rahall.lib.wvu.edu/.","U.S. Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II served the people of West Virginia for nearly forty years. He began his political service in the early 1970s working in the cloak room of the U.S. Senate; as a staff member in the Senate Office of the Majority Whip from 1971-1974; and as a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1972 and 1976. He was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1976 to represent West Virginia's Third District and was re-elected for nineteen terms, serving from January 3, 1977-January 2, 2015. ","Nick Rahall II was born on May 20, 1949, in Beckley, West Virginia, to parents Nick Joe Rahall, the co-founder of the WWNR radio station, and Mary Alice. He is the grandson of Nicholos Rahall, an immigrant from Kefeir, Lebanon, who settled in Beckley in 1909 and was the co-founder of Rahall Communications, a radio broadcasting company with stations in West Virginia, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Hampshire, and Florida. Rahall graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in Beckley and then earned his bachelor's degree from Duke University in 1971. He also received some graduate education from George Washington University. He worked as a sales representative for his family's radio station while also serving as President of the Mountaineer Tour and Travel Agency and President of West Virginia Broadcasting in 1974. ","In 1976, he entered the race for the West Virginia Fourth Congressional District and defeated incumbent Congressman Ken Hechler for the Democratic nomination. Hechler tried to reclaim his seat during the 1978 primary, but Rahall gathered support and endorsements from leading Democrats, such as Robert C. Byrd and House Speaker Tip O'Neill. A final challenge from Hechler occurred in 1990, resulting again in a victory for Rahall. Rahall then defeated former Supreme Court Justice Elliot \"Spike\" Maynard during the general election on November 2, 2010.  He was reelected to his nineteenth term in Congress on November 6, 2012 after defeating Republican Rick Snuffer. Rahall represented the Fourth District from 1977-1993 when it was redistricted to become part of the Third District. Rahall represented the Third District from 1993-2015. ","When he entered Congress in 1977, Rahall was the youngest member at age 28. He focused on a number of issues, including foreign policy, energy, infrastructure, coal, and environment and tourism. He became well-known for his efforts to provide aid for the benefit of coal miners and those suffering from black lung disease, veteran's benefits, and mine health and safety. He held a number of leadership positions, including Chairman of the Committee on Natural Resources (2007-2010), Vice Chairman of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, and Chairman of the Subcommittee on Mining and Natural Resources (1985-1993). ","His district covered the southern region of West Virginia where coal was the dominant source of revenue. He introduced legislation to improve mine health and safety issues, as well as black lung benefits, and publicly opposed legislation to end mountaintop removal mining. His efforts to improve mine health and safety include sponsoring the 1992 Coal Act, along with Senators John D. Rockefeller IV, Robert C. Byrd, and others. In 2006, he was able to secure funding for the Mine Safety Technology Consortium located in Montgomery, a response to the January 2, 2006 Sago Mine Disaster. ","While supporting the coal industry, Rahall also sought to preserve the environmental and historical resources of the state. In 1978, he introduced legislation establishing the New River Gorge National River as a unit of the National Park System in southern West Virginia. Ten years later, he worked to designate the Gauley River National Recreation Area and the Bluestone National Scenic River, creating the largest network of federally protected rivers in the eastern United States. In 1996, his leadership also established the National Coal Heritage Area in eleven southern West Virginia counties, which aims to preserve and interpret the structures and landscapes of the state's rich history of coal mining.","Rahall also led efforts in the area of transportation and infrastructure, developing federal highway and transit legislation. His efforts to improve West Virginia's infrastructure began in 1976 when he was first elected. He was integral to the development of the 1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, which required specific planning factors to be implemented in regional transportation plans, as well as authorizing federal surface transportation programs for highways, highway safety, and public transit. He also established the Rahall Transportation Institute (RTI), headquartered at Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia. RTI has since become a leader in transportation research and economic development for the Appalachian Region. ","To promote and diversify southern West Virginia's economic development, he became a front-runner for the Southern Highlands Initiative. This initiative aided in the development of industrial and business parks in the state's southern coal counties. Rahall also considered technological advancement a key component to West Virginia's economic development. He established the Nick J. Rahall, II High Technology Corridors Program, through which he promoted a sustainable approach to economic development by working with local communities to focus on small business and entrepreneurial advancement along major interstates. Rahall additionally helped to establish technology centers at Concord University in Athens, at Greenbrier Valley Airport in Lewisburg, and at the Raleigh County Airport near Beckley.","Proud of his Lebanese-Protestant heritage, he worked to ensure positive relationships between the Middle East and the United States.  He soon became the senior of the few Arab-American lawmakers on Capitol Hill. He became well known for his expertise in foreign policy and was active in dealing with Middle Eastern affairs. He was the co-chair of the 1996 Arab-American tribute at the Democratic National Convention and a member of the board of directors for the American Task Force for Lebanon. He was nominated as an honorary of the Middle East Policy Council's National Advisory Committee and worked closely with several other D.C.-based organizations, such as the National Association of Arab-Americans, the Arab-American Institute, and the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. Throughout his career, he accompanied and led a number of congressional delegation trips to the region. \nIn 2014, Rahall faced fellow Democrat Richard Ojeda in the primary election, coming out ahead with more than sixty-five percent of the vote, but he lost the general election to Republican Evan Jenkins.","Sources: ","Cama, Timothy. \"Dem Rahall loses House seat after 38 years.\" The Hill. November 4, 2014. Accessed September 2016\nhttp://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/house-races/222908-rahall-loses-house-seat-in-west-virginia","\"Congressman Rahall to Al-Nashra.\" Al-Nashra. November-December 1996. \n\"Nick Rahall.\" The Wall Street Journal. 2012. Accessed September 2016 http://projects.wsj.com/campaign2012/candidates/view/nick-rahall--WV-H.","\"Rahall, Nick Joe, II (1949-).\" Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed September 2017 http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000011.","\"U.S. Rep. Nick Rahall: Representing West Virginia's Third Congressional District.\" The Spirit of Beckley: Congressman Nick J. Rahall II, 2007 Community Service Award. 2007. ","Wallace, Jim. \"Nick Joe Rahall.\" e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. December 2015. Accessed September 2016 http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1963.","Processed by Danielle Emerling, Christian Vieweg, Shannon Rowe, Dzondria Tarver, Ashley Brooker","The Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II papers are in process. The contents of this finding aid will be revised as progress is made on the collection. ","Materials may contain sensitive or private information. Researchers may use data collected from these materials in the statistical aggregate or as an example to illustrate a theme. No identifying information should point to specific individuals or families mentioned in the files.","Materials produced by public servants while carrying out official duties are not copyrighted. Materials created outside of official duties, including diaries, personal correspondence, and campaign materials, are protected by copyright. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please contact the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center.","Nick Joe Rahall II (b.1949) represented West Virginia's Third District in the United States House of Representatives for nineteen terms. He was elected as a Democrat to the Ninety-fifth Congress and served from January 3, 1977-January 3, 2015. From 2007-2011, he was chair of the Committee on Natural Resources. From 1971-1974, he was a staff member in the United States Senate Office of the Majority Whip, and he was a delegate to both the 1972 and 1976 Democratic National Conventions. The bulk of the Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II papers document his 38-year career in the United States House of Representatives.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","United States. Congress. House. Committee on Natural Resources","United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure","United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on Mining and Natural Resources","Rahall, Nick J., 1949-","Materials almost entirely in English."],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 4118","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II Papers"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century","West Virginia -- Politics and government","Democratic Party"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century","West Virginia -- Politics and government","Democratic Party"],"creator_ssm":["Rahall, Nick J., 1949-"],"creator_ssim":["Rahall, Nick J., 1949-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Rahall, Nick J., 1949-"],"creators_ssim":["Rahall, Nick J., 1949-"],"places_ssim":["United States -- Politics and government -- 20th century","West Virginia -- Politics and government","Democratic Party"],"access_terms_ssm":["Materials may contain sensitive or private information. Researchers may use data collected from these materials in the statistical aggregate or as an example to illustrate a theme. No identifying information should point to specific individuals or families mentioned in the files.","Materials produced by public servants while carrying out official duties are not copyrighted. Materials created outside of official duties, including diaries, personal correspondence, and campaign materials, are protected by copyright. