{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1895\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=191","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1895\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=190","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1895\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=192","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1895\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=195"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":191,"next_page":192,"prev_page":190,"total_pages":195,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":1900,"total_count":1944,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_viu00917_c02_c976","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"W. C. Ervin \u0026 Co., incl. orders,\n prices quoted - grain, hay, mill feed,\n etc.","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c02_c976#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c02_c976","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00917_c02_c976"],"id":"viu_viu00917_c02_c976","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c02","parent_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records"],"text":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records","W. C. Ervin \u0026 Co., incl. orders,\n prices quoted - grain, hay, mill feed,\n etc.","box Box 138"],"title_filing_ssi":"W. C. Ervin \u0026 Co., incl. orders,\n prices quoted - grain, hay, mill feed,\n etc.","title_ssm":["W. C. Ervin \u0026 Co., incl. orders,\n prices quoted - grain, hay, mill feed,\n etc."],"title_tesim":["W. C. Ervin \u0026 Co., incl. orders,\n prices quoted - grain, hay, mill feed,\n etc."],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1895 April -1899 Nov."],"normalized_date_ssm":["1895/1899"],"normalized_title_ssm":["W. C. Ervin \u0026 Co., incl. orders,\n prices quoted - grain, hay, mill feed,\n etc."],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":1160,"date_range_isim":[1895,1896,1897,1898,1899],"containers_ssim":["box Box 138"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#975","timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00917","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00917.xml","title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["662"],"text":["662","Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","95 linear feer + 1200\n volumes","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n on the collection, the new student processors were\n instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n project.","The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n 1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n of these stores carried large inventories which are\n detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n To Mr. George Wickes \n Supt. of Mines \n Kay Moor, Virginia \n Dear George, \n Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n York transportations to this place have never been a\n success. Signed, \n Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n 1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n 1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n 1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n Iron Association, to the \n Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n 25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n should be restored to a relationship with southern\n furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n states iron industries should not have been in the same\n desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n 1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n 1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n 1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n 1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n 1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n 1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n 1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.","The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n 95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n 1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n quarries, there is considerable information about the\n production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n records that deal with the company's employees have\n survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n like. Because these books sometimes include information\n about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n considerable information about railroads and their\n relationship to their customers.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["662"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Green Bookman in\n 1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["95 linear feer + 1200\n volumes"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n organization could be determined.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n attic), but they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n on the collection, the new student processors were\n instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n reviewed and notes taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n project.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n on the collection, the new student processors were\n instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n project."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n 1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n produce finished iron products.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCoal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n Covington or Clifton Forge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n of these stores carried large inventories which are\n detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n a coal miner and his family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n Company complained many times to the C \u0026amp; O Railroad\n about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n \u0026amp; O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n ovens all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo Mr. George Wickes \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eSupt. of Mines \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eKay Moor, Virginia \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDear George, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eTony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n York transportations to this place have never been a\n success.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSigned, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEd D. Wickes Supt. of Mines\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003eLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n it is noted in the description of the box contents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n the United Mine Workers Union in December.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n 1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n situation has grown serious.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen America became involved in the First World War, it\n meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n 1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n it had on hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n 1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhy did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n Iron Association, to the \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eManufacturers Record\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003edated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n 25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n should be restored to a relationship with southern\n furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n states iron industries should not have been in the same\n desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n there are other reasons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n Moor Iron Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company Personnel:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExecutive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n 1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n 1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n 1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n 1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n 1918-1928.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFactory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n 1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n 1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n 1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n of these stores carried large inventories which are\n detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n To Mr. George Wickes \n Supt. of Mines \n Kay Moor, Virginia \n Dear George, \n Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n York transportations to this place have never been a\n success. Signed, \n Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n 1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n 1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n 1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n Iron Association, to the \n Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n 25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n should be restored to a relationship with southern\n furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n states iron industries should not have been in the same\n desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n 1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n 1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n 1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n 1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n 1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n 1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n 1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n 95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n 1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material consists of records typical of those\n produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n quarries, there is considerable information about the\n production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n records that deal with the company's employees have\n survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n like. Because these books sometimes include information\n about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n considerable information about railroads and their\n relationship to their customers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n 95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n 1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n quarries, there is considerable information about the\n production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n records that deal with the company's employees have\n survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n like. Because these books sometimes include information\n about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n considerable information about railroads and their\n relationship to their customers."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1879,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c02_c976"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_58_c01_c108","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"W. C. Hughes and Co.: windows, shades and awnings","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_58_c01_c108#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_58_c01_c108","ref_ssm":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_58_c01_c108"],"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_58_c01_c108","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_58","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_58","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_58_c01","parent_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_58_c01","parent_ssim":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_58","vircu_repositories_5_resources_58_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_58","vircu_repositories_5_resources_58_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["James W. Allison papers","Correspondence"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["James W. Allison papers","Correspondence"],"text":["James W. Allison papers","Correspondence","W. C. Hughes and Co.: windows, shades and awnings","box 3"],"title_filing_ssi":"W. C. Hughes and Co.: windows, shades and awnings","title_ssm":["W. C. Hughes and Co.: windows, shades and awnings"],"title_tesim":["W. C. Hughes and Co.: windows, shades and awnings"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1895 October 25"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1895"],"normalized_title_ssm":["W. C. Hughes and Co.: windows, shades and awnings"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"collection_ssim":["James W. Allison papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":109,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1895],"containers_ssim":["box 3"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#107","timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:16:11.514Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_58","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_58","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_58","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_58","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_58.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/58","title_filing_ssi":"Allison, James W., Papers","title_ssm":["James W. Allison papers"],"title_tesim":["James W. Allison papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1892-1896, 1971"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1892-1896, 1971"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 1","/repositories/5/resources/58"],"text":["M 1","/repositories/5/resources/58","James W. Allison papers","Businessmen -- Manuscripts -- Virginia -- Richmond","The collection is open to research.","A selection of letters from this collection have been digitized and are available via VCU Libraries Digital Collections. \n VCU Libraries Digital Collections.","The collection is arranged into four series and arranged chronologically where applicable.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1892-1896","Series 2: Electric Light and Gas Fixtures, circa 1885-1886","Series 3: Wallpaper and Plaster, 1971","Series 4: Plans and Blueprints, 1890s","James Waters Allison was born in Richmond, Virginia on December 15, 1833 to William Allison (1783-1850) and Nancy Ann Waters Allison (1799-1860). Allison, a life-long resident of Richmond, began in business with the firm of Ludlam \u0026 Watson, forwarding merchants and agents for the Powhatan Steamship Company. He later worked with the Old Dominion Steamship Company. After his father's death in 1850, Allison began a tobacco manufacturing company with his partner William Palmer. The business closed at the outbreak of the Civil War. In 1858 Allison married his first wife Mary Robbins Zimmerman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had a daughter, Dora, born in 1859.","After the war ended in 1865, Allison and his partner Edmund B. Addison established the seed and fertilizer firm of Allison and Addison. By the 1890s the company had greatly expanded and become one of the most successful fertilizer producers in the South with branches in Charleston, South Carolina, Columbus and Savannah, Georgia, as well as other southern cities. After the death of his first wife, Allison married Bettie L. Thomas (1848-1876) of Richmond, but she died not long after their marriage. Minnie Clemens Jones (1870-1927) became his third wife in December 1890 and Allison began searching for a new home in 1891.","At some point Allison decided to build rather than buy and acquired a lot on West Franklin Street, Richmond's most fashionable residential neighborhood during that period. The house was designed by New York architectural firm of Griffin \u0026 Randall and built between 1894 and 1896. Both partners boasted fine architectural pedigrees. Percy Griffin (1866-1921) graduated from the architectural school at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1884 and then worked in the office of H. H. Richardson. T. Henry Randall (1862-1905), a native of Annapolis, Maryland had also worked for Richardson after attending Johns Hopkins University, MIT, and the Ecole de Beaux-Arts in Paris. Randall, chose the Colonial Revival design of the house, making it one of the first of that style built in Richmond. It pre-dates other early Colonial Revival houses on Monument Avenue by some 10 years. In 1894, while engaged on this project Griffin and Randall decided to dissolve their partnership. Allison was forced to choose which architect he wanted to oversee the completion of his house. Randall, who was the senior partner and had the most influence over the building's design, was selected.","Allison had little time to enjoy his new home as he died suddenly at the age of 65 in 1898. The funeral services were conducted at the home on West Franklin and he was buried in Hollywood Cemetery. At the time of his death Allison left an estate of nearly one million dollars. Allison had been active in other endeavors beyond his firm. He was on the board of directors of the Nation Bank of Virginia and President of the Old Dominion Fruit Growing Company. He as was a member of the James River Improvement Committee and was a founding member of the Broad Street Methodist Episcopal Church, South.","Allison's son James Waters Allison, Jr. (1894-1979) eventually inherited the house on West Franklin Street. In 1938 the family sold the home to the Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), which was used as the office and residence of Henry Hibbs, dean of RPI. The house continued to be used as the office of the president when RPI and the Medical College of Virginia merged to form VCU in 1968.","James W. Allison, Jr. gave his father's papers to Elizabeth S. Bocock. Bocock donated these material to Warren W. Brandt, then president of VCU. President Brandt transferred the materials to James Branch Cabell Library.","The James W. Allison papers are a valuable resource for those interested in late 19th century architectural history or who want to know more about the history of this building due to its use as the VCU Office of the President. The collection contains original architectural drawings, correspondence, specifications, building notes, memoranda, blueprints, and illustrations dealing with the design and construction of 910 West Franklin Street. The majority of the letters are from the architects Percy Griffin and T. Henry Randall. The correspondence details the demise of the Griffin and Randall's architectural firm which dissolved in 1894. Also included with this collection are plaster and wallpaper fragments collected after fire at the house in 1971.","Some blueprints and plans are fragile.","There are no restrictions.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Allison, James (James W.)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["M 1","/repositories/5/resources/58"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James W. Allison papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["James W. Allison papers"],"collection_ssim":["James W. Allison papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Allison, James (James W.)"],"creator_ssim":["Allison, James (James W.)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Allison, James (James W.)"],"creators_ssim":["Allison, James (James W.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Some blueprints and plans are fragile.","There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was transferred to the library from the Office of the President in 1972."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Businessmen -- Manuscripts -- Virginia -- Richmond"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Businessmen -- Manuscripts -- Virginia -- Richmond"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.5 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["3.5 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1892,1893,1894,1895,1896],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to research."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA selection of letters from this collection have been digitized and are available via \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/pre/\"\u003e VCU Libraries Digital Collections.\u003c/extref\u003e\n VCU Libraries Digital Collections.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["A selection of letters from this collection have been digitized and are available via VCU Libraries Digital Collections. \n VCU Libraries Digital Collections."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into four series and arranged chronologically where applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Correspondence, 1892-1896\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Electric Light and Gas Fixtures, circa 1885-1886\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Wallpaper and Plaster, 1971\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Plans and Blueprints, 1890s\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into four series and arranged chronologically where applicable.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1892-1896","Series 2: Electric Light and Gas Fixtures, circa 1885-1886","Series 3: Wallpaper and Plaster, 1971","Series 4: Plans and Blueprints, 1890s"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Waters Allison was born in Richmond, Virginia on December 15, 1833 to William Allison (1783-1850) and Nancy Ann Waters Allison (1799-1860). Allison, a life-long resident of Richmond, began in business with the firm of Ludlam \u0026amp; Watson, forwarding merchants and agents for the Powhatan Steamship Company. He later worked with the Old Dominion Steamship Company. After his father's death in 1850, Allison began a tobacco manufacturing company with his partner William Palmer. The business closed at the outbreak of the Civil War. In 1858 Allison married his first wife Mary Robbins Zimmerman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had a daughter, Dora, born in 1859.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war ended in 1865, Allison and his partner Edmund B. Addison established the seed and fertilizer firm of Allison and Addison. By the 1890s the company had greatly expanded and become one of the most successful fertilizer producers in the South with branches in Charleston, South Carolina, Columbus and Savannah, Georgia, as well as other southern cities. After the death of his first wife, Allison married Bettie L. Thomas (1848-1876) of Richmond, but she died not long after their marriage. Minnie Clemens Jones (1870-1927) became his third wife in December 1890 and Allison began searching for a new home in 1891.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAt some point Allison decided to build rather than buy and acquired a lot on West Franklin Street, Richmond's most fashionable residential neighborhood during that period. The house was designed by New York architectural firm of Griffin \u0026amp; Randall and built between 1894 and 1896. Both partners boasted fine architectural pedigrees. Percy Griffin (1866-1921) graduated from the architectural school at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1884 and then worked in the office of H. H. Richardson. T. Henry Randall (1862-1905), a native of Annapolis, Maryland had also worked for Richardson after attending Johns Hopkins University, MIT, and the Ecole de Beaux-Arts in Paris. Randall, chose the Colonial Revival design of the house, making it one of the first of that style built in Richmond. It pre-dates other early Colonial Revival houses on Monument Avenue by some 10 years. In 1894, while engaged on this project Griffin and Randall decided to dissolve their partnership. Allison was forced to choose which architect he wanted to oversee the completion of his house. Randall, who was the senior partner and had the most influence over the building's design, was selected.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAllison had little time to enjoy his new home as he died suddenly at the age of 65 in 1898. The funeral services were conducted at the home on West Franklin and he was buried in Hollywood Cemetery. At the time of his death Allison left an estate of nearly one million dollars. Allison had been active in other endeavors beyond his firm. He was on the board of directors of the Nation Bank of Virginia and President of the Old Dominion Fruit Growing Company. He as was a member of the James River Improvement Committee and was a founding member of the Broad Street Methodist Episcopal Church, South.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAllison's son James Waters Allison, Jr. (1894-1979) eventually inherited the house on West Franklin Street. In 1938 the family sold the home to the Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), which was used as the office and residence of Henry Hibbs, dean of RPI. The house continued to be used as the office of the president when RPI and the Medical College of Virginia merged to form VCU in 1968.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Waters Allison was born in Richmond, Virginia on December 15, 1833 to William Allison (1783-1850) and Nancy Ann Waters Allison (1799-1860). Allison, a life-long resident of Richmond, began in business with the firm of Ludlam \u0026 Watson, forwarding merchants and agents for the Powhatan Steamship Company. He later worked with the Old Dominion Steamship Company. After his father's death in 1850, Allison began a tobacco manufacturing company with his partner William Palmer. The business closed at the outbreak of the Civil War. In 1858 Allison married his first wife Mary Robbins Zimmerman of Alexandria, Virginia. They had a daughter, Dora, born in 1859.","After the war ended in 1865, Allison and his partner Edmund B. Addison established the seed and fertilizer firm of Allison and Addison. By the 1890s the company had greatly expanded and become one of the most successful fertilizer producers in the South with branches in Charleston, South Carolina, Columbus and Savannah, Georgia, as well as other southern cities. After the death of his first wife, Allison married Bettie L. Thomas (1848-1876) of Richmond, but she died not long after their marriage. Minnie Clemens Jones (1870-1927) became his third wife in December 1890 and Allison began searching for a new home in 1891.","At some point Allison decided to build rather than buy and acquired a lot on West Franklin Street, Richmond's most fashionable residential neighborhood during that period. The house was designed by New York architectural firm of Griffin \u0026 Randall and built between 1894 and 1896. Both partners boasted fine architectural pedigrees. Percy Griffin (1866-1921) graduated from the architectural school at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1884 and then worked in the office of H. H. Richardson. T. Henry Randall (1862-1905), a native of Annapolis, Maryland had also worked for Richardson after attending Johns Hopkins University, MIT, and the Ecole de Beaux-Arts in Paris. Randall, chose the Colonial Revival design of the house, making it one of the first of that style built in Richmond. It pre-dates other early Colonial Revival houses on Monument Avenue by some 10 years. In 1894, while engaged on this project Griffin and Randall decided to dissolve their partnership. Allison was forced to choose which architect he wanted to oversee the completion of his house. Randall, who was the senior partner and had the most influence over the building's design, was selected.","Allison had little time to enjoy his new home as he died suddenly at the age of 65 in 1898. The funeral services were conducted at the home on West Franklin and he was buried in Hollywood Cemetery. At the time of his death Allison left an estate of nearly one million dollars. Allison had been active in other endeavors beyond his firm. He was on the board of directors of the Nation Bank of Virginia and President of the Old Dominion Fruit Growing Company. He as was a member of the James River Improvement Committee and was a founding member of the Broad Street Methodist Episcopal Church, South.","Allison's son James Waters Allison, Jr. (1894-1979) eventually inherited the house on West Franklin Street. In 1938 the family sold the home to the Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), which was used as the office and residence of Henry Hibbs, dean of RPI. The house continued to be used as the office of the president when RPI and the Medical College of Virginia merged to form VCU in 1968."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames W. Allison, Jr. gave his father's papers to Elizabeth S. Bocock. Bocock donated these material to Warren W. Brandt, then president of VCU. President Brandt transferred the materials to James Branch Cabell Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["James W. Allison, Jr. gave his father's papers to Elizabeth S. Bocock. Bocock donated these material to Warren W. Brandt, then president of VCU. President Brandt transferred the materials to James Branch Cabell Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe James W. Allison papers are a valuable resource for those interested in late 19th century architectural history or who want to know more about the history of this building due to its use as the VCU Office of the President. The collection contains original architectural drawings, correspondence, specifications, building notes, memoranda, blueprints, and illustrations dealing with the design and construction of 910 West Franklin Street. The majority of the letters are from the architects Percy Griffin and T. Henry Randall. The correspondence details the demise of the Griffin and Randall's architectural firm which dissolved in 1894. Also included with this collection are plaster and wallpaper fragments collected after fire at the house in 1971.