{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=433","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=435","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=437"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":434,"next_page":435,"prev_page":433,"total_pages":437,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":4330,"total_count":4362,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08_c203","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Wood v. Ritchie, 1947","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08_c203#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08_c203","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08_c203"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08_c203","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08","parent_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Case Files, 1874/1955","1940's"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_66","viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03","viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wood v. Ritchie","title_ssm":["Wood v. Ritchie"],"title_tesim":["Wood v. Ritchie"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wood v. Ritchie, 1947"],"text":["Wood v. Ritchie, 1947","Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Case Files, 1874/1955","1940's","box MSS 79-6, Box 117"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Case Files, 1874/1955","1940's"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Case Files, 1874/1955","1940's"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1947"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1947"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":969,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"containers_ssim":["box MSS 79-6, Box 117"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Some of these files are restricted."],"date_range_isim":[1947],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#7/components#202","timestamp":"2026-09-01T00:00:45.917Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_66.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/106865","title_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers"],"title_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1820 - 1959"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1820 - 1959"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1820/1959"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"text":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia","Some of these files are restricted.","The papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.","Richard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.","As colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.","In 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.","William R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.","Since he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.","Throughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.","Tom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.","Walker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.","The Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke \u0026 Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.","The early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.","With the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.","It has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.","Eskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began.","The Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library.","The Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.","This collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"collection_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"places_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959"],"creator_ssim":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Duke family"],"creators_ssim":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was a gift of Helen R. Duke in 1979.","The addendum to the papers of the Duke \u0026 Duke law firm was donated by William E. Duke and Lucy D. Kinne to the Law Library in October of 1985 after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift."],"access_subjects_ssim":["practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["108.5  Linear Feet 232 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["108.5  Linear Feet 232 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome of these files are restricted.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Some of these files are restricted."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRichard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSince he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke \u0026amp; Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWith the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Richard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.","As colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.","In 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.","William R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.","Since he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.","Throughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.","Tom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.","Walker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.","The Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke \u0026 Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.","The early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.","With the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.","It has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.","Eskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library.","The Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.","This collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"famname_ssim":["Duke family"],"names_coll_ssim":["Duke family","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926"],"persname_ssim":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1908,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-09-01T00:00:45.917Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08_c203"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08_c205","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Woody v. Laird and Co, 1947/1948","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08_c205#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08_c205","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08_c205"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08_c205","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08","parent_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Case Files, 1874/1955","1940's"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_66","viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03","viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08"],"title_filing_ssi":"Woody v. Laird and Co","title_ssm":["Woody v. Laird and Co"],"title_tesim":["Woody v. Laird and Co"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Woody v. Laird and Co, 1947/1948"],"text":["Woody v. Laird and Co, 1947/1948","Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Case Files, 1874/1955","1940's","box MSS 79-6, Box 117"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Case Files, 1874/1955","1940's"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Case Files, 1874/1955","1940's"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1947/1948"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1947-1948"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":971,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"containers_ssim":["box MSS 79-6, Box 117"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Some of these files are restricted."],"date_range_isim":[1947,1948],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#7/components#204","timestamp":"2026-09-01T00:00:45.917Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_66.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/106865","title_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers"],"title_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1820 - 1959"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1820 - 1959"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1820/1959"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"text":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia","Some of these files are restricted.","The papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.","Richard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.","As colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.","In 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.","William R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.","Since he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.","Throughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.","Tom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.","Walker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.","The Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke \u0026 Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.","The early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.","With the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.","It has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.","Eskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began.","The Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library.","The Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.","This collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"collection_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"places_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959"],"creator_ssim":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Duke family"],"creators_ssim":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was a gift of Helen R. Duke in 1979.","The addendum to the papers of the Duke \u0026 Duke law firm was donated by William E. Duke and Lucy D. Kinne to the Law Library in October of 1985 after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift."],"access_subjects_ssim":["practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["108.5  Linear Feet 232 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["108.5  Linear Feet 232 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome of these files are restricted.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Some of these files are restricted."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRichard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSince he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke \u0026amp; Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWith the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Richard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.","As colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.","In 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.","William R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.","Since he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.","Throughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.","Tom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.","Walker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.","The Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke \u0026 Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.","The early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.","With the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.","It has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.","Eskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library.","The Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.","This collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"famname_ssim":["Duke family"],"names_coll_ssim":["Duke family","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926"],"persname_ssim":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1908,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-09-01T00:00:45.917Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c08_c205"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c02_c10","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Wool yarn twist tester, 1868/1952","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c02_c10#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c02_c10","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c02_c10"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c02_c10","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c02","parent_ssim":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956","Miscellaneous, 1868/1952"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_509","viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wool yarn twist tester","title_ssm":["Wool yarn twist tester"],"title_tesim":["Wool yarn twist tester"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wool yarn twist tester, 1868/1952"],"text":["Wool yarn twist tester, 1868/1952","Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956","Miscellaneous, 1868/1952","box 8"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956","Miscellaneous, 1868/1952"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956","Miscellaneous, 1868/1952"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1868/1952"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1868-1952"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":149,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956"],"containers_ssim":["box 8"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research use."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["\"The library has not investigated the copyright status of these materials, and some or all may be protected by copyright. Users are responsible for making their own determinations about copyright status of these materials.\"","Please refer to:\nhttp://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/?language=en"],"date_range_isim":[1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#9","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_509.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/447","title_filing_ssi":"Charlottesville Woolen Mills records","title_ssm":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records"],"title_tesim":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1868-1956"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1868-1956"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1868/1956"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956"],"text":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956","MSS 16353","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/509","Industries -- Virginia","Textile industry","Wool fabrics","Textile workers","Supervisors, Industrial","Business records","Ledgers (account books)","Correspondence","Shop signs","Plats (maps)","The collection is open for research use.","This collection is organized into two series: Business records and Miscellaenous materials. \nSeries 1:","Business Records, 1868-1956 (20.63 cubic feet). This series is arranged at the file and item level and chronologically. In order to maintain original order, the titles of each item begin with the names of the individual administrative departments to which they belong.\nBecause they all fall under the category of business records, one series by that name suffices for the purposes of this record.","This series contains 125 business ledgers that have been numbered sequentially, and other paperwork and material that directly related to the business dealings of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills. This includes loose legal documents, correspondence, newspaper clipping, or materials from the ledgers themselves, all part of the greater business records of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.","Board of Directors and Stockholders:\nLedgers 1-12,\nLoose materials in minute books,\n\"Comparison of yearly earnings\",\nStock sales register, and\nLoose Materials in Stock Ledgers","Executive:\nLedger 13, and\nCorrespondence","Financial:\nLedgers 14-26","Superintendent:\nLedgers 27-71","Sales:\nLedgers 72-75","Labor:\nLedgers 76-118, and\nLoose materials in timebooks","Production:\nLedgers 119-125","Legal and Property:\nAbstract of title: Shadwell Dam, Virginia,\nTrademark patent,\nData re. Sale to C + O RR Co of Shadwell Property, and\nBlueprint of \"property to be acquired from Charlottesville woolen mills near Shadwell, VA\"","Series 2:","Miscellaneous, ~1913-1933 (3.75 cubic feet). This series is arranged first chronoligically according to the dates provided. The materials in this series vary from tools used in the factory to samples used for sales. The date range is a rough estimate based on what dates are provided. Some artifacts have no dates attributed to them and may have been created prior to 1913. The fabric samples dated from 1913 to 1933 are themselves arranged numerically according to their respective pattern numbers. The tin advert sign was made in Philadelphia, PA.","The Charlottesville Woolen Mills factory was incorporated in 1868 by H.C. Marchant and was located in the southeastern part of Charlottesville, VA.","From the 1830s until it's seizure by the Confederate governement in 1861, the building operated as a combination wool, cotton, flour and lumber mill, and later also included a blacksmith's shop, corn mill, grist mill, plaster mill, and a store selling dry goods. During this time the land was sold a number of times until 1960, when the company was reorganized as the Charlottesville Manufacturing Company, with John A. Marchant, his son. Henry Clay Marchant, John Wood, H. L. Anderson, T. J. Wertenbaker, and John C. Patterson operating a joint stock company. The textile plant provided wool uniforms for the soldiers of the Confederacy during the Civil War. A second reorganization in 1964 made Henry Clay Marchant the sole owner. Following the destruction of the mill during the Civil War and after the war had ended, the factory was rebuilt, and, on December 18, 1868, Charlottesville Woolen Mills was chartered \"for the manufacture, purchase and sale of woolen, cotton, silk and other fabrics ...\"","The plant went on to provide high quality textiles used by Brooks Brothers clothiers, uniforms for the cadets of West Point, and police officers in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Los Angeles. At one point 90 percent of the country's military schools, including the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, purchased uniforms made here. Coffin makers in Atlanta and Burlington, N.C., also used the soft cloth to line caskets.","Charlottesvills Woolen Mills survived the Great Depression of the 1930s mainly because of its uniform contracts. It experienced its greatest prosperity manufacturing uniforms for soldiers during World War I and II. During the height of World War II a work force of about 400 people was producing 15,000 yards of uniform cloth a month.","In 1959 Charlottesville Woolen Mills was bought by Kent Manufacturing Company, of Philadelphia. The introduction of synthetic fabrics in the late 1950s led to a decrease in demand for wool. In 1962 Kent Manufacturing Company dissolved the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.","Sources:","Maurer, David. \"Woolen Mills wove a tight community.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/lifestyles/woolen-mills-wove-a-tight-community/article_467a3534-5d1b-5f83-abdb-f1a170eb0396.html. 28 Aug. 2011.","Delesline, Nate. \"Historic Woolen Mills under contract for sale.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/news/historic-woolen-mills-under-contract-for-sale/article_7512bd70-b082-11e3-9f64-0017a43b2370.html. 20 March 2014.","Dailty Progress Staff. \"Labor dispute at Woolen Mills leads to worker strike.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/125yearsofprogress/labor-dispute-at-woolen-mills-leads-to-worker-strike/article_49c5dff0-ec7d-11e6-9604-4f40db426882.html. 6 Feb. 2017.","Gianniny, Jr., Allan, Compiler. \"Charlottesville Woolen Mills Chronology.\" Historic Woolen Mills, http://historicwoolenmills.org/chronology.html. Accessed 19 Feb. 2018.","Britton, Rick. \"The Charlottesville Woolen Mills, Clothing a Nation.\" Historic Woolen Mills, http://historicwoolenmills.org/Charlottesville.html. 2006.","Poindexter, Harry Edward. \"A History of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.\" Thesis (M.A.), University of Virginia, 1955.","Daily Progress Staff. \"City's Oldest Industry is Regaining Health.\" The Daily Progress Charlottesville Bicentennial Edition, vol. 72, no. 89, 1962, p. 58.","Sandbeck, Peter. A History of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.Nichols Student Papers, University of Virginia School of Architecture, 1975.","Charlottesville Woolen Mills, Charlottesville, VA. \nBusiness records, 1868-1956. Incorporated 1868 by H.C. Marchant; operated until 1962.","This collection is comprised of ledgers, papers, artifacts, a map, and a panoramic photograph. It is divided into two series: Business Records and Miscellaneous. The first series, Business Records contains ledgers and business related paperwork, such as correspondence and legal documetns. The second series, Miscellaneous, contains the remaining artifacts and materials not directly associated with the business dealings of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.","A list of names located within this collection:\nMr. George R.B. Michie,\nMr. Edward Van Wagenen,\nMr. P.M. Greene,\nMr. John S. White,\nMr. Rigby,\nW. Erskine Buford,\nFred L. Watson,\nArchibald Lammey,\nHenry J. Wilkinson,\nGeorge W. Sommers,\nCharles H. Dickinson, Jr.,\nDonal G. Chester,\nGeorge T. Huff,\nAustin Kilham,\nClark E. Lindsay,\nDr. John R. Morris, Jr.,\nHerbert J. Smith, Jr.,\nDuryee Van Wagenen,\nH.A. Dinwiddie,\nL.T. Hankel,\nJohn H. Robinson","The tin advert sign is in poor condition and should not be handled. The sign is housed in a box with a tray so that lifting the tray with its handles will negate any need for touching the item itself.","\"The library has not investigated the copyright status of these materials, and some or all may be protected by copyright. Users are responsible for making their own determinations about copyright status of these materials.\"","Please refer to:\nhttp://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/?language=en","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956"],"collection_ssim":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16353","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/509"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16353","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/509"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["The tin advert sign is in poor condition and should not be handled. The sign is housed in a box with a tray so that lifting the tray with its handles will negate any need for touching the item itself.","\"The library has not investigated the copyright status of these materials, and some or all may be protected by copyright. Users are responsible for making their own determinations about copyright status of these materials.\"","Please refer to:\nhttp://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/?language=en"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by the American Textile History Museum, 16 May 2017."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Industries -- Virginia","Textile industry","Wool fabrics","Textile workers","Supervisors, Industrial","Business records","Ledgers (account books)","Correspondence","Shop signs","Plats (maps)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Industries -- Virginia","Textile industry","Wool fabrics","Textile workers","Supervisors, Industrial","Business records","Ledgers (account books)","Correspondence","Shop signs","Plats (maps)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["24.38 Cubic Feet 81 volumes,\n3 cubic foot boxes, \n4 document boxes,\n5 oversized flat boxes,\n4 oversized folders\n1 odd sized artifact box,\n2 artifacts"],"extent_tesim":["24.38 Cubic Feet 81 volumes,\n3 cubic foot boxes, \n4 document boxes,\n5 oversized flat boxes,\n4 oversized folders\n1 odd sized artifact box,\n2 artifacts"],"genreform_ssim":["Business records","Ledgers (account books)","Correspondence","Shop signs","Plats (maps)"],"date_range_isim":[1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is organized into two series: Business records and Miscellaenous materials. \nSeries 1:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBusiness Records, 1868-1956 (20.63 cubic feet). This series is arranged at the file and item level and chronologically. In order to maintain original order, the titles of each item begin with the names of the individual administrative departments to which they belong.\nBecause they all fall under the category of business records, one series by that name suffices for the purposes of this record.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains 125 business ledgers that have been numbered sequentially, and other paperwork and material that directly related to the business dealings of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills. This includes loose legal documents, correspondence, newspaper clipping, or materials from the ledgers themselves, all part of the greater business records of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoard of Directors and Stockholders:\nLedgers 1-12,\nLoose materials in minute books,\n\"Comparison of yearly earnings\",\nStock sales register, and\nLoose Materials in Stock Ledgers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExecutive:\nLedger 13, and\nCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFinancial:\nLedgers 14-26\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSuperintendent:\nLedgers 27-71\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSales:\nLedgers 72-75\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLabor:\nLedgers 76-118, and\nLoose materials in timebooks\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProduction:\nLedgers 119-125\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLegal and Property:\nAbstract of title: Shadwell Dam, Virginia,\nTrademark patent,\nData re. Sale to C + O RR Co of Shadwell Property, and\nBlueprint of \"property to be acquired from Charlottesville woolen mills near Shadwell, VA\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous, ~1913-1933 (3.75 cubic feet). This series is arranged first chronoligically according to the dates provided. The materials in this series vary from tools used in the factory to samples used for sales. The date range is a rough estimate based on what dates are provided. Some artifacts have no dates attributed to them and may have been created prior to 1913. The fabric samples dated from 1913 to 1933 are themselves arranged numerically according to their respective pattern numbers. The tin advert sign was made in Philadelphia, PA.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is organized into two series: Business records and Miscellaenous materials. \nSeries 1:","Business Records, 1868-1956 (20.63 cubic feet). This series is arranged at the file and item level and chronologically. In order to maintain original order, the titles of each item begin with the names of the individual administrative departments to which they belong.\nBecause they all fall under the category of business records, one series by that name suffices for the purposes of this record.","This series contains 125 business ledgers that have been numbered sequentially, and other paperwork and material that directly related to the business dealings of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills. This includes loose legal documents, correspondence, newspaper clipping, or materials from the ledgers themselves, all part of the greater business records of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.","Board of Directors and Stockholders:\nLedgers 1-12,\nLoose materials in minute books,\n\"Comparison of yearly earnings\",\nStock sales register, and\nLoose Materials in Stock Ledgers","Executive:\nLedger 13, and\nCorrespondence","Financial:\nLedgers 14-26","Superintendent:\nLedgers 27-71","Sales:\nLedgers 72-75","Labor:\nLedgers 76-118, and\nLoose materials in timebooks","Production:\nLedgers 119-125","Legal and Property:\nAbstract of title: Shadwell Dam, Virginia,\nTrademark patent,\nData re. Sale to C + O RR Co of Shadwell Property, and\nBlueprint of \"property to be acquired from Charlottesville woolen mills near Shadwell, VA\"","Series 2:","Miscellaneous, ~1913-1933 (3.75 cubic feet). This series is arranged first chronoligically according to the dates provided. The materials in this series vary from tools used in the factory to samples used for sales. The date range is a rough estimate based on what dates are provided. Some artifacts have no dates attributed to them and may have been created prior to 1913. The fabric samples dated from 1913 to 1933 are themselves arranged numerically according to their respective pattern numbers. The tin advert sign was made in Philadelphia, PA."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Charlottesville Woolen Mills factory was incorporated in 1868 by H.C. Marchant and was located in the southeastern part of Charlottesville, VA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom the 1830s until it's seizure by the Confederate governement in 1861, the building operated as a combination wool, cotton, flour and lumber mill, and later also included a blacksmith's shop, corn mill, grist mill, plaster mill, and a store selling dry goods. During this time the land was sold a number of times until 1960, when the company was reorganized as the Charlottesville Manufacturing Company, with John A. Marchant, his son. Henry Clay Marchant, John Wood, H. L. Anderson, T. J. Wertenbaker, and John C. Patterson operating a joint stock company. The textile plant provided wool uniforms for the soldiers of the Confederacy during the Civil War. A second reorganization in 1964 made Henry Clay Marchant the sole owner. Following the destruction of the mill during the Civil War and after the war had ended, the factory was rebuilt, and, on December 18, 1868, Charlottesville Woolen Mills was chartered \"for the manufacture, purchase and sale of woolen, cotton, silk and other fabrics ...\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe plant went on to provide high quality textiles used by Brooks Brothers clothiers, uniforms for the cadets of West Point, and police officers in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Los Angeles. At one point 90 percent of the country's military schools, including the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, purchased uniforms made here. Coffin makers in Atlanta and Burlington, N.C., also used the soft cloth to line caskets.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCharlottesvills Woolen Mills survived the Great Depression of the 1930s mainly because of its uniform contracts. It experienced its greatest prosperity manufacturing uniforms for soldiers during World War I and II. During the height of World War II a work force of about 400 people was producing 15,000 yards of uniform cloth a month.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1959 Charlottesville Woolen Mills was bought by Kent Manufacturing Company, of Philadelphia. The introduction of synthetic fabrics in the late 1950s led to a decrease in demand for wool. In 1962 Kent Manufacturing Company dissolved the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaurer, David. \"Woolen Mills wove a tight community.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/lifestyles/woolen-mills-wove-a-tight-community/article_467a3534-5d1b-5f83-abdb-f1a170eb0396.html. 28 Aug. 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDelesline, Nate. \"Historic Woolen Mills under contract for sale.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/news/historic-woolen-mills-under-contract-for-sale/article_7512bd70-b082-11e3-9f64-0017a43b2370.html. 20 March 2014.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDailty Progress Staff. \"Labor dispute at Woolen Mills leads to worker strike.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/125yearsofprogress/labor-dispute-at-woolen-mills-leads-to-worker-strike/article_49c5dff0-ec7d-11e6-9604-4f40db426882.html. 6 Feb. 2017.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGianniny, Jr., Allan, Compiler. \"Charlottesville Woolen Mills Chronology.\" Historic Woolen Mills, http://historicwoolenmills.org/chronology.html. Accessed 19 Feb. 2018.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBritton, Rick. \"The Charlottesville Woolen Mills, Clothing a Nation.\" Historic Woolen Mills, http://historicwoolenmills.org/Charlottesville.html. 2006.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePoindexter, Harry Edward. \"A History of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.\" Thesis (M.A.), University of Virginia, 1955.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDaily Progress Staff. \"City's Oldest Industry is Regaining Health.\" The Daily Progress Charlottesville Bicentennial Edition, vol. 72, no. 89, 1962, p. 58.