{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1956\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Box\u0026page=24","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1956\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Box\u0026page=23","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1956\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Box\u0026page=25","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1956\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Box\u0026page=77"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":24,"next_page":25,"prev_page":23,"total_pages":77,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":230,"total_count":764,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c05","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"Correspondence F-G, 1946/1965","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c05#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c05#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c05","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c05"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c05","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01","parent_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_414","viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Correspondence F-G","title_ssm":["Correspondence F-G"],"title_tesim":["Correspondence F-G"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Correspondence F-G, 1946/1965"],"text":["Correspondence F-G, 1946/1965","Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965","box 5 [X031588703]","folder 1-8","English","Correspondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1946/1965"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1946-1965"],"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":23,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Cubic Feet One legal document box. Box 5."],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Cubic Feet One legal document box. Box 5."],"physfacet_tesim":["Folders 1-8"],"containers_ssim":["box 5 [X031588703]","folder 1-8"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information."],"language_ssim":["English"],"date_range_isim":[1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Correspondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#4","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:24.432Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_414.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/118391","title_filing_ssi":"Wisner, Frank, Gardiner papers","title_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers"],"title_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1909-1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1909-1997"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1909/1997"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"text":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414","There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.","This collection is open for research.","15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208","Series  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3","The papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","This collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.","Correspondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.","The correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\"","Correspondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Duck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.","Planning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain","Wisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.","Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]","Wisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.","Alsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.","Wisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.","Angleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.","Tribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.","George H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.","Herbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026 Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).","Stock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)","Stock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.","Topics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)","2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner","Folder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)","Adolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H","Correspondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops","Correspondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.","Correspondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026 Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.","Correspondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)","Correspondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.","Correspondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.","Correspondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.","Correspondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.","Lifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)","There are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.","Printed brochures and articles","Condolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.","Acknowledgement list included.","Condolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.","Accretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)","Correspondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.","Frank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.","OSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.","Correspondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"collection_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift of Ellis Wisner, Frank Wisner, Graham Wisner, and their sister Elizabeth Hazard to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia on September 5, 2012 (Condolence letters), February 27, 2013, and 2017."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["10.5 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes and oversize boxes"],"extent_tesim":["10.5 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes and oversize boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.","This collection is open for research."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accessions"],"accruals_tesim":["15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThe papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3","The papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHe was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHe was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biography","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.","MSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nCorrespondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlanning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArchibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAngleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHerbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026amp; Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026amp; Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrinted brochures and articles\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCondolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement list included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCondolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.","Correspondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.","The correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\"","Correspondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Duck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.","Planning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain","Wisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.","Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]","Wisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.","Alsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.","Wisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.","Angleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.","Tribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.","George H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.","Herbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026 Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).","Stock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)","Stock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.","Topics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)","2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner","Folder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)","Adolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H","Correspondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops","Correspondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.","Correspondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026 Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.","Correspondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)","Correspondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.","Correspondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.","Correspondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.","Correspondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.","Lifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)","There are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.","Printed brochures and articles","Condolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.","Acknowledgement list included.","Condolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.","Accretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)","Correspondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.","Frank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.","OSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.","Correspondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":49,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:24.432Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c05"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c17","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"Correspondence, financial records, photographs, military records, wills, concert programs, 1908/2012","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c17#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c17","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c17"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c17","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01","parent_ssim":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013","Box inventory"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_875","viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Correspondence, financial records, photographs, military records, wills, concert programs","title_ssm":["Correspondence, financial records, photographs, military records, wills, concert programs"],"title_tesim":["Correspondence, financial records, photographs, military records, wills, concert programs"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Correspondence, financial records, photographs, military records, wills, concert programs, 1908/2012"],"text":["Correspondence, financial records, photographs, military records, wills, concert programs, 1908/2012","Somerville family papers, 1821/2013","Box inventory","box 17"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013","Box inventory"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013","Box inventory"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1908/2012"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1908-2012"],"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":18,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013"],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"containers_ssim":["box 17"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is stored offsite.  Please allow three business days for delivery to the Small Reading Room."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Collection is open for research use."],"date_range_isim":[1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#16","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:38.998Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_875.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/149696","title_filing_ssi":"Somerville family papers","title_ssm":["Somerville family papers"],"title_tesim":["Somerville family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1821-2013"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1821-2013"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1821/2013"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013"],"text":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013","MSS 16201","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/875","Black-and-white photographs","letters (correspondence)","Collection is stored offsite.  Please allow three business days for delivery to the Small Reading Room.","The Somerville family, according to documents in this collection, maintains theories on their family origins, attempting to trace family records back to the duchy of Normandy, France and Scottish nobility whose ancestors, Sir Walter de Somerville among them, arrived in Britain in 1066 with William the Conqueror. The Somerville family traces its origins in America to James Somerville (1742-?) who settled in Culpepper County, Virginia after emigrating from Glasgow, Scotland. James Somerville was an influential merchant and became the mayor of Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1787. Members of the Somerville family, as the collection reveals, were also linked to historical figures prominent in the confederate army, including Fletcher Harris Archer. Atwell Somerville (1921-2014), whose life is detailed by a significant portion of the collection, was a member of the 90th Bombardment Group, the \"Jolly Rogers\", of the United States Air Force in World War II from 1942 to 1945. After obtaining a law degree from the University of Virginia after the war, he worked in the law firm of Nottingham and Somerville and participated in various civic and historical organizations in Orange County, Virginia. Atwell Somerville played a significant role in corresponding with family members, particularly Mary Lee Somerville of Culpeper, and genealogists, obtaining many family papers featured in this collection.","The Somerville family papers (1821-2013) consists of correspondence, photographs, printed materials, and extensive genealogical files. The papers and research detailing the history of the Somerville family, mainly in America, range from its colonial background to contemporary times. The extensive genealogical research is comprised of notes and charts, along with correspondence, photographs, military records, personal notes, clippings, and printed materials. The collection also includes records detailing financial history of family assets, including wills, estates, and records of the sale of enslaved laborers and land. Scattered throughout the collection are photographs, negatives, and daguerreotypes of many Somerville family members, as well as some sheet music, and artifacts. Part of the collection also details the backgrounds of other families genealogically related to the Somervilles, such as the Stringfellow and Nottingham families.","The collection contains a Civil War memoir of Fletcher Harris Archer, Lieutenant Colonel in the Confederate Army and Mayor of Petersburg, Va. Also present are notes and documents about Archer's service during the Mexican-American War, possibly for a memoir that was never completed.  