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please contact the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II, 2015"],"access_subjects_ssim":["United States. Congress -- History -- 20th century","United States. Congress -- Archives","Coal miners--West Virginia","Veterans--United States","Coal mines and mining -- Law and legislation -- United States","Politicians -- United States","United States Congressmen - West Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["United States. Congress -- History -- 20th century","United States. Congress -- Archives","Coal miners--West Virginia","Veterans--United States","Coal mines and mining -- Law and legislation -- United States","Politicians -- United States","United States Congressmen - West Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2089 Linear Feet 2089 record cartons; plaques, mobile office sign, framed photographs"],"extent_tesim":["2089 Linear Feet 2089 record cartons; plaques, mobile office sign, framed photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II papers are closed until 2030. Permission to access materials may be given at the donor's discretion.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials previously made publicly available, such as speeches, press releases, photographs, press interviews, clippings, and publications are open for research.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is stored off-site. Researchers should contact the West Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center prior to visiting to ensure materials are available.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSome digital materials are available online at https://rahall.lib.wvu.edu/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The majority of the Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II papers are closed until 2030. Permission to access materials may be given at the donor's discretion.","Materials previously made publicly available, such as speeches, press releases, photographs, press interviews, clippings, and publications are open for research.","The collection is stored off-site. Researchers should contact the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center prior to visiting to ensure materials are available.","Some digital materials are available online at https://rahall.lib.wvu.edu/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eU.S. Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II served the people of West Virginia for nearly forty years. He began his political service in the early 1970s working in the cloak room of the U.S. Senate; as a staff member in the Senate Office of the Majority Whip from 1971-1974; and as a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1972 and 1976. He was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1976 to represent West Virginia's Third District and was re-elected for nineteen terms, serving from January 3, 1977-January 2, 2015. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNick Rahall II was born on May 20, 1949, in Beckley, West Virginia, to parents Nick Joe Rahall, the co-founder of the WWNR radio station, and Mary Alice. He is the grandson of Nicholos Rahall, an immigrant from Kefeir, Lebanon, who settled in Beckley in 1909 and was the co-founder of Rahall Communications, a radio broadcasting company with stations in West Virginia, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Hampshire, and Florida. Rahall graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in Beckley and then earned his bachelor's degree from Duke University in 1971. He also received some graduate education from George Washington University. He worked as a sales representative for his family's radio station while also serving as President of the Mountaineer Tour and Travel Agency and President of West Virginia Broadcasting in 1974. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1976, he entered the race for the West Virginia Fourth Congressional District and defeated incumbent Congressman Ken Hechler for the Democratic nomination. Hechler tried to reclaim his seat during the 1978 primary, but Rahall gathered support and endorsements from leading Democrats, such as Robert C. Byrd and House Speaker Tip O'Neill. A final challenge from Hechler occurred in 1990, resulting again in a victory for Rahall. Rahall then defeated former Supreme Court Justice Elliot \"Spike\" Maynard during the general election on November 2, 2010.  He was reelected to his nineteenth term in Congress on November 6, 2012 after defeating Republican Rick Snuffer. Rahall represented the Fourth District from 1977-1993 when it was redistricted to become part of the Third District. Rahall represented the Third District from 1993-2015. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhen he entered Congress in 1977, Rahall was the youngest member at age 28. He focused on a number of issues, including foreign policy, energy, infrastructure, coal, and environment and tourism. He became well-known for his efforts to provide aid for the benefit of coal miners and those suffering from black lung disease, veteran's benefits, and mine health and safety. He held a number of leadership positions, including Chairman of the Committee on Natural Resources (2007-2010), Vice Chairman of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, and Chairman of the Subcommittee on Mining and Natural Resources (1985-1993). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHis district covered the southern region of West Virginia where coal was the dominant source of revenue. He introduced legislation to improve mine health and safety issues, as well as black lung benefits, and publicly opposed legislation to end mountaintop removal mining. His efforts to improve mine health and safety include sponsoring the 1992 Coal Act, along with Senators John D. Rockefeller IV, Robert C. Byrd, and others. In 2006, he was able to secure funding for the Mine Safety Technology Consortium located in Montgomery, a response to the January 2, 2006 Sago Mine Disaster. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile supporting the coal industry, Rahall also sought to preserve the environmental and historical resources of the state. In 1978, he introduced legislation establishing the New River Gorge National River as a unit of the National Park System in southern West Virginia. Ten years later, he worked to designate the Gauley River National Recreation Area and the Bluestone National Scenic River, creating the largest network of federally protected rivers in the eastern United States. In 1996, his leadership also established the National Coal Heritage Area in eleven southern West Virginia counties, which aims to preserve and interpret the structures and landscapes of the state's rich history of coal mining.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRahall also led efforts in the area of transportation and infrastructure, developing federal highway and transit legislation. His efforts to improve West Virginia's infrastructure began in 1976 when he was first elected. He was integral to the development of the 1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, which required specific planning factors to be implemented in regional transportation plans, as well as authorizing federal surface transportation programs for highways, highway safety, and public transit. He also established the Rahall Transportation Institute (RTI), headquartered at Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia. RTI has since become a leader in transportation research and economic development for the Appalachian Region. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTo promote and diversify southern West Virginia's economic development, he became a front-runner for the Southern Highlands Initiative. This initiative aided in the development of industrial and business parks in the state's southern coal counties. Rahall also considered technological advancement a key component to West Virginia's economic development. He established the Nick J. Rahall, II High Technology Corridors Program, through which he promoted a sustainable approach to economic development by working with local communities to focus on small business and entrepreneurial advancement along major interstates. Rahall additionally helped to establish technology centers at Concord University in Athens, at Greenbrier Valley Airport in Lewisburg, and at the Raleigh County Airport near Beckley.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eProud of his Lebanese-Protestant heritage, he worked to ensure positive relationships between the Middle East and the United States.  He soon became the senior of the few Arab-American lawmakers on Capitol Hill. He became well known for his expertise in foreign policy and was active in dealing with Middle Eastern affairs. He was the co-chair of the 1996 Arab-American tribute at the Democratic National Convention and a member of the board of directors for the American Task Force for Lebanon. He was nominated as an honorary of the Middle East Policy Council's National Advisory Committee and worked closely with several other D.C.-based organizations, such as the National Association of Arab-Americans, the Arab-American Institute, and the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. Throughout his career, he accompanied and led a number of congressional delegation trips to the region. \nIn 2014, Rahall faced fellow Democrat Richard Ojeda in the primary election, coming out ahead with more than sixty-five percent of the vote, but he lost the general election to Republican Evan Jenkins.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCama, Timothy. \"Dem Rahall loses House seat after 38 years.\" The Hill. November 4, 2014. Accessed September 2016\nhttp://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/house-races/222908-rahall-loses-house-seat-in-west-virginia\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Congressman Rahall to Al-Nashra.\" Al-Nashra. November-December 1996. \n\"Nick Rahall.\" The Wall Street Journal. 2012. Accessed September 2016 http://projects.wsj.com/campaign2012/candidates/view/nick-rahall--WV-H.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Rahall, Nick Joe, II (1949-).\" Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed September 2017 http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000011.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"U.S. Rep. Nick Rahall: Representing West Virginia's Third Congressional District.\" The Spirit of Beckley: Congressman Nick J. Rahall II, 2007 Community Service Award. 2007. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWallace, Jim. \"Nick Joe Rahall.\" e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. December 2015. Accessed September 2016 http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1963.