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSandbeck, Peter. A History of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.Nichols Student Papers, University of Virginia School of Architecture, 1975.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Charlottesville Woolen Mills factory was incorporated in 1868 by H.C. Marchant and was located in the southeastern part of Charlottesville, VA.","From the 1830s until it's seizure by the Confederate governement in 1861, the building operated as a combination wool, cotton, flour and lumber mill, and later also included a blacksmith's shop, corn mill, grist mill, plaster mill, and a store selling dry goods. During this time the land was sold a number of times until 1960, when the company was reorganized as the Charlottesville Manufacturing Company, with John A. Marchant, his son. Henry Clay Marchant, John Wood, H. L. Anderson, T. J. Wertenbaker, and John C. Patterson operating a joint stock company. The textile plant provided wool uniforms for the soldiers of the Confederacy during the Civil War. A second reorganization in 1964 made Henry Clay Marchant the sole owner. Following the destruction of the mill during the Civil War and after the war had ended, the factory was rebuilt, and, on December 18, 1868, Charlottesville Woolen Mills was chartered \"for the manufacture, purchase and sale of woolen, cotton, silk and other fabrics ...\"","The plant went on to provide high quality textiles used by Brooks Brothers clothiers, uniforms for the cadets of West Point, and police officers in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Los Angeles. At one point 90 percent of the country's military schools, including the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, purchased uniforms made here. Coffin makers in Atlanta and Burlington, N.C., also used the soft cloth to line caskets.","Charlottesvills Woolen Mills survived the Great Depression of the 1930s mainly because of its uniform contracts. It experienced its greatest prosperity manufacturing uniforms for soldiers during World War I and II. During the height of World War II a work force of about 400 people was producing 15,000 yards of uniform cloth a month.","In 1959 Charlottesville Woolen Mills was bought by Kent Manufacturing Company, of Philadelphia. The introduction of synthetic fabrics in the late 1950s led to a decrease in demand for wool. In 1962 Kent Manufacturing Company dissolved the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.","Sources:","Maurer, David. \"Woolen Mills wove a tight community.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/lifestyles/woolen-mills-wove-a-tight-community/article_467a3534-5d1b-5f83-abdb-f1a170eb0396.html. 28 Aug. 2011.","Delesline, Nate. \"Historic Woolen Mills under contract for sale.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/news/historic-woolen-mills-under-contract-for-sale/article_7512bd70-b082-11e3-9f64-0017a43b2370.html. 20 March 2014.","Dailty Progress Staff. \"Labor dispute at Woolen Mills leads to worker strike.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/125yearsofprogress/labor-dispute-at-woolen-mills-leads-to-worker-strike/article_49c5dff0-ec7d-11e6-9604-4f40db426882.html. 6 Feb. 2017.","Gianniny, Jr., Allan, Compiler. \"Charlottesville Woolen Mills Chronology.\" Historic Woolen Mills, http://historicwoolenmills.org/chronology.html. Accessed 19 Feb. 2018.","Britton, Rick. \"The Charlottesville Woolen Mills, Clothing a Nation.\" Historic Woolen Mills, http://historicwoolenmills.org/Charlottesville.html. 2006.","Poindexter, Harry Edward. \"A History of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.\" Thesis (M.A.), University of Virginia, 1955.","Daily Progress Staff. \"City's Oldest Industry is Regaining Health.\" The Daily Progress Charlottesville Bicentennial Edition, vol. 72, no. 89, 1962, p. 58.","Sandbeck, Peter. A History of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.Nichols Student Papers, University of Virginia School of Architecture, 1975."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16353 Charlottesville Woolen Mills Records, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16353 Charlottesville Woolen Mills Records, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharlottesville Woolen Mills, Charlottesville, VA. \nBusiness records, 1868-1956. Incorporated 1868 by H.C. Marchant; operated until 1962.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is comprised of ledgers, papers, artifacts, a map, and a panoramic photograph. It is divided into two series: Business Records and Miscellaneous. The first series, Business Records contains ledgers and business related paperwork, such as correspondence and legal documetns. The second series, Miscellaneous, contains the remaining artifacts and materials not directly associated with the business dealings of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA list of names located within this collection:\nMr. George R.B. Michie,\nMr. Edward Van Wagenen,\nMr. P.M. Greene,\nMr. John S. White,\nMr. Rigby,\nW. Erskine Buford,\nFred L. Watson,\nArchibald Lammey,\nHenry J. Wilkinson,\nGeorge W. Sommers,\nCharles H. Dickinson, Jr.,\nDonal G. Chester,\nGeorge T. Huff,\nAustin Kilham,\nClark E. Lindsay,\nDr. John R. Morris, Jr.,\nHerbert J. Smith, Jr.,\nDuryee Van Wagenen,\nH.A. Dinwiddie,\nL.T. Hankel,\nJohn H. Robinson\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills, Charlottesville, VA. \nBusiness records, 1868-1956. Incorporated 1868 by H.C. Marchant; operated until 1962.","This collection is comprised of ledgers, papers, artifacts, a map, and a panoramic photograph. It is divided into two series: Business Records and Miscellaneous. The first series, Business Records contains ledgers and business related paperwork, such as correspondence and legal documetns. The second series, Miscellaneous, contains the remaining artifacts and materials not directly associated with the business dealings of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.","A list of names located within this collection:\nMr. George R.B. Michie,\nMr. Edward Van Wagenen,\nMr. P.M. Greene,\nMr. John S. White,\nMr. Rigby,\nW. Erskine Buford,\nFred L. Watson,\nArchibald Lammey,\nHenry J. Wilkinson,\nGeorge W. Sommers,\nCharles H. Dickinson, Jr.,\nDonal G. Chester,\nGeorge T. Huff,\nAustin Kilham,\nClark E. Lindsay,\nDr. John R. Morris, Jr.,\nHerbert J. Smith, Jr.,\nDuryee Van Wagenen,\nH.A. Dinwiddie,\nL.T. Hankel,\nJohn H. Robinson"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe tin advert sign is in poor condition and should not be handled. The sign is housed in a box with a tray so that lifting the tray with its handles will negate any need for touching the item itself.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003e\"The library has not investigated the copyright status of these materials, and some or all may be protected by copyright. Users are responsible for making their own determinations about copyright status of these materials.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlease refer to:\nhttp://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/?language=en\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use","Copyright"],"userestrict_tesim":["The tin advert sign is in poor condition and should not be handled. The sign is housed in a box with a tray so that lifting the tray with its handles will negate any need for touching the item itself.","\"The library has not investigated the copyright status of these materials, and some or all may be protected by copyright. Users are responsible for making their own determinations about copyright status of these materials.\"","Please refer to:\nhttp://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/?language=en"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":149,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c02_c10"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_940_c04_c16","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Work Applications, etc., 1932/1955","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_940_c04_c16#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_940_c04_c16","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_940_c04_c16"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_940_c04_c16","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_940","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_940","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_940_c04","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_940_c04","parent_ssim":["William S. Kibler papers, 1925/2002","Literary Work, School, and other Personal Papers"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_940","viu_repositories_3_resources_940_c04"],"title_filing_ssi":"Work Applications, etc.","title_ssm":["Work Applications, etc."],"title_tesim":["Work Applications, etc."],"normalized_title_ssm":["Work Applications, etc., 1932/1955"],"text":["Work Applications, etc., 1932/1955","William S. Kibler papers, 1925/2002","Literary Work, School, and other Personal Papers","box 92","folder 9"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["William S. Kibler papers, 1925/2002","Literary Work, School, and other Personal Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["William S. Kibler papers, 1925/2002","Literary Work, School, and other Personal Papers"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1932/1955"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1932-1946, 1955"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":151,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["William S. Kibler papers, 1925/2002"],"extent_ssm":["1 folder(s)"],"extent_tesim":["1 folder(s)"],"containers_ssim":["box 92","folder 9"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#15","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:18.647Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_940","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_940","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_940","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_940","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_940.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/838","title_filing_ssi":"Kibler, William S., papers","title_ssm":["William S. Kibler papers"],"title_tesim":["William S. Kibler papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1925-2002"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1925-2002"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1925/2002"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William S. Kibler papers, 1925/2002"],"text":["William S. Kibler papers, 1925/2002","MSS 15270","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/940","High school teachers - Virginia- Stanley","Stanley (Va.) - History","World War, 1939-1945 -- Personal narratives, American","Travel","Gay men, White","diaries","This collection is organized in five series: Series I:  Diaries (Boxes 1-60); Series II: Travel Journals and Manuscripts (Boxes 61-68); Series III: Slides, Postcards, and Photographs (Boxes 69-87); Series IV: Literary Work and School Papers (Boxes 88-92); and Series V: Correspondence and Military Records (Boxes 93-103).","William Kibler (1911-2002) was a student at the University of Virginia from 1929 to 1932; he graduated on June 14, 1932.  That same year he assumed his first teaching position at a one room school in Cubbage Hollow, just east of Stanley, Virginia.  From 1933 to 1940 he was a teacher, basketball coach and football coach at Shenandoah High School.  He was a Masters student at Harvard from 1935/6 to 1938; further interruptions would make this a sixteen year process – he attained his degree in 1951.  In 1936 his father Rufus Kibler died.  In 1941 William took the position of principal at Grove Hill Elementary School.","In 1943 he was drafted as a Private in Company A, 1302nd S.U.R.C.  In 1944 he was a Private in the 345th Harbor Craft Company.  In this same company William was made corporal in June 1944, and sergeant in mid-June 1944.  He trained primarily in Florida, spent three months in England, and was then transferred to France.  He was next stationed in Belgium, where he saw significant combat.  He earned a medal for his involvement in the Battle of the Bulge (1944-1945).  His letter correspondence is largely with his mother, Julia Kibler (Mrs. Benton Koontz).  From 1945 to 1946 he remained in the army and worked with recovering soldiers at Woodrow Wilson Hospital in Fishersville, Virginia.\n    He was discharged in May 1946, whereupon he took the position of English teacher at Florida Southern College; he eventually became the head of the department.  In 1949 William returned to the University of Virginia to study German and French; during this time he taught Freshman English.  From 1950 to 1952 he studied, wrote, and published \"I Don't Know Why,\" a book of 25 short stories about his observations of country life in Virginia.\n    From 1951 to 1956/7 he worked for a secret branch of the government – the Armed Forces Security Agency, a forerunner of the National Security Agency – intercepting messages during the Korean War.  He informed the United States government mostly about economic and living conditions in North Korea.  He would transition from educating military officers to teaching their children at the Columbia Preparatory School in Washington, D.C., where he taught for six years, becoming the head of their English Department.\n    From 1964 to 1965 William traveled around the world in about eighty days; this adventure would inspire him to spend the next twenty years visiting more than thirty countries – he toured most of Europe, Central and South America, portions of Asia and Africa, and sections of the Middle East.  Notably, during his 1976 trip to the Middle East, he narrowly missed an attack by a terrorist group.  He would eventually return to Virginia, where he continued to teach and write.  On September 3, 1980, he was honored as a Page County Retired Teacher.  In 1997 he was commended as a former teacher at Shenandoah High School.","The collection contains the papers of William S. Kibler (1911-2002), a high school teacher and educator, Stanley, Virginia, ca. 1925-2002, 23,684 items (103 Hollinger boxes; 43 linear feet) including his diaries, 1936-2002 April, recording in detail Kibler's daily activities as well as his impressions of events, travel journals and manuscripts for chiefly foreign trips, slides, postcards, and photographs, chiefly concerning his trips, both high school and college papers, literary work, and correspondence.","There are no restrictions.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Kibler, William S. (William S. Kibler), 1911-2002","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["William S. Kibler papers, 1925/2002"],"collection_ssim":["William S. Kibler papers, 1925/2002"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 15270","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/940"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 15270","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/940"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["High school teachers - Virginia- Stanley","Stanley (Va.) - History"],"geogname_ssim":["High school teachers - Virginia- Stanley","Stanley (Va.) - History"],"places_ssim":["High school teachers - Virginia- Stanley","Stanley (Va.) - History"],"creator_ssm":["Kibler, William S. (William S. Kibler), 1911-2002"],"creator_ssim":["Kibler, William S. (William S. Kibler), 1911-2002"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Kibler, William S. (William S. Kibler), 1911-2002"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Kibler, William S. (William S. Kibler), 1911-2002","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given by the Town Council of Stanley, Virginia, through Mike Salvino, William S. Kibler Library, to the University of Virginia Library, in 2011."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1939-1945 -- Personal narratives, American","Travel","Gay men, White","diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1939-1945 -- Personal narratives, American","Travel","Gay men, White","diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["51.5 Cubic Feet"],"extent_tesim":["51.5 Cubic Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["diaries"],"date_range_isim":[1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is organized in five series: Series I:  Diaries (Boxes 1-60); Series II: Travel Journals and Manuscripts (Boxes 61-68); Series III: Slides, Postcards, and Photographs (Boxes 69-87); Series IV: Literary Work and School Papers (Boxes 88-92); and Series V: Correspondence and Military Records (Boxes 93-103).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is organized in five series: Series I:  Diaries (Boxes 1-60); Series II: Travel Journals and Manuscripts (Boxes 61-68); Series III: Slides, Postcards, and Photographs (Boxes 69-87); Series IV: Literary Work and School Papers (Boxes 88-92); and Series V: Correspondence and Military Records (Boxes 93-103)."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam Kibler (1911-2002) was a student at the University of Virginia from 1929 to 1932; he graduated on June 14, 1932.  That same year he assumed his first teaching position at a one room school in Cubbage Hollow, just east of Stanley, Virginia.  From 1933 to 1940 he was a teacher, basketball coach and football coach at Shenandoah High School.  He was a Masters student at Harvard from 1935/6 to 1938; further interruptions would make this a sixteen year process – he attained his degree in 1951.  In 1936 his father Rufus Kibler died.  In 1941 William took the position of principal at Grove Hill Elementary School.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1943 he was drafted as a Private in Company A, 1302nd S.U.R.C.  In 1944 he was a Private in the 345th Harbor Craft Company.  In this same company William was made corporal in June 1944, and sergeant in mid-June 1944.  He trained primarily in Florida, spent three months in England, and was then transferred to France.  He was next stationed in Belgium, where he saw significant combat.  He earned a medal for his involvement in the Battle of the Bulge (1944-1945).  His letter correspondence is largely with his mother, Julia Kibler (Mrs. Benton Koontz).  From 1945 to 1946 he remained in the army and worked with recovering soldiers at Woodrow Wilson Hospital in Fishersville, Virginia.\n    He was discharged in May 1946, whereupon he took the position of English teacher at Florida Southern College; he eventually became the head of the department.  In 1949 William returned to the University of Virginia to study German and French; during this time he taught Freshman English.  From 1950 to 1952 he studied, wrote, and published \"I Don't Know Why,\" a book of 25 short stories about his observations of country life in Virginia.\n    From 1951 to 1956/7 he worked for a secret branch of the government – the Armed Forces Security Agency, a forerunner of the National Security Agency – intercepting messages during the Korean War.  He informed the United States government mostly about economic and living conditions in North Korea.  He would transition from educating military officers to teaching their children at the Columbia Preparatory School in Washington, D.C., where he taught for six years, becoming the head of their English Department.\n    From 1964 to 1965 William traveled around the world in about eighty days; this adventure would inspire him to spend the next twenty years visiting more than thirty countries – he toured most of Europe, Central and South America, portions of Asia and Africa, and sections of the Middle East.  Notably, during his 1976 trip to the Middle East, he narrowly missed an attack by a terrorist group.  He would eventually return to Virginia, where he continued to teach and write.  On September 3, 1980, he was honored as a Page County Retired Teacher.  In 1997 he was commended as a former teacher at Shenandoah High School.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["William Kibler (1911-2002) was a student at the University of Virginia from 1929 to 1932; he graduated on June 14, 1932.  That same year he assumed his first teaching position at a one room school in Cubbage Hollow, just east of Stanley, Virginia.  From 1933 to 1940 he was a teacher, basketball coach and football coach at Shenandoah High School.  He was a Masters student at Harvard from 1935/6 to 1938; further interruptions would make this a sixteen year process – he attained his degree in 1951.  In 1936 his father Rufus Kibler died.  In 1941 William took the position of principal at Grove Hill Elementary School.","In 1943 he was drafted as a Private in Company A, 1302nd S.U.R.C.  In 1944 he was a Private in the 345th Harbor Craft Company.  In this same company William was made corporal in June 1944, and sergeant in mid-June 1944.  He trained primarily in Florida, spent three months in England, and was then transferred to France.  He was next stationed in Belgium, where he saw significant combat.  He earned a medal for his involvement in the Battle of the Bulge (1944-1945).  His letter correspondence is largely with his mother, Julia Kibler (Mrs. Benton Koontz).  From 1945 to 1946 he remained in the army and worked with recovering soldiers at Woodrow Wilson Hospital in Fishersville, Virginia.\n    He was discharged in May 1946, whereupon he took the position of English teacher at Florida Southern College; he eventually became the head of the department.  In 1949 William returned to the University of Virginia to study German and French; during this time he taught Freshman English.  From 1950 to 1952 he studied, wrote, and published \"I Don't Know Why,\" a book of 25 short stories about his observations of country life in Virginia.\n    From 1951 to 1956/7 he worked for a secret branch of the government – the Armed Forces Security Agency, a forerunner of the National Security Agency – intercepting messages during the Korean War.  He informed the United States government mostly about economic and living conditions in North Korea.  He would transition from educating military officers to teaching their children at the Columbia Preparatory School in Washington, D.C., where he taught for six years, becoming the head of their English Department.\n    From 1964 to 1965 William traveled around the world in about eighty days; this adventure would inspire him to spend the next twenty years visiting more than thirty countries – he toured most of Europe, Central and South America, portions of Asia and Africa, and sections of the Middle East.  Notably, during his 1976 trip to the Middle East, he narrowly missed an attack by a terrorist group.  He would eventually return to Virginia, where he continued to teach and write.  On September 3, 1980, he was honored as a Page County Retired Teacher.  In 1997 he was commended as a former teacher at Shenandoah High School."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam S. Kibler papers, MSS 15270, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["William S. Kibler papers, MSS 15270, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains the papers of William S. Kibler (1911-2002), a high school teacher and educator, Stanley, Virginia, ca. 1925-2002, 23,684 items (103 Hollinger boxes; 43 linear feet) including his diaries, 1936-2002 April, recording in detail Kibler's daily activities as well as his impressions of events, travel journals and manuscripts for chiefly foreign trips, slides, postcards, and photographs, chiefly concerning his trips, both high school and college papers, literary work, and correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains the papers of William S. Kibler (1911-2002), a high school teacher and educator, Stanley, Virginia, ca. 1925-2002, 23,684 items (103 Hollinger boxes; 43 linear feet) including his diaries, 1936-2002 April, recording in detail Kibler's daily activities as well as his impressions of events, travel journals and manuscripts for chiefly foreign trips, slides, postcards, and photographs, chiefly concerning his trips, both high school and college papers, literary work, and correspondence."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Kibler, William S. (William S. Kibler), 1911-2002"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Kibler, William S. (William S. Kibler), 1911-2002"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":167,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:18.647Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_940_c04_c16"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c06_c216_c03","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Workmen's compensation forms arranged by company, 1944/1950","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c06_c216_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c06_c216_c03","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c06_c216_c03"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c06_c216_c03","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c06_c216","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c06_c216","parent_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","General Office Correspondence and Cases, 1920/1955","Bound Insurance Records"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_66","viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c06","viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c06_c216"],"title_filing_ssi":"Workmen's compensation forms arranged by company","title_ssm":["Workmen's compensation forms arranged by company"],"title_tesim":["Workmen's compensation forms arranged by company"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Workmen's compensation forms arranged by company, 1944/1950"],"text":["Workmen's compensation forms arranged by company, 1944/1950","Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","General Office Correspondence and Cases, 1920/1955","Bound Insurance Records","Flat_Box MSS 79-6 Oversize 17"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","General Office Correspondence and Cases, 1920/1955","Bound Insurance Records"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","General Office Correspondence and Cases, 1920/1955","Bound Insurance Records"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1944/1950"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1944-1950"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":1610,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"containers_ssim":["Flat_Box MSS 79-6 Oversize 17"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Some of these files are restricted."],"date_range_isim":[1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950],"_nest_path_":"/components#5/components#215/components#2","timestamp":"2026-09-01T00:00:45.917Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_66.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/106865","title_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers"],"title_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1820 - 1959"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1820 - 1959"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1820/1959"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"text":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia","Some of these files are restricted.","The papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.","Richard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.","As colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.","In 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.","William R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.","Since he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.","Throughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.","Tom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.","Walker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.","The Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke \u0026 Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.","The early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.","With the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.","It has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.","Eskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began.","The Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library.","The Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.","This collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"collection_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"places_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959"],"creator_ssim":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Duke family"],"creators_ssim":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was a gift of Helen R. Duke in 1979.","The addendum to the papers of the Duke \u0026 Duke law firm was donated by William E. Duke and Lucy D. Kinne to the Law Library in October of 1985 after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift."],"access_subjects_ssim":["practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["108.5  Linear Feet 232 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["108.5  Linear Feet 232 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome of these files are restricted.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Some of these files are restricted."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRichard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSince he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke \u0026amp; Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWith the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Richard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.","As colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.","In 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.","William R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.","Since he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.","Throughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.","Tom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.","Walker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.","The Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke \u0026 Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.","The early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.","With the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.","It has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.","Eskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library.","The Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.","This collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"famname_ssim":["Duke family"],"names_coll_ssim":["Duke family","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926"],"persname_ssim":["Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1822-1898","Duke, R. T. W. (Richard Thomas Walker), 1853-1926","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1908,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-09-01T00:00:45.917Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c06_c216_c03"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03_c278","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"World Fed. - newspaper art, magazine art, 1942/1960","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03_c278#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03_c278","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03_c278"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03_c278","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03","parent_ssim":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015","Westview"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_756","viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03"],"title_filing_ssi":"World Fed. - newspaper art, magazine art","title_ssm":["World Fed. - newspaper art, magazine art"],"title_tesim":["World Fed. - newspaper art, magazine art"],"normalized_title_ssm":["World Fed. - newspaper art, magazine art, 1942/1960"],"text":["World Fed. - newspaper art, magazine art, 1942/1960","Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015","Westview","box 146","folder 7"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015","Westview"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015","Westview"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1942/1960"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1942-1960"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":2436,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"containers_ssim":["box 146","folder 7"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Boxes 31 and 73 have been treated for mold.  Mold damage may be seen, but is not active.  Patrons are encouraged to wear gloves when accessing materials in these boxes."],"date_range_isim":[1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#277","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_756","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_756.