{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=238","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=237","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=239","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=242"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":238,"next_page":239,"prev_page":237,"total_pages":242,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":2370,"total_count":2417,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_viu00663_c01_c231","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"W. F. C. Fellers, 1900/1908","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c01_c231#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c01_c231","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00663_c01_c231"],"id":"viu_viu00663_c01_c231","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c01","parent_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00663","viu_viu00663_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"W. F. C. Fellers","title_ssm":["W. F. C. Fellers"],"title_tesim":["W. F. C. Fellers"],"normalized_title_ssm":["W. F. C. Fellers, 1900/1908"],"text":["W. F. C. Fellers, 1900/1908","Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers","box Box 81"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1900/1908"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1900 -1908"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":232,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"containers_ssim":["box Box 81"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#230","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:33:15.613Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00663","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00663.xml","title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"text":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","382","This collection\n         consists of approximately 500,000 items.","Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections.","After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series.","Biography of Edward L. StoneEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n         CompanyThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n            Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n            This is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n            Yours very truly, \n            L. E. Armentrout, \n            Manager","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n            We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n            Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n         Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia,gives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n            My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n            For your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing CompanyThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n         the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products.Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n         We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n            But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n            If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n            Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n            I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n            Very Sincerely, \n            Edward L. Stone \n            Chairman of the BoardClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day.","These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints.","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["382"],"unitid_tesim":["382"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Before his death in 1938, the University of Virginia\n            Library had been negotiating with Edward L. Stone for the\n            purchase of his library. Mr. Stone had donated a number of\n            fine books, and some manuscripts, to the University of\n            Virginia Library, and its staff knew the value of his fine\n            private library. The tentative purchase price settled upon\n            was low principally because Mr. Stone wished his library to\n            remain intact. Unfortunately, Mr. Stone died before\n            negotiations were complete, but the Library concluded the\n            sale with his heirs in August 1938. As a result of this\n            purchase, the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of\n            Roanoke presented to the Library the files of\n            correspondence and other papers both of Mr. Stone's\n            extensive business interests and of his personal affairs.\n            The collection consisted of 207 letter boxes and\n            twenty-five \"large packing cases\" when it arrived at the\n            Library on August 11, 1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["This collection\n         consists of approximately 500,000 items."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfter arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eSpace was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOnce processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAs previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eFor a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAs has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eListings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eBiography of Edward L. Stone\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eStone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOnce, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eHis position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eStone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAlthough Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eStone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Borderland Coal\n         Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eI spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWest Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eTO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eConsiderable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThis is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eYours very truly, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eL. E. Armentrout, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eManager \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eBy late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eWe have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eNow that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eUnionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n         \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"doublequote\" href=\"\"\u003eHell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia,\u003c/title\u003egives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eGentlemen, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eMy attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eFor your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhile much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAt this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eStone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eCommercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eMany of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOn November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAfter 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eLater, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhen the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eEdward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhen Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eBut to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eIf we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eListening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eI am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eVery Sincerely, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward L. Stone \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eChairman of the Board\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Biography of Edward L. StoneEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n         CompanyThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n            Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n            This is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n            Yours very truly, \n            L. E. Armentrout, \n            Manager","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n            We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n            Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n         Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia,gives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n            My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n            For your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing CompanyThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n         the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products.Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n         We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n            But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n            If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n            Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n            I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n            Very Sincerely, \n            Edward L. Stone \n            Chairman of the BoardClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEdward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers,\n            Accession #382, Special Collections, University of Virginia\n            Library, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers,\n            Accession #382, Special Collections, University of Virginia\n            Library, Charlottesville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems.\u003c/p\u003e\n    ","\u003cp\u003eAll items listed below are blueprints.\u003c/p\u003e\n          ","\u003cp\u003eAll items listed below are blueprints.\u003c/p\u003e\n          ","\u003cp\u003eAll items listed below are blueprints.\u003c/p\u003e\n          "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":2216,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:33:15.613Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c01_c231"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211_c424","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Wheeling, scale: 15.0 (1 copy), 1902/1912","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211_c424#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211_c424","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211_c424"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211_c424","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","parent_ssim":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wheeling, scale: 15.0 (1 copy)","title_ssm":["Wheeling, scale: 15.0 (1 copy)"],"title_tesim":["Wheeling, scale: 15.0 (1 copy)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wheeling, scale: 15.0 (1 copy), 1902/1912"],"text":["Wheeling, scale: 15.0 (1 copy), 1902/1912","Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980","Box 3"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1902/1912"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1902/1912"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":424,"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"containers_ssim":["Box 3"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["No special access restriction applies."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912],"_nest_path_":"/components#423","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:58:19.652Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_6211.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/199160","title_ssm":["Topographic Maps"],"title_tesim":["Topographic Maps"],"unitdate_ssm":["1891-1989","1900-1980"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1891-1989"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1900-1980"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"text":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980","A\u0026M 1721","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6211","Harrison County (W. Va.)","Raleigh County (W. Va.)","Maps - topographic - U.S.G.S.","Maps.","Topographic maps.","No special access restriction applies.","Topographic maps by the U.S. Geological Survey of various cities and towns in West Virginia. These are quadrangle maps covering four-sided areas bound by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. Contour lines show land shapes and elevation; colors distinguish map features, such as roads, rural areas, woodlands, urban areas, landmark buildings, etc. Due to the collection's diversity in age, information recorded on the maps may vary.","The maps' sizes are given in minutes of 7.5, 15, 20, 30, or 60. The minutes represent the scale and area, with the higher numbers corresponding to a larger area of square mileage. For example, a 7.5 minute series map represents a scale of 1:24,000, while a 15 minute series represents 1:62,500.","Boxes 1-3 include 15 minute quadrangles and larger, and boxes 4-9 include 7.5 minute quadrangles. The two oversize items are 1 degree sheets.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Topographic maps by the U.S. Geological Survey of various cities and towns in West Virginia. These are quadrangle maps covering four-sided areas bound by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. Contour lines show land shapes and elevation; colors distinguish map features, such as roads, rural areas, woodlands, urban areas, landmark buildings, etc.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia Geographical Center","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"collection_ssim":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 1721","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6211"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 1721","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6211"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Harrison County (W. Va.)","Raleigh County (W. Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Harrison County (W. Va.)","Raleigh County (W. Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Harrison County (W. Va.)","Raleigh County (W. Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia Geographical Center"],"creators_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia Geographical Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Maps - topographic - U.S.G.S.","Maps.","Topographic maps."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Maps - topographic - U.S.G.S.","Maps.","Topographic maps."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.25 Linear Feet Summary: 2 ft. 3 in. (9 flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 1 oversize folder, 2 items)"],"extent_tesim":["2.25 Linear Feet Summary: 2 ft. 3 in. (9 flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 1 oversize folder, 2 items)"],"date_range_isim":[1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Topographic Maps, A\u0026amp;M 1721, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Topographic Maps, A\u0026M 1721, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTopographic maps by the U.S. Geological Survey of various cities and towns in West Virginia. These are quadrangle maps covering four-sided areas bound by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. Contour lines show land shapes and elevation; colors distinguish map features, such as roads, rural areas, woodlands, urban areas, landmark buildings, etc. Due to the collection's diversity in age, information recorded on the maps may vary. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe maps' sizes are given in minutes of 7.5, 15, 20, 30, or 60. The minutes represent the scale and area, with the higher numbers corresponding to a larger area of square mileage. For example, a 7.5 minute series map represents a scale of 1:24,000, while a 15 minute series represents 1:62,500. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoxes 1-3 include 15 minute quadrangles and larger, and boxes 4-9 include 7.5 minute quadrangles. The two oversize items are 1 degree sheets.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Topographic maps by the U.S. Geological Survey of various cities and towns in West Virginia. These are quadrangle maps covering four-sided areas bound by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. Contour lines show land shapes and elevation; colors distinguish map features, such as roads, rural areas, woodlands, urban areas, landmark buildings, etc. Due to the collection's diversity in age, information recorded on the maps may vary.","The maps' sizes are given in minutes of 7.5, 15, 20, 30, or 60. The minutes represent the scale and area, with the higher numbers corresponding to a larger area of square mileage. For example, a 7.5 minute series map represents a scale of 1:24,000, while a 15 minute series represents 1:62,500.","Boxes 1-3 include 15 minute quadrangles and larger, and boxes 4-9 include 7.5 minute quadrangles. The two oversize items are 1 degree sheets."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_79abe5859281e2c3abcec4f8657f48fa\"\u003eTopographic maps by the U.S. Geological Survey of various cities and towns in West Virginia. These are quadrangle maps covering four-sided areas bound by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. Contour lines show land shapes and elevation; colors distinguish map features, such as roads, rural areas, woodlands, urban areas, landmark buildings, etc.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Topographic maps by the U.S. Geological Survey of various cities and towns in West Virginia. These are quadrangle maps covering four-sided areas bound by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. Contour lines show land shapes and elevation; colors distinguish map features, such as roads, rural areas, woodlands, urban areas, landmark buildings, etc."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_e3dadab46f2f87e9a417123b4d591e18\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia Geographical Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["West Virginia Geographical Center"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia Geographical Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1177,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:58:19.652Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211_c424"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211_c425","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Wheeling, scale: 15.0 (1 copy), 1902/1932","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211_c425#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211_c425","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211_c425"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211_c425","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","parent_ssim":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wheeling, scale: 15.0 (1 copy)","title_ssm":["Wheeling, scale: 15.0 (1 copy)"],"title_tesim":["Wheeling, scale: 15.0 (1 copy)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wheeling, scale: 15.0 (1 copy), 1902/1932"],"text":["Wheeling, scale: 15.0 (1 copy), 1902/1932","Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980","Box 3"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1902/1932"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1902/1932"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":425,"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"containers_ssim":["Box 3"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["No special access restriction applies."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932],"_nest_path_":"/components#424","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:58:19.652Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_6211.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/199160","title_ssm":["Topographic Maps"],"title_tesim":["Topographic Maps"],"unitdate_ssm":["1891-1989","1900-1980"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1891-1989"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1900-1980"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"text":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980","A\u0026M 1721","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6211","Harrison County (W. Va.)","Raleigh County (W. Va.)","Maps - topographic - U.S.G.S.","Maps.","Topographic maps.","No special access restriction applies.","Topographic maps by the U.S. Geological Survey of various cities and towns in West Virginia. These are quadrangle maps covering four-sided areas bound by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. Contour lines show land shapes and elevation; colors distinguish map features, such as roads, rural areas, woodlands, urban areas, landmark buildings, etc. Due to the collection's diversity in age, information recorded on the maps may vary.","The maps' sizes are given in minutes of 7.5, 15, 20, 30, or 60. The minutes represent the scale and area, with the higher numbers corresponding to a larger area of square mileage. For example, a 7.5 minute series map represents a scale of 1:24,000, while a 15 minute series represents 1:62,500.","Boxes 1-3 include 15 minute quadrangles and larger, and boxes 4-9 include 7.5 minute quadrangles. The two oversize items are 1 degree sheets.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Topographic maps by the U.S. Geological Survey of various cities and towns in West Virginia. These are quadrangle maps covering four-sided areas bound by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. Contour lines show land shapes and elevation; colors distinguish map features, such as roads, rural areas, woodlands, urban areas, landmark buildings, etc.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia Geographical Center","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"collection_ssim":["Topographic Maps, 1891/1989, bulk 1900/1980"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 1721","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6211"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 1721","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6211"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Harrison County (W. Va.)","Raleigh County (W. Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Harrison County (W. Va.)","Raleigh County (W. Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Harrison County (W. Va.)","Raleigh County (W. Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia Geographical Center"],"creators_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia Geographical Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Maps - topographic - U.S.G.S.","Maps.","Topographic maps."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Maps - topographic - U.S.G.S.","Maps.","Topographic maps."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.25 Linear Feet Summary: 2 ft. 3 in. (9 flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 1 oversize folder, 2 items)"],"extent_tesim":["2.25 Linear Feet Summary: 2 ft. 3 in. (9 flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 1 oversize folder, 2 items)"],"date_range_isim":[1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Topographic Maps, A\u0026amp;M 1721, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Topographic Maps, A\u0026M 1721, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTopographic maps by the U.S. Geological Survey of various cities and towns in West Virginia. These are quadrangle maps covering four-sided areas bound by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. Contour lines show land shapes and elevation; colors distinguish map features, such as roads, rural areas, woodlands, urban areas, landmark buildings, etc. Due to the collection's diversity in age, information recorded on the maps may vary. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe maps' sizes are given in minutes of 7.5, 15, 20, 30, or 60. The minutes represent the scale and area, with the higher numbers corresponding to a larger area of square mileage. For example, a 7.5 minute series map represents a scale of 1:24,000, while a 15 minute series represents 1:62,500. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoxes 1-3 include 15 minute quadrangles and larger, and boxes 4-9 include 7.5 minute quadrangles. The two oversize items are 1 degree sheets.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Topographic maps by the U.S. Geological Survey of various cities and towns in West Virginia. These are quadrangle maps covering four-sided areas bound by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. Contour lines show land shapes and elevation; colors distinguish map features, such as roads, rural areas, woodlands, urban areas, landmark buildings, etc. Due to the collection's diversity in age, information recorded on the maps may vary.","The maps' sizes are given in minutes of 7.5, 15, 20, 30, or 60. The minutes represent the scale and area, with the higher numbers corresponding to a larger area of square mileage. For example, a 7.5 minute series map represents a scale of 1:24,000, while a 15 minute series represents 1:62,500.","Boxes 1-3 include 15 minute quadrangles and larger, and boxes 4-9 include 7.5 minute quadrangles. The two oversize items are 1 degree sheets."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_79abe5859281e2c3abcec4f8657f48fa\"\u003eTopographic maps by the U.S. Geological Survey of various cities and towns in West Virginia. These are quadrangle maps covering four-sided areas bound by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. Contour lines show land shapes and elevation; colors distinguish map features, such as roads, rural areas, woodlands, urban areas, landmark buildings, etc.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Topographic maps by the U.S. Geological Survey of various cities and towns in West Virginia. These are quadrangle maps covering four-sided areas bound by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. Contour lines show land shapes and elevation; colors distinguish map features, such as roads, rural areas, woodlands, urban areas, landmark buildings, etc."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_e3dadab46f2f87e9a417123b4d591e18\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia Geographical Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["West Virginia Geographical Center"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia Geographical Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1177,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:58:19.652Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6211_c425"}},{"id":"viu_viu00774_c02","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"W. H. Elliott to B. W. Jones, 1902/1913","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00774_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00774_c02","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00774_c02"],"id":"viu_viu00774_c02","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00774","_root_":"viu_viu00774","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00774","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00774","parent_ssim":["Benjamin Washington Jones Papers \n         1902-1913"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00774"],"title_filing_ssi":"W. H. Elliott to B. W. Jones","title_ssm":["W. H. Elliott to B. W. Jones"],"title_tesim":["W. H. Elliott to B. W. Jones"],"normalized_title_ssm":["W. H. Elliott to B. W. Jones, 1902/1913"],"text":["W. H. Elliott to B. W. Jones, 1902/1913","Benjamin Washington Jones Papers \n         1902-1913"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Benjamin Washington Jones Papers \n         1902-1913"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Benjamin Washington Jones Papers \n         1902-1913"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1902/1913"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1902-1913"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":2,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Benjamin Washington Jones Papers \n         1902-1913"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:33:15.613Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00774","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00774","_root_":"viu_viu00774","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00774","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00774.xml","title_ssm":["Benjamin Washington Jones Papers \n         1902-1913"],"title_tesim":["Benjamin Washington Jones Papers \n         1902-1913"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Benjamin Washington Jones Papers \n         1902-1913"],"text":["Benjamin Washington Jones Papers \n         1902-1913","38-467","35 items","Collection is open to research.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities","This collection consists of thirty-five letters, 1902-1913,\n         mainly concerned with yearly reunions of the \n         Surry Light Artilleryof Confederate\n         Veterans. Letters from \n         Fielding Alexander Coakleyof \n         Alexandria, Virginia, describe his\n         service during the war and his misfortune since, and show his\n         feeling of patriotism and pride in the Confederacy. The\n         letters of \n         W. H. Elliottof \n         Randolph, Virginia, express his regret in\n         missing each year's reunion, and describe his crop situation\n         and health. Letters from \n         George C. Holmesof \n         Ivor, Virginiaconcern the deaths of\n         various comrades and the annual reunions. Letters of \n         Georgiette Clarke Holmesof \n         Surry, Virginiadiscuss plans for\n         reunions. Letters from \n         E. H. McGusimanof \n         Alliance, Virginia, discuss the state of\n         various comrades and meetings to be held at \n         Bacon's Castle(1907). Letters from \n         C. C. Richardsondeal with organizing\n         reunions and other veterans business. Letters from \n         S. M. Williamsdiscuss the present\n         location of comrades, personal affairs, and regrets concerning\n         reunions. Two of these letters contained donations for the\n         veteran emergency funds. The remaining letters are from\n         various people and mostly deal with the reunions. \n         P. D. Gwaltney's letter of July 23, 1904,\n         describes several places in \n         Virginiathat he was stationed while with\n         the \n         Surry Artillery; and Mrs. \n         W. E. Harris' letter of March 1910,\n         solicits help in beginning an organization for descendants of\n         veterans to educate them properly on the war, as they are\n         being taught in school that the war was caused by slavery\n         alone.","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Surry Light Artillery","Surry Artillery","Fielding Alexander Coakley","W. H. Elliott","George C. Holmes","Georgiette Clarke Holmes","E. H. McGusiman","C. C. Richardson","S. M. Williams","P. D. Gwaltney","W. E. Harris","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Benjamin Washington Jones Papers \n         1902-1913"],"collection_ssim":["Benjamin Washington Jones Papers \n         1902-1913"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["38-467"],"unitid_tesim":["38-467"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["L. May Jones"],"creator_ssim":["L. May Jones"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Fielding Alexander Coakley","W. H. Elliott","George C. Holmes","Georgiette Clarke Holmes","E. H. McGusiman","C. C. Richardson","S. M. Williams","P. D. Gwaltney","W. E. Harris"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Surry Light Artillery","Surry Artillery"],"creators_ssim":["Fielding Alexander Coakley","W. H. Elliott","George C. Holmes","Georgiette Clarke Holmes","E. H. McGusiman","C. C. Richardson","S. M. Williams","P. D. Gwaltney","W. E. Harris","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Surry Light Artillery","Surry Artillery"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the Library by L. May Jones\n            of Petersburg, Virginia on March 18, 1933."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["35 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Washington Jones\n            Papers, Accession 38-467, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Benjamin Washington Jones\n            Papers, Accession 38-467, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of thirty-five letters, 1902-1913,\n         mainly concerned with yearly reunions of the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eSurry Light Artillery\u003c/corpname\u003eof Confederate\n         Veterans. Letters from \n         \u003cpersname\u003eFielding Alexander Coakley\u003c/persname\u003eof \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eAlexandria, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, describe his\n         service during the war and his misfortune since, and show his\n         feeling of patriotism and pride in the Confederacy. The\n         letters of \n         \u003cpersname\u003eW. H. Elliott\u003c/persname\u003eof \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eRandolph, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, express his regret in\n         missing each year's reunion, and describe his crop situation\n         and health. Letters from \n         \u003cpersname\u003eGeorge C. Holmes\u003c/persname\u003eof \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eIvor, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003econcern the deaths of\n         various comrades and the annual reunions. Letters of \n         \u003cpersname\u003eGeorgiette Clarke Holmes\u003c/persname\u003eof \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eSurry, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003ediscuss plans for\n         reunions. Letters from \n         \u003cpersname\u003eE. H. McGusiman\u003c/persname\u003eof \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eAlliance, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, discuss the state of\n         various comrades and meetings to be held at \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eBacon's Castle\u003c/geogname\u003e(1907). Letters from \n         \u003cpersname\u003eC. C. Richardson\u003c/persname\u003edeal with organizing\n         reunions and other veterans business. Letters from \n         \u003cpersname\u003eS. M. Williams\u003c/persname\u003ediscuss the present\n         location of comrades, personal affairs, and regrets concerning\n         reunions. Two of these letters contained donations for the\n         veteran emergency funds. The remaining letters are from\n         various people and mostly deal with the reunions. \n         \u003cpersname\u003eP. D. Gwaltney\u003c/persname\u003e's letter of July 23, 1904,\n         describes several places in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003ethat he was stationed while with\n         the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eSurry Artillery\u003c/corpname\u003e; and Mrs. \n         \u003cpersname\u003eW. E. Harris\u003c/persname\u003e' letter of March 1910,\n         solicits help in beginning an organization for descendants of\n         veterans to educate them properly on the war, as they are\n         being taught in school that the war was caused by slavery\n         alone.