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The James W. Allison papers are a valuable resource for those interested in late 19th century architectural history or who want to know more about the history of this building due to its use as the VCU Office of the President. The collection contains original architectural drawings, correspondence, specifications, building notes, memoranda, blueprints, and illustrations dealing with the design and construction of 910 West Franklin Street. The majority of the letters are from the architects Percy Griffin and T. Henry Randall. The correspondence details the demise of the Griffin and Randall's architectural firm which dissolved in 1894. Also included with this collection are plaster and wallpaper fragments collected after fire at the house in 1971."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome blueprints and plans are fragile.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions","Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Some blueprints and plans are fragile.","There are no restrictions."],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Allison, James (James W.)"],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["Allison, James (James W.)"],"persname_ssim":["Allison, James (James W.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":130,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:16:11.514Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_58_c01_c108"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c52_c01","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Webb, Blance","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c52_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c52_c01","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c52_c01"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c52_c01","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c52","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c52","parent_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01","viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c52"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01","viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c52"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, We-Wh"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, We-Wh"],"text":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, We-Wh","Webb, Blance","Box 9","Folder 5"],"title_filing_ssi":"Webb, Blance","title_ssm":["Webb, Blance"],"title_tesim":["Webb, Blance"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1885 - post 1922"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1885/1922"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Webb, Blance"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":542,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. 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The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026 Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSue Ruffin Tyler was a scholar and wife of Lyon Gardiner Tyler, son of US President John Tyler.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Sue Ruffin Tyler was a scholar and wife of Lyon Gardiner Tyler, son of US President John Tyler."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTyler Family Papers, Group D, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also Tyler Family Papers, Groups A-C, E-H, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also Tyler Family Papers, Groups A-C, E-H, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers, 1939-1951, of Sue Ruffin Tyler concerning a projected work, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Women of Virginia\u003c/emph\u003e. 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The bullseye window has been removed. Mounted on gray board.","Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Mansion exterior","Photographs","Stereographs","English .","Waldsmith Collection - Box 1"],"title_filing_ssi":"West Front of the Mount Vernon Mansion","title_ssm":["West Front of the Mount Vernon Mansion"],"title_tesim":["West Front of the Mount Vernon Mansion"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c. 1900"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1895/1905"],"normalized_title_ssm":["West Front of the Mount Vernon Mansion"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Robert Waldsmith Collection of stereographs and cabinet cards"],"physdesc_tesim":["Stereoscopic view of the west front of the Mount Vernon Mansion from the bowling green. The bullseye window has been removed. Mounted on gray board."],"dimensions_tesim":["7 in. x 4 in."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":84,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"date_range_isim":[1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905],"geogname_ssim":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Mansion exterior"],"geogname_ssm":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Mansion exterior"],"places_ssim":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Mansion exterior"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Photographs","Stereographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Photographs","Stereographs"],"language_ssim":["English ."],"containers_ssim":["Waldsmith Collection - Box 1"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#82","timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:41:25.942Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_67","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_67","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_67","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_67","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_4_resources_67.xml","title_ssm":["Robert Waldsmith Collection of stereographs and cabinet cards"],"title_tesim":["Robert Waldsmith Collection of stereographs and cabinet cards"],"unitdate_ssm":["1856-1981"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1856-1981"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RP-3216.ST-7184","/repositories/4/resources/67"],"text":["RP-3216.ST-7184","/repositories/4/resources/67","Robert Waldsmith Collection of stereographs and cabinet cards","Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","Robert Waldsmith (1913-1993) was an avid collector of George Washington and Mount Vernon materials and author of \"Mount Vernon, Enshrined in Stereo\" which appeared in the January-February 1980 issue of 'Stereo World.'","Purchased by the A. Alfred Taubman Fund, 2010","Views of Mount Vernon spanning more than 100 years. The Robert Waldsmith Collection consists of approximately 300 stereographs and cabinet cards by Alexander Gardner, N. G. Johnson, Luke D. Dillon, and others. Highlights of the collection include: several west front views of the Mansion, including the earlist known one by Frederick Langenheim, circa 1856; an early view of the tomb, circa 1857, and a collection of Washington statues and buildings honoring the first President.","Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","H. Ropes \u0026 Co.","Bell \u0026 Bro. (Washington, D.C.)","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","New York Stereoscopic Co.","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","London Stereoscopic Company","America Illustrated","American Scenery","Rodgers \u0026 Co.","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers","Centennial Photographic Co.","Anderson Gallery (Richmond, Va.)","Selden \u0026 Co.","E. S. Lumpkin \u0026 Co.","Kilburn Brothers","Surdam \u0026 White","American Stereoscopic Company","Griffith \u0026 Griffith","Stereo-Travel Co.","Popular Series","H.C. White Co.","International View Co.","C. S. Cudlip \u0026 Co., Publishers","Waldsmith, Robert, 1913-1993","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Dillon, Luke C., 1836-1904","Jarvis, J. F. (John Fillis), 1849-1931","Johnson, N. G. (Newton G.)","Stuart, Gilbert, 1755-1828","Rice, Moses P. (Parker), 1839-1925","Cremer, James, 1821-1893","Stacy, George, 1831-1897","England, William, 1830-1896","Chase, W. M. (William M.), approximately 1818-1901","Ball, Thomas, 1819-1911","Soule, John P. (Payson), 1828-1904","Ward, John Quincy Adams, 1830-1910","Brown, Henry Kirke, 1814-1886","Mills, Clark, 1810-1883","Hubard, William James, 1807-1862","Bierstadt, Charles, 1819-1903","Brumidi, Constantino, 1805-1880","Nollekens, Joseph, 1737-1823","Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 1741-1828","Anderson, D. H. (David H.), 1827-1905","Crawford, Thomas, 1813 or 1814-1857","Kilburn, B. W. (Benjamin West), 1827-1909","Proffitt, Judy R.","Fisher, S. R. (Samuel Ritter), 1834-1908","Jones, Geo. H.","White, Franklin","Langenheim, Frederick, 1809-1879","Langenheim, William, 1807-1874","Greenough, Horatio, 1805-1852","Walker, Lewis E. (Lewis Emory), 1822-1880","Griffith, George W.","Gillingham, Charles L.","Washington, Mary Ball, 1708-1789","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Bailly, Joseph Alexis, 1825-1883","Ingersoll, T. W. (Truman Ward), 1862-1922","Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898","Singley, B. L. (Benjamin Lloyd)","White, Hawley C.","Kelley, E. W., active 1868-1908","Wasson, C. L. (Charles L.)","Waldsmith, John S.","Waldsmith, Lois","Cudlip, C. S. (Charles S.), approximately 1845-1889","English \n. "],"unitid_tesim":["RP-3216.ST-7184","/repositories/4/resources/67"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Robert Waldsmith Collection of stereographs and cabinet cards"],"collection_title_tesim":["Robert Waldsmith Collection of stereographs and cabinet cards"],"collection_ssim":["Robert Waldsmith Collection of stereographs and cabinet cards"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"geogname_ssm":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)"],"geogname_ssim":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)"],"creator_ssm":["Waldsmith, Robert, 1913-1993"],"creator_ssim":["Waldsmith, Robert, 1913-1993"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Waldsmith, Robert, 1913-1993"],"creators_ssim":["Waldsmith, Robert, 1913-1993"],"places_ssim":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["236 stereographs and 61 cabinet cards Photographic Prints"],"extent_tesim":["236 stereographs and 61 cabinet cards Photographic Prints"],"date_range_isim":[1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRobert Waldsmith (1913-1993) was an avid collector of George Washington and Mount Vernon materials and author of \"Mount Vernon, Enshrined in Stereo\" which appeared in the January-February 1980 issue of 'Stereo World.'\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Robert Waldsmith (1913-1993) was an avid collector of George Washington and Mount Vernon materials and author of \"Mount Vernon, Enshrined in Stereo\" which appeared in the January-February 1980 issue of 'Stereo World.'"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePurchased by the A. Alfred Taubman Fund, 2010\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Credit line"],"processinfo_tesim":["Purchased by the A. Alfred Taubman Fund, 2010"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eViews of Mount Vernon spanning more than 100 years. The Robert Waldsmith Collection consists of approximately 300 stereographs and cabinet cards by Alexander Gardner, N. G. Johnson, Luke D. Dillon, and others. Highlights of the collection include: several west front views of the Mansion, including the earlist known one by Frederick Langenheim, circa 1856; an early view of the tomb, circa 1857, and a collection of Washington statues and buildings honoring the first President.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Views of Mount Vernon spanning more than 100 years. The Robert Waldsmith Collection consists of approximately 300 stereographs and cabinet cards by Alexander Gardner, N. G. Johnson, Luke D. Dillon, and others. Highlights of the collection include: several west front views of the Mansion, including the earlist known one by Frederick Langenheim, circa 1856; an early view of the tomb, circa 1857, and a collection of Washington statues and buildings honoring the first President."],"names_ssim":["Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","H. Ropes \u0026 Co.","Bell \u0026 Bro. (Washington, D.C.)","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","New York Stereoscopic Co.","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","London Stereoscopic Company","America Illustrated","American Scenery","Rodgers \u0026 Co.","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers","Centennial Photographic Co.","Anderson Gallery (Richmond, Va.)","Selden \u0026 Co.","E. S. Lumpkin \u0026 Co.","Kilburn Brothers","Surdam \u0026 White","American Stereoscopic Company","Griffith \u0026 Griffith","Stereo-Travel Co.","Popular Series","H.C. White Co.","International View Co.","C. S. Cudlip \u0026 Co., Publishers","Waldsmith, Robert, 1913-1993","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Dillon, Luke C., 1836-1904","Jarvis, J. F. (John Fillis), 1849-1931","Johnson, N. G. (Newton G.)","Stuart, Gilbert, 1755-1828","Rice, Moses P. (Parker), 1839-1925","Cremer, James, 1821-1893","Stacy, George, 1831-1897","England, William, 1830-1896","Chase, W. M. (William M.), approximately 1818-1901","Ball, Thomas, 1819-1911","Soule, John P. (Payson), 1828-1904","Ward, John Quincy Adams, 1830-1910","Brown, Henry Kirke, 1814-1886","Mills, Clark, 1810-1883","Hubard, William James, 1807-1862","Bierstadt, Charles, 1819-1903","Brumidi, Constantino, 1805-1880","Nollekens, Joseph, 1737-1823","Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 1741-1828","Anderson, D. H. (David H.), 1827-1905","Crawford, Thomas, 1813 or 1814-1857","Kilburn, B. W. (Benjamin West), 1827-1909","Proffitt, Judy R.","Fisher, S. R. (Samuel Ritter), 1834-1908","Jones, Geo. H.","White, Franklin","Langenheim, Frederick, 1809-1879","Langenheim, William, 1807-1874","Greenough, Horatio, 1805-1852","Walker, Lewis E. (Lewis Emory), 1822-1880","Griffith, George W.","Gillingham, Charles L.","Washington, Mary Ball, 1708-1789","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Bailly, Joseph Alexis, 1825-1883","Ingersoll, T. W. (Truman Ward), 1862-1922","Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898","Singley, B. L. (Benjamin Lloyd)","White, Hawley C.","Kelley, E. W., active 1868-1908","Wasson, C. L. (Charles L.)","Waldsmith, John S.","Waldsmith, Lois","Cudlip, C. S. (Charles S.), approximately 1845-1889"],"corpname_ssim":["Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","H. Ropes \u0026 Co.","Bell \u0026 Bro. (Washington, D.C.)","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","New York Stereoscopic Co.","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","London Stereoscopic Company","America Illustrated","American Scenery","Rodgers \u0026 Co.","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers","Centennial Photographic Co.","Anderson Gallery (Richmond, Va.)","Selden \u0026 Co.","E. S. Lumpkin \u0026 Co.","Kilburn Brothers","Surdam \u0026 White","American Stereoscopic Company","Griffith \u0026 Griffith","Stereo-Travel Co.","Popular Series","H.C. White Co.","International View Co.","C. S. Cudlip \u0026 Co., Publishers"],"names_coll_ssim":["Washington, George, 1732-1799"],"persname_ssim":["Waldsmith, Robert, 1913-1993","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Dillon, Luke C., 1836-1904","Jarvis, J. F. (John Fillis), 1849-1931","Johnson, N. G. (Newton G.)","Stuart, Gilbert, 1755-1828","Rice, Moses P. (Parker), 1839-1925","Cremer, James, 1821-1893","Stacy, George, 1831-1897","England, William, 1830-1896","Chase, W. M. (William M.), approximately 1818-1901","Ball, Thomas, 1819-1911","Soule, John P. (Payson), 1828-1904","Ward, John Quincy Adams, 1830-1910","Brown, Henry Kirke, 1814-1886","Mills, Clark, 1810-1883","Hubard, William James, 1807-1862","Bierstadt, Charles, 1819-1903","Brumidi, Constantino, 1805-1880","Nollekens, Joseph, 1737-1823","Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 1741-1828","Anderson, D. H. (David H.), 1827-1905","Crawford, Thomas, 1813 or 1814-1857","Kilburn, B. W. (Benjamin West), 1827-1909","Proffitt, Judy R.","Fisher, S. R. (Samuel Ritter), 1834-1908","Jones, Geo. H.","White, Franklin","Langenheim, Frederick, 1809-1879","Langenheim, William, 1807-1874","Greenough, Horatio, 1805-1852","Walker, Lewis E. (Lewis Emory), 1822-1880","Griffith, George W.","Gillingham, Charles L.","Washington, Mary Ball, 1708-1789","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Bailly, Joseph Alexis, 1825-1883","Ingersoll, T. W. (Truman Ward), 1862-1922","Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898","Singley, B. L. (Benjamin Lloyd)","White, Hawley C.","Kelley, E. W., active 1868-1908","Wasson, C. L. (Charles L.)","Waldsmith, John S.","Waldsmith, Lois","Cudlip, C. S. (Charles S.), approximately 1845-1889"],"language_ssim":["English \n. "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":300,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:41:25.942Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_67_c01_c83"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c46_c02_c12_c02","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Wharf at Mount Vernon","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c46_c02_c12_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c46_c02_c12_c02","ref_ssm":["vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c46_c02_c12_c02"],"id":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c46_c02_c12_c02","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c46_c02_c12","parent_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c46_c02_c12","parent_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c46","vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c46_c02","vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c46_c02_c12"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c46","vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c46_c02","vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c46_c02_c12"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Historical Photograph Collection","Stereographs","Stereographs - Box 2","Wharf"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Historical Photograph Collection","Stereographs","Stereographs - Box 2","Wharf"],"text":["Historical Photograph Collection","Stereographs","Stereographs - Box 2","Wharf","Wharf at Mount Vernon","Stereoscopic view of the wharf at Mount Vernon along the Potomac River. View includes the pavilion, boat house, and tree-lined causeway. Mounted on gray board.","Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Wharf","Potomac River","Photographs","Stereographs","Card Photographs","box HPC - Stereorgraphs - Box 2"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wharf at Mount Vernon","title_ssm":["Wharf at Mount Vernon"],"title_tesim":["Wharf at Mount Vernon"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["after 1891"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1891/1900"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wharf at Mount Vernon"],"component_level_isim":[4],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Historical Photograph Collection"],"physdesc_tesim":["Stereoscopic view of the wharf at Mount Vernon along the Potomac River. View includes the pavilion, boat house, and tree-lined causeway. Mounted on gray board."],"dimensions_tesim":["7 in. x 3 1/2 in."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":3232,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"date_range_isim":[1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900],"geogname_ssim":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Wharf","Potomac River"],"geogname_ssm":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Wharf","Potomac River"],"places_ssim":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Wharf","Potomac River"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Photographs","Stereographs","Card Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Photographs","Stereographs","Card Photographs"],"containers_ssim":["box HPC - Stereorgraphs - Box 2"],"_nest_path_":"/components#45/components#1/components#11/components#1","timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:43:08.918Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_4_resources_49.xml","title_ssm":["Historical Photograph Collection"],"title_tesim":["Historical Photograph Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1850-2010"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1850-2010"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["HPC","/repositories/4/resources/49"],"text":["HPC","/repositories/4/resources/49","Historical Photograph Collection","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","The Historical Photograph Collection is an artifical collection organized in functional order. Items are first arranged by subject and then subsequently by media format and size.","Items in this collection were either created by or under contract by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association or acquired by gift and purchase from various sources. Materials are added to the collection as they are acquired. For additional information please contact the Manager of Visual Resources.","The Historical Photograph Collection is largely comprised of materials created by or for the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Some of the earliest photographs of the estate were created and sold to visitors by the Association as a means of income. Those efforts helped to establish an important collection of 19th century views. The collection spans the 1850s to 2000s and includes over 140 linear feet of analog material providing a visual history of the Mansion, outbuildings, tombs, grounds, events, visitors, collection objects, personnel, and changes throughout the estate.","Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","Detroit Publishing Co.","Commercial Photo Co.","Henry's Camera Center","Brown Brothers (New York, N.Y.)","Library of Congress","Wayne Studio and Photographic Color Laboratories","United States. Forest Service","F. W. Van Zile Popular Tours","United States. Federal Highway Administration","Associates' Photography and News Service","Washington star-news (Washington, D.C.) (1852-1981)","Kadel \u0026 Herbert News Service (New York)","Wide World Photos, inc.","Hart, Schaffner \u0026 Marx","Davis, Wick, Rosengarten Company, Inc.","Sunday Group Editorial Service","Sunday Sun Magazine","Smithsonian American Art Museum","Grand Army of the Republic","Washington Photo Co. (1900s)","Judd \u0026 Detweiler","Central News Photo Service","Bain News Service","National Pictorial News","American Legion","National Photo Company","Warner Bros. Pictures (1923-1967)","Boy Scouts of America","International News Photos (New York, N.Y.)","National Broadcast Company","Rembrandt Studios, Inc.","Freemasons. Alexandria-Washington Lodge, No. 22 (Alexandria, Va.)","Washington Times-Herald","Acme Newspictures (New York, N.Y.)","U. S. Army Signal Corps","United States Information Agency","Carl Byoir \u0026 Associates","Republic Aviation Corporation","White House (Washington, D.C.)","Frick Art Reference Library (New York)","Corcoran Gallery of Art","Allen \u0026 Horton","Wenderoth, Taylor \u0026 Brown","Boude \u0026 Miley Photographers","Bell \u0026 Bro. (Washington, D.C.)","Currier \u0026 Ives","Whitehurst Gallery (Washington, D.C.)","Seeley \u0026 Murphy","R. F. Field \u0026 Co.","American Stereoscopic Company","Langenheim, Loyd \u0026 Co.","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","London Stereoscopic Company","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","H.C. White Co.","Berry, Kelley \u0026 Chadwick","American Colortype Company","Kilburn Brothers","International View Co.","Stereo-Travel Co.","R. Newell \u0026 Son","Centennial Photographic Co.","Rudolph Lesch Fine Arts, Inc.","Young People's Christian Union (Founded 1893)","Israel \u0026 Riddle. Stephen Israel","H. E. Hoyt \u0026 Co.","Beck Engraving Company","McIntosh Stereopticon Co.","Williams, Brown \u0026 Earle","Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences","A. D. Handy, Stereopticons and Supplies (Boston, Ma)","Soule Art Company","Washington and Lee University","American Museum of Natural History (New York)","New York (State) Education Department. Division of visual instruction. ","L. Manasse, Lantern Slides (Chicago)","Pennsylvania. State Museum (Harrisburg, PA)","Fisher, Robert B.","Dunlop, James R.","Leet Bros.","Abbott, Harold T.","Chamberlain, Samuel V., 1895-1975","Johnston, Frances Benjamin, 1864-1952","Dillon, Luke C., 1836-1904","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Wall, Charles Cecil, 1903-1995","Rowe, Abbie, 1905-1967","Meek, James W.","Harris \u0026 Ewing","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Penrose, Henry K.","Louden, Orren R.","Trowbridge, Raymond W., 1886-1936","Johnson, N. G. (Newton G.)","Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898","Bushrod, Thomas, 1825-1902","Jarvis, J. F. (John Fillis), 1849-1931","Glocker, Charles Peyton","Glocker, Marietta Rodgers Cooper, 1845-1920","Davis, V. C.","Simms, Charles","Graham, Albert Belmont, 1868-1960","Woltz, Lewis P.","Baker, Reid S.","Laverty, H.J. ","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Bailey, Worth, 1908-1980","Sprouse, Edith Moore","Lehman, Harry","Williams, Morley Jeffers, 1886-1977","Dodge, Harrison Howell, 1852-1937","Petitt, Arthur","Grimsley, Norman","Doughton, Page","Kennedy, George","Hatch","Webster, John Wallace","Grimsley, Norman, 1890-1976","Maxey, Mary Frances Campbell","Cragg, Esther Thomas, 1900-1966","Ritter, H.H.","Hillers, J.K.","Gibbs, Edward C., 1893-1963","Gibbs, Francis T.","Loeb, Morris, 1878-1969","Neitzey, Wilfred Henry, 1895-1988","Wernle, Albert","Vandenberg, Arthur H., Senator, 1884-1951","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Battle, John Stewart, 1890-1972","Harkness, Hope Hodgman Powel, 1889-1974","Tarr, Irene Haley, 1898-1988","Furness, Anna Ramsey, 1876-1964","Isham, Elizabeth Totten","Tyler, Constance Ellen, 1911-1963","Burdick, Alison Ward, 1912-2007","Lamont, Elinor Miner, 1901-1972","Sullivan, Priscilla Manning, 1911-1994","Cabot, Nancy Graves, 1889-1969","Beirne, Rosamond Randall, 1894-1969","Moore, Susan Rutledge, 1906-1987","Platt, Page Anderson, 1899-1984","Bolton, Frances Payne Bingham, 1885-1977","Leary, Eliza Ferry, 1851-1935","Fisher, Amos","Herbert, Upton","Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896","Hollingsworth, John McHenry, 1823-1889","Blake, Levi Lowell, 1830-1904","Burgess, William H., 1816-1893","Woodbridge, S. Homer (Samuel Homer), 1848","Young , James","Sully, Thomas, 1783-1872","Petigru, James Louis, 1789-1863","Fraser, Charles, 1782-1860","Yancey, William Lowndes, 1814-1863","Thomas, O. J. \"Buck\" (Oswald)","Rouse, Harrison Dodge","Cragg, James \"Finney\", 1898-1977","Washington, Julian H., 1894-1953","Craig, James Y., 1839-1926","Bailey, Olive, 1903-1980","Quander, Thomas H.","Ford, George F., 1859-1935","Kaessinger, Charles H.","Holland, William, 1887-1968","Heiberg, Anna Howell Dodge, 1877-1967","Lowther, Minnie Kendall, 1869-1947","Livingood, Lily Foster","Rouse, James B., 1896-1946","Killam, Charles W.","Rouse, William L.","Enersen, Lawrence","Permar, William Jones, 1856-1940","Lacey, Fred","Simms, Walter","Ayres, Tom","Collins, Howard","Rogers, Manuel","McCalley, Charles","Deavers, Linton, 1906-1968","Costello, Ernest","Miller, George W. (Willie)","Taylor, Roy","Morse, Frank","Clapp, Harvey, Jr.","Fredericks, Harold J.","Duvall, James Garfield (Jesse)","Barnwell, Edward","Sutliff, Shirley","Tindall, Joyce","Neitzey, Albert","Macomber, Walter","Simms, Sherman","Thane, Elswyth, 1900-1984","Embrey, Ernest","Dodson, Howard","Thomas, James","Jacobs, William","Hammond, Frank H.","Castellani, John A., 1944-1993","Dakin, Monta Lee","Rhodehamel, John, H.","Clark, Ellen McCallister, 1953-","Norton, Dean","Schrage-Norton, Susanne","Thompson, Mary V., 1955-","Gorham, Anne Huber","Miller, Johnnie J.","Bermingham, Philip","Harbour, John E.","Compton, Grant","Horstman, Neil W., 1946-2020","Payne, John Lee, Sr., 1943-2007","Embrey, Ernest \"Lee\", Jr.","Talbot, Robert \"Abie\"","Dawson, Kenneth","Keeler, Sue","Kennedy, Flora","St. Mars, Hope","Tancil, Gladys","Meadows, Christine, 1932-2013","Tisara, Nina","Sarbanes, Paul","Lee, Jane Carew, 1931-2019","Stanton, Robert George, 1940-","Connolly, Harry, 1952-","Funderburk, Charles F.","Todd, Scotty","Staten, Henry","Carter, Theodore M.","Miller, Rebecca","Eves, Ethel","McDermott, Charlie","Hayes, Rutherford B., 1822-1893","Hayes, Lucy Webb, 1831-1889","Halsted, Nancy Marsh, 1817-1891","Hudson, Susan Edwards Johnson, 1825-1913","Gould, Jay, 1836-1892","Harrison, Benjamin, 1833-1901","Morton, Levi P. (Levi Parsons), 1824-1920","McKinley, William, 1834-1901","Heinrich, Prince of Prussia, 1862-1929","Edison, Thomas A. (Thomas Alva), 1847-1931","Daniels, Josephus, 1862-1948","Comegys, Harriet Clayton, 1840-1927","Townsend, Justine Van Rensselaer, 1828-1912","Joffre, Joseph Jacques Césaire, 1852-1931","Viviani, René, 1863-1925","Balfour, Arthur James, 1848-1930","Foster, George E., Sir (George Eulas), 1847-1931","Lansing, Robert, 1864-1928","Riggs, Jane Agnes, 1854-1930","Moncheur, Ludovic, Baron, 1857-1940","Vesnić, Milenko, 1863-1921","Reading, Rufus Daniel Isaacs, Marquess of, 1860-1935","Lang, Cosmo Gordon, 1864-1945","Tokugawa, Iesato, 1863-1940","Albert I, King of the Belgians, 1875-1934","Marshall, Thomas R. (Thomas Riley), 1854-1925","Léopold III, King of the Belgians, 1901-1983","Elisabeth, Queen, consort of Albert I, King of the Belgians, 1876-1965","Foster, Victorine Du Pont, 1849-1934","Townsend, Amy Cornell","Marshall, Lois Irene Kimsey, 1873-1958","Baker, Newton Diehl, 1871-1937","Windsor, Edward, Duke of, 1894-1972","Phillips, William, 1878-1968","Gouraud, Henri, 1867-1946","Calles, Plutarco Elías, 1877-1945","Wright, J. Butler (Joshua Butler), 1877-1939","George, David Lloyd, 1863-1945","Marie, Queen, consort of Ferdinand I, King of Romania, 1875-1938","Howard, Eleanor Washington, 1856-1937","Whitehill, Clarence, 1871-1932","Curtis, Charles, 1860-1936","Hoover, Herbert, 1874-1964","Hoover, Lou Henry, 1874-1944","Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962","Thayer, Pauline Revere, 1862-1934","Hart, Laurance H.","Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945","Damtew, Desta, Ras, 1892-1937","Richards, Alice Haliburton King, 1860-1936","Peery, George Campbell, 1873-1952","Peery, Nancy Gillespie, 1882-1963","Page, Roswell, 1858-1939","Call, Norman, 1880-1959","Smoot, William Albert, 2nd, 