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["U.S. Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II served the people of West Virginia for nearly forty years. He began his political service in the early 1970s working in the cloak room of the U.S. Senate; as a staff member in the Senate Office of the Majority Whip from 1971-1974; and as a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1972 and 1976. He was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1976 to represent West Virginia's Third District and was re-elected for nineteen terms, serving from January 3, 1977-January 2, 2015. ","Nick Rahall II was born on May 20, 1949, in Beckley, West Virginia, to parents Nick Joe Rahall, the co-founder of the WWNR radio station, and Mary Alice. He is the grandson of Nicholos Rahall, an immigrant from Kefeir, Lebanon, who settled in Beckley in 1909 and was the co-founder of Rahall Communications, a radio broadcasting company with stations in West Virginia, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Hampshire, and Florida. Rahall graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in Beckley and then earned his bachelor's degree from Duke University in 1971. He also received some graduate education from George Washington University. He worked as a sales representative for his family's radio station while also serving as President of the Mountaineer Tour and Travel Agency and President of West Virginia Broadcasting in 1974. ","In 1976, he entered the race for the West Virginia Fourth Congressional District and defeated incumbent Congressman Ken Hechler for the Democratic nomination. Hechler tried to reclaim his seat during the 1978 primary, but Rahall gathered support and endorsements from leading Democrats, such as Robert C. Byrd and House Speaker Tip O'Neill. A final challenge from Hechler occurred in 1990, resulting again in a victory for Rahall. Rahall then defeated former Supreme Court Justice Elliot \"Spike\" Maynard during the general election on November 2, 2010.  He was reelected to his nineteenth term in Congress on November 6, 2012 after defeating Republican Rick Snuffer. Rahall represented the Fourth District from 1977-1993 when it was redistricted to become part of the Third District. Rahall represented the Third District from 1993-2015. ","When he entered Congress in 1977, Rahall was the youngest member at age 28. He focused on a number of issues, including foreign policy, energy, infrastructure, coal, and environment and tourism. He became well-known for his efforts to provide aid for the benefit of coal miners and those suffering from black lung disease, veteran's benefits, and mine health and safety. He held a number of leadership positions, including Chairman of the Committee on Natural Resources (2007-2010), Vice Chairman of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, and Chairman of the Subcommittee on Mining and Natural Resources (1985-1993). ","His district covered the southern region of West Virginia where coal was the dominant source of revenue. He introduced legislation to improve mine health and safety issues, as well as black lung benefits, and publicly opposed legislation to end mountaintop removal mining. His efforts to improve mine health and safety include sponsoring the 1992 Coal Act, along with Senators John D. Rockefeller IV, Robert C. Byrd, and others. In 2006, he was able to secure funding for the Mine Safety Technology Consortium located in Montgomery, a response to the January 2, 2006 Sago Mine Disaster. ","While supporting the coal industry, Rahall also sought to preserve the environmental and historical resources of the state. In 1978, he introduced legislation establishing the New River Gorge National River as a unit of the National Park System in southern West Virginia. Ten years later, he worked to designate the Gauley River National Recreation Area and the Bluestone National Scenic River, creating the largest network of federally protected rivers in the eastern United States. In 1996, his leadership also established the National Coal Heritage Area in eleven southern West Virginia counties, which aims to preserve and interpret the structures and landscapes of the state's rich history of coal mining.","Rahall also led efforts in the area of transportation and infrastructure, developing federal highway and transit legislation. His efforts to improve West Virginia's infrastructure began in 1976 when he was first elected. He was integral to the development of the 1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, which required specific planning factors to be implemented in regional transportation plans, as well as authorizing federal surface transportation programs for highways, highway safety, and public transit. He also established the Rahall Transportation Institute (RTI), headquartered at Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia. RTI has since become a leader in transportation research and economic development for the Appalachian Region. ","To promote and diversify southern West Virginia's economic development, he became a front-runner for the Southern Highlands Initiative. This initiative aided in the development of industrial and business parks in the state's southern coal counties. Rahall also considered technological advancement a key component to West Virginia's economic development. He established the Nick J. Rahall, II High Technology Corridors Program, through which he promoted a sustainable approach to economic development by working with local communities to focus on small business and entrepreneurial advancement along major interstates. Rahall additionally helped to establish technology centers at Concord University in Athens, at Greenbrier Valley Airport in Lewisburg, and at the Raleigh County Airport near Beckley.","Proud of his Lebanese-Protestant heritage, he worked to ensure positive relationships between the Middle East and the United States.  He soon became the senior of the few Arab-American lawmakers on Capitol Hill. He became well known for his expertise in foreign policy and was active in dealing with Middle Eastern affairs. He was the co-chair of the 1996 Arab-American tribute at the Democratic National Convention and a member of the board of directors for the American Task Force for Lebanon. He was nominated as an honorary of the Middle East Policy Council's National Advisory Committee and worked closely with several other D.C.-based organizations, such as the National Association of Arab-Americans, the Arab-American Institute, and the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. Throughout his career, he accompanied and led a number of congressional delegation trips to the region. \nIn 2014, Rahall faced fellow Democrat Richard Ojeda in the primary election, coming out ahead with more than sixty-five percent of the vote, but he lost the general election to Republican Evan Jenkins.","Sources: ","Cama, Timothy. \"Dem Rahall loses House seat after 38 years.\" The Hill. November 4, 2014. Accessed September 2016\nhttp://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/house-races/222908-rahall-loses-house-seat-in-west-virginia","\"Congressman Rahall to Al-Nashra.\" Al-Nashra. November-December 1996. \n\"Nick Rahall.\" The Wall Street Journal. 2012. Accessed September 2016 http://projects.wsj.com/campaign2012/candidates/view/nick-rahall--WV-H.","\"Rahall, Nick Joe, II (1949-).\" Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed September 2017 http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000011.","\"U.S. Rep. Nick Rahall: Representing West Virginia's Third Congressional District.\" The Spirit of Beckley: Congressman Nick J. Rahall II, 2007 Community Service Award. 2007. ","Wallace, Jim. \"Nick Joe Rahall.\" e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. December 2015. Accessed September 2016 http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1963."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 4118, Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II Papers, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["A\u0026M 4118, Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II Papers, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Danielle Emerling, Christian Vieweg, Shannon Rowe, Dzondria Tarver, Ashley Brooker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II papers are in process. The contents of this finding aid will be revised as progress is made on the collection. \u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Danielle Emerling, Christian Vieweg, Shannon Rowe, Dzondria Tarver, Ashley Brooker","The Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II papers are in process. The contents of this finding aid will be revised as progress is made on the collection. "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials may contain sensitive or private information. Researchers may use data collected from these materials in the statistical aggregate or as an example to illustrate a theme. No identifying information should point to specific individuals or families mentioned in the files.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials produced by public servants while carrying out official duties are not copyrighted. Materials created outside of official duties, including diaries, personal correspondence, and campaign materials, are protected by copyright. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please contact the West Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Materials may contain sensitive or private information. Researchers may use data collected from these materials in the statistical aggregate or as an example to illustrate a theme. No identifying information should point to specific individuals or families mentioned in the files.","Materials produced by public servants while carrying out official duties are not copyrighted. Materials created outside of official duties, including diaries, personal correspondence, and campaign materials, are protected by copyright. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please contact the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8f256808487385caf174dfc6b5232d43\"\u003eNick Joe Rahall II (b.1949) represented West Virginia's Third District in the United States House of Representatives for nineteen terms. He was elected as a Democrat to the Ninety-fifth Congress and served from January 3, 1977-January 3, 2015. From 2007-2011, he was chair of the Committee on Natural Resources. From 1971-1974, he was a staff member in the United States Senate Office of the Majority Whip, and he was a delegate to both the 1972 and 1976 Democratic National Conventions. The bulk of the Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II papers document his 38-year career in the United States House of Representatives.