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of thirty-five letters, 1902-1913,\n         mainly concerned with yearly reunions of the \n         Surry Light Artilleryof Confederate\n         Veterans. Letters from \n         Fielding Alexander Coakleyof \n         Alexandria, Virginia, describe his\n         service during the war and his misfortune since, and show his\n         feeling of patriotism and pride in the Confederacy. The\n         letters of \n         W. H. Elliottof \n         Randolph, Virginia, express his regret in\n         missing each year's reunion, and describe his crop situation\n         and health. Letters from \n         George C. Holmesof \n         Ivor, Virginiaconcern the deaths of\n         various comrades and the annual reunions. Letters of \n         Georgiette Clarke Holmesof \n         Surry, Virginiadiscuss plans for\n         reunions. Letters from \n         E. H. McGusimanof \n         Alliance, Virginia, discuss the state of\n         various comrades and meetings to be held at \n         Bacon's Castle(1907). Letters from \n         C. C. Richardsondeal with organizing\n         reunions and other veterans business. Letters from \n         S. M. Williamsdiscuss the present\n         location of comrades, personal affairs, and regrets concerning\n         reunions. Two of these letters contained donations for the\n         veteran emergency funds. The remaining letters are from\n         various people and mostly deal with the reunions. \n         P. D. Gwaltney's letter of July 23, 1904,\n         describes several places in \n         Virginiathat he was stationed while with\n         the \n         Surry Artillery; and Mrs. \n         W. E. Harris' letter of March 1910,\n         solicits help in beginning an organization for descendants of\n         veterans to educate them properly on the war, as they are\n         being taught in school that the war was caused by slavery\n         alone."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Surry Light Artillery","Surry Artillery"],"persname_ssim":["Fielding Alexander Coakley","W. H. Elliott","George C. Holmes","Georgiette Clarke Holmes","E. H. McGusiman","C. C. Richardson","S. M. Williams","P. D. Gwaltney","W. E. Harris"],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Surry Light Artillery","Surry Artillery","Fielding Alexander Coakley","W. H. Elliott","George C. Holmes","Georgiette Clarke Holmes","E. H. McGusiman","C. C. Richardson","S. M. Williams","P. D. Gwaltney","W. E. Harris"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":8,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:33:15.613Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00774_c02"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2210_c03","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"\"White Registered Voters\", 1904/1964","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2210_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2210_c03","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_2210_c03"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2210_c03","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2210","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2210","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2210","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2210","parent_ssim":["Williamsburg. Office of the Registrar Records, 1896/1964"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_2210"],"title_filing_ssi":"\"White Registered Voters\"","title_ssm":["\"White Registered Voters\""],"title_tesim":["\"White Registered Voters\""],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"White Registered Voters\", 1904/1964"],"text":["\"White Registered Voters\", 1904/1964","Williamsburg. Office of the Registrar Records, 1896/1964","Volume 3"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Williamsburg. Office of the Registrar Records, 1896/1964"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Williamsburg. Office of the Registrar Records, 1896/1964"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1904/1964"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1904-1964, 1905-1953"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":3,"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Williamsburg. Office of the Registrar Records, 1896/1964"],"containers_ssim":["Volume 3"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"date_range_isim":[1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964],"_nest_path_":"/components#2","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:42:20.276Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2210","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2210","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2210","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2210","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_2210.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Williamsburg, Office of the Registrar, Records","title_ssm":["Williamsburg. Office of the Registrar Records"],"title_tesim":["Williamsburg. Office of the Registrar Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1896-1964"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1896-1964"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1896/1964"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Williamsburg. Office of the Registrar Records, 1896/1964"],"text":["Williamsburg. Office of the Registrar Records, 1896/1964","Mss. Acc. 2010.211","/repositories/2/resources/2210","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--Office of the Registrar","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Voter registration--Virginia","Voting registrars--Virginia--Williamsburg","Voters' lists","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","According to stamps inside the front covers, items 1 and 2 were microfilmed at the Virginia State Library, Archives Division (now The Library of Virginia) on 6/1/1984, reel no. 303. The stamp for item 3 is not clearly visible.","Note to staff: Instructions and tools for locking and unlocking the preservation binders can be found in the administrative files under 'Williamsburg (City), Office of the Registrar.'","Accessioned and minimally processed in April 2010 by SCRC staff.","3 volumes of the Voter Registrar's office of the City of Williamsburg, Virginia, consisting of a \"List of White Voters, 1896, 1904-1946,\"  \"Colored Registered Voters, 1902, 1904-1946, 1930-1953, 1964,\" and \"White Registered Voters, 1904-1964, 1905-1953.\"","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Williamsburg. Office of the Registrar Records, 1896/1964"],"collection_ssim":["Williamsburg. Office of the Registrar Records, 1896/1964"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. Acc. 2010.211","/repositories/2/resources/2210"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. Acc. 2010.211","/repositories/2/resources/2210"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--Office of the Registrar"],"geogname_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--Office of the Registrar"],"places_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--Office of the Registrar"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["On deposit."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Voter registration--Virginia","Voting registrars--Virginia--Williamsburg","Voters' lists"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Voter registration--Virginia","Voting registrars--Virginia--Williamsburg","Voters' lists"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.50 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["1.50 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Voters' lists"],"date_range_isim":[1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccording to stamps inside the front covers, items 1 and 2 were microfilmed at the Virginia State Library, Archives Division (now The Library of Virginia) on 6/1/1984, reel no. 303. The stamp for item 3 is not clearly visible.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Electronic Format:"],"altformavail_tesim":["According to stamps inside the front covers, items 1 and 2 were microfilmed at the Virginia State Library, Archives Division (now The Library of Virginia) on 6/1/1984, reel no. 303. The stamp for item 3 is not clearly visible."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNote to staff: Instructions and tools for locking and unlocking the preservation binders can be found in the administrative files under 'Williamsburg (City), Office of the Registrar.'\u003c/p\u003e  "],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics or Technical Requirements:"],"phystech_tesim":["Note to staff: Instructions and tools for locking and unlocking the preservation binders can be found in the administrative files under 'Williamsburg (City), Office of the Registrar.'"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliamsburg. Office of the Registrar Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Williamsburg. Office of the Registrar Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccessioned and minimally processed in April 2010 by SCRC staff.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Accessioned and minimally processed in April 2010 by SCRC staff."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e3 volumes of the Voter Registrar's office of the City of Williamsburg, Virginia, consisting of a \"List of White Voters, 1896, 1904-1946,\"  \"Colored Registered Voters, 1902, 1904-1946, 1930-1953, 1964,\" and \"White Registered Voters, 1904-1964, 1905-1953.\"\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["3 volumes of the Voter Registrar's office of the City of Williamsburg, Virginia, consisting of a \"List of White Voters, 1896, 1904-1946,\"  \"Colored Registered Voters, 1902, 1904-1946, 1930-1953, 1964,\" and \"White Registered Voters, 1904-1964, 1905-1953.\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":3,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:42:20.276Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2210_c03"}},{"id":"viu_viu00186_c04_c04_c17","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Who's Who In America, 1905/1939","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00186_c04_c04_c17#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00186_c04_c04_c17","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00186_c04_c04_c17"],"id":"viu_viu00186_c04_c04_c17","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00186","_root_":"viu_viu00186","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00186_c04_c04","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00186_c04_c04","parent_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n         1882-1970","SERIES IV: CORRESPONDENCE OF \n               WILLIAM STANLEY\n               BRAITHWAITE","Subseries D: Topical Files"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00186","viu_viu00186_c04","viu_viu00186_c04_c04"],"title_filing_ssi":"Who's Who In America","title_ssm":["Who's Who In America"],"title_tesim":["Who's Who In America"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Who's Who In America, 1905/1939"],"text":["Who's Who In America, 1905/1939","William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n         1882-1970","SERIES IV: CORRESPONDENCE OF \n               WILLIAM STANLEY\n               BRAITHWAITE","Subseries D: Topical Files","Box Box 20"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n         1882-1970","SERIES IV: CORRESPONDENCE OF \n               WILLIAM STANLEY\n               BRAITHWAITE","Subseries D: Topical Files"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n         1882-1970","SERIES IV: CORRESPONDENCE OF \n               WILLIAM STANLEY\n               BRAITHWAITE","Subseries D: Topical Files"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1905/1939"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1905, 1929, 1933-1939"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":179,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n         1882-1970"],"containers_ssim":["Box Box 20"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#3/components#16","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:32:33.870Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00186","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00186","_root_":"viu_viu00186","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00186","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00186.xml","title_ssm":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n         1882-1970"],"title_tesim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n         1882-1970"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n         1882-1970"],"text":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n         1882-1970","8990-b","7 ft.","Collection is open to research.","BIOGRAPHICAL CHRONOLOGY OF WILLIAM STANLEY\n            BRAITHWAITE\n        \n          1875\n          Marriage of \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               parents \n               Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)and \n               William Smith Braithwaite\n               (1853-1886)\n        \n        \n          1876\n          Birth of \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               sister, \n               Eva Braithwaite\n        \n        \n          1878\n          Birth of \n               William Stanley Braithwaitein \n               Boston, Massachusettson 6\n               December\n        \n        \n          1885\n          Birth of a sister; she dies in \n               1894\n        \n        \n          1886\n          Death of \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               father\n        \n        \n          1889\n          Map of \n               Europedrawn by \n               William Stanley Braithwaiteis\n               exhibited at the \n               Parisfair\n        \n        \n          1890\n          William Stanley Braithwaite, age\n               12, obtains first job (selling newspapers in \n               Boston)\n        \n        \n          1898\n          William Stanley Braithwaitemanages\n               a \n               Newport, Rhode\n               Islandbookstore\n        \n        \n          1901\n          Publishes first novel, \n               The Canadian, A Novel\n        \n        \n          1903\n          Marries \n               Emma Kellyon 30 June; seven\n               children: \n               Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n               Braithwaite(Mrs. \n               Merrill Carter), \n               Katherine Keats Braithwaite(Mrs. \n               William J. Arnold), \n               William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr., \n               Edith Carman Braithwaite(Mrs.\n               Agard), \n               Paul Ledoux Braithwaite, \n               Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite, \n               Francis Robinson\n               Braithwaite\n        \n        \n          1904\n          Publishes \n               Lyrics of Life and Love\n        \n        \n          1906\n          Edits \n               The Book of Elizabethan Verse; elected to the \n               Boston Author's Clubwith the\n               support of \n               Thomas Wentworth Higginsonand \n               Julia Ward Howe; begins writing for\n               the \n               Boston Evening Transcripton 14 February; he reviews American poetry and\n               poets and writes essays\n        \n        \n          1907\n          William Stanley Braithwaitepoem\n               \"White Magic\", honoring \n               John Greenleaf Whittier, is read by\n               Braithwaite at Faneuil Hall, \n               Boston, Massachusettson 17\n               December\n        \n        \n          1908\n          Publishes \n               The House of Falling Leaves; writes an essay introduction for \n               The Wounded Eros: Sonnetsby Charles Gibson\n        \n        \n          1909\n          Publishes poem \"Sandy Star\" in the July issue of \n               Atlantic Monthly; also edits \n               The Book of Georgian Verse\n        \n        \n          1909-1910\n          Plans \n               \"The Book of Victorian Verse\"but it is never published\n        \n        \n          1910\n          Edits \n               The Book of Restoration Verse\n        \n        \n          1912-1914\n          Sporadically publishes and edits \n               Poetry Journaluntil it is taken over by others\n        \n        \n          1913-1929\n          Edits \n               Anthology of Magazine Verse and Yearbook of\n                  American Poetry For The Year . . .until 1929\n        \n        \n          1915\n          William Stanley Braithwaitepoem\n               \"The Mystery\" is published in the October issue of \n               Scribners; literary criticism by Braithwaite is\n               published in \n               The Poetry Journal, \n               \"Poetry of The Public\"; he organizes the \n               New England Poetry Clubwith \n               Edward J. O'Brien\n        \n        \n          1916\n          Edits \n               Representative American Poetrywith \n               Henry Thomas Schittkind; also edits\n               The Poetic Year For 1916and \n               The Poets of The Future: A College Anthology\n                  of 1915/16\n        \n        \n          1916-1917\n          Edits \n               The Stratford Monthlywith \n               Henry Thomas Schnittkind\n        \n        \n          1917\n          Plans a book, \n               \"The Seven Wisdoms of Grainne\"but does not complete it; accepts honorary\n               membership in \n               Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity\n        \n        \n          1918\n          Awarded the Spingarn Medal, \n               First Baptist Church, \n               Providence, Rhode Island, during a\n               meeting of the \n               National Association For The Advancement of\n               Colored People(NAACP) on 3 May for\n               \"distinguished achievement in literature\"; edits \n               The Golden Treasury of Magazine Verse; awarded an honorary A. M. (Masters) degree\n               from \n               Atlanta Universityfor his poetry\n               and a Litt.D. from \n               Talladega College; writes\n               introduction to \n               The Heart of A Woman And Other Poemsby \n               Georgia D. Johnson\n        \n        \n          1919\n          Publishes \n               The Story of The Great War; edits \n               Victory! Celebrated By Thirty-eight American\n                  Poets; literary criticism published in \n               The Crisis, \"Some Contemporary Poets of The Negro Race\";\n               edits \n               The Book of Modern British Verse\n        \n        \n          1920\n          Publishes \n               Our Essayists And Critics Today\n        \n        \n          1921\n          Writes introduction to \n               The Beggars' Visionby \n               Brookes More; publishes poetry\n               volume, \n               A Tale Of A Walled Town And Other\n                  Verses\n        \n        \n          1921-1927\n          Founds and becomes editor-in-chief of \n               B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n               Companywith \n               Winifred Jacksonas a partner and\n               company treasurer; she buys the company in 1925, the\n               same year of its bankruptcy(?) (Several documents in the\n               collection indicate the company may have remained\n               solvent until 1929.)\n        \n        \n          1922\n          William Stanley Braithwaiteedits \n               Anthology of Massachusetts Poets; \n               B. J. Brimmerpublishes \n               Bronze: A Book of Verseby \n               Georgia Douglas Johnson\n        \n        \n          1924\n          B. J. Brimmerpublishes \n               Confusionby \n               James Gould Cozzens; \n               William Stanley\n               Braithwaitepublishes \"The New Negro In\n               Literature\" in \n               The Crisis, and, \n               Going Over Tindal, A Novel\n        \n        \n          1928\n          Death of \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               mother; he publishes a book of stories, \n               Frost On The Green Leaf\n        \n        \n          1931\n          Edits \n               Our Lady's Choir: A Contemporary Anthology of\n                  Verses By Catholic Sisters\n        \n        \n          1934\n          Literary criticism, \"The Novels of Jessie Faust,\"\n               published in \n               Opportunity\n        \n        \n          1934-1935\n          Appointed Professor of Creative Literature at \n               Atlanta University; retires in\n               1945\n        \n        \n          1935\n          Alan F. Peterof the \n               Poetry Digest Associationplans a\n               1935 issue of \n               Anthology of Magazine Verseand offers \n               William Stanley Braithwaitethe\n               opportunity of providing editorial assistance\n        \n        \n          1936\n          William Stanley Braithwaitewrites\n               introduction to \n               We Lift Our Voices And Other Poemsby \n               Mae V. Cowdery\n        \n        \n          1937\n          Sterling Brown, in \n               Negro Poetry \u0026 Drama, praises \n               William Stanley Braithwaiteas a\n               poetry critic\n        \n        \n          1938\n          William Stanley Braithwaiteserves\n               on a program committee for the \n               Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n               Colleges(later \n               The College Language\n               Association)\n        \n        \n          1939\n          Death of \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               paternal uncle, \n               Edward John Braithwaite, age 85, in\n               September\n        \n        \n          1940\n          William Stanley\n               Braithwaitepublishes \n               The Years Between 1918-39and \n               Poems, New and Selected\n        \n        \n          1941-1942\n          William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               autobiography, \n               \"The House Under Acturus\"is serialized in five installments in \n               Phylonduring 1942; it tells the story of his life up\n               to the publication of his first book of poems in\n               1904\n        \n        \n          1942\n          An M. A. thesis by \n               Alma Westine Stoneof \n               Atlanta Universityexamines \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               career\n        \n        \n          1945\n          Retires from \n               Atlanta Universityand moves to \n               Harlem, New York City\n        \n        \n          1947\n          Publishes an article in \n               Negro Digest, \"Negro America's First Magazine\"\n        \n        \n          1948\n          Publishes \n               Selected Poems\n        \n        \n          1950\n          Publishes \n               The Bewitched Parsonage: The Story of The\n                  Brontes\n        \n        \n          1956\n          Interviewed by \n               Columbia University's Oral History Research\n               Officefrom May to June: \n               \"The Reminiscences of William S.\n                  Braithwaite\"\n        \n        \n          1957\n          Literary criticism published in \n               Phylon, \"Alain Locke's Relationship To The Negro In\n               American Literature\"; death of \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               brother Arthur on 24 September\n        \n        \n          1958\n          Co-edits 1958 \n               Anthology of Magazine Versewith \n               Margaret Carpenter, a \n               Norfolk, Virginia, poet and\n               admirer; it includes a selection of poetry from the\n               previous anthologies; \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               efforts are hampered by his failing eyesight\n        \n        \n          1959\n          An \n               American Poetry Societydinner is\n               held in \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's honor\n               in \n               New York City; he writes the\n               preface to \n               A Voice In Ramah: Poemsby \n               Marion Buchman\n        \n        \n          1962\n          Death of \n               William Stanley Braithwaite, age\n               83, on 8 June in \n               New York City; funeral held on 12\n               June","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities","[Includes form letter from \n                     Edmund Clarence Stedman; a\n                     letter from \n                     William Stanley Braithwaiteto\n                     a Mr. McCourtie, 9 January 1919, pertaining to a\n                     speaking engagement for the \n                     Poetry Societyand mentions\n                     Lady \n                     Leonora Speyer. ]","[including 80th birthday congratulations from \n                     Mark Van Doren]","[including copy of a Nicholas \n                     Vachel Lindsayletter 1917\n                     January 1 re \n                     Birth of A Nationand Southern racism]","[Including a 1934 November 2 letter from \n                     W. E. B. Du Bois--attached to\n                     letter, 8 November 1934]","[Including proof of \n                  The Veiled Doorby \n                  Caroline Giltinan(folder 1) and\n                  a typescript of \"Since Cezanne\" by \n                  Clive Bell]","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Boston Author's Club","New England Poetry Club","Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity","First Baptist Church","National Association For The Advancement of\n               Colored People","Atlanta University","Talladega College","B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n               Company","B. J. Brimmer","Poetry Digest Association","Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n               Colleges","The College Language\n               Association","Columbia University's Oral History Research\n               Office","American Poetry Society","Columbia University, Oral History Research\n                  Office","B. J. BRIMMER COMPANY","B. J. Brimmer Co.","Poetry Society","Author's League of America","New England Poetry\n                     Club","Brentano's","Order of Bookfellows","Peabody Master Printers","Poetry Society of America","Small, Maynard \u0026\n                        Company","Delta Phi Delta","Brimmer Books","Hampton Institute","Braithwaite Family","Braithwaite\n                     Family","William Stanley Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)","William Smith Braithwaite\n               (1853-1886)","Eva Braithwaite","Emma Kelly","Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n               Braithwaite","Merrill Carter","Katherine Keats Braithwaite","William J. Arnold","William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr.","Edith Carman Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n               Braithwaite","Thomas Wentworth Higginson","Julia Ward Howe","John Greenleaf Whittier","Edward J. O'Brien","Henry Thomas Schittkind","Henry Thomas Schnittkind","Georgia D. Johnson","Brookes More","Winifred Jackson","Georgia Douglas Johnson","James Gould Cozzens","William Stanley\n               Braithwaite","Alan F. Peter","Mae V. Cowdery","Sterling Brown","Edward John Braithwaite","Alma Westine Stone","Margaret Carpenter","Marion Buchman","WILLIAM STANLEY\n               BRAITHWAITE","William Stanley\n                  Braithwaite","Walt Whitman","Emma E. Colley","Winifred Davidson","Elizabeth Weston Timlow","Lewis Carroll","Evelyn H. Watson","Bella Flaccus","George H. P. Gannaway","William Stanley\n                     Braithwaite","Edmund Clarence Stedman","Leonora Speyer","Mark Van Doren","Vachel Lindsay","Arnold\n                     Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe\n                     Braithwaite","Edith Carman\n                     Braithwaite","Edward John\n                     Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe\n                     Braithwaite","Emma Kelly\n                     Braithwaite","W. E. B. Du Bois","Stanley Braithwaite","Fiona Lydia\n                     Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n                     Braithwaite","Katherine Keats\n                     Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux\n                     Braithwaite","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n                     Jr.","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n                        Jr.","Lillian K. Coleman","Lillian\n                     Valentine","Sadie De Wolfe\n                     (Braithwaite)","Sally Kelly","Lucy Williams","Richard G. Badger","Maurine Boie","Witter Bynner","Bliss Carman","Margaret\n                     Carpenter","Joy Gerbaulet Clairmonte","Ruby Rose Drake","Sophie Hagemann Duckworth","George Elliston","Eva Knox Evans","Ernst B. Filsinger","Elizabeth Hollister Frost","Marion P. Gale","Iva L. Handy","Henry E. Harman","John Hughes","Mitchell Kennerly","Helen Kent","Frederic Lawrence Knowles","Mary Sinton Leitch","Francis Mason","Edith Mirick","Winifred V.\n                     Jackson","Edwin Arlington Robinson","Edna Davis Romig","Lew Sarett","Sara Teasdale","Eunice Tietjens","Mary Pollard Tynes","Louis Untermeyer","Arthur Upson","Henry Van Dyke","Harold Vinal","Ovid","Clinton Scollard","Caroline Giltinan","Clive Bell","William Thackeray","William Dean Howells","Louis Hubert Guyol","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n         1882-1970"],"collection_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n         1882-1970"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["8990-b"],"unitid_tesim":["8990-b"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_persname_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)","William Smith Braithwaite\n               (1853-1886)","Eva Braithwaite","Emma Kelly","Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n               Braithwaite","Merrill Carter","Katherine Keats Braithwaite","William J. Arnold","William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr.","Edith Carman Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n               Braithwaite","Thomas Wentworth Higginson","Julia Ward Howe","John Greenleaf Whittier","Edward J. O'Brien","Henry Thomas Schittkind","Henry Thomas Schnittkind","Georgia D. Johnson","Brookes More","Winifred Jackson","Georgia Douglas Johnson","James Gould Cozzens","William Stanley\n               Braithwaite","Alan F. Peter","Mae V. Cowdery","Sterling Brown","Edward John Braithwaite","Alma Westine Stone","Margaret Carpenter","Marion Buchman","WILLIAM STANLEY\n               BRAITHWAITE","William Stanley\n                  Braithwaite","Walt Whitman","Emma E. Colley","Winifred Davidson","Elizabeth Weston Timlow","Lewis Carroll","Evelyn H. Watson","Bella Flaccus","George H. P. Gannaway","William Stanley\n                     Braithwaite","Edmund Clarence Stedman","Leonora Speyer","Mark Van Doren","Vachel Lindsay","Arnold\n                     Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe\n                     Braithwaite","Edith Carman\n                     Braithwaite","Edward John\n                     Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe\n                     Braithwaite","Emma Kelly\n                     Braithwaite","W. E. B. Du Bois","Stanley Braithwaite","Fiona Lydia\n                     Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n                     Braithwaite","Katherine Keats\n                     Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux\n                     Braithwaite","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n                     Jr.","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n                        Jr.","Lillian K. Coleman","Lillian\n                     Valentine","Sadie De Wolfe\n                     (Braithwaite)","Sally Kelly","Lucy Williams","Richard G. Badger","Maurine Boie","Witter Bynner","Bliss Carman","Margaret\n                     Carpenter","Joy Gerbaulet Clairmonte","Ruby Rose Drake","Sophie Hagemann Duckworth","George Elliston","Eva Knox Evans","Ernst B. Filsinger","Elizabeth Hollister Frost","Marion P. Gale","Iva L. Handy","Henry E. Harman","John Hughes","Mitchell Kennerly","Helen Kent","Frederic Lawrence Knowles","Mary Sinton Leitch","Francis Mason","Edith Mirick","Winifred V.\n                     Jackson","Edwin Arlington Robinson","Edna Davis Romig","Lew Sarett","Sara Teasdale","Eunice Tietjens","Mary Pollard Tynes","Louis Untermeyer","Arthur Upson","Henry Van Dyke","Harold Vinal","Ovid","Clinton Scollard","Caroline Giltinan","Clive Bell","William Thackeray","William Dean Howells","Louis Hubert Guyol"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Boston Author's Club","New England Poetry Club","Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity","First Baptist Church","National Association For The Advancement of\n               Colored People","Atlanta University","Talladega College","B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n               Company","B. J. Brimmer","Poetry Digest Association","Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n               Colleges","The College Language\n               Association","Columbia University's Oral History Research\n               Office","American Poetry Society","Columbia University, Oral History Research\n                  Office","B. J. BRIMMER COMPANY","B. J. 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Brimmer Co.","Poetry Society","Author's League of America","New England Poetry\n                     Club","Brentano's","Order of Bookfellows","Peabody Master Printers","Poetry Society of America","Small, Maynard \u0026\n                        Company","Delta Phi Delta","Brimmer Books","Hampton Institute","Braithwaite Family","Braithwaite\n                     Family"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift, 1985 Jul 3"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["7 ft."