1878-1941","Watson, Edwin M. (Edwin Martin), 1883-1945","Bastedo, Paul, 1887-1951","Buchan, John, 1875-1940","Stirl, George S.","George VI, King of Great Britain, 1895-1952","Elizabeth, Queen, consort of George VI, King of Great Britain, 1900-2002","Lamb, William Harrison","Marler, Howard B.","Towner, Harriet C. (Harriet Cole), 1869-1942","Qualters, Thomas","Bloom, Sol, 1870-1949","Lindsay, Ronald C., 1877-1945","Lindsay, Elizabeth Sherman Hoyt, 1885-1954","Somoza, Anastasio, 1896-1956","Somoza, Salvadora Debayle, 1895-1987","Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands, 1909-2004","Churchill, Winston, 1874-1965","Prado y Ugarteche, Manuel, 1889-1967 ","Petar II Karađorđević, King of Yugoslavia, 1923-1970","Darden, Colgate W. (Colgate Whitehead), 1897-1981","Wallington, Jimmy","Moncure, Henry T.","Chiang, May-ling Soong, 1897-2003","Brown, Wilson, 1882-1957","Peñaranda Castillo, Enrique, 1892-1969","Beneš, Edvard, 1884-1948","Billups, Mary Govan, 1874-1971","Failing, Mary Forbush, 1862-1947","Denham, Mary Simkins, 1868-1950","Loughborough, Louise Wright, 1881-1962","Hanks, Mary Esther Vilas, 1873-1959","Carpenter, Harriet Isham, 1869-1948","Morínigo, Higinio, 1897-1983","Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 1901-1966","Gaulle, Charles de, 1890-1970","Hoppenot, Henri","Sveinn Björnsson, 1881-1952","Thor Thors, 1903-1965","Grau San Martín, Ramón, 1887-1969","ʻAbd al-Ilāh, Prince, 1913-1958","Ríos Morales, Juan Antonio, 1888-1946","Stelle, John H., 1891-1962","Cassell, C. Abayomi (Christian Abayomi)","Bevin, Ernest, 1881-1951","Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, 1902-1969","Alexander of Tunis, Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, Earl, 1891-1969","Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972","Patterson, Robert Porter, 1891-1952","Alemán, Miguel, 1905-1983","Marshall, George C. (George Catlett), 1880-1959","Clark, Tom C. (Tom Campbell), 1899-1977","Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003","Thurmond, Jean Crouch, 1926-1960","Dutra, Eurico Gaspar, 1883-1974","Nehru, Kamala, 1899-1936","Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1889-1964","Gandhi, Indira, 1917-1984","Franks, Oliver, Baron, 1905-1992","Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 1926-","Philip, Prince, consort of Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 1921-2021","Simmons, John F. (John Farr), 1892-1968","Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan, 1933-","Paul I, King of the Hellenes, 1901-1964","Frederika, Queen, consort of Paul I, King of the Hellenes, 1917-1981","Rhee, Syngman, 1875-1965","Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia, 1892-1975","Tubman, William V. S., 1895-1971","Warren, Romayne Latta, 1877-1968","Magloire, Paul Eugène, 1907-2001","Scelba, Mario, 1901-","Martino, Gaetano, 1900-1967","Phibūnsongkhrām, Plǣk, 1897-1964","Nu, U, 1907-1995","Albert II, King of the Belgians, 1934-","Conger, Clement E.","Cunha, Paulo, 1908-1986","Robertson, Albert James, 1893-1978","Broyhill, Joel T. (Joel Thomas), 1919-2006","Buxton, Clarence Edward, 1888-1978","Soekarno, 1901-1970","Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), Jr., 1900-1986","Kishi, Nobusuke, 1896-1987","Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry, 1926-2020","Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006","Cooke, Elizabeth Throckmorton, 1897-1993","Carter, Rosalynn","Bush, George, 1924-2018","Hussein, King of Jordan, 1935-1999","Bush, Laura Welch, 1946-","Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946- ","Slaughter, Philip, Reverend, 1808-1890","Sharples, James, 1752-1811","Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 1741-1828","Mills, Clark, 1810-1883","Crosby, Ellen Lovell, 1853-1942","Crosby, Virginia Van Stone, 1888-1964","Merritt, J. D.","Mott, Agnes Peter, 1880-1957","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Kennon, Britannia Wellington Peter, 1815-1911","Bush, Margaret Gage","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Rockwood, George Gardner, 1832-1911","Farnsworth, Hannah Blake, 1802-1879","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Gutekunst, Frederick, 1831-1917","McHenry, Mary","Mitchell, Jim, 1795-1870","Bufford, John Henry, 1810-1870","Nichols, David","Wright, Joseph, 1756-1793","Peale, Charles Willson, 1741-1827","Lee, Mary Randolph Custis, 1808-1873","Ferris, Stephen James, 1835-1915","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Stuart, Gilbert, 1755-1828","Wollaston, John, 1710-1775?","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","Leutze, Emanuel, 1816-1868","Worth, E. M. (Edwin M.), Professor, 1838-1917","Brewerton, George Douglas, 1820-1901","Whitehurst, Jesse Harrison, 1819-1875","Ingersoll, T. W. (Truman Ward), 1862-1922","Gibbs, J. (Joseph) Norman, 1855-1933","Lewis, Annie Burr Auchincloss, 1902-1959","Broadwell, Elizabeth Lytle","Sarony, Napoleon, 1821-1896","Dickinson, Alice London, 1814-1881","Eve, Philoclea Edgeworth Casey, 1813-1889","Pine, Robert Edge, 1730?-1788","Harper, Emily L. (Emily Louisa), 1812-1892","Rinehart, A. E. (Alfred Edward), 1851-1915","Hill, Alice Hale, 1840-1908","Miley, Michael, 1841-1918","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Laughton, Lily Macalester Berghmans, 1832-1891","Platz, Max","Leiter, Mary Theresa, 1844-1913","Murat, Catherine Willis, 1803-1867","Thomas, Samuel A.","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Mary Ball, 1708-1789","Naramore, D. H. (Daniel H.)","Baulch, William","Loyd, William","Langenheim, Frederick, 1809-1879","Langenheim, William, 1807-1874","England, William, 1830-1896","Waldsmith, Robert, 1913-1993","Stacy, George, 1831-1897","White, Hawley C.","Singley, B. L. (Benjamin Lloyd)","Kelley, E. W., active 1868-1908","Cremer, James, 1821-1893","Bell, William, 1830-1910","Wasson, C. L. (Charles L.)","Newell, Robert, 1822-1897","Brown, Henry Kirke, 1814-1886","Tuttle, H. C.","Kilburn, B. W. (Benjamin West), 1827-1909","Weil, P. F. (Peter F.)","Chase, W. M. (William M.), approximately 1818-1901","Butler, Lucretia Wolcott Dodge, 1876-1914","Greenough, Horatio, 1805-1852","O'Donovan, William Rudolph, 1844-1920","Votaw, Albert H. (Albert Hiatt), 1850-1931","Walker, Lewis E. (Lewis Emory), 1822-1880","DeSouza, E.","Miller, Arthur C.","Ulman, Nathalia","Rau, William Herman, 1855-1920","Thurston, John H.","Thompson, E. B. (Ezra Bowen), 1865-1951","Pyle, Howard, 1853-1911","Van Altena, Edward, 1873-1968","Heyder, Augusta A.","Wilcox, William A. (William Alonzo), 1857-","English \n. "],"unitid_tesim":["HPC","/repositories/4/resources/49"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Historical Photograph Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Historical Photograph Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Historical Photograph Collection"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"creator_ssm":["Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union"],"creator_ssim":["Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union"],"creators_ssim":["Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["89 Linear Feet Variety of container sizes based on photograph sizes and material types. Over-sized items are housed in drawers."],"extent_tesim":["89 Linear Feet Variety of container sizes based on photograph sizes and material types. Over-sized items are housed in drawers."],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Historical Photograph Collection is an artifical collection organized in functional order. Items are first arranged by subject and then subsequently by media format and size.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Historical Photograph Collection is an artifical collection organized in functional order. Items are first arranged by subject and then subsequently by media format and size."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems in this collection were either created by or under contract by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association or acquired by gift and purchase from various sources. Materials are added to the collection as they are acquired. For additional information please contact the Manager of Visual Resources.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Items in this collection were either created by or under contract by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association or acquired by gift and purchase from various sources. Materials are added to the collection as they are acquired. For additional information please contact the Manager of Visual Resources."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Historical Photograph Collection, [Folder], Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, The George Washington Presidential Library [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Historical Photograph Collection, [Folder], Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, The George Washington Presidential Library [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Historical Photograph Collection is largely comprised of materials created by or for the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Some of the earliest photographs of the estate were created and sold to visitors by the Association as a means of income. Those efforts helped to establish an important collection of 19th century views. The collection spans the 1850s to 2000s and includes over 140 linear feet of analog material providing a visual history of the Mansion, outbuildings, tombs, grounds, events, visitors, collection objects, personnel, and changes throughout the estate.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Historical Photograph Collection is largely comprised of materials created by or for the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Some of the earliest photographs of the estate were created and sold to visitors by the Association as a means of income. Those efforts helped to establish an important collection of 19th century views. The collection spans the 1850s to 2000s and includes over 140 linear feet of analog material providing a visual history of the Mansion, outbuildings, tombs, grounds, events, visitors, collection objects, personnel, and changes throughout the estate."],"names_ssim":["Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","Detroit Publishing Co.","Commercial Photo Co.","Henry's Camera Center","Brown Brothers (New York, N.Y.)","Library of Congress","Wayne Studio and Photographic Color Laboratories","United States. Forest Service","F. W. Van Zile Popular Tours","United States. Federal Highway Administration","Associates' Photography and News Service","Washington star-news (Washington, D.C.) (1852-1981)","Kadel \u0026 Herbert News Service (New York)","Wide World Photos, inc.","Hart, Schaffner \u0026 Marx","Davis, Wick, Rosengarten Company, Inc.","Sunday Group Editorial Service","Sunday Sun Magazine","Smithsonian American Art Museum","Grand Army of the Republic","Washington Photo Co. (1900s)","Judd \u0026 Detweiler","Central News Photo Service","Bain News Service","National Pictorial News","American Legion","National Photo Company","Warner Bros. Pictures (1923-1967)","Boy Scouts of America","International News Photos (New York, N.Y.)","National Broadcast Company","Rembrandt Studios, Inc.","Freemasons. Alexandria-Washington Lodge, No. 22 (Alexandria, Va.)","Washington Times-Herald","Acme Newspictures (New York, N.Y.)","U. S. Army Signal Corps","United States Information Agency","Carl Byoir \u0026 Associates","Republic Aviation Corporation","White House (Washington, D.C.)","Frick Art Reference Library (New York)","Corcoran Gallery of Art","Allen \u0026 Horton","Wenderoth, Taylor \u0026 Brown","Boude \u0026 Miley Photographers","Bell \u0026 Bro. (Washington, D.C.)","Currier \u0026 Ives","Whitehurst Gallery (Washington, D.C.)","Seeley \u0026 Murphy","R. F. Field \u0026 Co.","American Stereoscopic Company","Langenheim, Loyd \u0026 Co.","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","London Stereoscopic Company","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","H.C. White Co.","Berry, Kelley \u0026 Chadwick","American Colortype Company","Kilburn Brothers","International View Co.","Stereo-Travel Co.","R. Newell \u0026 Son","Centennial Photographic Co.","Rudolph Lesch Fine Arts, Inc.","Young People's Christian Union (Founded 1893)","Israel \u0026 Riddle. Stephen Israel","H. E. Hoyt \u0026 Co.","Beck Engraving Company","McIntosh Stereopticon Co.","Williams, Brown \u0026 Earle","Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences","A. D. Handy, Stereopticons and Supplies (Boston, Ma)","Soule Art Company","Washington and Lee University","American Museum of Natural History (New York)","New York (State) Education Department. Division of visual instruction. ","L. Manasse, Lantern Slides (Chicago)","Pennsylvania. State Museum (Harrisburg, PA)","Fisher, Robert B.","Dunlop, James R.","Leet Bros.","Abbott, Harold T.","Chamberlain, Samuel V., 1895-1975","Johnston, Frances Benjamin, 1864-1952","Dillon, Luke C., 1836-1904","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Wall, Charles Cecil, 1903-1995","Rowe, Abbie, 1905-1967","Meek, James W.","Harris \u0026 Ewing","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Penrose, Henry K.","Louden, Orren R.","Trowbridge, Raymond W., 1886-1936","Johnson, N. G. (Newton G.)","Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898","Bushrod, Thomas, 1825-1902","Jarvis, J. F. (John Fillis), 1849-1931","Glocker, Charles Peyton","Glocker, Marietta Rodgers Cooper, 1845-1920","Davis, V. C.","Simms, Charles","Graham, Albert Belmont, 1868-1960","Woltz, Lewis P.","Baker, Reid S.","Laverty, H.J. 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D.","Mott, Agnes Peter, 1880-1957","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Kennon, Britannia Wellington Peter, 1815-1911","Bush, Margaret Gage","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Rockwood, George Gardner, 1832-1911","Farnsworth, Hannah Blake, 1802-1879","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Gutekunst, Frederick, 1831-1917","McHenry, Mary","Mitchell, Jim, 1795-1870","Bufford, John Henry, 1810-1870","Nichols, David","Wright, Joseph, 1756-1793","Peale, Charles Willson, 1741-1827","Lee, Mary Randolph Custis, 1808-1873","Ferris, Stephen James, 1835-1915","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Stuart, Gilbert, 1755-1828","Wollaston, John, 1710-1775?","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","Leutze, Emanuel, 1816-1868","Worth, E. M. (Edwin M.), Professor, 1838-1917","Brewerton, George Douglas, 1820-1901","Whitehurst, Jesse Harrison, 1819-1875","Ingersoll, T. W. (Truman Ward), 1862-1922","Gibbs, J. (Joseph) Norman, 1855-1933","Lewis, Annie Burr Auchincloss, 1902-1959","Broadwell, Elizabeth Lytle","Sarony, Napoleon, 1821-1896","Dickinson, Alice London, 1814-1881","Eve, Philoclea Edgeworth Casey, 1813-1889","Pine, Robert Edge, 1730?-1788","Harper, Emily L. (Emily Louisa), 1812-1892","Rinehart, A. E. (Alfred Edward), 1851-1915","Hill, Alice Hale, 1840-1908","Miley, Michael, 1841-1918","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Laughton, Lily Macalester Berghmans, 1832-1891","Platz, Max","Leiter, Mary Theresa, 1844-1913","Murat, Catherine Willis, 1803-1867","Thomas, Samuel A.","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Mary Ball, 1708-1789","Naramore, D. H. (Daniel H.)","Baulch, William","Loyd, William","Langenheim, Frederick, 1809-1879","Langenheim, William, 1807-1874","England, William, 1830-1896","Waldsmith, Robert, 1913-1993","Stacy, George, 1831-1897","White, Hawley C.","Singley, B. L. (Benjamin Lloyd)","Kelley, E. W., active 1868-1908","Cremer, James, 1821-1893","Bell, William, 1830-1910","Wasson, C. L. (Charles L.)","Newell, Robert, 1822-1897","Brown, Henry Kirke, 1814-1886","Tuttle, H. C.","Kilburn, B. W. (Benjamin West), 1827-1909","Weil, P. F. (Peter F.)","Chase, W. M. (William M.), approximately 1818-1901","Butler, Lucretia Wolcott Dodge, 1876-1914","Greenough, Horatio, 1805-1852","O'Donovan, William Rudolph, 1844-1920","Votaw, Albert H. (Albert Hiatt), 1850-1931","Walker, Lewis E. (Lewis Emory), 1822-1880","DeSouza, E.","Miller, Arthur C.","Ulman, Nathalia","Rau, William Herman, 1855-1920","Thurston, John H.","Thompson, E. B. (Ezra Bowen), 1865-1951","Pyle, Howard, 1853-1911","Van Altena, Edward, 1873-1968","Heyder, Augusta A.","Wilcox, William A. (William Alonzo), 1857-"],"language_ssim":["English \n. "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3769,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:43:08.918Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c46_c02_c12_c02"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166_c15","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"White Rock Furnace daily operation reports","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166_c15#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166_c15","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166_c15"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166_c15","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166","parent_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books"],"text":["Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books","White Rock Furnace daily operation reports","box 9","item 4"],"title_filing_ssi":"White Rock Furnace daily operation reports","title_ssm":["White Rock Furnace daily operation reports"],"title_tesim":["White Rock Furnace daily operation reports"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1881-1902"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1881/1902"],"normalized_title_ssm":["White Rock Furnace daily operation reports"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":15,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902],"containers_ssim":["box 9","item 4"],"_nest_path_":"/components#14","timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:48:11.304Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1166.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books","title_ssm":["Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books"],"title_tesim":["Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books"],"unitdate_ssm":["1881-1902"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1881-1902"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1940.019"],"text":["Ms.1940.019","Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books","Smyth County (Va.)","Wythe County (Va.)","Iron foundries -- Virginia","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Account books","The collection is open for research.","This collection has been digitized and is available online .","The collection is arranged by ledger type, then chronologically.","The Lobdell Car Wheel Company had its beginnings in 1830, when Jonathon Bonney and Charles Bush established a small foundry in Wilmington, Delaware. By 1867, the year it was incorporated as the Lobdell Car Wheel Company, the business had added partner George Lobdell and become the world's largest manufacturer of wheels for railroad cars.","White Rock Furnace, located five miles from Rural Retreat and near the head of Cripple Creek in Smyth County, was among the Lobdell Car Wheel Company's operations in Virginia. Built in 1875, and originally known as the Panic Furnace, the White Rock was purchased in 1880 by Lobdell, which also bought Brown Hill Furnace in neighboring Wythe County. The White Rock ceased operation in the early 20th century, when the company found it more cost effective to purchase, rather than mine and manufacture, its iron.","The guide to the Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books commenced and was completed in January 2013. Initial description was completed in or prior to May 1970.","See the Jacob W. Lantz Papers, Ms1975-003 , also in Special Collections and University Archives.","This collection contains account books relating to the southwestern Virginia business concerns of the Lobdell Car Wheel Company. Most of the records seem to have originated with the White Rock Furnace in Smyth County. Included are customer account records from the company's store, payroll ledgers, invoices, correspondence, and furnace operation records and reports. Much of the correspondence is addressed directly to Jacob W. Lantz, who managed Lobdell's farm and conducted other business for the company.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection contains the records of a Smyth and Wythe County, Virginia furnace and store operations of the Lobdell Car Wheel Company, including customer store accounts, payroll records, and furnace operation reports.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Lobdell Car Wheel Company","Lantz, Jacob W., 1868-1940","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1940.019"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books"],"collection_title_tesim":["Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books"],"collection_ssim":["Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Smyth County (Va.)","Wythe County (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Smyth County (Va.)","Wythe County (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Lobdell Car Wheel Company","Lantz, Jacob W., 1868-1940"],"creator_ssim":["Lobdell Car Wheel Company","Lantz, Jacob W., 1868-1940"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lantz, Jacob W., 1868-1940"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Lobdell Car Wheel Company"],"creators_ssim":["Lantz, Jacob W., 1868-1940","Lobdell Car Wheel Company"],"places_ssim":["Smyth County (Va.)","Wythe County (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books were donated to the university in 1939 or 1940 and transferred to Special Collections and University Archives in 1955."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Iron foundries -- Virginia","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Account books"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Iron foundries -- Virginia","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Account books"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.9 Cubic Feet 9 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["2.9 Cubic Feet 9 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Account books"],"date_range_isim":[1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection has been digitized and is \u003ca show=\"new\" href=\"http://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/Appalachia/Ms1940-019_LobdellCarBrownhill\"\u003eavailable online\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["This collection has been digitized and is available online ."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged by ledger type, then chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged by ledger type, then chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Lobdell Car Wheel Company had its beginnings in 1830, when Jonathon Bonney and Charles Bush established a small foundry in Wilmington, Delaware. By 1867, the year it was incorporated as the Lobdell Car Wheel Company, the business had added partner George Lobdell and become the world's largest manufacturer of wheels for railroad cars.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhite Rock Furnace, located five miles from Rural Retreat and near the head of Cripple Creek in Smyth County, was among the Lobdell Car Wheel Company's operations in Virginia. Built in 1875, and originally known as the Panic Furnace, the White Rock was purchased in 1880 by Lobdell, which also bought Brown Hill Furnace in neighboring Wythe County. The White Rock ceased operation in the early 20th century, when the company found it more cost effective to purchase, rather than mine and manufacture, its iron.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative History"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Lobdell Car Wheel Company had its beginnings in 1830, when Jonathon Bonney and Charles Bush established a small foundry in Wilmington, Delaware. By 1867, the year it was incorporated as the Lobdell Car Wheel Company, the business had added partner George Lobdell and become the world's largest manufacturer of wheels for railroad cars.","White Rock Furnace, located five miles from Rural Retreat and near the head of Cripple Creek in Smyth County, was among the Lobdell Car Wheel Company's operations in Virginia. Built in 1875, and originally known as the Panic Furnace, the White Rock was purchased in 1880 by Lobdell, which also bought Brown Hill Furnace in neighboring Wythe County. The White Rock ceased operation in the early 20th century, when the company found it more cost effective to purchase, rather than mine and manufacture, its iron."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-%20work/public-domain/cc0/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books, Ms1940-019, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books, Ms1940-019, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books commenced and was completed in January 2013. Initial description was completed in or prior to May 1970.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Lobdell Car Wheel Company Account Books commenced and was completed in January 2013. Initial description was completed in or prior to May 1970."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \u003ca href=\"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv00994.xml\" show=\"new\" title=\"Jacob W. Lantz Papers, Ms1975-003\"\u003eJacob W. Lantz Papers, Ms1975-003\u003c/a\u003e, also in Special Collections and University Archives.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See the Jacob W. Lantz Papers, Ms1975-003 , also in Special Collections and University Archives."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains account books relating to the southwestern Virginia business concerns of the Lobdell Car Wheel Company. Most of the records seem to have originated with the White Rock Furnace in Smyth County. Included are customer account records from the company's store, payroll ledgers, invoices, correspondence, and furnace operation records and reports. Much of the correspondence is addressed directly to Jacob W. Lantz, who managed Lobdell's farm and conducted other business for the company.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains account books relating to the southwestern Virginia business concerns of the Lobdell Car Wheel Company. Most of the records seem to have originated with the White Rock Furnace in Smyth County. Included are customer account records from the company's store, payroll ledgers, invoices, correspondence, and furnace operation records and reports. Much of the correspondence is addressed directly to Jacob W. Lantz, who managed Lobdell's farm and conducted other business for the company."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (\u003ca href=\"mailto:specref@vt.edu\"\u003especref@vt.edu\u003c/a\u003e or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8b3bd7a3ea2ac99513c1a956a02faeb1\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection contains the records of a Smyth and Wythe County, Virginia furnace and store operations of the Lobdell Car Wheel Company, including customer store accounts, payroll records, and furnace operation reports.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains the records of a Smyth and Wythe County, Virginia furnace and store operations of the Lobdell Car Wheel Company, including customer store accounts, payroll records, and furnace operation reports."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Lobdell Car Wheel Company","Lantz, Jacob W., 1868-1940"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Lobdell Car Wheel Company"],"persname_ssim":["Lantz, Jacob W., 1868-1940"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":16,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:48:11.304Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1166_c15"}},{"id":"viu_viu00220_c04_c402","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"\"WHO WROTE'THE RAVEN' -- POE OR HIRST?\"\n by \n Benjamin Blake Minor","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00220_c04_c402#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eMinor denies Dr. Matthew Wood's claim that Charles [sic] B. Hirst wrote \"The Raven\" and recounts his dealings, as editor of the Southern Literary Messenger between 1843 and 1847, with Poe and Henry B. Hirst and his republication of \"The Raven\" in the Southern Literary Messenger in March 1845.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00220_c04_c402#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00220_c04_c402","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00220_c04_c402"],"id":"viu_viu00220_c04_c402","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00220","_root_":"viu_viu00220","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00220_c04","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00220_c04","parent_ssim":["viu_viu00220","viu_viu00220_c04"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00220","viu_viu00220_c04"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["John Henry Ingram's Poe Collection \n ca. 1829-ca.\n 1915.","Part Four: Printed Matter from Magazines,\n Newspapers, and Books"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["John Henry Ingram's Poe Collection \n ca. 1829-ca.\n 1915.","Part Four: Printed Matter from Magazines,\n Newspapers, and Books"],"text":["John Henry Ingram's Poe Collection \n ca. 1829-ca.\n 1915.","Part Four: Printed Matter from Magazines,\n Newspapers, and Books","\"WHO WROTE'THE RAVEN' -- POE OR HIRST?\"\n by \n Benjamin Blake Minor","4 columns clipped from the Richmond\n Times","Box 15","Minor denies Dr. \n Matthew Wood's claim that \n Charles [sic] B. Hirst wrote \"The\n Raven\" and recounts his dealings, as editor of the\n Southern Literary Messenger between 1843 and 1847,\n with Poe and \n Henry B. Hirst and his\n republication of \"The Raven\" in the Southern Literary\n Messenger in March 1845."],"title_filing_ssi":"\"WHO WROTE'THE RAVEN' -- POE OR HIRST?\"\n by \n Benjamin Blake Minor ","title_ssm":["\"WHO WROTE'THE RAVEN' -- POE OR HIRST?\"\n by \n Benjamin Blake Minor "],"title_tesim":["\"WHO WROTE'THE RAVEN' -- POE OR HIRST?\"\n by \n Benjamin Blake Minor "],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1895 February 17. "],"normalized_date_ssm":["1895"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"WHO WROTE'THE RAVEN' -- POE OR HIRST?