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Nick Joe Rahall II (b.1949) represented West Virginia's Third District in the United States House of Representatives for nineteen terms. He was elected as a Democrat to the Ninety-fifth Congress and served from January 3, 1977-January 3, 2015. From 2007-2011, he was chair of the Committee on Natural Resources. From 1971-1974, he was a staff member in the United States Senate Office of the Majority Whip, and he was a delegate to both the 1972 and 1976 Democratic National Conventions. The bulk of the Congressman Nick Joe Rahall II papers document his 38-year career in the United States House of Representatives."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_1f011dedf3ebd96ac2358da217630965\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Congress. House. Committee on Natural Resources","United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure","United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. 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Byrd, Jr. Papers \n          ca.\n         1925-1989"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":77,"date_range_isim":[1975],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#0/components#9","timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:23:31.087Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01895","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01895","_root_":"viu_viu01895","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01895","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01895.xml","title_ssm":["Harry F. Byrd, Jr. Papers \n          ca.\n         1925-1989"],"title_tesim":["Harry F. Byrd, Jr. Papers \n          ca.\n         1925-1989"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["10320-d"],"text":["10320-d","Harry F. Byrd, Jr. Papers \n          ca.\n         1925-1989","3100 items","This addition to the papers of Senator \n         Harry F. Byrd, Jr., of \n         Winchester, Virginia, contains ca. 3,100\n         items, (10 Hollinger boxes, one oversize folder, and 83 bound\n         volumes, ca. 19 linear shelf feet) ca. 1925-1989, consisting\n         chiefly of bound scrapbooks, bound copies of speeches and\n         press releases, and  Congressional Record  speeches and inserts, documenting his life and career\n         during his service in the U.S. Senate, 1965-1982; news\n         clippings; a folder of material concerning the \n         Winchester Junior Board of Trade; a\n         report on the \"Study of the Organization of the State\n         Government of Virginia\" (1947 Dec 29); and personal and\n         professional correspondence during his eighteen years in the\n         Virginia Senate.","There is also one folder of correspondence between Harry F.\n         Byrd, Jr., managing editor of the  Winchester Star  from 1933-1946, with \n         Ralph Fansler, about the running of the\n         paper while Byrd was in active service in the Navy during\n         World War II. \"Special letters\" have also been kept separate\n         by Harry F. Byrd, Jr. in an individual folder (for list of\n         notable correspondents, see folder listing).","Also present is material pertaining to \n         Harry F. Byrd, Sr, including a scrapbook;\n         business papers, chiefly concerned with the apple orchards;\n         correspondence (for list of notable correspondents, see folder\n         listing); correspondence concerning his re-election to the\n         Senate in 1952; photographs; genealogy; news clippings; a copy\n         of  Time  magazine featuring Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. on the cover;\n         political papers, including a vote tally for the \n         Shenandoah Valleyin Senator Byrd's own\n         handwriting in the race for governor in 1925 and the expenses\n         and receipts for his last campaign (for both of these items,\n         see Harry F. Byrd, Jr.'s letter in the front of the folder);\n         and speeches.","","English"],"unitid_tesim":["10320-d"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Harry F. Byrd, Jr. Papers \n          ca.\n         1925-1989"],"collection_title_tesim":["Harry F. Byrd, Jr. Papers \n          ca.\n         1925-1989"],"collection_ssim":["Harry F. Byrd, Jr. Papers \n          ca.\n         1925-1989"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Harry F. Byrd, Jr."],"creator_ssim":["Harry F. Byrd, Jr."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the University of Virginia\n            Library on February 12, 1996, by Harry F. Byrd, Jr.,\n            Winchester, Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["3100 items"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis addition to the papers of Senator \n         Harry F. Byrd, Jr., of \n         Winchester, Virginia, contains ca. 3,100\n         items, (10 Hollinger boxes, one oversize folder, and 83 bound\n         volumes, ca. 19 linear shelf feet) ca. 1925-1989, consisting\n         chiefly of bound scrapbooks, bound copies of speeches and\n         press releases, and \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eCongressional Record\u003c/title\u003e speeches and inserts, documenting his life and career\n         during his service in the U.S. Senate, 1965-1982; news\n         clippings; a folder of material concerning the \n         Winchester Junior Board of Trade; a\n         report on the \"Study of the Organization of the State\n         Government of Virginia\" (1947 Dec 29); and personal and\n         professional correspondence during his eighteen years in the\n         Virginia Senate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere is also one folder of correspondence between Harry F.\n         Byrd, Jr., managing editor of the \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eWinchester Star\u003c/title\u003e from 1933-1946, with \n         Ralph Fansler, about the running of the\n         paper while Byrd was in active service in the Navy during\n         World War II. \"Special letters\" have also been kept separate\n         by Harry F. Byrd, Jr. in an individual folder (for list of\n         notable correspondents, see folder listing).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso present is material pertaining to \n         Harry F. Byrd, Sr, including a scrapbook;\n         business papers, chiefly concerned with the apple orchards;\n         correspondence (for list of notable correspondents, see folder\n         listing); correspondence concerning his re-election to the\n         Senate in 1952; photographs; genealogy; news clippings; a copy\n         of \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eTime\u003c/title\u003e magazine featuring Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. on the cover;\n         political papers, including a vote tally for the \n         Shenandoah Valleyin Senator Byrd's own\n         handwriting in the race for governor in 1925 and the expenses\n         and receipts for his last campaign (for both of these items,\n         see Harry F. Byrd, Jr.'s letter in the front of the folder);\n         and speeches.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This addition to the papers of Senator \n         Harry F. Byrd, Jr., of \n         Winchester, Virginia, contains ca. 3,100\n         items, (10 Hollinger boxes, one oversize folder, and 83 bound\n         volumes, ca. 19 linear shelf feet) ca. 1925-1989, consisting\n         chiefly of bound scrapbooks, bound copies of speeches and\n         press releases, and  Congressional Record  speeches and inserts, documenting his life and career\n         during his service in the U.S. Senate, 1965-1982; news\n         clippings; a folder of material concerning the \n         Winchester Junior Board of Trade; a\n         report on the \"Study of the Organization of the State\n         Government of Virginia\" (1947 Dec 29); and personal and\n         professional correspondence during his eighteen years in the\n         Virginia Senate.","There is also one folder of correspondence between Harry F.\n         Byrd, Jr., managing editor of the  Winchester Star  from 1933-1946, with \n         Ralph Fansler, about the running of the\n         paper while Byrd was in active service in the Navy during\n         World War II. \"Special letters\" have also been kept separate\n         by Harry F. Byrd, Jr. in an individual folder (for list of\n         notable correspondents, see folder listing).","Also present is material pertaining to \n         Harry F. Byrd, Sr, including a scrapbook;\n         business papers, chiefly concerned with the apple orchards;\n         correspondence (for list of notable correspondents, see folder\n         listing); correspondence concerning his re-election to the\n         Senate in 1952; photographs; genealogy; news clippings; a copy\n         of  Time  magazine featuring Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. on the cover;\n         political papers, including a vote tally for the \n         Shenandoah Valleyin Senator Byrd's own\n         handwriting in the race for governor in 1925 and the expenses\n         and receipts for his last campaign (for both of these items,\n         see Harry F. Byrd, Jr.'s letter in the front of the folder);\n         and speeches."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc/\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":[""],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":156,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:23:31.087Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01895_c03_c01_c10"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c96","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"10th Virginia Infantry","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c96#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c96","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c96"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c96","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04","parent_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records"],"text":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records","10th Virginia Infantry","box 41","folder 31"],"title_filing_ssi":"10th Virginia Infantry","title_ssm":["10th Virginia Infantry"],"title_tesim":["10th Virginia Infantry"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["n.d., 1968, 1970, 1979-1980"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1968/1980"],"normalized_title_ssm":["10th Virginia Infantry"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":442,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980],"containers_ssim":["box 41","folder 31"],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#95","timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:35:47.968Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1974.