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biography"],"bioghist_tesim":["BIOGRAPHICAL CHRONOLOGY OF WILLIAM STANLEY\n            BRAITHWAITE\n        \n          1875\n          Marriage of \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               parents \n               Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)and \n               William Smith Braithwaite\n               (1853-1886)\n        \n        \n          1876\n          Birth of \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               sister, \n               Eva Braithwaite\n        \n        \n          1878\n          Birth of \n               William Stanley Braithwaitein \n               Boston, Massachusettson 6\n               December\n        \n        \n          1885\n          Birth of a sister; she dies in \n               1894\n        \n        \n          1886\n          Death of \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               father\n        \n        \n          1889\n          Map of \n               Europedrawn by \n               William Stanley Braithwaiteis\n               exhibited at the \n               Parisfair\n        \n        \n          1890\n          William Stanley Braithwaite, age\n               12, obtains first job (selling newspapers in \n               Boston)\n        \n        \n          1898\n          William Stanley Braithwaitemanages\n               a \n               Newport, Rhode\n               Islandbookstore\n        \n        \n          1901\n          Publishes first novel, \n               The Canadian, A Novel\n        \n        \n          1903\n          Marries \n               Emma Kellyon 30 June; seven\n               children: \n               Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n               Braithwaite(Mrs. \n               Merrill Carter), \n               Katherine Keats Braithwaite(Mrs. \n               William J. Arnold), \n               William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr., \n               Edith Carman Braithwaite(Mrs.\n               Agard), \n               Paul Ledoux Braithwaite, \n               Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite, \n               Francis Robinson\n               Braithwaite\n        \n        \n          1904\n          Publishes \n               Lyrics of Life and Love\n        \n        \n          1906\n          Edits \n               The Book of Elizabethan Verse; elected to the \n               Boston Author's Clubwith the\n               support of \n               Thomas Wentworth Higginsonand \n               Julia Ward Howe; begins writing for\n               the \n               Boston Evening Transcripton 14 February; he reviews American poetry and\n               poets and writes essays\n        \n        \n          1907\n          William Stanley Braithwaitepoem\n               \"White Magic\", honoring \n               John Greenleaf Whittier, is read by\n               Braithwaite at Faneuil Hall, \n               Boston, Massachusettson 17\n               December\n        \n        \n          1908\n          Publishes \n               The House of Falling Leaves; writes an essay introduction for \n               The Wounded Eros: Sonnetsby Charles Gibson\n        \n        \n          1909\n          Publishes poem \"Sandy Star\" in the July issue of \n               Atlantic Monthly; also edits \n               The Book of Georgian Verse\n        \n        \n          1909-1910\n          Plans \n               \"The Book of Victorian Verse\"but it is never published\n        \n        \n          1910\n          Edits \n               The Book of Restoration Verse\n        \n        \n          1912-1914\n          Sporadically publishes and edits \n               Poetry Journaluntil it is taken over by others\n        \n        \n          1913-1929\n          Edits \n               Anthology of Magazine Verse and Yearbook of\n                  American Poetry For The Year . . .until 1929\n        \n        \n          1915\n          William Stanley Braithwaitepoem\n               \"The Mystery\" is published in the October issue of \n               Scribners; literary criticism by Braithwaite is\n               published in \n               The Poetry Journal, \n               \"Poetry of The Public\"; he organizes the \n               New England Poetry Clubwith \n               Edward J. O'Brien\n        \n        \n          1916\n          Edits \n               Representative American Poetrywith \n               Henry Thomas Schittkind; also edits\n               The Poetic Year For 1916and \n               The Poets of The Future: A College Anthology\n                  of 1915/16\n        \n        \n          1916-1917\n          Edits \n               The Stratford Monthlywith \n               Henry Thomas Schnittkind\n        \n        \n          1917\n          Plans a book, \n               \"The Seven Wisdoms of Grainne\"but does not complete it; accepts honorary\n               membership in \n               Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity\n        \n        \n          1918\n          Awarded the Spingarn Medal, \n               First Baptist Church, \n               Providence, Rhode Island, during a\n               meeting of the \n               National Association For The Advancement of\n               Colored People(NAACP) on 3 May for\n               \"distinguished achievement in literature\"; edits \n               The Golden Treasury of Magazine Verse; awarded an honorary A. M. (Masters) degree\n               from \n               Atlanta Universityfor his poetry\n               and a Litt.D. from \n               Talladega College; writes\n               introduction to \n               The Heart of A Woman And Other Poemsby \n               Georgia D. Johnson\n        \n        \n          1919\n          Publishes \n               The Story of The Great War; edits \n               Victory! Celebrated By Thirty-eight American\n                  Poets; literary criticism published in \n               The Crisis, \"Some Contemporary Poets of The Negro Race\";\n               edits \n               The Book of Modern British Verse\n        \n        \n          1920\n          Publishes \n               Our Essayists And Critics Today\n        \n        \n          1921\n          Writes introduction to \n               The Beggars' Visionby \n               Brookes More; publishes poetry\n               volume, \n               A Tale Of A Walled Town And Other\n                  Verses\n        \n        \n          1921-1927\n          Founds and becomes editor-in-chief of \n               B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n               Companywith \n               Winifred Jacksonas a partner and\n               company treasurer; she buys the company in 1925, the\n               same year of its bankruptcy(?) (Several documents in the\n               collection indicate the company may have remained\n               solvent until 1929.)\n        \n        \n          1922\n          William Stanley Braithwaiteedits \n               Anthology of Massachusetts Poets; \n               B. J. Brimmerpublishes \n               Bronze: A Book of Verseby \n               Georgia Douglas Johnson\n        \n        \n          1924\n          B. J. Brimmerpublishes \n               Confusionby \n               James Gould Cozzens; \n               William Stanley\n               Braithwaitepublishes \"The New Negro In\n               Literature\" in \n               The Crisis, and, \n               Going Over Tindal, A Novel\n        \n        \n          1928\n          Death of \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               mother; he publishes a book of stories, \n               Frost On The Green Leaf\n        \n        \n          1931\n          Edits \n               Our Lady's Choir: A Contemporary Anthology of\n                  Verses By Catholic Sisters\n        \n        \n          1934\n          Literary criticism, \"The Novels of Jessie Faust,\"\n               published in \n               Opportunity\n        \n        \n          1934-1935\n          Appointed Professor of Creative Literature at \n               Atlanta University; retires in\n               1945\n        \n        \n          1935\n          Alan F. Peterof the \n               Poetry Digest Associationplans a\n               1935 issue of \n               Anthology of Magazine Verseand offers \n               William Stanley Braithwaitethe\n               opportunity of providing editorial assistance\n        \n        \n          1936\n          William Stanley Braithwaitewrites\n               introduction to \n               We Lift Our Voices And Other Poemsby \n               Mae V. Cowdery\n        \n        \n          1937\n          Sterling Brown, in \n               Negro Poetry \u0026 Drama, praises \n               William Stanley Braithwaiteas a\n               poetry critic\n        \n        \n          1938\n          William Stanley Braithwaiteserves\n               on a program committee for the \n               Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n               Colleges(later \n               The College Language\n               Association)\n        \n        \n          1939\n          Death of \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               paternal uncle, \n               Edward John Braithwaite, age 85, in\n               September\n        \n        \n          1940\n          William Stanley\n               Braithwaitepublishes \n               The Years Between 1918-39and \n               Poems, New and Selected\n        \n        \n          1941-1942\n          William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               autobiography, \n               \"The House Under Acturus\"is serialized in five installments in \n               Phylonduring 1942; it tells the story of his life up\n               to the publication of his first book of poems in\n               1904\n        \n        \n          1942\n          An M. A. thesis by \n               Alma Westine Stoneof \n               Atlanta Universityexamines \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               career\n        \n        \n          1945\n          Retires from \n               Atlanta Universityand moves to \n               Harlem, New York City\n        \n        \n          1947\n          Publishes an article in \n               Negro Digest, \"Negro America's First Magazine\"\n        \n        \n          1948\n          Publishes \n               Selected Poems\n        \n        \n          1950\n          Publishes \n               The Bewitched Parsonage: The Story of The\n                  Brontes\n        \n        \n          1956\n          Interviewed by \n               Columbia University's Oral History Research\n               Officefrom May to June: \n               \"The Reminiscences of William S.\n                  Braithwaite\"\n        \n        \n          1957\n          Literary criticism published in \n               Phylon, \"Alain Locke's Relationship To The Negro In\n               American Literature\"; death of \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               brother Arthur on 24 September\n        \n        \n          1958\n          Co-edits 1958 \n               Anthology of Magazine Versewith \n               Margaret Carpenter, a \n               Norfolk, Virginia, poet and\n               admirer; it includes a selection of poetry from the\n               previous anthologies; \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's\n               efforts are hampered by his failing eyesight\n        \n        \n          1959\n          An \n               American Poetry Societydinner is\n               held in \n               William Stanley Braithwaite's honor\n               in \n               New York City; he writes the\n               preface to \n               A Voice In Ramah: Poemsby \n               Marion Buchman\n        \n        \n          1962\n          Death of \n               William Stanley Braithwaite, age\n               83, on 8 June in \n               New York City; funeral held on 12\n               June"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\n            Papers, Accession 8990-b, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["William Stanley Braithwaite\n            Papers, Accession 8990-b, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Includes form letter from \n                     \u003cpersname\u003eEdmund Clarence Stedman\u003c/persname\u003e; a\n                     letter from \n                     \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003eto\n                     a Mr. McCourtie, 9 January 1919, pertaining to a\n                     speaking engagement for the \n                     \u003ccorpname\u003ePoetry Society\u003c/corpname\u003eand mentions\n                     Lady \n                     \u003cpersname\u003eLeonora Speyer\u003c/persname\u003e. ]\u003c/p\u003e\n            ","\u003cp\u003e[including 80th birthday congratulations from \n                     \u003cpersname\u003eMark Van Doren\u003c/persname\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n            ","\u003cp\u003e[including copy of a Nicholas \n                     \u003cpersname\u003eVachel Lindsay\u003c/persname\u003eletter 1917\n                     January 1 re \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eBirth of A Nation\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand Southern racism]\u003c/p\u003e\n            ","\u003cp\u003e[Including a 1934 November 2 letter from \n                     \u003cpersname\u003eW. E. B. Du Bois\u003c/persname\u003e--attached to\n                     letter, 8 November 1934]\u003c/p\u003e\n            ","\u003cp\u003e[Including proof of \n                  \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Veiled Door\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n                  \u003cpersname\u003eCaroline Giltinan\u003c/persname\u003e(folder 1) and\n                  a typescript of \"Since Cezanne\" by \n                  \u003cpersname\u003eClive Bell\u003c/persname\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n          "],"scopecontent_tesim":["[Includes form letter from \n                     Edmund Clarence Stedman; a\n                     letter from \n                     William Stanley Braithwaiteto\n                     a Mr. McCourtie, 9 January 1919, pertaining to a\n                     speaking engagement for the \n                     Poetry Societyand mentions\n                     Lady \n                     Leonora Speyer. ]","[including 80th birthday congratulations from \n                     Mark Van Doren]","[including copy of a Nicholas \n                     Vachel Lindsayletter 1917\n                     January 1 re \n                     Birth of A Nationand Southern racism]","[Including a 1934 November 2 letter from \n                     W. E. B. Du Bois--attached to\n                     letter, 8 November 1934]","[Including proof of \n                  The Veiled Doorby \n                  Caroline Giltinan(folder 1) and\n                  a typescript of \"Since Cezanne\" by \n                  Clive Bell]"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. 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Gannaway","William Stanley\n                     Braithwaite","Edmund Clarence Stedman","Leonora Speyer","Mark Van Doren","Vachel Lindsay","Arnold\n                     Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe\n                     Braithwaite","Edith Carman\n                     Braithwaite","Edward John\n                     Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe\n                     Braithwaite","Emma Kelly\n                     Braithwaite","W. E. B. Du Bois","Stanley Braithwaite","Fiona Lydia\n                     Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n                     Braithwaite","Katherine Keats\n                     Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux\n                     Braithwaite","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n                     Jr.","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n                        Jr.","Lillian K. Coleman","Lillian\n                     Valentine","Sadie De Wolfe\n                     (Braithwaite)","Sally Kelly","Lucy Williams","Richard G. Badger","Maurine Boie","Witter Bynner","Bliss Carman","Margaret\n                     Carpenter","Joy Gerbaulet Clairmonte","Ruby Rose Drake","Sophie Hagemann Duckworth","George Elliston","Eva Knox Evans","Ernst B. Filsinger","Elizabeth Hollister Frost","Marion P. Gale","Iva L. Handy","Henry E. Harman","John Hughes","Mitchell Kennerly","Helen Kent","Frederic Lawrence Knowles","Mary Sinton Leitch","Francis Mason","Edith Mirick","Winifred V.\n                     Jackson","Edwin Arlington Robinson","Edna Davis Romig","Lew Sarett","Sara Teasdale","Eunice Tietjens","Mary Pollard Tynes","Louis Untermeyer","Arthur Upson","Henry Van Dyke","Harold Vinal","Ovid","Clinton Scollard","Caroline Giltinan","Clive Bell","William Thackeray","William Dean Howells","Louis Hubert Guyol"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":214,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:32:33.870Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cchronlist\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eBIOGRAPHICAL CHRONOLOGY OF WILLIAM STANLEY\n            BRAITHWAITE\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1875\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eMarriage of \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n               parents \n               \u003cpersname\u003eEmma DeWolfe (1860-1928)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Smith Braithwaite\n               (1853-1886)\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1876\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eBirth of \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n               sister, \n               \u003cpersname\u003eEva Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1878\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eBirth of \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003ein \n               \u003cgeogname\u003eBoston, Massachusetts\u003c/geogname\u003eon 6\n               December\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1885\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eBirth of a sister; she dies in \n               \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1894\u003c/date\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1886\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eDeath of \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n               father\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1889\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eMap of \n               \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003edrawn by \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003eis\n               exhibited at the \n               \u003cgeogname\u003eParis\u003c/geogname\u003efair\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1890\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, age\n               12, obtains first job (selling newspapers in \n               \u003cgeogname\u003eBoston\u003c/geogname\u003e)\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1898\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003emanages\n               a \n               \u003cgeogname\u003eNewport, Rhode\n               Island\u003c/geogname\u003ebookstore\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1901\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003ePublishes first novel, \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Canadian, A Novel\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1903\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eMarries \n               \u003cpersname\u003eEmma Kelly\u003c/persname\u003eon 30 June; seven\n               children: \n               \u003cpersname\u003eFiona Lydia Rossetti\n               Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e(Mrs. \n               \u003cpersname\u003eMerrill Carter\u003c/persname\u003e), \n               \u003cpersname\u003eKatherine Keats Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e(Mrs. \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam J. Arnold\u003c/persname\u003e), \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, \n               \u003cpersname\u003eEdith Carman Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e(Mrs.\n               Agard), \n               \u003cpersname\u003ePaul Ledoux Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, \n               \u003cpersname\u003eArnold DeWolfe Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, \n               \u003cpersname\u003eFrancis Robinson\n               Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1904\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eLyrics of Life and Love\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1906\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Book of Elizabethan Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; elected to the \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eBoston Author's Club\u003c/corpname\u003ewith the\n               support of \n               \u003cpersname\u003eThomas Wentworth Higginson\u003c/persname\u003eand \n               \u003cpersname\u003eJulia Ward Howe\u003c/persname\u003e; begins writing for\n               the \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eBoston Evening Transcript\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eon 14 February; he reviews American poetry and\n               poets and writes essays\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1907\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003epoem\n               \"White Magic\", honoring \n               \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Greenleaf Whittier\u003c/persname\u003e, is read by\n               Braithwaite at Faneuil Hall, \n               \u003cgeogname\u003eBoston, Massachusetts\u003c/geogname\u003eon 17\n               December\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1908\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe House of Falling Leaves\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; writes an essay introduction for \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Wounded Eros: Sonnets\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby Charles Gibson\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1909\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003ePublishes poem \"Sandy Star\" in the July issue of \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAtlantic Monthly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; also edits \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Book of Georgian Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1909-1910\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003ePlans \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"The Book of Victorian Verse\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ebut it is never published\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1910\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Book of Restoration Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1912-1914\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSporadically publishes and edits \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePoetry Journal\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003euntil it is taken over by others\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1913-1929\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAnthology of Magazine Verse and Yearbook of\n                  American Poetry For The Year . . .\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003euntil 1929\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1915\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003epoem\n               \"The Mystery\" is published in the October issue of \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eScribners\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; literary criticism by Braithwaite is\n               published in \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Poetry Journal\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"Poetry of The Public\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; he organizes the \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eNew England Poetry Club\u003c/corpname\u003ewith \n               \u003cpersname\u003eEdward J. O'Brien\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1916\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eRepresentative American Poetry\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith \n               \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Thomas Schittkind\u003c/persname\u003e; also edits\n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Poetic Year For 1916\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Poets of The Future: A College Anthology\n                  of 1915/16\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1916-1917\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Stratford Monthly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith \n               \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Thomas Schnittkind\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1917\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003ePlans a book, \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"The Seven Wisdoms of Grainne\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ebut does not complete it; accepts honorary\n               membership in \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eAlpha Phi Alpha fraternity\u003c/corpname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1918\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eAwarded the Spingarn Medal, \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eFirst Baptist Church\u003c/corpname\u003e, \n               \u003cgeogname\u003eProvidence, Rhode Island\u003c/geogname\u003e, during a\n               meeting of the \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eNational Association For The Advancement of\n               Colored People\u003c/corpname\u003e(NAACP) on 3 May for\n               \"distinguished achievement in literature\"; edits \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Golden Treasury of Magazine Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; awarded an honorary A. M. (Masters) degree\n               from \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eAtlanta University\u003c/corpname\u003efor his poetry\n               and a Litt.D. from \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eTalladega College\u003c/corpname\u003e; writes\n               introduction to \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Heart of A Woman And Other Poems\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n               \u003cpersname\u003eGeorgia D. Johnson\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1919\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Story of The Great War\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; edits \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eVictory! Celebrated By Thirty-eight American\n                  Poets\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; literary criticism published in \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Crisis\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, \"Some Contemporary Poets of The Negro Race\";\n               edits \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Book of Modern British Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1920\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eOur Essayists And Critics Today\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1921\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eWrites introduction to \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Beggars' Vision\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n               \u003cpersname\u003eBrookes More\u003c/persname\u003e; publishes poetry\n               volume, \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eA Tale Of A Walled Town And Other\n                  Verses\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1921-1927\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eFounds and becomes editor-in-chief of \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eB. J. Brimmer Publishing\n               Company\u003c/corpname\u003ewith \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWinifred Jackson\u003c/persname\u003eas a partner and\n               company treasurer; she buys the company in 1925, the\n               same year of its bankruptcy(?) (Several documents in the\n               collection indicate the company may have remained\n               solvent until 1929.)\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1922\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003eedits \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAnthology of Massachusetts Poets\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eB. J. Brimmer\u003c/corpname\u003epublishes \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eBronze: A Book of Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n               \u003cpersname\u003eGeorgia Douglas Johnson\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1924\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003e\u003ccorpname\u003eB. J. Brimmer\u003c/corpname\u003epublishes \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eConfusion\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n               \u003cpersname\u003eJames Gould Cozzens\u003c/persname\u003e; \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley\n               Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003epublishes \"The New Negro In\n               Literature\" in \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Crisis\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, and, \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eGoing Over Tindal, A Novel\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1928\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eDeath of \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n               mother; he publishes a book of stories, \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eFrost On The Green Leaf\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1931\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eOur Lady's Choir: A Contemporary Anthology of\n                  Verses By Catholic Sisters\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1934\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eLiterary criticism, \"The Novels of Jessie Faust,\"\n               published in \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eOpportunity\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1934-1935\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eAppointed Professor of Creative Literature at \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eAtlanta University\u003c/corpname\u003e; retires in\n               1945\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1935\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eAlan F. Peter\u003c/persname\u003eof the \n               \u003ccorpname\u003ePoetry Digest Association\u003c/corpname\u003eplans a\n               1935 issue of \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAnthology of Magazine Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand offers \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003ethe\n               opportunity of providing editorial assistance\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1936\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003ewrites\n               introduction to \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eWe Lift Our Voices And Other Poems\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n               \u003cpersname\u003eMae V. Cowdery\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1937\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eSterling Brown\u003c/persname\u003e, in \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eNegro Poetry \u0026amp; Drama\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, praises \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003eas a\n               poetry critic\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1938\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003eserves\n               on a program committee for the \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eAssociation of Teachers of English in Negro\n               Colleges\u003c/corpname\u003e(later \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eThe College Language\n               Association\u003c/corpname\u003e)\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1939\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eDeath of \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n               paternal uncle, \n               \u003cpersname\u003eEdward John Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, age 85, in\n               September\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1940\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley\n               Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003epublishes \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Years Between 1918-39\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePoems, New and Selected\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1941-1942\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n               autobiography, \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"The House Under Acturus\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eis serialized in five installments in \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePhylon\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eduring 1942; it tells the story of his life up\n               to the publication of his first book of poems in\n               1904\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1942\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eAn M. A. thesis by \n               \u003cpersname\u003eAlma Westine Stone\u003c/persname\u003eof \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eAtlanta University\u003c/corpname\u003eexamines \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n               career\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1945\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eRetires from \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eAtlanta University\u003c/corpname\u003eand moves to \n               \u003cgeogname\u003eHarlem, New York City\u003c/geogname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1947\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003ePublishes an article in \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eNegro Digest\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, \"Negro America's First Magazine\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1948\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eSelected Poems\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1950\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Bewitched Parsonage: The Story of The\n                  Brontes\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1956\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eInterviewed by \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eColumbia University's Oral History Research\n               Office\u003c/corpname\u003efrom May to June: \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"The Reminiscences of William S.