{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1893\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Commonwealth+University%2C+Cabell+Library\u0026page=7","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1893\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Commonwealth+University%2C+Cabell+Library\u0026page=6","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1893\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Commonwealth+University%2C+Cabell+Library\u0026page=8","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1893\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Commonwealth+University%2C+Cabell+Library\u0026page=9"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":7,"next_page":8,"prev_page":6,"total_pages":9,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":60,"total_count":86,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870/1972","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_3_resources_6_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6_c01","ref_ssm":["vircu_repositories_3_resources_6_c01"],"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6_c01","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","_root_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","parent_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","parent_ssim":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vircu_repositories_3_resources_6"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records","title_ssm":["Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records"],"title_tesim":["Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870/1972"],"text":["Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870/1972","Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1870/1972"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1870-1972"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":1,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"collection_ssim":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":2,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for use without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:57.621Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","_root_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_3_resources_6.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vcu-tm/vircuh00044.xml","title_ssm":["Virginia Dental Association records"],"title_tesim":["Virginia Dental Association records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1870-2011","1870-1985"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1870-2011"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1870-1985"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"text":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985","1988.Jul.17","/repositories/3/resources/6","Dentists -- Virginia","Dental schools -- Virginia","Dentistry -- Societies, etc.","Dentistry -- History -- Virginia","African American dentists -- Virginia.","Societies, Dental.","History of Dentistry.","Dentists -- History","Collection is open for use without restrictions.","VCU Libraries digitized the Bulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association and the Virginia Dental Journal with the permission and collaboration of the Virginia Dental Association. Visit  VCU Scholars Compass to view the full run of the journal.","The records of the Virgina Dental Association have been divided into ten series with subseries as needed. Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972 -- Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975 -- Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979 -- Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1929-1980 -- Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985 -- Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978 -- Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984 -- Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976 -- Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1963 -- Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. Efforts have been made to preserve the original arrangement of these files where applicable.","On November 3, 1870 nine Virginia dentists met in Richmond to establish an organization to \"cultivate the science and the art of dentistry, and all its collateral branches, to elevate and sustain the professional character of dentists; and to promote amongst them mutual improvement, social intercourse and good will.\" This meeting marked the creation of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA) or the Virginia State Dental Association as it was named when first created. The VDA changed to its current name in 1970. The VDA was the successor to the first professional dental organization, the Virginia Society of Surgeon Dentists which was formed in 1842.","An early goal of the VDA was to create standards and regulations for the profession. When the VDA was formed there were no statutes regulating the practice of dentistry in Virginia. The VDA spent several years drafting a bill to present to the state legislature culminating in the passage of the Dental Act of 1886. This act also established the Virginia Board of Dental Examiners. The VDA also successfully campaigned in 1915 to have a representative on the State Board of Health making Virginia the first state to include a dentist on such a board. In 1936 the VDA helped pass a bill that outlawed advertising dental services and prices as a means of protecting the public from unethical dental practices. This remained in effect until the early 1980s when the Federal Trade Commission ruled that truthful advertising could not be restricted.","Dental education was another subject of much interest and debate for the VDA. They supported the creation of the first dental school in Virginia in 1893 at the University College of Medicine (UCM). In 1913 UCM merged with the Medical College of Virginia (MCV), which had created its own dental school in 1897. For a time some members of the VDA thought that dentist should obtain an M.D. degree to practice medicine. The Dental Act only required a diploma and a certificate from the state board to practice dentistry. A dental degree was not required to sit for the state board exam. A law requiring an M.D. was passed in 1910, but was repealed in 1914 before any provisions were enacted.","The VDA, which is a component of the American Dental Association, created component societies in 1931. This was to better facilitate communication and professional development for member dentists throughout the state. Dentists who joined a component society also became members