The collection also includes letters of Atwell W. Somerville while a student and cadet at Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina. Other topics include, Atwell Somerville's studies, athletic events, and church services and work. Of note is a letter of 1940 November 12 in which Somerville mentions he has had a recurrence of malaria.  Of interest are letters of Atwell W. Somerville during his service in World War II as a member of the 90th bomber squadron (a.k.a. \"The Jolly Rogers\") in the South Pacific.  There is also a ledger (1830s) from a store at Racoon Ford, near the Culpeper and Orange counties border.","References:","Somerville, James. The Baronial House of Somerville: An Abridged and Condensed Narrative of the Principal Branches of the Ancient Family. Glasgow: Maclehose, Jackson and Co., 1920.","McGhan, Judith, comp. Genealogies of Virginia Families: from Tyler's Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Baltimore: Clearfield Company, 2007.","\"Somerville, Atwell.\" The Daily Progress, 27 Feb. 2014, https://www.dailyprogress.com/orangenews/obituaries/somerville-atwell/article_da96d574-9202-5dac-b5f5-422dc47206dc.html.","Collection is open for research use.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013"],"collection_ssim":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Box","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16201","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/875"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16201","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/875"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["Collection is open for research use."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Wilson Somerville, 12 August 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Black-and-white photographs","letters (correspondence)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Black-and-white photographs","letters (correspondence)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["24 Cubic Feet 24 cubic foot boxes"],"extent_tesim":["24 Cubic Feet 24 cubic foot boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Black-and-white photographs","letters (correspondence)"],"date_range_isim":[1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is stored offsite.  Please allow three business days for delivery to the Small Reading Room.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is stored offsite.  Please allow three business days for delivery to the Small Reading Room."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Somerville family, according to documents in this collection, maintains theories on their family origins, attempting to trace family records back to the duchy of Normandy, France and Scottish nobility whose ancestors, Sir Walter de Somerville among them, arrived in Britain in 1066 with William the Conqueror. The Somerville family traces its origins in America to James Somerville (1742-?) who settled in Culpepper County, Virginia after emigrating from Glasgow, Scotland. James Somerville was an influential merchant and became the mayor of Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1787. Members of the Somerville family, as the collection reveals, were also linked to historical figures prominent in the confederate army, including Fletcher Harris Archer. Atwell Somerville (1921-2014), whose life is detailed by a significant portion of the collection, was a member of the 90th Bombardment Group, the \"Jolly Rogers\", of the United States Air Force in World War II from 1942 to 1945. After obtaining a law degree from the University of Virginia after the war, he worked in the law firm of Nottingham and Somerville and participated in various civic and historical organizations in Orange County, Virginia. Atwell Somerville played a significant role in corresponding with family members, particularly Mary Lee Somerville of Culpeper, and genealogists, obtaining many family papers featured in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Somerville family, according to documents in this collection, maintains theories on their family origins, attempting to trace family records back to the duchy of Normandy, France and Scottish nobility whose ancestors, Sir Walter de Somerville among them, arrived in Britain in 1066 with William the Conqueror. The Somerville family traces its origins in America to James Somerville (1742-?) who settled in Culpepper County, Virginia after emigrating from Glasgow, Scotland. James Somerville was an influential merchant and became the mayor of Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1787. Members of the Somerville family, as the collection reveals, were also linked to historical figures prominent in the confederate army, including Fletcher Harris Archer. Atwell Somerville (1921-2014), whose life is detailed by a significant portion of the collection, was a member of the 90th Bombardment Group, the \"Jolly Rogers\", of the United States Air Force in World War II from 1942 to 1945. After obtaining a law degree from the University of Virginia after the war, he worked in the law firm of Nottingham and Somerville and participated in various civic and historical organizations in Orange County, Virginia. Atwell Somerville played a significant role in corresponding with family members, particularly Mary Lee Somerville of Culpeper, and genealogists, obtaining many family papers featured in this collection."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16201 Somerville family papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16201 Somerville family papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Somerville family papers (1821-2013) consists of correspondence, photographs, printed materials, and extensive genealogical files. The papers and research detailing the history of the Somerville family, mainly in America, range from its colonial background to contemporary times. The extensive genealogical research is comprised of notes and charts, along with correspondence, photographs, military records, personal notes, clippings, and printed materials. The collection also includes records detailing financial history of family assets, including wills, estates, and records of the sale of enslaved laborers and land. Scattered throughout the collection are photographs, negatives, and daguerreotypes of many Somerville family members, as well as some sheet music, and artifacts. Part of the collection also details the backgrounds of other families genealogically related to the Somervilles, such as the Stringfellow and Nottingham families. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains a Civil War memoir of Fletcher Harris Archer, Lieutenant Colonel in the Confederate Army and Mayor of Petersburg, Va. Also present are notes and documents about Archer's service during the Mexican-American War, possibly for a memoir that was never completed.  The collection also includes letters of Atwell W. Somerville while a student and cadet at Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina. Other topics include, Atwell Somerville's studies, athletic events, and church services and work. Of note is a letter of 1940 November 12 in which Somerville mentions he has had a recurrence of malaria.  Of interest are letters of Atwell W. Somerville during his service in World War II as a member of the 90th bomber squadron (a.k.a. \"The Jolly Rogers\") in the South Pacific.  There is also a ledger (1830s) from a store at Racoon Ford, near the Culpeper and Orange counties border.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReferences:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSomerville, James. The Baronial House of Somerville: An Abridged and Condensed Narrative of the Principal Branches of the Ancient Family. Glasgow: Maclehose, Jackson and Co., 1920.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcGhan, Judith, comp. Genealogies of Virginia Families: from Tyler's Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Baltimore: Clearfield Company, 2007.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Somerville, Atwell.\" The Daily Progress, 27 Feb. 2014, https://www.dailyprogress.com/orangenews/obituaries/somerville-atwell/article_da96d574-9202-5dac-b5f5-422dc47206dc.html.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Somerville family papers (1821-2013) consists of correspondence, photographs, printed materials, and extensive genealogical files. The papers and research detailing the history of the Somerville family, mainly in America, range from its colonial background to contemporary times. The extensive genealogical research is comprised of notes and charts, along with correspondence, photographs, military records, personal notes, clippings, and printed materials. The collection also includes records detailing financial history of family assets, including wills, estates, and records of the sale of enslaved laborers and land. Scattered throughout the collection are photographs, negatives, and daguerreotypes of many Somerville family members, as well as some sheet music, and artifacts. Part of the collection also details the backgrounds of other families genealogically related to the Somervilles, such as the Stringfellow and Nottingham families.","The collection contains a Civil War memoir of Fletcher Harris Archer, Lieutenant Colonel in the Confederate Army and Mayor of Petersburg, Va. Also present are notes and documents about Archer's service during the Mexican-American War, possibly for a memoir that was never completed.  The collection also includes letters of Atwell W. Somerville while a student and cadet at Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina. Other topics include, Atwell Somerville's studies, athletic events, and church services and work. Of note is a letter of 1940 November 12 in which Somerville mentions he has had a recurrence of malaria.  Of interest are letters of Atwell W. Somerville during his service in World War II as a member of the 90th bomber squadron (a.k.a. \"The Jolly Rogers\") in the South Pacific.  There is also a ledger (1830s) from a store at Racoon Ford, near the Culpeper and Orange counties border.","References:","Somerville, James. The Baronial House of Somerville: An Abridged and Condensed Narrative of the Principal Branches of the Ancient Family. Glasgow: Maclehose, Jackson and Co., 1920.","McGhan, Judith, comp. Genealogies of Virginia Families: from Tyler's Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Baltimore: Clearfield Company, 2007.","\"Somerville, Atwell.\" The Daily Progress, 27 Feb. 2014, https://www.dailyprogress.com/orangenews/obituaries/somerville-atwell/article_da96d574-9202-5dac-b5f5-422dc47206dc.html."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research use."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":27,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:38.998Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c17"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c06","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"Correspondence G-J, 1947/1965","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c06#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026amp; Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c06#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c06","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c06"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c06","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01","parent_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_414","viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Correspondence G-J","title_ssm":["Correspondence G-J"],"title_tesim":["Correspondence G-J"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Correspondence G-J, 1947/1965"],"text":["Correspondence G-J, 1947/1965","Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965","box 6 [X031588704]","folder 1-11","English","Correspondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026 Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1947/1965"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1947-1965"],"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":24,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Cubic Feet One legal document box. Box 6."],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Cubic Feet One legal document box. Box 6."],"physfacet_tesim":["Folders 1-11"],"containers_ssim":["box 6 [X031588704]","folder 1-11"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information."],"language_ssim":["English"],"date_range_isim":[1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026amp; Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Correspondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026 Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#5","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:24.432Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_414.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/118391","title_filing_ssi":"Wisner, Frank, Gardiner papers","title_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers"],"title_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1909-1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1909-1997"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1909/1997"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"text":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414","There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.","This collection is open for research.","15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208","Series  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3","The papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","This collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.","Correspondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.","The correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\"","Correspondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Duck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.","Planning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain","Wisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.","Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]","Wisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.","Alsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.","Wisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.","Angleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.","Tribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.","George H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.","Herbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026 Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).","Stock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)","Stock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.","Topics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)","2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner","Folder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)","Adolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H","Correspondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops","Correspondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.","Correspondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026 Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.","Correspondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)","Correspondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.","Correspondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.","Correspondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.","Correspondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.","Lifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)","There are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.","Printed brochures and articles","Condolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.","Acknowledgement list included.","Condolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.","Accretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)","Correspondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.","Frank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.","OSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.","Correspondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"collection_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift of Ellis Wisner, Frank Wisner, Graham Wisner, and their sister Elizabeth Hazard to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia on September 5, 2012 (Condolence letters), February 27, 2013, and 2017."