\n                  Braithwaite\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1957\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eLiterary criticism published in \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePhylon\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, \"Alain Locke's Relationship To The Negro In\n               American Literature\"; death of \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n               brother Arthur on 24 September\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1958\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eCo-edits 1958 \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAnthology of Magazine Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith \n               \u003cpersname\u003eMargaret Carpenter\u003c/persname\u003e, a \n               \u003cgeogname\u003eNorfolk, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, poet and\n               admirer; it includes a selection of poetry from the\n               previous anthologies; \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n               efforts are hampered by his failing eyesight\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1959\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eAn \n               \u003ccorpname\u003eAmerican Poetry Society\u003c/corpname\u003edinner is\n               held in \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's honor\n               in \n               \u003cgeogname\u003eNew York City\u003c/geogname\u003e; he writes the\n               preface to \n               \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eA Voice In Ramah: Poems\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n               \u003cpersname\u003eMarion Buchman\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n        \u003cchronitem\u003e\n          \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1962\u003c/date\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eDeath of \n               \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, age\n               83, on 8 June in \n               \u003cgeogname\u003eNew York City\u003c/geogname\u003e; funeral held on 12\n               June\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003c/chronlist\u003e\n    "]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00186_c04_c04_c17"}},{"id":"viu_viu00917_c02_c555","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Wickes to Low Moor on\n                  equipment, 1906","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c02_c555#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c02_c555","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00917_c02_c555"],"id":"viu_viu00917_c02_c555","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c02","parent_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n         1873-1927","Records"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wickes to Low Moor on\n                  equipment","title_ssm":["Wickes to Low Moor on\n                  equipment"],"title_tesim":["Wickes to Low Moor on\n                  equipment"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wickes to Low Moor on\n                  equipment, 1906"],"text":["Wickes to Low Moor on\n                  equipment, 1906","Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n         1873-1927","Records","box Box 62"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n         1873-1927","Records"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n         1873-1927","Records"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1906"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1906"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":739,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n         1873-1927"],"containers_ssim":["box Box 62"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1906],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#554","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:33:41.315Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00917","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00917.xml","title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n         1873-1927"],"title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n         1873-1927"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n         1873-1927"],"text":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n         1873-1927","662","95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes","Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections.","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.","The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         To Mr. George Wickes \n            Supt. of Mines \n            Kay Moor, Virginia \n            Dear George, \n            Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.Signed, \n            Ed D. Wickes Supt. of MinesLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         Manufacturers Recorddated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.","The Low Moor Iron Company ceased operations in 1930;\n            what happened to the records of the company in the years\n            immediately following is not known, but in 1939, the Green\n            Bookman, a Charlottesville bookshop, sold the records to\n            the University of Virginia Library.","The records arrived at the receiving room door of the\n            new Alderman Library on October 16, 1939, in a trailer\n            truck whose load was estimated to weigh about fourteen\n            tons. As the manuscripts staff dug around in the piles of\n            over 1200 account books, and countless boxes of papers they\n            realized that the company had saved almost all of its\n            papers including checks, invoices, vouchers, and receipts,\n            and certain of these records were destroyed as their\n            information was recorded in other records. Once the bulk of\n            the collection had been reduced, the remaining records were\n            transferred to the stack area of the Division of Rare Books\n            and Manuscripts.","By 1958, little storage space remained in Alderman\n            Library, and the Rare Books and Manuscripts Division was\n            especially crowded because of the rapid growth of its\n            collections. After an examination of its storage areas, the\n            division's staff decided to move the Low Moor records to\n            the attic of one of the student dormitories. The collection\n            had had little use chiefly because there was no finding\n            aid. There seemed little likelihood of extensive researcher\n            use until the collection could be processed.","In preparation for the move, the old letter boxes in\n            which much of the collection had arrived in the Library\n            were discarded. The records from each box were placed\n            between sheets of the heavy gray cardboard used to protect\n            unbound newspapers in the Library's stacks, and the spine\n            labels of the old letter boxes were copied onto the\n            cardboard. The resulting bundles were wrapped with brown\n            Kraft paper and tied up with string. The bundles were\n            numbered. Whatever original order the letter boxes may have\n            had was lost by the time they arrived in the Library, and\n            after the bundling, removal to a dormitory attic, and\n            subsequent return to the Library in 1976, all vestiges of\n            the original order were lost.","The bundles remained in the dormitory attic for almost\n            twenty years. Occasional visits were made by the division\n            staff to check on their condition, and on very rare\n            occasions, a researcher was brave enough to ask to be shown\n            the collection. Once the researcher saw the imposing amount\n            of material and the conditions in the attic, interest in\n            using the collection invariably died.","In late 1976 a grant from the National Endowment for the\n            Humanities was obtained to allow the Library to process the\n            Low Moor Iron Company papers, and the papers of Edward L.\n            Stone and the Borderland Coal Company, another large\n            collection of records stored in the same dormitory attic.\n            All of these records and papers were moved back to the\n            Library where the bundles were cleaned and opened. The\n            contents of each were placed in a Hollinger storage box,\n            and all notes on the paper wrappings and on the gray\n            cardboard sheets were recorded.","The more than 1200 bound accounting records of the Low\n            Moor Iron Company were surveyed by the grant project staff.\n            The contents of each volume were noted on a mimeographed\n            form, and later typed on 3 x 5\" cards to create a\n            readily-accessible file for the Manuscripts Reading Room.\n            This information was also typed on pages to be added to\n            this guide.","The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n         1873-1927"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n         1873-1927"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["662"],"unitid_tesim":["662"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Green Bookman in\n            1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAs noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eSome consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eCoal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026amp; O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026amp; O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo Mr. George Wickes \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eSupt. of Mines \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eKay Moor, Virginia \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDear George, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eTony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSigned, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEd D. Wickes Supt. of Mines\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhen America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhy did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eManufacturers Record\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003edated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company Personnel:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eExecutive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eFactory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         To Mr. George Wickes \n            Supt. of Mines \n            Kay Moor, Virginia \n            Dear George, \n            Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.Signed, \n            Ed D. Wickes Supt. of MinesLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         Manufacturers Recorddated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company ceased operations in 1930;\n            what happened to the records of the company in the years\n            immediately following is not known, but in 1939, the Green\n            Bookman, a Charlottesville bookshop, sold the records to\n            the University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eThe records arrived at the receiving room door of the\n            new Alderman Library on October 16, 1939, in a trailer\n            truck whose load was estimated to weigh about fourteen\n            tons. As the manuscripts staff dug around in the piles of\n            over 1200 account books, and countless boxes of papers they\n            realized that the company had saved almost all of its\n            papers including checks, invoices, vouchers, and receipts,\n            and certain of these records were destroyed as their\n            information was recorded in other records. Once the bulk of\n            the collection had been reduced, the remaining records were\n            transferred to the stack area of the Division of Rare Books\n            and Manuscripts.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company ceased operations in 1930;\n            what happened to the records of the company in the years\n            immediately following is not known, but in 1939, the Green\n            Bookman, a Charlottesville bookshop, sold the records to\n            the University of Virginia Library.","The records arrived at the receiving room door of the\n            new Alderman Library on October 16, 1939, in a trailer\n            truck whose load was estimated to weigh about fourteen\n            tons. As the manuscripts staff dug around in the piles of\n            over 1200 account books, and countless boxes of papers they\n            realized that the company had saved almost all of its\n            papers including checks, invoices, vouchers, and receipts,\n            and certain of these records were destroyed as their\n            information was recorded in other records. Once the bulk of\n            the collection had been reduced, the remaining records were\n            transferred to the stack area of the Division of Rare Books\n            and Manuscripts."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome 1200 bound accounting record books of the Low Moor\n            Iron Company came into the custody of the Library with the\n            loose papers. When the project staff investigated these\n            volumes in the dormitory attic where they were stored, they\n            found that the volumes had been shelved by size rather than\n            by series. Thus, a letterbook may stand next to a stock\n            report book for a furnace, which is, in turn, next to a\n            store account book for the Kay Moor Mines' store. No series\n            are shelved in order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eMembers of the project staff surveyed the volumes,\n            completing for each volume two copies of a mimeographed\n            survey form, and assigning to each volume a number. One\n            copy of the survey report form was placed in the volume,\n            and the second was returned to the Library.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eFrom the survey report forms, 3 x 5 inch index\n            cards--with a carbon copy of each--were typed. One set of\n            index cards has been kept in order by the numbers assigned\n            to the volumes as they stand on the shelves. This provides\n            a shelf list for the use of the library staff. The other\n            set of cards was sorted into categories as a finding aid.\n            On the list that follows, the researcher will find a number\n            of major headings such as \"Accounts,\" \"Inventories,\"\n            \"Letter Books,\" and \"Shipments-Outgoing.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eInsofar as it has been possible to determine from the\n            data on the survey report forms, the volumes have been\n            assigned to categories. Most of the major categories, or\n            headings, have sub-headings. Within those sub-headings, the\n            volumes have been arranged chronologically. The\n            investigators realize that after careful study of some of\n            these volumes, they will be revealed as belonging to other\n            categories than those in which they have initially been\n            placed. The card index will allow such movement.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eAvailable in the Manuscripts/Archives Reading Room in\n            the Library is the sorted card index file. There is a card\n            for every volume in this file whereas, on the pages that\n            follow, volumes have been summarized under the headings and\n            sub-headings. In each case, the number of volumes has been\n            given in the summarized list; the date ranges given are\n            inclusive in most cases, and do not reveal the many gaps in\n            sequences unless the number of volumes is small and the\n            date range wide. Occasional remarks about the content of\n            volumes have been supplied if the contents are not obvious\n            from the heading or sub-heading.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to examine any of these volumes will\n            have to use the card index file in order to be able to give\n            to the staff the volume number assigned to the individual\n            volumes that are to be inspected.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Other Finding Aid"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["Some 1200 bound accounting record books of the Low Moor\n            Iron Company came into the custody of the Library with the\n            loose papers. When the project staff investigated these\n            volumes in the dormitory attic where they were stored, they\n            found that the volumes had been shelved by size rather than\n            by series. Thus, a letterbook may stand next to a stock\n            report book for a furnace, which is, in turn, next to a\n            store account book for the Kay Moor Mines' store. No series\n            are shelved in order.","Members of the project staff surveyed the volumes,\n            completing for each volume two copies of a mimeographed\n            survey form, and assigning to each volume a number. One\n            copy of the survey report form was placed in the volume,\n            and the second was returned to the Library.","From the survey report forms, 3 x 5 inch index\n            cards--with a carbon copy of each--were typed. One set of\n            index cards has been kept in order by the numbers assigned\n            to the volumes as they stand on the shelves. This provides\n            a shelf list for the use of the library staff. The other\n            set of cards was sorted into categories as a finding aid.\n            On the list that follows, the researcher will find a number\n            of major headings such as \"Accounts,\" \"Inventories,\"\n            \"Letter Books,\" and \"Shipments-Outgoing.\"","Insofar as it has been possible to determine from the\n            data on the survey report forms, the volumes have been\n            assigned to categories. Most of the major categories, or\n            headings, have sub-headings. Within those sub-headings, the\n            volumes have been arranged chronologically. The\n            investigators realize that after careful study of some of\n            these volumes, they will be revealed as belonging to other\n            categories than those in which they have initially been\n            placed. The card index will allow such movement.","Available in the Manuscripts/Archives Reading Room in\n            the Library is the sorted card index file. There is a card\n            for every volume in this file whereas, on the pages that\n            follow, volumes have been summarized under the headings and\n            sub-headings. In each case, the number of volumes has been\n            given in the summarized list; the date ranges given are\n            inclusive in most cases, and do not reveal the many gaps in\n            sequences unless the number of volumes is small and the\n            date range wide. Occasional remarks about the content of\n            volumes have been supplied if the contents are not obvious\n            from the heading or sub-heading.","Researchers wishing to examine any of these volumes will\n            have to use the card index file in order to be able to give\n            to the staff the volume number assigned to the individual\n            volumes that are to be inspected."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers of the Low Moor Iron Company, Accession #662,\n            Special Collections, University of Virginia Library,\n            Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company, Accession #662,\n            Special Collections, University of Virginia Library,\n            Charlottesville, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBy 1958, little storage space remained in Alderman\n            Library, and the Rare Books and Manuscripts Division was\n            especially crowded because of the rapid growth of its\n            collections. After an examination of its storage areas, the\n            division's staff decided to move the Low Moor records to\n            the attic of one of the student dormitories. The collection\n            had had little use chiefly because there was no finding\n            aid. There seemed little likelihood of extensive researcher\n            use until the collection could be processed.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eIn preparation for the move, the old letter boxes in\n            which much of the collection had arrived in the Library\n            were discarded. The records from each box were placed\n            between sheets of the heavy gray cardboard used to protect\n            unbound newspapers in the Library's stacks, and the spine\n            labels of the old letter boxes were copied onto the\n            cardboard. The resulting bundles were wrapped with brown\n            Kraft paper and tied up with string. The bundles were\n            numbered. Whatever original order the letter boxes may have\n            had was lost by the time they arrived in the Library, and\n            after the bundling, removal to a dormitory attic, and\n            subsequent return to the Library in 1976, all vestiges of\n            the original order were lost.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eThe bundles remained in the dormitory attic for almost\n            twenty years. Occasional visits were made by the division\n            staff to check on their condition, and on very rare\n            occasions, a researcher was brave enough to ask to be shown\n            the collection. Once the researcher saw the imposing amount\n            of material and the conditions in the attic, interest in\n            using the collection invariably died.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eIn late 1976 a grant from the National Endowment for the\n            Humanities was obtained to allow the Library to process the\n            Low Moor Iron Company papers, and the papers of Edward L.\n            Stone and the Borderland Coal Company, another large\n            collection of records stored in the same dormitory attic.\n            All of these records and papers were moved back to the\n            Library where the bundles were cleaned and opened. The\n            contents of each were placed in a Hollinger storage box,\n            and all notes on the paper wrappings and on the gray\n            cardboard sheets were recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eThe more than 1200 bound accounting records of the Low\n            Moor Iron Company were surveyed by the grant project staff.\n            The contents of each volume were noted on a mimeographed\n            form, and later typed on 3 x 5\" cards to create a\n            readily-accessible file for the Manuscripts Reading Room.\n            This information was also typed on pages to be added to\n            this guide.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["By 1958, little storage space remained in Alderman\n            Library, and the Rare Books and Manuscripts Division was\n            especially crowded because of the rapid growth of its\n            collections. After an examination of its storage areas, the\n            division's staff decided to move the Low Moor records to\n            the attic of one of the student dormitories. The collection\n            had had little use chiefly because there was no finding\n            aid. There seemed little likelihood of extensive researcher\n            use until the collection could be processed.","In preparation for the move, the old letter boxes in\n            which much of the collection had arrived in the Library\n            were discarded. The records from each box were placed\n            between sheets of the heavy gray cardboard used to protect\n            unbound newspapers in the Library's stacks, and the spine\n            labels of the old letter boxes were copied onto the\n            cardboard. The resulting bundles were wrapped with brown\n            Kraft paper and tied up with string. The bundles were\n            numbered. Whatever original order the letter boxes may have\n            had was lost by the time they arrived in the Library, and\n            after the bundling, removal to a dormitory attic, and\n            subsequent return to the Library in 1976, all vestiges of\n            the original order were lost.","The bundles remained in the dormitory attic for almost\n            twenty years. Occasional visits were made by the division\n            staff to check on their condition, and on very rare\n            occasions, a researcher was brave enough to ask to be shown\n            the collection. Once the researcher saw the imposing amount\n            of material and the conditions in the attic, interest in\n            using the collection invariably died.","In late 1976 a grant from the National Endowment for the\n            Humanities was obtained to allow the Library to process the\n            Low Moor Iron Company papers, and the papers of Edward L.\n            Stone and the Borderland Coal Company, another large\n            collection of records stored in the same dormitory attic.\n            All of these records and papers were moved back to the\n            Library where the bundles were cleaned and opened. The\n            contents of each were placed in a Hollinger storage box,\n            and all notes on the paper wrappings and on the gray\n            cardboard sheets were recorded.","The more than 1200 bound accounting records of the Low\n            Moor Iron Company were surveyed by the grant project staff.\n            The contents of each volume were noted on a mimeographed\n            form, and later typed on 3 x 5\" cards to create a\n            readily-accessible file for the Manuscripts Reading Room.\n            This information was also typed on pages to be added to\n            this guide."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThis material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1879,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:33:41.315Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c02_c555"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53_c02","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Wilkinson, Lucy Meade (Allen), 1905/1941","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53_c02","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53_c02"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53_c02","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53","parent_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Wi-Wy"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01","viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wilkinson, Lucy Meade (Allen)","title_ssm":["Wilkinson, Lucy Meade (Allen)"],"title_tesim":["Wilkinson, Lucy Meade (Allen)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wilkinson, Lucy Meade (Allen), 1905/1941"],"text":["Wilkinson, Lucy Meade (Allen), 1905/1941","Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Wi-Wy","Box 9","Folder 6"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Wi-Wy"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Wi-Wy"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1905/1941"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ante 1905 - post 1941"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":551,"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"containers_ssim":["Box 9","Folder 6"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026 Mary assumes no responsibility."],"date_range_isim":[1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#52/components#1","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:49:03.421Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9298.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Tyler Family Papers, Group D","title_ssm":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D"],"title_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D"],"unitdate_ssm":["1939-1951"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1951"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939/1951"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"text":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Mss. 65 T97 Group D","/repositories/2/resources/9298","Women--History--Virginia","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)","Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026 Mary assumes no responsibility.","Sue Ruffin Tyler was a scholar and wife of Lyon Gardiner Tyler, son of US President John Tyler.","See also Tyler Family Papers, Groups A-C, E-H, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.","Papers, 1939-1951, of Sue Ruffin Tyler concerning a projected work, The Women of Virginia. Includes biographical sketches of women, correspondence with women who had sent sketches and were subscribers, and correspondence of Robert Hendrix who collected money from the subscribers but was unable to publish the book. Sue Ruffin Tyler contracted to write the historical material for a book on women in Virginia, to have been entitled The Women of Virginia. Living women were to submit sketches of themselves and their organizations and to subscribe to the volume. The volume was never published.","Biographical sketches of women and some correspondence with women who had sent sketches. Dates refer to either the birth and death dates of the individual woman, or the dates they were alive and active.","Photograph.","Includes photographs.","Includes photographs.","See \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\" and Bourne, Rosa Jones.","See also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"","Photograph.","See also \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia.\"","See also Hollywood Memorial Association","Includes photographs.","Photograph.","Photograph.","Includes photographs.","See also Astor, Lady Nancy (Langhorne), see also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day.\"","See also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"","See also \"Lynchburg's Confederate Women\"","See Holland, Annie W.","Includes photographs.","See also Borockenborough, Emily (Baskerville).","See also \"Distinguished Women of Southwest Virginia.\"","See \"Noted Women in the Locality.\"","Includes photographs.","See \"Important Women of the Lynchburg Florence Crittenden Home.\"","Includes photographs.","See \"Famous Women- Fredericksburg, Virginia\", see also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day.\"","See \"Noted Women in the Locality.\"","See also \"Across My Path\" excerpts.","Includes photographs.","See Henry, Dorthea (Dandridge).","See also \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia.\"","See also \"Narrative of the Insurrection 1675-1690.\"","See also \"Narratives of the Insurrection 1675-1690.\"","Includes photographs.","See \"Some Significant Women of Richmond.\"","See Upshur, Mary J.S.","See \"Important Women of Lynchburg\"","See also Bryan, Mrs. Joseph.","Includes photographs.","See also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"","Includes photographs.","Photograph.","See \"Important Women of Lynchburg.\"","See \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See Humphreys, Margaret","Photograph.","Photograph.","See \"Important Women of Lynchburg\"","See also \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See also \"Distinguished Women of Southwest Virginia\"","See also Cocke, Elizabeth (Cates)","Includes photographs.","See Across My Path excerpts","See \"Noted Women in the Locality\"","See \"Noted Women in the Locality\"","Includes photographs.","See \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","Includes photographs.","See also \"Across My Path\" excerpts.","See also \"Famous Women--Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See \"Important Women of Lynchburg\"","Includes photographs.","See Lee, Rebecca Taylor","See Livingston family","See \"Important Women of Lynchburg\"","Includes photographs.","Includes photographs.","Includes photographs.","See also Appomattox, Queen of. Includes photograph.","See The James excerpts","See The James excerpts","See also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"","Photographs.","See also \"Distinguished Women of Southwest Virginia\"","See also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"","See also Across My Path excerpts","See Randolph, Sarah Nicholas","See also Astor, Lady Nancy (Langhorne)","Includes photographs.","3 items, including photographs","See \"Noted Women in the Locality\"","Includes photographs.","See also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day.\" Includes photographs.","See Across My Path excerpts","See \"Famous Women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See Lewis, Hildah","4 items, including photographs","See \"Distinguished Women of Southwest Virginia\"","See Booker, Sallie Cook","See Bryan, Mrs. Joseph","See also Jordan, Cornelia Jane (Matthews)","See also \"Famous women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia","See Wiley, Mary Evans","3 items, including photographs","See also \"Some Significant Women of Richmond.\" Includes photographs.","See Across My Path excerpts","See Rives, Amelia","Iincludes photograph.","See also Bodeker, Anne Whitehead; \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"; \"Some Significant Women of Richmond\"","Includes photograph.","See also \"Famous Women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See \"Famous Women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See \"Famous Women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"","See \"Important Women of the Lynchburg Florence Crittenden Home\"","See Martin, William H. (Mrs.)","See Humphreys, Margaret","DeLeon, Thomas Cooker.","Ellet, Elizabeth F. (Lummas).","Waylander, John Walter.","Andrews, Charles McLean.","Preliminary correspondence with Robert Hendrix concerning the Women of Virginia project; references for Robert Hendrix.","Correspondence with prospective members of the Board of Advisors including acceptances of the position, rejections of the  position, and suggestions for the project.  