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/149695","title_filing_ssi":"Fife, Francis H., papers","title_ssm":["Francis H. Fife papers"],"title_tesim":["Francis H. Fife papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1785-2015","1940-2015"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1785-2015"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1940-2015"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015"],"text":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015","MSS 16075","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/756","Mayors -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","reports","letters (correspondence)","photographs","Collection is open for research use.\nThe collection is stored offsite; 72 hours notice is required to access the collection.","Boxes 31 and 73 have been treated for mold.  Mold damage may be seen, but is not active.  Patrons are encouraged to wear gloves when accessing materials in these boxes.","Series 1: Oak Lawn 1, 1960-2013 (46 cubic feet). Materials in this series are from Fife's filing cabinets at Oak Lawn and consist primarily of political papers and civic organizations files.  The files within the boxes mirror the order they were in within Mr. Fife's filing cabinets.  No further organization has been done.","Series 2: Oak Lawn 2, 1947-2015 (49.4 cubic feet).  Materials in this series consist of political papers and civic organizations files.  The files wihin the boxes mirror the order they were in within Mr. Fife's filing cabinets.  No further organization has been done.","Series 3: Westview, 1785-1994 (73 cubic feet). Materials in this series consist of political papers that document Francis Fife's involvemnet in Charlottesville's local government where he spent years on the city council, and where he served one term as mayor, as well as serving as the chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission. Also included are persoanl papers that document his life during and after World War II, and a small number of family papers.","Francis H. Fife was born in Charlottesville and attended the University of Virginia, graduating in 1941. He then joined the military and served in World War II.  He received a graduate degree in banking from Rutgers University in 1950 and made his first run for public office that same year, losing his bid for a seat on the Charlottesville City Council.\nFife was married to fellow former mayor Nancy O'Brien.","He led the fight for civil rights and adequate housing throughout the 1950s and 1960s as a founder of the housing foundation and by serving on the city's Housing Advisory Committee, which pushed for several public housing sites to better integrate communities.","Fife sat eight years on the Charlottesville City Council, including two years as mayor from 1972 to 1974.","Fife was a member of the governance board of several government agencies and non-profit organizations. They included the Virginia Department of Housing and Community Development, the Virginia Housing Authority, the Charlottesville Housing Foundation and the Piedmont Housing Alliance. He was also a founder and former President of the Rivanna Trails Foundation. He was also on the Board of Directors for the group Advocates for a Sustainable Albemarle Population.  Fife served as Chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission in the early 1980s and was also a former chair of the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority.","Fife died on October 16, 2015 at the age of 95.  A city park, street and neighborhood are named in honor of Fife family members.","Sources:","\"Francis H. Fife.\" CVillepedia, \nhttps://www.cvillepedia.org/index.php?title=Francis_Fife\u0026oldid=39248.  Accessed 2 November 2018.","McKenzie, Bryan. \"Charlottesville community icon Francis H. Fife dies.\"  The Daily Progress, 16 Oct. 2015.  \nhttps://www.dailyprogress.com/news/local/charlottesville-community-icon-francis-h-fife-dies/article_dcf08922-7444-11e5-afc2-a79b5cef5b97.html.  Accessed 2 November 2018.","Gift of Nancy O'Brien, 23 November 2013.","The Francis H. Fife papers (1947-2015; 168.4 cubic feet) document the personal and professional life of Mr. Fife with an emphasis on his civic and community interests.  Types of materials include reports, meeting minutes, correspondence, memoranda, journals, and some family documents.  The collection is organized into three series: Oak Lawn 1, Oak Lawn 2, and Westview.","Please note, the file titles in this collection have been transcribed.  The file titles were created by Mr. Fife or his staff.","All 169 boxes are stored at Ivy Stacks.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Fife, Francis H., 1920-2015","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015"],"collection_ssim":["Francis H. Fife papers, 1785/2015, bulk 1940/2015"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16075","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/756"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16075","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/756"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Fife, Francis H., 1920-2015"],"creator_ssim":["Fife, Francis H., 1920-2015"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Fife, Francis H., 1920-2015"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Fife, Francis H., 1920-2015","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Mayors -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","reports","letters (correspondence)","photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Mayors -- Virginia -- Charlottesville","reports","letters (correspondence)","photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["168.4 Cubic Feet 168 cubic foot boxes, 1 document box"],"extent_tesim":["168.4 Cubic Feet 168 cubic foot boxes, 1 document box"],"genreform_ssim":["reports","letters (correspondence)","photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research use.\nThe collection is stored offsite; 72 hours notice is required to access the collection.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eBoxes 31 and 73 have been treated for mold.  Mold damage may be seen, but is not active.  Patrons are encouraged to wear gloves when accessing materials in these boxes.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Preservation Note"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research use.\nThe collection is stored offsite; 72 hours notice is required to access the collection.","Boxes 31 and 73 have been treated for mold.  Mold damage may be seen, but is not active.  Patrons are encouraged to wear gloves when accessing materials in these boxes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Oak Lawn 1, 1960-2013 (46 cubic feet). Materials in this series are from Fife's filing cabinets at Oak Lawn and consist primarily of political papers and civic organizations files.  The files within the boxes mirror the order they were in within Mr. Fife's filing cabinets.  No further organization has been done.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Oak Lawn 2, 1947-2015 (49.4 cubic feet).  Materials in this series consist of political papers and civic organizations files.  The files wihin the boxes mirror the order they were in within Mr. Fife's filing cabinets.  No further organization has been done.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Westview, 1785-1994 (73 cubic feet). Materials in this series consist of political papers that document Francis Fife's involvemnet in Charlottesville's local government where he spent years on the city council, and where he served one term as mayor, as well as serving as the chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission. Also included are persoanl papers that document his life during and after World War II, and a small number of family papers.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series 1: Oak Lawn 1, 1960-2013 (46 cubic feet). Materials in this series are from Fife's filing cabinets at Oak Lawn and consist primarily of political papers and civic organizations files.  The files within the boxes mirror the order they were in within Mr. Fife's filing cabinets.  No further organization has been done.","Series 2: Oak Lawn 2, 1947-2015 (49.4 cubic feet).  Materials in this series consist of political papers and civic organizations files.  The files wihin the boxes mirror the order they were in within Mr. Fife's filing cabinets.  No further organization has been done.","Series 3: Westview, 1785-1994 (73 cubic feet). Materials in this series consist of political papers that document Francis Fife's involvemnet in Charlottesville's local government where he spent years on the city council, and where he served one term as mayor, as well as serving as the chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission. Also included are persoanl papers that document his life during and after World War II, and a small number of family papers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrancis H. Fife was born in Charlottesville and attended the University of Virginia, graduating in 1941. He then joined the military and served in World War II.  He received a graduate degree in banking from Rutgers University in 1950 and made his first run for public office that same year, losing his bid for a seat on the Charlottesville City Council.\nFife was married to fellow former mayor Nancy O'Brien.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe led the fight for civil rights and adequate housing throughout the 1950s and 1960s as a founder of the housing foundation and by serving on the city's Housing Advisory Committee, which pushed for several public housing sites to better integrate communities.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFife sat eight years on the Charlottesville City Council, including two years as mayor from 1972 to 1974.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFife was a member of the governance board of several government agencies and non-profit organizations. They included the Virginia Department of Housing and Community Development, the Virginia Housing Authority, the Charlottesville Housing Foundation and the Piedmont Housing Alliance. He was also a founder and former President of the Rivanna Trails Foundation. He was also on the Board of Directors for the group Advocates for a Sustainable Albemarle Population.  Fife served as Chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission in the early 1980s and was also a former chair of the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFife died on October 16, 2015 at the age of 95.  A city park, street and neighborhood are named in honor of Fife family members.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nSources:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n\"Francis H. Fife.\" CVillepedia, \nhttps://www.cvillepedia.org/index.php?title=Francis_Fife\u0026amp;oldid=39248.  Accessed 2 November 2018.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcKenzie, Bryan. \"Charlottesville community icon Francis H. Fife dies.\"  The Daily Progress, 16 Oct. 2015.  \nhttps://www.dailyprogress.com/news/local/charlottesville-community-icon-francis-h-fife-dies/article_dcf08922-7444-11e5-afc2-a79b5cef5b97.html.  Accessed 2 November 2018.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biography"],"bioghist_tesim":["Francis H. Fife was born in Charlottesville and attended the University of Virginia, graduating in 1941. He then joined the military and served in World War II.  He received a graduate degree in banking from Rutgers University in 1950 and made his first run for public office that same year, losing his bid for a seat on the Charlottesville City Council.\nFife was married to fellow former mayor Nancy O'Brien.","He led the fight for civil rights and adequate housing throughout the 1950s and 1960s as a founder of the housing foundation and by serving on the city's Housing Advisory Committee, which pushed for several public housing sites to better integrate communities.","Fife sat eight years on the Charlottesville City Council, including two years as mayor from 1972 to 1974.","Fife was a member of the governance board of several government agencies and non-profit organizations. They included the Virginia Department of Housing and Community Development, the Virginia Housing Authority, the Charlottesville Housing Foundation and the Piedmont Housing Alliance. He was also a founder and former President of the Rivanna Trails Foundation. He was also on the Board of Directors for the group Advocates for a Sustainable Albemarle Population.  Fife served as Chairman of the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission in the early 1980s and was also a former chair of the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority.","Fife died on October 16, 2015 at the age of 95.  A city park, street and neighborhood are named in honor of Fife family members.","Sources:","\"Francis H. Fife.\" CVillepedia, \nhttps://www.cvillepedia.org/index.php?title=Francis_Fife\u0026oldid=39248.  Accessed 2 November 2018.","McKenzie, Bryan. \"Charlottesville community icon Francis H. Fife dies.\"  The Daily Progress, 16 Oct. 2015.  \nhttps://www.dailyprogress.com/news/local/charlottesville-community-icon-francis-h-fife-dies/article_dcf08922-7444-11e5-afc2-a79b5cef5b97.html.  Accessed 2 November 2018."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGift of Nancy O'Brien, 23 November 2013.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["Gift of Nancy O'Brien, 23 November 2013."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16075, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16075, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Francis H. Fife papers (1947-2015; 168.4 cubic feet) document the personal and professional life of Mr. Fife with an emphasis on his civic and community interests.  Types of materials include reports, meeting minutes, correspondence, memoranda, journals, and some family documents.  The collection is organized into three series: Oak Lawn 1, Oak Lawn 2, and Westview.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlease note, the file titles in this collection have been transcribed.  The file titles were created by Mr. Fife or his staff. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Francis H. Fife papers (1947-2015; 168.4 cubic feet) document the personal and professional life of Mr. Fife with an emphasis on his civic and community interests.  Types of materials include reports, meeting minutes, correspondence, memoranda, journals, and some family documents.  The collection is organized into three series: Oak Lawn 1, Oak Lawn 2, and Westview.","Please note, the file titles in this collection have been transcribed.  The file titles were created by Mr. Fife or his staff."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_84a423eb8a3413128660f9b530e40dad\"\u003eAll 169 boxes are stored at Ivy Stacks.\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["All 169 boxes are stored at Ivy Stacks."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Fife, Francis H., 1920-2015"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Fife, Francis H., 1920-2015"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2559,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_756_c03_c278"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_129_c2139","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"World Peace Movement: \"The Bishops on Social Problems, 1937-1947, \", 1947","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_129_c2139#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_129_c2139","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_7_resources_129_c2139"],"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_129_c2139","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_129","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_129","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_129","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_129","parent_ssim":["Joseph Francis Fletcher papers, 1931/1991"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_129"],"title_filing_ssi":"World Peace Movement: \"The Bishops on Social Problems, 1937-1947,\"","title_ssm":["World Peace Movement: \"The Bishops on Social Problems, 1937-1947, \""],"title_tesim":["World Peace Movement: \"The Bishops on Social Problems, 1937-1947, \""],"normalized_title_ssm":["World Peace Movement: \"The Bishops on Social Problems, 1937-1947, \", 1947"],"text":["World Peace Movement: \"The Bishops on Social Problems, 1937-1947, \", 1947","Joseph Francis Fletcher papers, 1931/1991","box 31","folder 2"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Joseph Francis Fletcher papers, 1931/1991"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Joseph Francis Fletcher papers, 1931/1991"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1947"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1947"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":2139,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Joseph Francis Fletcher papers, 1931/1991"],"containers_ssim":["box 31","folder 2"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1947],"_nest_path_":"/components#2138","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:58.559Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_129","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_129","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_129","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_129","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_7_resources_129.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/128685","title_ssm":["Joseph Francis Fletcher papers"],"title_tesim":["Joseph Francis Fletcher papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1931-1991"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1931-1991"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1931/1991"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Joseph Francis Fletcher papers, 1931/1991"],"text":["Joseph Francis Fletcher papers, 1931/1991","MS.27","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/129","16.5 linear feet; thirty-three 5\" x 10.5\" x 15.5\" manuscript boxes and two 13\" x 11\" x 16.5\" boxes","There are no restrictions.","The collection comprises 35 boxes. Boxes 1 to 15 contain correspondence, arranged chronologically, one letter to a folder. Boxes 16 to 31 contain related materials, ordered by an alphabetical sequence of subject headings, as follows: Chinese Revolution, Churchman, Ethical Issues, Financial, Humor, Interview Transcripts, Lectures, Manuscripts, Memoirs, Miscellaneous Clippings, Notes, Paddock Fund, Programs and Brochures, Reprints-Fletcher, Reprints-Miscellaneous, Reviews, Sermons, and World Peace Movement. Within each of these 18 subject headings, items are organized chronologically wherever possible. Boxes 32 and 33 contain oversize materials: scrapbooks assembled by Fletcher and a small collection of photographs, placques, and posters. Boxes 34 and 35 contain additional materials: manuscripts, miscellaneous documents, and student papers.","Joseph Francis Fletcher (1905-1991), a theologian and medical ethicist, social activist and scholar, was a life-long advocate for humane solutions to the problems of modern life. Fletcher spent the majority of his professional career at Cambridge, Massachusetts' Episcopal Theological School, where he held the Robert Treat Paine chair of Social Ethics from 1944 to 1970. Subsequently, he joined the University of Virginia Medical School faculty as the University's first professor of medical ethics (1970-1983). With medical school dean Thomas Harrison Hunter, Fletcher established the Program in Biology and Society and the Medical Center Hour lecture series. Both were early expressions of the critical importance of the humanities to the practice of medicine, and both innovations later bore fruit in the University's Center for Biomedical Ethics, founded in 1988, and the Center for Humanism in Medicine in 1990. The Medical Center Hour continues to bring challenging weekly discussions to the University and on-line communities.","Fletcher began childhood in New Jersey, but as a nine-year-old boy moved with his sister and mother to his maternal family's home in West Virginia. There he remained for a decade, completing high school in three years instead of the usual four, and at age 16 started three years of coursework at the state university at Morgantown. Initially, West Virginia University denied him a diploma because of his radical thinking, though ultimately the faculty relented and granted Fletcher an A.B. degree five years later, in 1929. Always an independent-minded young man, Fletcher had worked one high-school summer for the Consolidation Coal Company, management side, and the next as a trapper boy in the shafts of a small mining operation; from these experiences he developed a lasting sympathy for mine workers and a deep commitment to the struggle to unionize. This era of the late teens and early twenties was a period of great radicalism -- analogous, Fletcher later stated, to the period of social transformations of the 1960s -- and young Joseph read voraciously much of the literature critical of unregulated capitalism, in addition to working on the education staff of the United Mine Workers' local, and volunteering with the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee -- the bellwether legal case pitting liberal critique against conservative patriotism.","During this period of intellectual development and activism, Fletcher became convinced that \"Christianity . . . had a tremendous imperative for social justice,\" and that the social change he sought could be achieved through the church. (\"Memoir,\" p.7). In consequence, the nineteen-year-old enrolled at Berkeley Divinity School, an Episcopal seminary then located in Middletown, Connecticut. After completing his coursework, Fletcher undertook a multi-year research project for the National Council of the Episcopal Church, which led to the publication of his first book, The Church and Industry (1930), co-authored with Spencer Miller. Fletcher received his Masters of Divinity in 1929, along with a prestigious fellowship for further study: he took courses in economic history at Yale, then traveled abroad to study at the London School of Economics with Richard H. Tawney, a scholar likewise intrigued by the church's potential for social reform.","Fletcher and his wife, Forrest Hatfield -- whom he had met at West Virginia University and married before receiving his divinity degree -- returned to the States from England in 1932. They moved to Raleigh, North Carolina, where Fletcher taught at Saint Mary's Junior College, and proceeded to enrage the local bishop by involving himself with the Piedmont Organizing Council of the United Textile Workers' Union. At the close of his third academic year there, Fletcher resigned and took a double appointment as Dean of Saint Paul's Cathedral in Cincinnati, Ohio and first Dean of a new Graduate School of Applied Religion. Fletcher remained in Cincinnati nine years, from 1936 to 1944, directing this certificate program for seminarians and junior clergy. The curriculum centered on the practical aspects of community services organization and the design of outreach programs. While in Cincinnati, Fletcher also taught social ethics at Hebrew Union College, and courses in labor history for the University of Cincinnati, the local Cincinnati unions, and, in Mississippi, for the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union organizing project, where he was twice subjected to beatings, not only for the labor work itself but also because of the union's interracial staff and membership. The virulent anti-communists of this and later eras viewed Fletcher with profound mistrust -- particularly when he advocated substantive meetings of both sides -- though he pithily summed up his life-long position by stating, \"[the] war against fascism is a war against dictatorship, whether of the left or right . . . of the proletariat or the racists.\" (\"Memoir,\" p. 19).","The stimulating intellectual atmosphere of Cambridge, Massachusetts drew Fletcher to the Episcopal Theological School (ETS) as World War II was ending. Here his scholarship of ethics matured, as represented in numerous publications -- seven more books and well over a hundred papers. \"My heart was in the front line,\" Fletcher stated, but academic life became his dominant zone of activity. (\"Memoir,\" p. 11). Yet for all the theoretical contemplation, Fletcher remained quintessentially a pragmatist, and his method of pedagogy using case studies constantly recalled the discussion to its most practical elements. This concern with the particular over the universal revolutionized ethical studies. Fletcher argued that the simple charge to love one's neighbor as one's self -- the Christian ethic of love -- supplanted orthodoxy and conventional moral values, a notion as new and radical as it was original to Christian thought. \"My main principle,\" Fletcher wrote, was \"that concern for human beings should come before moral rules, and that particular cases and situations are more determinant of what we ought to do than 'universal' norms are.\" (\"Memoir,\" p. 24). This attitude underlies all of his writing, but above all exemplifies his two most influential books: Morals and Medicine (1954), and Situation Ethics (1966).","Today scholars consider Morals and Medicine the inaugural work of bioethics. Fletcher believed it to be the first contemporary treatment of medical ethical issues developed outside the boundaries of the decalogue, that is, without reliance on the biblical ten commandments so crucial to orthodox theology. Framed in terms of human rights, Morals and Medicine addresses the patient's right to be informed truthfully of medical diagnoses, to control conception -- including use of artificial insemination or sterilization -- and to employ euthanasia. Fletcher's arguments overturned the traditional paternalistic approach of medical practice and challenged physicians and patients to confront moral questions directly, ultimately rejecting the artificial isolation of science from ethics.","With Situation Ethics, Fletcher refined his thesis still further, and crafted an approach to ethical problems of all types. The book was an instant best-seller \"about ideas whose time had come,\" he modestly stated.(\"Recollections,\" number 126). No less controversial for all its popularity, Situation Ethics also earned rebukes from the doctrinaire and frightened. Fletcher engaged their objections in The Situation Ethics Debate(1968) and in countless lectures and conversations, but the irony was not lost on him that much opposition came from religious communities. Fletcher's consequentialist resolve never wavered, and he began to find in humanism a more apposite and logical framework than Christian faith and theology. Shortly before his retirement from ETS, Fletcher left the church, \"to keep faith with myself, without anger and with lots of thanks to [the church] for many things.\" (\"Memoir,\" p. 27).","Thus Fletcher began another absorbing career, as first professor of medical ethics at the University of Virginia Medical School. \"As I used to tell people, nobody could believe how much I learned after I was sixty-five years old,\" he stated of his characteristic energy. (\"Memoir,\" p. 28) Besides developing new courses, pursuing an active traveling lecture schedule, publishing numerous papers, and holding additional visiting professorships at the University of Texas and at Australia's Monash University, Fletcher wrote two new books, The Ethics of Genetic Control (1974) and Humanhood: Essays in Biomedical Ethics (1979), bringing the total to ten. The Hastings Center recognized his innovative work in biomedical ethics with the Beecher Award in 1981, and the national medical honor society, Alpha Omega Alpha elected him in 1982 an honorary fellow, the only scholar from the humanities to be so recognized in the organization's history. Fletcher retired from the University of Virginia in 1983, though the University's Board of Visitors annually extended to him the honorary title \"visiting scholar\" until his death in 1991.","References\n      \"Memoir of an Ex-Radical,\" Joseph Francis Fletcher Papers (20: 29).\n      \"Recollections,\" Joseph Francis Fletcher Papers (20: 31).","Processed by:\n        Historical Collections Staff\n      \n      \n        Funding:\n        Web version of the finding aid funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.","Processing was completed in 2006 by Henry K. Sharp of the Historical Collections and Services Department.","Box 18: Folder 8 was removed from the collection in 2017.","The Joseph Francis Fletcher Papers comprise two groups of materials: correspondence and subject files. The correspondence files consist almost entirely of professional letters written to Dr. Fletcher throughout his career as a theologian and ethicist, including numerous letters from members of the general public reacting to his most famous and controversial book, Situation Ethics (1966). The subject materials are presented in various categories, often assembled by Dr. Fletcher himself. These include correspondence and related items on the Chinese Revolution, the Episcopal Church magazine \"The Churchman,\" the Bishop Paddock Fund, and the World Peace Movement. Other materials include notes and case studies related to ethical issues presented in his courses and seminars, numerous texts of Fletcher's lectures and sermons, manuscript drafts, and reprints of articles by Fletcher and others. In addition, the subject collections include miscellaneous newspaper clippings, reviews of Fletcher's publications, programs and brochures from his speaking engagements, and scrapbooks containing examples of all types of items assembled by Fletcher early in his career. Rounding out the collection are a series of interview transcripts made near the end of his life, and a folder containing autobiographical essays.","There are no restrictions.","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Joseph Francis Fletcher papers, 1931/1991"],"collection_ssim":["Joseph Francis Fletcher papers, 1931/1991"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS.27","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/129"],"unitid_tesim":["MS.27","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/129"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"creators_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mary Faith Marshall, Ph.D., donated the papers to the library in 2001."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["16.5 linear feet; thirty-three 5\" x 10.5\" x 15.5\" manuscript boxes and two 13\" x 11\" x 16.5\" boxes"],"extent_ssm":["15.75 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["15.75 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection comprises 35 boxes. Boxes 1 to 15 contain correspondence, arranged chronologically, one letter to a folder. Boxes 16 to 31 contain related materials, ordered by an alphabetical sequence of subject headings, as follows: Chinese Revolution, Churchman, Ethical Issues, Financial, Humor, Interview Transcripts, Lectures, Manuscripts, Memoirs, Miscellaneous Clippings, Notes, Paddock Fund, Programs and Brochures, Reprints-Fletcher, Reprints-Miscellaneous, Reviews, Sermons, and World Peace Movement. Within each of these 18 subject headings, items are organized chronologically wherever possible. Boxes 32 and 33 contain oversize materials: scrapbooks assembled by Fletcher and a small collection of photographs, placques, and posters. Boxes 34 and 35 contain additional materials: manuscripts, miscellaneous documents, and student papers.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection comprises 35 boxes. Boxes 1 to 15 contain correspondence, arranged chronologically, one letter to a folder. Boxes 16 to 31 contain related materials, ordered by an alphabetical sequence of subject headings, as follows: Chinese Revolution, Churchman, Ethical Issues, Financial, Humor, Interview Transcripts, Lectures, Manuscripts, Memoirs, Miscellaneous Clippings, Notes, Paddock Fund, Programs and Brochures, Reprints-Fletcher, Reprints-Miscellaneous, Reviews, Sermons, and World Peace Movement. Within each of these 18 subject headings, items are organized chronologically wherever possible. Boxes 32 and 33 contain oversize materials: scrapbooks assembled by Fletcher and a small collection of photographs, placques, and posters. Boxes 34 and 35 contain additional materials: manuscripts, miscellaneous documents, and student papers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nJoseph Francis Fletcher (1905-1991), a theologian and medical ethicist, social activist and scholar, was a life-long advocate for humane solutions to the problems of modern life. Fletcher spent the majority of his professional career at Cambridge, Massachusetts' Episcopal Theological School, where he held the Robert Treat Paine chair of Social Ethics from 1944 to 1970. Subsequently, he joined the University of Virginia Medical School faculty as the University's first professor of medical ethics (1970-1983). With medical school dean Thomas Harrison Hunter, Fletcher established the Program in Biology and Society and the Medical Center Hour lecture series. Both were early expressions of the critical importance of the humanities to the practice of medicine, and both innovations later bore fruit in the University's Center for Biomedical Ethics, founded in 1988, and the Center for Humanism in Medicine in 1990. The Medical Center Hour continues to bring challenging weekly discussions to the University and on-line communities.