of the state and national associations through this tripartate structure. Virginia was divided into eight regions. Each region was arranged to have an existing local society within the area to become the component group where applicable. This arrangement is still in place today. The component societies are:","Component 1, Virginia Tidewater Dental Association, founded 1880","Component 2, Peninsula Dental Society, founded 1934","Component 3, Southside Dental Society, founded 1925","Component 4, Richmond Dental Society, founded 1894","Component 5, Piedmont Dental Society, founded 1916","Component 6, Southwest Virginia Dental Society, founded 1917","Component 7, Shenandoah Valley Dental Association, founded 1914","Component 8, Northern Virginia Dental Society, founded 1931","The VDA began publishing its journal the Bulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association in 1923. After sporadic publication for the first ten years the VDA began publishing on a regular schedule. The number of issues published has varied from three to six. The journal is currently published quarterly. The title was changed to the Virginia Dental Journal in 1964. It is a resource for members to find information about professional and scientific developments, legislative issues, and annual meetings. The journal also includes editorials and news updates from the component societies.","An annual meeting of the VDA was held for members to come together and benefit from the mutual exchange of ideas and practical knowledge. The meetings offered an opportunity to focus on issues such as professional ethics, dental legislation, public health and service, and education. Much of the work of the organization was carried out by committees, all of which were overseen by the governing body the Executive Council. The VDA had three elected officers the president, the preseident-elect, and the secretary-treasurer, as well as several appointed officers including the editor of the journal. The VDA did not have a headquarters until the organization hired its first executive secretary in 1964 and she set up the headquarters in her home. Since that time it has been located in several areas around Richmond. Today the VDA is governed by a board of directors and still holds an annual meeting. The VDA continues to help improve the profession and its members, support dental education, promote public dental health, and provide outreach services to underserved populations.","The records of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA), 1870-2011, include the official minutes and proceedings of the organization as well as committee records, component society materials, correspondence, financial records, annual meeting records and programs, membership records, subject files, materials relating to the American Dental Association and other national, state, and local dental organizations, and research files used to write One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia. These records provide insight into the changes in the dental profession and also the evolution of professional organizations in general.","Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972. This series, divided into two subseries, consists of the official minutes of the VDA and the records of the Executive Council, the main governing body of the organization.","Subseries 1.1: Minute Books, 1870-1963. The minute books contain annual meeting programs and proceedings, speeches and papers delivered at the meetings, the Bulletin the official publication of the VDA, committee reports, financial statements, newspaper clippings, member lists, and meeting attendee lists including guests and exhibitors. Also included in the minute books are reports from the Bureau of Dental Heath which often contains statistics regarding race and schools where clinics were held and reports of the State Board of Dental Examiners which include statistics regarding applicants for dental licenses.","Subseries 1.2: Executive Council Records, 1931-1972, bulk 1962-1972. These records include meeting minutes and reports along with some correspondence.","Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975. These records include bank statements and deposits, invoices, proposed budgets, receipts, and treasurer's books.","Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979. This series contains materials such as correspondence and reports of various standing and special committees.","Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1924-1980. This series includes materials related to the planning and execution of the meetings and is divided into four subseries.","Subseries 4.1: Annual Meeting Records, 1929-1980. This subseries contains general records such as correspondence, financial information, and publicity related to the planning of each annual meeting. Some files also include the proceedings for the meeting as well. The planning for most meetings began one to two years prior to the event, which is indicated by the inclusive date range listed for each folder.","Subseries 4.2: Local Arrangements and Program Committees, 1929-1939, 1954-1956, 1965. Materials in this subseries include correspondence and planning information related to arrangements for clinics, programs, and entertainment at the annual meetings.","Subseries 4.3: Programs, 1924-1970. This subseries contains copies of the official meeting programs.","Subseries 4.4: Meeting Exhibitors, 1927-1980. This subseries includes correspondence with vendors of dental related products and services requesting that the vendors purchase exhibit space or buy advertisements in the meeting program.","Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985. This series is divided into two subseries.","Subseries 5.1: General VDA Correspondence, 1917-1975. This subseries consists mostly of correspondence between the membership and the officers of the VDA. There is also some correspondence with the ADA, other state dental societies, the Virginia State Health Department, Virginia Board of Dental Examiners, and other state offices. The subjects most often covered include dues (overdue notices and disputes), issues related to the governance and structure of the VDA, meeting planning (locations, exhibitors, entertainment, and programs), legislative issues related dentistry, and professional ethics issues (advertising, obligations to public health, etc).","Subseries 5.2: Officer's Correspondence and Related Materials, 1927-1985. These files consist primarily of correspondence of specific officers of the VDA. Additionaly, some files also include speeches, photographs, and