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["10.5 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes and oversize boxes"],"extent_tesim":["10.5 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes and oversize boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.","This collection is open for research."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accessions"],"accruals_tesim":["15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThe papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3","The papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHe was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHe was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biography","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.","MSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nCorrespondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlanning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArchibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAngleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHerbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026amp; Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026amp; Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrinted brochures and articles\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCondolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement list included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCondolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.","Correspondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.","The correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\"","Correspondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Duck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.","Planning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain","Wisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.","Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]","Wisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.","Alsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.","Wisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.","Angleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.","Tribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.","George H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.","Herbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026 Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).","Stock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)","Stock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.","Topics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)","2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner","Folder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)","Adolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H","Correspondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops","Correspondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.","Correspondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026 Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.","Correspondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)","Correspondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.","Correspondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.","Correspondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.","Correspondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.","Lifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)","There are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.","Printed brochures and articles","Condolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.","Acknowledgement list included.","Condolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.","Accretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)","Correspondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.","Frank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.","OSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.","Correspondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":49,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:24.432Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c06"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c08","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"Correspondence J-M, 1947/1965","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c08#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c08#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c08","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c08"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c08","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01","parent_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_414","viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Correspondence J-M","title_ssm":["Correspondence J-M"],"title_tesim":["Correspondence J-M"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Correspondence J-M, 1947/1965"],"text":["Correspondence J-M, 1947/1965","Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965","box 7 [X031588705]","folder 1-11","English","Correspondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1947/1965"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1947-1965"],"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":26,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Cubic Feet One legal document box. Box 7."],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Cubic Feet One legal document box. Box 7."],"physfacet_tesim":["Folders 1-11"],"containers_ssim":["box 7 [X031588705]","folder 1-11"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information."],"language_ssim":["English"],"date_range_isim":[1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Correspondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#7","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:24.432Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_414.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/118391","title_filing_ssi":"Wisner, Frank, Gardiner papers","title_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers"],"title_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1909-1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1909-1997"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1909/1997"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"text":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414","There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.","This collection is open for research.","15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208","Series  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3","The papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","This collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.","Correspondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.","The correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\"","Correspondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Duck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.","Planning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain","Wisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.","Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]","Wisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.","Alsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.","Wisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.","Angleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.","Tribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.","George H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.","Herbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026 Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).","Stock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)","Stock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.","Topics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)","2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner","Folder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)","Adolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H","Correspondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops","Correspondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.","Correspondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026 Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.","Correspondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)","Correspondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.","Correspondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.","Correspondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.","Correspondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.","Lifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)","There are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.","Printed brochures and articles","Condolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.","Acknowledgement list included.","Condolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.","Accretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)","Correspondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.","Frank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.","OSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.","Correspondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"collection_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift of Ellis Wisner, Frank Wisner, Graham Wisner, and their sister Elizabeth Hazard to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia on September 5, 2012 (Condolence letters), February 27, 2013, and 2017."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["10.5 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes and oversize boxes"],"extent_tesim":["10.5 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes and oversize boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.","This collection is open for research."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accessions"],"accruals_tesim":["15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThe papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3","The papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHe was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHe was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biography","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.","MSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nCorrespondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlanning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArchibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAngleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHerbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026amp; Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026amp; Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrinted brochures and articles\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCondolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement list included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCondolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.","Correspondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.","The correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\"","Correspondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Duck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.","Planning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain","Wisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.","Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]","Wisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.","Alsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.","Wisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.","Angleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.","Tribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.","George H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.","Herbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026 Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).","Stock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)","Stock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.","Topics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)","2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner","Folder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)","Adolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H","Correspondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops","Correspondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.","Correspondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026 Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.","Correspondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)","Correspondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.","Correspondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.","Correspondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.","Correspondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.","Lifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)","There are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.","Printed brochures and articles","Condolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.","Acknowledgement list included.","Condolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.","Accretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)","Correspondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.","Frank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.","OSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.","Correspondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":49,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:24.432Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c08"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c09","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"Correspondence M-R, 1944/1965","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c09#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c09#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c09","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c09"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c09","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01","parent_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_414","viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Correspondence M-R","title_ssm":["Correspondence M-R"],"title_tesim":["Correspondence M-R"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Correspondence M-R, 1944/1965"],"text":["Correspondence M-R, 1944/1965","Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965","box 8 [X031588706]","folder 1-10","English","Correspondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Correspondence, 1937/1965"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1944/1965"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1944-1965"],"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":27,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Cubic Feet One legal document box. Box 8"],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Cubic Feet One legal document box. Box 8"],"physfacet_tesim":["Folders 1-10"],"containers_ssim":["box 8 [X031588706]","folder 1-10"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information."],"language_ssim":["English"],"date_range_isim":[1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Correspondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#8","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:24.432Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_414.