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nFletcher began childhood in New Jersey, but as a nine-year-old boy moved with his sister and mother to his maternal family's home in West Virginia. There he remained for a decade, completing high school in three years instead of the usual four, and at age 16 started three years of coursework at the state university at Morgantown. Initially, West Virginia University denied him a diploma because of his radical thinking, though ultimately the faculty relented and granted Fletcher an A.B. degree five years later, in 1929. Always an independent-minded young man, Fletcher had worked one high-school summer for the Consolidation Coal Company, management side, and the next as a trapper boy in the shafts of a small mining operation; from these experiences he developed a lasting sympathy for mine workers and a deep commitment to the struggle to unionize. This era of the late teens and early twenties was a period of great radicalism -- analogous, Fletcher later stated, to the period of social transformations of the 1960s -- and young Joseph read voraciously much of the literature critical of unregulated capitalism, in addition to working on the education staff of the United Mine Workers' local, and volunteering with the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee -- the bellwether legal case pitting liberal critique against conservative patriotism.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nDuring this period of intellectual development and activism, Fletcher became convinced that \"Christianity . . . had a tremendous imperative for social justice,\" and that the social change he sought could be achieved through the church. (\"Memoir,\" p.7). In consequence, the nineteen-year-old enrolled at Berkeley Divinity School, an Episcopal seminary then located in Middletown, Connecticut. After completing his coursework, Fletcher undertook a multi-year research project for the National Council of the Episcopal Church, which led to the publication of his first book, The Church and Industry (1930), co-authored with Spencer Miller. Fletcher received his Masters of Divinity in 1929, along with a prestigious fellowship for further study: he took courses in economic history at Yale, then traveled abroad to study at the London School of Economics with Richard H. Tawney, a scholar likewise intrigued by the church's potential for social reform.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nFletcher and his wife, Forrest Hatfield -- whom he had met at West Virginia University and married before receiving his divinity degree -- returned to the States from England in 1932. They moved to Raleigh, North Carolina, where Fletcher taught at Saint Mary's Junior College, and proceeded to enrage the local bishop by involving himself with the Piedmont Organizing Council of the United Textile Workers' Union. At the close of his third academic year there, Fletcher resigned and took a double appointment as Dean of Saint Paul's Cathedral in Cincinnati, Ohio and first Dean of a new Graduate School of Applied Religion. Fletcher remained in Cincinnati nine years, from 1936 to 1944, directing this certificate program for seminarians and junior clergy. The curriculum centered on the practical aspects of community services organization and the design of outreach programs. While in Cincinnati, Fletcher also taught social ethics at Hebrew Union College, and courses in labor history for the University of Cincinnati, the local Cincinnati unions, and, in Mississippi, for the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union organizing project, where he was twice subjected to beatings, not only for the labor work itself but also because of the union's interracial staff and membership. The virulent anti-communists of this and later eras viewed Fletcher with profound mistrust -- particularly when he advocated substantive meetings of both sides -- though he pithily summed up his life-long position by stating, \"[the] war against fascism is a war against dictatorship, whether of the left or right . . . of the proletariat or the racists.\" (\"Memoir,\" p. 19).\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe stimulating intellectual atmosphere of Cambridge, Massachusetts drew Fletcher to the Episcopal Theological School (ETS) as World War II was ending. Here his scholarship of ethics matured, as represented in numerous publications -- seven more books and well over a hundred papers. \"My heart was in the front line,\" Fletcher stated, but academic life became his dominant zone of activity. (\"Memoir,\" p. 11). Yet for all the theoretical contemplation, Fletcher remained quintessentially a pragmatist, and his method of pedagogy using case studies constantly recalled the discussion to its most practical elements. This concern with the particular over the universal revolutionized ethical studies. Fletcher argued that the simple charge to love one's neighbor as one's self -- the Christian ethic of love -- supplanted orthodoxy and conventional moral values, a notion as new and radical as it was original to Christian thought. \"My main principle,\" Fletcher wrote, was \"that concern for human beings should come before moral rules, and that particular cases and situations are more determinant of what we ought to do than 'universal' norms are.\" (\"Memoir,\" p. 24). This attitude underlies all of his writing, but above all exemplifies his two most influential books: Morals and Medicine (1954), and Situation Ethics (1966).\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nToday scholars consider Morals and Medicine the inaugural work of bioethics. Fletcher believed it to be the first contemporary treatment of medical ethical issues developed outside the boundaries of the decalogue, that is, without reliance on the biblical ten commandments so crucial to orthodox theology. Framed in terms of human rights, Morals and Medicine addresses the patient's right to be informed truthfully of medical diagnoses, to control conception -- including use of artificial insemination or sterilization -- and to employ euthanasia. Fletcher's arguments overturned the traditional paternalistic approach of medical practice and challenged physicians and patients to confront moral questions directly, ultimately rejecting the artificial isolation of science from ethics.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nWith Situation Ethics, Fletcher refined his thesis still further, and crafted an approach to ethical problems of all types. The book was an instant best-seller \"about ideas whose time had come,\" he modestly stated.(\"Recollections,\" number 126). No less controversial for all its popularity, Situation Ethics also earned rebukes from the doctrinaire and frightened. Fletcher engaged their objections in The Situation Ethics Debate(1968) and in countless lectures and conversations, but the irony was not lost on him that much opposition came from religious communities. Fletcher's consequentialist resolve never wavered, and he began to find in humanism a more apposite and logical framework than Christian faith and theology. Shortly before his retirement from ETS, Fletcher left the church, \"to keep faith with myself, without anger and with lots of thanks to [the church] for many things.\" (\"Memoir,\" p. 27).\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThus Fletcher began another absorbing career, as first professor of medical ethics at the University of Virginia Medical School. \"As I used to tell people, nobody could believe how much I learned after I was sixty-five years old,\" he stated of his characteristic energy. (\"Memoir,\" p. 28) Besides developing new courses, pursuing an active traveling lecture schedule, publishing numerous papers, and holding additional visiting professorships at the University of Texas and at Australia's Monash University, Fletcher wrote two new books, The Ethics of Genetic Control (1974) and Humanhood: Essays in Biomedical Ethics (1979), bringing the total to ten. The Hastings Center recognized his innovative work in biomedical ethics with the Beecher Award in 1981, and the national medical honor society, Alpha Omega Alpha elected him in 1982 an honorary fellow, the only scholar from the humanities to be so recognized in the organization's history. Fletcher retired from the University of Virginia in 1983, though the University's Board of Visitors annually extended to him the honorary title \"visiting scholar\" until his death in 1991.\n\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eReferences\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e\"Memoir of an Ex-Radical,\" Joseph Francis Fletcher Papers (20: 29).\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e\"Recollections,\" Joseph Francis Fletcher Papers (20: 31).\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Joseph Francis Fletcher (1905-1991), a theologian and medical ethicist, social activist and scholar, was a life-long advocate for humane solutions to the problems of modern life. Fletcher spent the majority of his professional career at Cambridge, Massachusetts' Episcopal Theological School, where he held the Robert Treat Paine chair of Social Ethics from 1944 to 1970. Subsequently, he joined the University of Virginia Medical School faculty as the University's first professor of medical ethics (1970-1983). With medical school dean Thomas Harrison Hunter, Fletcher established the Program in Biology and Society and the Medical Center Hour lecture series. Both were early expressions of the critical importance of the humanities to the practice of medicine, and both innovations later bore fruit in the University's Center for Biomedical Ethics, founded in 1988, and the Center for Humanism in Medicine in 1990. The Medical Center Hour continues to bring challenging weekly discussions to the University and on-line communities.","Fletcher began childhood in New Jersey, but as a nine-year-old boy moved with his sister and mother to his maternal family's home in West Virginia. There he remained for a decade, completing high school in three years instead of the usual four, and at age 16 started three years of coursework at the state university at Morgantown. Initially, West Virginia University denied him a diploma because of his radical thinking, though ultimately the faculty relented and granted Fletcher an A.B. degree five years later, in 1929. Always an independent-minded young man, Fletcher had worked one high-school summer for the Consolidation Coal Company, management side, and the next as a trapper boy in the shafts of a small mining operation; from these experiences he developed a lasting sympathy for mine workers and a deep commitment to the struggle to unionize. This era of the late teens and early twenties was a period of great radicalism -- analogous, Fletcher later stated, to the period of social transformations of the 1960s -- and young Joseph read voraciously much of the literature critical of unregulated capitalism, in addition to working on the education staff of the United Mine Workers' local, and volunteering with the Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee -- the bellwether legal case pitting liberal critique against conservative patriotism.","During this period of intellectual development and activism, Fletcher became convinced that \"Christianity . . . had a tremendous imperative for social justice,\" and that the social change he sought could be achieved through the church. (\"Memoir,\" p.7). In consequence, the nineteen-year-old enrolled at Berkeley Divinity School, an Episcopal seminary then located in Middletown, Connecticut. After completing his coursework, Fletcher undertook a multi-year research project for the National Council of the Episcopal Church, which led to the publication of his first book, The Church and Industry (1930), co-authored with Spencer Miller. Fletcher received his Masters of Divinity in 1929, along with a prestigious fellowship for further study: he took courses in economic history at Yale, then traveled abroad to study at the London School of Economics with Richard H. Tawney, a scholar likewise intrigued by the church's potential for social reform.","Fletcher and his wife, Forrest Hatfield -- whom he had met at West Virginia University and married before receiving his divinity degree -- returned to the States from England in 1932. They moved to Raleigh, North Carolina, where Fletcher taught at Saint Mary's Junior College, and proceeded to enrage the local bishop by involving himself with the Piedmont Organizing Council of the United Textile Workers' Union. At the close of his third academic year there, Fletcher resigned and took a double appointment as Dean of Saint Paul's Cathedral in Cincinnati, Ohio and first Dean of a new Graduate School of Applied Religion. Fletcher remained in Cincinnati nine years, from 1936 to 1944, directing this certificate program for seminarians and junior clergy. The curriculum centered on the practical aspects of community services organization and the design of outreach programs. While in Cincinnati, Fletcher also taught social ethics at Hebrew Union College, and courses in labor history for the University of Cincinnati, the local Cincinnati unions, and, in Mississippi, for the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union organizing project, where he was twice subjected to beatings, not only for the labor work itself but also because of the union's interracial staff and membership. The virulent anti-communists of this and later eras viewed Fletcher with profound mistrust -- particularly when he advocated substantive meetings of both sides -- though he pithily summed up his life-long position by stating, \"[the] war against fascism is a war against dictatorship, whether of the left or right . . . of the proletariat or the racists.\" (\"Memoir,\" p. 19).","The stimulating intellectual atmosphere of Cambridge, Massachusetts drew Fletcher to the Episcopal Theological School (ETS) as World War II was ending. Here his scholarship of ethics matured, as represented in numerous publications -- seven more books and well over a hundred papers. \"My heart was in the front line,\" Fletcher stated, but academic life became his dominant zone of activity. (\"Memoir,\" p. 11). Yet for all the theoretical contemplation, Fletcher remained quintessentially a pragmatist, and his method of pedagogy using case studies constantly recalled the discussion to its most practical elements. This concern with the particular over the universal revolutionized ethical studies. Fletcher argued that the simple charge to love one's neighbor as one's self -- the Christian ethic of love -- supplanted orthodoxy and conventional moral values, a notion as new and radical as it was original to Christian thought. \"My main principle,\" Fletcher wrote, was \"that concern for human beings should come before moral rules, and that particular cases and situations are more determinant of what we ought to do than 'universal' norms are.\" (\"Memoir,\" p. 24). This attitude underlies all of his writing, but above all exemplifies his two most influential books: Morals and Medicine (1954), and Situation Ethics (1966).","Today scholars consider Morals and Medicine the inaugural work of bioethics. Fletcher believed it to be the first contemporary treatment of medical ethical issues developed outside the boundaries of the decalogue, that is, without reliance on the biblical ten commandments so crucial to orthodox theology. Framed in terms of human rights, Morals and Medicine addresses the patient's right to be informed truthfully of medical diagnoses, to control conception -- including use of artificial insemination or sterilization -- and to employ euthanasia. Fletcher's arguments overturned the traditional paternalistic approach of medical practice and challenged physicians and patients to confront moral questions directly, ultimately rejecting the artificial isolation of science from ethics.","With Situation Ethics, Fletcher refined his thesis still further, and crafted an approach to ethical problems of all types. The book was an instant best-seller \"about ideas whose time had come,\" he modestly stated.(\"Recollections,\" number 126). No less controversial for all its popularity, Situation Ethics also earned rebukes from the doctrinaire and frightened. Fletcher engaged their objections in The Situation Ethics Debate(1968) and in countless lectures and conversations, but the irony was not lost on him that much opposition came from religious communities. Fletcher's consequentialist resolve never wavered, and he began to find in humanism a more apposite and logical framework than Christian faith and theology. Shortly before his retirement from ETS, Fletcher left the church, \"to keep faith with myself, without anger and with lots of thanks to [the church] for many things.\" (\"Memoir,\" p. 27).","Thus Fletcher began another absorbing career, as first professor of medical ethics at the University of Virginia Medical School. \"As I used to tell people, nobody could believe how much I learned after I was sixty-five years old,\" he stated of his characteristic energy. (\"Memoir,\" p. 28) Besides developing new courses, pursuing an active traveling lecture schedule, publishing numerous papers, and holding additional visiting professorships at the University of Texas and at Australia's Monash University, Fletcher wrote two new books, The Ethics of Genetic Control (1974) and Humanhood: Essays in Biomedical Ethics (1979), bringing the total to ten. The Hastings Center recognized his innovative work in biomedical ethics with the Beecher Award in 1981, and the national medical honor society, Alpha Omega Alpha elected him in 1982 an honorary fellow, the only scholar from the humanities to be so recognized in the organization's history. Fletcher retired from the University of Virginia in 1983, though the University's Board of Visitors annually extended to him the honorary title \"visiting scholar\" until his death in 1991.","References\n      \"Memoir of an Ex-Radical,\" Joseph Francis Fletcher Papers (20: 29).\n      \"Recollections,\" Joseph Francis Fletcher Papers (20: 31)."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003clist type=\"deflist\"\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eProcessed by:\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eHistorical Collections Staff\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eFunding:\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eWeb version of the finding aid funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Processed by:\n        Historical Collections Staff\n      \n      \n        Funding:\n        Web version of the finding aid funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJoseph Francis Fletcher Papers, 1931-1991, MS-27, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Historical Collections and Services, University of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Joseph Francis Fletcher Papers, 1931-1991, MS-27, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Historical Collections and Services, University of Virginia"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing was completed in 2006 by Henry K. Sharp of the Historical Collections and Services Department.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBox 18: Folder 8 was removed from the collection in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing was completed in 2006 by Henry K. Sharp of the Historical Collections and Services Department.","Box 18: Folder 8 was removed from the collection in 2017."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Joseph Francis Fletcher Papers comprise two groups of materials: correspondence and subject files. The correspondence files consist almost entirely of professional letters written to Dr. Fletcher throughout his career as a theologian and ethicist, including numerous letters from members of the general public reacting to his most famous and controversial book, Situation Ethics (1966). The subject materials are presented in various categories, often assembled by Dr. Fletcher himself. These include correspondence and related items on the Chinese Revolution, the Episcopal Church magazine \"The Churchman,\" the Bishop Paddock Fund, and the World Peace Movement. Other materials include notes and case studies related to ethical issues presented in his courses and seminars, numerous texts of Fletcher's lectures and sermons, manuscript drafts, and reprints of articles by Fletcher and others. In addition, the subject collections include miscellaneous newspaper clippings, reviews of Fletcher's publications, programs and brochures from his speaking engagements, and scrapbooks containing examples of all types of items assembled by Fletcher early in his career. Rounding out the collection are a series of interview transcripts made near the end of his life, and a folder containing autobiographical essays.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Joseph Francis Fletcher Papers comprise two groups of materials: correspondence and subject files. The correspondence files consist almost entirely of professional letters written to Dr. Fletcher throughout his career as a theologian and ethicist, including numerous letters from members of the general public reacting to his most famous and controversial book, Situation Ethics (1966). The subject materials are presented in various categories, often assembled by Dr. Fletcher himself. These include correspondence and related items on the Chinese Revolution, the Episcopal Church magazine \"The Churchman,\" the Bishop Paddock Fund, and the World Peace Movement. Other materials include notes and case studies related to ethical issues presented in his courses and seminars, numerous texts of Fletcher's lectures and sermons, manuscript drafts, and reprints of articles by Fletcher and others. In addition, the subject collections include miscellaneous newspaper clippings, reviews of Fletcher's publications, programs and brochures from his speaking engagements, and scrapbooks containing examples of all types of items assembled by Fletcher early in his career. Rounding out the collection are a series of interview transcripts made near the end of his life, and a folder containing autobiographical essays."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"names_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":2229,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:58.559Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_129_c2139"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_838_c04_c01_c25","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"World War II History and Yugoslavia, including the Maclean Mission Report, copies, 1943/1990","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_838_c04_c01_c25#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_838_c04_c01_c25","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_838_c04_c01_c25"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_838_c04_c01_c25","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_838","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_838","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_838_c04_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_838_c04_c01","parent_ssim":["Sir Fitzroy Maclean papers, 1827/1996","Sir Fitzroy Maclean Additional papers","Topical and Correspondence"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_838","viu_repositories_3_resources_838_c04","viu_repositories_3_resources_838_c04_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"World War II History and Yugoslavia, including the Maclean Mission Report, copies","title_ssm":["World War II History and Yugoslavia, including the Maclean Mission Report, copies"],"title_tesim":["World War II History and Yugoslavia, including the Maclean Mission Report, copies"],"normalized_title_ssm":["World War II History and Yugoslavia, including the Maclean Mission Report, copies, 1943/1990"],"text":["World War II History and Yugoslavia, including the Maclean Mission Report, copies, 1943/1990","Sir Fitzroy Maclean papers, 1827/1996","Sir Fitzroy Maclean Additional papers","Topical and Correspondence","box 98","folder 8"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Sir Fitzroy Maclean papers, 1827/1996","Sir Fitzroy Maclean Additional papers","Topical and Correspondence"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Sir Fitzroy Maclean papers, 1827/1996","Sir Fitzroy Maclean Additional papers","Topical and Correspondence"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1943/1990"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1943-1990"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":756,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Sir Fitzroy Maclean papers, 1827/1996"],"extent_ssm":["1 folder(s)"],"extent_tesim":["1 folder(s)"],"containers_ssim":["box 98","folder 8"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for research use."],"date_range_isim":[1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#0/components#24","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:18.647Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_838","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_838","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_838","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_838","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_838.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/103243","title_filing_ssi":"Maclean, Sir Fitzroy, papers","title_ssm":["Sir Fitzroy Maclean papers"],"title_tesim":["Sir Fitzroy Maclean papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1827-1996"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1827-1996"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1827/1996"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Sir Fitzroy Maclean papers, 1827/1996"],"text":["Sir Fitzroy Maclean papers, 1827/1996","MSS 11487","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/838","letters (correspondence)","diaries","Black-and-white photographs","Collection is open for research use.","The collection is arranged in four main series, with various subseries:","Series I: Career and Personal Papers (Boxes 1-11)","Subseries A: Diplomatic Service (Box 1)","Subseries B: British Military Mission to Yugoslavia (Boxes 1-2)","Subseries C: Special Refugee Commission (Boxes 2-3)","Subseries D: Political Correspondence (Box 3)","Subseries E: VIP Material (Boxes 3-4)","Subseries F: Yugoslavia \u0026 Tito Related Material (Boxes 4-8)","Subseries G: Family \u0026 Personal Papers (Boxes 9-10)","Subseries H: Honors \u0026 Decorations (Boxes 10- 11)","Series II: Literary Papers - Books, Television \u0026 Radio Scripts, Articles, etc.","Subseries A: Eastern Approaches Material (Boxes 12-15)","Subseries B: Yugoslavia Related Material, including Books (Boxes 15-21); and Articles, Book Reviews, Lectures, Radio \u0026 Television, \u0026 Research (Boxes 21-26)","Subseries C: Russia \u0026 the Former Soviet Union Material, including Books (Boxes 26-40); Articles (Boxes 41-43); Book Reviews \u0026 Lectures (Boxes 43-45); and Radio \u0026 Television (Boxes 45-46)","Subseries D: Scotland Material, including Books (Boxes 46-57), Highlanders Television Series (Boxes 57-58), and Articles, Book Reviews and Lectures (Boxes 59-60)","Subseries E: Miscellaneous Literary Material, including Take Nine Spies (Boxes 60-63), Articles (Boxes 64-66); Book Reviews, Introductions, Lectures \u0026 Speeches and Literary Correspondence (Boxes 67-68); and Radio and Television (Boxes 68-69)","Series III: Photographic Material (Boxes 70-93)","Series IV: Sir Fitzroy Maclean Additional Papers (Boxes 94-102","Fitzroy Hew Royle Maclean was born in 1911 in Cairo, Egypt to Charles Maclean, a major in the British army, and Gladys Royle Maclean. He was raised in Scotland, India, and Italy and attended Eton (1924-28), the University of Marburg in Germany (1929), and Kings' College, Cambridge (1929-32) where he won a senior scholarship and first class honors. He entered the Foreign Office in 1934 and was first posted to Paris, and then to Moscow in 1937 where he served as the Third Secretary in the British Embassy. Stalin's purges were at their height during Maclean's two years in the Soviet Union, and he was present at the state trial of Nikolai Bukharin in 1938. He also made journeys to remote areas of the Soviet Union such as Central Asia and the Caucasus where few if any foreigners had been for many years. In 1939 he returned to London and worked in the Foreign Office on Russian affairs.","When World War II broke out, he wanted to enlist in the military, but as a diplomat was in a \"reserved\" position and was not allowed to do so. He learned that the only way to be released from the Foreign Office was to declare himself a candidate for Parliament, and so he was returned for the constituency of Lancaster at a by-election in 1941. He joined the Cameron Highlanders regiment in the British army as a private, and then the new Special Air Service (SAS) and served in the Western Desert, where he participated in the raid on Benghazi along with SAS founder David Stirling and Randolph Churchill, and foiled a coup in Persia by kidnapping General Zahidi who had collaborated with the Germans.","In July 1943 Prime Minister Winston Churchill asked Maclean to serve as his personal representative and Brigadier commanding a British Military Mission to Josip Broz Tito, leader of the Communist Partisans in German-occupied Yugoslavia. At this stage of the war, there was a debate in the British government over which Yugoslav resistance group it should support - Tito's Partisans or Draza Mihalovich's Cetniks. In September Maclean was dropped by parachute into Bosnia and met Tito, and subsequently reported to Churchill that the Partisans were the more effective fighting force and would benefit from additional British and American aid. In August 1944, as the Germans prepared to withdraw from Yugoslavia Maclean planned \"Operation Ratweek\" for the first week of September, a coordinated Allied and Partisan attack on enemy communications which proved quite successful. In the course of his mission, which lasted until 1945, he became a friend and admirer of Tito. In 1947 Maclean was asked to head the Special Refugee Commission which had the sensitive task of screening of tens of thousands of Yugoslav and Ukrainian Displaced Persons, some of whom were alleged to have committed war crimes, in Italy and Austria.","After completing this assignment, Maclean focused on politics, representing Lancaster until 1959 and Bute and North Ayrshire from 1959-1974, and served as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for War from 1954-1957. He was chairman of the Committee of the North Atlantic Assembly from 1964-1974. Maclean's friendship with Tito and frequent visits to Yugoslavia allowed him to play a key role in Anglo-Yugoslav relations. In the 1960's he purchased a home on the island of Korcula, becoming one of the few foreigners allowed to own property in Yugoslavia. Maclean also maintained a keen interest in the Soviet Union where he traveled extensively and he served as chairman of the Great Britain-USSR Association. He lectured frequently in the United Kingdom and the United States on Yugoslav and Soviet affairs.","Maclean's literary career was launched in 1949 with the publication of Eastern Approaches, a memoir of his experiences as a diplomat and soldier, which was acclaimed by critics and became a best-seller. This was followed in 1957 by a biography of Tito, Disputed Barricade, A Person from England(1958), describing the adventures of English travelers in Central Asia, and in 1958, Back to Bokhara(1959), and a number of books, articles and book reviews on Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and other subjects.","A third focal point of his writing was Scotland, and he published A Concise History of Scotland, (1970), The Isles of the Sea, a collection of West Highland folk tales (1985), Bonnie Prince Charlie, (1988) and Highlanders(1995). Along with establishing a reputation as the author of entertaining and informative works that blended his travel experiences and historical research, he turned his attention to radio and television, working on a number of documentary programs including The Road to Samarkandand The Life and Times of Marshal Titoand two major series. Portrait of the Soviet Unionand Highlanders.","Maclean was made a baronet in 1957 and a Knight of the Thistle in 1993, and was the recipient of many honors and decorations including the Commander of the British Empire, the Croix de Guerre, the Order of Kutusov, and the Partisan Star, and several honorary degrees.","In 1946 Maclean married a widow with two children, Veronica (Fraser) Phipps, daughter of the 16th Lord Lovat. They had two sons, James and Charles. In 1957 the Macleans purchased Strachur, an estate in Argyllshire in the Scottish Highlands, and later operated a hotel on the estate, the Creggans Inn, which became known for its good food, drink, and