clippings.","Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978. This series contains materials such as correspondence, membership lists, and meeting programs from the eight component societies in Virginia.","Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984. This series consists of subject and court files and is divided into two subseries.","Subseries 7:1: Subject Files, 1919-1984. Contains various subject files relating to legislative and professional issues, membership benefits such as insurance and retirement plans, and other materials such as newspaper clippings and photographs. Also includes membership card files kept by the VDA.","Subseries 7.2: Federal Trade Commission Case, 1960-1978. This subseries pertains to the Federal Trade Commission complaint against the American Dental Association and several of its constituent groups including the Virginia Dental Association and the Northern Virginia Dental Society (American Dental Association, et. al., Docket No. 9093). The FTC complaint stated that the ADA ethical codes violated anittrust laws by barring advertising and preventing price competition. Part of the defense strategy was to prove that the VDA and the NVDS were non-profit groups and as such were outside the FTC's jurisdiction. Documents in this subseries include Children's Dental Health Week materials, public service brochures promoting dental care, newspaper clipping discussing community outreach programs by the VDA, and materials on the governance and benefits of the two groups.","Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976. This series contains materials such as correspondence, brochures, and newsletters from various other dental organizations includuing the American Dental Association, several local Virginia dental clubs, and some out-of-state dental groups.","Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1969. This series contains essays, speeches, research notes, photographs and related materials that were compiled to write this history. Research materials were compiled primarily by Hermie Wait Powell, the author, and Dr. William Newton Hodgkins","Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. This series contains an incomplete set of the Bulletin and the Virginia Dental Journal. There are eight bound volumes of the Bulletin, loose issues of the Virginia Dental Journal from 1976-1983, 2008-2009, and 2011, and a DVD with the electronic version from 2004-2008.","There are no restrictions.","VCU Health Sciences Library","Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry","Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"collection_ssim":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1988.Jul.17","/repositories/3/resources/6"],"unitid_tesim":["1988.Jul.17","/repositories/3/resources/6"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia Dental Association"],"creator_ssim":["Virginia Dental Association"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library","Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry"],"creators_ssim":["Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait","VCU Health Sciences Library","Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of the Virginia Dental Association."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Dentists -- Virginia","Dental schools -- Virginia","Dentistry -- Societies, etc.","Dentistry -- History -- Virginia","African American dentists -- Virginia.","Societies, Dental.","History of Dentistry.","Dentists -- History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Dentists -- Virginia","Dental schools -- Virginia","Dentistry -- Societies, etc.","Dentistry -- History -- Virginia","African American dentists -- Virginia.","Societies, Dental.","History of Dentistry.","Dentists -- History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["27 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["27 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for use without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for use without restrictions."],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals"],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVCU Libraries digitized the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association\u003c/emph\u003e and the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Dental Journal\u003c/emph\u003e with the permission and collaboration of the Virginia Dental Association. Visit \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/vdj/\"\u003e VCU Scholars Compass\u003c/extref\u003e to view the full run of the journal.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["VCU Libraries digitized the Bulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association and the Virginia Dental Journal with the permission and collaboration of the Virginia Dental Association. Visit  VCU Scholars Compass to view the full run of the journal."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Virgina Dental Association have been divided into ten series with subseries as needed. Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972 -- Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975 -- Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979 -- Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1929-1980 -- Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985 -- Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978 -- Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984 -- Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976 -- Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1963 -- Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. Efforts have been made to preserve the original arrangement of these files where applicable.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The records of the Virgina Dental Association have been divided into ten series with subseries as needed. Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972 -- Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975 -- Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979 -- Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1929-1980 -- Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985 -- Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978 -- Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984 -- Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976 -- Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1963 -- Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. Efforts have been made to preserve the original arrangement of these files where applicable."