Correspondence between Robert Hendrix and Sue (Ruffin) Tyler concerning terms of their agreement and preliminary steps to prepare the work.","Correspondence with prospective members of the Board of Advisors; correspondence with Robert Hendrix; subscription forms for The Women of Virginia; correspondence with the writers of articles to be included in the work; correspondence with the bank concerning funds for the project.","The Southern Historical Publishing Association's correspondence with subscribers to The Women of Virginia; copies of subscription forms; correspondence with writers and members of the advisory board.","Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia; subscription forms, The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers.","The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with writers of sketches and subscribers; subscription forms; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia.","The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with writers of sketches and subscribers; subscription forms; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia. 53","The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers; Sue Ruffin Tyler's correspondence with prospective writers.","The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers; Subscription forms; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with prospective writers and friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia.","Subscription forms for The Women of Virginia; The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning the project.","Subscription forms; The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers; notices to Robert Hendrix from the credit bureau; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with prospective writers, publishers, and friends concerning Robert Hendrix's financial difficulties.","Letters giving Sue (Ruffin) Tyler permission to publish articles in The Women of Virginia; inquiries from subscribers on the status of the book; correspondence concerning problems with Robert Hendrix.","Correspondence between Robert Hendrix and Sue (Ruffin) Tyler concerning the funds and research materials for the project; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends concerning the problems with the project; a form letter from Sue (Ruffin) Tyler to the subscribers explaining the financial difficulties and problems with Robert Hendrix; response letters from irate subscribers.","Letters giving Sue (Ruffin) Tyler permission to publish articles in The Women of Virginia; letters from irate subscribers to Robert Hendrix and Sue (Ruffin) Tyler; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with her attorney concerning getting back money and/or research materials from Robert Hendrix.","Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with her attorney, Robert Hendrix, publishers, and friends concerning The Women of Virginia.","Correspondence with prospective writers and suggestions from friends and acquaintances for The Women of Virginia.","Robert Hendrix's correspondence with subscribers; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia.","A sketch of the Table of Contents and a rough draft of the author's introduction for The Women of Virginia; a list of historians, a list of advisors, and a business card for The Women of Virginia.","Sample of the printed volume format.","Sample of the printed volume format.","Special Collections Research Center","Tyler Family","Tyler family","Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"collection_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 65 T97 Group D","/repositories/2/resources/9298"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 65 T97 Group D","/repositories/2/resources/9298"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","Tyler Family"],"creator_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","Tyler Family"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Tyler Family","Tyler family"],"creators_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","Special Collections Research Center","Tyler Family","Tyler family"],"acqinfo_ssim":["W\u0026amp;M Special Collections Research Center began acquiring and collecting Tyler family papers in 1922 and the collection has grown considerably since. The vast majority of this collection was donated by generous family and friends of the Tyler family between 1922 and 2002, with the bulk of the collection being donated to in 1949 by Mrs. Sue Ruffin Tyler and in 1955 by the children of Lyon G. Tyler. Some materials in this collection were purchased by W\u0026M Libraries, Special Collections Research Center."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women--History--Virginia","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women--History--Virginia","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["14.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["14.00 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026amp; Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026 Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSue Ruffin Tyler was a scholar and wife of Lyon Gardiner Tyler, son of US President John Tyler.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Sue Ruffin Tyler was a scholar and wife of Lyon Gardiner Tyler, son of US President John Tyler."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTyler Family Papers, Group D, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also Tyler Family Papers, Groups A-C, E-H, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also Tyler Family Papers, Groups A-C, E-H, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers, 1939-1951, of Sue Ruffin Tyler concerning a projected work, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Women of Virginia\u003c/emph\u003e. Includes biographical sketches of women, correspondence with women who had sent sketches and were subscribers, and correspondence of Robert Hendrix who collected money from the subscribers but was unable to publish the book. Sue Ruffin Tyler contracted to write the historical material for a book on women in Virginia, to have been entitled The Women of Virginia. Living women were to submit sketches of themselves and their organizations and to subscribe to the volume. The volume was never published.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eBiographical sketches of women and some correspondence with women who had sent sketches. Dates refer to either the birth and death dates of the individual woman, or the dates they were alive and active.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\" and Bourne, Rosa Jones.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also Hollywood Memorial Association\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also Astor, Lady Nancy (Langhorne), see also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Lynchburg's Confederate Women\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Holland, Annie W.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also Borockenborough, Emily (Baskerville).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Distinguished Women of Southwest Virginia.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Noted Women in the Locality.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Important Women of the Lynchburg Florence Crittenden Home.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Famous Women- Fredericksburg, Virginia\", see also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Noted Women in the Locality.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Across My Path\" excerpts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Henry, Dorthea (Dandridge).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Narrative of the Insurrection 1675-1690.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Narratives of the Insurrection 1675-1690.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Some Significant Women of Richmond.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Upshur, Mary J.S.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Important Women of Lynchburg\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also Bryan, Mrs. Joseph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Important Women of Lynchburg.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Humphreys, Margaret\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Important Women of Lynchburg\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Distinguished Women of Southwest Virginia\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also Cocke, Elizabeth (Cates)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Across My Path excerpts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Noted Women in the Locality\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Noted Women in the Locality\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Across My Path\" excerpts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Famous Women--Fredericksburg, Virginia\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Important Women of Lynchburg\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Lee, Rebecca Taylor\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Livingston family\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Important Women of Lynchburg\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also Appomattox, Queen of. Includes photograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee The James excerpts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee The James excerpts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Distinguished Women of Southwest Virginia\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also Across My Path excerpts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Randolph, Sarah Nicholas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also Astor, Lady Nancy (Langhorne)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3 items, including photographs\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Noted Women in the Locality\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day.\" Includes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Across My Path excerpts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Famous Women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Lewis, Hildah\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 items, including photographs\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Distinguished Women of Southwest Virginia\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Booker, Sallie Cook\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Bryan, Mrs. Joseph\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also Jordan, Cornelia Jane (Matthews)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Famous women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Wiley, Mary Evans\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3 items, including photographs\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Some Significant Women of Richmond.\" Includes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Across My Path excerpts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Rives, Amelia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIincludes photograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also Bodeker, Anne Whitehead; \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"; \"Some Significant Women of Richmond\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Famous Women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Famous Women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Famous Women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee \"Important Women of the Lynchburg Florence Crittenden Home\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Martin, William H. (Mrs.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Humphreys, Margaret\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDeLeon, Thomas Cooker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEllet, Elizabeth F. (Lummas).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWaylander, John Walter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAndrews, Charles McLean.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePreliminary correspondence with Robert Hendrix concerning the Women of Virginia project; references for Robert Hendrix.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence with prospective members of the Board of Advisors including acceptances of the position, rejections of the  position, and suggestions for the project.  Correspondence between Robert Hendrix and Sue (Ruffin) Tyler concerning terms of their agreement and preliminary steps to prepare the work.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence with prospective members of the Board of Advisors; correspondence with Robert Hendrix; subscription forms for The Women of Virginia; correspondence with the writers of articles to be included in the work; correspondence with the bank concerning funds for the project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Historical Publishing Association's correspondence with subscribers to The Women of Virginia; copies of subscription forms; correspondence with writers and members of the advisory board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia; subscription forms, The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Historical Association's correspondence with writers of sketches and subscribers; subscription forms; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Historical Association's correspondence with writers of sketches and subscribers; subscription forms; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia. 53\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers; Sue Ruffin Tyler's correspondence with prospective writers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers; Subscription forms; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with prospective writers and friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubscription forms for The Women of Virginia; The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning the project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubscription forms; The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers; notices to Robert Hendrix from the credit bureau; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with prospective writers, publishers, and friends concerning Robert Hendrix's financial difficulties.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters giving Sue (Ruffin) Tyler permission to publish articles in The Women of Virginia; inquiries from subscribers on the status of the book; correspondence concerning problems with Robert Hendrix.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence between Robert Hendrix and Sue (Ruffin) Tyler concerning the funds and research materials for the project; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends concerning the problems with the project; a form letter from Sue (Ruffin) Tyler to the subscribers explaining the financial difficulties and problems with Robert Hendrix; response letters from irate subscribers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters giving Sue (Ruffin) Tyler permission to publish articles in The Women of Virginia; letters from irate subscribers to Robert Hendrix and Sue (Ruffin) Tyler; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with her attorney concerning getting back money and/or research materials from Robert Hendrix.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with her attorney, Robert Hendrix, publishers, and friends concerning The Women of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence with prospective writers and suggestions from friends and acquaintances for The Women of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert Hendrix's correspondence with subscribers; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA sketch of the Table of Contents and a rough draft of the author's introduction for The Women of Virginia; a list of historians, a list of advisors, and a business card for The Women of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSample of the printed volume format.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSample of the printed volume format.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers, 1939-1951, of Sue Ruffin Tyler concerning a projected work, The Women of Virginia. Includes biographical sketches of women, correspondence with women who had sent sketches and were subscribers, and correspondence of Robert Hendrix who collected money from the subscribers but was unable to publish the book. Sue Ruffin Tyler contracted to write the historical material for a book on women in Virginia, to have been entitled The Women of Virginia. Living women were to submit sketches of themselves and their organizations and to subscribe to the volume. The volume was never published.","Biographical sketches of women and some correspondence with women who had sent sketches. Dates refer to either the birth and death dates of the individual woman, or the dates they were alive and active.","Photograph.","Includes photographs.","Includes photographs.","See \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\" and Bourne, Rosa Jones.","See also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"","Photograph.","See also \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia.\"","See also Hollywood Memorial Association","Includes photographs.","Photograph.","Photograph.","Includes photographs.","See also Astor, Lady Nancy (Langhorne), see also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day.\"","See also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"","See also \"Lynchburg's Confederate Women\"","See Holland, Annie W.","Includes photographs.","See also Borockenborough, Emily (Baskerville).","See also \"Distinguished Women of Southwest Virginia.\"","See \"Noted Women in the Locality.\"","Includes photographs.","See \"Important Women of the Lynchburg Florence Crittenden Home.\"","Includes photographs.","See \"Famous Women- Fredericksburg, Virginia\", see also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day.\"","See \"Noted Women in the Locality.\"","See also \"Across My Path\" excerpts.","Includes photographs.","See Henry, Dorthea (Dandridge).","See also \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia.\"","See also \"Narrative of the Insurrection 1675-1690.\"","See also \"Narratives of the Insurrection 1675-1690.\"","Includes photographs.","See \"Some Significant Women of Richmond.\"","See Upshur, Mary J.S.","See \"Important Women of Lynchburg\"","See also Bryan, Mrs. Joseph.","Includes photographs.","See also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"","Includes photographs.","Photograph.","See \"Important Women of Lynchburg.\"","See \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See Humphreys, Margaret","Photograph.","Photograph.","See \"Important Women of Lynchburg\"","See also \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See also \"Distinguished Women of Southwest Virginia\"","See also Cocke, Elizabeth (Cates)","Includes photographs.","See Across My Path excerpts","See \"Noted Women in the Locality\"","See \"Noted Women in the Locality\"","Includes photographs.","See \"Famous Women-Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","Includes photographs.","See also \"Across My Path\" excerpts.","See also \"Famous Women--Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See \"Important Women of Lynchburg\"","Includes photographs.","See Lee, Rebecca Taylor","See Livingston family","See \"Important Women of Lynchburg\"","Includes photographs.","Includes photographs.","Includes photographs.","See also Appomattox, Queen of. Includes photograph.","See The James excerpts","See The James excerpts","See also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"","Photographs.","See also \"Distinguished Women of Southwest Virginia\"","See also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"","See also Across My Path excerpts","See Randolph, Sarah Nicholas","See also Astor, Lady Nancy (Langhorne)","Includes photographs.","3 items, including photographs","See \"Noted Women in the Locality\"","Includes photographs.","See also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day.\" Includes photographs.","See Across My Path excerpts","See \"Famous Women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See Lewis, Hildah","4 items, including photographs","See \"Distinguished Women of Southwest Virginia\"","See Booker, Sallie Cook","See Bryan, Mrs. Joseph","See also Jordan, Cornelia Jane (Matthews)","See also \"Famous women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia","See Wiley, Mary Evans","3 items, including photographs","See also \"Some Significant Women of Richmond.\" Includes photographs.","See Across My Path excerpts","See Rives, Amelia","Iincludes photograph.","See also Bodeker, Anne Whitehead; \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"; \"Some Significant Women of Richmond\"","Includes photograph.","See also \"Famous Women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See \"Famous Women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See \"Famous Women -- Fredericksburg, Virginia\"","See also \"Forgotten Women of an Early Day\"","See \"Important Women of the Lynchburg Florence Crittenden Home\"","See Martin, William H. (Mrs.)","See Humphreys, Margaret","DeLeon, Thomas Cooker.","Ellet, Elizabeth F. (Lummas).","Waylander, John Walter.","Andrews, Charles McLean.","Preliminary correspondence with Robert Hendrix concerning the Women of Virginia project; references for Robert Hendrix.","Correspondence with prospective members of the Board of Advisors including acceptances of the position, rejections of the  position, and suggestions for the project.  Correspondence between Robert Hendrix and Sue (Ruffin) Tyler concerning terms of their agreement and preliminary steps to prepare the work.","Correspondence with prospective members of the Board of Advisors; correspondence with Robert Hendrix; subscription forms for The Women of Virginia; correspondence with the writers of articles to be included in the work; correspondence with the bank concerning funds for the project.","The Southern Historical Publishing Association's correspondence with subscribers to The Women of Virginia; copies of subscription forms; correspondence with writers and members of the advisory board.","Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia; subscription forms, The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers.","The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with writers of sketches and subscribers; subscription forms; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia.","The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with writers of sketches and subscribers; subscription forms; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia. 53","The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers; Sue Ruffin Tyler's correspondence with prospective writers.","The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers; Subscription forms; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with prospective writers and friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia.","Subscription forms for The Women of Virginia; The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning the project.","Subscription forms; The Southern Historical Association's correspondence with subscribers; notices to Robert Hendrix from the credit bureau; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with prospective writers, publishers, and friends concerning Robert Hendrix's financial difficulties.","Letters giving Sue (Ruffin) Tyler permission to publish articles in The Women of Virginia; inquiries from subscribers on the status of the book; correspondence concerning problems with Robert Hendrix.","Correspondence between Robert Hendrix and Sue (Ruffin) Tyler concerning the funds and research materials for the project; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends concerning the problems with the project; a form letter from Sue (Ruffin) Tyler to the subscribers explaining the financial difficulties and problems with Robert Hendrix; response letters from irate subscribers.","Letters giving Sue (Ruffin) Tyler permission to publish articles in The Women of Virginia; letters from irate subscribers to Robert Hendrix and Sue (Ruffin) Tyler; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with her attorney concerning getting back money and/or research materials from Robert Hendrix.","Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with her attorney, Robert Hendrix, publishers, and friends concerning The Women of Virginia.","Correspondence with prospective writers and suggestions from friends and acquaintances for The Women of Virginia.","Robert Hendrix's correspondence with subscribers; Sue (Ruffin) Tyler's correspondence with friends and acquaintances concerning suggestions for The Women of Virginia.","A sketch of the Table of Contents and a rough draft of the author's introduction for The Women of Virginia; a list of historians, a list of advisors, and a business card for The Women of Virginia.","Sample of the printed volume format.","Sample of the printed volume format."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"famname_ssim":["Tyler Family","Tyler family"],"names_coll_ssim":["Tyler family"],"persname_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Tyler Family","Tyler family","Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":678,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:49:03.421Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53_c02"}},{"id":"viu_viu01005_c01_c01_c06","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"William Allan Perkins to Anne \"Nannie\"\n                     Henderson (Perkins) and Henry Lowndes\n                     Maury, 1898/1942","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01005_c01_c01_c06#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01005_c01_c01_c06","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01005_c01_c01_c06"],"id":"viu_viu01005_c01_c01_c06","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01005","_root_":"viu_viu01005","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01005_c01_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01005_c01_c01","parent_ssim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers","I. Maury and Perkins Family\n               Papers","Correspondence"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01005","viu_viu01005_c01","viu_viu01005_c01_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"William Allan Perkins to Anne \"Nannie\"\n                     Henderson (Perkins) and Henry Lowndes\n                     Maury","title_ssm":["William Allan Perkins to Anne \"Nannie\"\n                     Henderson (Perkins) and Henry Lowndes\n                     Maury"],"title_tesim":["William Allan Perkins to Anne \"Nannie\"\n                     Henderson (Perkins) and Henry Lowndes\n                     Maury"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William Allan Perkins to Anne \"Nannie\"\n                     Henderson (Perkins) and Henry Lowndes\n                     Maury, 1898/1942"],"text":["William Allan Perkins to Anne \"Nannie\"\n                     Henderson (Perkins) and Henry Lowndes\n                     Maury, 1898/1942","Maury and Perkins Family Papers","I. Maury and Perkins Family\n               Papers","Correspondence","Box Box 1"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers","I. Maury and Perkins Family\n               Papers","Correspondence"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers","I. Maury and Perkins Family\n               Papers","Correspondence"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1898/1942"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1898-1942"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":8,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"containers_ssim":["Box Box 1"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#0/components#5","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:33:41.315Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01005","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01005","_root_":"viu_viu01005","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01005","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01005.xml","title_ssm":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"text":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers","10492-c","ca. 550 items","Collection is open to research.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities","This material, assembled by \n         Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeelsfor her books, \n         One American Family: Some Maury Memories, Legends,\n            and Recordsand \n         Some Distaff Forbears: Perkins, Henderson, Watson,\n            Price, Norris, Opie, Kelly, consists of ca. 550 items, 1767(1883-1955)1985, and\n         includes original letters and papers of the \n         Mauryand \n         Perkinsfamilies as\n         well as Mrs. Skeels' notes and copies of material from various\n         repositories.","The correspondence and other material of the Maury and\n         Perkins family pertain chiefly to the family of \n         Eliza Norris (Watson)(1844-1936) and \n         George Perkins(1846-1918) and their\n         children and spouses, \n         Hay Watson (Perkins)(1873-19 ) and \n         George Rust Bedinger Michie(1870-19 ), \n         Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins)(1874-1960) and \n         Henry Lowndes Maury(1875-1959), and \n         William Allan Perkins(1880-19 ) and his\n         wife \n         Hazlehurst Bolton(1882-19 ). There are\n         also letters from \n         Hortensia Hay Watson(1838-19 ), \n         Eliza Maury's sister; letters from \n         Nannie Jessie Maury(Mrs. \n         Matthew Fontaine Maury) to her son, \n         Henry Lowndes; and, a farm book of \n         Egbert Reed Watson(1810-1887), \n         Eliza Maury's father.","The majority of the original letters are written to \n         Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins) Mauryin \n         Butte, Montanafrom her family in \n         Charlottesville, Virginiaand contain much\n         personal news about family members and friends. One letter of\n         interest, dated May 1, 1894, written to Haidee and Nannie\n         Perkins from \n         Bessie P. Woods, a missionary doctor's\n         wife, in \n         Tsing Kiang, China, describes the\n         customs, language, and clothing of the people, and explains\n         the needs for foreign missions. Another interesting letter,\n         November 18, 1898, from \n         Ellen Maury Slayden, in \n         San Antonio, Texas, enlightens Nannie on\n         living out west and describes the \"differences between Eastern\n         and Western people.\" During 1898-1935, \n         Eliza Norris (Watson)\n         Perkinswrote to her daughter, Nannie, discussing\n         news of family and friends in great detail, and mentioning\n         events in \n         Charlottesville. There are two letters in\n         1901 with news of \n         Charlottesville: April 15, concerning the\n         election to the Virginia Constitutional Convention; and, May\n         23, describing the city and surrounding area during a flood\n         caused by heavy rainfall, mentioning such sites as the new\n         iron bridge, \n         Holladay House, and \n         Woolen Mills. There are also several\n         letters mentioning persons associated with the \n         University of Virginia: November 28, 1932\n         and October 16, 1933, \n         John Lloyd Newcomb's tea for Lord and\n         Lady Astor and his appointment as President of the University;\n         February 13, 1933, \n         Frank Abbott's death and \n         John Staige Davis' illness; and, July 16,\n         1934, \n         John W. Davis' speech at the Institute of\n         Public Affairs. A December 13, 1934 letter describes her train\n         trip from \n         Butte, Montanato her home in \n         Charlottesville.","George Perkinsalso wrote to his daughter,\n         Nannie, after her marriage to \n         Henry Lowndes Mauryon November 22, 1898\n         and their subsequent departure to \n         Butte, Montana. While he wrote personal\n         letters to his daughter, he wrote more professional ones to\n         his son-in-law. Many of his letters to Lowndes refer to the\n         latter's legal business, especially his partnerships with \n         Clayberg and Corbettand with \n         Pemberton and Maury(August 25 and\n         September 9, 1899), legal cases, and his being made President\n         of the \n         Bar Association in Butte(December 19,\n         1906). His letters offered support and advice concerning some\n         of these matters. One interesting letter, December 26, 1910,\n         gave a lengthy account of a distant relative's, \n         Charles Alphonso Smith(1864-1924), a \n         University of Virginiaprofessor,\n         successful visit to \n         Berlin, including a lunch with Kaiser\n         Wilhelm and a visit to the palace at \n         Potsdam.","Other letters of interest to Nannie from her family\n         include: September 4, 1899, from her brother, \n         William Allan Perkins, describing a\n         fishing trip that took him across \n         West Virginiaand \n         Ohioto a camp near \n         Sault Ste. Marie; May 9 and June 3, 1918,\n         from her aunt, \n         Hortensia Hay Watson, mentioning the \n         University of Virginia Base Hospitaland\n         occurrences during World War I.","In addition, there are travel journals, with transcripts,\n         of \n         Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n         Mauryand \n         Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins. During\n         July and August 1891, Nannie kept a journal on her travels\n         from \n         Charlottesvilleto various places in \n         Virginiaand \n         New York, and \n         Washington, D.C., describing the sites\n         vividly. In July 1910, \n         Lizzie Perkinstravelled from \n         Charlottesvilleto \n         Butte, Montanato visit her daughter and\n         her family, writing of the trip in a small notebook.","The research material includes Mrs. Skeels' correspondence\n         and notes, biographies and genealogies, and copies of material\n         from various repositories concerning the \n         Maury, \n         Perkins, \n         Watson, \n         Norris, and related families. There is much\n         material pertaining to \n         Matthew Fontaine Maury(1806-1873), the\n         first great American oceanographer. Copies of original family\n         letters, diaries, and papers have been placed in this\n         series.","The material has been organized into three series: I. Maury\n         and Perkins Family Papers; II. Research Material of Lydia\n         Lowndes Maury Skeels; and, III. Oversize Material. Folders in\n         the first two series are arranged alphabetically, and material\n         within is in chronological order.","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Holladay House","Woolen Mills","University of Virginia","Clayberg and Corbett","Pemberton and Maury","Bar Association in Butte","University of Virginia Base Hospital","Maury","Perkins","Watson","Norris","Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeels","Eliza Norris (Watson)","George Perkins","Hay Watson (Perkins)","George Rust Bedinger Michie","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins)","Henry Lowndes Maury","William Allan Perkins","Hazlehurst Bolton","Hortensia Hay Watson","Eliza Maury","Nannie Jessie Maury","Matthew Fontaine Maury","Henry Lowndes","Egbert Reed Watson","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins) Maury","Bessie P. Woods","Ellen Maury Slayden","Eliza Norris (Watson)\n         Perkins","John Lloyd Newcomb","Frank Abbott","John Staige Davis","John W. Davis","Charles Alphonso Smith","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n         Maury","Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins","Lizzie Perkins","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["10492-c"],"unitid_tesim":["10492-c"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Lydia Lowndes Maury\n         Skeels"],"creator_ssim":["Lydia Lowndes Maury\n         Skeels"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeels","Eliza Norris (Watson)","George Perkins","Hay Watson (Perkins)","George Rust Bedinger Michie","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins)","Henry Lowndes Maury","William Allan Perkins","Hazlehurst Bolton","Hortensia Hay Watson","Eliza Maury","Nannie Jessie Maury","Matthew Fontaine Maury","Henry Lowndes","Egbert Reed Watson","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins) Maury","Bessie P. Woods","Ellen Maury Slayden","Eliza Norris (Watson)\n         Perkins","John Lloyd Newcomb","Frank Abbott","John Staige Davis","John W. Davis","Charles Alphonso Smith","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n         Maury","Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins","Lizzie Perkins"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Holladay House","Woolen Mills","University of Virginia","Clayberg and Corbett","Pemberton and Maury","Bar Association in Butte","University of Virginia Base Hospital"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Maury","Perkins","Watson","Norris"],"creators_ssim":["Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeels","Eliza Norris (Watson)","George Perkins","Hay Watson (Perkins)","George Rust Bedinger Michie","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins)","Henry Lowndes Maury","William Allan Perkins","Hazlehurst Bolton","Hortensia Hay Watson","Eliza Maury","Nannie Jessie Maury","Matthew Fontaine Maury","Henry Lowndes","Egbert Reed Watson","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins) Maury","Bessie P. Woods","Ellen Maury Slayden","Eliza Norris (Watson)\n         Perkins","John Lloyd Newcomb","Frank Abbott","John Staige Davis","John W. Davis","Charles Alphonso Smith","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n         Maury","Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins","Lizzie Perkins","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Holladay House","Woolen Mills","University of Virginia","Clayberg and Corbett","Pemberton and Maury","Bar Association in Butte","University of Virginia Base Hospital","Maury","Perkins","Watson","Norris"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the Library by Lydia\n            Lowndes Maury Skeels of Storrs, Connecticut, on July 24,\n            1987."