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Robertson, James I., Papers","title_ssm":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"title_tesim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1849-2011"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1849-2011"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1994.021"],"text":["Ms.1994.021","James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Virginia","Civil War","Faculty and staff","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","University History","Collection is open to research.","Series I: Writings, 1981-2004  This series contains research notes, manuscript and typescript drafts, edited working copies, master copies and galley proofs for 10 books and two articles published between 1982 and 2004. The series is arranged by the works' chronological order of publication. The materials for each work are arranged in chronological order, according to the dates supplied. (Where dates were unavailable, the sequence was determined by comparing the different drafts.) The drafts include revisions made by Robertson and others (identified in the individual folder descriptions, when possible). The series' holdings are not comprehensive and do not include every draft of every work. The subseries for  Jackson \u0026 Lee , for example, contains only a typescript draft of a single chapter. ","Series II: General Materials, 1862-1996  All materials not directly related to the writing and publication of Robertson's works are assembled within this series, which includes items pertaining to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park, manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson, a list of articles written by Robertson and assorted ephemera. Materials are arranged by function. ","Series III: Virginia County Records, 1852-2005  This series contains records of Virginia counties during and after the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records, 1849-2011  This series contains records of Virginia  units during the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series V: Oversize Materials, [1982?]-2000, n.d.  This series consists of oversize galley proofs which were too large to be filed in Series I. Items in this series are arranged according to the order in which they would have been filed had they remained in Series I. ","American Civil War historian and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, James I. \"Bud\" Robertson, Jr. (1930-2019) was born in Danville, Virginia. After graduating from Randolph-Macon College (B.A., 1955), Robertson obtained his M.A. (1956) and Ph.D. (1959) at Emory University and served as a teaching fellow (instructor in history) at Emory from 1958 to 1959. From 1959 to 1961, Robertson served as editor of Civil War History, a quarterly journal published by the University of Iowa. In 1961, he was appointed executive director of the National Civil War Centennial Commission by President John F. Kennedy and served until 1965, supervising the national observance of the Civil War centenary. Robertson served as professor of history at the University of Montana from 1965 until 1967, when he joined the faculty of Virginia Tech. He served as History Department head from 1969 to 1977, and was C. P. Miles Professor of History from 1977 to 1992. He became Alumni Distinguished Professor of History in 1992. ","Robertson has authored many award-winning scholarly books on Civil War-related topics, including  Soldiers Blue and Gray  (1988) (nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in History),  Civil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation  (1991),  General A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior ; and  Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend  (1997). He has also written two books for younger readers:  Civil War! America Becomes One Nation  (1992) and  Standing Like a Stone Wall: the Life of General Thomas J. Jackson  (2001). Robertson has been a contributing author and editor for several other works; his articles, too numerous to list here, have appeared in many encyclopedias, Civil War magazines and historical society journals. ","The guide to the James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","Accession I was processed in May 1996 by Helen Harrison, student assistant, and Laura Katz Smith, manuscripts curator. Processing, arrangement and description of Accession II commenced in September 2002 and was completed in November 2002. The two accessions were merged at this time. Additional accessions processed by Miles Abernethy from Janruary to May 2022 and August 2022.","The papers of James I. Robertson Jr., American Civil War historian, author, and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, span the dates 1849 to 2011 and are comprised of writings, research papers, and collected original materials for the Civil War and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The writings consist of materials (research notes, manuscript drafts, typescript drafts and galley proofs) related to the writing and publication of a portion of Robertson's books and articles between 1982 and 2004, a large collection of notes and records of Virginia county and Civil War activity, and a collection of Virginia Civil War unit notes, records, and correspondence. Some general materials includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park and a few manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson.","The following publications have been separated to the Rare Books Collection of VT Special Collections and University Archives:","Barringer, Paul B.  Narrative of Pilgrimage to Cedar Mountain and Manassas Battlefields, September 4-5, 1968  ([Richmond?: s.n., 1968?]) E472.183 N377 1968 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  Echoes of 1861-1961  ([Richmond]: privately printed, 1970) F227 .J6 1970 c.3 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  The Civil War 1861-1865 in Arkansas and Missouri: Notes on the April, 1967 Trip of the Chicago Civil War Round Table  ([Richmond]: Distributed by the Virginia State Penitentiary, 1967) E470.4 .J647 1967 c.2 Civil War Spec","Wilshin, Francis.  Manassas (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park, Virginia  (Washington D.C., 1957) Docs I 29.58:15/2 Civil War Spec","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection includes research notes, manuscripts, typescript drafts, working copies and galley proofs for books and articles written by Virginia Tech's Alumni Distinguished Professor of History James I. Robertson Jr., 1982-2001. Large collection of notes, papers, and correspondence relateing to Virginia Civil War counties and units. Also contains a small set of general materials which includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Robertson, James I., Jr.","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1994.021"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"collection_ssim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"creator_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"creators_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"places_ssim":["Virginia"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Robertson Papers were donated by James I. and Elizabeth Robertson in several accessions from 1992 until 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil War","Faculty and staff","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","University History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil War","Faculty and staff","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","University History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["30.4 Cubic Feet 43 boxes and 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["30.4 Cubic Feet 43 boxes and 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries I: Writings, 1981-2004\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series contains research notes, manuscript and typescript drafts, edited working copies, master copies and galley proofs for 10 books and two articles published between 1982 and 2004. The series is arranged by the works' chronological order of publication. The materials for each work are arranged in chronological order, according to the dates supplied. (Where dates were unavailable, the sequence was determined by comparing the different drafts.) The drafts include revisions made by Robertson and others (identified in the individual folder descriptions, when possible). The series' holdings are not comprehensive and do not include every draft of every work. The subseries for \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJackson \u0026amp; Lee\u003c/title\u003e, for example, contains only a typescript draft of a single chapter. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries II: General Materials, 1862-1996\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e All materials not directly related to the writing and publication of Robertson's works are assembled within this series, which includes items pertaining to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park, manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson, a list of articles written by Robertson and assorted ephemera. Materials are arranged by function. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries III: Virginia County Records, 1852-2005\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series contains records of Virginia counties during and after the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries IV: Virginia Unit Records, 1849-2011\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series contains records of Virginia  units during the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries V: Oversize Materials, [1982?]-2000, n.d.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series consists of oversize galley proofs which were too large to be filed in Series I. Items in this series are arranged according to the order in which they would have been filed had they remained in Series I. \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series I: Writings, 1981-2004  This series contains research notes, manuscript and typescript drafts, edited working copies, master copies and galley proofs for 10 books and two articles published between 1982 and 2004. The series is arranged by the works' chronological order of publication. The materials for each work are arranged in chronological order, according to the dates supplied. (Where dates were unavailable, the sequence was determined by comparing the different drafts.) The drafts include revisions made by Robertson and others (identified in the individual folder descriptions, when possible). The series' holdings are not comprehensive and do not include every draft of every work. The subseries for  Jackson \u0026 Lee , for example, contains only a typescript draft of a single chapter. ","Series II: General Materials, 1862-1996  All materials not directly related to the writing and publication of Robertson's works are assembled within this series, which includes items pertaining to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park, manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson, a list of articles written by Robertson and assorted ephemera. Materials are arranged by function. ","Series III: Virginia County Records, 1852-2005  This series contains records of Virginia counties during and after the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records, 1849-2011  This series contains records of Virginia  units during the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series V: Oversize Materials, [1982?]