\"\n by \n Benjamin Blake Minor"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["John Henry Ingram's Poe Collection \n ca. 1829-ca.\n 1915."],"physdesc_tesim":["4 columns clipped from the Richmond\n Times"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":894,"date_range_isim":[1895],"containers_ssim":["Box 15"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMinor denies Dr. \n Matthew Wood's claim that \n Charles [sic] B. Hirst wrote \"The\n Raven\" and recounts his dealings, as editor of the\n Southern Literary Messenger between 1843 and 1847,\n with Poe and \n Henry B. Hirst and his\n republication of \"The Raven\" in the Southern Literary\n Messenger in March 1845.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Minor denies Dr. \n Matthew Wood's claim that \n Charles [sic] B. Hirst wrote \"The\n Raven\" and recounts his dealings, as editor of the\n Southern Literary Messenger between 1843 and 1847,\n with Poe and \n Henry B. Hirst and his\n republication of \"The Raven\" in the Southern Literary\n Messenger in March 1845."],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#401","timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:44:20.390Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00220","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00220","_root_":"viu_viu00220","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00220","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00220.xml","title_ssm":["John Henry Ingram's Poe Collection \n ca. 1829-ca.\n 1915. "],"title_tesim":["John Henry Ingram's Poe Collection \n ca. 1829-ca.\n 1915. "],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["38-135"],"text":["38-135","John Henry Ingram's Poe Collection \n ca. 1829-ca.\n 1915.","This collection consists of ca. 1000\n items.","\n JOHN HENRY INGRAM : EDITOR, BIOGRAPHER,\n AND COLLECTOR OF POE MATERIALS","by \n John Carl Miller ","When \n John Ingram died in \n Brighton, England, on February l2, l9l6,\n he had, as he expressed it, \"a room-full of Poe.\" At that time\n scholars on both sides of the Atlantic were well aware of\n Ingram's collection of Poe materials. Both its size and value\n had been suggested by Ingram's four-volume edition of Poe's\n works, prefaced by an original and controversial Memoir, and\n its worth had further been proved by the two-volume biography\n of Poe in which Ingram had published a great deal of new and\n important information. So impressed was the \n New England editor and critic \n Thomas Wentworth Higginson that he\n addressed an anxious communication to Ingram on February l,\n l880, about his collection: \"I hope that if you should ever\n have occasion to sell it or should bequeath it (absit omen! in\n either case) it may come to some Public Library in this\n country.\"","Ingram's Poe collection was to grow enormously through many\n more years, and in the end Higginson's wish was to be\n fulfilled: it was sold and it did come to \n America, to the \n Alderman Library at the University of\n Virginia.","This is the curious story of how it happened.","Interest in the life and work of \n Edgar Poe was part of Ingram's childhood;\n in his adulthood it became his obsession. By his statement, he\n spent sixty-two years writing about Poe and collecting Poe\n materials. We can be sure he spent as many as fifty-three, for\n he published a poem called \"Hope: An Allegory,\" written in\n imitation of Poe's \"Ulalume,\" in 1863, and in the month before\n he died he published a tart note, setting the record straight\n about Dr. Bransby's school at \n Stoke Newington. He filled the\n intervening years with almost ceaseless attention to Poe: he\n wrote two biographies, several Memoirs, more than fifty\n magazine articles, as well as Prefaces and Introductions to\n writings on Poe by others, and he published and republished\n Poe's tales, poems, and essays in eight separate editions.\n During these years he carried on bitter warfare in print with\n almost every person who wrote about Poe anywhere, especially\n if the writer was an American, for \n John Ingram secretly regarded himself as\n the sole redeemer of Poe's besmirched personal reputation and\n as the person most responsible for Poe's renewed, world-wide\n literary reputation.","II","\n John Henry Ingram was born on November 16,\n 1842, at 29 City Road, \n Finnsbury, Middlesex, and spent his\n childhood in \n Stoke Newington, the \n London suburb where young Poe had himself\n lived. The \n Stoke Newington Manor House School, which\n Poe describes in \"William Wilson,\" was standing in Ingram's\n youth, and he was quite conscious of it as a tangible link\n between his own life and Poe's. On March 6, l874, Ingram wrote\n an autobiographical account to \n Sarah Helen Whitman, clearly\n acknowledging Poe's influence on his early life:","\"As a child, before I could read, I determined as I\n looked at my father's great books and saw how they\n interested him, to become an author and by the time I\n could spell words of one syllable I began to write, but\n in prose. One night when I was still a boy I went into\n my own room, and for the five-hundreth time, began to\n read out of Routledge's little volume of \n Edgar Poe's poems. Suddenly,\n something stirred me till I shuddered with intense\n excitement. \"I felt as if a star had burst within my\n brain.\" I fell on my knees and prayed as I only could\n pray then, and thanked my Creator for having made me a\n poet!\"","But \n John Ingram was not destined to become a\n poet, and he soon realized it. After publishing and\n suppressing his first volume of poetry in 1863, he wrote a\n pathetic \"Farewell to Poesy\" in 1864, bidding adieu to what\n was then the dearest hope of his life.","Private tutors and private schools furnished \n John Ingram's formal education during his\n childhood, until he entered \n Lyonsdown. Later, after he had registered\n at the \n City of London College, his father died,\n and Ingram was forced to withdraw and take up the job of\n supporting himself, his mother, and his two sisters. On\n January l3, l868, he received a Civil Service Commission, with\n an appointment to the \n Savings Bank Department of the London General Post\n Office.","Ingram then molded his life into a pattern which he\n followed doggedly for the rest of his days. He spent his days\n working at his clerkship and he spent his evenings studying,\n writing, and lecturing, complaining irascibly when social\n invitations or professional functions forced him to break this\n routine.","On Saturday afternoons his friends could always find \n John Ingram in the \n Reading Room of the British Museum\n Library. He had learned to speak and write French,\n German, Spanish, and Italian (later in life he added a working\n knowledge of Portuguese and Hungarian). He contributed\n literary articles to leading reviews in \n England, \n France, and \n America, and he lectured frequently, for\n pay, on contemporary literature. He broke his persevering,\n even stubborn, devotion to work and study only occasionally by\n business trips through \n Ireland and \n Scotland or to the Continent, or by trips\n to the \n Isle of Wight and other watering places in\n search of relief from recurring attacks of rheumatic fever,\n which plagued him all of his life. He was determined to be an\n author of important books and in 1868, in spite of his\n difficulties, he made a beginning.","Ingram called his first book Flora Symbolica; or, the\n Language and Sentiment of Flowers. The book was a history of\n the floriography, with an examination of the meaning and\n symbolism, of more than one hundred different flowers,\n garlands, and bouquets. He wrote long essays on each flower\n and included with each one colored illustrations, legends,\n anecdotes, and poetical allusions. His volume was beautifully\n bound and printed, infinitely detailed, and it revealed\n clearly his method as an author: he had thoroughly sifted,\n condensed, and used, with augmentations, the writings of his\n predecessors (a method of editing and writing he was to use\n always, while condemning it in others) in this science of\n sweet things.\" In his Preface, he told his readers with\n characteristic bluntness: \"Although I dare not boast that I\n have exhausted the subject, I may certainly affirm that\n followers will find little left to glean in the paths I have\n traversed.\" \"It will be found to be the most complete work on\n the subject ever published,\" he wrote. He was probably right,\n too. The important thing is that here, very early, he had\n epitomized his guiding philosophy as a writer and an editor.\n His job, as he saw it, was to learn all that had been done on\n whatever subject he was engaged and to strive passionately to\n produce a work of his own that would be significant for its\n completeness.","This book on floriography was the product of a rapidly\n maturing scholar, not that of a youth of nineteen, as his\n later juggling of his birth date would have it appear. He was\n actually twenty-six years old when he first demonstrated his\n abilities as a compiler, editor, and author. Everything about\n this volume shows that Ingram's methods in bookmaking were\n rather firmly decided upon before he commenced his important\n work on Poe, and he altered those methods scarcely at all, no\n matter what his subject, in the next forty-eight years.","Having served his literary apprenticeship, \n John Ingram was ready, by 1870, to begin\n writing books that would, he hoped, be financially profitable\n and at the same time bring to him lasting literary fame. He\n had already, for a long while, studied Poe's writings, reading\n and collecting everything he saw about the poet, and he became\n possessed by a deep, almost instinctive belief that Poe had\n been cruelly wronged by the Memoir that \n Rufus W. Griswold had written and\n published in l850. And so, \n John Ingram found his work: he determined\n to destroy Griswold's Memoir of Poe by proving its author a\n liar and a forger, and, in time, to write a new biography that\n would present to the world \n Edgar Poe as he really was. In order to do\n these things it would be necessary, of course, for him to\n examine everything, both favorable and unfavorable, that had\n been written about Poe, to search for new material, and to\n learn so much about Poe that he could reconstruct, as it were,\n the true character of the man and writer, as he felt it to\n be.","At this point, Ingram's life appeared to have a certain\n stability. He had a respectable and obviously not too\n demanding job that assured financial independence, and he was\n the author of a book popular enough to call for three\n editions, which brought to him a certain amount of literary\n recognition. But there was another side to his nature, a\n darker side that tormented and divided his life. As he began\n assembling materials for a defense of \n Edgar Poe he worked spasmodically, beset\n by worry, self-doubt, trouble, and fear. His temper was quick\n to explode and his sensitive nature found injury and fault\n where little or none of either was intended or existed. Some\n explanation of this duality in his nature is found in a shamed\n confession he made to Mrs. Whitman about the hereditary curse\n that hung over his household: two aunts, his father, and a\n sister, one after the other, had succumbed to insanity and had\n either died or had to be removed from home. His own mind was\n as clear and acute as possible, he insisted, and the family\n curse appeared unlikely to fall upon him if his worldly\n affairs jogged along composedly, but the knowledge of the\n taint in his blood was a terrible thing to him. Perhaps there\n is enough here to explain why Ingram's disposition early\n became choleric, why he never married, and why he suffered all\n of his life from recurring sicknesses, real or imaginary.","By 1870 there was a growing international interest in Poe's\n genius. A new generation had grown up to be fascinated by his\n tales and poems, and the older generations had in a measure\n forgotten the unpleasant stories connected with Poe's life. A\n minority group of Poe's friends in \n America knew that Griswold's Memoir had\n been motivated by jealousy and hatred, but no one of them had\n the information, the literary ability, and the strength\n necessary to publish an effectively documented denial of\n Grisold's Memoir and to replace it with an honest biography.\n These friends of Poe's were widely separated, largely unknown\n to each other; all had been seriously affected by a decade of\n war and its aftermath, and all of them were growing old. If\n Poe's memory was to be vindicated, it was fairly certain that\n it would have to be done by someone younger, someone who would\n not personally have known Poe. Not a single one of Poe's close\n friends who still lived in the l870's had any idea or plan for\n doing the job himself, but a number of them were eager to help\n someone else do it.","Such, in brief, was the situation when \n John Henry Ingram of \n Stoke Newington determined to prove to the\n world his theory that \n Rufus Griswold had been a liar and that \n Edgar Poe had been shamefully\n maligned.","The first articles Ingram published in l873 and early l874\n had little new information in them which would vindicate Poe's\n reputation; Ingram was of necessity feeling his way, and he\n used these magazine publications to announce clearly his\n purpose, before diving into the melee. He intended to refute,\n step by step, the aspersions cast on Poe's character by\n Griswold and to publish an edition of Poe's works which would\n not only be more complete than any hitherto published, but\n which, through a Memoir as its Preface, would clear Poe's name\n and present him to the world as the great artist and fine\n gentleman he really was.","After his first flight into the thin air of creative and\n imaginative writing, Ingram's muse brought him closer to earth\n and he really found himself at home in the murky atmosphere of\n the \n British Museum. Ingram was a natural\n researcher. Armed with righteous indignation and the tools of\n scholarship, he became a crusader enlisted in a holy cause;\n the peculiar combination within him of a sensitive, poetic\n soul and a zealot's concentrated energy uniquely fitted him\n for the challenging job of righting the wrongs he believed had\n been done to Poe.","Having exhausted his resources at hand, Ingram turned to \n America in the hope of finding there\n friends of Poe who still resented the injustice done to him\n enough to help clear his name. The adroit timing and the\n felicity of this plan quickly became apparent. It was not\n difficult for Ingram to communicate his sincere feeling that\n his work was a crusade against evil, and Poe's friends were\n delighted with the boyish fervor of this young and already\n distinguished English scholar who was so unselfishly\n championing the poet's blighted reputation. Poe had been dead\n for nearly twenty-five years and many of his friends were\n hastening to their own graves, but they responded immediately\n to Ingram's letters and joined in a tireless search for\n recollections of Poe's literary and personal activities,\n sending letters Poe had written to them, manuscripts, books,\n and even personal keepsakes Poe had given to them. \n Sarah Helen Whitman, excited over the\n prospect of Ingram's writing an authoritative biography of\n Poe, wrote out for him everything she could remember of her\n personal meetings with Poe, sent him manuscripts, hundreds of\n newsclippings, magazine articles, copied letters and excerpts\n from articles, and gave unreservedly from her remarkable store\n of information about what others had written and said about\n Poe. \n Annie Richmond entrusted to Ingram the\n only copies she had ever made of her precious letters from\n Poe, and sent him copies of Poe's books that had been found in\n Poe's trunk after he died. \n Marie Louise Shew Houghton sent letters\n and copies of letters from Poe, a miniature of Poe's mother,\n and at least three manuscript poems Poe had given her. \n Stella Lewis gave him Poe's manuscript of\n \"Politian,\" and willed to him the daguerreotype which Poe had\n given to her in l848. \n Edward V. Valentine of \n Richmond, \n William Hand Browne of \n Johns Hopkins University, \n John Neal, Poe's sister Rosalie, the \n Poe family in \n Baltimore, including \n Neilson Poe and his daughter Amelia, and\n many, many others contributed to Ingram's surprisingly large\n store of information about Poe. And when \n William Fearing Gill and \n Eugene L. Didier came to many of these\n same persons asking for help on their biographies of Poe,\n these correspondents showed a surprising disposition to\n withhold everything for Ingram and to betray to him the\n activities of his American rivals. Later when violent personal\n and literary quarrels broke out between Ingram and these\n American biographers of Poe, Ingram's epistolary friends\n encouraged him in private correspondence and defended him\n vigorously in the public press. Poe's friends had become\n Ingram's partisans. A steadily rising stream of books,\n letters, manuscripts, pictures, and newsclippings passed from \n America to \n England, with a few of them, but very\n few, finding their way back again. The aggregate of Ingram's\n correspondence on Poe matters is staggering when one realizes\n that he carried it on single-handedly, and published during\n these years sixteen books on other subjects while holding an\n everyday job at the General Post Office.","From the two bound volumes of the Broadway Journal that\n Mrs. Whitman sent, Ingram was able to make a number of\n important additions to the cannon of Poe's writings when he\n published his edition of Poe's works. Poe had given these\n volumes, covering his editorship of the Journal, to Mrs.\n Whitman in l848, and had gone through them and initialed with\n \"P\" almost everything he had written. Mrs. Whitman had first\n offered to lend these volumes to Ingram, but then, feeling the\n time of her death drawing near, she decided to give them to\n him. Accordingly, on April 2, 1874, she mailed them with the\n injunction that they be returned to her \"at the opening of the\n seventh seal.\"","In the Preface of his l880 two-volume biography of Poe, \n John Ingram bade farewell \"to what has\n engrossed so much of my life and labour.\" He was convinced\n that he had garnered almost all of the genuine Poe documents\n there were and that his accurate and complete biography had\n dealt conclusively with everything of importance concerning\n Poe. His work was finished, he sincerely thought.","But Ingram was not through with Poe. He should have\n understood himself and the reputation he had acquired as a Poe\n scholar well enough to know that he could not be through. The\n popularity of his edition had created a large market for Poe's\n writings and his biography had stirred up so much controversy,\n particularly in \n America, that he had rather to increase\n sharply his activities, for he was quickly challenged about\n statements in his published works. Quick to resent\n encroachment on what he considered his private preserves, he\n rapidly found himself at odds with a number of persons who had\n begun writing on Poe, for he could detect in their\n publications borrowings from his own, borrowings made more\n often than not without acknowledgment.","Ingram could not copyright facts, and he grew steadily more\n embittered as he saw the fruits of his research become public\n property. A new era of investigation into Poe's writings and\n life was beginning in \n America, an era brought about principally\n by Ingram's controversial personality and by the tone of his\n published writings about Poe. Competent scholars were entering\n the field to contest Ingram's claims of being the leading Poe\n authority, and these new American writers were rapidly making\n the early efforts of W. F. Gill and Eugene Didier appear\n puerile indeed. \n George W. Woodberry, \n Edmund C. Stedman, and \n R. H. Stoddard were formidable new\n biographers and suitors of Poe, and Ingram had not as yet, in\n the 1880's, taken their measure. Far from being finished with\n his work, he was really only beginning. During the next\n thirty-five years he struck back angrily through the columns\n of important newspapers and journals --to which his reputation\n as a Poe scholar gave him easy access --at other writers who,\n as he saw it, had stolen his Poe materials or who had altered\n the Poe image he had tried so hard to create. When reviewing\n new editions and biographies of Poe, Ingram tried to demolish\n them with a wit as rapier-like as was Poe's; unfortunately for\n him, his witty thrusts resembled broad-ax blows. Where Poe had\n been original and cruel, Ingram was simply sarcastic and\n repetitious. But through their reviews Ingram and Poe did\n achieve the same result: they both made enduring, deadly,\n vociferous enemies.","In 1884 Ingram edited a de luxe four-volume edition of\n Tales and Poems of \n Edgar Allan Poe for English publication,\n and for the \n Tauchnitz Press in \n Leipzig he edited separate volumes of\n Poe's Tales and Poems; in 1885 he published a volume on Poe's\n \"The Raven\"; in 1886 he prepared a one-volume reprint of the\n two-volume biography of Poe he had issued in 1880; and in 1888\n he brought out the first variorum edition of Poe's poems. With\n these publications Ingram was represented on the literary\n market by one edition or another which covered every phase of\n Poe's activities. Thus, finally, was completed the body of his\n important work on Poe.","In still another sense \n John Ingram's work on Poe was finished.\n His whole method of investigation had been based on personal\n correspondence with Poe's friends, and year by year the circle\n had grown smaller until, in 1888, only \n Annie Richmond was left. His early, happy\n inspiration of searching out Poe's friends had yielded rich\n results. Now those persons were silent, but their memories,\n their letters, and their precious papers had been given into\n Ingram's keeping; and he had used most of these things in\n publishing in every area of Poe scholarship, until, at the\n close of 1888, there was literally nothing left for him to do.\n But his collection remained and was the envy of Poe scholars\n everywhere.","\n John Ingram was retired with a pension\n from the Civil Service in 1903, after thirty-five years in the\n General Post Office. He continued living in \n London with his only remaining sister,\n Laura, writing articles, caustically reviewing new books about\n Poe and new editions of Poe's works, and in 1909 Ingram led\n the English celebration of Poe's centenary, bringing out still\n another edition of Poe's poems and furnishing to the London\n Bookman practically all of the materials used in its \n Edgar Allan Poe Centenary Number. In these\n years of retirement Ingram began putting into final form his\n definitive biography of Poe. He felt he could use everything\n in his files, now that all of the people who had sent\n materials to him were dead, to achieve the distinction he\n wanted more than anything else --to be remembered by the world\n as the one authentic and complete biographer of Edgar Poe. In\n 1912 Ingram moved his household from \n London to \n Brighton. There for a few years he\n enjoyed the sea-bathing he loved so well, and there he died on\n February 12, 1916. His passing went unnoticed. His last\n sickness had evidently not been considered terminal and his\n death must have come unexpectedly, for he left no clear-cut\n arrangements for disposing of his affairs or for the huge\n collection of Poe materials, the pride of his life. It is\n strange that he had not long before made definite provision\n for his Poe collection, for it constituted his greatest claim\n to personal and literary fame, and \n John Ingram was a man mindful of history's\n judgment. Through the years, it is true, he had sold almost\n all of his original Poe letters and some of the more important\n items given him by Poe's friends, but he had kept accurate\n copies of everything he had sold. Ingram had justified his\n actions by insisting he had sacrificed his own fortune and\n health in trying to clear Poe's name and if his work was to\n continue the sales were necessary to provide money for it.\n Even though these original letters and manuscripts were no\n longer part of his collection, the things that remained were\n very important, and \n John Ingram knew it. Nothing else he had\n published had brought his name before the world as had his\n publications on Poe and the reputation he had gained as a\n collector of Poe materials.","III","Shortly after John Ingram's death, Miss \n Laura Ingram caused something of a stir in\n the scholarly worlds of \n England and \n America by advertising for sale her\n brother's entire library. Although \n John Ingram had become an anachronism, his\n out-dated biographical methods having long been superseded by\n the careful, painstaking, scholarly practices of Professors \n James A. Harrison and \n Killis Campbell, the number of important\n \"first\" Poe publications Ingram had scored was still green in\n the memories of all concerned. Poe scholars knew that in his\n declining years Ingram had lost his knack of ferreting out new\n and important facts about Poe, but they also knew that shortly\n before his death Ingram had completed a new biography of Poe.\n While they did not expect that manuscript to be among the\n papers offered for sale, there was every reason to believe the\n materials from which he had written it would be. More\n important than this, scholars everywhere wanted to see those\n original manuscripts and letters by means of which Ingram had\n forty years before made so many important contributions to Poe\n biography.","Word of the proposed sale reached the \n University of Virginia early in the summer\n of 1916. Librarian \n John S. Patton promptly sent an inquiry to\n Ingram's heirs, through the American Consul in \n London, asking what books and papers\n about Poe were to be sold. Miss \n Laura Ingram as promptly answered his\n inquiry and enclosed a partial list of the Poe books, letters,\n and papers she wished to sell, asking l50 pounds sterling for\n the lot. Patton felt this too inclusive a basis on which to\n buy, so he countered with a proposition that Miss Ingram send\n the entire collection to \n Virginia for examination and evaluation;\n for an option to buy any or all of the collection the\n University would pay shipping expenses and insurance from \n England to \n America, and back again, if need be.\n Patton's interest was principally in the letters and portraits\n in the collection; the University, he wrote, not altogether\n accurately, already had most of the books on Poe that Miss\n Ingram had listed.","Miss Ingram agreed to Patton's proposal but delayed the\n shipment because there was a great risk of losing the\n collection. \n England was at war with \n Germany and enemy submarines had begun\n taking a heavy toll of English merchant shipping. After a few\n months, when the immediacies of war occupied both Miss Ingram\n and the University officials, correspondence about the Poe\n papers was dropped.","In 1919, \n James Southall Wilson, a young Professor\n of English from \n William and Mary came to join the \n University of Virginia faculty. A seminar\n course on Poe's works was being organized for the first time\n at the University and Dr. Wilson was scheduled to teach it.\n Although he was not at the time either a Poe specialist or a\n specialist in American literature Dr. Wilson had, however,\n long been keenly interested in Poe's writings. Shortly after\n his arrival, \n John Patton mentioned to him in casual\n conversation that he had a partial list of \n John Ingram's Poe Collection which had\n been for sale some years before. When Dr. Wilson saw the list\n his imagination quickly became fired with the possibilities of\n what the whole collection might be; so he maneuvered hastily,\n to enlist President \n Edwin A. Alderman's support, gathered\n accumulated Library funds, and reopened the correspondence\n with Miss Ingram about her brother's papers.","Miss Ingram's health had been seriously affected by her\n brother's death and by the privations of the war; once the\n fighting was over she had begun making hurried efforts to\n dispose of the Poe papers to any acceptable university or\n library authorities. She had wanted them to go to the \n University of Virginia for safekeeping,\n since her brother had paid marked attention to Poe's alma\n mater, but a number of years had passed without further word\n from \n Charlottesville. Fearfully believing her\n own death to be at hand, she had seized an opportunity to sell\n the papers to the \n University of Texas.","Professor \n Killis Campbell, an editor of Poe's poems\n and himself a Virginian, wrote Miss Ingram, as Chairman of the\n Department of English at the University of\n Texas, that he would consider buying her Poe papers\n only after the \n University of Virginia had definitely\n refused their purchase.","Still another possible solution to Miss Ingram's problem\n then presented itself: a Harvard Professor, vacationing in\n England, came to \n Brighton to examine the Poe collection,\n with the idea of buying it for his university.","At this point Miss Ingram received Dr. Wilson's renewed\n request to ship the papers on approval to \n Virginia. She did not want this\n indefiniteness. Getting the papers packed and shipped,\n furthermore, would be a difficult and confusing job, for the\n Poe collection had somehow become mixed with the remnants of \n John Ingram's once enviable collections\n of materials about \n Christopher Marlowe, Chatterton, \n Oliver Madox-Brown, and \n Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Sudden\n interest in the Poe papers on the part of an English purchaser\n offered her a way out. She stopped short and awaited an offer\n from any one of the prospective buyers who would relieve her\n of the trouble of packing and shipping the papers. A quick\n acceptance of her terms by the English agent, the Harvard\n professor, or by the \n University of Texas would have changed the\n fate of the Poe papers.","The \n University of Virginia's correspondence\n about the papers had not involved an agent, since it was begun\n and ended by personal letters between \n John Patton, Dr. Wilson, and Miss Ingram.