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/118391","title_filing_ssi":"Wisner, Frank, Gardiner papers","title_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers"],"title_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1909-1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1909-1997"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1909/1997"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"text":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414","There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.","This collection is open for research.","15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208","Series  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3","The papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","This collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.","Correspondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.","The correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\"","Correspondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Duck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.","Planning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain","Wisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.","Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]","Wisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.","Alsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.","Wisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.","Angleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.","Tribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.","George H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.","Herbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026 Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).","Stock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)","Stock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.","Topics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)","2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner","Folder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)","Adolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H","Correspondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops","Correspondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.","Correspondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026 Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.","Correspondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)","Correspondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.","Correspondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.","Correspondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.","Correspondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.","Lifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)","There are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.","Printed brochures and articles","Condolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.","Acknowledgement list included.","Condolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.","Accretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)","Correspondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.","Frank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.","OSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.","Correspondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"collection_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift of Ellis Wisner, Frank Wisner, Graham Wisner, and their sister Elizabeth Hazard to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia on September 5, 2012 (Condolence letters), February 27, 2013, and 2017."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["10.5 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes and oversize boxes"],"extent_tesim":["10.5 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes and oversize boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.","This collection is open for research."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accessions"],"accruals_tesim":["15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThe papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3","The papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHe was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHe was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biography","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.","MSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nCorrespondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlanning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArchibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAngleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHerbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026amp; Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026amp; Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrinted brochures and articles\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCondolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement list included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCondolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.","Correspondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.","The correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\"","Correspondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Duck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.","Planning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain","Wisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.","Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]","Wisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.","Alsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.","Wisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.","Angleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.","Tribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.","George H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.","Herbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026 Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).","Stock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)","Stock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.","Topics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)","2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner","Folder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)","Adolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H","Correspondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops","Correspondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.","Correspondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026 Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.","Correspondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)","Correspondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.","Correspondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.","Correspondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.","Correspondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.","Lifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)","There are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.","Printed brochures and articles","Condolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.","Acknowledgement list included.","Condolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.","Accretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)","Correspondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.","Frank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.","OSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.","Correspondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":49,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:24.432Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c01_c09"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c04_c03","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"Correspondence, personal and professional papers, 1909/1997","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c04_c03#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eOSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. 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Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Addition 1 and 2, 1909/1997"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Addition 1 and 2, 1909/1997"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1909/1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1909-1997"],"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":45,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Cubic Feet One  legal size document box. Box 20"],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Cubic Feet One  legal size document box. 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Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["OSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations."],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#2","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:24.432Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_414.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/118391","title_filing_ssi":"Wisner, Frank, Gardiner papers","title_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers"],"title_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1909-1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1909-1997"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1909/1997"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"text":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414","There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.","This collection is open for research.","15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208","Series  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3","The papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","This collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.","Correspondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.","The correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\"","Correspondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Duck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.","Planning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain","Wisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.","Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]","Wisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.","Alsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.","Wisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.","Angleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.","Tribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.","George H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.","Herbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026 Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).","Stock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)","Stock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.","Topics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)","2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner","Folder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)","Adolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H","Correspondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops","Correspondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.","Correspondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026 Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.","Correspondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)","Correspondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.","Correspondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.","Correspondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.","Correspondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.","Lifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)","There are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.","Printed brochures and articles","Condolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.","Acknowledgement list included.","Condolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.","Accretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)","Correspondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.","Frank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.","OSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.","Correspondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"collection_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift of Ellis Wisner, Frank Wisner, Graham Wisner, and their sister Elizabeth Hazard to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia on September 5, 2012 (Condolence letters), February 27, 2013, and 2017."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["10.5 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes and oversize boxes"],"extent_tesim":["10.5 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes and oversize boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.","This collection is open for research."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accessions"],"accruals_tesim":["15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThe papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3","The papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHe was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHe was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biography","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.","MSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nCorrespondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlanning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArchibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAngleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHerbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026amp; Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026amp; Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrinted brochures and articles\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCondolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement list included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCondolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.","Correspondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.","The correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\"","Correspondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Duck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.","Planning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain","Wisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.","Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]","Wisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.","Alsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.","Wisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.","Angleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.","Tribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.","George H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.","Herbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026 Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).","Stock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)","Stock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.","Topics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)","2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner","Folder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)","Adolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H","Correspondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops","Correspondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.","Correspondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026 Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.","Correspondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)","Correspondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.","Correspondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.","Correspondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.","Correspondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.","Lifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)","There are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.","Printed brochures and articles","Condolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.","Acknowledgement list included.","Condolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.","Accretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)","Correspondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.","Frank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.","OSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.","Correspondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":49,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:24.432Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c04_c03"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c04_c01","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"Correspondence, personal papers, and C. I. 