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["ca. 550 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaury and Perkins Family\n            Papers, Accession 10492-c, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Maury and Perkins Family\n            Papers, Accession 10492-c, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material, assembled by \n         \u003cpersname\u003eLydia Lowndes Maury Skeels\u003c/persname\u003efor her books, \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eOne American Family: Some Maury Memories, Legends,\n            and Records\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eSome Distaff Forbears: Perkins, Henderson, Watson,\n            Price, Norris, Opie, Kelly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, consists of ca. 550 items, 1767(1883-1955)1985, and\n         includes original letters and papers of the \n         \u003cfamname normal=\"Maury family\"\u003eMaury\u003c/famname\u003eand \n         \u003cfamname normal=\"Perkins family\"\u003ePerkins\u003c/famname\u003efamilies as\n         well as Mrs. Skeels' notes and copies of material from various\n         repositories.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence and other material of the Maury and\n         Perkins family pertain chiefly to the family of \n         \u003cpersname\u003eEliza Norris (Watson)\u003c/persname\u003e(1844-1936) and \n         \u003cpersname\u003eGeorge Perkins\u003c/persname\u003e(1846-1918) and their\n         children and spouses, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHay Watson (Perkins)\u003c/persname\u003e(1873-19 ) and \n         \u003cpersname\u003eGeorge Rust Bedinger Michie\u003c/persname\u003e(1870-19 ), \n         \u003cpersname\u003eAnne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins)\u003c/persname\u003e(1874-1960) and \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Lowndes Maury\u003c/persname\u003e(1875-1959), and \n         \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Allan Perkins\u003c/persname\u003e(1880-19 ) and his\n         wife \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHazlehurst Bolton\u003c/persname\u003e(1882-19 ). There are\n         also letters from \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHortensia Hay Watson\u003c/persname\u003e(1838-19 ), \n         \u003cpersname\u003eEliza Maury\u003c/persname\u003e's sister; letters from \n         \u003cpersname\u003eNannie Jessie Maury\u003c/persname\u003e(Mrs. \n         \u003cpersname\u003eMatthew Fontaine Maury\u003c/persname\u003e) to her son, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Lowndes\u003c/persname\u003e; and, a farm book of \n         \u003cpersname\u003eEgbert Reed Watson\u003c/persname\u003e(1810-1887), \n         \u003cpersname\u003eEliza Maury\u003c/persname\u003e's father.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the original letters are written to \n         \u003cpersname normal=\"Anne Perkins Maury\"\u003eAnne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins) Maury\u003c/persname\u003ein \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eButte, Montana\u003c/geogname\u003efrom her family in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003eand contain much\n         personal news about family members and friends. One letter of\n         interest, dated May 1, 1894, written to Haidee and Nannie\n         Perkins from \n         \u003cpersname\u003eBessie P. Woods\u003c/persname\u003e, a missionary doctor's\n         wife, in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eTsing Kiang, China\u003c/geogname\u003e, describes the\n         customs, language, and clothing of the people, and explains\n         the needs for foreign missions. Another interesting letter,\n         November 18, 1898, from \n         \u003cpersname\u003eEllen Maury Slayden\u003c/persname\u003e, in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eSan Antonio, Texas\u003c/geogname\u003e, enlightens Nannie on\n         living out west and describes the \"differences between Eastern\n         and Western people.\" During 1898-1935, \n         \u003cpersname normal=\"Eliza Watson Perkins\"\u003eEliza Norris (Watson)\n         Perkins\u003c/persname\u003ewrote to her daughter, Nannie, discussing\n         news of family and friends in great detail, and mentioning\n         events in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003e. There are two letters in\n         1901 with news of \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003e: April 15, concerning the\n         election to the Virginia Constitutional Convention; and, May\n         23, describing the city and surrounding area during a flood\n         caused by heavy rainfall, mentioning such sites as the new\n         iron bridge, \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eHolladay House\u003c/corpname\u003e, and \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eWoolen Mills\u003c/corpname\u003e. There are also several\n         letters mentioning persons associated with the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003e: November 28, 1932\n         and October 16, 1933, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Lloyd Newcomb\u003c/persname\u003e's tea for Lord and\n         Lady Astor and his appointment as President of the University;\n         February 13, 1933, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eFrank Abbott\u003c/persname\u003e's death and \n         \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Staige Davis\u003c/persname\u003e' illness; and, July 16,\n         1934, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eJohn W. Davis\u003c/persname\u003e' speech at the Institute of\n         Public Affairs. A December 13, 1934 letter describes her train\n         trip from \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eButte, Montana\u003c/geogname\u003eto her home in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eGeorge Perkins\u003c/persname\u003ealso wrote to his daughter,\n         Nannie, after her marriage to \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Lowndes Maury\u003c/persname\u003eon November 22, 1898\n         and their subsequent departure to \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eButte, Montana\u003c/geogname\u003e. While he wrote personal\n         letters to his daughter, he wrote more professional ones to\n         his son-in-law. Many of his letters to Lowndes refer to the\n         latter's legal business, especially his partnerships with \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eClayberg and Corbett\u003c/corpname\u003eand with \n         \u003ccorpname\u003ePemberton and Maury\u003c/corpname\u003e(August 25 and\n         September 9, 1899), legal cases, and his being made President\n         of the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eBar Association in Butte\u003c/corpname\u003e(December 19,\n         1906). His letters offered support and advice concerning some\n         of these matters. One interesting letter, December 26, 1910,\n         gave a lengthy account of a distant relative's, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eCharles Alphonso Smith\u003c/persname\u003e(1864-1924), a \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003eprofessor,\n         successful visit to \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eBerlin\u003c/geogname\u003e, including a lunch with Kaiser\n         Wilhelm and a visit to the palace at \n         \u003cgeogname\u003ePotsdam\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOther letters of interest to Nannie from her family\n         include: September 4, 1899, from her brother, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Allan Perkins\u003c/persname\u003e, describing a\n         fishing trip that took him across \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eWest Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003eand \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eOhio\u003c/geogname\u003eto a camp near \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eSault Ste. Marie\u003c/geogname\u003e; May 9 and June 3, 1918,\n         from her aunt, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHortensia Hay Watson\u003c/persname\u003e, mentioning the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia Base Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003eand\n         occurrences during World War I.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn addition, there are travel journals, with transcripts,\n         of \n         \u003cpersname\u003eAnne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n         Maury\u003c/persname\u003eand \n         \u003cpersname\u003eEliza Norris (Watson) Perkins\u003c/persname\u003e. During\n         July and August 1891, Nannie kept a journal on her travels\n         from \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003eto various places in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003eand \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eNew York\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eWashington, D.C.\u003c/geogname\u003e, describing the sites\n         vividly. In July 1910, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eLizzie Perkins\u003c/persname\u003etravelled from \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003eto \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eButte, Montana\u003c/geogname\u003eto visit her daughter and\n         her family, writing of the trip in a small notebook.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe research material includes Mrs. Skeels' correspondence\n         and notes, biographies and genealogies, and copies of material\n         from various repositories concerning the \n         \u003cfamname\u003eMaury\u003c/famname\u003e, \n         \u003cfamname\u003ePerkins\u003c/famname\u003e, \n         \u003cfamname\u003eWatson\u003c/famname\u003e, \n         \u003cfamname\u003eNorris\u003c/famname\u003e, and related families. There is much\n         material pertaining to \n         \u003cpersname\u003eMatthew Fontaine Maury\u003c/persname\u003e(1806-1873), the\n         first great American oceanographer. Copies of original family\n         letters, diaries, and papers have been placed in this\n         series.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe material has been organized into three series: I. Maury\n         and Perkins Family Papers; II. Research Material of Lydia\n         Lowndes Maury Skeels; and, III. Oversize Material. Folders in\n         the first two series are arranged alphabetically, and material\n         within is in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This material, assembled by \n         Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeelsfor her books, \n         One American Family: Some Maury Memories, Legends,\n            and Recordsand \n         Some Distaff Forbears: Perkins, Henderson, Watson,\n            Price, Norris, Opie, Kelly, consists of ca. 550 items, 1767(1883-1955)1985, and\n         includes original letters and papers of the \n         Mauryand \n         Perkinsfamilies as\n         well as Mrs. Skeels' notes and copies of material from various\n         repositories.","The correspondence and other material of the Maury and\n         Perkins family pertain chiefly to the family of \n         Eliza Norris (Watson)(1844-1936) and \n         George Perkins(1846-1918) and their\n         children and spouses, \n         Hay Watson (Perkins)(1873-19 ) and \n         George Rust Bedinger Michie(1870-19 ), \n         Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins)(1874-1960) and \n         Henry Lowndes Maury(1875-1959), and \n         William Allan Perkins(1880-19 ) and his\n         wife \n         Hazlehurst Bolton(1882-19 ). There are\n         also letters from \n         Hortensia Hay Watson(1838-19 ), \n         Eliza Maury's sister; letters from \n         Nannie Jessie Maury(Mrs. \n         Matthew Fontaine Maury) to her son, \n         Henry Lowndes; and, a farm book of \n         Egbert Reed Watson(1810-1887), \n         Eliza Maury's father.","The majority of the original letters are written to \n         Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins) Mauryin \n         Butte, Montanafrom her family in \n         Charlottesville, Virginiaand contain much\n         personal news about family members and friends. One letter of\n         interest, dated May 1, 1894, written to Haidee and Nannie\n         Perkins from \n         Bessie P. Woods, a missionary doctor's\n         wife, in \n         Tsing Kiang, China, describes the\n         customs, language, and clothing of the people, and explains\n         the needs for foreign missions. Another interesting letter,\n         November 18, 1898, from \n         Ellen Maury Slayden, in \n         San Antonio, Texas, enlightens Nannie on\n         living out west and describes the \"differences between Eastern\n         and Western people.\" During 1898-1935, \n         Eliza Norris (Watson)\n         Perkinswrote to her daughter, Nannie, discussing\n         news of family and friends in great detail, and mentioning\n         events in \n         Charlottesville. There are two letters in\n         1901 with news of \n         Charlottesville: April 15, concerning the\n         election to the Virginia Constitutional Convention; and, May\n         23, describing the city and surrounding area during a flood\n         caused by heavy rainfall, mentioning such sites as the new\n         iron bridge, \n         Holladay House, and \n         Woolen Mills. There are also several\n         letters mentioning persons associated with the \n         University of Virginia: November 28, 1932\n         and October 16, 1933, \n         John Lloyd Newcomb's tea for Lord and\n         Lady Astor and his appointment as President of the University;\n         February 13, 1933, \n         Frank Abbott's death and \n         John Staige Davis' illness; and, July 16,\n         1934, \n         John W. Davis' speech at the Institute of\n         Public Affairs. A December 13, 1934 letter describes her train\n         trip from \n         Butte, Montanato her home in \n         Charlottesville.","George Perkinsalso wrote to his daughter,\n         Nannie, after her marriage to \n         Henry Lowndes Mauryon November 22, 1898\n         and their subsequent departure to \n         Butte, Montana. While he wrote personal\n         letters to his daughter, he wrote more professional ones to\n         his son-in-law. Many of his letters to Lowndes refer to the\n         latter's legal business, especially his partnerships with \n         Clayberg and Corbettand with \n         Pemberton and Maury(August 25 and\n         September 9, 1899), legal cases, and his being made President\n         of the \n         Bar Association in Butte(December 19,\n         1906). His letters offered support and advice concerning some\n         of these matters. One interesting letter, December 26, 1910,\n         gave a lengthy account of a distant relative's, \n         Charles Alphonso Smith(1864-1924), a \n         University of Virginiaprofessor,\n         successful visit to \n         Berlin, including a lunch with Kaiser\n         Wilhelm and a visit to the palace at \n         Potsdam.","Other letters of interest to Nannie from her family\n         include: September 4, 1899, from her brother, \n         William Allan Perkins, describing a\n         fishing trip that took him across \n         West Virginiaand \n         Ohioto a camp near \n         Sault Ste. Marie; May 9 and June 3, 1918,\n         from her aunt, \n         Hortensia Hay Watson, mentioning the \n         University of Virginia Base Hospitaland\n         occurrences during World War I.","In addition, there are travel journals, with transcripts,\n         of \n         Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n         Mauryand \n         Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins. During\n         July and August 1891, Nannie kept a journal on her travels\n         from \n         Charlottesvilleto various places in \n         Virginiaand \n         New York, and \n         Washington, D.C., describing the sites\n         vividly. In July 1910, \n         Lizzie Perkinstravelled from \n         Charlottesvilleto \n         Butte, Montanato visit her daughter and\n         her family, writing of the trip in a small notebook.","The research material includes Mrs. Skeels' correspondence\n         and notes, biographies and genealogies, and copies of material\n         from various repositories concerning the \n         Maury, \n         Perkins, \n         Watson, \n         Norris, and related families. There is much\n         material pertaining to \n         Matthew Fontaine Maury(1806-1873), the\n         first great American oceanographer. Copies of original family\n         letters, diaries, and papers have been placed in this\n         series.","The material has been organized into three series: I. Maury\n         and Perkins Family Papers; II. Research Material of Lydia\n         Lowndes Maury Skeels; and, III. Oversize Material. Folders in\n         the first two series are arranged alphabetically, and material\n         within is in chronological order."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Holladay House","Woolen Mills","University of Virginia","Clayberg and Corbett","Pemberton and Maury","Bar Association in Butte","University of Virginia Base Hospital"],"famname_ssim":["Maury","Perkins","Watson","Norris"],"persname_ssim":["Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeels","Eliza Norris (Watson)","George Perkins","Hay Watson (Perkins)","George Rust Bedinger Michie","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins)","Henry Lowndes Maury","William Allan Perkins","Hazlehurst Bolton","Hortensia Hay Watson","Eliza Maury","Nannie Jessie Maury","Matthew Fontaine Maury","Henry Lowndes","Egbert Reed Watson","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins) Maury","Bessie P. Woods","Ellen Maury Slayden","Eliza Norris (Watson)\n         Perkins","John Lloyd Newcomb","Frank Abbott","John Staige Davis","John W. Davis","Charles Alphonso Smith","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n         Maury","Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins","Lizzie Perkins"],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Holladay House","Woolen Mills","University of Virginia","Clayberg and Corbett","Pemberton and Maury","Bar Association in Butte","University of Virginia Base Hospital","Maury","Perkins","Watson","Norris","Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeels","Eliza Norris (Watson)","George Perkins","Hay Watson (Perkins)","George Rust Bedinger Michie","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins)","Henry Lowndes Maury","William Allan Perkins","Hazlehurst Bolton","Hortensia Hay Watson","Eliza Maury","Nannie Jessie Maury","Matthew Fontaine Maury","Henry Lowndes","Egbert Reed Watson","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins) Maury","Bessie P. Woods","Ellen Maury Slayden","Eliza Norris (Watson)\n         Perkins","John Lloyd Newcomb","Frank Abbott","John Staige Davis","John W. Davis","Charles Alphonso Smith","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n         Maury","Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins","Lizzie Perkins"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":48,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:33:41.315Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01005_c01_c01_c06"}},{"id":"viu_viu00187_c01_c04_c18","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"William Eskridge Duke, Sr. to R.T.W.\n                     \u0026 Edith Duke, Jr., 1901/1923","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00187_c01_c04_c18#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00187_c01_c04_c18","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00187_c01_c04_c18"],"id":"viu_viu00187_c01_c04_c18","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00187","_root_":"viu_viu00187","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00187_c01_c04","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00187_c01_c04","parent_ssim":["Duke Family Papers \n         1764-1983","SERIES I: CORRESPONDENCE","SUBSERIES D: LETTERS TO \u0026 FROM THE\n                  CHILDREN OF R. T. W. DUKE, JR."],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00187","viu_viu00187_c01","viu_viu00187_c01_c04"],"title_filing_ssi":"William Eskridge Duke, Sr. to R.T.W.\n                     \u0026 Edith Duke, Jr.","title_ssm":["William Eskridge Duke, Sr. to R.T.W.\n                     \u0026 Edith Duke, Jr."],"title_tesim":["William Eskridge Duke, Sr. to R.T.W.\n                     \u0026 Edith Duke, Jr."],"normalized_title_ssm":["William Eskridge Duke, Sr. to R.T.W.\n                     \u0026 Edith Duke, Jr., 1901/1923"],"text":["William Eskridge Duke, Sr. to R.T.W.\n                     \u0026 Edith Duke, Jr., 1901/1923","Duke Family Papers \n         1764-1983","SERIES I: CORRESPONDENCE","SUBSERIES D: LETTERS TO \u0026 FROM THE\n                  CHILDREN OF R. T. W. DUKE, JR.","Box Box 18"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Duke Family Papers \n         1764-1983","SERIES I: CORRESPONDENCE","SUBSERIES D: LETTERS TO \u0026 FROM THE\n                  CHILDREN OF R. T. W. DUKE, JR."],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Duke Family Papers \n         1764-1983","SERIES I: CORRESPONDENCE","SUBSERIES D: LETTERS TO \u0026 FROM THE\n                  CHILDREN OF R. T. W. DUKE, JR."],"normalized_date_ssm":["1901/1923"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1901-1923, \u0026 n.d."],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":60,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Duke Family Papers \n         1764-1983"],"extent_ssm":["(3 folders)"],"extent_tesim":["(3 folders)"],"containers_ssim":["Box Box 18"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#3/components#17","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:32:33.870Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00187","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00187","_root_":"viu_viu00187","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00187","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00187.xml","title_ssm":["Duke Family Papers \n         1764-1983"],"title_tesim":["Duke Family Papers \n         1764-1983"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Duke Family Papers \n         1764-1983"],"text":["Duke Family Papers \n         1764-1983","9521-h","ca. 10,400 items","There are no restrictions.","Because this collection was not received by the Library in\n         any discernible order, the material has been arbitrarily\n         placed into seven different series. These include: I)\n         Correspondence; II) Manuscripts and Miscellaneous Papers; III)\n         Photographs; IV) Bound Volumes and Notebooks; V) Postcards;\n         VI) Papers from the Duke and Duke law firm; and VII) Oversize\n         Items.","Due to the large amount of correspondence present in this\n         collection, the correspondence series has been further broken\n         down into seven subseries: A) Letters to \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. (boxes 1-9); B) Letters\n         to \n          Edith Duke (boxes 10-11); C) Letters from \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. and \n          Edith Duke (box 12); D) Letters to and\n         from the children of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. (boxes 13-20); E) \n          Slaughter Family Correspondence (boxes\n         20-22); F) Miscellaneous Correspondence (box 23); G) Topical\n         Correspondence (box 24)","Slaughter Family","Edith Ridgeway married \n          Charles M. Harker (d. 1876), and their\n         daughter \n          Mary Haines Harker (d. 1897) married\n         (1853) \n          John Flavel Slaughter, Sr. (1828-1893),\n         son of \n          Robert Harrison Slaughter , and \n          Mary Rice Garland , whom he married in\n         1818. Seven of \n          Mary Harker and \n          John Flavel Slaughter 's children survived\n         to adulthood. The following genealogical information is\n         incomplete.","A. \n                Charles Slaughter , M.D. \n               m. (1) \n                   Mary Willoughby Duke (1857-1883) \n                  a. \n                      Mary Willoughby m. \n                      Claude Marshall Lee m. (2) \n                   Hattie Gray a \n                      Charles Slaughter,\n                     Jr. (1887-1953)b. \n                      John\n                     Slaughter (1888-1889)c. \n                      Susan Gray\n                     Slaughter (1890-?)\n          B. \n                John Flavel Slaughter,\n               Jr. (1856-?)\n          C. \n                Robert Slaughter m. 1890 \n                Augusta Bannister a. \n                   Robert Slaughter,\n                  Jr. (1890-?)b. \n                   M. Bannister (1895-?)\n          D. \n                Samuel Garland Slaughter m. 1890 \n                Mary Wall Richardson (\"Maymee\") \n               a. \n                   Rosalie Slaughter (1892-?) m. \n                   William Dulaney Anderson b. \n                   Lillas (?) Richardson\n                  Slaughter (1895-?)c. \n                   Samuel Garland Slaughter, Jr. m. \n                   Rhoda Howard \n          E. \n                William Austin\n               Slaughter (1873-?)\n          F. \n                Blanche Rosalie Slaughter (1871-?)\n               m. 1905 \n                George Baxter Morton, Jr. (?\n               -1912)\n          G. \n                Edith Ridgeway Slaughter (1863-1921)\n               m. 1884 \n                Richard Thomas Walker Duke,\n               Jr. (1853-1926) (For children see under \n                Duke family )","Duke Family","Richard Thomas Walker Duke,\n         Sr. (1822-1898), son of \n          Richard Duke and \n          Maria Walker , married (1846) \n          Elizabeth Scott Eskridge (1820-1896),\n         daughter of \n          William Scott Eskridge and \n          Margaret Frances Brown . Their children\n         were:","A. \n                William Richard Duke (1848-1929) m.\n               (1894) \n                Edith May Colemann (1873-1943) \n               a. \n                   Elizabeth Eskridge\n                  Duke (1898-1899)b. \n                   Cammann Coleman Duke (1900-?) m.\n                  (1933) \n                   Mary Perrin\n                  White (1904-1984)c. \n                   William Richard Duke,\n                  Jr. (1902-?) m. (1933) \n                   Nancy Montgomery\n                  Wood (1902-?)\n          B. \n                Margaret Brown\n               Duke (1850-1851)\n          C. \n                Richard Thomas Walker Duke,\n               Jr. (1853-1926) \n               m. (1884) (1) \n                   Edith Ridgeway\n                  Slaughter (1863-1921) \n                  a. \n                      Mary Willoughby\n                     Duke (1885-1966)b. \n                      Richard Thomas Walker Duke\n                     III (1887-1960) \n                     m. (1917) \n                         Myrtle Judson (?\n                        -1941)m. (1942) \n                         Cecile Grotta (1947) \n                         Florence\n                        Watts (\"Jeri\")c. \n                      John Flavel Slaughter\n                     Duke (1889-1933) m. \n                      Kathleen Timmons (?\n                     -1940)d. \n                      William Eskridge\n                     Duke (1893-1959) m. (1923) \n                      Lucy Marshall Lee (i) \n                         R.T.W. Duke\n                        IV (1924-1926)(ii) \n                         William Eskridge Duke,\n                        Jr. , (\"Bill\") (1927-) m. \n                         Frances Armistead\n                        Marston (iii) \n                         Lucy Marshall Duke (1931-)\n                        m. \n                         Gerald Kinne e. \n                      Helen Risdon\n                     Duke (1895-1984)f. \n                      Edwin Ellicott\n                     Duke (1899-1900)m. (1923) (2) \n                   Mary Richardson\n                  Slaughter (\"Maymee\")\n          D. \n                Maria Walker Duke (1855-1856)\n          E. \n                Mary Willoughby Duke (1857-1883) m.\n               (1882) Dr. \n                Charles Slaughter a. \n                   Mary Willoughby\n                  Slaughter (1883-?) m. (1905) \n                   Claude Marshall Lee (1882-?) \n                  (i) \n                      Martha Eskridge Lee\n                     Poston (1906-?)(ii) \n                      Mary Willoughby\n                     Lee (1908-1918)(iii) \n                      Lucy Ambler Lee\n                     Roberts (1910-)(iv) \n                      Claude Marshall Lee,\n                     Jr. (1911-)(v) \n                      Charlotte Slaughter Lee\n                     Lauck (1913-)(vi) \n                      Elizabeth Duke Lee\n                     Kopper (1919-)(vii) \n                      Mary Cary Lee (1926-)","This addition to the \n          Duke family papers contains ca. 10,400 items\n         (38 Hollinger boxes, 12 linear shelf feet), 1764-1983, chiefly\n         personal and topical correspondence, business papers, and\n         legal papers of this prominent \n         Charlottesvillefamily, and the related \n          Slaughter family of \n         Lynchburg, Virginia. The collection also\n         has genealogical material, invitations (arranged by year),\n         literary manuscripts and poetry by \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. (1853-1926),\n         miscellaneous papers, printed material, school records and\n         papers, photographs, diaries, account books, notebooks and\n         other bound volumes, postcards and papers concerning a few\n         legal clients of the \n          Duke and Duke law firm.","The overwhelming bulk of the correspondence consists of\n         letters to and from \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , \n          Edith Slaughter Duke (1863-1921), his\n         wife, and their children, \n          Mary Willoughby Duke (1885-1966); \n          Richard Thomas Walker Duke,\n         III (1887-1960); \n          John Flavel Slaughter Duke , \"Jack\"\n         (1889-1933); \n          William Eskridge Duke (1893-1959); and \n          Helen Risdon Duke (1895-1984).","The correspondence subseries devoted to letters written to \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. contains three\n         different groups of material: 1) letters from his wife, \n          Edith Slaughter Duke ; 2) an\n         alphabetically arranged group of miscellaneous correspondents;\n         and 3) a group of individual correspondents, each with his own\n         folder.","The letters from Edith to \n          Tom Duke , 1882-1921, were written\n         whenever they were separated during their courtship, family\n         visits, vacations, and business trips. As could be expected,\n         most of these letters contain plans for furnishing their new\n         home, family news, and personal messages, all of which\n         chronicles the growth of the \n          Duke family .","The alphabetical miscellaneous correspondence file has\n         letters from college, fraternity and Masonic friends, business\n         associates, and other acquaintances and includes merchandise\n         orders, requests for speaking engagements, business matters,\n         literary concerns, letters of sympathy and personal news.","Letters of note in this group include the following\n         correspondents and topics: \n          S. A. Duke (Dec. 9, 1908) re\n         reconstruction and \"the great negro question;\" \n          A. Ranken Ford (Nov.23, 1914) re America's\n         Civil War, \n         England's preparation for World War I and\n         Germany's spying activities prior to the\n         war; \n          George Gilmer (Jul. 28, 1918) re the\n         important role of the \n          Y.M.C.A. in keeping up the morale of the\n         American soldier in \n         Europe; \n          T. H. Harrison (Apr. 21 and Jun. 25, 1916)\n         re Canadian involvement in World War I; \n          H. C. Marchant (Sep.[15], 1895) re vestry\n         records of \n          Christ Episcopal Church ; and \n          Jessie Uppleby (Apr. 18, Jul. 5, Aug. 19,\n         Nov. 22, 1917, and Aug. 29 [n.y.]) re World War I war news\n         from \n         Scotland.","The group of individual correspondents to \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. include the following\n         people: \n          B. Johnson Barbour , \n          Mary Carey , \n          J. E. Creary , \n          John Singleton Diggs , \n          Elizabeth Eskridge Duke , \n          Maymee R. Slaughter Duke , \n          Myrtle Judson Duke , \n          R. T. W. Duke, Sr. , \n          William R. Duke , \n          Eugene Ellicott , fraternity brothers, \n          Kate Gunther , \n          Lizzie Gunther , and \n          Maude Gunther , \n          Paul Jones and \n          Peter Tudor Jones , \n          Luther Kountze , \n          Nancy Leary , \n          Thomas Nelson Page , \n          Thomas D. Ransom , \n          Schele De Vere , \n          John F. Slaughter, Sr. , \n          John F. Slaughter, Jr. , \n          Mary Harker Slaughter and \n          Mary Willoughby Duke Slaughter .","The letters to \n          Edith Duke include correspondence from \n          Myrtle Judson Duke , \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , \n          Susan Harker Risdon and miscellaneous\n         letters from friends and family, excluding her children.","A third subseries of correspondence consists of letters\n         from \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. and \n          Edith Duke to their children, Mr. and Mrs.