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOn November 3, 1870 nine Virginia dentists met in Richmond to establish an organization to \"cultivate the science and the art of dentistry, and all its collateral branches, to elevate and sustain the professional character of dentists; and to promote amongst them mutual improvement, social intercourse and good will.\" This meeting marked the creation of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA) or the Virginia State Dental Association as it was named when first created. The VDA changed to its current name in 1970. The VDA was the successor to the first professional dental organization, the Virginia Society of Surgeon Dentists which was formed in 1842.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn early goal of the VDA was to create standards and regulations for the profession. When the VDA was formed there were no statutes regulating the practice of dentistry in Virginia. The VDA spent several years drafting a bill to present to the state legislature culminating in the passage of the Dental Act of 1886. This act also established the Virginia Board of Dental Examiners. The VDA also successfully campaigned in 1915 to have a representative on the State Board of Health making Virginia the first state to include a dentist on such a board. In 1936 the VDA helped pass a bill that outlawed advertising dental services and prices as a means of protecting the public from unethical dental practices. This remained in effect until the early 1980s when the Federal Trade Commission ruled that truthful advertising could not be restricted.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDental education was another subject of much interest and debate for the VDA. They supported the creation of the first dental school in Virginia in 1893 at the University College of Medicine (UCM). In 1913 UCM merged with the Medical College of Virginia (MCV), which had created its own dental school in 1897. For a time some members of the VDA thought that dentist should obtain an M.D. degree to practice medicine. The Dental Act only required a diploma and a certificate from the state board to practice dentistry. A dental degree was not required to sit for the state board exam. A law requiring an M.D. was passed in 1910, but was repealed in 1914 before any provisions were enacted.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe VDA, which is a component of the American Dental Association, created component societies in 1931. This was to better facilitate communication and professional development for member dentists throughout the state. Dentists who joined a component society also became members of the state and national associations through this tripartate structure. Virginia was divided into eight regions. Each region was arranged to have an existing local society within the area to become the component group where applicable. This arrangement is still in place today. The component societies are:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 1, Virginia Tidewater Dental Association, founded 1880\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 2, Peninsula Dental Society, founded 1934\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 3, Southside Dental Society, founded 1925\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 4, Richmond Dental Society, founded 1894\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 5, Piedmont Dental Society, founded 1916\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 6, Southwest Virginia Dental Society, founded 1917\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 7, Shenandoah Valley Dental Association, founded 1914\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 8, Northern Virginia Dental Society, founded 1931\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe VDA began publishing its journal the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association\u003c/emph\u003e in 1923. After sporadic publication for the first ten years the VDA began publishing on a regular schedule. The number of issues published has varied from three to six. The journal is currently published quarterly. The title was changed to the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Dental Journal\u003c/emph\u003e in 1964. It is a resource for members to find information about professional and scientific developments, legislative issues, and annual meetings. The journal also includes editorials and news updates from the component societies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn annual meeting of the VDA was held for members to come together and benefit from the mutual exchange of ideas and practical knowledge. The meetings offered an opportunity to focus on issues such as professional ethics, dental legislation, public health and service, and education. Much of the work of the organization was carried out by committees, all of which were overseen by the governing body the Executive Council. The VDA had three elected officers the president, the preseident-elect, and the secretary-treasurer, as well as several appointed officers including the editor of the journal. The VDA did not have a headquarters until the organization hired its first executive secretary in 1964 and she set up the headquarters in her home. Since that time it has been located in several areas around Richmond. Today the VDA is governed by a board of directors and still holds an annual meeting. The VDA continues to help improve the profession and its members, support dental education, promote public dental health, and provide outreach services to underserved populations.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["On November 3, 1870 nine Virginia dentists met in Richmond to establish an organization to \"cultivate the science and the art of dentistry, and all its collateral branches, to elevate and sustain the professional character of dentists; and to promote amongst them mutual improvement, social intercourse and good will.