hospitality. Maclean continued to be extremely active into his eighties and kept up a busy schedule of writing, lecturing and traveling. He died of a heart attack while swimming at a friend's house in June 1996. In Maclean's later years, there was speculation that he had been the inspiration for Ian Fleming's James Bond.","This Fitzroy Maclean papers consist (1827-1996; 44 cubic feet) of the professional and personal papers of Scottish soldier, diplomat, politician, author, and traveler, Sir Fitzroy Hew Maclean (1911-1996) of Dunconnel. It includes correspondence, memoranda, manuscripts, typescripts, newspaper and magazine articles, book reviews, lectures, speeches, photographs, memorabilia, and research material pertaining to his military, diplomatic, political and literary career as well as family and personal affairs.","Maclean is best known for his role during World War II as head of the British military mission to Yugoslavia in which he served as Winston Churchill's personal representative to leader of the Communist Partisans, Josip Broz Tito, his diplomatic service in the Soviet Union in the late 1930's, and as the author of the classic memoir Eastern Approaches (1949) and many other books and articles. After the war, he pursued a political career as a Conservative member of Parliament, and, based on his close relationship with Tito, played a key role in Anglo-Yugoslav affairs. He was also noted for his expertise on the Soviet Union.","A third focal point of his life and career was Scotland: he was a proud member of Clan Maclean and wrote several works on Scottish history, biography, and folklore. The collection contains some material in Serbo-Croatian, German, Italian and French.","The papers are arranged in four main series with various sub-series. Items of particular interest in the First Series, Career and Personal Papers, are described in the following paragraphs devoted to each subseries. In the Diplomatic Subseries are dispatches and memoranda of his trips through Central Asia (including Afghanistan and the ancient cities Bokhara and Samarkand) and the Caucasus, on the situation in Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) and on the political stability of the Soviet Union, 1937-1939.","The subseries British Military Mission to Yugoslavia contains Winston Churchill's Minute concerning his Mission to Tito, Autograph Diary (2 pages) re his arrival in Yugoslavia, \"Ratweek\" Map (oversize), twelve files (labeled Top Secret) including memoranda, correspondence, telegrams, etc concerning military and political affairs such as Allied operations and aid to Tito's Partisans, formation of the Yugoslav government, relief, the visit of Field Marshal Alexander, Supreme Allied Commander to Belgrade, Macedonia, Prospect of South Slav federation, and correspondence with Evelyn Waugh.","The Special Refugee Commission subseries contains correspondence, telegrams, reports, including one submitted to Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, articles, and a draft of a speech on the refugee problems to a parliamentary committee.","Political correspondence includes papers concerning the Lancaster by-election of 1941, the general election of 1945, and correspondence with Winston Churchill, Harold Macmillan, Anthony Eden, Alec Douglas- Home, Peter Carrington, Harold Wilson, Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Robert Kennedy, John Lindsay, Henry Jackson, and Averell Harriman ; a memorandum to Field Marshal Alexander of Tunis concerning irregular warfare; and correspondence and memoranda related to a parliamentary delegation to Romania in 1973.","Material in the VIP Subseries includes: letters and notes from members of the Royal Family including Prince Charles, Princess Margaret, Elizabeth the Queen Mother; Clementine Churchill and Mary Churchill Soames; and a thank you note from Lauren Bacall.","The Yugoslavia and Tito Subseries contains significant material including memoranda of meetings with Tito in 1949,1950, 1953, 1968, 1973; informative accounts by Maclean and other British officers about the Military Mission in World War II for an official book published by Muzej AVNOJ (1970-1971); correspondence about Maclean's involvement in proposals for the publication of Tito's memoirs (1966-1977) and about the nomination of Tito for the Nobel Peace Prize (1972-1973); correspondence and papers by Maclean and others from a conference on British Policy and Resistance in the Balkans (1973); Briefing papers, correspondence and memoranda of Margaret Thatcher's visit to Yugoslavia in 1977, and correspondence and memorabilia pertaining to the Prince of Wales' visit in 1978; correspondence about Maclean's visit in 1989 and transcript of an interview with Prime Minister Ante Markovic.","For the 1990's, the time of war and the dissolution of Yugoslavia , there is correspondence with David Owen, Stevan Dedijer and others, and about the Korcula Emergency Appeal, a relief effort for a hospital on the island of Korcula, Croatia, organized by the Macleans; letters from Yugoslav friends describing the turmoil , and/or seeking assistance in finding jobs in the United Kingdom; correspondence about renewed controversy about the British Military Mission in World War II. and the Aldington-Tolstoy Libel Case concerning the repatriation of Yugoslavs in 1945. It should also be noted that in Series II, Subseries B, Literary Material pertaining to Yugoslavia, there is some correspondence filed with the manuscripts, typescripts, articles and radio and television transcripts.","The Subseries Family and Personal Papers has letters from friends and teachers, some in German, French, and Italian. In a significant group of letters to his parents (1939-1945) from London, Cairo, Belgrade, and elsewhere, Maclean discussed the international situation, his desire to leave the Foreign Office in order to join the army, life in London during the Blitz, the beginning of his political career, and his military service (some letters were extensively cut by the censors). There are also a number of letters to his parents from the years 1946-1955 from Maclean and his wife Veronica discussing family matters and living conditions in Italy and Austria while Maclean was directing the Special Refugee Commission, and about their travels in Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey in the early 1950's.","Also present is correspondence with Frank McLynn, his biographer, 1990-1994, and two scrapbooks. The blue scrapbook (1939-1951) includes one letter of Maclean to his aunt, newspaper clippings relating to his military service in Yugoslavia, his marriage, some articles by him, a few photographs. The red scrapbook, 1943-1946 also has newspaper clippings about his military service and political career and articles by him.","The Second Series consists of literary papers. This series contains drafts, typescripts, setting copies of his books with related correspondence with publishers and others about the publication process, contracts, royalty statements, book reviews, fan mail, articles, book reviews, speeches, lectures, transcripts of radio and television programs, film proposals or treatments. Several of his books were published under different titles in the United States. It is organized into five subseries based on subject matter. These include: Eastern Approaches(American title- Escape to Adventure); Yugoslavia (the country as originally constituted and also the new states that emerged in the 1990's); Russia and the former Soviet Union and the new nations post 1990); Scotland; and Miscellaneous Literary.","The subseries about Eastern Approachescontains a typed manuscript (Setting copy) with corrections, including an unpublished introduction; some material omitted from the published version including his admiration for a Soviet army unit, comments on the Cetniks, and conversations with King George VI and Winston Churchill and King Peter of Yugoslavia; letters from Michael Adeane, Secretary to King George VI and Winston Churchill requesting that certain passages be omitted; a letter from Peter Fleming to Jonathan Cape offering his opinion of the book, a letter from Ian Fleming to Jonathan Cape and a note to Maclean.","Other material includes correspondence with Jonathan Cape and other publishers about a new edition, correspondence with Douglas Fairbanks, Eric Ambler and others concerning a possible film version, and with Ian Curteis about a proposed television adaptation.","The Yugoslavia Subseries includes books: Disputed Barricade(1957), published in America as The Heretic, which includes an interview with Tito; Yugoslavia(1969), in which Maclean wrote the text for this book of photographs; Battle of Neretva(1970); and Tito: A Pictorial Biography(1980). Also present are articles from newspapers and magazines, 1947-1995, on Yugoslav politics and society, including interviews with Tito. Particularly interesting are two unpublished articles \"Whither Yugoslavia?\" written in 1989 based on interviews with Yugoslav politicians, including Slobodan Milosevic. There are also a number of book reviews of works by Julian Amery, William Deakin, Noel Malcolm and Misha Glenny and others.","In addition, the subseries on Yugoslavia contains lectures, 1949-1995; transcripts of radio and television programs, with related correspondence; and some interviews with Tito, notably The \"Life and Times of Marshal Tito\" (December 1963); and one for a CBS news program (1969).","The Russian Material Subseries contains drafts, correspondence, and research material for his books A Person from England(1958), including several autograph letters,1827-1861, of Dr. Joseph Wolff, one of the English travelers chronicled in the book; Back to Bokhara(1959); Holy Russia(1978); drafts titled \"All the Russias\" and \"The Other Russias,\" which were the basis for To the Back of Beyond(1974), To Caucasus: End of All the Earth(1976); and Holy Russia(1978) which completed the trilogy; Portrait of the Soviet Union(1988), including material for both the book and the related TBS television series since Maclean was working on these simultaneously; and All the Russias(1992). Correspondents include Pamela Harriman, Marietta Tree and Fitzgerald Bemiss.","In addition to his books about Russia and the Soviet Union, his papers also contain articles, 1949-1995 on political, social, economic, cultural aspects of the former Soviet Union, a number on Georgia and the Caucasus, and Mikhail Gorbachev; book reviews, 1949-1994; and radio and television material, such as correspondence and transcripts for programs, including \"The End of All the Earth\" and \"Carnival in the Caucasus\"; interviews with Anna Mikhailovna Larina (Bukharin's widow) and others for the BBC \"Timewatch\" program \"Bukharin.\"","The subseries concerning his Scotland material includes books, A Concise History of Scotland(1970); Isles of the Sea(1985); Bonnie Prince Charlie(1988); and Highlanders(originally titled Clans) (1995). Material for the book and television series are combined since Maclean was working on them simultaneously. Among the articles on Scotland is a notable series \"Scottish Approaches\" which appeared in The Scotsmanin 1959.","The last subseries in Maclean's Literary Papers consists of miscellaneous literary material, including material for the book Take Nine Spies. There is also correspondence with publishers in which he discusses more than one book, and with his literary agents.","Articles are arranged chronologically, and topics range from post World War II Japan, Korea, Italy, the Middle East, and defense policy to China and Mongolia in the 1960's, an extended trip to China in 1988, and his travels in Nepal, Tibet, and Oman in the 1990's. There are also articles about his military, diplomatic, political and literary career, his travels, and personal life, and note that others are contained in two scrapbooks. The radio and television material includes his commentaries on the international scene from 1946 on.","Photographic Material comprises the third series, which contains twenty-four boxes of photographs (some in albums), contact sheets, negatives, and slides, taken by Maclean, primarily of his travels in the former Soviet Union, Europe and Asia, from 1938 through the 1990's. Especially noteworthy are those taken in Moscow, Leningrad, and Central Asia, including Afghanistan, the cities Bokhara and Samarkand, and Persia, Paris and Florence in the late 1930's, Yugoslavia during World War II, postwar Korean and China, and of Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey and Iran in the early 1950's. Maclean visited the former Soviet Union frequently from the late 1950's through 1987 and took numerous photographs of his favorite regions, Central Asia and the Caucasus, particularly Georgia.","As for Yugoslavia, there is an album dated 1953 labeled Namanevru Jugoslovenska Narodne, Armije (Yugoslav People's Army) with photographs of Tito, Maclean, and soldiers; and photographs from the early 1960's through 1980 including a number of photographs of Tito. Individuals subjects include Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. There are also many family photographs taken at Maclean's homes Beechfield and Strachur, and of friends. The photographs used in Eastern Approaches, Disputed Barricade, A Person from England, and Bonnie Prince Charlieare also in this section.\n \n The fourth series consists of two small additions to the papers and include some correpondence files, such as congratulatory letters about his appointment as Under Secretary for War in 1954 and his Baronetcy in 1957, his letters published in the press, and the Great Britain-USSR Association; files on his participation in various conferences concerning Yugoslavia and War War II; election campaign materials of Maclean; Notebooks, including \"Russian Notebook\" (May 15-June 17, 1958); \"Mission\" describing his recall from the Middle East in 1943 to go to Yugoslavia as Winston Churchill's personal representative to support the resistance forces that were most effective against the Germans, moving British support from the Chetniks to the Communist-led partisans and Tito, (circa 1943-1944); and a trip to the country of Georgia (no year, May-June); news articles; speeches by Maclean, including printed speeches published in \"Parliamentary Debates\"; passports; pocket and desk diaries; first drafts of \"Eastern Approaches\"; a file on guerilla warfare; a copy of a 1938 Report on Central Asia by Maclean; and Veronica Maclean's description about her first meeting with Josip Broz Tito in 1947.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Maclean, Fitzroy, 1911-1996","Materials are in English."],"collection_title_tesim":["Sir Fitzroy Maclean papers, 1827/1996"],"collection_ssim":["Sir Fitzroy Maclean papers, 1827/1996"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 11487","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/838"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 11487","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/838"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Maclean, Fitzroy, 1911-1996"],"creator_ssim":["Maclean, Fitzroy, 1911-1996"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Maclean, Fitzroy, 1911-1996"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Maclean, Fitzroy, 1911-1996","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased by the University of Virginia Library on November 30, 1998. The first addition, consisting of the desk diaries of Sir Fitzroy Maclean (MSS 11487-a), was received on March 7, 2003, and the second addition (ViU20160030) was received on December 1, 2015."],"access_subjects_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","diaries","Black-and-white photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["letters (correspondence)","diaries","Black-and-white photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["44 Cubic Feet 102 document boxes, 2 os folders"],"extent_tesim":["44 Cubic Feet 102 document boxes, 2 os folders"],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","diaries","Black-and-white photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research use."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in four main series, with various subseries: \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Career and Personal Papers (Boxes 1-11) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Diplomatic Service (Box 1) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries B: British Military Mission to Yugoslavia (Boxes 1-2) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries C: Special Refugee Commission (Boxes 2-3) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries D: Political Correspondence (Box 3) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries E: VIP Material (Boxes 3-4) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries F: Yugoslavia \u0026amp; Tito Related Material (Boxes 4-8) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries G: Family \u0026amp; Personal Papers (Boxes 9-10) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries H: Honors \u0026amp; Decorations (Boxes 10- 11) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: Literary Papers - Books, Television \u0026amp; Radio Scripts, Articles, etc. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Eastern Approaches Material (Boxes 12-15) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries B: Yugoslavia Related Material, including Books (Boxes 15-21); and Articles, Book Reviews, Lectures, Radio \u0026amp; Television, \u0026amp; Research (Boxes 21-26) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries C: Russia \u0026amp; the Former Soviet Union Material, including Books (Boxes 26-40); Articles (Boxes 41-43); Book Reviews \u0026amp; Lectures (Boxes 43-45); and Radio \u0026amp; Television (Boxes 45-46) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries D: Scotland Material, including Books (Boxes 46-57), Highlanders Television Series (Boxes 57-58), and Articles, Book Reviews and Lectures (Boxes 59-60) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries E: Miscellaneous Literary Material, including Take Nine Spies (Boxes 60-63), Articles (Boxes 64-66); Book Reviews, Introductions, Lectures \u0026amp; Speeches and Literary Correspondence (Boxes 67-68); and Radio and Television (Boxes 68-69) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III: Photographic Material (Boxes 70-93)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV: Sir Fitzroy Maclean Additional Papers (Boxes 94-102 \u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in four main series, with various subseries:","Series I: Career and Personal Papers (Boxes 1-11)","Subseries A: Diplomatic Service (Box 1)","Subseries B: British Military Mission to Yugoslavia (Boxes 1-2)","Subseries C: Special Refugee Commission (Boxes 2-3)","Subseries D: Political Correspondence (Box 3)","Subseries E: VIP Material (Boxes 3-4)","Subseries F: Yugoslavia \u0026 Tito Related Material (Boxes 4-8)","Subseries G: Family \u0026 Personal Papers (Boxes 9-10)","Subseries H: Honors \u0026 Decorations (Boxes 10- 11)","Series II: Literary Papers - Books, Television \u0026 Radio Scripts, Articles, etc.","Subseries A: Eastern Approaches Material (Boxes 12-15)","Subseries B: Yugoslavia Related Material, including Books (Boxes 15-21); and Articles, Book Reviews, Lectures, Radio \u0026 Television, \u0026 Research (Boxes 21-26)","Subseries C: Russia \u0026 the Former Soviet Union Material, including Books (Boxes 26-40); Articles (Boxes 41-43); Book Reviews \u0026 Lectures (Boxes 43-45); and Radio \u0026 Television (Boxes 45-46)","Subseries D: Scotland Material, including Books (Boxes 46-57), Highlanders Television Series (Boxes 57-58), and Articles, Book Reviews and Lectures (Boxes 59-60)","Subseries E: Miscellaneous Literary Material, including Take Nine Spies (Boxes 60-63), Articles (Boxes 64-66); Book Reviews, Introductions, Lectures \u0026 Speeches and Literary Correspondence (Boxes 67-68); and Radio and Television (Boxes 68-69)","Series III: Photographic Material (Boxes 70-93)","Series IV: Sir Fitzroy Maclean Additional Papers (Boxes 94-102"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFitzroy Hew Royle Maclean was born in 1911 in Cairo, Egypt to Charles Maclean, a major in the British army, and Gladys Royle Maclean. He was raised in Scotland, India, and Italy and attended Eton (1924-28), the University of Marburg in Germany (1929), and Kings' College, Cambridge (1929-32) where he won a senior scholarship and first class honors. He entered the Foreign Office in 1934 and was first posted to Paris, and then to Moscow in 1937 where he served as the Third Secretary in the British Embassy. Stalin's purges were at their height during Maclean's two years in the Soviet Union, and he was present at the state trial of Nikolai Bukharin in 1938. He also made journeys to remote areas of the Soviet Union such as Central Asia and the Caucasus where few if any foreigners had been for many years. In 1939 he returned to London and worked in the Foreign Office on Russian affairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e When World War II broke out, he wanted to enlist in the military, but as a diplomat was in a \"reserved\" position and was not allowed to do so. He learned that the only way to be released from the Foreign Office was to declare himself a candidate for Parliament, and so he was returned for the constituency of Lancaster at a by-election in 1941. He joined the Cameron Highlanders regiment in the British army as a private, and then the new Special Air Service (SAS) and served in the Western Desert, where he participated in the raid on Benghazi along with SAS founder David Stirling and Randolph Churchill, and foiled a coup in Persia by kidnapping General Zahidi who had collaborated with the Germans.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In July 1943 Prime Minister Winston Churchill asked Maclean to serve as his personal representative and Brigadier commanding a British Military Mission to Josip Broz Tito, leader of the Communist Partisans in German-occupied Yugoslavia. At this stage of the war, there was a debate in the British government over which Yugoslav resistance group it should support - Tito's Partisans or Draza Mihalovich's Cetniks. In September Maclean was dropped by parachute into Bosnia and met Tito, and subsequently reported to Churchill that the Partisans were the more effective fighting force and would benefit from additional British and American aid. In August 1944, as the Germans prepared to withdraw from Yugoslavia Maclean planned \"Operation Ratweek\" for the first week of September, a coordinated Allied and Partisan attack on enemy communications which proved quite successful. In the course of his mission, which lasted until 1945, he became a friend and admirer of Tito. In 1947 Maclean was asked to head the Special Refugee Commission which had the sensitive task of screening of tens of thousands of Yugoslav and Ukrainian Displaced Persons, some of whom were alleged to have committed war crimes, in Italy and Austria.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e After completing this assignment, Maclean focused on politics, representing Lancaster until 1959 and Bute and North Ayrshire from 1959-1974, and served as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for War from 1954-1957. He was chairman of the Committee of the North Atlantic Assembly from 1964-1974. Maclean's friendship with Tito and frequent visits to Yugoslavia allowed him to play a key role in Anglo-Yugoslav relations. In the 1960's he purchased a home on the island of Korcula, becoming one of the few foreigners allowed to own property in Yugoslavia. Maclean also maintained a keen interest in the Soviet Union where he traveled extensively and he served as chairman of the Great Britain-USSR Association. He lectured frequently in the United Kingdom and the United States on Yugoslav and Soviet affairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Maclean's literary career was launched in 1949 with the publication of Eastern Approaches, a memoir of his experiences as a diplomat and soldier, which was acclaimed by critics and became a best-seller. This was followed in 1957 by a biography of Tito, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eDisputed Barricade, A Person from England\u003c/title\u003e(1958), describing the adventures of English travelers in Central Asia, and in 1958, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eBack to Bokhara\u003c/title\u003e(1959), and a number of books, articles and book reviews on Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and other subjects.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e A third focal point of his writing was Scotland, and he published \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eA Concise History of Scotland\u003c/title\u003e, (1970), \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Isles of the Sea\u003c/title\u003e, a collection of West Highland folk tales (1985), \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eBonnie Prince Charlie\u003c/title\u003e, (1988) and \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eHighlanders\u003c/title\u003e(1995). Along with establishing a reputation as the author of entertaining and informative works that blended his travel experiences and historical research, he turned his attention to radio and television, working on a number of documentary programs including \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Road to Samarkand\u003c/title\u003eand \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Life and Times of Marshal Tito\u003c/title\u003eand two major series. \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003ePortrait of the Soviet Union\u003c/title\u003eand \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eHighlanders\u003c/title\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Maclean was made a baronet in 1957 and a Knight of the Thistle in 1993, and was the recipient of many honors and decorations including the Commander of the British Empire, the Croix de Guerre, the Order of Kutusov, and the Partisan Star, and several honorary degrees.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In 1946 Maclean married a widow with two children, Veronica (Fraser) Phipps, daughter of the 16th Lord Lovat. They had two sons, James and Charles. In 1957 the Macleans purchased Strachur, an estate in Argyllshire in the Scottish Highlands, and later operated a hotel on the estate, the Creggans Inn, which became known for its good food, drink, and hospitality. Maclean continued to be extremely active into his eighties and kept up a busy schedule of writing, lecturing and traveling. He died of a heart attack while swimming at a friend's house in June 1996. In Maclean's later years, there was speculation that he had been the inspiration for Ian Fleming's James Bond.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Fitzroy Hew Royle Maclean was born in 1911 in Cairo, Egypt to Charles Maclean, a major in the British army, and Gladys Royle Maclean. He was raised in Scotland, India, and Italy and attended Eton (1924-28), the University of Marburg in Germany (1929), and Kings' College, Cambridge (1929-32) where he won a senior scholarship and first class honors. He entered the Foreign Office in 1934 and was first posted to Paris, and then to Moscow in 1937 where he served as the Third Secretary in the British Embassy. Stalin's purges were at their height during Maclean's two years in the Soviet Union, and he was present at the state trial of Nikolai Bukharin in 1938. He also made journeys to remote areas of the Soviet Union such as Central Asia and the Caucasus where few if any foreigners had been for many years. In 1939 he returned to London and worked in the Foreign Office on Russian affairs.","When World War II broke out, he wanted to enlist in the military, but as a diplomat was in a \"reserved\" position and was not allowed to do so. He learned that the only way to be released from the Foreign Office was to declare himself a candidate for Parliament, and so he was returned for the constituency of Lancaster at a by-election in 1941. He joined the Cameron Highlanders regiment in the British army as a private, and then the new Special Air Service (SAS) and served in the Western Desert, where he participated in the raid on Benghazi along with SAS founder David Stirling and Randolph Churchill, and foiled a coup in Persia by kidnapping General Zahidi who had collaborated with the Germans.","In July 1943 Prime Minister Winston Churchill asked Maclean to serve as his personal representative and Brigadier commanding a British Military Mission to Josip Broz Tito, leader of the Communist Partisans in German-occupied Yugoslavia. At this stage of the war, there was a debate in the British government over which Yugoslav resistance group it should support - Tito's Partisans or Draza Mihalovich's Cetniks. In September Maclean was dropped by parachute into Bosnia and met Tito, and subsequently reported to Churchill that the Partisans were the more effective fighting force and would benefit from additional British and American aid. In August 1944, as the Germans prepared to withdraw from Yugoslavia Maclean planned \"Operation Ratweek\" for the first week of September, a coordinated Allied and Partisan attack on enemy communications which proved quite successful. In the course of his mission, which lasted until 1945, he became a friend and admirer of Tito. In 1947 Maclean was asked to head the Special Refugee Commission which had the sensitive task of screening of tens of thousands of Yugoslav and Ukrainian Displaced Persons, some of whom were alleged to have committed war crimes, in Italy and Austria.","After completing this assignment, Maclean focused on politics, representing Lancaster until 1959 and Bute and North Ayrshire from 1959-1974, and served as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for War from 1954-1957. He was chairman of the Committee of the North Atlantic Assembly from 1964-1974. Maclean's friendship with Tito and frequent visits to Yugoslavia allowed him to play a key role in Anglo-Yugoslav relations. In the 1960's he purchased a home on the island of Korcula, becoming one of the few foreigners allowed to own property in Yugoslavia. Maclean also maintained a keen interest in the Soviet Union where he traveled extensively and he served as chairman of the Great Britain-USSR Association. He lectured frequently in the United Kingdom and the United States on Yugoslav and Soviet affairs.","Maclean's literary career was launched in 1949 with the publication of Eastern Approaches, a memoir of his experiences as a diplomat and soldier, which was acclaimed by critics and became a best-seller. This was followed in 1957 by a biography of Tito, Disputed Barricade, A Person from England(1958), describing the adventures of English travelers in Central Asia, and in 1958, Back to Bokhara(1959), and a number of books, articles and book reviews on Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and other subjects.","A third focal point of his writing was Scotland, and he published A Concise History of Scotland, (1970), The Isles of the Sea, a collection of West Highland folk tales (1985), Bonnie Prince Charlie, (1988) and Highlanders(1995). Along with establishing a reputation as the author of entertaining and informative works that blended his travel experiences and historical research, he turned his attention to radio and television, working on a number of documentary programs including The Road to Samarkandand The Life and Times of Marshal Titoand two major series. Portrait of the Soviet Unionand Highlanders.","Maclean was made a baronet in 1957 and a Knight of the Thistle in 1993, and was the recipient of many honors and decorations including the Commander of the British Empire, the Croix de Guerre, the Order of Kutusov, and the Partisan Star, and several honorary degrees.","In 1946 Maclean married a widow with two children, Veronica (Fraser) Phipps, daughter of the 16th Lord Lovat. They had two sons, James and Charles. In 1957 the Macleans purchased Strachur, an estate in Argyllshire in the Scottish Highlands, and later operated a hotel on the estate, the Creggans Inn, which became known for its good food, drink, and hospitality. Maclean continued to be extremely active into his eighties and kept up a busy schedule of writing, lecturing and traveling. He died of a heart attack while swimming at a friend's house in June 1996. In Maclean's later years, there was speculation that he had been the inspiration for Ian Fleming's James Bond."