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I. A. reports","title_ssm":["Correspondence, personal papers, and C. I. A. reports"],"title_tesim":["Correspondence, personal papers, and C. I. A. reports"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Correspondence, personal papers, and C. I. A. reports, 1909/1996"],"text":["Correspondence, personal papers, and C. I. A. reports, 1909/1996","Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Addition 1 and 2, 1909/1997","box 18 [X030899306]","folder 1-27","English","Correspondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Addition 1 and 2, 1909/1997"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","Addition 1 and 2, 1909/1997"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1909/1996"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1909-1996"],"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":43,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Cubic Feet One legal document box. Box 18"],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Cubic Feet One legal document box. Box 18"],"physfacet_tesim":["Folders 1-27"],"containers_ssim":["box 18 [X030899306]","folder 1-27"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information."],"language_ssim":["English"],"date_range_isim":[1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Correspondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates."],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#0","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:24.432Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_414","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_414.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/118391","title_filing_ssi":"Wisner, Frank, Gardiner papers","title_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers"],"title_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1909-1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1909-1997"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1909/1997"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"text":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997","MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414","There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.","This collection is open for research.","15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208","Series  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3","The papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","This collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.","Correspondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.","The correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\"","Correspondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Duck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.","Planning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain","Wisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.","Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]","Wisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.","Alsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.","Wisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.","Angleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.","Tribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.","George H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.","Herbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026 Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).","Stock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)","Stock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.","Topics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)","2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner","Folder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)","Adolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H","Correspondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops","Correspondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.","Correspondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026 Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.","Correspondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)","Correspondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.","Correspondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.","Correspondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.","Correspondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.","Lifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)","There are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.","Printed brochures and articles","Condolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.","Acknowledgement list included.","Condolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.","Accretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)","Correspondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.","Frank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.","OSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.","Correspondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"collection_ssim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, 1909/1997"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 15049","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/414"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift of Ellis Wisner, Frank Wisner, Graham Wisner, and their sister Elizabeth Hazard to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia on September 5, 2012 (Condolence letters), February 27, 2013, and 2017."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["10.5 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes and oversize boxes"],"extent_tesim":["10.5 Cubic Feet 21 document boxes and oversize boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are restrictions on the letters of recommendations and sensitive salary information.","This collection is open for research."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accessions"],"accruals_tesim":["15049-a, 15049-b, 2016-0075, 2017-0208"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThe papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series  1. Correspondence files, Series 2. Lifetime Files,  Series 3. Condolence letters, Series 4.  Accretion 1 and 2, Series 5. Accretion 3","The papers came in with general correspondence under the letters A or B etc.. and also had folders for specific names."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHe was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHe was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biography","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard and Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.","His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire.","In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London.","In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments.","Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information. He obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.","He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951).","Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.","After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.","As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.","He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.","He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.","He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.","MSS 15049, Frank Gardiner Wisner papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nCorrespondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlanning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArchibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAngleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHerbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026amp; Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTopics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026amp; Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrinted brochures and articles\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCondolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement list included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCondolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of Frank Gardiner Wisner papers (1909-1997; 10.5 cubic feet) consists of business and personal papers of Frank Gardiner Wisner, who was a Director in the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950's. Included is an autographed letter signed by John Edgar Hoover and a photocopy of a letter signed by Harry S. Truman.","Correspondence files, 1937-1965, with business, government, media, and personal contacts, which are arranged alphabetically by the correspondent's last name or by the subject matter of the correspondence. The folder descriptions may list many correspondents but are not exclusive. There is also correspondence in the Series 4. Accretions 1 and 2.","The correspondence in the collection relates to ventures in which Wisner was acting as a consultant and an attorney to promote and protect companies in diversifying their interests and making investments for himself and his family. Incorporated into the business correspondence are many letters with agents, diplomats, scholars, and journalists that contain brief references to high-level government officials and important world events. The contents are often cryptic and do not mention specifics e.g. \"I agree with what you said the other day\" or \"with the 3rd sentence of your last paragraph.\"","Correspondents include or mention C. I. A. Directors, State Department officials, and agents, Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, John Bross, Richard Helms, William Raborn, William J. Donovan, William J. Casey, Charles \"Chip\" Bohlen, David and Evangeline Bruce, Llewelyn \"Tommy\" Thompson, Adolph A. Berle, Clark Clifford, W. Averill Harriman, Paul Nitze, Bronson Tweedy, Richard M. Bissell, Jr., Burton Y. Berry, Walt Whitman Rostow, Desmond Fitzgerald, Brigadier General Lauris Norstadt, General Charles Pearre Cabell, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander, Clare Boothe Luce, Gerry Miller, James Jesus Angleton, C. Tracy Barnes, Charles Thayer, Gilbert Highet, Julius \"Junky\" Fleischman, H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby, Oleg Penkovsky, Richard Sorge, and Sam Papich, as well as F. B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover.","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Apawamis Club, Julian Amery, Sherman Adams, T. Ault, French Ambassador to the United States Herve Alphand (review of Allen W. Dulles' book \"The Craft of Intelligence\"), Mme. Nicole Alphand, Hoye Ammidon, W. Barney Arthur, Dillon Anderson, Edward J. Applewhite, A. G. Atwater, Mrs. Dean \"Alice\" Acheson, and the Atomic Energy Commission (an invitation for Wisner to witness an atomic test explosion.)","Duck hunting, concern about Italy becoming vulnerable to communism, interest by Charles Adams in the Scope Company, and sorrow about the assassination of President Kennedy.","Planning meetings to brief John Cabot Lodge, United States Ambassador to Spain","Wisner seeks approval to represent Aletti's business transactions in Senegal.","Archibald \"Archie\" Alexander retires as President of the Board of the Free Europe Committee, appointment of John Richardson, Jr. as the new president, and Alexander accepts a new position as Assistant Director for the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Mention of Adlai Stevenson, Cord Meyer, Gordon Gray, and C. Tracy [Barnes]","Wisner helps Alim with his citizenship and protects his employment status when Alim became ill.","Alsop criticism of the New Leader attack on Robert Oppenheimer, untrustworthiness of Harvey Matusow, Wisner encourages Alsop to write about the improvements in South Vietnam and a piece on Britain, Libya and the Middle East. Selling of Alsop's book about archaeology, \"From the Silent Earth,\" Tom Wolfe's criticism of Norman Mailer's book, and Wisner very upset about Morris West's novel, \"The Ambassador.\" (Of interest is that Fritz Nolting, the ambassador of Vietnam in 1961 who supported Diem, was a classmate of Frank Wisner at the University of Virginia). Mention of David and Evangeline Bruce, and Isaiah [Berlin] being nervous about giving his talk.","Wisner wants to know Alsop's opinion of Sol Stein's book on \"Harvey Matusow's 'False Witness.'