\" This meeting marked the creation of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA) or the Virginia State Dental Association as it was named when first created. The VDA changed to its current name in 1970. The VDA was the successor to the first professional dental organization, the Virginia Society of Surgeon Dentists which was formed in 1842.","An early goal of the VDA was to create standards and regulations for the profession. When the VDA was formed there were no statutes regulating the practice of dentistry in Virginia. The VDA spent several years drafting a bill to present to the state legislature culminating in the passage of the Dental Act of 1886. This act also established the Virginia Board of Dental Examiners. The VDA also successfully campaigned in 1915 to have a representative on the State Board of Health making Virginia the first state to include a dentist on such a board. In 1936 the VDA helped pass a bill that outlawed advertising dental services and prices as a means of protecting the public from unethical dental practices. This remained in effect until the early 1980s when the Federal Trade Commission ruled that truthful advertising could not be restricted.","Dental education was another subject of much interest and debate for the VDA. They supported the creation of the first dental school in Virginia in 1893 at the University College of Medicine (UCM). In 1913 UCM merged with the Medical College of Virginia (MCV), which had created its own dental school in 1897. For a time some members of the VDA thought that dentist should obtain an M.D. degree to practice medicine. The Dental Act only required a diploma and a certificate from the state board to practice dentistry. A dental degree was not required to sit for the state board exam. A law requiring an M.D. was passed in 1910, but was repealed in 1914 before any provisions were enacted.","The VDA, which is a component of the American Dental Association, created component societies in 1931. This was to better facilitate communication and professional development for member dentists throughout the state. Dentists who joined a component society also became members of the state and national associations through this tripartate structure. Virginia was divided into eight regions. Each region was arranged to have an existing local society within the area to become the component group where applicable. This arrangement is still in place today. The component societies are:","Component 1, Virginia Tidewater Dental Association, founded 1880","Component 2, Peninsula Dental Society, founded 1934","Component 3, Southside Dental Society, founded 1925","Component 4, Richmond Dental Society, founded 1894","Component 5, Piedmont Dental Society, founded 1916","Component 6, Southwest Virginia Dental Society, founded 1917","Component 7, Shenandoah Valley Dental Association, founded 1914","Component 8, Northern Virginia Dental Society, founded 1931","The VDA began publishing its journal the Bulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association in 1923. After sporadic publication for the first ten years the VDA began publishing on a regular schedule. The number of issues published has varied from three to six. The journal is currently published quarterly. The title was changed to the Virginia Dental Journal in 1964. It is a resource for members to find information about professional and scientific developments, legislative issues, and annual meetings. The journal also includes editorials and news updates from the component societies.","An annual meeting of the VDA was held for members to come together and benefit from the mutual exchange of ideas and practical knowledge. The meetings offered an opportunity to focus on issues such as professional ethics, dental legislation, public health and service, and education. Much of the work of the organization was carried out by committees, all of which were overseen by the governing body the Executive Council. The VDA had three elected officers the president, the preseident-elect, and the secretary-treasurer, as well as several appointed officers including the editor of the journal. The VDA did not have a headquarters until the organization hired its first executive secretary in 1964 and she set up the headquarters in her home. Since that time it has been located in several areas around Richmond. Today the VDA is governed by a board of directors and still holds an annual meeting. The VDA continues to help improve the profession and its members, support dental education, promote public dental health, and provide outreach services to underserved populations."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords of the Virginia Dental Association, Accession # 88/Jul/17, Special Collections and Archives, Health Sciences Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Records of the Virginia Dental Association, Accession # 88/Jul/17, Special Collections and Archives, Health Sciences Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va."],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA), 1870-2011, include the official minutes and proceedings of the organization as well as committee records, component society materials, correspondence, financial records, annual meeting records and programs, membership records, subject files, materials relating to the American Dental Association and other national, state, and local dental organizations, and research files used to write One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia. These records provide insight into the changes in the dental profession and also the evolution of professional organizations in general.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972. This series, divided into two subseries, consists of the official minutes of the VDA and the records of the Executive Council, the main governing body of the organization.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 1.1: Minute Books, 1870-1963. The minute books contain annual meeting programs and proceedings, speeches and papers delivered at the meetings, the Bulletin the official publication of the VDA, committee reports, financial statements, newspaper clippings, member lists, and meeting attendee lists including guests and exhibitors. Also included in the minute books are reports from the Bureau of Dental Heath which often contains statistics regarding race and schools where clinics were held and reports of the State Board of Dental Examiners which include statistics regarding applicants for dental licenses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 1.2: Executive Council Records, 1931-1972, bulk 1962-1972. These records include meeting minutes and reports along with some correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975. These records include bank statements and deposits, invoices, proposed budgets, receipts, and treasurer's books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Committees, 1924-1979. This series contains materials such as correspondence and reports of various standing and special committees.