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 11487 Sir Fitzroy Maclean papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 11487 Sir Fitzroy Maclean papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis Fitzroy Maclean papers consist (1827-1996; 44 cubic feet) of the professional and personal papers of Scottish soldier, diplomat, politician, author, and traveler, Sir Fitzroy Hew Maclean (1911-1996) of Dunconnel. It includes correspondence, memoranda, manuscripts, typescripts, newspaper and magazine articles, book reviews, lectures, speeches, photographs, memorabilia, and research material pertaining to his military, diplomatic, political and literary career as well as family and personal affairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaclean is best known for his role during World War II as head of the British military mission to Yugoslavia in which he served as Winston Churchill's personal representative to leader of the Communist Partisans, Josip Broz Tito, his diplomatic service in the Soviet Union in the late 1930's, and as the author of the classic memoir Eastern Approaches (1949) and many other books and articles. After the war, he pursued a political career as a Conservative member of Parliament, and, based on his close relationship with Tito, played a key role in Anglo-Yugoslav affairs. He was also noted for his expertise on the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e A third focal point of his life and career was Scotland: he was a proud member of Clan Maclean and wrote several works on Scottish history, biography, and folklore. The collection contains some material in Serbo-Croatian, German, Italian and French.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The papers are arranged in four main series with various sub-series. Items of particular interest in the First Series, Career and Personal Papers, are described in the following paragraphs devoted to each subseries. In the Diplomatic Subseries are dispatches and memoranda of his trips through Central Asia (including Afghanistan and the ancient cities Bokhara and Samarkand) and the Caucasus, on the situation in Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) and on the political stability of the Soviet Union, 1937-1939.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The subseries British Military Mission to Yugoslavia contains Winston Churchill's Minute concerning his Mission to Tito, Autograph Diary (2 pages) re his arrival in Yugoslavia, \"Ratweek\" Map (oversize), twelve files (labeled Top Secret) including memoranda, correspondence, telegrams, etc concerning military and political affairs such as Allied operations and aid to Tito's Partisans, formation of the Yugoslav government, relief, the visit of Field Marshal Alexander, Supreme Allied Commander to Belgrade, Macedonia, Prospect of South Slav federation, and correspondence with Evelyn Waugh.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The Special Refugee Commission subseries contains correspondence, telegrams, reports, including one submitted to Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, articles, and a draft of a speech on the refugee problems to a parliamentary committee.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Political correspondence includes papers concerning the Lancaster by-election of 1941, the general election of 1945, and correspondence with Winston Churchill, Harold Macmillan, Anthony Eden, Alec Douglas- Home, Peter Carrington, Harold Wilson, Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Robert Kennedy, John Lindsay, Henry Jackson, and Averell Harriman ; a memorandum to Field Marshal Alexander of Tunis concerning irregular warfare; and correspondence and memoranda related to a parliamentary delegation to Romania in 1973.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Material in the VIP Subseries includes: letters and notes from members of the Royal Family including Prince Charles, Princess Margaret, Elizabeth the Queen Mother; Clementine Churchill and Mary Churchill Soames; and a thank you note from Lauren Bacall.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The Yugoslavia and Tito Subseries contains significant material including memoranda of meetings with Tito in 1949,1950, 1953, 1968, 1973; informative accounts by Maclean and other British officers about the Military Mission in World War II for an official book published by Muzej AVNOJ (1970-1971); correspondence about Maclean's involvement in proposals for the publication of Tito's memoirs (1966-1977) and about the nomination of Tito for the Nobel Peace Prize (1972-1973); correspondence and papers by Maclean and others from a conference on British Policy and Resistance in the Balkans (1973); Briefing papers, correspondence and memoranda of Margaret Thatcher's visit to Yugoslavia in 1977, and correspondence and memorabilia pertaining to the Prince of Wales' visit in 1978; correspondence about Maclean's visit in 1989 and transcript of an interview with Prime Minister Ante Markovic.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e For the 1990's, the time of war and the dissolution of Yugoslavia , there is correspondence with David Owen, Stevan Dedijer and others, and about the Korcula Emergency Appeal, a relief effort for a hospital on the island of Korcula, Croatia, organized by the Macleans; letters from Yugoslav friends describing the turmoil , and/or seeking assistance in finding jobs in the United Kingdom; correspondence about renewed controversy about the British Military Mission in World War II. and the Aldington-Tolstoy Libel Case concerning the repatriation of Yugoslavs in 1945. It should also be noted that in Series II, Subseries B, Literary Material pertaining to Yugoslavia, there is some correspondence filed with the manuscripts, typescripts, articles and radio and television transcripts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The Subseries Family and Personal Papers has letters from friends and teachers, some in German, French, and Italian. In a significant group of letters to his parents (1939-1945) from London, Cairo, Belgrade, and elsewhere, Maclean discussed the international situation, his desire to leave the Foreign Office in order to join the army, life in London during the Blitz, the beginning of his political career, and his military service (some letters were extensively cut by the censors). There are also a number of letters to his parents from the years 1946-1955 from Maclean and his wife Veronica discussing family matters and living conditions in Italy and Austria while Maclean was directing the Special Refugee Commission, and about their travels in Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey in the early 1950's.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Also present is correspondence with Frank McLynn, his biographer, 1990-1994, and two scrapbooks. The blue scrapbook (1939-1951) includes one letter of Maclean to his aunt, newspaper clippings relating to his military service in Yugoslavia, his marriage, some articles by him, a few photographs. The red scrapbook, 1943-1946 also has newspaper clippings about his military service and political career and articles by him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The Second Series consists of literary papers. This series contains drafts, typescripts, setting copies of his books with related correspondence with publishers and others about the publication process, contracts, royalty statements, book reviews, fan mail, articles, book reviews, speeches, lectures, transcripts of radio and television programs, film proposals or treatments. Several of his books were published under different titles in the United States. It is organized into five subseries based on subject matter. These include: \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eEastern Approaches\u003c/title\u003e(American title- \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eEscape to Adventure\u003c/title\u003e); Yugoslavia (the country as originally constituted and also the new states that emerged in the 1990's); Russia and the former Soviet Union and the new nations post 1990); Scotland; and Miscellaneous Literary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The subseries about \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eEastern Approaches\u003c/title\u003econtains a typed manuscript (Setting copy) with corrections, including an unpublished introduction; some material omitted from the published version including his admiration for a Soviet army unit, comments on the Cetniks, and conversations with King George VI and Winston Churchill and King Peter of Yugoslavia; letters from Michael Adeane, Secretary to King George VI and Winston Churchill requesting that certain passages be omitted; a letter from Peter Fleming to Jonathan Cape offering his opinion of the book, a letter from Ian Fleming to Jonathan Cape and a note to Maclean.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Other material includes correspondence with Jonathan Cape and other publishers about a new edition, correspondence with Douglas Fairbanks, Eric Ambler and others concerning a possible film version, and with Ian Curteis about a proposed television adaptation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The Yugoslavia Subseries includes books: \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eDisputed Barricade\u003c/title\u003e(1957), published in America as \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Heretic\u003c/title\u003e, which includes an interview with Tito; \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eYugoslavia\u003c/title\u003e(1969), in which Maclean wrote the text for this book of photographs; \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eBattle of Neretva\u003c/title\u003e(1970); and \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eTito: A Pictorial Biography\u003c/title\u003e(1980). Also present are articles from newspapers and magazines, 1947-1995, on Yugoslav politics and society, including interviews with Tito. Particularly interesting are two unpublished articles \"Whither Yugoslavia?\" written in 1989 based on interviews with Yugoslav politicians, including Slobodan Milosevic. There are also a number of book reviews of works by Julian Amery, William Deakin, Noel Malcolm and Misha Glenny and others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In addition, the subseries on Yugoslavia contains lectures, 1949-1995; transcripts of radio and television programs, with related correspondence; and some interviews with Tito, notably The \"Life and Times of Marshal Tito\" (December 1963); and one for a CBS news program (1969).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The Russian Material Subseries contains drafts, correspondence, and research material for his books \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eA Person from England\u003c/title\u003e(1958), including several autograph letters,1827-1861, of Dr. Joseph Wolff, one of the English travelers chronicled in the book; \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eBack to Bokhara\u003c/title\u003e(1959); \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eHoly Russia\u003c/title\u003e(1978); drafts titled \"All the Russias\" and \"The Other Russias,\" which were the basis for \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eTo the Back of Beyond\u003c/title\u003e(1974), \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eTo Caucasus: End of All the Earth\u003c/title\u003e(1976); and \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eHoly Russia\u003c/title\u003e(1978) which completed the trilogy; \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003ePortrait of the Soviet Union\u003c/title\u003e(1988), including material for both the book and the related TBS television series since Maclean was working on these simultaneously; and \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eAll the Russias\u003c/title\u003e(1992). Correspondents include Pamela Harriman, Marietta Tree and Fitzgerald Bemiss.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In addition to his books about Russia and the Soviet Union, his papers also contain articles, 1949-1995 on political, social, economic, cultural aspects of the former Soviet Union, a number on Georgia and the Caucasus, and Mikhail Gorbachev; book reviews, 1949-1994; and radio and television material, such as correspondence and transcripts for programs, including \"The End of All the Earth\" and \"Carnival in the Caucasus\"; interviews with Anna Mikhailovna Larina (Bukharin's widow) and others for the BBC \"Timewatch\" program \"Bukharin.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The subseries concerning his Scotland material includes books, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eA Concise History of Scotland\u003c/title\u003e(1970); \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eIsles of the Sea\u003c/title\u003e(1985); \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eBonnie Prince Charlie\u003c/title\u003e(1988); and \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eHighlanders\u003c/title\u003e(originally titled \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eClans\u003c/title\u003e) (1995). Material for the book and television series are combined since Maclean was working on them simultaneously. Among the articles on Scotland is a notable series \"Scottish Approaches\" which appeared in \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Scotsman\u003c/title\u003ein 1959.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The last subseries in Maclean's Literary Papers consists of miscellaneous literary material, including material for the book \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eTake Nine Spies\u003c/title\u003e. There is also correspondence with publishers in which he discusses more than one book, and with his literary agents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Articles are arranged chronologically, and topics range from post World War II Japan, Korea, Italy, the Middle East, and defense policy to China and Mongolia in the 1960's, an extended trip to China in 1988, and his travels in Nepal, Tibet, and Oman in the 1990's. There are also articles about his military, diplomatic, political and literary career, his travels, and personal life, and note that others are contained in two scrapbooks. The radio and television material includes his commentaries on the international scene from 1946 on.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Photographic Material comprises the third series, which contains twenty-four boxes of photographs (some in albums), contact sheets, negatives, and slides, taken by Maclean, primarily of his travels in the former Soviet Union, Europe and Asia, from 1938 through the 1990's. Especially noteworthy are those taken in Moscow, Leningrad, and Central Asia, including Afghanistan, the cities Bokhara and Samarkand, and Persia, Paris and Florence in the late 1930's, Yugoslavia during World War II, postwar Korean and China, and of Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey and Iran in the early 1950's. Maclean visited the former Soviet Union frequently from the late 1950's through 1987 and took numerous photographs of his favorite regions, Central Asia and the Caucasus, particularly Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e As for Yugoslavia, there is an album dated 1953 labeled Namanevru Jugoslovenska Narodne, Armije (Yugoslav People's Army) with photographs of Tito, Maclean, and soldiers; and photographs from the early 1960's through 1980 including a number of photographs of Tito. Individuals subjects include Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. There are also many family photographs taken at Maclean's homes Beechfield and Strachur, and of friends. The photographs used in \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eEastern Approaches\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eDisputed Barricade\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eA Person from England\u003c/title\u003e, and \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eBonnie Prince Charlie\u003c/title\u003eare also in this section.\n \n The fourth series consists of two small additions to the papers and include some correpondence files, such as congratulatory letters about his appointment as Under Secretary for War in 1954 and his Baronetcy in 1957, his letters published in the press, and the Great Britain-USSR Association; files on his participation in various conferences concerning Yugoslavia and War War II; election campaign materials of Maclean; Notebooks, including \"Russian Notebook\" (May 15-June 17, 1958); \"Mission\" describing his recall from the Middle East in 1943 to go to Yugoslavia as Winston Churchill's personal representative to support the resistance forces that were most effective against the Germans, moving British support from the Chetniks to the Communist-led partisans and Tito, (circa 1943-1944); and a trip to the country of Georgia (no year, May-June); news articles; speeches by Maclean, including printed speeches published in \"Parliamentary Debates\"; passports; pocket and desk diaries; first drafts of \"Eastern Approaches\"; a file on guerilla warfare; a copy of a 1938 Report on Central Asia by Maclean; and Veronica Maclean's description about her first meeting with Josip Broz Tito in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents Note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This Fitzroy Maclean papers consist (1827-1996; 44 cubic feet) of the professional and personal papers of Scottish soldier, diplomat, politician, author, and traveler, Sir Fitzroy Hew Maclean (1911-1996) of Dunconnel. It includes correspondence, memoranda, manuscripts, typescripts, newspaper and magazine articles, book reviews, lectures, speeches, photographs, memorabilia, and research material pertaining to his military, diplomatic, political and literary career as well as family and personal affairs.","Maclean is best known for his role during World War II as head of the British military mission to Yugoslavia in which he served as Winston Churchill's personal representative to leader of the Communist Partisans, Josip Broz Tito, his diplomatic service in the Soviet Union in the late 1930's, and as the author of the classic memoir Eastern Approaches (1949) and many other books and articles. After the war, he pursued a political career as a Conservative member of Parliament, and, based on his close relationship with Tito, played a key role in Anglo-Yugoslav affairs. He was also noted for his expertise on the Soviet Union.","A third focal point of his life and career was Scotland: he was a proud member of Clan Maclean and wrote several works on Scottish history, biography, and folklore. The collection contains some material in Serbo-Croatian, German, Italian and French.","The papers are arranged in four main series with various sub-series. Items of particular interest in the First Series, Career and Personal Papers, are described in the following paragraphs devoted to each subseries. In the Diplomatic Subseries are dispatches and memoranda of his trips through Central Asia (including Afghanistan and the ancient cities Bokhara and Samarkand) and the Caucasus, on the situation in Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan) and on the political stability of the Soviet Union, 1937-1939.","The subseries British Military Mission to Yugoslavia contains Winston Churchill's Minute concerning his Mission to Tito, Autograph Diary (2 pages) re his arrival in Yugoslavia, \"Ratweek\" Map (oversize), twelve files (labeled Top Secret) including memoranda, correspondence, telegrams, etc concerning military and political affairs such as Allied operations and aid to Tito's Partisans, formation of the Yugoslav government, relief, the visit of Field Marshal Alexander, Supreme Allied Commander to Belgrade, Macedonia, Prospect of South Slav federation, and correspondence with Evelyn Waugh.","The Special Refugee Commission subseries contains correspondence, telegrams, reports, including one submitted to Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, articles, and a draft of a speech on the refugee problems to a parliamentary committee.","Political correspondence includes papers concerning the Lancaster by-election of 1941, the general election of 1945, and correspondence with Winston Churchill, Harold Macmillan, Anthony Eden, Alec Douglas- Home, Peter Carrington, Harold Wilson, Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Robert Kennedy, John Lindsay, Henry Jackson, and Averell Harriman ; a memorandum to Field Marshal Alexander of Tunis concerning irregular warfare; and correspondence and memoranda related to a parliamentary delegation to Romania in 1973.","Material in the VIP Subseries includes: letters and notes from members of the Royal Family including Prince Charles, Princess Margaret, Elizabeth the Queen Mother; Clementine Churchill and Mary Churchill Soames; and a thank you note from Lauren Bacall.","The Yugoslavia and Tito Subseries contains significant material including memoranda of meetings with Tito in 1949,1950, 1953, 1968, 1973; informative accounts by Maclean and other British officers about the Military Mission in World War II for an official book published by Muzej AVNOJ (1970-1971); correspondence about Maclean's involvement in proposals for the publication of Tito's memoirs (1966-1977) and about the nomination of Tito for the Nobel Peace Prize (1972-1973); correspondence and papers by Maclean and others from a conference on British Policy and Resistance in the Balkans (1973); Briefing papers, correspondence and memoranda of Margaret Thatcher's visit to Yugoslavia in 1977, and correspondence and memorabilia pertaining to the Prince of Wales' visit in 1978; correspondence about Maclean's visit in 1989 and transcript of an interview with Prime Minister Ante Markovic.","For the 1990's, the time of war and the dissolution of Yugoslavia , there is correspondence with David Owen, Stevan Dedijer and others, and about the Korcula Emergency Appeal, a relief effort for a hospital on the island of Korcula, Croatia, organized by the Macleans; letters from Yugoslav friends describing the turmoil , and/or seeking assistance in finding jobs in the United Kingdom; correspondence about renewed controversy about the British Military Mission in World War II. and the Aldington-Tolstoy Libel Case concerning the repatriation of Yugoslavs in 1945. It should also be noted that in Series II, Subseries B, Literary Material pertaining to Yugoslavia, there is some correspondence filed with the manuscripts, typescripts, articles and radio and television transcripts.","The Subseries Family and Personal Papers has letters from friends and teachers, some in German, French, and Italian. In a significant group of letters to his parents (1939-1945) from London, Cairo, Belgrade, and elsewhere, Maclean discussed the international situation, his desire to leave the Foreign Office in order to join the army, life in London during the Blitz, the beginning of his political career, and his military service (some letters were extensively cut by the censors). There are also a number of letters to his parents from the years 1946-1955 from Maclean and his wife Veronica discussing family matters and living conditions in Italy and Austria while Maclean was directing the Special Refugee Commission, and about their travels in Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey in the early 1950's.","Also present is correspondence with Frank McLynn, his biographer, 1990-1994, and two scrapbooks. The blue scrapbook (1939-1951) includes one letter of Maclean to his aunt, newspaper clippings relating to his military service in Yugoslavia, his marriage, some articles by him, a few photographs. The red scrapbook, 1943-1946 also has newspaper clippings about his military service and political career and articles by him.","The Second Series consists of literary papers. This series contains drafts, typescripts, setting copies of his books with related correspondence with publishers and others about the publication process, contracts, royalty statements, book reviews, fan mail, articles, book reviews, speeches, lectures, transcripts of radio and television programs, film proposals or treatments. Several of his books were published under different titles in the United States. It is organized into five subseries based on subject matter. These include: Eastern Approaches(American title- Escape to Adventure); Yugoslavia (the country as originally constituted and also the new states that emerged in the 1990's); Russia and the former Soviet Union and the new nations post 1990); Scotland; and Miscellaneous Literary.","The subseries about Eastern Approachescontains a typed manuscript (Setting copy) with corrections, including an unpublished introduction; some material omitted from the published version including his admiration for a Soviet army unit, comments on the Cetniks, and conversations with King George VI and Winston Churchill and King Peter of Yugoslavia; letters from Michael Adeane, Secretary to King George VI and Winston Churchill requesting that certain passages be omitted; a letter from Peter Fleming to Jonathan Cape offering his opinion of the book, a letter from Ian Fleming to Jonathan Cape and a note to Maclean.","Other material includes correspondence with Jonathan Cape and other publishers about a new edition, correspondence with Douglas Fairbanks, Eric Ambler and others concerning a possible film version, and with Ian Curteis about a proposed television adaptation.","The Yugoslavia Subseries includes books: Disputed Barricade(1957), published in America as The Heretic, which includes an interview with Tito; Yugoslavia(1969), in which Maclean wrote the text for this book of photographs; Battle of Neretva(1970); and Tito: A Pictorial Biography(1980). Also present are articles from newspapers and magazines, 1947-1995, on Yugoslav politics and society, including interviews with Tito. Particularly interesting are two unpublished articles \"Whither Yugoslavia?\" written in 1989 based on interviews with Yugoslav politicians, including Slobodan Milosevic. There are also a number of book reviews of works by Julian Amery, William Deakin, Noel Malcolm and Misha Glenny and others.","In addition, the subseries on Yugoslavia contains lectures, 1949-1995; transcripts of radio and television programs, with related correspondence; and some interviews with Tito, notably The \"Life and Times of Marshal Tito\" (December 1963); and one for a CBS news program (1969).","The Russian Material Subseries contains drafts, correspondence, and research material for his books A Person from England(1958), including several autograph letters,1827-1861, of Dr. Joseph Wolff, one of the English travelers chronicled in the book; Back to Bokhara(1959); Holy Russia(1978); drafts titled \"All the Russias\" and \"The Other Russias,\" which were the basis for To the Back of Beyond(1974), To Caucasus: End of All the Earth(1976); and Holy Russia(1978) which completed the trilogy; Portrait of the Soviet Union(1988), including material for both the book and the related TBS television series since Maclean was working on these simultaneously; and All the Russias(1992). Correspondents include Pamela Harriman, Marietta Tree and Fitzgerald Bemiss.","In addition to his books about Russia and the Soviet Union, his papers also contain articles, 1949-1995 on political, social, economic, cultural aspects of the former Soviet Union, a number on Georgia and the Caucasus, and Mikhail Gorbachev; book reviews, 1949-1994; and radio and television material, such as correspondence and transcripts for programs, including \"The End of All the Earth\" and \"Carnival in the Caucasus\"; interviews with Anna Mikhailovna Larina (Bukharin's widow) and others for the BBC \"Timewatch\" program \"Bukharin.\"","The subseries concerning his Scotland material includes books, A Concise History of Scotland(1970); Isles of the Sea(1985); Bonnie Prince Charlie(1988); and Highlanders(originally titled Clans) (1995). Material for the book and television series are combined since Maclean was working on them simultaneously. Among the articles on Scotland is a notable series \"Scottish Approaches\" which appeared in The Scotsmanin 1959.","The last subseries in Maclean's Literary Papers consists of miscellaneous literary material, including material for the book Take Nine Spies. There is also correspondence with publishers in which he discusses more than one book, and with his literary agents.","Articles are arranged chronologically, and topics range from post World War II Japan, Korea, Italy, the Middle East, and defense policy to China and Mongolia in the 1960's, an extended trip to China in 1988, and his travels in Nepal, Tibet, and Oman in the 1990's. There are also articles about his military, diplomatic, political and literary career, his travels, and personal life, and note that others are contained in two scrapbooks. The radio and television material includes his commentaries on the international scene from 1946 on.","Photographic Material comprises the third series, which contains twenty-four boxes of photographs (some in albums), contact sheets, negatives, and slides, taken by Maclean, primarily of his travels in the former Soviet Union, Europe and Asia, from 1938 through the 1990's. Especially noteworthy are those taken in Moscow, Leningrad, and Central Asia, including Afghanistan, the cities Bokhara and Samarkand, and Persia, Paris and Florence in the late 1930's, Yugoslavia during World War II, postwar Korean and China, and of Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey and Iran in the early 1950's. Maclean visited the former Soviet Union frequently from the late 1950's through 1987 and took numerous photographs of his favorite regions, Central Asia and the Caucasus, particularly Georgia.","As for Yugoslavia, there is an album dated 1953 labeled Namanevru Jugoslovenska Narodne, Armije (Yugoslav People's Army) with photographs of Tito, Maclean, and soldiers; and photographs from the early 1960's through 1980 including a number of photographs of Tito. Individuals subjects include Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. There are also many family photographs taken at Maclean's homes Beechfield and Strachur, and of friends. The photographs used in Eastern Approaches, Disputed Barricade, A Person from England, and Bonnie Prince Charlieare also in this section.\n \n The fourth series consists of two small additions to the papers and include some correpondence files, such as congratulatory letters about his appointment as Under Secretary for War in 1954 and his Baronetcy in 1957, his letters published in the press, and the Great Britain-USSR Association; files on his participation in various conferences concerning Yugoslavia and War War II; election campaign materials of Maclean; Notebooks, including \"Russian Notebook\" (May 15-June 17, 1958); \"Mission\" describing his recall from the Middle East in 1943 to go to Yugoslavia as Winston Churchill's personal representative to support the resistance forces that were most effective against the Germans, moving British support from the Chetniks to the Communist-led partisans and Tito, (circa 1943-1944); and a trip to the country of Georgia (no year, May-June); news articles; speeches by Maclean, including printed speeches published in \"Parliamentary Debates\"; passports; pocket and desk diaries; first drafts of \"Eastern Approaches\"; a file on guerilla warfare; a copy of a 1938 Report on Central Asia by Maclean; and Veronica Maclean's description about her first meeting with Josip Broz Tito in 1947."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Maclean, Fitzroy, 1911-1996"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Maclean, Fitzroy, 1911-1996"],"language_ssim":["Materials are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules"],"total_component_count_is":763,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:18.647Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_838_c04_c01_c25"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_658_c05","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Writings and printed, 1904/1961","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_658_c05#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eAutobiographical and fictional stories, notes, poems, and drafts of speeches by Celestia Essie Wade Butler Smith from 1904 to 1961. Included is a printed copy of a book, \"Roses in December\" by Frances Keyes Parkinson and \"Forty Years with the Virginia Division United Daughters of the Confederacy\" by Essie Smith. There are also many printed programs and playbills from concerts and plays that Mrs. Smith attended on the East Coast. Of interest is an original program from the first release of \"Gone With The Wind\" in 1939.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_658_c05#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_658_c05","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_658_c05"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_658_c05","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_658","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_658","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_658","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_658","parent_ssim":["Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith papers, 1793/2002"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_658"],"title_filing_ssi":"Writings and printed","title_ssm":["Writings and printed"],"title_tesim":["Writings and printed"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Writings and printed, 1904/1961"],"text":["Writings and printed, 1904/1961","Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith papers, 1793/2002","English","Autobiographical and fictional stories, notes, poems, and drafts of speeches by Celestia Essie Wade Butler Smith from 1904 to 1961. Included is a printed copy of a book, \"Roses in December\" by Frances Keyes Parkinson and \"Forty Years with the Virginia Division United Daughters of the Confederacy\" by Essie Smith. There are also many printed programs and playbills from concerts and plays that Mrs. Smith attended on the East Coast. Of interest is an original program from the first release of \"Gone With The Wind\" in 1939."