\" Mention of a serious leak of classified information, suggestions for Alsop's article, \"Hogwash,\" Wisner criticism of The New York Times for not reporting on Senator Fulbright's comments about Cuba, Wisner wants Samuel Pope Brewer to write an article for The Washington Post on Brazil (suggestion that Adolf Berle would write the article), and mention of Carlos Lacerda. Also includes letters with Arthur Krock.","Angleton enjoys friendship with Gordon Gray, Wisner working with Angleton and [Charles J. V. Murphy] on a speech for [Tom H.] and Wisner recommendation of Angleton for membership in the 1925 F Street Club. Angleton mentions his orchid business.","Tribute for Richard Helms (listing of the agency duties of Richard Helms and his nickname, \"Honeybucket Dick\"), and a proposal that they invite Woodberry Forest schoolmate, and famous songwriter, John Mercer to compose a song for the occasion.","George H. Bookbinder, Edwin De T. Bechtel Esq., (Jack Maher, and Rumanians that Wisner helped including Stefan Dugaesesci, and Dinu Alim), mention of Draza Mihailovic, Charles D. G Breckinridge, Bellevue Medical Center Fund, Andrew H. Berding, David and Evangeline Bruce, William S. Boyd, Charles F. Bound (about Richard Millett), T. Munford Boyd (about Jack Rorimor), Chester Bowles, Pierre Boursicot, Richard M. Bissell, John A. Bross, George E. Brewer, Jr., (nuclear weapons-Soviet Union), J. C. Herbert Bryant (track teammate of Wisner at the University of Virginia), Burton Y. Berry (also a letter to Berry from Chauncey McCormick about the foreign service and art), Bricker Amendment, Walton W. Butterworth (about Arthur Mallet), C. Tracy Barnes, Edward W. Barrett, Joseph Bryan III (visiting and writing about communism in Europe), Mrs. Staige (Lydia) D. Blackford, Stringfellow \"Winkie\" Barr, Adolph Berle, Robert Blake (passports for Mr. and Mrs. Flood), Thomas M. Bancroft, Eugene Black, John Bruce Lockhart (about Wisner's son, Frank George Wisner II at Rugby School in England), and John Batjer.","Herbert Block (Wisner outraged at the secret trials and executions of Imre Nagy and Pal Maleter during the Hungarian revolution and wants Block to draw cartoons about Kruschnev covered in blood and guilt), David K. Bruce, Joseph and Katherine Bryan III, Norborne Berkeley (nominations for UVA presidency), John Block, Katharine D. Bond, Jack Miller, Samuel R. Milbank, Oakley Brooks, Thomas D. Bourne, J. C. Herbert Bryant, Ellis O. Briggs, Pearl Breckinridge, Thomas Bell, Harry Sears, Alex Brown \u0026 Sons, George Gardiner Green (about J. C. Herbert Bryant's Purvis Estate for sale) and Robert Baker. Wisner letter to David Bruce (Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Wisner accepted the job of Chief of the C.I.A.'s London Station).","Stock investments with G. Edward Brooking, Jr., Joseph Bryan (Jefferson Standard  and Southern Industries), John H. Bush (European breweries), Hillyer Brown (Middle East and oil wells),  Thomas Winfield Blackwell (Annual Report on Gulf Coast Drilling), Eugene R. Black Sr., (discussion of the Middle East), and George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation). Other correspondents include Richard M. Bissell, Jr., (Joseph Alsop article praising Bissell, and news of Wisner's resignation from the C.I.A. 1962), C. Tracy Barnes, Samuel Pope Brewer (Brewer's ex-wife Eleanor in Russia with H. A. R. \"Kim\" Philby), Alastair Balfour (grouse shooting properties), Thomas W. Braden (former colleague at the C.I. A. and fund raiser for St. Antony, Oxford), W. T. M. \"Thomas\" Beale (Minister of Economic Affairs), Michael and Lady Pamela Berry (retirement of Allen W. Dulles and Wisner suggests an interview for them with Dulles), Wisner's new position as Special Assistant to John McCone, Director of the C.I.A., Allen W. Dulles (Wisner criticism of The Times and Lou Herren), British Nursing Associations, John A. Bross (Deputy to the Director of the C.I.A.), David and Evangeline Bruce, and Robert Baker (Wisner praise for President Kennedy's appointments of Walter Rostow, Charles Bohlen, and hope that David Bruce would become Ambassador to the United Kingdom following John Hay Whitney.)","Stock investments and business ventures with  Joseph M. Bryan (oil well investments and hunting trip in Spain), Colonel Ronald Bassett (partridge shooting), Alastair Balfour, Esq. (shooting properties), Cecil E. Barnett (oil drilling), Walter L. Ball (geologist for Central Oil Company), H. C. Bailey (oil interests), Robert W. Boyd (Weyerhaeuser stock), G. Edward Brooking, Jr. (Weyerhaeuser, Amoskeag, Fanny Farmer, and Reynolds Tobacco Stock), Howard Brush (Great Northern Paper Stock), George E. Brewer (Conservation Foundation and letter about Dr. Albert Schweitzer), Eugene R. Black Sr., (Conservation Board, the Ford Foundation, and Bill Deakin), John and Mary Charlotte Baker (well wishes and Wisner's review of \"The Year of the Rat\"), Thomas W. Braden (about \"The Invisible Government\"), Henry Brandon (\"The Year of the Rat\" and review included), Ellen Burling (critique of \"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), William and Mary Bundy (\"Prince Eugene of Savoy\"), Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (future plans with the United Nuclear Corporation), Sam Pope Brewer (divorce and custody of his daughter, and Bill Deakin), Lady Pamela Berry, David K. Bruce, George Brown (Labour Party leader in Great Britain and his discussion about Cuba), Thomas M. Bancroft, Adolf A. Berle (comments from Senator Fulbright on Cuba, and mention of Governor Carlos Lacerda on \"Meet The Press\"), Ambassador Manlio Brosio (congratulations on his appointment to Secretary General of NATO), Mrs. Francis Poe Brawley (St. Timothy's School Reunion), Edward M. Bernstein (Report on the Italian situation), Ella Poe Burling (Wisner's review of \"The Craft of Intelligence\" by Allen Dulles), J. C. Herbert Bryant, and John Walker.","Topics include Charles Bohlen, Georgy Malenkov, Nikita Krushchev, and discussions about power struggles in the Russian government. Photocopies from the Library of Congress of correspondence between Isaiah Berlin and Joseph Alsop with comments about Russian terrorism. Parts of Berlin's manuscript for Alsop and Francis Haskell. (1972-1978)","2 photographs and m\nMostly handwritten notes by Wisner","Folder headings: Brazil, George Brown,Sasha Bruce, William J. Casey, and children (of Frank Wisner)","Adolph A. Berle correspondence about the new Brazilian government including praise for General Carlos Lacerda. Also mentioned are Humberto Castelo Branco, Joao Goulart, Charles F. Adams, Douglas Dillon, Stewart Alsop, and articles and clippings about Brazil's new government.  Wisner is concerned about Senator Fulbright's statement regarding Cuba. Other references to Fulbright initiatives are mentioned under Correspondence-Arthur Krock and Cuba; See also Correspondence-F, and Correspondence-H","Correspondence: William Deakin (St. Antonys), family (Chisholm, Knowles, Wisner, and Fanny Farmer Candy Shops","Correspondence: Financial, Elizabeth \"Tish\" Freeman, Freeport Sulphur Company. There is correspondence from The Reverend Billy Graham who made a bet with Wisner on the outcome of the Princeton-Harvard football game.","Correspondence: Katharine Graham River Club, Gordon \u0026 Bowman Gray, Great Northern Paper Company, Nick Henderson (\"Prince Eugen of Savoy\"), Herbert Hoover, Italy, Itek, and Vane Ivanovic.","Correspondence: John Hopkins University, Arthur Krock (Cuba), Marion Oates Leiter, Clare Boothe Luce, Helen MacInnes (Highet), and James Morgan (McLaurin Farm)","Correspondence: Arthur Mallet, Middle East Crisis, Julian Muller, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Raytheon Company, and Rumania.","Correspondence: Harry Sears, Southern Industry, Southern Timber Oil Investment Corporation, and Edward L. Stokes.","Correspondence: Cyrus L. Suzberger (Harpers and [Vladimir] Dedijer), travel, Alfred C. Ulmer, University of Virginia, and F. K. Weyerhaeuser Company.","Correspondence: Wigglesworth (Press ethics), Burke Williamson, Woodberry Forest, and Mladin Zarubica's \"The Year of the Rat\", with reviews by Frank Gardiner Wisner and related materials on the subject of hunting former Nazi's and specifically the search for Martin Bormann, including a memorandum for Desmond Fitzgerald. Other correspondents include Julian Muller, Helen MacInnes, Henry Brandon, Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, Howard Hunt, Doris Thompson, Joseph Kraft, and John Ellis Knowles.","Lifetime files of Frank Gardiner Wisner including personal papers and business papers. Of interest are manuscript pages from \"Secret Powers: International Espionage Before, During, and After the First World War\" by Walther Nicolai (Chief of the Intelligence Service of the German High Command)","There are also personal papers including awards, genealogy, Polly Wisner wedding album, manuscript by Walter Nicolai (translated by Gilbert Highet), newspaper clippings, photographs, speech by William J. Donovan, spy investigations (Wennerstroem case and Richard Sorge, United States Navy and Office of Strategic Services, USS Roosevelt, and other miscellaneous papers.","Printed brochures and articles","Condolence letters to the family from around the world, conveying deep sadness and admiration, with many testaments of Wisner's kindness, wit, humility, courage, devotion and leadership. Included is a CD.","Acknowledgement list included.","Condolence letters, list of donations, and guestbook from funeral. There are also condolences on a CD in Series 4 New accretion.","Accretion 1 and 2 (0075 and 2017-0208) of correspondence, personal papers, military papers (Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports), photographs, and University of Virginia related materials are in both additions. Of particular note are letters from Richard Helms, Arpad Goncz, and others offering support for Wisner's work in Romania. There is also an account of Frank Wisner's time in the OSS in Eastern Europe during the War, and an interview with Katharine Graham and Wisner's wife, Polly. Also the very first acquisition for this collection is in this series (awards, list of donations to the Law library, photographs and newspaper clippings)","Correspondence from Alexander Chisholm, William P. Bundy, David Ginsburg, Andrew W. Duncan, William J. Casey, Richard Helms, George Kenner,ARpad Goncz; condolences on a CD; Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation reports, interviews, essays, Richard Helms speech, personal papers, and University of Virginia certificates.","Frank Gardiner Wisner photograph albums (honeymooon); and on a mission to Vienna Austria with Averill Harriman.","OSS Mission in Rumania, Katharine Graham interview with Polly Wisner; photographs of the Grahams, Alsops, Bohlens, Joyce families, Allen W. Dulles, and Tracy Barnes, and photograph book. Two folders from original collection of Wisner (awards and personal papers). There is also a photocopy of a letter signed by President Harry S. Truman in Box 20 under recommendations.","Correspondence of Frank Gardiner Wisner including condolence letters from Sir Isaiah Berlin, and commemorative addresses about him, Wisner Memorial Fund, documents about his death, narrative of hepaptitis, and photograph."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":49,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:24.432Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_414_c04_c01"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c16","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"Correspondence, photographs, wills, personal notes, print materials, 1821/2009","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c16#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c16","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c16"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c16","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01","parent_ssim":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013","Box inventory"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_875","viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Correspondence, photographs, wills, personal notes, print materials","title_ssm":["Correspondence, photographs, wills, personal notes, print materials"],"title_tesim":["Correspondence, photographs, wills, personal notes, print materials"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Correspondence, photographs, wills, personal notes, print materials, 1821/2009"],"text":["Correspondence, photographs, wills, personal notes, print materials, 1821/2009","Somerville family papers, 1821/2013","Box inventory","box 16"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013","Box inventory"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013","Box inventory"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1821/2009"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1821-2009"],"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":17,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013"],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"containers_ssim":["box 16"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is stored offsite.  Please allow three business days for delivery to the Small Reading Room."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Collection is open for research use."],"date_range_isim":[1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#15","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:38.998Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_875.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/149696","title_filing_ssi":"Somerville family papers","title_ssm":["Somerville family papers"],"title_tesim":["Somerville family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1821-2013"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1821-2013"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1821/2013"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013"],"text":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013","MSS 16201","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/875","Black-and-white photographs","letters (correspondence)","Collection is stored offsite.  Please allow three business days for delivery to the Small Reading Room.","The Somerville family, according to documents in this collection, maintains theories on their family origins, attempting to trace family records back to the duchy of Normandy, France and Scottish nobility whose ancestors, Sir Walter de Somerville among them, arrived in Britain in 1066 with William the Conqueror. The Somerville family traces its origins in America to James Somerville (1742-?) who settled in Culpepper County, Virginia after emigrating from Glasgow, Scotland. James Somerville was an influential merchant and became the mayor of Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1787. Members of the Somerville family, as the collection reveals, were also linked to historical figures prominent in the confederate army, including Fletcher Harris Archer. Atwell Somerville (1921-2014), whose life is detailed by a significant portion of the collection, was a member of the 90th Bombardment Group, the \"Jolly Rogers\", of the United States Air Force in World War II from 1942 to 1945. After obtaining a law degree from the University of Virginia after the war, he worked in the law firm of Nottingham and Somerville and participated in various civic and historical organizations in Orange County, Virginia. Atwell Somerville played a significant role in corresponding with family members, particularly Mary Lee Somerville of Culpeper, and genealogists, obtaining many family papers featured in this collection.","The Somerville family papers (1821-2013) consists of correspondence, photographs, printed materials, and extensive genealogical files. The papers and research detailing the history of the Somerville family, mainly in America, range from its colonial background to contemporary times. The extensive genealogical research is comprised of notes and charts, along with correspondence, photographs, military records, personal notes, clippings, and printed materials. The collection also includes records detailing financial history of family assets, including wills, estates, and records of the sale of enslaved laborers and land. Scattered throughout the collection are photographs, negatives, and daguerreotypes of many Somerville family members, as well as some sheet music, and artifacts. Part of the collection also details the backgrounds of other families genealogically related to the Somervilles, such as the Stringfellow and Nottingham families.","The collection contains a Civil War memoir of Fletcher Harris Archer, Lieutenant Colonel in the Confederate Army and Mayor of Petersburg, Va. Also present are notes and documents about Archer's service during the Mexican-American War, possibly for a memoir that was never completed.  The collection also includes letters of Atwell W. Somerville while a student and cadet at Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina. Other topics include, Atwell Somerville's studies, athletic events, and church services and work. Of note is a letter of 1940 November 12 in which Somerville mentions he has had a recurrence of malaria.  Of interest are letters of Atwell W. Somerville during his service in World War II as a member of the 90th bomber squadron (a.k.a. \"The Jolly Rogers\") in the South Pacific.  There is also a ledger (1830s) from a store at Racoon Ford, near the Culpeper and Orange counties border.","References:","Somerville, James. The Baronial House of Somerville: An Abridged and Condensed Narrative of the Principal Branches of the Ancient Family. Glasgow: Maclehose, Jackson and Co., 1920.","McGhan, Judith, comp. Genealogies of Virginia Families: from Tyler's Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Baltimore: Clearfield Company, 2007.","\"Somerville, Atwell.