-2000, n.d.  This series consists of oversize galley proofs which were too large to be filed in Series I. Items in this series are arranged according to the order in which they would have been filed had they remained in Series I. "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Civil War historian and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, James I. \"Bud\" Robertson, Jr. (1930-2019) was born in Danville, Virginia. After graduating from Randolph-Macon College (B.A., 1955), Robertson obtained his M.A. (1956) and Ph.D. (1959) at Emory University and served as a teaching fellow (instructor in history) at Emory from 1958 to 1959. From 1959 to 1961, Robertson served as editor of Civil War History, a quarterly journal published by the University of Iowa. In 1961, he was appointed executive director of the National Civil War Centennial Commission by President John F. Kennedy and served until 1965, supervising the national observance of the Civil War centenary. Robertson served as professor of history at the University of Montana from 1965 until 1967, when he joined the faculty of Virginia Tech. He served as History Department head from 1969 to 1977, and was C. P. Miles Professor of History from 1977 to 1992. He became Alumni Distinguished Professor of History in 1992. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRobertson has authored many award-winning scholarly books on Civil War-related topics, including \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eSoldiers Blue and Gray\u003c/title\u003e (1988) (nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in History), \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation\u003c/title\u003e (1991), \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eGeneral A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior\u003c/title\u003e; and \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eStonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend\u003c/title\u003e (1997). He has also written two books for younger readers: \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War! America Becomes One Nation\u003c/title\u003e (1992) and \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eStanding Like a Stone Wall: the Life of General Thomas J. Jackson\u003c/title\u003e (2001). Robertson has been a contributing author and editor for several other works; his articles, too numerous to list here, have appeared in many encyclopedias, Civil War magazines and historical society journals. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["American Civil War historian and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, James I. \"Bud\" Robertson, Jr. (1930-2019) was born in Danville, Virginia. After graduating from Randolph-Macon College (B.A., 1955), Robertson obtained his M.A. (1956) and Ph.D. (1959) at Emory University and served as a teaching fellow (instructor in history) at Emory from 1958 to 1959. From 1959 to 1961, Robertson served as editor of Civil War History, a quarterly journal published by the University of Iowa. In 1961, he was appointed executive director of the National Civil War Centennial Commission by President John F. Kennedy and served until 1965, supervising the national observance of the Civil War centenary. Robertson served as professor of history at the University of Montana from 1965 until 1967, when he joined the faculty of Virginia Tech. He served as History Department head from 1969 to 1977, and was C. P. Miles Professor of History from 1977 to 1992. He became Alumni Distinguished Professor of History in 1992. ","Robertson has authored many award-winning scholarly books on Civil War-related topics, including  Soldiers Blue and Gray  (1988) (nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in History),  Civil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation  (1991),  General A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior ; and  Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend  (1997). He has also written two books for younger readers:  Civil War! America Becomes One Nation  (1992) and  Standing Like a Stone Wall: the Life of General Thomas J. Jackson  (2001). Robertson has been a contributing author and editor for several other works; his articles, too numerous to list here, have appeared in many encyclopedias, Civil War magazines and historical society journals. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession, Ms1994-021, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession, Ms1994-021, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccession I was processed in May 1996 by Helen Harrison, student assistant, and Laura Katz Smith, manuscripts curator. Processing, arrangement and description of Accession II commenced in September 2002 and was completed in November 2002. The two accessions were merged at this time. Additional accessions processed by Miles Abernethy from Janruary to May 2022 and August 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Accession I was processed in May 1996 by Helen Harrison, student assistant, and Laura Katz Smith, manuscripts curator. Processing, arrangement and description of Accession II commenced in September 2002 and was completed in November 2002. The two accessions were merged at this time. Additional accessions processed by Miles Abernethy from Janruary to May 2022 and August 2022."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of James I. Robertson Jr., American Civil War historian, author, and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, span the dates 1849 to 2011 and are comprised of writings, research papers, and collected original materials for the Civil War and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The writings consist of materials (research notes, manuscript drafts, typescript drafts and galley proofs) related to the writing and publication of a portion of Robertson's books and articles between 1982 and 2004, a large collection of notes and records of Virginia county and Civil War activity, and a collection of Virginia Civil War unit notes, records, and correspondence. Some general materials includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park and a few manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of James I. Robertson Jr., American Civil War historian, author, and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, span the dates 1849 to 2011 and are comprised of writings, research papers, and collected original materials for the Civil War and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The writings consist of materials (research notes, manuscript drafts, typescript drafts and galley proofs) related to the writing and publication of a portion of Robertson's books and articles between 1982 and 2004, a large collection of notes and records of Virginia county and Civil War activity, and a collection of Virginia Civil War unit notes, records, and correspondence. Some general materials includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park and a few manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe following publications have been separated to the Rare Books Collection of VT Special Collections and University Archives:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBarringer, Paul B. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eNarrative of Pilgrimage to Cedar Mountain and Manassas Battlefields, September 4-5, 1968\u003c/title\u003e ([Richmond?: s.n., 1968?]) E472.183 N377 1968 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohnston, J. Ambler. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eEchoes of 1861-1961\u003c/title\u003e ([Richmond]: privately printed, 1970) F227 .J6 1970 c.3 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohnston, J. Ambler. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Civil War 1861-1865 in Arkansas and Missouri: Notes on the April, 1967 Trip of the Chicago Civil War Round Table\u003c/title\u003e ([Richmond]: Distributed by the Virginia State Penitentiary, 1967) E470.4 .J647 1967 c.2 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilshin, Francis. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eManassas (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park, Virginia\u003c/title\u003e (Washington D.C., 1957) Docs I 29.58:15/2 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The following publications have been separated to the Rare Books Collection of VT Special Collections and University Archives:","Barringer, Paul B.  Narrative of Pilgrimage to Cedar Mountain and Manassas Battlefields, September 4-5, 1968  ([Richmond?: s.n., 1968?]) E472.183 N377 1968 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  Echoes of 1861-1961  ([Richmond]: privately printed, 1970) F227 .J6 1970 c.3 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  The Civil War 1861-1865 in Arkansas and Missouri: Notes on the April, 1967 Trip of the Chicago Civil War Round Table  ([Richmond]: Distributed by the Virginia State Penitentiary, 1967) E470.4 .J647 1967 c.2 Civil War Spec","Wilshin, Francis.  Manassas (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park, Virginia  (Washington D.C., 1957) Docs I 29.58:15/2 Civil War Spec"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_591a58887f476736372340a2230c0d66\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection includes research notes, manuscripts, typescript drafts, working copies and galley proofs for books and articles written by Virginia Tech's Alumni Distinguished Professor of History James I. Robertson Jr., 1982-2001. Large collection of notes, papers, and correspondence relateing to Virginia Civil War counties and units. Also contains a small set of general materials which includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection includes research notes, manuscripts, typescript drafts, working copies and galley proofs for books and articles written by Virginia Tech's Alumni Distinguished Professor of History James I. Robertson Jr., 1982-2001. Large collection of notes, papers, and correspondence relateing to Virginia Civil War counties and units. Also contains a small set of general materials which includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Robertson, James I., Jr."