\n Yet, some knowledge of the prospective return of \n John Ingram's Poe papers to \n America reached numerous scholars,\n authors, teachers, and booksellers, for they began sending\n requests to the \n University of Virginia for permission to\n examine and use or to purchase portions of the collection. The\n first word the University itself had that they were to receive\n the Poe Collection came from \n J. H. Whitty, \n Richmond book collector and editor of\n Poe's poems, who wrote \n John Patton on September 23, 1921, saying\n the papers were even then enroute from \n England to the University. This\n information, Whitty wrote in sly confidence, he had picked up\n through the bookseller's \"grapevine.\"","In mid-October, 192l, the collection arrived in the \n United States aboard the SS Northwestern\n Miller, which docked at \n Philadelphia. The shipment, consigned by \n John Patton as \"settler's effects,\" was\n passed through Customs free of duty. But Patton, who had not\n been in \n England for a decade, resolutely refused\n to sign an affidavit declaring the boxes contained his\n household goods; consequently, two weeks passed before\n official confusion was cleared up and the shipment\n released.","The two great packing cases actually reached the University\n in the first week of November and were isolated in a small\n room in the basement of the Rotunda to await examination by\n Dr. Wilson in whatever time he could spare from his teaching\n duties.","Dr. Wilson found his job long and tiring, but always\n interesting, and at times very exciting. \n John Ingram's Poe collection was bulky,\n varied and rich.","IV","Perhaps the prize single article in the Poe Collection was\n the original \"Stella\" daguerreotype of Poe --the one Poe had\n given to Mrs. Lewis in l848, which she in turn willed to \n John Ingram in l880. And among the\n hundreds of letters from Ingram's correspondents, perhaps none\n were more interesting to Dr. Wilson, nor to Poe students\n later, than those from \n Sarah Helen Whitman. This strange and\n charming woman had cherished for twenty-five years the image\n of herself as his one great love, after her brief engagement\n of three months to Poe in l848, and she had written to \n John Ingram the fullest account there is\n of their personal relationships. Her ninety-eight letters to\n Ingram narrowly escaped being destroyed by \n Laura Ingram, who felt, for reasons best\n known to herself, Mrs. Whitman's letters were unfit to be in\n her brother's collection. Fortunately, Miss Ingram decided to\n include the letters in the shipment and let the Virginia\n authorities decide whether or not they should be\n destroyed.","Ingram's letters to \n Annie Richmond had also evoked full and\n generous replies. She placed her whole trust in Ingram and\n wanted him to understand, as she felt sure no mortal except\n herself had understood, the purity and nobility of Poe's mind\n and spirit. The copies she made of Poe's letters to herself\n for \n John Ingram, found in this collection,\n are the only ones in existence; the originals have\n disappeared.","Dr. Wilson also found in this collection many letters from \n Marie Louise Shew Houghton, who had\n nursed \n Virginia Poe during her last sickness at \n Fordham and had watched over Poe as he\n suffered a long and violent attack after Virginia's death.\n Mrs. Houghton had sent to Ingram either the originals or\n copies of all the manuscripts and letters she had received\n from Poe, in addition to a sometimes confusing but invaluable\n account of Poe's family life.","Letters from these three ladies made up the largest group\n that Ingram had received, but Dr. Wilson found many additional\n letters and items of importance. There was the original\n drawing of Poe that \n Edouard Manet had made and presented to \n Stephane Mallarme, who had in turn given\n it to \n John Ingram ; a pen drawing of \n Marie Louise Shew, made by an unknown\n hand; letters from \n Rosalie Poe, begging, shortly before she\n died, for Ingram's financial help; a penciled letter from Poe\n himself to \n Stella Lewis written on the back of her\n manuscript poem \"The Prisoner of Perote\"; letters and\n documents from \n Edward V. Valentine, the Richmond\n sculptor who first persuaded \n Elmira Royster Shelton to relate for\n Ingram her early and late memories of Poe; letters from Sir \n Arthur Conan Doyle, \n John Neal, \n Elizabeth Oakes Smith, and many other\n letters Dr. Wilson knew to be without parallel in any\n collection of Poe papers.","Miss Ingram had not included in the shipment \"a good many\"\n letters from Miss \n Amelia FitzGerald Poe, since they \"threw\n too little fresh light on her nephew's life to be of an\n interest,\" nor had she included old copies of the Southern\n Literary Messenger and Burton's Gentleman's Magazine, feeling\n certain the University would already have them. \n Amelia Poe was the daughter of \n Neilson Poe, who had buried Edgar in \n Baltimore in l849, and the custodian of\n many letters from Poe, Mrs. Clemm, Mrs. Whitman, and \n Annie Richmond ; she had corresponded with\n Ingram over a period of twenty years and was important enough\n to him to receive the dedication of his last biography of Poe.\n These letters and magazines were requested from Miss Ingram\n and in time they were received and restored to the\n collection.","After a thorough examination of the collection, Dr. Wilson\n decided it was worth the price asked. In l916 the price had\n been 150 pounds; in 1922 it was 200 pounds. For the entire\n collection, \n John Patton offered 181 pounds, 14\n shillings ($800), on March 24, 1922.","Miss Ingram gladly accepted the money and she wrote to the\n officials of the University how pleased she was that what she\n believed to be her dead brother's wish had been carried out:\n his Poe collection was at home in \n America, and in \n Virginia, where she was sure he would\n have wanted it to be. And she continued her interest in the\n University, quite often sending cordial letters accompanied by\n packages of books, pictures, and letters which she had come\n across and thought belonged with her brother's Poe collection.\n In 1933, when once again Miss Ingram thought her death was\n near, she sent to the University, as a gift, John Ingram's\n manuscript, \"The True Story of \n Edgar Allan Poe. \" This manuscript had\n been in a publisher's hands when Ingram died, but printing was\n delayed until the war should be over. Before that time came,\n however, the publisher had himself died, and \n Laura Ingram had tried without success to\n place it with other publishers. Its presence in the house made\n her uncomfortable. Would the University accept it and deal\n with it as they saw fit?","The whole tone of this manuscript convinces the reader that\n John Ingram considered this last\n biography, his farewell to Poe scholarship, to be a volume\n that would triumphantly answer his critics, and would be the\n foundation-stone upon which he would be able to stand forever\n as the uncontestable arbiter of all things concerning Poe. In\n this work he resurveyed his whole knowledge and experience and\n fearlessly handed down his dicta on all controversial Poe\n questions. But unfortunately his spleen overrode his scholarly\n judgment. His virulence against other Poe biographers,\n especially the Americans whom he accused of fraudulently using\n his materials, succeeded in clouding Ingram's own vision and\n writing, and succeeds in destroying for his present day reader\n the confidence necessary in an author's balanced judgment, if\n he is to accept, even partially, the arbitrary rulings. This\n manuscript is not, as Ingram thought it would be, the last\n word on Poe. It is unrelentingly bitter against Poe's\n detractors and Ingram's personal rivals, and it seeks, even\n more than did Ingram's other writings on Poe, to whitewash its\n subject completely. Ingram's perspective seems to have\n deserted him as he wrote this manuscript, and he had little\n left except futile anger.","V","The addition of the manuscript life of Poe rounded out the\n collection of Poe papers that once had belonged to \n John Ingram, now in the possession of the\n University of Virginia.","One can safely say that had it not been for \n John Ingram's skill and energy, together\n with the peculiarities of his temperament, we should not now\n have many of these unusual and dependable accounts of Poe's\n activities and personality. By studying Ingram's papers it is\n possible to trace him through a maze of editing and publishing\n and to watch him, step by step, slowly amass his great fund of\n information about Poe. One can see him make mistakes and\n achieve triumphs as he accepts, rejects, and fuses information\n to be included in his numerous publications on Poe. Then, too,\n it is still possible to catch fresh glimpses of Poe himself in\n this collection, for Ingram did not publish all of the\n memories of Poe set down in the letters he received. Some of\n these recollections Ingram deliberately shielded from public\n view, but they are no more apocryphal than many of the\n recollections he chose to believe and to publish; some of the\n records Ingram received he suppressed from delicacy alone.","A number of scholarly papers, theses, and doctoral\n dissertations have been based on this collection of Poe\n papers, making almost all the more important items and\n clusters of items more readily available to other scholars.\n The complete collection has made possible another kind of\n study, by an examination of Ingram's biographies and editions\n of Poe, in conjunction with the rough materials from which he\n shaped them, it has been possible to make a just evaluation of\n Ingram's place among Poe biographers and editors and to\n demonstrate exactly what and how many important contributions\n he made to the peculiarly difficult field of Poe scholarship.\n Finally, and by no means least important, is the fact that,\n since Ingram's work on Poe covered nearly his whole life span,\n it has been possible for the first time to trace in the great\n mass of his papers a thread of the biography of this\n nineteenth-century professional editor and biographer to whom\n the writer of every signifcant work about Poe since 1874 has\n been directly and heavily indebted.","A calendar and index of letters and other manuscripts,\n photographs, printed matter, and biographical source materials\n concerning \n Edgar Allan Poe assembled by \n John Henry Ingram, with prefatory essay\n by \n John Carl Miller on Ingram as a Poe editor\n and biographer and as a collector of Poe materials.","Second Edition by John E. Reilly","To the Memory of John Carl Miller","Introduction:","In 1922 the \n University of Virginia paid the heirs of \n John Henry Ingram the munificent sum of\n $800 for the materials Ingram had assembled for his work as\n biographer, editor, and stalwart (i.e., feisty) champion of \n Edgar Allan Poe. What the University\n acquired is an unparalleled collection of letters and other\n manuscripts, of photographs and daguerreotypes, and of\n newspaper clippings and various other printed materials\n totaling altogether more than a thousand items. Although the\n University made the Collection available to serious students\n of Poe, the contents remained uncatalogued at the \n Alderman Library until, in the late\n 1940's, \n John Carl Miller, then a graduate\n student, undertook the chore of sorting and classifying the\n mass of material. As it happened, the chore proved to be even\n more than a labor of love: it marked for Miller the beginning\n of a life-long interest both in Ingram and in the materials\n Ingram had compiled. The first fruit of Miller's interest was\n his 1954 doctoral dissertation, Poe's English Biographer,\n John Henry Ingram : A Biographical Account\n and a Study of His Contributions to Poe Scholarship. Six\n years later the University published the first edition of\n Professor Miller's John Henry Ingram's Poe Collection at the University\n of Virginia. This little book was a \"calendar\" or chronological\n checklist of the Collection providing a brief description of\n the content of each item. Professor Miller prefaced the\n calendar with his essay on Ingram as \"Editor, Biographer, and\n Collector of Poe Materials\" and furnished access to the\n calendar through an index. In the mid-1960's Professor Miller\n served as an advisor to the University's project of making the\n entire Collection available on nine reels of microfilm. At the\n same time, however, Professor Miller was laying his own plans\n to make \"the more important primary source materials\" used by\n Ingram even more available in a multi-volume annotated\n edition. The first of these volumes, Building Poe Biography, was published by Louisiana State University Press\n in 1977, and the second volume, Poe's Helen Remembers, appeared two years later from the \n University Press of Virginia. In\n declining health for a number of years, Professor Miller died\n in October 1979, before any other volumes could be\n prepared.","At the time of his death, Professor Miller was at work not\n only on his annotated edition of materials in the Collection\n but also on the second edition of the calendar published by\n the \n University of Virginia almost two decades\n earlier. It is his work on the second edition of the calendar\n that the present volume carries to its conclusion.","The format of the entries in the calendar is similarly\n unchanged: two paragraphs are devoted to each item, the first\n a bibliographical (if that word can be extended to included\n manuscripts) description of the item and the second paragraph\n a brief account of its content.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["38-135"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John Henry Ingram's Poe Collection \n ca. 1829-ca.\n 1915."],"collection_title_tesim":["John Henry Ingram's Poe Collection \n ca. 1829-ca.\n 1915."],"collection_ssim":["John Henry Ingram's Poe Collection \n ca. 1829-ca.\n 1915."],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Laura Ingram"],"creator_ssim":["Laura Ingram"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased by the Library in\n 1922."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["This collection consists of ca. 1000\n items."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\n JOHN HENRY INGRAM : EDITOR, BIOGRAPHER,\n AND COLLECTOR OF POE MATERIALS\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eby \n John Carl Miller \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen \n John Ingram died in \n Brighton, England, on February l2, l9l6,\n he had, as he expressed it, \"a room-full of Poe.\" At that time\n scholars on both sides of the Atlantic were well aware of\n Ingram's collection of Poe materials. Both its size and value\n had been suggested by Ingram's four-volume edition of Poe's\n works, prefaced by an original and controversial Memoir, and\n its worth had further been proved by the two-volume biography\n of Poe in which Ingram had published a great deal of new and\n important information. So impressed was the \n New England editor and critic \n Thomas Wentworth Higginson that he\n addressed an anxious communication to Ingram on February l,\n l880, about his collection: \"I hope that if you should ever\n have occasion to sell it or should bequeath it (absit omen! in\n either case) it may come to some Public Library in this\n country.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIngram's Poe collection was to grow enormously through many\n more years, and in the end Higginson's wish was to be\n fulfilled: it was sold and it did come to \n America, to the \n Alderman Library at the University of\n Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis is the curious story of how it happened.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInterest in the life and work of \n Edgar Poe was part of Ingram's childhood;\n in his adulthood it became his obsession. By his statement, he\n spent sixty-two years writing about Poe and collecting Poe\n materials. We can be sure he spent as many as fifty-three, for\n he published a poem called \"Hope: An Allegory,\" written in\n imitation of Poe's \"Ulalume,\" in 1863, and in the month before\n he died he published a tart note, setting the record straight\n about Dr. Bransby's school at \n Stoke Newington. He filled the\n intervening years with almost ceaseless attention to Poe: he\n wrote two biographies, several Memoirs, more than fifty\n magazine articles, as well as Prefaces and Introductions to\n writings on Poe by others, and he published and republished\n Poe's tales, poems, and essays in eight separate editions.\n During these years he carried on bitter warfare in print with\n almost every person who wrote about Poe anywhere, especially\n if the writer was an American, for \n John Ingram secretly regarded himself as\n the sole redeemer of Poe's besmirched personal reputation and\n as the person most responsible for Poe's renewed, world-wide\n literary reputation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n John Henry Ingram was born on November 16,\n 1842, at 29 City Road, \n Finnsbury, Middlesex, and spent his\n childhood in \n Stoke Newington, the \n London suburb where young Poe had himself\n lived. The \n Stoke Newington Manor House School, which\n Poe describes in \"William Wilson,\" was standing in Ingram's\n youth, and he was quite conscious of it as a tangible link\n between his own life and Poe's. On March 6, l874, Ingram wrote\n an autobiographical account to \n Sarah Helen Whitman, clearly\n acknowledging Poe's influence on his early life:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\"As a child, before I could read, I determined as I\n looked at my father's great books and saw how they\n interested him, to become an author and by the time I\n could spell words of one syllable I began to write, but\n in prose. One night when I was still a boy I went into\n my own room, and for the five-hundreth time, began to\n read out of Routledge's little volume of \n Edgar Poe's poems. Suddenly,\n something stirred me till I shuddered with intense\n excitement. \"I felt as if a star had burst within my\n brain.\" I fell on my knees and prayed as I only could\n pray then, and thanked my Creator for having made me a\n poet!\"\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBut \n John Ingram was not destined to become a\n poet, and he soon realized it. After publishing and\n suppressing his first volume of poetry in 1863, he wrote a\n pathetic \"Farewell to Poesy\" in 1864, bidding adieu to what\n was then the dearest hope of his life.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrivate tutors and private schools furnished \n John Ingram's formal education during his\n childhood, until he entered \n Lyonsdown. Later, after he had registered\n at the \n City of London College, his father died,\n and Ingram was forced to withdraw and take up the job of\n supporting himself, his mother, and his two sisters. On\n January l3, l868, he received a Civil Service Commission, with\n an appointment to the \n Savings Bank Department of the London General Post\n Office.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIngram then molded his life into a pattern which he\n followed doggedly for the rest of his days. He spent his days\n working at his clerkship and he spent his evenings studying,\n writing, and lecturing, complaining irascibly when social\n invitations or professional functions forced him to break this\n routine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn Saturday afternoons his friends could always find \n John Ingram in the \n Reading Room of the British Museum\n Library. He had learned to speak and write French,\n German, Spanish, and Italian (later in life he added a working\n knowledge of Portuguese and Hungarian). He contributed\n literary articles to leading reviews in \n England, \n France, and \n America, and he lectured frequently, for\n pay, on contemporary literature. He broke his persevering,\n even stubborn, devotion to work and study only occasionally by\n business trips through \n Ireland and \n Scotland or to the Continent, or by trips\n to the \n Isle of Wight and other watering places in\n search of relief from recurring attacks of rheumatic fever,\n which plagued him all of his life. He was determined to be an\n author of important books and in 1868, in spite of his\n difficulties, he made a beginning.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIngram called his first book Flora Symbolica; or, the\n Language and Sentiment of Flowers. The book was a history of\n the floriography, with an examination of the meaning and\n symbolism, of more than one hundred different flowers,\n garlands, and bouquets. He wrote long essays on each flower\n and included with each one colored illustrations, legends,\n anecdotes, and poetical allusions. His volume was beautifully\n bound and printed, infinitely detailed, and it revealed\n clearly his method as an author: he had thoroughly sifted,\n condensed, and used, with augmentations, the writings of his\n predecessors (a method of editing and writing he was to use\n always, while condemning it in others) in this science of\n sweet things.\" In his Preface, he told his readers with\n characteristic bluntness: \"Although I dare not boast that I\n have exhausted the subject, I may certainly affirm that\n followers will find little left to glean in the paths I have\n traversed.\" \"It will be found to be the most complete work on\n the subject ever published,\" he wrote. He was probably right,\n too. The important thing is that here, very early, he had\n epitomized his guiding philosophy as a writer and an editor.\n His job, as he saw it, was to learn all that had been done on\n whatever subject he was engaged and to strive passionately to\n produce a work of his own that would be significant for its\n completeness.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis book on floriography was the product of a rapidly\n maturing scholar, not that of a youth of nineteen, as his\n later juggling of his birth date would have it appear. He was\n actually twenty-six years old when he first demonstrated his\n abilities as a compiler, editor, and author. Everything about\n this volume shows that Ingram's methods in bookmaking were\n rather firmly decided upon before he commenced his important\n work on Poe, and he altered those methods scarcely at all, no\n matter what his subject, in the next forty-eight years.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHaving served his literary apprenticeship, \n John Ingram was ready, by 1870, to begin\n writing books that would, he hoped, be financially profitable\n and at the same time bring to him lasting literary fame. He\n had already, for a long while, studied Poe's writings, reading\n and collecting everything he saw about the poet, and he became\n possessed by a deep, almost instinctive belief that Poe had\n been cruelly wronged by the Memoir that \n Rufus W. Griswold had written and\n published in l850. And so, \n John Ingram found his work: he determined\n to destroy Griswold's Memoir of Poe by proving its author a\n liar and a forger, and, in time, to write a new biography that\n would present to the world \n Edgar Poe as he really was. In order to do\n these things it would be necessary, of course, for him to\n examine everything, both favorable and unfavorable, that had\n been written about Poe, to search for new material, and to\n learn so much about Poe that he could reconstruct, as it were,\n the true character of the man and writer, as he felt it to\n be.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt this point, Ingram's life appeared to have a certain\n stability. He had a respectable and obviously not too\n demanding job that assured financial independence, and he was\n the author of a book popular enough to call for three\n editions, which brought to him a certain amount of literary\n recognition. But there was another side to his nature, a\n darker side that tormented and divided his life. As he began\n assembling materials for a defense of \n Edgar Poe he worked spasmodically, beset\n by worry, self-doubt, trouble, and fear. His temper was quick\n to explode and his sensitive nature found injury and fault\n where little or none of either was intended or existed. Some\n explanation of this duality in his nature is found in a shamed\n confession he made to Mrs. Whitman about the hereditary curse\n that hung over his household: two aunts, his father, and a\n sister, one after the other, had succumbed to insanity and had\n either died or had to be removed from home. His own mind was\n as clear and acute as possible, he insisted, and the family\n curse appeared unlikely to fall upon him if his worldly\n affairs jogged along composedly, but the knowledge of the\n taint in his blood was a terrible thing to him. Perhaps there\n is enough here to explain why Ingram's disposition early\n became choleric, why he never married, and why he suffered all\n of his life from recurring sicknesses, real or imaginary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBy 1870 there was a growing international interest in Poe's\n genius. A new generation had grown up to be fascinated by his\n tales and poems, and the older generations had in a measure\n forgotten the unpleasant stories connected with Poe's life. A\n minority group of Poe's friends in \n America knew that Griswold's Memoir had\n been motivated by jealousy and hatred, but no one of them had\n the information, the literary ability, and the strength\n necessary to publish an effectively documented denial of\n Grisold's Memoir and to replace it with an honest biography.\n These friends of Poe's were widely separated, largely unknown\n to each other; all had been seriously affected by a decade of\n war and its aftermath, and all of them were growing old. If\n Poe's memory was to be vindicated, it was fairly certain that\n it would have to be done by someone younger, someone who would\n not personally have known Poe. Not a single one of Poe's close\n friends who still lived in the l870's had any idea or plan for\n doing the job himself, but a number of them were eager to help\n someone else do it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSuch, in brief, was the situation when \n John Henry Ingram of \n Stoke Newington determined to prove to the\n world his theory that \n Rufus Griswold had been a liar and that \n Edgar Poe had been shamefully\n maligned.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first articles Ingram published in l873 and early l874\n had little new information in them which would vindicate Poe's\n reputation; Ingram was of necessity feeling his way, and he\n used these magazine publications to announce clearly his\n purpose, before diving into the melee. He intended to refute,\n step by step, the aspersions cast on Poe's character by\n Griswold and to publish an edition of Poe's works which would\n not only be more complete than any hitherto published, but\n which, through a Memoir as its Preface, would clear Poe's name\n and present him to the world as the great artist and fine\n gentleman he really was.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter his first flight into the thin air of creative and\n imaginative writing, Ingram's muse brought him closer to earth\n and he really found himself at home in the murky atmosphere of\n the \n British Museum. Ingram was a natural\n researcher. Armed with righteous indignation and the tools of\n scholarship, he became a crusader enlisted in a holy cause;\n the peculiar combination within him of a sensitive, poetic\n soul and a zealot's concentrated energy uniquely fitted him\n for the challenging job of righting the wrongs he believed had\n been done to Poe.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHaving exhausted his resources at hand, Ingram turned to \n America in the hope of finding there\n friends of Poe who still resented the injustice done to him\n enough to help clear his name. The adroit timing and the\n felicity of this plan quickly became apparent. It was not\n difficult for Ingram to communicate his sincere feeling that\n his work was a crusade against evil, and Poe's friends were\n delighted with the boyish fervor of this young and already\n distinguished English scholar who was so unselfishly\n championing the poet's blighted reputation. Poe had been dead\n for nearly twenty-five years and many of his friends were\n hastening to their own graves, but they responded immediately\n to Ingram's letters and joined in a tireless search for\n recollections of Poe's literary and personal activities,\n sending letters Poe had written to them, manuscripts, books,\n and even personal keepsakes Poe had given to them. \n Sarah Helen Whitman, excited over the\n prospect of Ingram's writing an authoritative biography of\n Poe, wrote out for him everything she could remember of her\n personal meetings with Poe, sent him manuscripts, hundreds of\n newsclippings, magazine articles, copied letters and excerpts\n from articles, and gave unreservedly from her remarkable store\n of information about what others had written and said about\n Poe. \n Annie Richmond entrusted to Ingram the\n only copies she had ever made of her precious letters from\n Poe, and sent him copies of Poe's books that had been found in\n Poe's trunk after he died. \n Marie Louise Shew Houghton sent letters\n and copies of letters from Poe, a miniature of Poe's mother,\n and at least three manuscript poems Poe had given her. \n Stella Lewis gave him Poe's manuscript of\n \"Politian,\" and willed to him the daguerreotype which Poe had\n given to her in l848. \n Edward V. Valentine of \n Richmond, \n William Hand Browne of \n Johns Hopkins University, \n John Neal, Poe's sister Rosalie, the \n Poe family in \n Baltimore, including \n Neilson Poe and his daughter Amelia, and\n many, many others contributed to Ingram's surprisingly large\n store of information about Poe. And when \n William Fearing Gill and \n Eugene L. Didier came to many of these\n same persons asking for help on their biographies of Poe,\n these correspondents showed a surprising disposition to\n withhold everything for Ingram and to betray to him the\n activities of his American rivals. Later when violent personal\n and literary quarrels broke out between Ingram and these\n American biographers of Poe, Ingram's epistolary friends\n encouraged him in private correspondence and defended him\n vigorously in the public press. Poe's friends had become\n Ingram's partisans. A steadily rising stream of books,\n letters, manuscripts, pictures, and newsclippings passed from \n America to \n England, with a few of them, but very\n few, finding their way back again. The aggregate of Ingram's\n correspondence on Poe matters is staggering when one realizes\n that he carried it on single-handedly, and published during\n these years sixteen books on other subjects while holding an\n everyday job at the General Post Office.