\" The Daily Progress, 27 Feb. 2014, https://www.dailyprogress.com/orangenews/obituaries/somerville-atwell/article_da96d574-9202-5dac-b5f5-422dc47206dc.html.","Collection is open for research use.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013"],"collection_ssim":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Box","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16201","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/875"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16201","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/875"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["Collection is open for research use."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Wilson Somerville, 12 August 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Black-and-white photographs","letters (correspondence)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Black-and-white photographs","letters (correspondence)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["24 Cubic Feet 24 cubic foot boxes"],"extent_tesim":["24 Cubic Feet 24 cubic foot boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Black-and-white photographs","letters (correspondence)"],"date_range_isim":[1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is stored offsite.  Please allow three business days for delivery to the Small Reading Room.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is stored offsite.  Please allow three business days for delivery to the Small Reading Room."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Somerville family, according to documents in this collection, maintains theories on their family origins, attempting to trace family records back to the duchy of Normandy, France and Scottish nobility whose ancestors, Sir Walter de Somerville among them, arrived in Britain in 1066 with William the Conqueror. The Somerville family traces its origins in America to James Somerville (1742-?) who settled in Culpepper County, Virginia after emigrating from Glasgow, Scotland. James Somerville was an influential merchant and became the mayor of Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1787. Members of the Somerville family, as the collection reveals, were also linked to historical figures prominent in the confederate army, including Fletcher Harris Archer. Atwell Somerville (1921-2014), whose life is detailed by a significant portion of the collection, was a member of the 90th Bombardment Group, the \"Jolly Rogers\", of the United States Air Force in World War II from 1942 to 1945. After obtaining a law degree from the University of Virginia after the war, he worked in the law firm of Nottingham and Somerville and participated in various civic and historical organizations in Orange County, Virginia. Atwell Somerville played a significant role in corresponding with family members, particularly Mary Lee Somerville of Culpeper, and genealogists, obtaining many family papers featured in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Somerville family, according to documents in this collection, maintains theories on their family origins, attempting to trace family records back to the duchy of Normandy, France and Scottish nobility whose ancestors, Sir Walter de Somerville among them, arrived in Britain in 1066 with William the Conqueror. The Somerville family traces its origins in America to James Somerville (1742-?) who settled in Culpepper County, Virginia after emigrating from Glasgow, Scotland. James Somerville was an influential merchant and became the mayor of Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1787. Members of the Somerville family, as the collection reveals, were also linked to historical figures prominent in the confederate army, including Fletcher Harris Archer. Atwell Somerville (1921-2014), whose life is detailed by a significant portion of the collection, was a member of the 90th Bombardment Group, the \"Jolly Rogers\", of the United States Air Force in World War II from 1942 to 1945. After obtaining a law degree from the University of Virginia after the war, he worked in the law firm of Nottingham and Somerville and participated in various civic and historical organizations in Orange County, Virginia. Atwell Somerville played a significant role in corresponding with family members, particularly Mary Lee Somerville of Culpeper, and genealogists, obtaining many family papers featured in this collection."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16201 Somerville family papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16201 Somerville family papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Somerville family papers (1821-2013) consists of correspondence, photographs, printed materials, and extensive genealogical files. The papers and research detailing the history of the Somerville family, mainly in America, range from its colonial background to contemporary times. The extensive genealogical research is comprised of notes and charts, along with correspondence, photographs, military records, personal notes, clippings, and printed materials. The collection also includes records detailing financial history of family assets, including wills, estates, and records of the sale of enslaved laborers and land. Scattered throughout the collection are photographs, negatives, and daguerreotypes of many Somerville family members, as well as some sheet music, and artifacts. Part of the collection also details the backgrounds of other families genealogically related to the Somervilles, such as the Stringfellow and Nottingham families. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains a Civil War memoir of Fletcher Harris Archer, Lieutenant Colonel in the Confederate Army and Mayor of Petersburg, Va. Also present are notes and documents about Archer's service during the Mexican-American War, possibly for a memoir that was never completed.  The collection also includes letters of Atwell W. Somerville while a student and cadet at Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina. Other topics include, Atwell Somerville's studies, athletic events, and church services and work. Of note is a letter of 1940 November 12 in which Somerville mentions he has had a recurrence of malaria.  Of interest are letters of Atwell W. Somerville during his service in World War II as a member of the 90th bomber squadron (a.k.a. \"The Jolly Rogers\") in the South Pacific.  There is also a ledger (1830s) from a store at Racoon Ford, near the Culpeper and Orange counties border.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReferences:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSomerville, James. The Baronial House of Somerville: An Abridged and Condensed Narrative of the Principal Branches of the Ancient Family. Glasgow: Maclehose, Jackson and Co., 1920.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcGhan, Judith, comp. Genealogies of Virginia Families: from Tyler's Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Baltimore: Clearfield Company, 2007.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Somerville, Atwell.\" The Daily Progress, 27 Feb. 2014, https://www.dailyprogress.com/orangenews/obituaries/somerville-atwell/article_da96d574-9202-5dac-b5f5-422dc47206dc.html.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Somerville family papers (1821-2013) consists of correspondence, photographs, printed materials, and extensive genealogical files. The papers and research detailing the history of the Somerville family, mainly in America, range from its colonial background to contemporary times. The extensive genealogical research is comprised of notes and charts, along with correspondence, photographs, military records, personal notes, clippings, and printed materials. The collection also includes records detailing financial history of family assets, including wills, estates, and records of the sale of enslaved laborers and land. Scattered throughout the collection are photographs, negatives, and daguerreotypes of many Somerville family members, as well as some sheet music, and artifacts. Part of the collection also details the backgrounds of other families genealogically related to the Somervilles, such as the Stringfellow and Nottingham families.","The collection contains a Civil War memoir of Fletcher Harris Archer, Lieutenant Colonel in the Confederate Army and Mayor of Petersburg, Va. Also present are notes and documents about Archer's service during the Mexican-American War, possibly for a memoir that was never completed.  The collection also includes letters of Atwell W. Somerville while a student and cadet at Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina. Other topics include, Atwell Somerville's studies, athletic events, and church services and work. Of note is a letter of 1940 November 12 in which Somerville mentions he has had a recurrence of malaria.  Of interest are letters of Atwell W. Somerville during his service in World War II as a member of the 90th bomber squadron (a.k.a. \"The Jolly Rogers\") in the South Pacific.  There is also a ledger (1830s) from a store at Racoon Ford, near the Culpeper and Orange counties border.","References:","Somerville, James. The Baronial House of Somerville: An Abridged and Condensed Narrative of the Principal Branches of the Ancient Family. Glasgow: Maclehose, Jackson and Co., 1920.","McGhan, Judith, comp. Genealogies of Virginia Families: from Tyler's Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Baltimore: Clearfield Company, 2007.","\"Somerville, Atwell.\" The Daily Progress, 27 Feb. 2014, https://www.dailyprogress.com/orangenews/obituaries/somerville-atwell/article_da96d574-9202-5dac-b5f5-422dc47206dc.html."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research use."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":27,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:38.998Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c16"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03_c148","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"Correspondence, print materials, Charlottesville city documents, personal finances, 1950/1975","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03_c148#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03_c148","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03_c148"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03_c148","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03","parent_ssim":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015","Westview"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_756","viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03"],"title_filing_ssi":"Correspondence, print materials, Charlottesville city documents, personal finances","title_ssm":["Correspondence, print materials, Charlottesville city documents, personal finances"],"title_tesim":["Correspondence, print materials, Charlottesville city documents, personal finances"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Correspondence, print materials, Charlottesville city documents, personal finances, 1950/1975"],"text":["Correspondence, print materials, Charlottesville city documents, personal finances, 1950/1975","Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015","Westview","box 117"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015","Westview"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015","Westview"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1950/1975"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1950-1975"],"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":2306,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015"],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"containers_ssim":["box 117"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Boxes 31 and 73 have been treated for mold.  Mold damage may be seen, but is not active.  Patrons are encouraged to wear gloves when accessing materials in these boxes."],"date_range_isim":[1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#147","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:38.998Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_756.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/149695","title_filing_ssi":"Fife, Francis H., papers","title_ssm":["Francis H. Fife papers"],"title_tesim":["Francis H. Fife papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1785-2015","1940-2015"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1785-2015"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1940-2015"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015"],"text":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015","MSS 16075","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/756","Mayors -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","reports","letters (correspondence)","photographs","Collection is open for research use.\nThe collection is stored offsite; 72 hours notice is required to access the collection.","Boxes 31 and 73 have been treated for mold.  Mold damage may be seen, but is not active.  Patrons are encouraged to wear gloves when accessing materials in these boxes.","Box 31 has been treated for mold.  Mold damage may be seen, but is not active.  Patrons are encouraged to wear gloves when accessing materials in this box.","Box 73 has been treated for mold.  Mold damage may be seen, but is not active.  Patrons are encouraged to wear gloves when accessing materials in this box.","Series 1: Oak Lawn 1, 1960-2013 (46 cubic feet). Materials in this series are from Fife's filing cabinets at Oak Lawn and consist primarily of political papers and civic organizations files.  The files within the boxes mirror the order they were in within Mr. Fife's filing cabinets.  No further organization has been done.","Series 2: Oak Lawn 2, 1947-2015 (49.4 cubic feet).  Materials in this series consist of political papers and civic organizations files.  The files wihin the boxes mirror the order they were in within Mr. Fife's filing cabinets.  No further organization has been done.","Series 3: Westview, 1785-1994 (73 cubic feet). Materials in this series consist of political papers that document Francis Fife's involvemnet in Charlottesville's local government where he spent years on the city council, and where he served one term as mayor, as well as serving as the chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission. Also included are persoanl papers that document his life during and after World War II, and a small number of family papers.","Francis H. Fife was born in Charlottesville and attended the University of Virginia, graduating in 1941. He then joined the military and served in World War II.  He received a graduate degree in banking from Rutgers University in 1950 and made his first run for public office that same year, losing his bid for a seat on the Charlottesville City Council.\nFife was married to fellow former mayor Nancy O'Brien.","He led the fight for civil rights and adequate housing throughout the 1950s and 1960s as a founder of the housing foundation and by serving on the city's Housing Advisory Committee, which pushed for several public housing sites to better integrate communities.","Fife sat eight years on the Charlottesville City Council, including two years as mayor from 1972 to 1974.","Fife was a member of the governance board of several government agencies and non-profit organizations. They included the Virginia Department of Housing and Community Development, the Virginia Housing Authority, the Charlottesville Housing Foundation and the Piedmont Housing Alliance. He was also a founder and former President of the Rivanna Trails Foundation. He was also on the Board of Directors for the group Advocates for a Sustainable Albemarle Population.  