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"persname_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":516,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:35:47.968Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c96"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622_c01_c60","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"110 In the Shade - 70 Girls 70","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622_c01_c60#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e110 in the Shade, circa 2002-2003; 1776, March 1969; 1776, December 1997; 1776, April 1989; 1776, 2003; The 1940s Radio Hour, circa 2004-2006; The 1940s Radio Hour, November-December 1978; Alfred Hitchcock's The 39 Steps, March 2010; Alfred Hitchcock's The 39 Steps, May 2008; Forty-Second Street: A Musical Comedy, June 1980; 70, Girls, 70, June 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622_c01_c60#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622_c01_c60","ref_ssm":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622_c01_c60"],"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622_c01_c60","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622_c01","parent_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622_c01","parent_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Martin Cohen theater collection","Series 1: Playbills"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Martin Cohen theater collection","Series 1: Playbills"],"text":["Martin Cohen theater collection","Series 1: Playbills","110 In the Shade - 70 Girls 70","box 12","folder 4","110 in the Shade, circa 2002-2003; 1776, March 1969; 1776, December 1997; 1776, April 1989; 1776, 2003; The 1940s Radio Hour, circa 2004-2006; The 1940s Radio Hour, November-December 1978; Alfred Hitchcock's The 39 Steps, March 2010; Alfred Hitchcock's The 39 Steps, May 2008; Forty-Second Street: A Musical Comedy, June 1980; 70, Girls, 70, June 1991."],"title_filing_ssi":"110 In the Shade - 70 Girls 70","title_ssm":["110 In the Shade - 70 Girls 70"],"title_tesim":["110 In the Shade - 70 Girls 70"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1969-2010"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1969/2010"],"normalized_title_ssm":["110 In the Shade - 70 Girls 70"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["Martin Cohen theater collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":61,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no access restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010],"containers_ssim":["box 12","folder 4"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e110 in the Shade, circa 2002-2003; 1776, March 1969; 1776, December 1997; 1776, April 1989; 1776, 2003; The 1940s Radio Hour, circa 2004-2006; The 1940s Radio Hour, November-December 1978; Alfred Hitchcock's The 39 Steps, March 2010; Alfred Hitchcock's The 39 Steps, May 2008; Forty-Second Street: A Musical Comedy, June 1980; 70, Girls, 70, June 1991.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["110 in the Shade, circa 2002-2003; 1776, March 1969; 1776, December 1997; 1776, April 1989; 1776, 2003; The 1940s Radio Hour, circa 2004-2006; The 1940s Radio Hour, November-December 1978; Alfred Hitchcock's The 39 Steps, March 2010; Alfred Hitchcock's The 39 Steps, May 2008; Forty-Second Street: A Musical Comedy, June 1980; 70, Girls, 70, June 1991."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#59","timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:37:55.284Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_622.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Martin Cohen theater collection","title_ssm":["Martin Cohen theater collection"],"title_tesim":["Martin Cohen theater collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1816; 1907-2017"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1816; 1907-2017"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0335","/repositories/2/resources/622"],"text":["C0335","/repositories/2/resources/622","Martin Cohen theater collection","Film posters","Musical Theater","Plays","Theater","Filmmaking (Motion pictures)","There are no access restrictions.","Arranged into five series based on format.","Series Series 1: Playbills, 1936-2017 (Boxes 1-12) Series 2: Sheet Music, 1912-1969 (Boxes 12-13) Series 3: Personal Papers, 1915-1996 (Boxes 13-14) Series 4: Posters, 1816-2013 (Map Case 32.5, Tubes 1-17, Box 16) Series 5: Artifacts, 1915-1955 (Boxes 15, 17-18, Map Case 32.4)","\"Martin B. Cohen.\" Albany Times Union, March 28, 2019. https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/timesunion-albany/name/martin-cohen-obituary?id=5036932.","Martin B. Cohen was born in Albany, New York, the son of David and Betty Cohen. He began his career as a teacher at Giffen Elementary School and Hackett Middle School in Albany, New York. He later obtained a master's degree from Cornell University and a Ph.D. from George Washington University. Following his graduate education, Cohen became a professor of American history at George Mason University. He taught at George Mason University for 35 years. Cohen enjoyed travel and theather and was engaged as a lecturer and collector of the arts. Cohen passed away at the age of 81 on March 24, 2019. He is interred in the Beth Emeth Cemetery in Loudonville, New York.","Processing completed by Kelsey Kim in March 2022. Arrangement decisions were made in conjunction with Elizabeth Beckman. The collection was surveyed and arranged by format, including alphabetizing of the playbills based upon their extent. EAD markup by Elizabeth Beckman in March 2022. ","Additional processing and finding aid updates completed by Amanda Menjivar in May 2022. Inventory updated by Amanda Menjivar with assistance from Madeline Puppos in August 2023.","The George Mason University Special Collections Research Center holdings include other collections pertaining to theatre and film, including the  , the  , the  , and the  .","This collection contains primarily collectible material from various stage performances and motion picture filmmaking. Stage performance includes playbills and programs from the performances Cohen attended, often including ticket stubs from the performance, and other programs related to different venues in the Washington, D.C. area. There are numerous film posters of various sizes used to advertise upcoming films, and pressbooks to accompany film marketing. There are pages and books of sheet music from a variety of films and musicals. There are some personal papers as well, including a term paper written by Cohen, theater magazines, comic books, photographs, and a record album scrapbook. Among the artifacts included in this collection are a number of projectors and cameras for film, animation films cells, and toys.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.","The Martin Cohen theater collection contains material pertaining to musical theater, stage performances, and motion picture film. It primarily includes playbills, sheet music, and film posters, as well as as comic books, animation film cells, memorabilia, and toys.","R 72, C 2, S 7-C 3, S 4\n\nMC 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 32.4, 32.5, 34.5\n\nRSR 7.1, 8.1, 8.4","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Cohen, Martin B.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0335","/repositories/2/resources/622"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Martin Cohen theater collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Martin Cohen theater collection"],"collection_ssim":["Martin Cohen theater collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Cohen, Martin B."],"creator_ssim":["Cohen, Martin B."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Cohen, Martin B."],"creators_ssim":["Cohen, Martin B."],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Randolph Lytton in 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Film posters","Musical Theater","Plays","Theater","Filmmaking (Motion pictures)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Film posters","Musical Theater","Plays","Theater","Filmmaking (Motion pictures)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["15 Linear Feet 18 boxes, 6 map cases, 2 triangle boxes"],"extent_tesim":["15 Linear Feet 18 boxes, 6 map cases, 2 triangle boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged into five series based on format.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eSeries\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Playbills, 1936-2017 (Boxes 1-12)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Sheet Music, 1912-1969 (Boxes 12-13)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: Personal Papers, 1915-1996 (Boxes 13-14)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: Posters, 1816-2013 (Map Case 32.5, Tubes 1-17, Box 16)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 5: Artifacts, 1915-1955 (Boxes 15, 17-18, Map Case 32.4)\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged into five series based on format.","Series Series 1: Playbills, 1936-2017 (Boxes 1-12) Series 2: Sheet Music, 1912-1969 (Boxes 12-13) Series 3: Personal Papers, 1915-1996 (Boxes 13-14) Series 4: Posters, 1816-2013 (Map Case 32.5, Tubes 1-17, Box 16) Series 5: Artifacts, 1915-1955 (Boxes 15, 17-18, Map Case 32.4)"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Martin B. Cohen.\" Albany Times Union, March 28, 2019. https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/timesunion-albany/name/martin-cohen-obituary?id=5036932.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"Martin B. Cohen.\" Albany Times Union, March 28, 2019. https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/timesunion-albany/name/martin-cohen-obituary?id=5036932."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMartin B. Cohen was born in Albany, New York, the son of David and Betty Cohen. He began his career as a teacher at Giffen Elementary School and Hackett Middle School in Albany, New York. He later obtained a master's degree from Cornell University and a Ph.D. from George Washington University. Following his graduate education, Cohen became a professor of American history at George Mason University. He taught at George Mason University for 35 years. Cohen enjoyed travel and theather and was engaged as a lecturer and collector of the arts. Cohen passed away at the age of 81 on March 24, 2019. He is interred in the Beth Emeth Cemetery in Loudonville, New York.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Martin B. Cohen was born in Albany, New York, the son of David and Betty Cohen. He began his career as a teacher at Giffen Elementary School and Hackett Middle School in Albany, New York. He later obtained a master's degree from Cornell University and a Ph.D. from George Washington University. Following his graduate education, Cohen became a professor of American history at George Mason University. He taught at George Mason University for 35 years. Cohen enjoyed travel and theather and was engaged as a lecturer and collector of the arts. Cohen passed away at the age of 81 on March 24, 2019. He is interred in the Beth Emeth Cemetery in Loudonville, New York."