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom the two bound volumes of the \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eBroadway Journal\u003c/title\u003e that\n Mrs. Whitman sent, Ingram was able to make a number of\n important additions to the cannon of Poe's writings when he\n published his edition of Poe's works. Poe had given these\n volumes, covering his editorship of the Journal, to Mrs.\n Whitman in l848, and had gone through them and initialed with\n \"P\" almost everything he had written. Mrs. Whitman had first\n offered to lend these volumes to Ingram, but then, feeling the\n time of her death drawing near, she decided to give them to\n him. Accordingly, on April 2, 1874, she mailed them with the\n injunction that they be returned to her \"at the opening of the\n seventh seal.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the Preface of his l880 two-volume biography of Poe, \n John Ingram bade farewell \"to what has\n engrossed so much of my life and labour.\" He was convinced\n that he had garnered almost all of the genuine Poe documents\n there were and that his accurate and complete biography had\n dealt conclusively with everything of importance concerning\n Poe. His work was finished, he sincerely thought.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBut Ingram was not through with Poe. He should have\n understood himself and the reputation he had acquired as a Poe\n scholar well enough to know that he could not be through. The\n popularity of his edition had created a large market for Poe's\n writings and his biography had stirred up so much controversy,\n particularly in \n America, that he had rather to increase\n sharply his activities, for he was quickly challenged about\n statements in his published works. Quick to resent\n encroachment on what he considered his private preserves, he\n rapidly found himself at odds with a number of persons who had\n begun writing on Poe, for he could detect in their\n publications borrowings from his own, borrowings made more\n often than not without acknowledgment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIngram could not copyright facts, and he grew steadily more\n embittered as he saw the fruits of his research become public\n property. A new era of investigation into Poe's writings and\n life was beginning in \n America, an era brought about principally\n by Ingram's controversial personality and by the tone of his\n published writings about Poe. Competent scholars were entering\n the field to contest Ingram's claims of being the leading Poe\n authority, and these new American writers were rapidly making\n the early efforts of W. F. Gill and Eugene Didier appear\n puerile indeed. \n George W. Woodberry, \n Edmund C. Stedman, and \n R. H. Stoddard were formidable new\n biographers and suitors of Poe, and Ingram had not as yet, in\n the 1880's, taken their measure. Far from being finished with\n his work, he was really only beginning. During the next\n thirty-five years he struck back angrily through the columns\n of important newspapers and journals --to which his reputation\n as a Poe scholar gave him easy access --at other writers who,\n as he saw it, had stolen his Poe materials or who had altered\n the Poe image he had tried so hard to create. When reviewing\n new editions and biographies of Poe, Ingram tried to demolish\n them with a wit as rapier-like as was Poe's; unfortunately for\n him, his witty thrusts resembled broad-ax blows. Where Poe had\n been original and cruel, Ingram was simply sarcastic and\n repetitious. But through their reviews Ingram and Poe did\n achieve the same result: they both made enduring, deadly,\n vociferous enemies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1884 Ingram edited a de luxe four-volume edition of\n Tales and Poems of \n Edgar Allan Poe for English publication,\n and for the \n Tauchnitz Press in \n Leipzig he edited separate volumes of\n Poe's Tales and Poems; in 1885 he published a volume on Poe's\n \"The Raven\"; in 1886 he prepared a one-volume reprint of the\n two-volume biography of Poe he had issued in 1880; and in 1888\n he brought out the first variorum edition of Poe's poems. With\n these publications Ingram was represented on the literary\n market by one edition or another which covered every phase of\n Poe's activities. Thus, finally, was completed the body of his\n important work on Poe.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn still another sense \n John Ingram's work on Poe was finished.\n His whole method of investigation had been based on personal\n correspondence with Poe's friends, and year by year the circle\n had grown smaller until, in 1888, only \n Annie Richmond was left. His early, happy\n inspiration of searching out Poe's friends had yielded rich\n results. Now those persons were silent, but their memories,\n their letters, and their precious papers had been given into\n Ingram's keeping; and he had used most of these things in\n publishing in every area of Poe scholarship, until, at the\n close of 1888, there was literally nothing left for him to do.\n But his collection remained and was the envy of Poe scholars\n everywhere.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n John Ingram was retired with a pension\n from the Civil Service in 1903, after thirty-five years in the\n General Post Office. He continued living in \n London with his only remaining sister,\n Laura, writing articles, caustically reviewing new books about\n Poe and new editions of Poe's works, and in 1909 Ingram led\n the English celebration of Poe's centenary, bringing out still\n another edition of Poe's poems and furnishing to the London\n Bookman practically all of the materials used in its \n Edgar Allan Poe Centenary Number. In these\n years of retirement Ingram began putting into final form his\n definitive biography of Poe. He felt he could use everything\n in his files, now that all of the people who had sent\n materials to him were dead, to achieve the distinction he\n wanted more than anything else --to be remembered by the world\n as the one authentic and complete biographer of Edgar Poe. In\n 1912 Ingram moved his household from \n London to \n Brighton. There for a few years he\n enjoyed the sea-bathing he loved so well, and there he died on\n February 12, 1916. His passing went unnoticed. His last\n sickness had evidently not been considered terminal and his\n death must have come unexpectedly, for he left no clear-cut\n arrangements for disposing of his affairs or for the huge\n collection of Poe materials, the pride of his life. It is\n strange that he had not long before made definite provision\n for his Poe collection, for it constituted his greatest claim\n to personal and literary fame, and \n John Ingram was a man mindful of history's\n judgment. Through the years, it is true, he had sold almost\n all of his original Poe letters and some of the more important\n items given him by Poe's friends, but he had kept accurate\n copies of everything he had sold. Ingram had justified his\n actions by insisting he had sacrificed his own fortune and\n health in trying to clear Poe's name and if his work was to\n continue the sales were necessary to provide money for it.\n Even though these original letters and manuscripts were no\n longer part of his collection, the things that remained were\n very important, and \n John Ingram knew it. Nothing else he had\n published had brought his name before the world as had his\n publications on Poe and the reputation he had gained as a\n collector of Poe materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShortly after John Ingram's death, Miss \n Laura Ingram caused something of a stir in\n the scholarly worlds of \n England and \n America by advertising for sale her\n brother's entire library. Although \n John Ingram had become an anachronism, his\n out-dated biographical methods having long been superseded by\n the careful, painstaking, scholarly practices of Professors \n James A. Harrison and \n Killis Campbell, the number of important\n \"first\" Poe publications Ingram had scored was still green in\n the memories of all concerned. Poe scholars knew that in his\n declining years Ingram had lost his knack of ferreting out new\n and important facts about Poe, but they also knew that shortly\n before his death Ingram had completed a new biography of Poe.\n While they did not expect that manuscript to be among the\n papers offered for sale, there was every reason to believe the\n materials from which he had written it would be. More\n important than this, scholars everywhere wanted to see those\n original manuscripts and letters by means of which Ingram had\n forty years before made so many important contributions to Poe\n biography.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWord of the proposed sale reached the \n University of Virginia early in the summer\n of 1916. Librarian \n John S. Patton promptly sent an inquiry to\n Ingram's heirs, through the American Consul in \n London, asking what books and papers\n about Poe were to be sold. Miss \n Laura Ingram as promptly answered his\n inquiry and enclosed a partial list of the Poe books, letters,\n and papers she wished to sell, asking l50 pounds sterling for\n the lot. Patton felt this too inclusive a basis on which to\n buy, so he countered with a proposition that Miss Ingram send\n the entire collection to \n Virginia for examination and evaluation;\n for an option to buy any or all of the collection the\n University would pay shipping expenses and insurance from \n England to \n America, and back again, if need be.\n Patton's interest was principally in the letters and portraits\n in the collection; the University, he wrote, not altogether\n accurately, already had most of the books on Poe that Miss\n Ingram had listed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiss Ingram agreed to Patton's proposal but delayed the\n shipment because there was a great risk of losing the\n collection. \n England was at war with \n Germany and enemy submarines had begun\n taking a heavy toll of English merchant shipping. After a few\n months, when the immediacies of war occupied both Miss Ingram\n and the University officials, correspondence about the Poe\n papers was dropped.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1919, \n James Southall Wilson, a young Professor\n of English from \n William and Mary came to join the \n University of Virginia faculty. A seminar\n course on Poe's works was being organized for the first time\n at the University and Dr. Wilson was scheduled to teach it.\n Although he was not at the time either a Poe specialist or a\n specialist in American literature Dr. Wilson had, however,\n long been keenly interested in Poe's writings. Shortly after\n his arrival, \n John Patton mentioned to him in casual\n conversation that he had a partial list of \n John Ingram's Poe Collection which had\n been for sale some years before. When Dr. Wilson saw the list\n his imagination quickly became fired with the possibilities of\n what the whole collection might be; so he maneuvered hastily,\n to enlist President \n Edwin A. Alderman's support, gathered\n accumulated Library funds, and reopened the correspondence\n with Miss Ingram about her brother's papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiss Ingram's health had been seriously affected by her\n brother's death and by the privations of the war; once the\n fighting was over she had begun making hurried efforts to\n dispose of the Poe papers to any acceptable university or\n library authorities. She had wanted them to go to the \n University of Virginia for safekeeping,\n since her brother had paid marked attention to Poe's alma\n mater, but a number of years had passed without further word\n from \n Charlottesville. Fearfully believing her\n own death to be at hand, she had seized an opportunity to sell\n the papers to the \n University of Texas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProfessor \n Killis Campbell, an editor of Poe's poems\n and himself a Virginian, wrote Miss Ingram, as Chairman of the\n Department of English at the University of\n Texas, that he would consider buying her Poe papers\n only after the \n University of Virginia had definitely\n refused their purchase.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStill another possible solution to Miss Ingram's problem\n then presented itself: a Harvard Professor, vacationing in\n England, came to \n Brighton to examine the Poe collection,\n with the idea of buying it for his university.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt this point Miss Ingram received Dr. Wilson's renewed\n request to ship the papers on approval to \n Virginia. She did not want this\n indefiniteness. Getting the papers packed and shipped,\n furthermore, would be a difficult and confusing job, for the\n Poe collection had somehow become mixed with the remnants of \n John Ingram's once enviable collections\n of materials about \n Christopher Marlowe, Chatterton, \n Oliver Madox-Brown, and \n Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Sudden\n interest in the Poe papers on the part of an English purchaser\n offered her a way out. She stopped short and awaited an offer\n from any one of the prospective buyers who would relieve her\n of the trouble of packing and shipping the papers. A quick\n acceptance of her terms by the English agent, the Harvard\n professor, or by the \n University of Texas would have changed the\n fate of the Poe papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \n University of Virginia's correspondence\n about the papers had not involved an agent, since it was begun\n and ended by personal letters between \n John Patton, Dr. Wilson, and Miss Ingram.\n Yet, some knowledge of the prospective return of \n John Ingram's Poe papers to \n America reached numerous scholars,\n authors, teachers, and booksellers, for they began sending\n requests to the \n University of Virginia for permission to\n examine and use or to purchase portions of the collection. The\n first word the University itself had that they were to receive\n the Poe Collection came from \n J. H. Whitty, \n Richmond book collector and editor of\n Poe's poems, who wrote \n John Patton on September 23, 1921, saying\n the papers were even then enroute from \n England to the University. This\n information, Whitty wrote in sly confidence, he had picked up\n through the bookseller's \"grapevine.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn mid-October, 192l, the collection arrived in the \n United States aboard the SS Northwestern\n Miller, which docked at \n Philadelphia. The shipment, consigned by \n John Patton as \"settler's effects,\" was\n passed through Customs free of duty. But Patton, who had not\n been in \n England for a decade, resolutely refused\n to sign an affidavit declaring the boxes contained his\n household goods; consequently, two weeks passed before\n official confusion was cleared up and the shipment\n released.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe two great packing cases actually reached the University\n in the first week of November and were isolated in a small\n room in the basement of the Rotunda to await examination by\n Dr. Wilson in whatever time he could spare from his teaching\n duties.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Wilson found his job long and tiring, but always\n interesting, and at times very exciting. \n John Ingram's Poe collection was bulky,\n varied and rich.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the prize single article in the Poe Collection was\n the original \"Stella\" daguerreotype of Poe --the one Poe had\n given to Mrs. Lewis in l848, which she in turn willed to \n John Ingram in l880. And among the\n hundreds of letters from Ingram's correspondents, perhaps none\n were more interesting to Dr. Wilson, nor to Poe students\n later, than those from \n Sarah Helen Whitman. This strange and\n charming woman had cherished for twenty-five years the image\n of herself as his one great love, after her brief engagement\n of three months to Poe in l848, and she had written to \n John Ingram the fullest account there is\n of their personal relationships. Her ninety-eight letters to\n Ingram narrowly escaped being destroyed by \n Laura Ingram, who felt, for reasons best\n known to herself, Mrs. Whitman's letters were unfit to be in\n her brother's collection. Fortunately, Miss Ingram decided to\n include the letters in the shipment and let the Virginia\n authorities decide whether or not they should be\n destroyed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIngram's letters to \n Annie Richmond had also evoked full and\n generous replies. She placed her whole trust in Ingram and\n wanted him to understand, as she felt sure no mortal except\n herself had understood, the purity and nobility of Poe's mind\n and spirit. The copies she made of Poe's letters to herself\n for \n John Ingram, found in this collection,\n are the only ones in existence; the originals have\n disappeared.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Wilson also found in this collection many letters from \n Marie Louise Shew Houghton, who had\n nursed \n Virginia Poe during her last sickness at \n Fordham and had watched over Poe as he\n suffered a long and violent attack after Virginia's death.\n Mrs. Houghton had sent to Ingram either the originals or\n copies of all the manuscripts and letters she had received\n from Poe, in addition to a sometimes confusing but invaluable\n account of Poe's family life.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters from these three ladies made up the largest group\n that Ingram had received, but Dr. Wilson found many additional\n letters and items of importance. There was the original\n drawing of Poe that \n Edouard Manet had made and presented to \n Stephane Mallarme, who had in turn given\n it to \n John Ingram ; a pen drawing of \n Marie Louise Shew, made by an unknown\n hand; letters from \n Rosalie Poe, begging, shortly before she\n died, for Ingram's financial help; a penciled letter from Poe\n himself to \n Stella Lewis written on the back of her\n manuscript poem \"The Prisoner of Perote\"; letters and\n documents from \n Edward V. Valentine, the Richmond\n sculptor who first persuaded \n Elmira Royster Shelton to relate for\n Ingram her early and late memories of Poe; letters from Sir \n Arthur Conan Doyle, \n John Neal, \n Elizabeth Oakes Smith, and many other\n letters Dr. Wilson knew to be without parallel in any\n collection of Poe papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiss Ingram had not included in the shipment \"a good many\"\n letters from Miss \n Amelia FitzGerald Poe, since they \"threw\n too little fresh light on her nephew's life to be of an\n interest,\" nor had she included old copies of the Southern\n Literary Messenger and Burton's Gentleman's Magazine, feeling\n certain the University would already have them. \n Amelia Poe was the daughter of \n Neilson Poe, who had buried Edgar in \n Baltimore in l849, and the custodian of\n many letters from Poe, Mrs. Clemm, Mrs. Whitman, and \n Annie Richmond ; she had corresponded with\n Ingram over a period of twenty years and was important enough\n to him to receive the dedication of his last biography of Poe.\n These letters and magazines were requested from Miss Ingram\n and in time they were received and restored to the\n collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter a thorough examination of the collection, Dr. Wilson\n decided it was worth the price asked. In l916 the price had\n been 150 pounds; in 1922 it was 200 pounds. For the entire\n collection, \n John Patton offered 181 pounds, 14\n shillings ($800), on March 24, 1922.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiss Ingram gladly accepted the money and she wrote to the\n officials of the University how pleased she was that what she\n believed to be her dead brother's wish had been carried out:\n his Poe collection was at home in \n America, and in \n Virginia, where she was sure he would\n have wanted it to be. And she continued her interest in the\n University, quite often sending cordial letters accompanied by\n packages of books, pictures, and letters which she had come\n across and thought belonged with her brother's Poe collection.\n In 1933, when once again Miss Ingram thought her death was\n near, she sent to the University, as a gift, John Ingram's\n manuscript, \"The True Story of \n Edgar Allan Poe. \" This manuscript had\n been in a publisher's hands when Ingram died, but printing was\n delayed until the war should be over. Before that time came,\n however, the publisher had himself died, and \n Laura Ingram had tried without success to\n place it with other publishers. Its presence in the house made\n her uncomfortable. Would the University accept it and deal\n with it as they saw fit?\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe whole tone of this manuscript convinces the reader that\n John Ingram considered this last\n biography, his farewell to Poe scholarship, to be a volume\n that would triumphantly answer his critics, and would be the\n foundation-stone upon which he would be able to stand forever\n as the uncontestable arbiter of all things concerning Poe. In\n this work he resurveyed his whole knowledge and experience and\n fearlessly handed down his dicta on all controversial Poe\n questions. But unfortunately his spleen overrode his scholarly\n judgment. His virulence against other Poe biographers,\n especially the Americans whom he accused of fraudulently using\n his materials, succeeded in clouding Ingram's own vision and\n writing, and succeeds in destroying for his present day reader\n the confidence necessary in an author's balanced judgment, if\n he is to accept, even partially, the arbitrary rulings. This\n manuscript is not, as Ingram thought it would be, the last\n word on Poe. It is unrelentingly bitter against Poe's\n detractors and Ingram's personal rivals, and it seeks, even\n more than did Ingram's other writings on Poe, to whitewash its\n subject completely. Ingram's perspective seems to have\n deserted him as he wrote this manuscript, and he had little\n left except futile anger.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe addition of the manuscript life of Poe rounded out the\n collection of Poe papers that once had belonged to \n John Ingram, now in the possession of the\n University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne can safely say that had it not been for \n John Ingram's skill and energy, together\n with the peculiarities of his temperament, we should not now\n have many of these unusual and dependable accounts of Poe's\n activities and personality. By studying Ingram's papers it is\n possible to trace him through a maze of editing and publishing\n and to watch him, step by step, slowly amass his great fund of\n information about Poe. One can see him make mistakes and\n achieve triumphs as he accepts, rejects, and fuses information\n to be included in his numerous publications on Poe. Then, too,\n it is still possible to catch fresh glimpses of Poe himself in\n this collection, for Ingram did not publish all of the\n memories of Poe set down in the letters he received. Some of\n these recollections Ingram deliberately shielded from public\n view, but they are no more apocryphal than many of the\n recollections he chose to believe and to publish; some of the\n records Ingram received he suppressed from delicacy alone.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA number of scholarly papers, theses, and doctoral\n dissertations have been based on this collection of Poe\n papers, making almost all the more important items and\n clusters of items more readily available to other scholars.\n The complete collection has made possible another kind of\n study, by an examination of Ingram's biographies and editions\n of Poe, in conjunction with the rough materials from which he\n shaped them, it has been possible to make a just evaluation of\n Ingram's place among Poe biographers and editors and to\n demonstrate exactly what and how many important contributions\n he made to the peculiarly difficult field of Poe scholarship.\n Finally, and by no means least important, is the fact that,\n since Ingram's work on Poe covered nearly his whole life span,\n it has been possible for the first time to trace in the great\n mass of his papers a thread of the biography of this\n nineteenth-century professional editor and biographer to whom\n the writer of every signifcant work about Poe since 1874 has\n been directly and heavily indebted.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biography"],"bioghist_tesim":["\n JOHN HENRY INGRAM : EDITOR, BIOGRAPHER,\n AND COLLECTOR OF POE MATERIALS","by \n John Carl Miller ","When \n John Ingram died in \n Brighton, England, on February l2, l9l6,\n he had, as he expressed it, \"a room-full of Poe.\" At that time\n scholars on both sides of the Atlantic were well aware of\n Ingram's collection of Poe materials. Both its size and value\n had been suggested by Ingram's four-volume edition of Poe's\n works, prefaced by an original and controversial Memoir, and\n its worth had further been proved by the two-volume biography\n of Poe in which Ingram had published a great deal of new and\n important information. So impressed was the \n New England editor and critic \n Thomas Wentworth Higginson that he\n addressed an anxious communication to Ingram on February l,\n l880, about his collection: \"I hope that if you should ever\n have occasion to sell it or should bequeath it (absit omen! in\n either case) it may come to some Public Library in this\n country.\"","Ingram's Poe collection was to grow enormously through many\n more years, and in the end Higginson's wish was to be\n fulfilled: it was sold and it did come to \n America, to the \n Alderman Library at the University of\n Virginia.","This is the curious story of how it happened.","Interest in the life and work of \n Edgar Poe was part of Ingram's childhood;\n in his adulthood it became his obsession. By his statement, he\n spent sixty-two years writing about Poe and collecting Poe\n materials. We can be sure he spent as many as fifty-three, for\n he published a poem called \"Hope: An Allegory,\" written in\n imitation of Poe's \"Ulalume,\" in 1863, and in the month before\n he died he published a tart note, setting the record straight\n about Dr. Bransby's school at \n Stoke Newington. He filled the\n intervening years with almost ceaseless attention to Poe: he\n wrote two biographies, several Memoirs, more than fifty\n magazine articles, as well as Prefaces and Introductions to\n writings on Poe by others, and he published and republished\n Poe's tales, poems, and essays in eight separate editions.\n During these years he carried on bitter warfare in print with\n almost every person who wrote about Poe anywhere, especially\n if the writer was an American, for \n John Ingram secretly regarded himself as\n the sole redeemer of Poe's besmirched personal reputation and\n as the person most responsible for Poe's renewed, world-wide\n literary reputation.","II","\n John Henry Ingram was born on November 16,\n 1842, at 29 City Road, \n Finnsbury, Middlesex, and spent his\n childhood in \n Stoke Newington, the \n London suburb where young Poe had himself\n lived. The \n Stoke Newington Manor House School, which\n Poe describes in \"William Wilson,\" was standing in Ingram's\n youth, and he was quite conscious of it as a tangible link\n between his own life and Poe's. On March 6, l874, Ingram wrote\n an autobiographical account to \n Sarah Helen Whitman, clearly\n acknowledging Poe's influence on his early life:","\"As a child, before I could read, I determined as I\n looked at my father's great books and saw how they\n interested him, to become an author and by the time I\n could spell words of one syllable I began to write, but\n in prose. One night when I was still a boy I went into\n my own room, and for the five-hundreth time, began to\n read out of Routledge's little volume of \n Edgar Poe's poems. Suddenly,\n something stirred me till I shuddered with intense\n excitement. \"I felt as if a star had burst within my\n brain.\" I fell on my knees and prayed as I only could\n pray then, and thanked my Creator for having made me a\n poet!\"","But \n John Ingram was not destined to become a\n poet, and he soon realized it. After publishing and\n suppressing his first volume of poetry in 1863, he wrote a\n pathetic \"Farewell to Poesy\" in 1864, bidding adieu to what\n was then the dearest hope of his life.","Private tutors and private schools furnished \n John Ingram's formal education during his\n childhood, until he entered \n Lyonsdown. Later, after he had registered\n at the \n City of London College, his father died,\n and Ingram was forced to withdraw and take up the job of\n supporting himself, his mother, and his two sisters. On\n January l3, l868, he received a Civil Service Commission, with\n an appointment to the \n Savings Bank Department of the London General Post\n Office.","Ingram then molded his life into a pattern which he\n followed doggedly for the rest of his days. He spent his days\n working at his clerkship and he spent his evenings studying,\n writing, and lecturing, complaining irascibly when social\n invitations or professional functions forced him to break this\n routine.","On Saturday afternoons his friends could always find \n John Ingram in the \n Reading Room of the British Museum\n Library. He had learned to speak and write French,\n German, Spanish, and Italian (later in life he added a working\n knowledge of Portuguese and Hungarian). He contributed\n literary articles to leading reviews in \n England, \n France, and \n America, and he lectured frequently, for\n pay, on contemporary literature. He broke his persevering,\n even stubborn, devotion to work and study only occasionally by\n business trips through \n Ireland and \n Scotland or to the Continent, or by trips\n to the \n Isle of Wight and other watering places in\n search of relief from recurring attacks of rheumatic fever,\n which plagued him all of his life. He was determined to be an\n author of important books and in 1868, in spite of his\n difficulties, he made a beginning.","Ingram called his first book Flora Symbolica; or, the\n Language and Sentiment of Flowers. The book was a history of\n the floriography, with an examination of the meaning and\n symbolism, of more than one hundred different flowers,\n garlands, and bouquets. He wrote long essays on each flower\n and included with each one colored illustrations, legends,\n anecdotes, and poetical allusions. His volume was beautifully\n bound and printed, infinitely detailed, and it revealed\n clearly his method as an author: he had thoroughly sifted,\n condensed, and used, with augmentations, the writings of his\n predecessors (a method of editing and writing he was to use\n always, while condemning it in others) in this science of\n sweet things.