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Annual Meetings, 1924-1980. This series includes materials related to the planning and execution of the meetings and is divided into four subseries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 4.1: Annual Meeting Records, 1929-1980. This subseries contains general records such as correspondence, financial information, and publicity related to the planning of each annual meeting. Some files also include the proceedings for the meeting as well. The planning for most meetings began one to two years prior to the event, which is indicated by the inclusive date range listed for each folder.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 4.2: Local Arrangements and Program Committees, 1929-1939, 1954-1956, 1965. Materials in this subseries include correspondence and planning information related to arrangements for clinics, programs, and entertainment at the annual meetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 4.3: Programs, 1924-1970. This subseries contains copies of the official meeting programs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 4.4: Meeting Exhibitors, 1927-1980. This subseries includes correspondence with vendors of dental related products and services requesting that the vendors purchase exhibit space or buy advertisements in the meeting program.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985. This series is divided into two subseries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 5.1: General VDA Correspondence, 1917-1975. This subseries consists mostly of correspondence between the membership and the officers of the VDA. There is also some correspondence with the ADA, other state dental societies, the Virginia State Health Department, Virginia Board of Dental Examiners, and other state offices. The subjects most often covered include dues (overdue notices and disputes), issues related to the governance and structure of the VDA, meeting planning (locations, exhibitors, entertainment, and programs), legislative issues related dentistry, and professional ethics issues (advertising, obligations to public health, etc).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 5.2: Officer's Correspondence and Related Materials, 1927-1985. These files consist primarily of correspondence of specific officers of the VDA. Additionaly, some files also include speeches, photographs, and clippings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978. This series contains materials such as correspondence, membership lists, and meeting programs from the eight component societies in Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984. This series consists of subject and court files and is divided into two subseries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 7:1: Subject Files, 1919-1984. Contains various subject files relating to legislative and professional issues, membership benefits such as insurance and retirement plans, and other materials such as newspaper clippings and photographs. Also includes membership card files kept by the VDA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 7.2: Federal Trade Commission Case, 1960-1978. This subseries pertains to the Federal Trade Commission complaint against the American Dental Association and several of its constituent groups including the Virginia Dental Association and the Northern Virginia Dental Society (American Dental Association, et. al., Docket No. 9093). The FTC complaint stated that the ADA ethical codes violated anittrust laws by barring advertising and preventing price competition. Part of the defense strategy was to prove that the VDA and the NVDS were non-profit groups and as such were outside the FTC's jurisdiction. Documents in this subseries include Children's Dental Health Week materials, public service brochures promoting dental care, newspaper clipping discussing community outreach programs by the VDA, and materials on the governance and benefits of the two groups.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976. This series contains materials such as correspondence, brochures, and newsletters from various other dental organizations includuing the American Dental Association, several local Virginia dental clubs, and some out-of-state dental groups.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1969. This series contains essays, speeches, research notes, photographs and related materials that were compiled to write this history. Research materials were compiled primarily by Hermie Wait Powell, the author, and Dr. William Newton Hodgkins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. This series contains an incomplete set of the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBulletin\u003c/emph\u003e and the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Dental Journal\u003c/emph\u003e. There are eight bound volumes of the Bulletin, loose issues of the Virginia Dental Journal from 1976-1983, 2008-2009, and 2011, and a DVD with the electronic version from 2004-2008. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The records of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA), 1870-2011, include the official minutes and proceedings of the organization as well as committee records, component society materials, correspondence, financial records, annual meeting records and programs, membership records, subject files, materials relating to the American Dental Association and other national, state, and local dental organizations, and research files used to write One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia. These records provide insight into the changes in the dental profession and also the evolution of professional organizations in general.","Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972. This series, divided into two subseries, consists of the official minutes of the VDA and the records of the Executive Council, the main governing body of the organization.","Subseries 1.1: Minute Books, 1870-1963. The minute books contain annual meeting programs and proceedings, speeches and papers delivered at the meetings, the Bulletin the official publication of the VDA, committee reports, financial statements, newspaper clippings, member lists, and meeting attendee lists including guests and exhibitors. Also included in the minute books are reports from the Bureau of Dental Heath which often contains statistics regarding race and schools where clinics were held and reports of the State Board of Dental Examiners which include statistics regarding applicants for dental licenses.","Subseries 1.2: Executive Council Records, 1931-1972, bulk 1962-1972. These records include meeting minutes and reports along with some correspondence.","Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975. These records include bank statements and deposits, invoices, proposed