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith papers, 1793/2002"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith papers, 1793/2002"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1904/1961"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1904-1961"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":42,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith papers, 1793/2002"],"extent_ssm":["0.44 Cubic Feet 11 folders in legal document box. Box 5-6"],"extent_tesim":["0.44 Cubic Feet 11 folders in legal document box. Box 5-6"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":10,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research use."],"language_ssim":["English"],"date_range_isim":[1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAutobiographical and fictional stories, notes, poems, and drafts of speeches by Celestia Essie Wade Butler Smith from 1904 to 1961. Included is a printed copy of a book, \"Roses in December\" by Frances Keyes Parkinson and \"Forty Years with the Virginia Division United Daughters of the Confederacy\" by Essie Smith. There are also many printed programs and playbills from concerts and plays that Mrs. Smith attended on the East Coast. Of interest is an original program from the first release of \"Gone With The Wind\" in 1939.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Autobiographical and fictional stories, notes, poems, and drafts of speeches by Celestia Essie Wade Butler Smith from 1904 to 1961. Included is a printed copy of a book, \"Roses in December\" by Frances Keyes Parkinson and \"Forty Years with the Virginia Division United Daughters of the Confederacy\" by Essie Smith. There are also many printed programs and playbills from concerts and plays that Mrs. Smith attended on the East Coast. Of interest is an original program from the first release of \"Gone With The Wind\" in 1939."],"_nest_path_":"/components#4","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_658","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_658","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_658","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_658","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_658.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/572","title_filing_ssi":"Smith, Celestia Essie Wade Butler, papers","title_ssm":["Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith papers"],"title_tesim":["Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1793-2002"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1793-2002"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1793/2002"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith papers, 1793/2002"],"text":["Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith papers, 1793/2002","MSS 12947","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/658","The collection is open for research use.","Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith (Mrs. Cabell Smith)  was born on November 18, 1872 to Zachary Taylor Wade and Catherine (Kitty) Bailey Greer of Rockymount, Virginia and died on January 23, 1963, after a lifetime of service to the United Daughters of the Confederacy. She was a teacher, librarian, genealogist, writer, and president of the Virginia Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. She was also a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Daughters of the American Colonists, the Confederate Memorial Literary Society, the New York Southern Society, the Society of Pocahontas, the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, the League of American PenWomen, the League of Women Voters and women's clubs, and the Democratic National Committee. She wrote many articles for the United Daughters of Confederacy, including \"Forty Years with the Virginia Division, U. D. C.\" and an unfinished history of Franklin County, Virginia.","In her work with the United Daughters of the Confederacy, she formulated a plan to build a replica of the Mississippi home of President Jefferson Davis, \"Beauvoir\", served on a committee to establish the custodianship of the Lee Chapel and Mausoleum at Lexington, Va., collaborated with Frances Parkinson Keyes for the restoration of General Robert E. Lee's home, petitioned for a memorial building for the Confederacy in Richmond, Va. and chaired a committee to procure a commemorative stamp honoring General Lee. She was appointed Matron of Honor by the United Daughters of the Confederacy and participated in their ceremonies.","She was also interested in the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the Colonial Dames of America, the Lee Memorial Foundation at Stratford, the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, the National Woman's Party, the Women's Universal Alliance, The National American Women's Suffrage Association, The Women's National Radio Committee, and the Network Guild of America. She received a citation for her contributions to the cause of Woman Suffrage.","Mrs. Cabell Smith tracked her genealogy back to a descendant of Pocahontas. In addition to her work for the United Daughters of the Confederacy, she wrote many fictional and autobiographical stories and poems. She was married to Benjamin Waldo Butler, a construction engineer with the Roanoke and Southern railroad, and city engineer in Charlotte, N. C. where he died after only a few years of marriage. She then married Cabell Smith and had a daughter from each marriage, Laura Butler Moore, and Mary Cabell Smith. She also had a devoted sister Josephine Epperson, a niece Caroline Mansur, three grandchildren and nine great- grandchildren.","Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith papers, 1793-2002, 2 cubic feet, consisting of correspondence about her work with the United Daughters of the Confederacy and many other Southern organizations to preserve the Confederacy. She was also involved with the Democratic Party, Womens' rights and genealogy. There are narratives of family histories and eighteen and nineteenth century papers including slave documents. There are also  personal papers, correspondence with other writers and publishers, and drafts of stories and poems by Mrs. Essie Smith. Included are programs from many of the plays and concerts that she attended. Also of interest are letters with her daughter, Mary Cabell Smith, who was working for General Motors Continental in Europe in the 1920's and 1930's.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith papers, 1793/2002"],"collection_ssim":["Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith papers, 1793/2002"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 12947","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/658"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 12947","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/658"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift from Caroline Epperson Mansur  to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia on February 12, 2004."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2 Cubic Feet 6 legal  document boxes and one oversize folder."],"extent_tesim":["2 Cubic Feet 6 legal  document boxes and one oversize folder."],"physfacet_tesim":["correspondence, genealogy, southern history, organizations, personal, writings and programs"],"date_range_isim":[1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCelestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith (Mrs. Cabell Smith)  was born on November 18, 1872 to Zachary Taylor Wade and Catherine (Kitty) Bailey Greer of Rockymount, Virginia and died on January 23, 1963, after a lifetime of service to the United Daughters of the Confederacy. She was a teacher, librarian, genealogist, writer, and president of the Virginia Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. She was also a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Daughters of the American Colonists, the Confederate Memorial Literary Society, the New York Southern Society, the Society of Pocahontas, the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, the League of American PenWomen, the League of Women Voters and women's clubs, and the Democratic National Committee. She wrote many articles for the United Daughters of Confederacy, including \"Forty Years with the Virginia Division, U. D. C.\" and an unfinished history of Franklin County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nIn her work with the United Daughters of the Confederacy, she formulated a plan to build a replica of the Mississippi home of President Jefferson Davis, \"Beauvoir\", served on a committee to establish the custodianship of the Lee Chapel and Mausoleum at Lexington, Va., collaborated with Frances Parkinson Keyes for the restoration of General Robert E. Lee's home, petitioned for a memorial building for the Confederacy in Richmond, Va. and chaired a committee to procure a commemorative stamp honoring General Lee. She was appointed Matron of Honor by the United Daughters of the Confederacy and participated in their ceremonies. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nShe was also interested in the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the Colonial Dames of America, the Lee Memorial Foundation at Stratford, the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, the National Woman's Party, the Women's Universal Alliance, The National American Women's Suffrage Association, The Women's National Radio Committee, and the Network Guild of America. She received a citation for her contributions to the cause of Woman Suffrage.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nMrs. Cabell Smith tracked her genealogy back to a descendant of Pocahontas. In addition to her work for the United Daughters of the Confederacy, she wrote many fictional and autobiographical stories and poems. She was married to Benjamin Waldo Butler, a construction engineer with the Roanoke and Southern railroad, and city engineer in Charlotte, N. C. where he died after only a few years of marriage. She then married Cabell Smith and had a daughter from each marriage, Laura Butler Moore, and Mary Cabell Smith. She also had a devoted sister Josephine Epperson, a niece Caroline Mansur, three grandchildren and nine great- grandchildren.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith (Mrs. Cabell Smith)  was born on November 18, 1872 to Zachary Taylor Wade and Catherine (Kitty) Bailey Greer of Rockymount, Virginia and died on January 23, 1963, after a lifetime of service to the United Daughters of the Confederacy. She was a teacher, librarian, genealogist, writer, and president of the Virginia Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. She was also a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Daughters of the American Colonists, the Confederate Memorial Literary Society, the New York Southern Society, the Society of Pocahontas, the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, the League of American PenWomen, the League of Women Voters and women's clubs, and the Democratic National Committee. She wrote many articles for the United Daughters of Confederacy, including \"Forty Years with the Virginia Division, U. D. C.\" and an unfinished history of Franklin County, Virginia.","In her work with the United Daughters of the Confederacy, she formulated a plan to build a replica of the Mississippi home of President Jefferson Davis, \"Beauvoir\", served on a committee to establish the custodianship of the Lee Chapel and Mausoleum at Lexington, Va., collaborated with Frances Parkinson Keyes for the restoration of General Robert E. Lee's home, petitioned for a memorial building for the Confederacy in Richmond, Va. and chaired a committee to procure a commemorative stamp honoring General Lee. She was appointed Matron of Honor by the United Daughters of the Confederacy and participated in their ceremonies.","She was also interested in the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the Colonial Dames of America, the Lee Memorial Foundation at Stratford, the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, the National Woman's Party, the Women's Universal Alliance, The National American Women's Suffrage Association, The Women's National Radio Committee, and the Network Guild of America. She received a citation for her contributions to the cause of Woman Suffrage.","Mrs. Cabell Smith tracked her genealogy back to a descendant of Pocahontas. In addition to her work for the United Daughters of the Confederacy, she wrote many fictional and autobiographical stories and poems. She was married to Benjamin Waldo Butler, a construction engineer with the Roanoke and Southern railroad, and city engineer in Charlotte, N. C. where he died after only a few years of marriage. She then married Cabell Smith and had a daughter from each marriage, Laura Butler Moore, and Mary Cabell Smith. She also had a devoted sister Josephine Epperson, a niece Caroline Mansur, three grandchildren and nine great- grandchildren."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCelestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith papers, 1793-2002, 2 cubic feet, consisting of correspondence about her work with the United Daughters of the Confederacy and many other Southern organizations to preserve the Confederacy. She was also involved with the Democratic Party, Womens' rights and genealogy. There are narratives of family histories and eighteen and nineteenth century papers including slave documents. There are also  personal papers, correspondence with other writers and publishers, and drafts of stories and poems by Mrs. Essie Smith. Included are programs from many of the plays and concerts that she attended. Also of interest are letters with her daughter, Mary Cabell Smith, who was working for General Motors Continental in Europe in the 1920's and 1930's.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Celestia \"Essie\" Wade Butler Smith papers, 1793-2002, 2 cubic feet, consisting of correspondence about her work with the United Daughters of the Confederacy and many other Southern organizations to preserve the Confederacy. She was also involved with the Democratic Party, Womens' rights and genealogy. There are narratives of family histories and eighteen and nineteenth century papers including slave documents. There are also  personal papers, correspondence with other writers and publishers, and drafts of stories and poems by Mrs. Essie Smith. Included are programs from many of the plays and concerts that she attended. Also of interest are letters with her daughter, Mary Cabell Smith, who was working for General Motors Continental in Europe in the 1920's and 1930's."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":53,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_658_c05"}},{"id":"viu_viu01888_c04_c04","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Writings--Articles and Book Reviews\n (Oron J. Hale), 1929/1979","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01888_c04_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01888_c04_c04","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01888_c04_c04"],"id":"viu_viu01888_c04_c04","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01888","_root_":"viu_viu01888","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01888_c04","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01888_c04","parent_ssim":["Oron J. Hale Papers \n 1891-1991","Group IV: Publications"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01888","viu_viu01888_c04"],"title_filing_ssi":"Writings--Articles and Book Reviews\n                  (Oron J. Hale)","title_ssm":["Writings--Articles and Book Reviews\n (Oron J. Hale)"],"title_tesim":["Writings--Articles and Book Reviews\n (Oron J. Hale)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Writings--Articles and Book Reviews\n (Oron J. Hale), 1929/1979"],"text":["Writings--Articles and Book Reviews\n (Oron J. Hale), 1929/1979","Oron J. Hale Papers \n 1891-1991","Group IV: Publications","(2 folders)","box Box 24"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Oron J. Hale Papers \n 1891-1991","Group IV: Publications"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Oron J. Hale Papers \n 1891-1991","Group IV: Publications"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1929/1979"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1929,1935-1979, n.d."],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":112,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Oron J. Hale Papers \n 1891-1991"],"physdesc_tesim":["(2 folders)"],"containers_ssim":["box Box 24"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"date_range_isim":[1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:57:07.540Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01888","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01888","_root_":"viu_viu01888","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01888","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01888.xml","title_ssm":["Oron J. Hale Papers \n 1891-1991"],"title_tesim":["Oron J. Hale Papers \n 1891-1991"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Oron J. Hale Papers \n 1891-1991"],"text":["Oron J. Hale Papers \n 1891-1991","12800","ca. 18,000 items","There are no restrictions.","Oron James (\"Pat\") Hale, Corcoran Professor of History at the \n          University of Virginia, was a member of the history department from 1929 until his retirement in 1972.\n         He was born the second son of William Robert and Frances I.\n         (Putnam) Hale on July 29, 1902 in Goldendale, Washington, and\n         was called \"Pat\" throughout his life. He graduated \n         cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa in 1925\n         from the University of Washington in Seattle and later earned\n         an M.A. (1928) and a Ph.D. (1930) at the University of\n         Pennsylvannia in Philadelphia.","Hale's scholarly research in Europe on diplomacy and the\n         press was pursued in the late 1920s and early 1930s in London,\n         Paris, Berlin, and Munich where he, together with his wife \n          Annette Van Winkle Hale whom he had married on August 7, 1929, experienced firsthand the rise of\n         Hitler and the advent of National Socialism that drove Europe\n         and eventually the United States to war. Hale, commissioned in\n         the rank of Major in 1942, served with the Intelligence\n         Division of the War Department General Staff in Washington and\n         in 1945, with the end of hostilities, participated in a\n         special mission of the War Department's Historical (Shuster)\n         Commission in Germany interrogating the surviving political\n         and military leaders of the defeated Third Reich, including\n         such notables as Goering, Keitel, Doenitz, Ribbentrop,\n         Rosenberg, Ley, Jodl, and von Papen.","Hale's return to Charlottesville in 1946 as Professor of\n         European History was short-lived. In 1950, he was back in\n         Germany to serve first as Deputy Commissioner (to George\n         Shuster) and then as Commissioner for Bavaria under the U.S.\n         High Commissioner for Germany, John J. McCloy, whose task it\n         was to phase out the U.S. military occupation as Germany moved\n         toward the restoration of its sovereignty.","Shortly after resuming his academic career at the\n         University of Virginia (1952), Hale became chairman of the\n         history department (1955-1962) and was instrumental in the\n         development of a special fellowship program and history\n         professorship that led to the appointment of his old friend\n         and former University of Virginia colleague, Dumas Malone to\n         serve as the first holder of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial\n         Foundation chair. Also during this period, Hale helped\n         organize and establish within the \n          Southern Historical Association, the European History Section, which he\n         chaired in 1958-1959 and, within the \n          American Historical Association, the Committee on War Documents which he\n         chaired in 1957 and again in 1964 when it incorporated into\n         the Conference Group for Central European History. A highlight of Hale's involvement with\n         the War Documents Committee was the leadership he provided in\n         the committee's successful effort to have millions of captured\n         Nazi government documents, then stored in the United States,\n         declassified and microfilmed prior to their being returned to\n         the German Federal Republic.","After resigning the department chairmanship in 1962, Hale\n         was appointed to the Institute for Advanced Studies at\n         Princeton, New Jersey (1963-1964) and then served as visiting\n         summer professor at Harvard, Duke, and the Universities of\n         Missouri and North Carolina. In 1965, he became William W.\n         Corcoran Professor of History at the University of Virginia\n         where he continued his work while caring for his wife, Anne,\n         until her death in 1968.","Hale was the author of numerous articles, commentaries, and\n         reviews on matters of German history. He was a regular\n         contributor to The Virginia Quarterly Review, The Journal of Modern History, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,The Journal of Central European Affairs,The American Historical Review, and The Richmond Times-Dispatch. His books include: \nGermany and the Diplomatic Revolution, 1904-1906 (Awarded the \"George Louis Beer\" prize of the\n         American Historical Association in 1931); \nPublicity and Diplomacy, 1890-1914 (1940); \nThe Captive Press in the Third Reich \n(Winner of the \"Polk Award\" in journalism in 1964);\n         and The Great Illusion, 1900-1914 (published as part of the William L. Langer, series, \nRise of Modern Europe, 1971).","In recognition of his academic achievements and government\n         service, Hale received the Outstanding Civilian Award from the\n         U.S. Department of the Army, 1964; the Commander's Cross of\n         the Order of Merit of the German Federal Republic, 1969; the\n         Thomas Jefferson Award from the University of Virginia, 1969;\n         an honorary Litt.D. from Hampden-Sydney College, 1958; and in\n         1986, a \"Festschrift\" of original essays published in his\n         honor by his former graduate students.","In July 1970, Hale remarried to a long time friend, \n          Virginia Zehmer. Despite a stroke\n         suffered in 1973 and the implantation of a pacemaker, Hale\n         kept busy in retirement traveling, hunting, playing golf,\n         refurbishing ancestral gravesites, and being involved in the\n         social activities at his residence community in Richmond. In\n         his late years, he again devoted himself to the care of his\n         wife, Virginia, who died in 1989--three years before he was to\n         succumb on July 19, 1991. He is buried in the University of\n         Virginia Cemetery in Charlottesville.","The collection contains ca. 18,000 items (15 shelf feet)\n         and consists of personal letters, office correspondence, and\n         records relating to Hale's academic activities and\n         associations; declassified copies of intelligence reports and\n         data, together with routine correspondence, memoranda, and\n         administrative documents affiliated with his government\n         service in Germany; manuscript drafts and copies of\n         his published writings; genealogical data; photographs (ca.\n         2000 items) of family members, friends, and travel scenery;\n         and personal miscellanea.","Interesting documents within the collection groupings\n         include: (I) \n         Correspondence: Hale's 1945\n         letters to his wife reporting on the aftermath of \n          Germany's defeat in his vivid\n         descriptions of the devastation of cities and towns they had\n         lived in or had visited before the war and of the suffering\n         being experienced by their old friends and colleagues. (II) \n         Academia: A series of \"Oral\n         History\" interviews that Hale gave to \n          Charles Moran of the University of\n         Virginia in 1976 that focus on his academic career and his\n         government service and that reflect on the historically\n         dramatic events with which he was involved. (III) \n         Government Service: Copies of the\n          U.S. War Department 's 1945 interrogation\n         reports of high-ranking former German officials (some 22 of\n         whom Hale interviewed) who set forth, from their personal\n         perspectives, fascinating accounts and analyses about the war,\n         its conduct, Hitler's leadership, and the reasons for\n         Germany's defeat; State (Land) Commissioner of Bavaria office\n         documents of the period 1950-1952 that give some flavor of\n         Hale's role in implementing the United States policy of\n         introducing and nurturing democratic concepts among the\n         defeated German populace. (IV) \n         Publications: German documents\n         that served as a basis for published articles by Hale that include\n         a copy of an memorandum regarding the biological future of the\n         German people written by Martin Bormann, Nazi leader and Hitler's\n         private sectretary; a 1923 copy of a letter of admonishment to Adolf Hitler from \n          Gottfried Feder, Nazi Party economist;\n         and photostatic copies of Hitler's tax returns which had been\n         maintained in the Munich Finance Office from 1925-1935 and\n         which were later part of the documents seized by the Allies\n         during the war. (VII) \n         Miscellany: Anne Hale's diary of\n         pre-war Germany in which she records the attitudes and\n         behavior of the German people in the period of rising Nazi\n         power; memorabilia that include copies of Nazi SS\n         documents pertaining to some of the security measures taken to\n         protect Hitler following the assassination attempt on his life\n         of July 20, 1940; a copy of a 1947 letter that \n          Rudolph Hess wrote to his sister from his\n         jail cell; and a variety of documents and letters bearing\n         original and facsimile signatures, including those of Hitler, \n          Ribbentrop, \n          Albert Einstein, and \n          Robert Oppenheimer .","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Oron J. Hale Papers \n 1891-1991"],"collection_ssim":["Oron J. Hale Papers \n 1891-1991"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["12800"],"unitid_tesim":["12800"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Estate of Oron J. \"Pat\"\n         Hale"],"creator_ssim":["Estate of Oron J. \"Pat\"\n         Hale"],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection is a bequest from the Estate of Oron James Hale."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["ca. 18,000 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\n          Oron James (\"Pat\") Hale, Corcoran Professor of History at the \n          University of Virginia, was a member of the history department from 1929 until his retirement in 1972.\n         He was born the second son of William Robert and Frances I.\n         (Putnam) Hale on July 29, 1902 in Goldendale, Washington, and\n         was called \"Pat\" throughout his life. He graduated \n         \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ecum laude\u003c/emph\u003e, Phi Beta Kappa in 1925\n         from the University of Washington in Seattle and later earned\n         an M.A. (1928) and a Ph.D. (1930) at the University of\n         Pennsylvannia in Philadelphia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eHale's scholarly research in Europe on diplomacy and the\n         press was pursued in the late 1920s and early 1930s in London,\n         Paris, Berlin, and Munich where he, together with his wife \n          Annette Van Winkle Hale whom he had married on August 7, 1929, experienced firsthand the rise of\n         Hitler and the advent of National Socialism that drove Europe\n         and eventually the United States to war. Hale, commissioned in\n         the rank of Major in 1942, served with the Intelligence\n         Division of the War Department General Staff in Washington and\n         in 1945, with the end of hostilities, participated in a\n         special mission of the War Department's Historical (Shuster)\n         Commission in Germany interrogating the surviving political\n         and military leaders of the defeated Third Reich, including\n         such notables as Goering, Keitel, Doenitz, Ribbentrop,\n         Rosenberg, Ley, Jodl, and von Papen.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eHale's return to Charlottesville in 1946 as Professor of\n         European History was short-lived. In 1950, he was back in\n         Germany to serve first as Deputy Commissioner (to George\n         Shuster) and then as Commissioner for Bavaria under the U.S.\n         High Commissioner for Germany, John J. McCloy, whose task it\n         was to phase out the U.S. military occupation as Germany moved\n         toward the restoration of its sovereignty.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eShortly after resuming his academic career at the\n         University of Virginia (1952), Hale became chairman of the\n         history department (1955-1962) and was instrumental in the\n         development of a special fellowship program and history\n         professorship that led to the appointment of his old friend\n         and former University of Virginia colleague, Dumas Malone to\n         serve as the first holder of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial\n         Foundation chair. Also during this period, Hale helped\n         organize and establish within the \n          Southern Historical Association, the European History Section, which he\n         chaired in 1958-1959 and, within the \n          American Historical Association, the Committee on War Documents which he\n         chaired in 1957 and again in 1964 when it incorporated into\n         the Conference Group for Central European History. A highlight of Hale's involvement with\n         the War Documents Committee was the leadership he provided in\n         the committee's successful effort to have millions of captured\n         Nazi government documents, then stored in the United States,\n         declassified and microfilmed prior to their being returned to\n         the German Federal Republic.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAfter resigning the department chairmanship in 1962, Hale\n         was appointed to the Institute for Advanced Studies at\n         Princeton, New Jersey (1963-1964) and then served as visiting\n         summer professor at Harvard, Duke, and the Universities of\n         Missouri and North Carolina. In 1965, he became William W.\n         Corcoran Professor of History at the University of Virginia\n         where he continued his work while caring for his wife, Anne,\n         until her death in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eHale was the author of numerous articles, commentaries, and\n         reviews on matters of German history. He was a regular\n         contributor to \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Virginia Quarterly Review,\u003c/title\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003e The Journal of Modern History,\u003c/title\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003e The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,\u003c/title\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Journal of Central European Affairs,\u003c/title\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe American Historical Review,\u003c/title\u003e and \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Richmond Times-Dispatch.\u003c/title\u003e His books include: \n\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eGermany and the Diplomatic Revolution, 1904-1906\u003c/title\u003e (Awarded the \"George Louis Beer\" prize of the\n         American Historical Association in 1931); \n\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003ePublicity and Diplomacy, 1890-1914\u003c/title\u003e (1940); \n\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Captive Press in the Third Reich\u003c/title\u003e \n(Winner of the \"Polk Award\" in journalism in 1964);\n         and \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Great Illusion, 1900-1914\u003c/title\u003e (published as part of the William L. Langer, series, \n\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eRise of Modern Europe,\u003c/title\u003e 1971).