\" In his Preface, he told his readers with\n characteristic bluntness: \"Although I dare not boast that I\n have exhausted the subject, I may certainly affirm that\n followers will find little left to glean in the paths I have\n traversed.\" \"It will be found to be the most complete work on\n the subject ever published,\" he wrote. He was probably right,\n too. The important thing is that here, very early, he had\n epitomized his guiding philosophy as a writer and an editor.\n His job, as he saw it, was to learn all that had been done on\n whatever subject he was engaged and to strive passionately to\n produce a work of his own that would be significant for its\n completeness.","This book on floriography was the product of a rapidly\n maturing scholar, not that of a youth of nineteen, as his\n later juggling of his birth date would have it appear. He was\n actually twenty-six years old when he first demonstrated his\n abilities as a compiler, editor, and author. Everything about\n this volume shows that Ingram's methods in bookmaking were\n rather firmly decided upon before he commenced his important\n work on Poe, and he altered those methods scarcely at all, no\n matter what his subject, in the next forty-eight years.","Having served his literary apprenticeship, \n John Ingram was ready, by 1870, to begin\n writing books that would, he hoped, be financially profitable\n and at the same time bring to him lasting literary fame. He\n had already, for a long while, studied Poe's writings, reading\n and collecting everything he saw about the poet, and he became\n possessed by a deep, almost instinctive belief that Poe had\n been cruelly wronged by the Memoir that \n Rufus W. Griswold had written and\n published in l850. And so, \n John Ingram found his work: he determined\n to destroy Griswold's Memoir of Poe by proving its author a\n liar and a forger, and, in time, to write a new biography that\n would present to the world \n Edgar Poe as he really was. In order to do\n these things it would be necessary, of course, for him to\n examine everything, both favorable and unfavorable, that had\n been written about Poe, to search for new material, and to\n learn so much about Poe that he could reconstruct, as it were,\n the true character of the man and writer, as he felt it to\n be.","At this point, Ingram's life appeared to have a certain\n stability. He had a respectable and obviously not too\n demanding job that assured financial independence, and he was\n the author of a book popular enough to call for three\n editions, which brought to him a certain amount of literary\n recognition. But there was another side to his nature, a\n darker side that tormented and divided his life. As he began\n assembling materials for a defense of \n Edgar Poe he worked spasmodically, beset\n by worry, self-doubt, trouble, and fear. His temper was quick\n to explode and his sensitive nature found injury and fault\n where little or none of either was intended or existed. Some\n explanation of this duality in his nature is found in a shamed\n confession he made to Mrs. Whitman about the hereditary curse\n that hung over his household: two aunts, his father, and a\n sister, one after the other, had succumbed to insanity and had\n either died or had to be removed from home. His own mind was\n as clear and acute as possible, he insisted, and the family\n curse appeared unlikely to fall upon him if his worldly\n affairs jogged along composedly, but the knowledge of the\n taint in his blood was a terrible thing to him. Perhaps there\n is enough here to explain why Ingram's disposition early\n became choleric, why he never married, and why he suffered all\n of his life from recurring sicknesses, real or imaginary.","By 1870 there was a growing international interest in Poe's\n genius. A new generation had grown up to be fascinated by his\n tales and poems, and the older generations had in a measure\n forgotten the unpleasant stories connected with Poe's life. A\n minority group of Poe's friends in \n America knew that Griswold's Memoir had\n been motivated by jealousy and hatred, but no one of them had\n the information, the literary ability, and the strength\n necessary to publish an effectively documented denial of\n Grisold's Memoir and to replace it with an honest biography.\n These friends of Poe's were widely separated, largely unknown\n to each other; all had been seriously affected by a decade of\n war and its aftermath, and all of them were growing old. If\n Poe's memory was to be vindicated, it was fairly certain that\n it would have to be done by someone younger, someone who would\n not personally have known Poe. Not a single one of Poe's close\n friends who still lived in the l870's had any idea or plan for\n doing the job himself, but a number of them were eager to help\n someone else do it.","Such, in brief, was the situation when \n John Henry Ingram of \n Stoke Newington determined to prove to the\n world his theory that \n Rufus Griswold had been a liar and that \n Edgar Poe had been shamefully\n maligned.","The first articles Ingram published in l873 and early l874\n had little new information in them which would vindicate Poe's\n reputation; Ingram was of necessity feeling his way, and he\n used these magazine publications to announce clearly his\n purpose, before diving into the melee. He intended to refute,\n step by step, the aspersions cast on Poe's character by\n Griswold and to publish an edition of Poe's works which would\n not only be more complete than any hitherto published, but\n which, through a Memoir as its Preface, would clear Poe's name\n and present him to the world as the great artist and fine\n gentleman he really was.","After his first flight into the thin air of creative and\n imaginative writing, Ingram's muse brought him closer to earth\n and he really found himself at home in the murky atmosphere of\n the \n British Museum. Ingram was a natural\n researcher. Armed with righteous indignation and the tools of\n scholarship, he became a crusader enlisted in a holy cause;\n the peculiar combination within him of a sensitive, poetic\n soul and a zealot's concentrated energy uniquely fitted him\n for the challenging job of righting the wrongs he believed had\n been done to Poe.","Having exhausted his resources at hand, Ingram turned to \n America in the hope of finding there\n friends of Poe who still resented the injustice done to him\n enough to help clear his name. The adroit timing and the\n felicity of this plan quickly became apparent. It was not\n difficult for Ingram to communicate his sincere feeling that\n his work was a crusade against evil, and Poe's friends were\n delighted with the boyish fervor of this young and already\n distinguished English scholar who was so unselfishly\n championing the poet's blighted reputation. Poe had been dead\n for nearly twenty-five years and many of his friends were\n hastening to their own graves, but they responded immediately\n to Ingram's letters and joined in a tireless search for\n recollections of Poe's literary and personal activities,\n sending letters Poe had written to them, manuscripts, books,\n and even personal keepsakes Poe had given to them. \n Sarah Helen Whitman, excited over the\n prospect of Ingram's writing an authoritative biography of\n Poe, wrote out for him everything she could remember of her\n personal meetings with Poe, sent him manuscripts, hundreds of\n newsclippings, magazine articles, copied letters and excerpts\n from articles, and gave unreservedly from her remarkable store\n of information about what others had written and said about\n Poe. \n Annie Richmond entrusted to Ingram the\n only copies she had ever made of her precious letters from\n Poe, and sent him copies of Poe's books that had been found in\n Poe's trunk after he died. \n Marie Louise Shew Houghton sent letters\n and copies of letters from Poe, a miniature of Poe's mother,\n and at least three manuscript poems Poe had given her. \n Stella Lewis gave him Poe's manuscript of\n \"Politian,\" and willed to him the daguerreotype which Poe had\n given to her in l848. \n Edward V. Valentine of \n Richmond, \n William Hand Browne of \n Johns Hopkins University, \n John Neal, Poe's sister Rosalie, the \n Poe family in \n Baltimore, including \n Neilson Poe and his daughter Amelia, and\n many, many others contributed to Ingram's surprisingly large\n store of information about Poe. And when \n William Fearing Gill and \n Eugene L. Didier came to many of these\n same persons asking for help on their biographies of Poe,\n these correspondents showed a surprising disposition to\n withhold everything for Ingram and to betray to him the\n activities of his American rivals. Later when violent personal\n and literary quarrels broke out between Ingram and these\n American biographers of Poe, Ingram's epistolary friends\n encouraged him in private correspondence and defended him\n vigorously in the public press. Poe's friends had become\n Ingram's partisans. A steadily rising stream of books,\n letters, manuscripts, pictures, and newsclippings passed from \n America to \n England, with a few of them, but very\n few, finding their way back again. The aggregate of Ingram's\n correspondence on Poe matters is staggering when one realizes\n that he carried it on single-handedly, and published during\n these years sixteen books on other subjects while holding an\n everyday job at the General Post Office.","From the two bound volumes of the Broadway Journal that\n Mrs. Whitman sent, Ingram was able to make a number of\n important additions to the cannon of Poe's writings when he\n published his edition of Poe's works. Poe had given these\n volumes, covering his editorship of the Journal, to Mrs.\n Whitman in l848, and had gone through them and initialed with\n \"P\" almost everything he had written. Mrs. Whitman had first\n offered to lend these volumes to Ingram, but then, feeling the\n time of her death drawing near, she decided to give them to\n him. Accordingly, on April 2, 1874, she mailed them with the\n injunction that they be returned to her \"at the opening of the\n seventh seal.\"","In the Preface of his l880 two-volume biography of Poe, \n John Ingram bade farewell \"to what has\n engrossed so much of my life and labour.\" He was convinced\n that he had garnered almost all of the genuine Poe documents\n there were and that his accurate and complete biography had\n dealt conclusively with everything of importance concerning\n Poe. His work was finished, he sincerely thought.","But Ingram was not through with Poe. He should have\n understood himself and the reputation he had acquired as a Poe\n scholar well enough to know that he could not be through. The\n popularity of his edition had created a large market for Poe's\n writings and his biography had stirred up so much controversy,\n particularly in \n America, that he had rather to increase\n sharply his activities, for he was quickly challenged about\n statements in his published works. Quick to resent\n encroachment on what he considered his private preserves, he\n rapidly found himself at odds with a number of persons who had\n begun writing on Poe, for he could detect in their\n publications borrowings from his own, borrowings made more\n often than not without acknowledgment.","Ingram could not copyright facts, and he grew steadily more\n embittered as he saw the fruits of his research become public\n property. A new era of investigation into Poe's writings and\n life was beginning in \n America, an era brought about principally\n by Ingram's controversial personality and by the tone of his\n published writings about Poe. Competent scholars were entering\n the field to contest Ingram's claims of being the leading Poe\n authority, and these new American writers were rapidly making\n the early efforts of W. F. Gill and Eugene Didier appear\n puerile indeed. \n George W. Woodberry, \n Edmund C. Stedman, and \n R. H. Stoddard were formidable new\n biographers and suitors of Poe, and Ingram had not as yet, in\n the 1880's, taken their measure. Far from being finished with\n his work, he was really only beginning. During the next\n thirty-five years he struck back angrily through the columns\n of important newspapers and journals --to which his reputation\n as a Poe scholar gave him easy access --at other writers who,\n as he saw it, had stolen his Poe materials or who had altered\n the Poe image he had tried so hard to create. When reviewing\n new editions and biographies of Poe, Ingram tried to demolish\n them with a wit as rapier-like as was Poe's; unfortunately for\n him, his witty thrusts resembled broad-ax blows. Where Poe had\n been original and cruel, Ingram was simply sarcastic and\n repetitious. But through their reviews Ingram and Poe did\n achieve the same result: they both made enduring, deadly,\n vociferous enemies.","In 1884 Ingram edited a de luxe four-volume edition of\n Tales and Poems of \n Edgar Allan Poe for English publication,\n and for the \n Tauchnitz Press in \n Leipzig he edited separate volumes of\n Poe's Tales and Poems; in 1885 he published a volume on Poe's\n \"The Raven\"; in 1886 he prepared a one-volume reprint of the\n two-volume biography of Poe he had issued in 1880; and in 1888\n he brought out the first variorum edition of Poe's poems. With\n these publications Ingram was represented on the literary\n market by one edition or another which covered every phase of\n Poe's activities. Thus, finally, was completed the body of his\n important work on Poe.","In still another sense \n John Ingram's work on Poe was finished.\n His whole method of investigation had been based on personal\n correspondence with Poe's friends, and year by year the circle\n had grown smaller until, in 1888, only \n Annie Richmond was left. His early, happy\n inspiration of searching out Poe's friends had yielded rich\n results. Now those persons were silent, but their memories,\n their letters, and their precious papers had been given into\n Ingram's keeping; and he had used most of these things in\n publishing in every area of Poe scholarship, until, at the\n close of 1888, there was literally nothing left for him to do.\n But his collection remained and was the envy of Poe scholars\n everywhere.","\n John Ingram was retired with a pension\n from the Civil Service in 1903, after thirty-five years in the\n General Post Office. He continued living in \n London with his only remaining sister,\n Laura, writing articles, caustically reviewing new books about\n Poe and new editions of Poe's works, and in 1909 Ingram led\n the English celebration of Poe's centenary, bringing out still\n another edition of Poe's poems and furnishing to the London\n Bookman practically all of the materials used in its \n Edgar Allan Poe Centenary Number. In these\n years of retirement Ingram began putting into final form his\n definitive biography of Poe. He felt he could use everything\n in his files, now that all of the people who had sent\n materials to him were dead, to achieve the distinction he\n wanted more than anything else --to be remembered by the world\n as the one authentic and complete biographer of Edgar Poe. In\n 1912 Ingram moved his household from \n London to \n Brighton. There for a few years he\n enjoyed the sea-bathing he loved so well, and there he died on\n February 12, 1916. His passing went unnoticed. His last\n sickness had evidently not been considered terminal and his\n death must have come unexpectedly, for he left no clear-cut\n arrangements for disposing of his affairs or for the huge\n collection of Poe materials, the pride of his life. It is\n strange that he had not long before made definite provision\n for his Poe collection, for it constituted his greatest claim\n to personal and literary fame, and \n John Ingram was a man mindful of history's\n judgment. Through the years, it is true, he had sold almost\n all of his original Poe letters and some of the more important\n items given him by Poe's friends, but he had kept accurate\n copies of everything he had sold. Ingram had justified his\n actions by insisting he had sacrificed his own fortune and\n health in trying to clear Poe's name and if his work was to\n continue the sales were necessary to provide money for it.\n Even though these original letters and manuscripts were no\n longer part of his collection, the things that remained were\n very important, and \n John Ingram knew it. Nothing else he had\n published had brought his name before the world as had his\n publications on Poe and the reputation he had gained as a\n collector of Poe materials.","III","Shortly after John Ingram's death, Miss \n Laura Ingram caused something of a stir in\n the scholarly worlds of \n England and \n America by advertising for sale her\n brother's entire library. Although \n John Ingram had become an anachronism, his\n out-dated biographical methods having long been superseded by\n the careful, painstaking, scholarly practices of Professors \n James A. Harrison and \n Killis Campbell, the number of important\n \"first\" Poe publications Ingram had scored was still green in\n the memories of all concerned. Poe scholars knew that in his\n declining years Ingram had lost his knack of ferreting out new\n and important facts about Poe, but they also knew that shortly\n before his death Ingram had completed a new biography of Poe.\n While they did not expect that manuscript to be among the\n papers offered for sale, there was every reason to believe the\n materials from which he had written it would be. More\n important than this, scholars everywhere wanted to see those\n original manuscripts and letters by means of which Ingram had\n forty years before made so many important contributions to Poe\n biography.","Word of the proposed sale reached the \n University of Virginia early in the summer\n of 1916. Librarian \n John S. Patton promptly sent an inquiry to\n Ingram's heirs, through the American Consul in \n London, asking what books and papers\n about Poe were to be sold. Miss \n Laura Ingram as promptly answered his\n inquiry and enclosed a partial list of the Poe books, letters,\n and papers she wished to sell, asking l50 pounds sterling for\n the lot. Patton felt this too inclusive a basis on which to\n buy, so he countered with a proposition that Miss Ingram send\n the entire collection to \n Virginia for examination and evaluation;\n for an option to buy any or all of the collection the\n University would pay shipping expenses and insurance from \n England to \n America, and back again, if need be.\n Patton's interest was principally in the letters and portraits\n in the collection; the University, he wrote, not altogether\n accurately, already had most of the books on Poe that Miss\n Ingram had listed.","Miss Ingram agreed to Patton's proposal but delayed the\n shipment because there was a great risk of losing the\n collection. \n England was at war with \n Germany and enemy submarines had begun\n taking a heavy toll of English merchant shipping. After a few\n months, when the immediacies of war occupied both Miss Ingram\n and the University officials, correspondence about the Poe\n papers was dropped.","In 1919, \n James Southall Wilson, a young Professor\n of English from \n William and Mary came to join the \n University of Virginia faculty. A seminar\n course on Poe's works was being organized for the first time\n at the University and Dr. Wilson was scheduled to teach it.\n Although he was not at the time either a Poe specialist or a\n specialist in American literature Dr. Wilson had, however,\n long been keenly interested in Poe's writings. Shortly after\n his arrival, \n John Patton mentioned to him in casual\n conversation that he had a partial list of \n John Ingram's Poe Collection which had\n been for sale some years before. When Dr. Wilson saw the list\n his imagination quickly became fired with the possibilities of\n what the whole collection might be; so he maneuvered hastily,\n to enlist President \n Edwin A. Alderman's support, gathered\n accumulated Library funds, and reopened the correspondence\n with Miss Ingram about her brother's papers.","Miss Ingram's health had been seriously affected by her\n brother's death and by the privations of the war; once the\n fighting was over she had begun making hurried efforts to\n dispose of the Poe papers to any acceptable university or\n library authorities. She had wanted them to go to the \n University of Virginia for safekeeping,\n since her brother had paid marked attention to Poe's alma\n mater, but a number of years had passed without further word\n from \n Charlottesville. Fearfully believing her\n own death to be at hand, she had seized an opportunity to sell\n the papers to the \n University of Texas.","Professor \n Killis Campbell, an editor of Poe's poems\n and himself a Virginian, wrote Miss Ingram, as Chairman of the\n Department of English at the University of\n Texas, that he would consider buying her Poe papers\n only after the \n University of Virginia had definitely\n refused their purchase.","Still another possible solution to Miss Ingram's problem\n then presented itself: a Harvard Professor, vacationing in\n England, came to \n Brighton to examine the Poe collection,\n with the idea of buying it for his university.","At this point Miss Ingram received Dr. Wilson's renewed\n request to ship the papers on approval to \n Virginia. She did not want this\n indefiniteness. Getting the papers packed and shipped,\n furthermore, would be a difficult and confusing job, for the\n Poe collection had somehow become mixed with the remnants of \n John Ingram's once enviable collections\n of materials about \n Christopher Marlowe, Chatterton, \n Oliver Madox-Brown, and \n Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Sudden\n interest in the Poe papers on the part of an English purchaser\n offered her a way out. She stopped short and awaited an offer\n from any one of the prospective buyers who would relieve her\n of the trouble of packing and shipping the papers. A quick\n acceptance of her terms by the English agent, the Harvard\n professor, or by the \n University of Texas would have changed the\n fate of the Poe papers.","The \n University of Virginia's correspondence\n about the papers had not involved an agent, since it was begun\n and ended by personal letters between \n John Patton, Dr. Wilson, and Miss Ingram.\n Yet, some knowledge of the prospective return of \n John Ingram's Poe papers to \n America reached numerous scholars,\n authors, teachers, and booksellers, for they began sending\n requests to the \n University of Virginia for permission to\n examine and use or to purchase portions of the collection. The\n first word the University itself had that they were to receive\n the Poe Collection came from \n J. H. Whitty, \n Richmond book collector and editor of\n Poe's poems, who wrote \n John Patton on September 23, 1921, saying\n the papers were even then enroute from \n England to the University. This\n information, Whitty wrote in sly confidence, he had picked up\n through the bookseller's \"grapevine.\"","In mid-October, 192l, the collection arrived in the \n United States aboard the SS Northwestern\n Miller, which docked at \n Philadelphia. The shipment, consigned by \n John Patton as \"settler's effects,\" was\n passed through Customs free of duty. But Patton, who had not\n been in \n England for a decade, resolutely refused\n to sign an affidavit declaring the boxes contained his\n household goods; consequently, two weeks passed before\n official confusion was cleared up and the shipment\n released.","The two great packing cases actually reached the University\n in the first week of November and were isolated in a small\n room in the basement of the Rotunda to await examination by\n Dr. Wilson in whatever time he could spare from his teaching\n duties.","Dr. Wilson found his job long and tiring, but always\n interesting, and at times very exciting. \n John Ingram's Poe collection was bulky,\n varied and rich.","IV","Perhaps the prize single article in the Poe Collection was\n the original \"Stella\" daguerreotype of Poe --the one Poe had\n given to Mrs. Lewis in l848, which she in turn willed to \n John Ingram in l880. And among the\n hundreds of letters from Ingram's correspondents, perhaps none\n were more interesting to Dr. Wilson, nor to Poe students\n later, than those from \n Sarah Helen Whitman. This strange and\n charming woman had cherished for twenty-five years the image\n of herself as his one great love, after her brief engagement\n of three months to Poe in l848, and she had written to \n John Ingram the fullest account there is\n of their personal relationships. Her ninety-eight letters to\n Ingram narrowly escaped being destroyed by \n Laura Ingram, who felt, for reasons best\n known to herself, Mrs. Whitman's letters were unfit to be in\n her brother's collection. Fortunately, Miss Ingram decided to\n include the letters in the shipment and let the Virginia\n authorities decide whether or not they should be\n destroyed.","Ingram's letters to \n Annie Richmond had also evoked full and\n generous replies. She placed her whole trust in Ingram and\n wanted him to understand, as she felt sure no mortal except\n herself had understood, the purity and nobility of Poe's mind\n and spirit. The copies she made of Poe's letters to herself\n for \n John Ingram, found in this collection,\n are the only ones in existence; the originals have\n disappeared.","Dr. Wilson also found in this collection many letters from \n Marie Louise Shew Houghton, who had\n nursed \n Virginia Poe during her last sickness at \n Fordham and had watched over Poe as he\n suffered a long and violent attack after Virginia's death.\n Mrs. Houghton had sent to Ingram either the originals or\n copies of all the manuscripts and letters she had received\n from Poe, in addition to a sometimes confusing but invaluable\n account of Poe's family life.","Letters from these three ladies made up the largest group\n that Ingram had received, but Dr. Wilson found many additional\n letters and items of importance. There was the original\n drawing of Poe that \n Edouard Manet had made and presented to \n Stephane Mallarme, who had in turn given\n it to \n John Ingram ; a pen drawing of \n Marie Louise Shew, made by an unknown\n hand; letters from \n Rosalie Poe, begging, shortly before she\n died, for Ingram's financial help; a penciled letter from Poe\n himself to \n Stella Lewis written on the back of her\n manuscript poem \"The Prisoner of Perote\"; letters and\n documents from \n Edward V. Valentine, the Richmond\n sculptor who first persuaded \n Elmira Royster Shelton to relate for\n Ingram her early and late memories of Poe; letters from Sir \n Arthur Conan Doyle, \n John Neal, \n Elizabeth Oakes Smith, and many other\n letters Dr. Wilson knew to be without parallel in any\n collection of Poe papers.","Miss Ingram had not included in the shipment \"a good many\"\n letters from Miss \n Amelia FitzGerald Poe, since they \"threw\n too little fresh light on her nephew's life to be of an\n interest,\" nor had she included old copies of the Southern\n Literary Messenger and Burton's Gentleman's Magazine, feeling\n certain the University would already have them. \n Amelia Poe was the daughter of \n Neilson Poe, who had buried Edgar in \n Baltimore in l849, and the custodian of\n many letters from Poe, Mrs. Clemm, Mrs. Whitman, and \n Annie Richmond ; she had corresponded with\n Ingram over a period of twenty years and was important enough\n to him to receive the dedication of his last biography of Poe.\n These letters and magazines were requested from Miss Ingram\n and in time they were received and restored to the\n collection.","After a thorough examination of the collection, Dr. Wilson\n decided it was worth the price asked. In l916 the price had\n been 150 pounds; in 1922 it was 200 pounds. For the entire\n collection, \n John Patton offered 181 pounds, 14\n shillings ($800), on March 24, 1922.","Miss Ingram gladly accepted the money and she wrote to the\n officials of the University how pleased she was that what she\n believed to be her dead brother's wish had been carried out:\n his Poe collection was at home in \n America, and in \n Virginia, where she was sure he would\n have wanted it to be. And she continued her interest in the\n University, quite often sending cordial letters accompanied by\n packages of books, pictures, and letters which she had come\n across and thought belonged with her brother's Poe collection.