Fife served as Chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission in the early 1980s and was also a former chair of the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority.","Fife died on October 16, 2015 at the age of 95.  A city park, street and neighborhood are named in honor of Fife family members.","Sources:","\"Francis H. Fife.\" CVillepedia, \nhttps://www.cvillepedia.org/index.php?title=Francis_Fife\u0026oldid=39248.  Accessed 2 November 2018.","McKenzie, Bryan. \"Charlottesville community icon Francis H. Fife dies.\"  The Daily Progress, 16 Oct. 2015.  \nhttps://www.dailyprogress.com/news/local/charlottesville-community-icon-francis-h-fife-dies/article_dcf08922-7444-11e5-afc2-a79b5cef5b97.html.  Accessed 2 November 2018.","Gift of Nancy O'Brien, 23 November 2013.","The Francis H. Fife papers (1947-2015; 168.4 cubic feet) document the personal and professional life of Mr. Fife with an emphasis on his civic and community interests.  Types of materials include reports, meeting minutes, correspondence, memoranda, journals, and some family documents.  The collection is organized into three series: Oak Lawn 1, Oak Lawn 2, and Westview.","Please note, the file titles in this collection have been transcribed.  The file titles were created by Mr. Fife or his staff.","All 169 boxes are stored at Ivy Stacks.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Fife, Francis H., 1920-2015","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015"],"collection_ssim":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16075","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/756"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16075","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/756"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Fife, Francis H., 1920-2015"],"creator_ssim":["Fife, Francis H., 1920-2015"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Fife, Francis H., 1920-2015"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Fife, Francis H., 1920-2015","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Mayors -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","reports","letters (correspondence)","photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Mayors -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","reports","letters (correspondence)","photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["168.4 Cubic Feet 168 cubic foot boxes, 1 document box"],"extent_tesim":["168.4 Cubic Feet 168 cubic foot boxes, 1 document box"],"genreform_ssim":["reports","letters (correspondence)","photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research use.\nThe collection is stored offsite; 72 hours notice is required to access the collection.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eBoxes 31 and 73 have been treated for mold.  Mold damage may be seen, but is not active.  Patrons are encouraged to wear gloves when accessing materials in these boxes.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eBox 31 has been treated for mold.  Mold damage may be seen, but is not active.  Patrons are encouraged to wear gloves when accessing materials in this box.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBox 73 has been treated for mold.  Mold damage may be seen, but is not active.  Patrons are encouraged to wear gloves when accessing materials in this box.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Preservation Note","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research use.\nThe collection is stored offsite; 72 hours notice is required to access the collection.","Boxes 31 and 73 have been treated for mold.  Mold damage may be seen, but is not active.  Patrons are encouraged to wear gloves when accessing materials in these boxes.","Box 31 has been treated for mold.  Mold damage may be seen, but is not active.  Patrons are encouraged to wear gloves when accessing materials in this box.","Box 73 has been treated for mold.  Mold damage may be seen, but is not active.  Patrons are encouraged to wear gloves when accessing materials in this box."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Oak Lawn 1, 1960-2013 (46 cubic feet). Materials in this series are from Fife's filing cabinets at Oak Lawn and consist primarily of political papers and civic organizations files.  The files within the boxes mirror the order they were in within Mr. Fife's filing cabinets.  No further organization has been done.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Oak Lawn 2, 1947-2015 (49.4 cubic feet).  Materials in this series consist of political papers and civic organizations files.  The files wihin the boxes mirror the order they were in within Mr. Fife's filing cabinets.  No further organization has been done.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Westview, 1785-1994 (73 cubic feet). Materials in this series consist of political papers that document Francis Fife's involvemnet in Charlottesville's local government where he spent years on the city council, and where he served one term as mayor, as well as serving as the chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission. Also included are persoanl papers that document his life during and after World War II, and a small number of family papers.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series 1: Oak Lawn 1, 1960-2013 (46 cubic feet). Materials in this series are from Fife's filing cabinets at Oak Lawn and consist primarily of political papers and civic organizations files.  The files within the boxes mirror the order they were in within Mr. Fife's filing cabinets.  No further organization has been done.","Series 2: Oak Lawn 2, 1947-2015 (49.4 cubic feet).  Materials in this series consist of political papers and civic organizations files.  The files wihin the boxes mirror the order they were in within Mr. Fife's filing cabinets.  No further organization has been done.","Series 3: Westview, 1785-1994 (73 cubic feet). Materials in this series consist of political papers that document Francis Fife's involvemnet in Charlottesville's local government where he spent years on the city council, and where he served one term as mayor, as well as serving as the chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission. Also included are persoanl papers that document his life during and after World War II, and a small number of family papers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrancis H. Fife was born in Charlottesville and attended the University of Virginia, graduating in 1941. He then joined the military and served in World War II.  He received a graduate degree in banking from Rutgers University in 1950 and made his first run for public office that same year, losing his bid for a seat on the Charlottesville City Council.\nFife was married to fellow former mayor Nancy O'Brien.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe led the fight for civil rights and adequate housing throughout the 1950s and 1960s as a founder of the housing foundation and by serving on the city's Housing Advisory Committee, which pushed for several public housing sites to better integrate communities.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFife sat eight years on the Charlottesville City Council, including two years as mayor from 1972 to 1974.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFife was a member of the governance board of several government agencies and non-profit organizations. They included the Virginia Department of Housing and Community Development, the Virginia Housing Authority, the Charlottesville Housing Foundation and the Piedmont Housing Alliance. He was also a founder and former President of the Rivanna Trails Foundation. He was also on the Board of Directors for the group Advocates for a Sustainable Albemarle Population.  Fife served as Chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission in the early 1980s and was also a former chair of the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFife died on October 16, 2015 at the age of 95.  A city park, street and neighborhood are named in honor of Fife family members.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nSources:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n\"Francis H. Fife.\" CVillepedia, \nhttps://www.cvillepedia.org/index.php?title=Francis_Fife\u0026amp;oldid=39248.  Accessed 2 November 2018.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcKenzie, Bryan. \"Charlottesville community icon Francis H. Fife dies.\"  The Daily Progress, 16 Oct. 2015.  \nhttps://www.dailyprogress.com/news/local/charlottesville-community-icon-francis-h-fife-dies/article_dcf08922-7444-11e5-afc2-a79b5cef5b97.html.  Accessed 2 November 2018.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biography"],"bioghist_tesim":["Francis H. Fife was born in Charlottesville and attended the University of Virginia, graduating in 1941. He then joined the military and served in World War II.  He received a graduate degree in banking from Rutgers University in 1950 and made his first run for public office that same year, losing his bid for a seat on the Charlottesville City Council.\nFife was married to fellow former mayor Nancy O'Brien.","He led the fight for civil rights and adequate housing throughout the 1950s and 1960s as a founder of the housing foundation and by serving on the city's Housing Advisory Committee, which pushed for several public housing sites to better integrate communities.","Fife sat eight years on the Charlottesville City Council, including two years as mayor from 1972 to 1974.","Fife was a member of the governance board of several government agencies and non-profit organizations. They included the Virginia Department of Housing and Community Development, the Virginia Housing Authority, the Charlottesville Housing Foundation and the Piedmont Housing Alliance. He was also a founder and former President of the Rivanna Trails Foundation. He was also on the Board of Directors for the group Advocates for a Sustainable Albemarle Population.  Fife served as Chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission in the early 1980s and was also a former chair of the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority.","Fife died on October 16, 2015 at the age of 95.  A city park, street and neighborhood are named in honor of Fife family members.","Sources:","\"Francis H. Fife.\" CVillepedia, \nhttps://www.cvillepedia.org/index.php?title=Francis_Fife\u0026oldid=39248.  Accessed 2 November 2018.","McKenzie, Bryan. \"Charlottesville community icon Francis H. Fife dies.\"  The Daily Progress, 16 Oct. 2015.  \nhttps://www.dailyprogress.com/news/local/charlottesville-community-icon-francis-h-fife-dies/article_dcf08922-7444-11e5-afc2-a79b5cef5b97.html.  Accessed 2 November 2018."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGift of Nancy O'Brien, 23 November 2013.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["Gift of Nancy O'Brien, 23 November 2013."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16075, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16075, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Francis H. Fife papers (1947-2015; 168.4 cubic feet) document the personal and professional life of Mr. Fife with an emphasis on his civic and community interests.  Types of materials include reports, meeting minutes, correspondence, memoranda, journals, and some family documents.  The collection is organized into three series: Oak Lawn 1, Oak Lawn 2, and Westview.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlease note, the file titles in this collection have been transcribed.  The file titles were created by Mr. Fife or his staff. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Francis H. Fife papers (1947-2015; 168.4 cubic feet) document the personal and professional life of Mr. Fife with an emphasis on his civic and community interests.  Types of materials include reports, meeting minutes, correspondence, memoranda, journals, and some family documents.  The collection is organized into three series: Oak Lawn 1, Oak Lawn 2, and Westview.","Please note, the file titles in this collection have been transcribed.  The file titles were created by Mr. Fife or his staff."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_84a423eb8a3413128660f9b530e40dad\"\u003eAll 169 boxes are stored at Ivy Stacks.\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["All 169 boxes are stored at Ivy Stacks."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Fife, Francis H., 1920-2015"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Fife, Francis H., 1920-2015"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2559,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:29:38.998Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03_c148"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c15","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"Correspondence, print materials, personal notes, financial records, wills, 1736/2003, bulk 1935/2003","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c15#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c15","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c15"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01_c15","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01","parent_ssim":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013","Box inventory"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_875","viu_repositories_3_resources_875_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Correspondence, print materials, personal notes, financial records, wills","title_ssm":["Correspondence, print materials, personal notes, financial records, wills"],"title_tesim":["Correspondence, print materials, personal notes, financial records, wills"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Correspondence, print materials, personal notes, financial records, wills, 1736/2003, bulk 1935/2003"],"text":["Correspondence, print materials, personal notes, financial records, wills, 1736/2003, bulk 1935/2003","Somerville family papers, 1821/2013","Box inventory","box 15"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013","Box inventory"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013","Box inventory"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1736/2003, bulk 1935/2003"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1736-2003"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1935-2003"],"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":16,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Somerville family papers, 1821/2013"],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"containers_ssim":["box 15"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is stored offsite.  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The collection also includes letters of Atwell W. Somerville while a student and cadet at Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina. Other topics include, Atwell Somerville's studies, athletic events, and church services and work. Of note is a letter of 1940 November 12 in which Somerville mentions he has had a recurrence of malaria.  Of interest are letters of Atwell W. Somerville during his service in World War II as a member of the 90th bomber squadron (a.k.a. \"The Jolly Rogers\") in the South Pacific.  There is also a ledger (1830s) from a store at Racoon Ford, near the Culpeper and Orange counties border.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReferences:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSomerville, James. The Baronial House of Somerville: An Abridged and Condensed Narrative of the Principal Branches of the Ancient Family. Glasgow: Maclehose, Jackson and Co., 1920.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcGhan, Judith, comp. 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