\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn recognition of his academic achievements and government\n         service, Hale received the Outstanding Civilian Award from the\n         U.S. Department of the Army, 1964; the Commander's Cross of\n         the Order of Merit of the German Federal Republic, 1969; the\n         Thomas Jefferson Award from the University of Virginia, 1969;\n         an honorary Litt.D. from Hampden-Sydney College, 1958; and in\n         1986, a \"Festschrift\" of original essays published in his\n         honor by his former graduate students.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn July 1970, Hale remarried to a long time friend, \n          Virginia Zehmer. Despite a stroke\n         suffered in 1973 and the implantation of a pacemaker, Hale\n         kept busy in retirement traveling, hunting, playing golf,\n         refurbishing ancestral gravesites, and being involved in the\n         social activities at his residence community in Richmond. In\n         his late years, he again devoted himself to the care of his\n         wife, Virginia, who died in 1989--three years before he was to\n         succumb on July 19, 1991. He is buried in the University of\n         Virginia Cemetery in Charlottesville.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Sketch"],"bioghist_tesim":["Oron James (\"Pat\") Hale, Corcoran Professor of History at the \n          University of Virginia, was a member of the history department from 1929 until his retirement in 1972.\n         He was born the second son of William Robert and Frances I.\n         (Putnam) Hale on July 29, 1902 in Goldendale, Washington, and\n         was called \"Pat\" throughout his life. He graduated \n         cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa in 1925\n         from the University of Washington in Seattle and later earned\n         an M.A. (1928) and a Ph.D. (1930) at the University of\n         Pennsylvannia in Philadelphia.","Hale's scholarly research in Europe on diplomacy and the\n         press was pursued in the late 1920s and early 1930s in London,\n         Paris, Berlin, and Munich where he, together with his wife \n          Annette Van Winkle Hale whom he had married on August 7, 1929, experienced firsthand the rise of\n         Hitler and the advent of National Socialism that drove Europe\n         and eventually the United States to war. Hale, commissioned in\n         the rank of Major in 1942, served with the Intelligence\n         Division of the War Department General Staff in Washington and\n         in 1945, with the end of hostilities, participated in a\n         special mission of the War Department's Historical (Shuster)\n         Commission in Germany interrogating the surviving political\n         and military leaders of the defeated Third Reich, including\n         such notables as Goering, Keitel, Doenitz, Ribbentrop,\n         Rosenberg, Ley, Jodl, and von Papen.","Hale's return to Charlottesville in 1946 as Professor of\n         European History was short-lived. In 1950, he was back in\n         Germany to serve first as Deputy Commissioner (to George\n         Shuster) and then as Commissioner for Bavaria under the U.S.\n         High Commissioner for Germany, John J. McCloy, whose task it\n         was to phase out the U.S. military occupation as Germany moved\n         toward the restoration of its sovereignty.","Shortly after resuming his academic career at the\n         University of Virginia (1952), Hale became chairman of the\n         history department (1955-1962) and was instrumental in the\n         development of a special fellowship program and history\n         professorship that led to the appointment of his old friend\n         and former University of Virginia colleague, Dumas Malone to\n         serve as the first holder of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial\n         Foundation chair. Also during this period, Hale helped\n         organize and establish within the \n          Southern Historical Association, the European History Section, which he\n         chaired in 1958-1959 and, within the \n          American Historical Association, the Committee on War Documents which he\n         chaired in 1957 and again in 1964 when it incorporated into\n         the Conference Group for Central European History. A highlight of Hale's involvement with\n         the War Documents Committee was the leadership he provided in\n         the committee's successful effort to have millions of captured\n         Nazi government documents, then stored in the United States,\n         declassified and microfilmed prior to their being returned to\n         the German Federal Republic.","After resigning the department chairmanship in 1962, Hale\n         was appointed to the Institute for Advanced Studies at\n         Princeton, New Jersey (1963-1964) and then served as visiting\n         summer professor at Harvard, Duke, and the Universities of\n         Missouri and North Carolina. In 1965, he became William W.\n         Corcoran Professor of History at the University of Virginia\n         where he continued his work while caring for his wife, Anne,\n         until her death in 1968.","Hale was the author of numerous articles, commentaries, and\n         reviews on matters of German history. He was a regular\n         contributor to The Virginia Quarterly Review, The Journal of Modern History, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,The Journal of Central European Affairs,The American Historical Review, and The Richmond Times-Dispatch. His books include: \nGermany and the Diplomatic Revolution, 1904-1906 (Awarded the \"George Louis Beer\" prize of the\n         American Historical Association in 1931); \nPublicity and Diplomacy, 1890-1914 (1940); \nThe Captive Press in the Third Reich \n(Winner of the \"Polk Award\" in journalism in 1964);\n         and The Great Illusion, 1900-1914 (published as part of the William L. Langer, series, \nRise of Modern Europe, 1971).","In recognition of his academic achievements and government\n         service, Hale received the Outstanding Civilian Award from the\n         U.S. Department of the Army, 1964; the Commander's Cross of\n         the Order of Merit of the German Federal Republic, 1969; the\n         Thomas Jefferson Award from the University of Virginia, 1969;\n         an honorary Litt.D. from Hampden-Sydney College, 1958; and in\n         1986, a \"Festschrift\" of original essays published in his\n         honor by his former graduate students.","In July 1970, Hale remarried to a long time friend, \n          Virginia Zehmer. Despite a stroke\n         suffered in 1973 and the implantation of a pacemaker, Hale\n         kept busy in retirement traveling, hunting, playing golf,\n         refurbishing ancestral gravesites, and being involved in the\n         social activities at his residence community in Richmond. In\n         his late years, he again devoted himself to the care of his\n         wife, Virginia, who died in 1989--three years before he was to\n         succumb on July 19, 1991. He is buried in the University of\n         Virginia Cemetery in Charlottesville."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOron J. Hale Papers, 1891-1991, Accession #12800, 12800-a, Special Collections,  University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Oron J. Hale Papers, 1891-1991, Accession #12800, 12800-a, Special Collections,  University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains ca. 18,000 items (15 shelf feet)\n         and consists of personal letters, office correspondence, and\n         records relating to Hale's academic activities and\n         associations; declassified copies of intelligence reports and\n         data, together with routine correspondence, memoranda, and\n         administrative documents affiliated with his government\n         service in Germany; manuscript drafts and copies of\n         his published writings; genealogical data; photographs (ca.\n         2000 items) of family members, friends, and travel scenery;\n         and personal miscellanea.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eInteresting documents within the collection groupings\n         include: (I) \n         \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/emph\u003e: Hale's 1945\n         letters to his wife reporting on the aftermath of \n          Germany's defeat in his vivid\n         descriptions of the devastation of cities and towns they had\n         lived in or had visited before the war and of the suffering\n         being experienced by their old friends and colleagues. (II) \n         \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAcademia\u003c/emph\u003e: A series of \"Oral\n         History\" interviews that Hale gave to \n          Charles Moran of the University of\n         Virginia in 1976 that focus on his academic career and his\n         government service and that reflect on the historically\n         dramatic events with which he was involved. (III) \n         \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eGovernment Service\u003c/emph\u003e: Copies of the\n          U.S. War Department 's 1945 interrogation\n         reports of high-ranking former German officials (some 22 of\n         whom Hale interviewed) who set forth, from their personal\n         perspectives, fascinating accounts and analyses about the war,\n         its conduct, Hitler's leadership, and the reasons for\n         Germany's defeat; State (Land) Commissioner of Bavaria office\n         documents of the period 1950-1952 that give some flavor of\n         Hale's role in implementing the United States policy of\n         introducing and nurturing democratic concepts among the\n         defeated German populace. (IV) \n         \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ePublications\u003c/emph\u003e: German documents\n         that served as a basis for published articles by Hale that include\n         a copy of an memorandum regarding the biological future of the\n         German people written by Martin Bormann, Nazi leader and Hitler's\n         private sectretary; a 1923 copy of a letter of admonishment to Adolf Hitler from \n          Gottfried Feder, Nazi Party economist;\n         and photostatic copies of Hitler's tax returns which had been\n         maintained in the Munich Finance Office from 1925-1935 and\n         which were later part of the documents seized by the Allies\n         during the war. (VII) \n         \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eMiscellany\u003c/emph\u003e: Anne Hale's diary of\n         pre-war Germany in which she records the attitudes and\n         behavior of the German people in the period of rising Nazi\n         power; memorabilia that include copies of Nazi SS\n         documents pertaining to some of the security measures taken to\n         protect Hitler following the assassination attempt on his life\n         of July 20, 1940; a copy of a 1947 letter that \n          Rudolph Hess wrote to his sister from his\n         jail cell; and a variety of documents and letters bearing\n         original and facsimile signatures, including those of Hitler, \n          Ribbentrop, \n          Albert Einstein, and \n          Robert Oppenheimer .\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains ca. 18,000 items (15 shelf feet)\n         and consists of personal letters, office correspondence, and\n         records relating to Hale's academic activities and\n         associations; declassified copies of intelligence reports and\n         data, together with routine correspondence, memoranda, and\n         administrative documents affiliated with his government\n         service in Germany; manuscript drafts and copies of\n         his published writings; genealogical data; photographs (ca.\n         2000 items) of family members, friends, and travel scenery;\n         and personal miscellanea.","Interesting documents within the collection groupings\n         include: (I) \n         Correspondence: Hale's 1945\n         letters to his wife reporting on the aftermath of \n          Germany's defeat in his vivid\n         descriptions of the devastation of cities and towns they had\n         lived in or had visited before the war and of the suffering\n         being experienced by their old friends and colleagues. (II) \n         Academia: A series of \"Oral\n         History\" interviews that Hale gave to \n          Charles Moran of the University of\n         Virginia in 1976 that focus on his academic career and his\n         government service and that reflect on the historically\n         dramatic events with which he was involved. (III) \n         Government Service: Copies of the\n          U.S. War Department 's 1945 interrogation\n         reports of high-ranking former German officials (some 22 of\n         whom Hale interviewed) who set forth, from their personal\n         perspectives, fascinating accounts and analyses about the war,\n         its conduct, Hitler's leadership, and the reasons for\n         Germany's defeat; State (Land) Commissioner of Bavaria office\n         documents of the period 1950-1952 that give some flavor of\n         Hale's role in implementing the United States policy of\n         introducing and nurturing democratic concepts among the\n         defeated German populace. (IV) \n         Publications: German documents\n         that served as a basis for published articles by Hale that include\n         a copy of an memorandum regarding the biological future of the\n         German people written by Martin Bormann, Nazi leader and Hitler's\n         private sectretary; a 1923 copy of a letter of admonishment to Adolf Hitler from \n          Gottfried Feder, Nazi Party economist;\n         and photostatic copies of Hitler's tax returns which had been\n         maintained in the Munich Finance Office from 1925-1935 and\n         which were later part of the documents seized by the Allies\n         during the war. (VII) \n         Miscellany: Anne Hale's diary of\n         pre-war Germany in which she records the attitudes and\n         behavior of the German people in the period of rising Nazi\n         power; memorabilia that include copies of Nazi SS\n         documents pertaining to some of the security measures taken to\n         protect Hitler following the assassination attempt on his life\n         of July 20, 1940; a copy of a 1947 letter that \n          Rudolph Hess wrote to his sister from his\n         jail cell; and a variety of documents and letters bearing\n         original and facsimile signatures, including those of Hitler, \n          Ribbentrop, \n          Albert Einstein, and \n          Robert Oppenheimer ."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":143,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:57:07.540Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01888_c04_c04"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","value":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","hits":4362},"links":{"remove":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"8th Evacuation Hospital collection, 1941/2011","value":"8th Evacuation Hospital collection, 1941/2011","hits":15},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=8th+Evacuation+Hospital+collection%2C+1941%2F2011\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. E. Dick Howard papers, 1928/2017","value":"A. E. Dick Howard papers, 1928/2017","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.+E.+Dick+Howard+papers%2C+1928%2F2017\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. J. Gustin Priest papers, 1919/1976","value":"A. J. Gustin Priest papers, 1919/1976","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.+J.+Gustin+Priest+papers%2C+1919%2F1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Addison H. Smith papers, 1917/1970, bulk 1917/1922","value":"Addison H. Smith papers, 1917/1970, bulk 1917/1922","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Addison+H.+Smith+papers%2C+1917%2F1970%2C+bulk+1917%2F1922\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Additional Henry Hughes Presler\n Papers \n ca.\n 1909-1965","value":"Additional Henry Hughes Presler\n Papers \n ca.\n 1909-1965","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Additional+Henry+Hughes+Presler%0A+Papers+%0A+ca.%0A+1909-1965\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Additional Louis J. Halle, Jr. Papers\n 1938-1987","value":"Additional Louis J. Halle, Jr. Papers\n 1938-1987","hits":6},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Additional+Louis+J.+Halle%2C+Jr.+Papers%0A+1938-1987\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American Hugh Carr family, River View Farm, and the Papers of the Ivy Creek Foundation, 1916/1988","value":"African American Hugh Carr family, River View Farm, and the Papers of the Ivy Creek Foundation, 1916/1988","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=African+American+Hugh+Carr+family%2C+River+View+Farm%2C+and+the+Papers+of+the+Ivy+Creek+Foundation%2C+1916%2F1988\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans in Richmond organizations photographs, 1940/1959","value":"African Americans in Richmond organizations photographs, 1940/1959","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+in+Richmond+organizations+photographs%2C+1940%2F1959\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans in rural Virginia photographs, 1940/1949","value":"African Americans in rural Virginia photographs, 1940/1949","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans+in+rural+Virginia+photographs%2C+1940%2F1949\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albemarle County Medical Society records, 1933/2015","value":"Albemarle County Medical Society records, 1933/2015","hits":6},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Albemarle+County+Medical+Society+records%2C+1933%2F2015\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albemarle Garden Club Papers \n 1938-1987","value":"Albemarle Garden Club Papers \n 1938-1987","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Albemarle+Garden+Club+Papers+%0A+1938-1987\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/collection_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"type":"facet","id":"date_range_isim","attributes":{"label":"Date range","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"0","value":"0","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=0\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"994","value":"994","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=994\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"995","value":"995","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=995\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"996","value":"996","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=996\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"997","value":"997","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=997\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"998","value":"998","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=998\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"999","value":"999","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=999\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"1000","value":"1000","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1000\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"1001","value":"1001","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1001\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"1002","value":"1002","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1002\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"1003","value":"1003","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1003\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/date_range_isim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"type":"facet","id":"creator_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Creator","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Ackerson, John Thaddeus, 1898-1975","value":"Ackerson, John Thaddeus, 1898-1975","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Ackerson%2C+John+Thaddeus%2C+1898-1975\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Aldridge,  Cora M.","value":"Aldridge,  Cora M.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Aldridge%2C++Cora+M.\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alford, Neill H., Jr. (Neill Herbert), 1919-2007","value":"Alford, Neill H., Jr. (Neill Herbert), 1919-2007","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Alford%2C+Neill+H.%2C+Jr.+%28Neill+Herbert%29%2C+1919-2007\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority","value":"Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Alpha+Kappa+Alpha+Sorority\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority. Gamma Chi Omega Chapter (Morgantown, WV)","value":"Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority. Gamma Chi Omega Chapter (Morgantown, WV)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Alpha+Kappa+Alpha+Sorority.+Gamma+Chi+Omega+Chapter+%28Morgantown%2C+WV%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"American Rhododendron Society","value":"American Rhododendron Society","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=American+Rhododendron+Society\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Barber , John, 1893-1965","value":"Barber , John, 1893-1965","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Barber+%2C+John%2C+1893-1965\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","value":"Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Bernie%2C+Frederick%2C+fl.+1792\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Black, Donald J., 1941-","value":"Black, Donald J., 1941-","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Black%2C+Donald+J.%2C+1941-\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bluestone Baptist Association","value":"Bluestone Baptist Association","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Bluestone+Baptist+Association\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bluestone Harmony Association","value":"Bluestone Harmony Association","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Bluestone+Harmony+Association\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/creator_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"type":"facet","id":"names_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Names","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"A. B. Lambert","value":"A. B. Lambert","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=A.+B.+Lambert\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"A.H. Robins Company","value":"A.H. Robins Company","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=A.H.+Robins+Company\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Aaron Quinby","value":"Aaron Quinby","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Aaron+Quinby\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ackerson, John Thaddeus, 1898-1975","value":"Ackerson, John Thaddeus, 1898-1975","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Ackerson%2C+John+Thaddeus%2C+1898-1975\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adams, Henry Ward, 1861-1944","value":"Adams, Henry Ward, 1861-1944","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Adams%2C+Henry+Ward%2C+1861-1944\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albemarle Garden Club","value":"Albemarle Garden Club","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Albemarle+Garden+Club\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","value":"Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","hits":165},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Albert+and+Shirley+Small+Special+Collections+Library\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Aldridge,  Cora M.","value":"Aldridge,  Cora M.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Aldridge%2C++Cora+M.\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria High School","value":"Alexandria High School","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+High+School\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alford, Neill H., Jr. (Neill Herbert), 1919-2007","value":"Alford, Neill H., Jr. (Neill Herbert), 1919-2007","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Alford%2C+Neill+H.%2C+Jr.+%28Neill+Herbert%29%2C+1919-2007\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alibi Club","value":"Alibi Club","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Alibi+Club\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/names_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"type":"facet","id":"geogname_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Places","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Aguaruna indigenous group","value":"Aguaruna indigenous group","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Aguaruna+indigenous+group\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albemarle County (Va.) -- Photographs.","value":"Albemarle County (Va.) -- Photographs.","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Albemarle+County+%28Va.%29+--+Photographs.\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Algoma--Dwelling","value":"Algoma--Dwelling","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Algoma--Dwelling\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ashaninca","value":"Ashaninca","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Ashaninca\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Athletics","value":"Athletics","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Athletics\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"California","value":"California","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=California\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Campa del Pichis","value":"Campa del Pichis","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Campa+del+Pichis\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Cashibo indigenous group","value":"Cashibo indigenous group","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Cashibo+indigenous+group\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Charlottesville (Va.)","value":"Charlottesville (Va.)","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Charlottesville+%28Va.%29\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Charlottesville (Va.) -- Buildings, structures, etc.","value":"Charlottesville (Va.) -- Buildings, structures, etc.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Charlottesville+%28Va.%29+--+Buildings%2C+structures%2C+etc.\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Charlottesville (Va.) -- History","value":"Charlottesville (Va.) -- History","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Charlottesville+%28Va.%29+--+History\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/geogname_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"type":"facet","id":"access_subjects_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Subjects","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Account books","value":"Account books","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Account+books\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Administrative courts  -- United States","value":"Administrative courts  -- United States","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Administrative+courts++--+United+States\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Administrative law -- United States","value":"Administrative law -- United States","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Administrative+law+--+United+States\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Administrative procedure -- United States","value":"Administrative procedure -- United States","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Administrative+procedure+--+United+States\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adolescence","value":"Adolescence","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Adolescence\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Advertising","value":"Advertising","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Advertising\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American Baptists","value":"African American Baptists","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+Baptists\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American business enterprises","value":"African American business enterprises","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+business+enterprises\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American children","value":"African American children","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+children\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American families","value":"African American families","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+families\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American fraternal organizations","value":"African American fraternal organizations","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+fraternal+organizations\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access_subjects_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"type":"facet","id":"level_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Level","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Box","value":"Box","hits":82},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Box\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Collection","value":"Collection","hits":342},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"File","value":"File","hits":2031},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=File\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Item","value":"Item","hits":1672},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Record Group","value":"Record Group","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Record+Group\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Series","value":"Series","hits":216},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Sub-series","value":"Sub-series","hits":59},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Sub-series\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Volume","value":"Volume","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Volume\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/level_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"type":"facet","id":"access","attributes":{"label":"Access","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Online access","value":"online","hits":32},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"type":"search_field","id":"all_fields","attributes":{"label":"All Fields"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026search_field=all_fields"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"keyword","attributes":{"label":"Keyword"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026search_field=keyword"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"name","attributes":{"label":"Name"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026search_field=name"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"place","attributes":{"label":"Place"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026search_field=place"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"subject","attributes":{"label":"Subject"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026search_field=subject"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"title","attributes":{"label":"Title"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026search_field=title"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"container","attributes":{"label":"Container"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026search_field=container"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"identifier","attributes":{"label":"Identifier"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026search_field=identifier"}},{"type":"sort","id":"score desc, title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"relevance"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026sort=score+desc%2C+title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"date (ascending)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026sort=date_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"date (descending)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026sort=date_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"creator (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026sort=creator_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"creator (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026sort=creator_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"title (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026sort=title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"title (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1947\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=434\u0026sort=title_sort+desc"}}]}