budgets, receipts, and treasurer's books.","Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979. This series contains materials such as correspondence and reports of various standing and special committees.","Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1924-1980. This series includes materials related to the planning and execution of the meetings and is divided into four subseries.","Subseries 4.1: Annual Meeting Records, 1929-1980. This subseries contains general records such as correspondence, financial information, and publicity related to the planning of each annual meeting. Some files also include the proceedings for the meeting as well. The planning for most meetings began one to two years prior to the event, which is indicated by the inclusive date range listed for each folder.","Subseries 4.2: Local Arrangements and Program Committees, 1929-1939, 1954-1956, 1965. Materials in this subseries include correspondence and planning information related to arrangements for clinics, programs, and entertainment at the annual meetings.","Subseries 4.3: Programs, 1924-1970. This subseries contains copies of the official meeting programs.","Subseries 4.4: Meeting Exhibitors, 1927-1980. This subseries includes correspondence with vendors of dental related products and services requesting that the vendors purchase exhibit space or buy advertisements in the meeting program.","Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985. This series is divided into two subseries.","Subseries 5.1: General VDA Correspondence, 1917-1975. This subseries consists mostly of correspondence between the membership and the officers of the VDA. There is also some correspondence with the ADA, other state dental societies, the Virginia State Health Department, Virginia Board of Dental Examiners, and other state offices. The subjects most often covered include dues (overdue notices and disputes), issues related to the governance and structure of the VDA, meeting planning (locations, exhibitors, entertainment, and programs), legislative issues related dentistry, and professional ethics issues (advertising, obligations to public health, etc).","Subseries 5.2: Officer's Correspondence and Related Materials, 1927-1985. These files consist primarily of correspondence of specific officers of the VDA. Additionaly, some files also include speeches, photographs, and clippings.","Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978. This series contains materials such as correspondence, membership lists, and meeting programs from the eight component societies in Virginia.","Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984. This series consists of subject and court files and is divided into two subseries.","Subseries 7:1: Subject Files, 1919-1984. Contains various subject files relating to legislative and professional issues, membership benefits such as insurance and retirement plans, and other materials such as newspaper clippings and photographs. Also includes membership card files kept by the VDA.","Subseries 7.2: Federal Trade Commission Case, 1960-1978. This subseries pertains to the Federal Trade Commission complaint against the American Dental Association and several of its constituent groups including the Virginia Dental Association and the Northern Virginia Dental Society (American Dental Association, et. al., Docket No. 9093). The FTC complaint stated that the ADA ethical codes violated anittrust laws by barring advertising and preventing price competition. Part of the defense strategy was to prove that the VDA and the NVDS were non-profit groups and as such were outside the FTC's jurisdiction. Documents in this subseries include Children's Dental Health Week materials, public service brochures promoting dental care, newspaper clipping discussing community outreach programs by the VDA, and materials on the governance and benefits of the two groups.","Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976. This series contains materials such as correspondence, brochures, and newsletters from various other dental organizations includuing the American Dental Association, several local Virginia dental clubs, and some out-of-state dental groups.","Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1969. This series contains essays, speeches, research notes, photographs and related materials that were compiled to write this history. Research materials were compiled primarily by Hermie Wait Powell, the author, and Dr. William Newton Hodgkins","Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. This series contains an incomplete set of the Bulletin and the Virginia Dental Journal. There are eight bound volumes of the Bulletin, loose issues of the Virginia Dental Journal from 1976-1983, 2008-2009, and 2011, and a DVD with the electronic version from 2004-2008."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library","Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry"],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry","Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait"],"persname_ssim":["Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait"],"names_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library","Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry","Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":340,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:57.621Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_3_resources_6_c01"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6_c02","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series 2: Financial Records, 1887/1975","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_3_resources_6_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6_c02","ref_ssm":["vircu_repositories_3_resources_6_c02"],"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6_c02","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","_root_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","parent_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","parent_ssim":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vircu_repositories_3_resources_6"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series 2: Financial Records","title_ssm":["Series 2: Financial Records"],"title_tesim":["Series 2: Financial Records"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series 2: Financial Records, 1887/1975"],"text":["Series 2: Financial Records, 1887/1975","Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1887/1975"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1887-1975"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":24,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"collection_ssim":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":8,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for use without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:57.621Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","_root_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_6","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_3_resources_6.