\n In 1933, when once again Miss Ingram thought her death was\n near, she sent to the University, as a gift, John Ingram's\n manuscript, \"The True Story of \n Edgar Allan Poe. \" This manuscript had\n been in a publisher's hands when Ingram died, but printing was\n delayed until the war should be over. Before that time came,\n however, the publisher had himself died, and \n Laura Ingram had tried without success to\n place it with other publishers. Its presence in the house made\n her uncomfortable. Would the University accept it and deal\n with it as they saw fit?","The whole tone of this manuscript convinces the reader that\n John Ingram considered this last\n biography, his farewell to Poe scholarship, to be a volume\n that would triumphantly answer his critics, and would be the\n foundation-stone upon which he would be able to stand forever\n as the uncontestable arbiter of all things concerning Poe. In\n this work he resurveyed his whole knowledge and experience and\n fearlessly handed down his dicta on all controversial Poe\n questions. But unfortunately his spleen overrode his scholarly\n judgment. His virulence against other Poe biographers,\n especially the Americans whom he accused of fraudulently using\n his materials, succeeded in clouding Ingram's own vision and\n writing, and succeeds in destroying for his present day reader\n the confidence necessary in an author's balanced judgment, if\n he is to accept, even partially, the arbitrary rulings. This\n manuscript is not, as Ingram thought it would be, the last\n word on Poe. It is unrelentingly bitter against Poe's\n detractors and Ingram's personal rivals, and it seeks, even\n more than did Ingram's other writings on Poe, to whitewash its\n subject completely. Ingram's perspective seems to have\n deserted him as he wrote this manuscript, and he had little\n left except futile anger.","V","The addition of the manuscript life of Poe rounded out the\n collection of Poe papers that once had belonged to \n John Ingram, now in the possession of the\n University of Virginia.","One can safely say that had it not been for \n John Ingram's skill and energy, together\n with the peculiarities of his temperament, we should not now\n have many of these unusual and dependable accounts of Poe's\n activities and personality. By studying Ingram's papers it is\n possible to trace him through a maze of editing and publishing\n and to watch him, step by step, slowly amass his great fund of\n information about Poe. One can see him make mistakes and\n achieve triumphs as he accepts, rejects, and fuses information\n to be included in his numerous publications on Poe. Then, too,\n it is still possible to catch fresh glimpses of Poe himself in\n this collection, for Ingram did not publish all of the\n memories of Poe set down in the letters he received. Some of\n these recollections Ingram deliberately shielded from public\n view, but they are no more apocryphal than many of the\n recollections he chose to believe and to publish; some of the\n records Ingram received he suppressed from delicacy alone.","A number of scholarly papers, theses, and doctoral\n dissertations have been based on this collection of Poe\n papers, making almost all the more important items and\n clusters of items more readily available to other scholars.\n The complete collection has made possible another kind of\n study, by an examination of Ingram's biographies and editions\n of Poe, in conjunction with the rough materials from which he\n shaped them, it has been possible to make a just evaluation of\n Ingram's place among Poe biographers and editors and to\n demonstrate exactly what and how many important contributions\n he made to the peculiarly difficult field of Poe scholarship.\n Finally, and by no means least important, is the fact that,\n since Ingram's work on Poe covered nearly his whole life span,\n it has been possible for the first time to trace in the great\n mass of his papers a thread of the biography of this\n nineteenth-century professional editor and biographer to whom\n the writer of every signifcant work about Poe since 1874 has\n been directly and heavily indebted."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA calendar and index of letters and other manuscripts,\n photographs, printed matter, and biographical source materials\n concerning \n Edgar Allan Poe assembled by \n John Henry Ingram, with prefatory essay\n by \n John Carl Miller on Ingram as a Poe editor\n and biographer and as a collector of Poe materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSecond Edition by John E. Reilly\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTo the Memory of John Carl Miller\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIntroduction:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1922 the \n University of Virginia paid the heirs of \n John Henry Ingram the munificent sum of\n $800 for the materials Ingram had assembled for his work as\n biographer, editor, and stalwart (i.e., feisty) champion of \n Edgar Allan Poe. What the University\n acquired is an unparalleled collection of letters and other\n manuscripts, of photographs and daguerreotypes, and of\n newspaper clippings and various other printed materials\n totaling altogether more than a thousand items. Although the\n University made the Collection available to serious students\n of Poe, the contents remained uncatalogued at the \n Alderman Library until, in the late\n 1940's, \n John Carl Miller, then a graduate\n student, undertook the chore of sorting and classifying the\n mass of material. As it happened, the chore proved to be even\n more than a labor of love: it marked for Miller the beginning\n of a life-long interest both in Ingram and in the materials\n Ingram had compiled. The first fruit of Miller's interest was\n his 1954 doctoral dissertation, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"doublequote\" href=\"\"\u003ePoe's English Biographer,\n John Henry Ingram : A Biographical Account\n and a Study of His Contributions to Poe Scholarship.\u003c/title\u003e Six\n years later the University published the first edition of\n Professor Miller's \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eJohn Henry Ingram's Poe Collection at the University\n of Virginia.\u003c/title\u003e This little book was a \"calendar\" or chronological\n checklist of the Collection providing a brief description of\n the content of each item. Professor Miller prefaced the\n calendar with his essay on Ingram as \"Editor, Biographer, and\n Collector of Poe Materials\" and furnished access to the\n calendar through an index. In the mid-1960's Professor Miller\n served as an advisor to the University's project of making the\n entire Collection available on nine reels of microfilm. At the\n same time, however, Professor Miller was laying his own plans\n to make \"the more important primary source materials\" used by\n Ingram even more available in a multi-volume annotated\n edition. The first of these volumes, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eBuilding Poe Biography,\u003c/title\u003e was published by Louisiana State University Press\n in 1977, and the second volume, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003ePoe's Helen Remembers,\u003c/title\u003e appeared two years later from the \n University Press of Virginia. In\n declining health for a number of years, Professor Miller died\n in October 1979, before any other volumes could be\n prepared.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the time of his death, Professor Miller was at work not\n only on his annotated edition of materials in the Collection\n but also on the second edition of the calendar published by\n the \n University of Virginia almost two decades\n earlier. It is his work on the second edition of the calendar\n that the present volume carries to its conclusion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe format of the entries in the calendar is similarly\n unchanged: two paragraphs are devoted to each item, the first\n a bibliographical (if that word can be extended to included\n manuscripts) description of the item and the second paragraph\n a brief account of its content.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A calendar and index of letters and other manuscripts,\n photographs, printed matter, and biographical source materials\n concerning \n Edgar Allan Poe assembled by \n John Henry Ingram, with prefatory essay\n by \n John Carl Miller on Ingram as a Poe editor\n and biographer and as a collector of Poe materials.","Second Edition by John E. Reilly","To the Memory of John Carl Miller","Introduction:","In 1922 the \n University of Virginia paid the heirs of \n John Henry Ingram the munificent sum of\n $800 for the materials Ingram had assembled for his work as\n biographer, editor, and stalwart (i.e., feisty) champion of \n Edgar Allan Poe. What the University\n acquired is an unparalleled collection of letters and other\n manuscripts, of photographs and daguerreotypes, and of\n newspaper clippings and various other printed materials\n totaling altogether more than a thousand items. Although the\n University made the Collection available to serious students\n of Poe, the contents remained uncatalogued at the \n Alderman Library until, in the late\n 1940's, \n John Carl Miller, then a graduate\n student, undertook the chore of sorting and classifying the\n mass of material. As it happened, the chore proved to be even\n more than a labor of love: it marked for Miller the beginning\n of a life-long interest both in Ingram and in the materials\n Ingram had compiled. The first fruit of Miller's interest was\n his 1954 doctoral dissertation, Poe's English Biographer,\n John Henry Ingram : A Biographical Account\n and a Study of His Contributions to Poe Scholarship. Six\n years later the University published the first edition of\n Professor Miller's John Henry Ingram's Poe Collection at the University\n of Virginia. This little book was a \"calendar\" or chronological\n checklist of the Collection providing a brief description of\n the content of each item. Professor Miller prefaced the\n calendar with his essay on Ingram as \"Editor, Biographer, and\n Collector of Poe Materials\" and furnished access to the\n calendar through an index. In the mid-1960's Professor Miller\n served as an advisor to the University's project of making the\n entire Collection available on nine reels of microfilm. At the\n same time, however, Professor Miller was laying his own plans\n to make \"the more important primary source materials\" used by\n Ingram even more available in a multi-volume annotated\n edition. The first of these volumes, Building Poe Biography, was published by Louisiana State University Press\n in 1977, and the second volume, Poe's Helen Remembers, appeared two years later from the \n University Press of Virginia. In\n declining health for a number of years, Professor Miller died\n in October 1979, before any other volumes could be\n prepared.","At the time of his death, Professor Miller was at work not\n only on his annotated edition of materials in the Collection\n but also on the second edition of the calendar published by\n the \n University of Virginia almost two decades\n earlier. It is his work on the second edition of the calendar\n that the present volume carries to its conclusion.","The format of the entries in the calendar is similarly\n unchanged: two paragraphs are devoted to each item, the first\n a bibliographical (if that word can be extended to included\n manuscripts) description of the item and the second paragraph\n a brief account of its content."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1053,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:44:20.390Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00220_c04_c402"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_851_c17_c04","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"William and Mary Quarterly Subscription and Account Book","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_851_c17_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eOne volume, 8\" by 13\", containing a list of subscribers, some accounts, and a list advertisers for the Quarterly. Pages 23-24 have a list of participants in the Summer Institute of 1894. Pages 106-109 have some newspaper clipping about the Quarterly. Acc 1987.64\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_851_c17_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_851_c17_c04","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_851_c17_c04"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_851_c17_c04","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_851","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_851","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_851_c17","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_851_c17","parent_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_851","viw_repositories_2_resources_851_c17"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_851","viw_repositories_2_resources_851_c17"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["University Archives Bound Volumes Collection","Box 17"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["University Archives Bound Volumes Collection","Box 17"],"text":["University Archives Bound Volumes Collection","Box 17","William and Mary Quarterly Subscription and Account Book","Box 17","One volume, 8\" by 13\", containing a list of subscribers, some accounts, and a list advertisers for the Quarterly. Pages 23-24 have a list of participants in the Summer Institute of 1894. Pages 106-109 have some newspaper clipping about the Quarterly. Acc 1987.64"],"title_filing_ssi":"William and Mary Quarterly Subscription and Account Book","title_ssm":["William and Mary Quarterly Subscription and Account Book"],"title_tesim":["William and Mary Quarterly Subscription and Account Book"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1894-1895"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1894/1895"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William and Mary Quarterly Subscription and Account Book"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["University Archives Bound Volumes Collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":86,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"date_range_isim":[1894,1895],"containers_ssim":["Box 17"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOne volume, 8\" by 13\", containing a list of subscribers, some accounts, and a list advertisers for the Quarterly. Pages 23-24 have a list of participants in the Summer Institute of 1894. Pages 106-109 have some newspaper clipping about the Quarterly. Acc 1987.64\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["One volume, 8\" by 13\", containing a list of subscribers, some accounts, and a list advertisers for the Quarterly. Pages 23-24 have a list of participants in the Summer Institute of 1894. Pages 106-109 have some newspaper clipping about the Quarterly. Acc 1987.64"],"_nest_path_":"/components#16/components#3","timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:33:44.598Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_851","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_851","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_851","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_851","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_851.xml","title_filing_ssi":"University Archives Bound Volumes Collection","title_ssm":["University Archives Bound Volumes Collection"],"title_tesim":["University Archives Bound Volumes Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1739-1993"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1739-1993"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["UA 15","/repositories/2/resources/851"],"text":["UA 15","/repositories/2/resources/851","University Archives Bound Volumes Collection","American poetry--19th century","Athletics","College of William and Mary--History--18th century","College of William and Mary--History--19th century","College of William and Mary--History--20th century","College of William and Mary--Students","College sports--United States--History--20th century","Curriculum","Lecture notes","Natural and Experimental Philosophy","President's House (Williamsburg, Va.)","Student Government","Student Plays","Textbooks","World War, 1939-1945","Class materials","Minutes","Notebooks","Plays (document genre)","Scrapbooks","This collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","The University Archives adds material to this collection on an ongoing basis as needed.","Arranged by volume number.","George Balk was a William and Mary student from 1948-1952.","Item 1: Acc. 1981.36; Item 2: Acc. 1981.37; Item 3: Acc. 1981.38; Item 4: Acc. 1981.39; Item 5: Acc. 1981.40; Item 6: acc. 1981.41;  Item 7: Acc. 1981.42; Item 8: Acc. 1981.43; Item 9: Acc. 1981.44; Item 10: Acc. 1981.45; Item 11: Acc.1981.46; Item 12: Acc. 1981.47; Item 13: Acc. 1981.48; Item 14: Scc. 1981.49; Item 15: Acc. 1981.50; Item 16: Acc. 1981.51; Item 17: Acc. 1981.52; Item 18: Acc. 1981.53; Item 20: Acc. 1981.55; Item 21: Acc. 1981.56; Item 22: Acc. 1981.57; Item 23: Acc. 1981.58; Item 24: Acc. 1980.19; Item 25: Acc. 1981.59; Item 27: Acc.1981.60; Item 28: Acc. 1981.61; Item 29: Acc. 1981.64; Item 30: Acc. 1981.63; Item 31: Acc. 1981.64; Item 33: Acc. 1981.66; Item 35: Acc. 1980.45;  Item 37: Acc.1981.68; Item 39: Acc. 1983.19; Item 40: Acc.1983.1; Item 41: Acc.1983.2; Item 42: Acc.1983.3; Item 43: Acc.1983.4; Item 44: Acc.1983.5; Item 45: Acc. 1983.130; Item 47: Acc. 1979.28; Item 49: Acc. 1981.34; Item 50: Acc. 1983.12; Item 51: Acc. 1983.99; Item 52: Acc. 1983.114; Item 53: Acc. 1983.135; Item 54: Acc. 1983.136; Item 55: Acc. 1984.1; Item 56: Acc. 1984.2; Item 57: Acc. 1983.42; Item 58: Acc. 1984.8; Item 62: Acc. 1985.017; Item 63: Acc. 1985.018; Item 64: Acc. 1985.20; Item 65: Acc. 1985.47; Item 66: Acc. 1985.55; Item 67: Acc. 1986.31; Item 68: Acc. 1986.32; Item 69: Acc. 1986.33; Item 70: Acc. 1987.063; item 71: Acc. 1987.064; Item 72: Acc. 1987.065; Item 73: Acc. 1987.066; Item 74: Acc. 1987.82; Item 75: Acc. 1987.83; Item 76: Acc.1988.82; Item 77: Acc. 1988.97; Item 78: Acc. 1988.100; Item 79: Acc. 1989.148; Item 80: Acc.1991.48; Item 81: Acc. 1991.55; Item 82: 1992.23; Item 83: Acc.1998.82; Item 84: Acc.2006.26;","Acc.2011.371 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in June 2011.","This collection contains information about the College of William and Mary from the Eighteenth Century to the present. Included in the collection are faculty lecture notes from a variety of classes, scrapbooks, research notes, correspondence, textbooks used at the College of William and Mary, minute and account books, poetry books, student notebooks, a literary manual, and various other miscellaneous bound volumes.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary. General Cooperative Committee","Society of the Alumni","William and Mary Quarterly","College of William and Mary.","College of William and Mary. Dept. of Chemistry","College of William and Mary. Dept. of English","College of William and Mary. Dept. of Government","College of William and Mary. Dept. of Home Economics","College of William and Mary. Dept. of Theatre, Speech, and Dance","College of William and Mary. William and Mary Theatre","Marshall-Wythe School of Law","Student Organizations--Dramatic Club","Student Publications--William and Mary Literary Magazine","Belk, George Washington, III","Bolling, Maurice Landon","Catron, Louis E.","Childress, Cecil Marcia","Croghan, John, 1790-1849","Dew, Thomas R. (Thomas Roderick), 1802-1846","Garrett, Robert M., 1807-1885","Griffin, James Lewis Corbin, 1814-1878","Hackley, William Randolph","Hope, James Barron, 1829-1887","Jones, Warner Throckmorton","Key, Francis Scott, 1779-1843","Koontz, Amos Ralph, 1890-1965","Maddox, William Arthur","Mercer, Hugh T.W.","Millington, John, 1779-1868","Pollard, John Garland, 1871-1937","Preston, William","Rogers, William Barton, 1804-1882","Ryland, Archie Garnett","Scarburgh, George Parker","Smith, John Augustine, 1782-1865","Taliaferro, Edwin, 1835-1867","Taliaferro, William Booth","Taliaferro, William R., Jr.","Taylor, John Herbert","Taylor, Waller","Topping, Katheryn M.","Warren, William H.","Wise, George Douglas","Wright, Ernest L.","White, Irving H. (Professor)","Madison, James, 1749-1812","English French"],"unitid_tesim":["UA 15","/repositories/2/resources/851"],"normalized_title_ssm":["University Archives Bound Volumes Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["University Archives Bound Volumes Collection"],"collection_ssim":["University Archives Bound Volumes Collection"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Belk, George Washington, III","Bolling, Maurice Landon","Catron, Louis E.","Childress, Cecil Marcia","College of William and Mary. General Cooperative Committee","Croghan, John, 1790-1849","Dew, Thomas R. (Thomas Roderick), 1802-1846","Garrett, Robert M., 1807-1885","Griffin, James Lewis Corbin, 1814-1878","Hackley, William Randolph","Hope, James Barron, 1829-1887","Jones, Warner Throckmorton","Key, Francis Scott, 1779-1843","Koontz, Amos Ralph, 1890-1965","Maddox, William Arthur","Mercer, Hugh T.W.","Millington, John, 1779-1868","Pollard, John Garland, 1871-1937","Preston, William","Rogers, William Barton, 1804-1882","Ryland, Archie Garnett","Scarburgh, George Parker","Smith, John Augustine, 1782-1865","Society of the Alumni","Taliaferro, Edwin, 1835-1867","Taliaferro, William Booth","Taliaferro, William R., Jr.","Taylor, John Herbert","Taylor, Waller","Topping, Katheryn M.","Warren, William H.","William and Mary Quarterly","Wise, George Douglas","Wright, Ernest L.","White, Irving H. (Professor)","White, Irving H. (Professor)"],"creator_ssim":["Belk, George Washington, III","Bolling, Maurice Landon","Catron, Louis E.","Childress, Cecil Marcia","College of William and Mary. General Cooperative Committee","Croghan, John, 1790-1849","Dew, Thomas R. (Thomas Roderick), 1802-1846","Garrett, Robert M., 1807-1885","Griffin, James Lewis Corbin, 1814-1878","Hackley, William Randolph","Hope, James Barron, 1829-1887","Jones, Warner Throckmorton","Key, Francis Scott, 1779-1843","Koontz, Amos Ralph, 1890-1965","Maddox, William Arthur","Mercer, Hugh T.W.","Millington, John, 1779-1868","Pollard, John Garland, 1871-1937","Preston, William","Rogers, William Barton, 1804-1882","Ryland, Archie Garnett","Scarburgh, George Parker","Smith, John Augustine, 1782-1865","Society of the Alumni","Taliaferro, Edwin, 1835-1867","Taliaferro, William Booth","Taliaferro, William R., Jr.","Taylor, John Herbert","Taylor, Waller","Topping, Katheryn M.","Warren, William H.","William and Mary Quarterly","Wise, George Douglas","Wright, Ernest L.","White, Irving H. (Professor)","White, Irving H. (Professor)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Belk, George Washington, III","Bolling, Maurice Landon","Catron, Louis E.","Childress, Cecil Marcia","Croghan, John, 1790-1849","Dew, Thomas R. (Thomas Roderick), 1802-1846","Garrett, Robert M., 1807-1885","Griffin, James Lewis Corbin, 1814-1878","Hackley, William Randolph","Hope, James Barron, 1829-1887","Jones, Warner Throckmorton","Key, Francis Scott, 1779-1843","Koontz, Amos Ralph, 1890-1965","Maddox, William Arthur","Mercer, Hugh T.W.","Millington, John, 1779-1868","Pollard, John Garland, 1871-1937","Preston, William","Rogers, William Barton, 1804-1882","Ryland, Archie Garnett","Scarburgh, George Parker","Smith, John Augustine, 1782-1865","Taliaferro, Edwin, 1835-1867","Taliaferro, William Booth","Taliaferro, William R., Jr.","Taylor, John Herbert","Taylor, Waller","Topping, Katheryn M.","Warren, William H.","Wise, George Douglas","Wright, Ernest L.","White, Irving H. (Professor)","White, Irving H. (Professor)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["College of William and Mary. General Cooperative Committee","Society of the Alumni","William and Mary Quarterly"],"creators_ssim":["Belk, George Washington, III","Bolling, Maurice Landon","Catron, Louis E.","Childress, Cecil Marcia","Croghan, John, 1790-1849","Dew, Thomas R. (Thomas Roderick), 1802-1846","Garrett, Robert M., 1807-1885","Griffin, James Lewis Corbin, 1814-1878","Hackley, William Randolph","Hope, James Barron, 1829-1887","Jones, Warner Throckmorton","Key, Francis Scott, 1779-1843","Koontz, Amos Ralph, 1890-1965","Maddox, William Arthur","Mercer, Hugh T.W.","Millington, John, 1779-1868","Pollard, John Garland, 1871-1937","Preston, William","Rogers, William Barton, 1804-1882","Ryland, Archie Garnett","Scarburgh, George Parker","Smith, John Augustine, 1782-1865","Taliaferro, Edwin, 1835-1867","Taliaferro, William Booth","Taliaferro, William R., Jr.","Taylor, John Herbert","Taylor, Waller","Topping, Katheryn M.","Warren, William H.","Wise, George Douglas","Wright, Ernest L.","White, Irving H. (Professor)","White, Irving H. (Professor)","College of William and Mary. General Cooperative Committee","Society of the Alumni","William and Mary Quarterly"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Acc. 1930-115 gift was received on 12/1/1930. Acc. 1980.19 gift of Dorothy Terrill Smithey via Frankie Martens on 10/5/1979; Acc. 1981.036 purchased 4/6/1938; Acc. 1981.044 received on 12/1/1922 as accession 1922-18; Acc. 1981.045 received on 5/17/1939 as accession 1939-143; Acc. 1981.047 purchased 10/28/1940 (accession 1940-291) transferred to University Archives 4/24/1981; Acc. 1981.050 gift of Mrs. Henry Sanders prior to 4/24/1981; Acc. 1981.65 received prior to 4/24/1981; Acc. 1981.66 received prior to 4/24/1981; Acc. 1981.67 received prior to 4/24/1981; Acc. 1983.001 - Acc. 1983.005 gift of Maxwell Alexander, Jr. on 1/22/1983; Acc. 1983.17 received by the College in October 1957 and transferred to the University Archives sometime before May 1983; Acc. 1983.99 was received on 10/15/1941; Acc. 1986.031- Acc. 1986.033 gifts of John McKnight on 7/15/1986; Acc. 1988.097 gift of Mr. and Mrs. Terry Meyers on 8/2/1988; Acc. 1992.023 gift of William H. Warren during 5/1992; Acc. 2007.041 was purchased via eBay prior to 2007. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member."],"access_subjects_ssim":["American poetry--19th century","Athletics","College of William and Mary--History--18th century","College of William and Mary--History--19th century","College of William and Mary--History--20th century","College of William and Mary--Students","College sports--United States--History--20th century","Curriculum","Lecture notes","Natural and Experimental Philosophy","President's House (Williamsburg, Va.)","Student Government","Student Plays","Textbooks","World War, 1939-1945","Class materials","Minutes","Notebooks","Plays (document genre)","Scrapbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["American poetry--19th century","Athletics","College of William and Mary--History--18th century","College of William and Mary--History--19th century","College of William and Mary--History--20th century","College of William and Mary--Students","College sports--United States--History--20th century","Curriculum","Lecture notes","Natural and Experimental Philosophy","President's House (Williamsburg, Va.)","Student Government","Student Plays","Textbooks","World War, 1939-1945","Class materials","Minutes","Notebooks","Plays (document genre)","Scrapbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["8.40 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["8.40 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Class materials","Minutes","Notebooks","Plays (document genre)","Scrapbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe University Archives adds material to this collection on an ongoing basis as needed.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals:"],"accruals_tesim":["The University Archives adds material to this collection on an ongoing basis as needed."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged by volume number.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged by volume number."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGeorge Balk was a William and Mary student from 1948-1952.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["George Balk was a William and Mary student from 1948-1952."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItem 1: Acc. 1981.36; Item 2: Acc. 1981.37; Item 3: Acc. 1981.38; Item 4: Acc. 1981.39; Item 5: Acc. 1981.40; Item 6: acc. 1981.41;  Item 7: Acc. 1981.42; Item 8: Acc. 1981.43; Item 9: Acc. 1981.44; Item 10: Acc. 1981.45; Item 11: Acc.1981.46; Item 12: Acc. 1981.47; Item 13: Acc. 1981.48; Item 14: Scc. 1981.49; Item 15: Acc. 1981.50; Item 16: Acc. 1981.51; Item 17: Acc. 1981.52; Item 18: Acc. 1981.53; Item 20: Acc. 1981.55; Item 21: Acc. 1981.56; Item 22: Acc. 1981.57; Item 23: Acc. 1981.58; Item 24: Acc. 1980.19; Item 25: Acc. 1981.59; Item 27: Acc.1981.60; Item 28: Acc. 1981.61; Item 29: Acc. 1981.64; Item 30: Acc. 1981.63; Item 31: Acc. 1981.64; Item 33: Acc. 1981.66; Item 35: Acc. 1980.45;  Item 37: Acc.1981.68; Item 39: Acc. 1983.19; Item 40: Acc.1983.1; Item 41: Acc.1983.2; Item 42: Acc.1983.3; Item 43: Acc.1983.4; Item 44: Acc.1983.5; Item 45: Acc. 1983.130; Item 47: Acc. 1979.28; Item 49: Acc. 1981.34; Item 50: Acc. 1983.12; Item 51: Acc. 1983.99; Item 52: Acc. 1983.114; Item 53: Acc. 1983.135; Item 54: Acc. 1983.136; Item 55: Acc. 1984.1; Item 56: Acc. 1984.2; Item 57: Acc. 1983.42; Item 58: Acc. 1984.8; Item 62: Acc. 1985.017; Item 63: Acc. 1985.018; Item 64: Acc. 1985.20; Item 65: Acc. 1985.47; Item 66: Acc. 1985.55; Item 67: Acc. 1986.31; Item 68: Acc. 1986.32; Item 69: Acc. 1986.33; Item 70: Acc. 1987.063; item 71: Acc. 1987.064; Item 72: Acc. 1987.065; Item 73: Acc. 1987.066; Item 74: Acc. 1987.82; Item 75: Acc. 1987.83; Item 76: Acc.1988.82; Item 77: Acc. 1988.97; Item 78: Acc. 1988.100; Item 79: Acc. 1989.148; Item 80: Acc.1991.48; Item 81: Acc. 1991.55; Item 82: 1992.23; Item 83: Acc.1998.82; Item 84: Acc.2006.26;\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History:"],"custodhist_tesim":["Item 1: Acc. 1981.36; Item 2: Acc. 1981.37; Item 3: Acc. 1981.38; Item 4: Acc. 1981.39; Item 5: Acc. 1981.40; Item 6: acc. 1981.41;  Item 7: Acc. 1981.42; Item 8: Acc. 1981.43; Item 9: Acc. 1981.44; Item 10: Acc. 1981.45; Item 11: Acc.1981.46; Item 12: Acc. 1981.47; Item 13: Acc. 1981.48; Item 14: Scc. 1981.49; Item 15: Acc. 1981.50; Item 16: Acc. 1981.51; Item 17: Acc. 1981.52; Item 18: Acc. 1981.53; Item 20: Acc. 1981.55; Item 21: Acc. 1981.56; Item 22: Acc. 1981.57; Item 23: Acc. 1981.58; Item 24: Acc. 1980.19; Item 25: Acc. 1981.59; Item 27: Acc.1981.60; Item 28: Acc. 1981.61; Item 29: Acc. 1981.64; Item 30: Acc. 1981.63; Item 31: Acc. 1981.64; Item 33: Acc. 1981.66; Item 35: Acc. 1980.45;  Item 37: Acc.1981.68; Item 39: Acc. 1983.19; Item 40: Acc.1983.1; Item 41: Acc.1983.2; Item 42: Acc.1983.3; Item 43: Acc.1983.4; Item 44: Acc.1983.5; Item 45: Acc. 1983.130; Item 47: Acc. 1979.28; Item 49: Acc. 1981.34; Item 50: Acc. 1983.12; Item 51: Acc. 1983.99; Item 52: Acc. 1983.114; Item 53: Acc. 1983.135; Item 54: Acc. 1983.136; Item 55: Acc. 1984.1; Item 56: Acc. 1984.2; Item 57: Acc. 1983.42; Item 58: Acc. 1984.8; Item 62: Acc. 1985.017; Item 63: Acc. 1985.018; Item 64: Acc. 1985.20; Item 65: Acc. 1985.47; Item 66: Acc. 1985.55; Item 67: Acc. 1986.31; Item 68: Acc. 1986.32; Item 69: Acc. 1986.33; Item 70: Acc. 1987.063; item 71: Acc. 1987.064; 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