\n          R. T. W. Duke, Sr. and miscellaneous\n         correspondents. Of note in this group is a volume of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. 's letters from \n         Europewhich contains transcripts of his\n         letters home during his European tour of 1882. Duke describes\n         his voyage over on a ship \"Egypt,\" his companions and\n         acquaintances, his itinerary in \n         England, \n         Holland, \n         Germany, \n         Switzerland, and \n         France, and the many museums, historic\n         sites, and towns which he visited.","The fourth subseries contains letters to and from the\n         children of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , including\n         correspondence with their parents and with each other. The\n         sons of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , Walker, Jack, and\n         Eskridge, were all in the armed forces during World War I, and\n         their letters that decribe camp life and their war experiences\n         are in the correspondence to their parents, 1917-1919.","Jack \n          (John Flavel) Duke was an Air Service\n         officer stationed at \n         Post Field, Sill, Oklahoma, and at \n         Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, and his\n         correspondence, 1917-1919, and no date, describes his flying\n         experiences. Although \n          Eskridge Duke attended the \n          U.S. Naval Academy preparatory school at \n         Annapolis, Marylandand sailed as a\n         midshipman on the U.S.S. Illinois from 1911-1913, he served\n         during World War I in \n         Franceas an army officer with the \n          American Expeditionary Forces , from\n         September of 1918 until May of 1919.","R. T. Walker Duke 's letters to his\n         parents from 1908-1911 describe his experiences in \n          Montana as a cowboy, his interest in\n         homesteading, bronco riding, and his work as a printer. In\n         1917, Walker was assigned to the \n          5th Illinois Company , \n         Ft. Sheridan, Illinois. His letters\n         written during his service in \n         Europerun from October 1918 to March\n         1919. After the conclusion of the war, Walker served with the \n          Judge Advocate General Department in \n         Washington, D.C.(letters to his parents,\n         1920-1925).","Mary Duke 's letters to her parents,\n         1918-1926, and no date, describe her nursing experiences and\n         other charitable work in the \n          Archdeaconry of Southwest Virginia with\n         Mrs. \n          Hugh F. Binns at \n          Nora, Dickinson County, Virginia .","Another interesting group of letters in this subseries are\n         those of \n          William Eskridge Duke, Jr. to his family\n         and to his aunts, \n          Mary Duke and \n          Helen Duke . \n          Bill Duke served in the navy during the\n         Korean War and his letters describe the places which he\n         visited on his tours of duty, such as \n         Naples, \n         Athens, \n         Marseilles, \n         Guam, and \n         Yokosuka, Japan, 1949-1951.","The correspondence of the Duke brothers and sisters to each\n         other consists almost entirely of carbons or originals of\n         letters concerning the personal business transactions of the\n         family. It also reveals the financial difficulties of various\n         family members during the Depression years.","The \n          Slaughter family correspondence comprises\n         the fifth subseries of correspondence and contains letters to\n         and from members of \n          Edith Slaughter Duke 's family, including\n         her parents, \n          Mary Harker and \n          John Flavel Slaughter, Sr. , and her\n         brothers and sisters. The letters from Dr. \n          Blanche Rosalie Slaughter Morton , a\n         graduate of the \n          Women's Medical College of\n         Pennsylvania (1897) and practicing surgeon, form one\n         of the most interesting sections of this correspondence. She\n         describes her travels in \n         Europe(May 11, September 19, and 24,\n         1899); her concern for the \n          Lee family in \n         Chinaduring the struggle of the\n         Kuomintang with the warlords for political supremacy (March\n         29, 1927); her trip to \n         Mexico(July 25, 1928) and the \n         Middle East(November 4, 1935).","Most of the Slaughter correspondence concerns either\n         business matters or family news with a few exceptions. \n          Charles Slaughter, Sr. writes concerning a\n         strike and riot in \n         Duluth, Minnesota(July 7, 1889); \n          Charles M. Harker, Sr. describes the\n         meeting of the American Convention ( \n          Know-Nothing Party ) in \n         Philadelphia(June 10, 1855); Mary B[?]\n         R[?]'s letters, 1861-1862, provide a woman's view of the Civil\n         War; and \n          Samuel Slaughter describes his trip to \n         Ireland, \n         Scotland, and \n         England(July 24, August 1 \u0026 5, 1889).\n         Members of the \n          Garland family write concerning family news,\n         Dr. \n          [Erasmus] Darwin 's theory of the earth,\n         and the significance of fossils, and General Hull's activities\n         at \n         Sandwichin \n         Canadaduring the beginning of the War of\n         1812 (August 4, 1812); and a trip to \n         Bostonand \n         Montreal(August 1 \u0026 11, 1851).","Of note among the miscellaneous correspondence are two\n         letters from \n          John Singleton Mosby , one to \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. (September 27, 1915)\n         acknowledging Duke's letter of sympathy on the loss of Mosby's\n         son, and another to Captain \n          Sam Chapman (September 30, 1919)\n         concerning the manifesto of the \"Stonewall Jackson Camp\" at \n         Stauntonabout the role of Southern\n         soldiers in the Civil War.","Also of interest are the letters, 1895-1954, from \n          Mary Lee and \n          Claude Lee , an Episcopal medical\n         missionary family in \n         Wisuh, China. They ran a hospital and\n         dispensary from 1908 until ca. 1947. Although their letters\n         reveal various aspects of missionary life and personal family\n         news, they contain little of Chinese events. One letter by \n          Claude Lee (October 13, 1918) speaks of\n         the participation of the \n          8th Czecho-Slovak Regiment in a battle\n         against the Bolsheviks in the \n         Ural Mountainsnear \n         [Tagelove ?], Russia, during World War\n         I.","The last subseries of correspondence consists of topical\n         files concerning the American Legion and World War I; business\n         correspondence of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. ; the publication of\n         the poetry of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. ; the rental of the\n         Duke's Park Street house; the will of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. ; and the \n          St. Paul's Memorial Building Fund .","The other six non-correspondence series comprise about a\n         third of the collection and include: manuscripts and\n         miscellaneous papers, photographs, bound volumes and\n         notebooks, postcards, papers from the \n          Duke and Duke law firm and oversize\n         items.","The manuscripts and miscellaneous papers series contain the\n         personal business papers of the \n          Duke and related families, especially the \n          Slaughter family . There is also a sizeable\n         amount of family financial material in the Papers of the \n          Duke and Duke Law Firm at the \n          University of Virginia Law Library .","Other types of material in this series include;\n         genealogical material, with a typescript about \n          Mary Harker Slaughter by her son, \n          William A. Slaughter ; invitations; legal\n         papers, including indentures, deeds, agreements, land surveys,\n         etc.; manuscripts by \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , both poetry and\n         prose, including \"Albemarle County and the City of\n         Charlottesville in War Time,\" \"Libraries and Their Contents,\"\n         \"Pearls and Pebbles,\" typescripts of portions of his\n         \"Recollections,\" (the whole five volumes of Duke's\n         \"Recollections\" of his life can be found in 9521-i); printed\n         material, including Masonic items and an undated political\n         pamphlet entitled \"Mahoneism Unveiled!\"; and Duke family\n         school records and papers.","The photographic series consists of both identified and\n         unidentified photographs. Identified photographs contain the\n         following categories: Judge \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , \n          R. T. W. Duke, Sr. , men and women in the \n          Duke and related families, \n          Rosalie Slaughter Morton , miscellaneous\n         men and women, European scenes, places, photographs of a trip,\n          University of Virginia , and \n          Zeta Psi Brothers and \n          University of Virginia friends.\n         Unidentified photographs have been placed in the following\n         groups: animals, children, groups and families, men, places,\n         and women.","Series four, consisting of bound volumes and notebooks,\n         contains primarily diaries and notebooks of the immediate \n          Duke family members. The fifth series has \n         United States, foreign, and topical\n         postcards. The \n         United Statespostcards are separated\n         first by state and then by city or county; the foreign by\n         country only, and the topicals are grouped together.","The papers of the \n          Duke and Duke law firm contain incomplete\n         case files handled by the family law firm. Among these are \n          Maria Carter v. \n          Roy Brown ; \n          J. E. Costan v. \n          Downing L. Smith ; Dr. Funsten v. \n          W. Ed. Pickering ; \n          Insurance Company of Charlottesville v. \n          V. W. F. Carter, Jr. ; the \n          Kentucky Coal Company , \n          Pike County Coal Company , and \n          Ohio and Big Sandy Coal Company ; \n          Jefferson M. Levy Legal Papers; \n          Piedmont Gas and Oil Corporation v. \n          R. S. Duncan ; and Snyder v. \n          University of Virginia . Most of the law\n         firm's papers are located in the \n          University of Virginia Law Library .","The last series consists of oversize documents and\n         photographs.","Florida -New Smyrna\n                Maine -Boothbay Harbor and\n                        Portland\n                Massachusetts -Plymouth\n                New Jersey -Atlantic City\n                New York -Long Island; Manhattan; Niagara\n                        Falls; Tonawanda; New York City Booklets\n                North Carolina -Black Mountain and\n                        Roanoke Rapids\n                South Carolina -Charleston\n                Texas -San Antonio\n                Vermont -Montpelier\n                Virginia -Afton; Alexandria; Annapolis;\n                        Appomattox; Arlington; Charlottesville;\n                        General; Giles County; Hampton; Hopewell;\n                        Monticello; Natural Bridge; Newport News;\n                        Richmond; Skyline Drive; Staunton; University\n                        of Virginia; Virginia Beach; Williamsburg;\n                        Winchester\n                Washington, D.C.","Algeria\n                Canada\n                Carthage (Ancient)\n                China\n                Egypt\n                France\n                Germany\n                Gibraltar\n                Great Britain\n                Greece\n                Israel\n                Italy\n                Monaco\n                Portugal (Madeira)\n                Spain\n                Tunisia\n                Turkey\n                Unidentified","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Duke Family Papers \n         1764-1983"],"collection_ssim":["Duke Family Papers \n         1764-1983"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["9521-h"],"unitid_tesim":["9521-h"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Duke family papers were given to the Library by Mrs. Gerald Kinne of Setauket, New York, and Mr. William E. Duke\n            of Richmond, Virginia, on August 20, 1985."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["ca. 10,400 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause this collection was not received by the Library in\n         any discernible order, the material has been arbitrarily\n         placed into seven different series. These include: I)\n         Correspondence; II) Manuscripts and Miscellaneous Papers; III)\n         Photographs; IV) Bound Volumes and Notebooks; V) Postcards;\n         VI) Papers from the Duke and Duke law firm; and VII) Oversize\n         Items.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eDue to the large amount of correspondence present in this\n         collection, the correspondence series has been further broken\n         down into seven subseries: A) Letters to \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. (boxes 1-9); B) Letters\n         to \n          Edith Duke (boxes 10-11); C) Letters from \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. and \n          Edith Duke (box 12); D) Letters to and\n         from the children of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. (boxes 13-20); E) \n          Slaughter Family Correspondence (boxes\n         20-22); F) Miscellaneous Correspondence (box 23); G) Topical\n         Correspondence (box 24)\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["Because this collection was not received by the Library in\n         any discernible order, the material has been arbitrarily\n         placed into seven different series. These include: I)\n         Correspondence; II) Manuscripts and Miscellaneous Papers; III)\n         Photographs; IV) Bound Volumes and Notebooks; V) Postcards;\n         VI) Papers from the Duke and Duke law firm; and VII) Oversize\n         Items.","Due to the large amount of correspondence present in this\n         collection, the correspondence series has been further broken\n         down into seven subseries: A) Letters to \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. (boxes 1-9); B) Letters\n         to \n          Edith Duke (boxes 10-11); C) Letters from \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. and \n          Edith Duke (box 12); D) Letters to and\n         from the children of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. (boxes 13-20); E) \n          Slaughter Family Correspondence (boxes\n         20-22); F) Miscellaneous Correspondence (box 23); G) Topical\n         Correspondence (box 24)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\n         Slaughter Family \n      \u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e Edith Ridgeway married \n          Charles M. Harker (d. 1876), and their\n         daughter \n          Mary Haines Harker (d. 1897) married\n         (1853) \n          John Flavel Slaughter, Sr. (1828-1893),\n         son of \n          Robert Harrison Slaughter , and \n          Mary Rice Garland , whom he married in\n         1818. Seven of \n          Mary Harker and \n          John Flavel Slaughter 's children survived\n         to adulthood. The following genealogical information is\n         incomplete.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e\n        \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n          \u003citem\u003eA. \n                Charles Slaughter , M.D. \n               \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003em. (1) \n                   Mary Willoughby Duke (1857-1883) \n                  \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003ea. \n                      Mary Willoughby m. \n                      Claude Marshall Lee \u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003em. (2) \n                   Hattie Gray \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003ea \n                      Charles Slaughter,\n                     Jr. (1887-1953)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eb. \n                      John\n                     Slaughter (1888-1889)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003ec. \n                      Susan Gray\n                     Slaughter (1890-?)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n          \u003citem\u003eB. \n                John Flavel Slaughter,\n               Jr. (1856-?)\u003c/item\u003e\n          \u003citem\u003eC. \n                Robert Slaughter m. 1890 \n                Augusta Bannister \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003ea. \n                   Robert Slaughter,\n                  Jr. (1890-?)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eb. \n                   M. Bannister (1895-?)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n          \u003citem\u003eD. \n                Samuel Garland Slaughter m. 1890 \n                Mary Wall Richardson (\"Maymee\") \n               \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003ea. \n                   Rosalie Slaughter (1892-?) m. \n                   William Dulaney Anderson \u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eb. \n                   Lillas (?) Richardson\n                  Slaughter (1895-?)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003ec. \n                   Samuel Garland Slaughter, Jr. m. \n                   Rhoda Howard \u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n          \u003citem\u003eE. \n                William Austin\n               Slaughter (1873-?)\u003c/item\u003e\n          \u003citem\u003eF. \n                Blanche Rosalie Slaughter (1871-?)\n               m. 1905 \n                George Baxter Morton, Jr. (?\n               -1912)\u003c/item\u003e\n          \u003citem\u003eG. \n                Edith Ridgeway Slaughter (1863-1921)\n               m. 1884 \n                Richard Thomas Walker Duke,\n               Jr. (1853-1926) (For children see under \n                Duke family )\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003c/list\u003e\n      \u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e\n         Duke Family \n      \u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e Richard Thomas Walker Duke,\n         Sr. (1822-1898), son of \n          Richard Duke and \n          Maria Walker , married (1846) \n          Elizabeth Scott Eskridge (1820-1896),\n         daughter of \n          William Scott Eskridge and \n          Margaret Frances Brown . Their children\n         were:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e\n        \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n          \u003citem\u003eA. \n                William Richard Duke (1848-1929) m.\n               (1894) \n                Edith May Colemann (1873-1943) \n               \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003ea. \n                   Elizabeth Eskridge\n                  Duke (1898-1899)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eb. \n                   Cammann Coleman Duke (1900-?) m.\n                  (1933) \n                   Mary Perrin\n                  White (1904-1984)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003ec. \n                   William Richard Duke,\n                  Jr. (1902-?) m. (1933) \n                   Nancy Montgomery\n                  Wood (1902-?)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n          \u003citem\u003eB. \n                Margaret Brown\n               Duke (1850-1851)\u003c/item\u003e\n          \u003citem\u003eC. \n                Richard Thomas Walker Duke,\n               Jr. (1853-1926) \n               \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003em. (1884) (1) \n                   Edith Ridgeway\n                  Slaughter (1863-1921) \n                  \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003ea. \n                      Mary Willoughby\n                     Duke (1885-1966)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eb. \n                      Richard Thomas Walker Duke\n                     III (1887-1960) \n                     \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003em. (1917) \n                         Myrtle Judson (?\n                        -1941)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003em. (1942) \n                         Cecile Grotta \u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e(1947) \n                         Florence\n                        Watts (\"Jeri\")\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003ec. \n                      John Flavel Slaughter\n                     Duke (1889-1933) m. \n                      Kathleen Timmons (?\n                     -1940)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003ed. \n                      William Eskridge\n                     Duke (1893-1959) m. (1923) \n                      Lucy Marshall Lee \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003e(i) \n                         R.T.W. Duke\n                        IV (1924-1926)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e(ii) \n                         William Eskridge Duke,\n                        Jr. , (\"Bill\") (1927-) m. \n                         Frances Armistead\n                        Marston \u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e(iii) \n                         Lucy Marshall Duke (1931-)\n                        m. \n                         Gerald Kinne \u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003ee. \n                      Helen Risdon\n                     Duke (1895-1984)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003ef. \n                      Edwin Ellicott\n                     Duke (1899-1900)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003em. (1923) (2) \n                   Mary Richardson\n                  Slaughter (\"Maymee\")\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n          \u003citem\u003eD. \n                Maria Walker Duke (1855-1856)\u003c/item\u003e\n          \u003citem\u003eE. \n                Mary Willoughby Duke (1857-1883) m.\n               (1882) Dr. \n                Charles Slaughter \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003ea. \n                   Mary Willoughby\n                  Slaughter (1883-?) m. (1905) \n                   Claude Marshall Lee (1882-?) \n                  \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\u003citem\u003e(i) \n                      Martha Eskridge Lee\n                     Poston (1906-?)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e(ii) \n                      Mary Willoughby\n                     Lee (1908-1918)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e(iii) \n                      Lucy Ambler Lee\n                     Roberts (1910-)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e(iv) \n                      Claude Marshall Lee,\n                     Jr. (1911-)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e(v) \n                      Charlotte Slaughter Lee\n                     Lauck (1913-)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e(vi) \n                      Elizabeth Duke Lee\n                     Kopper (1919-)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e(vii) \n                      Mary Cary Lee (1926-)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003c/list\u003e\n      \u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Genealogical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Slaughter Family","Edith Ridgeway married \n          Charles M. Harker (d. 1876), and their\n         daughter \n          Mary Haines Harker (d. 1897) married\n         (1853) \n          John Flavel Slaughter, Sr. (1828-1893),\n         son of \n          Robert Harrison Slaughter , and \n          Mary Rice Garland , whom he married in\n         1818. Seven of \n          Mary Harker and \n          John Flavel Slaughter 's children survived\n         to adulthood. The following genealogical information is\n         incomplete.","A. \n                Charles Slaughter , M.D. \n               m. (1) \n                   Mary Willoughby Duke (1857-1883) \n                  a. \n                      Mary Willoughby m. \n                      Claude Marshall Lee m. (2) \n                   Hattie Gray a \n                      Charles Slaughter,\n                     Jr. (1887-1953)b. \n                      John\n                     Slaughter (1888-1889)c. \n                      Susan Gray\n                     Slaughter (1890-?)\n          B. \n                John Flavel Slaughter,\n               Jr. (1856-?)\n          C. \n                Robert Slaughter m. 1890 \n                Augusta Bannister a. \n                   Robert Slaughter,\n                  Jr. (1890-?)b. \n                   M. Bannister (1895-?)\n          D. \n                Samuel Garland Slaughter m. 1890 \n                Mary Wall Richardson (\"Maymee\") \n               a. \n                   Rosalie Slaughter (1892-?) m. \n                   William Dulaney Anderson b. \n                   Lillas (?) Richardson\n                  Slaughter (1895-?)c. \n                   Samuel Garland Slaughter, Jr. m. \n                   Rhoda Howard \n          E. \n                William Austin\n               Slaughter (1873-?)\n          F. \n                Blanche Rosalie Slaughter (1871-?)\n               m. 1905 \n                George Baxter Morton, Jr. (?\n               -1912)\n          G. \n                Edith Ridgeway Slaughter (1863-1921)\n               m. 1884 \n                Richard Thomas Walker Duke,\n               Jr. (1853-1926) (For children see under \n                Duke family )","Duke Family","Richard Thomas Walker Duke,\n         Sr. (1822-1898), son of \n          Richard Duke and \n          Maria Walker , married (1846) \n          Elizabeth Scott Eskridge (1820-1896),\n         daughter of \n          William Scott Eskridge and \n          Margaret Frances Brown . Their children\n         were:","A. \n                William Richard Duke (1848-1929) m.\n               (1894) \n                Edith May Colemann (1873-1943) \n               a. \n                   Elizabeth Eskridge\n                  Duke (1898-1899)b. \n                   Cammann Coleman Duke (1900-?) m.\n                  (1933) \n                   Mary Perrin\n                  White (1904-1984)c. \n                   William Richard Duke,\n                  Jr. (1902-?) m. (1933) \n                   Nancy Montgomery\n                  Wood (1902-?)\n          B. \n                Margaret Brown\n               Duke (1850-1851)\n          C. \n                Richard Thomas Walker Duke,\n               Jr. (1853-1926) \n               m. (1884) (1) \n                   Edith Ridgeway\n                  Slaughter (1863-1921) \n                  a. \n                      Mary Willoughby\n                     Duke (1885-1966)b. \n                      Richard Thomas Walker Duke\n                     III (1887-1960) \n                     m. (1917) \n                         Myrtle Judson (?\n                        -1941)m. (1942) \n                         Cecile Grotta (1947) \n                         Florence\n                        Watts (\"Jeri\")c. \n                      John Flavel Slaughter\n                     Duke (1889-1933) m. \n                      Kathleen Timmons (?\n                     -1940)d. \n                      William Eskridge\n                     Duke (1893-1959) m. (1923) \n                      Lucy Marshall Lee (i) \n                         R.T.W. Duke\n                        IV (1924-1926)(ii) \n                         William Eskridge Duke,\n                        Jr. , (\"Bill\") (1927-) m. \n                         Frances Armistead\n                        Marston (iii) \n                         Lucy Marshall Duke (1931-)\n                        m. \n                         Gerald Kinne e. \n                      Helen Risdon\n                     Duke (1895-1984)f. \n                      Edwin Ellicott\n                     Duke (1899-1900)m. (1923) (2) \n                   Mary Richardson\n                  Slaughter (\"Maymee\")\n          D. \n                Maria Walker Duke (1855-1856)\n          E. \n                Mary Willoughby Duke (1857-1883) m.\n               (1882) Dr. \n                Charles Slaughter a. \n                   Mary Willoughby\n                  Slaughter (1883-?) m. (1905) \n                   Claude Marshall Lee (1882-?) \n                  (i) \n                      Martha Eskridge Lee\n                     Poston (1906-?)(ii) \n                      Mary Willoughby\n                     Lee (1908-1918)(iii) \n                      Lucy Ambler Lee\n                     Roberts (1910-)(iv) \n                      Claude Marshall Lee,\n                     Jr. (1911-)(v) \n                      Charlotte Slaughter Lee\n                     Lauck (1913-)(vi) \n                      Elizabeth Duke Lee\n                     Kopper (1919-)(vii) \n                      Mary Cary Lee (1926-)"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDuke Family Papers, Accession #9521-h, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottessville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Duke Family Papers, Accession #9521-h, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottessville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis addition to the \n          Duke family papers contains ca. 10,400 items\n         (38 Hollinger boxes, 12 linear shelf feet), 1764-1983, chiefly\n         personal and topical correspondence, business papers, and\n         legal papers of this prominent \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003efamily, and the related \n          Slaughter family of \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eLynchburg, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e. The collection also\n         has genealogical material, invitations (arranged by year),\n         literary manuscripts and poetry by \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. (1853-1926),\n         miscellaneous papers, printed material, school records and\n         papers, photographs, diaries, account books, notebooks and\n         other bound volumes, postcards and papers concerning a few\n         legal clients of the \n          Duke and Duke law firm.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe overwhelming bulk of the correspondence consists of\n         letters to and from \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , \n          Edith Slaughter Duke (1863-1921), his\n         wife, and their children, \n          Mary Willoughby Duke (1885-1966); \n          Richard Thomas Walker Duke,\n         III (1887-1960); \n          John Flavel Slaughter Duke , \"Jack\"\n         (1889-1933); \n          William Eskridge Duke (1893-1959); and \n          Helen Risdon Duke (1895-1984).\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence subseries devoted to letters written to \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. contains three\n         different groups of material: 1) letters from his wife, \n          Edith Slaughter Duke ; 2) an\n         alphabetically arranged group of miscellaneous correspondents;\n         and 3) a group of individual correspondents, each with his own\n         folder.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe letters from Edith to \n          Tom Duke , 1882-1921, were written\n         whenever they were separated during their courtship, family\n         visits, vacations, and business trips. As could be expected,\n         most of these letters contain plans for furnishing their new\n         home, family news, and personal messages, all of which\n         chronicles the growth of the \n          Duke family .\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe alphabetical miscellaneous correspondence file has\n         letters from college, fraternity and Masonic friends, business\n         associates, and other acquaintances and includes merchandise\n         orders, requests for speaking engagements, business matters,\n         literary concerns, letters of sympathy and personal news.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eLetters of note in this group include the following\n         correspondents and topics: \n          S. A. Duke (Dec. 9, 1908) re\n         reconstruction and \"the great negro question;\" \n          A. Ranken Ford (Nov.23, 1914) re America's\n         Civil War, \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eEngland\u003c/geogname\u003e's preparation for World War I and\n         \u003cgeogname\u003eGermany\u003c/geogname\u003e's spying activities prior to the\n         war; \n          George Gilmer (Jul. 28, 1918) re the\n         important role of the \n          Y.M.C.A. in keeping up the morale of the\n         American soldier in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e; \n          T. H. Harrison (Apr. 21 and Jun. 25, 1916)\n         re Canadian involvement in World War I; \n          H. C. Marchant (Sep.[15], 1895) re vestry\n         records of \n          Christ Episcopal Church ; and \n          Jessie Uppleby (Apr. 18, Jul. 5, Aug. 19,\n         Nov. 22, 1917, and Aug. 29 [n.y.]) re World War I war news\n         from \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eScotland\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe group of individual correspondents to \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. include the following\n         people: \n          B. Johnson Barbour , \n          Mary Carey , \n          J. E. Creary , \n          John Singleton Diggs , \n          Elizabeth Eskridge Duke , \n          Maymee R. Slaughter Duke , \n          Myrtle Judson Duke , \n          R. T. W. Duke, Sr. , \n          William R. Duke , \n          Eugene Ellicott , fraternity brothers, \n          Kate Gunther , \n          Lizzie Gunther , and \n          Maude Gunther , \n          Paul Jones and \n          Peter Tudor Jones , \n          Luther Kountze , \n          Nancy Leary , \n          Thomas Nelson Page , \n          Thomas D. Ransom , \n          Schele De Vere , \n          John F. Slaughter, Sr. , \n          John F. Slaughter, Jr. , \n          Mary Harker Slaughter and \n          Mary Willoughby Duke Slaughter .\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe letters to \n          Edith Duke include correspondence from \n          Myrtle Judson Duke , \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , \n          Susan Harker Risdon and miscellaneous\n         letters from friends and family, excluding her children.