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMartin Cohen theater collection, C0335, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Martin Cohen theater collection, C0335, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Kelsey Kim in March 2022. Arrangement decisions were made in conjunction with Elizabeth Beckman. The collection was surveyed and arranged by format, including alphabetizing of the playbills based upon their extent. EAD markup by Elizabeth Beckman in March 2022. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional processing and finding aid updates completed by Amanda Menjivar in May 2022. Inventory updated by Amanda Menjivar with assistance from Madeline Puppos in August 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Kelsey Kim in March 2022. Arrangement decisions were made in conjunction with Elizabeth Beckman. The collection was surveyed and arranged by format, including alphabetizing of the playbills based upon their extent. EAD markup by Elizabeth Beckman in March 2022. ","Additional processing and finding aid updates completed by Amanda Menjivar in May 2022. Inventory updated by Amanda Menjivar with assistance from Madeline Puppos in August 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe George Mason University Special Collections Research Center holdings include other collections pertaining to theatre and film, including the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Motion picture press kit collection\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0107\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Robert Prosky papers\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0022\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Cynthia Garn film production collection\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0009\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, and the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Charles Rodrigues playbill collection\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0184\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The George Mason University Special Collections Research Center holdings include other collections pertaining to theatre and film, including the  , the  , the  , and the  ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains primarily collectible material from various stage performances and motion picture filmmaking. Stage performance includes playbills and programs from the performances Cohen attended, often including ticket stubs from the performance, and other programs related to different venues in the Washington, D.C. area. There are numerous film posters of various sizes used to advertise upcoming films, and pressbooks to accompany film marketing. There are pages and books of sheet music from a variety of films and musicals. There are some personal papers as well, including a term paper written by Cohen, theater magazines, comic books, photographs, and a record album scrapbook. Among the artifacts included in this collection are a number of projectors and cameras for film, animation films cells, and toys.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains primarily collectible material from various stage performances and motion picture filmmaking. Stage performance includes playbills and programs from the performances Cohen attended, often including ticket stubs from the performance, and other programs related to different venues in the Washington, D.C. area. There are numerous film posters of various sizes used to advertise upcoming films, and pressbooks to accompany film marketing. There are pages and books of sheet music from a variety of films and musicals. There are some personal papers as well, including a term paper written by Cohen, theater magazines, comic books, photographs, and a record album scrapbook. Among the artifacts included in this collection are a number of projectors and cameras for film, animation films cells, and toys."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_71397d4cf7341382b248a4feea19127f\"\u003eThe Martin Cohen theater collection contains material pertaining to musical theater, stage performances, and motion picture film. It primarily includes playbills, sheet music, and film posters, as well as as comic books, animation film cells, memorabilia, and toys.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Martin Cohen theater collection contains material pertaining to musical theater, stage performances, and motion picture film. It primarily includes playbills, sheet music, and film posters, as well as as comic books, animation film cells, memorabilia, and toys."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_150a304289bf6803cc620f1d42336d0e\"\u003eR 72, C 2, S 7-C 3, S 4\n\nMC 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 32.4, 32.5, 34.5\n\nRSR 7.1, 8.1, 8.4\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 2, S 7-C 3, S 4\n\nMC 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 32.4, 32.5, 34.5\n\nRSR 7.1, 8.1, 8.4"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Cohen, Martin B."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Cohen, Martin B."],"persname_ssim":["Cohen, Martin B."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":221,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:37:55.284Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_622_c01_c60"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1000_c01_c02_c01_c03","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"11 1/2 x 17\" reproductions of various political cartoons","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1000_c01_c02_c01_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1000_c01_c02_c01_c03","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_1000_c01_c02_c01_c03"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1000_c01_c02_c01_c03","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1000","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1000","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1000_c01_c02_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1000_c01_c02_c01","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_1000","viu_repositories_3_resources_1000_c01","viu_repositories_3_resources_1000_c01_c02","viu_repositories_3_resources_1000_c01_c02_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_1000","viu_repositories_3_resources_1000_c01","viu_repositories_3_resources_1000_c01_c02","viu_repositories_3_resources_1000_c01_c02_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Patrick Oliphant artwork and papers","Artwork","Prints and Reproductions","Political cartoons"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Patrick Oliphant artwork and papers","Artwork","Prints and Reproductions","Political cartoons"],"text":["Patrick Oliphant artwork and papers","Artwork","Prints and Reproductions","Political cartoons","11 1/2 x 17\" reproductions of various political cartoons","box 72","Artifact 1"],"title_filing_ssi":"11 1/2 x 17\" reproductions of various political cartoons","title_ssm":["11 1/2 x 17\" reproductions of various political cartoons"],"title_tesim":["11 1/2 x 17\" reproductions of various political cartoons"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1968-2009"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1968/2009"],"normalized_title_ssm":["11 1/2 x 17\" reproductions of various political cartoons"],"component_level_isim":[4],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Patrick Oliphant artwork and papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":913,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research use."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["This collection is protected by copyright and/or related rights. 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He began his art career in 1955, drawing cartoons and illustrations for Adelaide's The Advertiser newspaper. In 1964, Oliphant moved to the United States and became the cartoonist at the Denver Post, and by 1965 his work was syndicated internationally by the Los Angeles Times Syndicate. Oliphant was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1967. In 1975 he moved to the Washington Star and joined the Universal Press Syndicate. In 1979 Oliphant was naturalized as an American citizen. When the Star went out of business in 1981, Oliphant decided to remain independent, living off the earnings from his syndication. He was the first political cartoonist in the twentieth century to work independently from a home newspaper, a situation that provided him with significant independence from editorial control. By 1983 Oliphant was the most widely syndicated American political cartoonist, with his work appearing in more than 500 newspapers. His body of work focuses mostly on American and global politics and culture; he is particularly known for his caricatures of American presidents and other world leaders. While he is most well known as a political cartoonist, over the course of his career Oliphant also produced dozens of bronze sculptures, along with many other drawings and paintings. He retired in 2015.","Source: Wikipedia contributors. \"Pat Oliphant.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 16 Jan. 2022. Web. 18 Jan. 2022.","Drawings of varying size, political cartoons, sculpture, books, framed items, scrapbooks, sketchbooks, slides, video tapes, and news clippings.","The Patrick Oliphant artwork and papers collection contains materials documenting the life and work of artist Patrick Oliphant. It covers his career as a political cartoonist from 1955 to 2015, including thousands of original cartoon drawings. 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His body of work focuses mostly on American and global politics and culture; he is particularly known for his caricatures of American presidents and other world leaders. While he is most well known as a political cartoonist, over the course of his career Oliphant also produced dozens of bronze sculptures, along with many other drawings and paintings. He retired in 2015.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSource: Wikipedia contributors. \"Pat Oliphant.\" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 16 Jan. 2022. Web. 18 Jan. 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Patrick Bruce \"Pat\" Oliphant, born July 24, 1935, is an Australian-born American artist whose career spanned more than sixty years. He began his art career in 1955, drawing cartoons and illustrations for Adelaide's The Advertiser newspaper. 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