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eA third subseries of correspondence consists of letters\n         from \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. and \n          Edith Duke to their children, Mr. and Mrs.\n          R. T. W. Duke, Sr. and miscellaneous\n         correspondents. Of note in this group is a volume of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. 's letters from \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003ewhich contains transcripts of his\n         letters home during his European tour of 1882. Duke describes\n         his voyage over on a ship \"Egypt,\" his companions and\n         acquaintances, his itinerary in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eEngland\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eHolland\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eGermany\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eSwitzerland\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eFrance\u003c/geogname\u003e, and the many museums, historic\n         sites, and towns which he visited.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth subseries contains letters to and from the\n         children of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , including\n         correspondence with their parents and with each other. The\n         sons of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , Walker, Jack, and\n         Eskridge, were all in the armed forces during World War I, and\n         their letters that decribe camp life and their war experiences\n         are in the correspondence to their parents, 1917-1919.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJack \n          (John Flavel) Duke was an Air Service\n         officer stationed at \n         \u003cgeogname\u003ePost Field, Sill, Oklahoma\u003c/geogname\u003e, and at \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eFt. Leavenworth, Kansas\u003c/geogname\u003e, and his\n         correspondence, 1917-1919, and no date, describes his flying\n         experiences. Although \n          Eskridge Duke attended the \n          U.S. Naval Academy preparatory school at \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eAnnapolis, Maryland\u003c/geogname\u003eand sailed as a\n         midshipman on the U.S.S. Illinois from 1911-1913, he served\n         during World War I in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eFrance\u003c/geogname\u003eas an army officer with the \n          American Expeditionary Forces , from\n         September of 1918 until May of 1919.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e R. T. Walker Duke 's letters to his\n         parents from 1908-1911 describe his experiences in \n          Montana as a cowboy, his interest in\n         homesteading, bronco riding, and his work as a printer. In\n         1917, Walker was assigned to the \n          5th Illinois Company , \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eFt. Sheridan, Illinois\u003c/geogname\u003e. His letters\n         written during his service in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003erun from October 1918 to March\n         1919. After the conclusion of the war, Walker served with the \n          Judge Advocate General Department in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eWashington, D.C.\u003c/geogname\u003e(letters to his parents,\n         1920-1925).\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e Mary Duke 's letters to her parents,\n         1918-1926, and no date, describe her nursing experiences and\n         other charitable work in the \n          Archdeaconry of Southwest Virginia with\n         Mrs. \n          Hugh F. Binns at \n          Nora, Dickinson County, Virginia .\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAnother interesting group of letters in this subseries are\n         those of \n          William Eskridge Duke, Jr. to his family\n         and to his aunts, \n          Mary Duke and \n          Helen Duke . \n          Bill Duke served in the navy during the\n         Korean War and his letters describe the places which he\n         visited on his tours of duty, such as \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eNaples\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eAthens\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eMarseilles\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eGuam\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eYokosuka, Japan\u003c/geogname\u003e, 1949-1951.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence of the Duke brothers and sisters to each\n         other consists almost entirely of carbons or originals of\n         letters concerning the personal business transactions of the\n         family. It also reveals the financial difficulties of various\n         family members during the Depression years.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe \n          Slaughter family correspondence comprises\n         the fifth subseries of correspondence and contains letters to\n         and from members of \n          Edith Slaughter Duke 's family, including\n         her parents, \n          Mary Harker and \n          John Flavel Slaughter, Sr. , and her\n         brothers and sisters. The letters from Dr. \n          Blanche Rosalie Slaughter Morton , a\n         graduate of the \n          Women's Medical College of\n         Pennsylvania (1897) and practicing surgeon, form one\n         of the most interesting sections of this correspondence. She\n         describes her travels in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e(May 11, September 19, and 24,\n         1899); her concern for the \n          Lee family in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eChina\u003c/geogname\u003eduring the struggle of the\n         Kuomintang with the warlords for political supremacy (March\n         29, 1927); her trip to \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eMexico\u003c/geogname\u003e(July 25, 1928) and the \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eMiddle East\u003c/geogname\u003e(November 4, 1935).\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eMost of the Slaughter correspondence concerns either\n         business matters or family news with a few exceptions. \n          Charles Slaughter, Sr. writes concerning a\n         strike and riot in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eDuluth, Minnesota\u003c/geogname\u003e(July 7, 1889); \n          Charles M. Harker, Sr. describes the\n         meeting of the American Convention ( \n          Know-Nothing Party ) in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003ePhiladelphia\u003c/geogname\u003e(June 10, 1855); Mary B[?]\n         R[?]'s letters, 1861-1862, provide a woman's view of the Civil\n         War; and \n          Samuel Slaughter describes his trip to \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eIreland\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eScotland\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eEngland\u003c/geogname\u003e(July 24, August 1 \u0026amp; 5, 1889).\n         Members of the \n          Garland family write concerning family news,\n         Dr. \n          [Erasmus] Darwin 's theory of the earth,\n         and the significance of fossils, and General Hull's activities\n         at \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eSandwich\u003c/geogname\u003ein \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCanada\u003c/geogname\u003eduring the beginning of the War of\n         1812 (August 4, 1812); and a trip to \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eBoston\u003c/geogname\u003eand \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eMontreal\u003c/geogname\u003e(August 1 \u0026amp; 11, 1851).\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOf note among the miscellaneous correspondence are two\n         letters from \n          John Singleton Mosby , one to \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. (September 27, 1915)\n         acknowledging Duke's letter of sympathy on the loss of Mosby's\n         son, and another to Captain \n          Sam Chapman (September 30, 1919)\n         concerning the manifesto of the \"Stonewall Jackson Camp\" at \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eStaunton\u003c/geogname\u003eabout the role of Southern\n         soldiers in the Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAlso of interest are the letters, 1895-1954, from \n          Mary Lee and \n          Claude Lee , an Episcopal medical\n         missionary family in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eWisuh, China\u003c/geogname\u003e. They ran a hospital and\n         dispensary from 1908 until ca. 1947. Although their letters\n         reveal various aspects of missionary life and personal family\n         news, they contain little of Chinese events. One letter by \n          Claude Lee (October 13, 1918) speaks of\n         the participation of the \n          8th Czecho-Slovak Regiment in a battle\n         against the Bolsheviks in the \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eUral Mountains\u003c/geogname\u003enear \n         \u003cgeogname\u003e[Tagelove ?], Russia\u003c/geogname\u003e, during World War\n         I.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe last subseries of correspondence consists of topical\n         files concerning the American Legion and World War I; business\n         correspondence of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. ; the publication of\n         the poetry of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. ; the rental of the\n         Duke's Park Street house; the will of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. ; and the \n          St. Paul's Memorial Building Fund .\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe other six non-correspondence series comprise about a\n         third of the collection and include: manuscripts and\n         miscellaneous papers, photographs, bound volumes and\n         notebooks, postcards, papers from the \n          Duke and Duke law firm and oversize\n         items.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe manuscripts and miscellaneous papers series contain the\n         personal business papers of the \n          Duke and related families, especially the \n          Slaughter family . There is also a sizeable\n         amount of family financial material in the Papers of the \n          Duke and Duke Law Firm at the \n          University of Virginia Law Library .\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOther types of material in this series include;\n         genealogical material, with a typescript about \n          Mary Harker Slaughter by her son, \n          William A. Slaughter ; invitations; legal\n         papers, including indentures, deeds, agreements, land surveys,\n         etc.; manuscripts by \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , both poetry and\n         prose, including \"Albemarle County and the City of\n         Charlottesville in War Time,\" \"Libraries and Their Contents,\"\n         \"Pearls and Pebbles,\" typescripts of portions of his\n         \"Recollections,\" (the whole five volumes of Duke's\n         \"Recollections\" of his life can be found in 9521-i); printed\n         material, including Masonic items and an undated political\n         pamphlet entitled \"Mahoneism Unveiled!\"; and Duke family\n         school records and papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe photographic series consists of both identified and\n         unidentified photographs. Identified photographs contain the\n         following categories: Judge \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , \n          R. T. W. Duke, Sr. , men and women in the \n          Duke and related families, \n          Rosalie Slaughter Morton , miscellaneous\n         men and women, European scenes, places, photographs of a trip,\n          University of Virginia , and \n          Zeta Psi Brothers and \n          University of Virginia friends.\n         Unidentified photographs have been placed in the following\n         groups: animals, children, groups and families, men, places,\n         and women.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eSeries four, consisting of bound volumes and notebooks,\n         contains primarily diaries and notebooks of the immediate \n          Duke family members. The fifth series has \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eUnited States\u003c/geogname\u003e, foreign, and topical\n         postcards. The \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eUnited States\u003c/geogname\u003epostcards are separated\n         first by state and then by city or county; the foreign by\n         country only, and the topicals are grouped together.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe papers of the \n          Duke and Duke law firm contain incomplete\n         case files handled by the family law firm. Among these are \n          Maria Carter v. \n          Roy Brown ; \n          J. E. Costan v. \n          Downing L. Smith ; Dr. Funsten v. \n          W. Ed. Pickering ; \n          Insurance Company of Charlottesville v. \n          V. W. F. Carter, Jr. ; the \n          Kentucky Coal Company , \n          Pike County Coal Company , and \n          Ohio and Big Sandy Coal Company ; \n          Jefferson M. Levy Legal Papers; \n          Piedmont Gas and Oil Corporation v. \n          R. S. Duncan ; and Snyder v. \n          University of Virginia . Most of the law\n         firm's papers are located in the \n          University of Virginia Law Library .\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe last series consists of oversize documents and\n         photographs.\u003c/p\u003e\n    ","\u003cp\u003e\n              \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eFlorida -New Smyrna\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eMaine -Boothbay Harbor and\n                        Portland\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eMassachusetts -Plymouth\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eNew Jersey -Atlantic City\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eNew York -Long Island; Manhattan; Niagara\n                        Falls; Tonawanda; New York City Booklets\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eNorth Carolina -Black Mountain and\n                        Roanoke Rapids\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eSouth Carolina -Charleston\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eTexas -San Antonio\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eVermont -Montpelier\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eVirginia -Afton; Alexandria; Annapolis;\n                        Appomattox; Arlington; Charlottesville;\n                        General; Giles County; Hampton; Hopewell;\n                        Monticello; Natural Bridge; Newport News;\n                        Richmond; Skyline Drive; Staunton; University\n                        of Virginia; Virginia Beach; Williamsburg;\n                        Winchester\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eWashington, D.C.\u003c/item\u003e\n              \u003c/list\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e\n          ","\u003cp\u003e\n              \u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eAlgeria\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eCanada\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eCarthage (Ancient)\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eChina\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eEgypt\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eFrance\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eGermany\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eGibraltar\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eGreat Britain\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eGreece\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eIsrael\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eItaly\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eMonaco\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003ePortugal (Madeira)\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eSpain\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eTunisia\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eTurkey\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eUnidentified\u003c/item\u003e\n              \u003c/list\u003e\n            \u003c/p\u003e\n          "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This addition to the \n          Duke family papers contains ca. 10,400 items\n         (38 Hollinger boxes, 12 linear shelf feet), 1764-1983, chiefly\n         personal and topical correspondence, business papers, and\n         legal papers of this prominent \n         Charlottesvillefamily, and the related \n          Slaughter family of \n         Lynchburg, Virginia. The collection also\n         has genealogical material, invitations (arranged by year),\n         literary manuscripts and poetry by \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. (1853-1926),\n         miscellaneous papers, printed material, school records and\n         papers, photographs, diaries, account books, notebooks and\n         other bound volumes, postcards and papers concerning a few\n         legal clients of the \n          Duke and Duke law firm.","The overwhelming bulk of the correspondence consists of\n         letters to and from \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , \n          Edith Slaughter Duke (1863-1921), his\n         wife, and their children, \n          Mary Willoughby Duke (1885-1966); \n          Richard Thomas Walker Duke,\n         III (1887-1960); \n          John Flavel Slaughter Duke , \"Jack\"\n         (1889-1933); \n          William Eskridge Duke (1893-1959); and \n          Helen Risdon Duke (1895-1984).","The correspondence subseries devoted to letters written to \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. contains three\n         different groups of material: 1) letters from his wife, \n          Edith Slaughter Duke ; 2) an\n         alphabetically arranged group of miscellaneous correspondents;\n         and 3) a group of individual correspondents, each with his own\n         folder.","The letters from Edith to \n          Tom Duke , 1882-1921, were written\n         whenever they were separated during their courtship, family\n         visits, vacations, and business trips. As could be expected,\n         most of these letters contain plans for furnishing their new\n         home, family news, and personal messages, all of which\n         chronicles the growth of the \n          Duke family .","The alphabetical miscellaneous correspondence file has\n         letters from college, fraternity and Masonic friends, business\n         associates, and other acquaintances and includes merchandise\n         orders, requests for speaking engagements, business matters,\n         literary concerns, letters of sympathy and personal news.","Letters of note in this group include the following\n         correspondents and topics: \n          S. A. Duke (Dec. 9, 1908) re\n         reconstruction and \"the great negro question;\" \n          A. Ranken Ford (Nov.23, 1914) re America's\n         Civil War, \n         England's preparation for World War I and\n         Germany's spying activities prior to the\n         war; \n          George Gilmer (Jul. 28, 1918) re the\n         important role of the \n          Y.M.C.A. in keeping up the morale of the\n         American soldier in \n         Europe; \n          T. H. Harrison (Apr. 21 and Jun. 25, 1916)\n         re Canadian involvement in World War I; \n          H. C. Marchant (Sep.[15], 1895) re vestry\n         records of \n          Christ Episcopal Church ; and \n          Jessie Uppleby (Apr. 18, Jul. 5, Aug. 19,\n         Nov. 22, 1917, and Aug. 29 [n.y.]) re World War I war news\n         from \n         Scotland.","The group of individual correspondents to \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. include the following\n         people: \n          B. Johnson Barbour , \n          Mary Carey , \n          J. E. Creary , \n          John Singleton Diggs , \n          Elizabeth Eskridge Duke , \n          Maymee R. Slaughter Duke , \n          Myrtle Judson Duke , \n          R. T. W. Duke, Sr. , \n          William R. Duke , \n          Eugene Ellicott , fraternity brothers, \n          Kate Gunther , \n          Lizzie Gunther , and \n          Maude Gunther , \n          Paul Jones and \n          Peter Tudor Jones , \n          Luther Kountze , \n          Nancy Leary , \n          Thomas Nelson Page , \n          Thomas D. Ransom , \n          Schele De Vere , \n          John F. Slaughter, Sr. , \n          John F. Slaughter, Jr. , \n          Mary Harker Slaughter and \n          Mary Willoughby Duke Slaughter .","The letters to \n          Edith Duke include correspondence from \n          Myrtle Judson Duke , \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , \n          Susan Harker Risdon and miscellaneous\n         letters from friends and family, excluding her children.","A third subseries of correspondence consists of letters\n         from \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. and \n          Edith Duke to their children, Mr. and Mrs.\n          R. T. W. Duke, Sr. and miscellaneous\n         correspondents. Of note in this group is a volume of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. 's letters from \n         Europewhich contains transcripts of his\n         letters home during his European tour of 1882. Duke describes\n         his voyage over on a ship \"Egypt,\" his companions and\n         acquaintances, his itinerary in \n         England, \n         Holland, \n         Germany, \n         Switzerland, and \n         France, and the many museums, historic\n         sites, and towns which he visited.","The fourth subseries contains letters to and from the\n         children of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , including\n         correspondence with their parents and with each other. The\n         sons of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , Walker, Jack, and\n         Eskridge, were all in the armed forces during World War I, and\n         their letters that decribe camp life and their war experiences\n         are in the correspondence to their parents, 1917-1919.","Jack \n          (John Flavel) Duke was an Air Service\n         officer stationed at \n         Post Field, Sill, Oklahoma, and at \n         Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, and his\n         correspondence, 1917-1919, and no date, describes his flying\n         experiences. Although \n          Eskridge Duke attended the \n          U.S. Naval Academy preparatory school at \n         Annapolis, Marylandand sailed as a\n         midshipman on the U.S.S. Illinois from 1911-1913, he served\n         during World War I in \n         Franceas an army officer with the \n          American Expeditionary Forces , from\n         September of 1918 until May of 1919.","R. T. Walker Duke 's letters to his\n         parents from 1908-1911 describe his experiences in \n          Montana as a cowboy, his interest in\n         homesteading, bronco riding, and his work as a printer. In\n         1917, Walker was assigned to the \n          5th Illinois Company , \n         Ft. Sheridan, Illinois. His letters\n         written during his service in \n         Europerun from October 1918 to March\n         1919. After the conclusion of the war, Walker served with the \n          Judge Advocate General Department in \n         Washington, D.C.(letters to his parents,\n         1920-1925).","Mary Duke 's letters to her parents,\n         1918-1926, and no date, describe her nursing experiences and\n         other charitable work in the \n          Archdeaconry of Southwest Virginia with\n         Mrs. \n          Hugh F. Binns at \n          Nora, Dickinson County, Virginia .","Another interesting group of letters in this subseries are\n         those of \n          William Eskridge Duke, Jr. to his family\n         and to his aunts, \n          Mary Duke and \n          Helen Duke . \n          Bill Duke served in the navy during the\n         Korean War and his letters describe the places which he\n         visited on his tours of duty, such as \n         Naples, \n         Athens, \n         Marseilles, \n         Guam, and \n         Yokosuka, Japan, 1949-1951.","The correspondence of the Duke brothers and sisters to each\n         other consists almost entirely of carbons or originals of\n         letters concerning the personal business transactions of the\n         family. It also reveals the financial difficulties of various\n         family members during the Depression years.","The \n          Slaughter family correspondence comprises\n         the fifth subseries of correspondence and contains letters to\n         and from members of \n          Edith Slaughter Duke 's family, including\n         her parents, \n          Mary Harker and \n          John Flavel Slaughter, Sr. , and her\n         brothers and sisters. The letters from Dr. \n          Blanche Rosalie Slaughter Morton , a\n         graduate of the \n          Women's Medical College of\n         Pennsylvania (1897) and practicing surgeon, form one\n         of the most interesting sections of this correspondence. She\n         describes her travels in \n         Europe(May 11, September 19, and 24,\n         1899); her concern for the \n          Lee family in \n         Chinaduring the struggle of the\n         Kuomintang with the warlords for political supremacy (March\n         29, 1927); her trip to \n         Mexico(July 25, 1928) and the \n         Middle East(November 4, 1935).","Most of the Slaughter correspondence concerns either\n         business matters or family news with a few exceptions. \n          Charles Slaughter, Sr. writes concerning a\n         strike and riot in \n         Duluth, Minnesota(July 7, 1889); \n          Charles M. Harker, Sr. describes the\n         meeting of the American Convention ( \n          Know-Nothing Party ) in \n         Philadelphia(June 10, 1855); Mary B[?]\n         R[?]'s letters, 1861-1862, provide a woman's view of the Civil\n         War; and \n          Samuel Slaughter describes his trip to \n         Ireland, \n         Scotland, and \n         England(July 24, August 1 \u0026 5, 1889).\n         Members of the \n          Garland family write concerning family news,\n         Dr. \n          [Erasmus] Darwin 's theory of the earth,\n         and the significance of fossils, and General Hull's activities\n         at \n         Sandwichin \n         Canadaduring the beginning of the War of\n         1812 (August 4, 1812); and a trip to \n         Bostonand \n         Montreal(August 1 \u0026 11, 1851).","Of note among the miscellaneous correspondence are two\n         letters from \n          John Singleton Mosby , one to \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. (September 27, 1915)\n         acknowledging Duke's letter of sympathy on the loss of Mosby's\n         son, and another to Captain \n          Sam Chapman (September 30, 1919)\n         concerning the manifesto of the \"Stonewall Jackson Camp\" at \n         Stauntonabout the role of Southern\n         soldiers in the Civil War.","Also of interest are the letters, 1895-1954, from \n          Mary Lee and \n          Claude Lee , an Episcopal medical\n         missionary family in \n         Wisuh, China. They ran a hospital and\n         dispensary from 1908 until ca. 1947. Although their letters\n         reveal various aspects of missionary life and personal family\n         news, they contain little of Chinese events. One letter by \n          Claude Lee (October 13, 1918) speaks of\n         the participation of the \n          8th Czecho-Slovak Regiment in a battle\n         against the Bolsheviks in the \n         Ural Mountainsnear \n         [Tagelove ?], Russia, during World War\n         I.","The last subseries of correspondence consists of topical\n         files concerning the American Legion and World War I; business\n         correspondence of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. ; the publication of\n         the poetry of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. ; the rental of the\n         Duke's Park Street house; the will of \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. ; and the \n          St. Paul's Memorial Building Fund .","The other six non-correspondence series comprise about a\n         third of the collection and include: manuscripts and\n         miscellaneous papers, photographs, bound volumes and\n         notebooks, postcards, papers from the \n          Duke and Duke law firm and oversize\n         items.","The manuscripts and miscellaneous papers series contain the\n         personal business papers of the \n          Duke and related families, especially the \n          Slaughter family . There is also a sizeable\n         amount of family financial material in the Papers of the \n          Duke and Duke Law Firm at the \n          University of Virginia Law Library .","Other types of material in this series include;\n         genealogical material, with a typescript about \n          Mary Harker Slaughter by her son, \n          William A. Slaughter ; invitations; legal\n         papers, including indentures, deeds, agreements, land surveys,\n         etc.; manuscripts by \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , both poetry and\n         prose, including \"Albemarle County and the City of\n         Charlottesville in War Time,\" \"Libraries and Their Contents,\"\n         \"Pearls and Pebbles,\" typescripts of portions of his\n         \"Recollections,\" (the whole five volumes of Duke's\n         \"Recollections\" of his life can be found in 9521-i); printed\n         material, including Masonic items and an undated political\n         pamphlet entitled \"Mahoneism Unveiled!\"; and Duke family\n         school records and papers.","The photographic series consists of both identified and\n         unidentified photographs. Identified photographs contain the\n         following categories: Judge \n          R. T. W. Duke, Jr. , \n          R. T. W. Duke, Sr. , men and women in the \n          Duke and related families, \n          Rosalie Slaughter Morton , miscellaneous\n         men and women, European scenes, places, photographs of a trip,\n          University of Virginia , and \n          Zeta Psi Brothers and \n          University of Virginia friends.\n         Unidentified photographs have been placed in the following\n         groups: animals, children, groups and families, men, places,\n         and women.","Series four, consisting of bound volumes and notebooks,\n         contains primarily diaries and notebooks of the immediate \n          Duke family members. The fifth series has \n         United States, foreign, and topical\n         postcards. The \n         United Statespostcards are separated\n         first by state and then by city or county; the foreign by\n         country only, and the topicals are grouped together.","The papers of the \n          Duke and Duke law firm contain incomplete\n         case files handled by the family law firm. Among these are \n          Maria Carter v. \n          Roy Brown ; \n          J. E. Costan v. \n          Downing L. Smith ; Dr. Funsten v. \n          W. Ed. Pickering ; \n          Insurance Company of Charlottesville v. \n          V. W. F. Carter, Jr. ; the \n          Kentucky Coal Company , \n          Pike County Coal Company , and \n          Ohio and Big Sandy Coal Company ; \n          Jefferson M. Levy Legal Papers; \n          Piedmont Gas and Oil Corporation v. \n          R. S. Duncan ; and Snyder v. \n          University of Virginia . Most of the law\n         firm's papers are located in the \n          University of Virginia Law Library .","The last series consists of oversize documents and\n         photographs.","Florida -New Smyrna\n                Maine -Boothbay Harbor and\n                        Portland\n                Massachusetts -Plymouth\n                New Jersey -Atlantic City\n                New York -Long Island; Manhattan; Niagara\n                        Falls; Tonawanda; New York City Booklets\n                North Carolina -Black Mountain and\n                        Roanoke Rapids\n                South Carolina -Charleston\n                Texas -San Antonio\n                Vermont -Montpelier\n                Virginia -Afton; Alexandria; Annapolis;\n                        Appomattox; Arlington; Charlottesville;\n                        General; Giles County; Hampton; Hopewell;\n                        Monticello; Natural Bridge; Newport News;\n                        Richmond; Skyline Drive; Staunton; University\n                        of Virginia; Virginia Beach; Williamsburg;\n                        Winchester\n                Washington, D.C.","Algeria\n                Canada\n                Carthage (Ancient)\n                China\n                Egypt\n                France\n                Germany\n                Gibraltar\n                Great Britain\n                Greece\n                Israel\n                Italy\n                Monaco\n                Portugal (Madeira)\n                Spain\n                Tunisia\n                Turkey\n                Unidentified"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":229,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:32:33.870Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00187_c01_c04_c18"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Library","value":"Alexandria Library","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and Mary","hits":343},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=College+of+William+and+Mary"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Fairfax County Public Library","value":"Fairfax County Public Library","hits":17},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Fairfax+County+Public+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University","value":"George Mason University","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Hampden-Sydney College","value":"Hampden-Sydney College","hits":43},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Hampden-Sydney+College"}},{"attributes":{"label":"James Madison University","value":"James Madison University","hits":30},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=James+Madison+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Longwood University","value":"Longwood University","hits":13},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Longwood+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Old Dominion University","value":"Old Dominion University","hits":23},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Randolph-Macon College","value":"Randolph-Macon College","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Randolph-Macon+College"}},{"attributes":{"label":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","value":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","hits":65},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=The+George+Washington+Presidential+Library+at+Mount+Vernon"}},{"attributes":{"label":"University of Richmond","value":"University of Richmond","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Richmond"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"A.S. 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