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vcu-tm/vircuh00044.xml","title_ssm":["Virginia Dental Association records"],"title_tesim":["Virginia Dental Association records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1870-2011","1870-1985"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1870-2011"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1870-1985"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"text":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985","1988.Jul.17","/repositories/3/resources/6","Dentists -- Virginia","Dental schools -- Virginia","Dentistry -- Societies, etc.","Dentistry -- History -- Virginia","African American dentists -- Virginia.","Societies, Dental.","History of Dentistry.","Dentists -- History","Collection is open for use without restrictions.","VCU Libraries digitized the Bulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association and the Virginia Dental Journal with the permission and collaboration of the Virginia Dental Association. Visit  VCU Scholars Compass to view the full run of the journal.","The records of the Virgina Dental Association have been divided into ten series with subseries as needed. Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972 -- Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975 -- Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979 -- Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1929-1980 -- Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985 -- Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978 -- Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984 -- Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976 -- Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1963 -- Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. Efforts have been made to preserve the original arrangement of these files where applicable.","On November 3, 1870 nine Virginia dentists met in Richmond to establish an organization to \"cultivate the science and the art of dentistry, and all its collateral branches, to elevate and sustain the professional character of dentists; and to promote amongst them mutual improvement, social intercourse and good will.\" This meeting marked the creation of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA) or the Virginia State Dental Association as it was named when first created. The VDA changed to its current name in 1970. The VDA was the successor to the first professional dental organization, the Virginia Society of Surgeon Dentists which was formed in 1842.","An early goal of the VDA was to create standards and regulations for the profession. When the VDA was formed there were no statutes regulating the practice of dentistry in Virginia. The VDA spent several years drafting a bill to present to the state legislature culminating in the passage of the Dental Act of 1886. This act also established the Virginia Board of Dental Examiners. The VDA also successfully campaigned in 1915 to have a representative on the State Board of Health making Virginia the first state to include a dentist on such a board. In 1936 the VDA helped pass a bill that outlawed advertising dental services and prices as a means of protecting the public from unethical dental practices. This remained in effect until the early 1980s when the Federal Trade Commission ruled that truthful advertising could not be restricted.","Dental education was another subject of much interest and debate for the VDA. They supported the creation of the first dental school in Virginia in 1893 at the University College of Medicine (UCM). In 1913 UCM merged with the Medical College of Virginia (MCV), which had created its own dental school in 1897. For a time some members of the VDA thought that dentist should obtain an M.D. degree to practice medicine. The Dental Act only required a diploma and a certificate from the state board to practice dentistry. A dental degree was not required to sit for the state board exam. A law requiring an M.D. was passed in 1910, but was repealed in 1914 before any provisions were enacted.","The VDA, which is a component of the American Dental Association, created component societies in 1931. This was to better facilitate communication and professional development for member dentists throughout the state. Dentists who joined a component society also became members of the state and national associations through this tripartate structure. Virginia was divided into eight regions. Each region was arranged to have an existing local society within the area to become the component group where applicable. This arrangement is still in place today. The component societies are:","Component 1, Virginia Tidewater Dental Association, founded 1880","Component 2, Peninsula Dental Society, founded 1934","Component 3, Southside Dental Society, founded 1925","Component 4, Richmond Dental Society, founded 1894","Component 5, Piedmont Dental Society, founded 1916","Component 6, Southwest Virginia Dental Society, founded 1917","Component 7, Shenandoah Valley Dental Association, founded 1914","Component 8, Northern Virginia Dental Society, founded 1931","The VDA began publishing its journal the Bulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association in 1923. After sporadic publication for the first ten years the VDA began publishing on a regular schedule. The number of issues published has varied from three to six. The journal is currently published quarterly. The title was changed to the Virginia Dental Journal in 1964. It is a resource for members to find information about professional and scientific developments, legislative issues, and annual meetings. The journal also includes editorials and news updates from the component societies.","An annual meeting of the VDA was held for members to come together and benefit from the mutual exchange of ideas and practical knowledge. The meetings offered an opportunity to focus on issues such as professional ethics, dental legislation, public health and service, and education. Much of the work of the organization was carried out by committees, all of which were overseen by the governing body the Executive Council. The VDA had three elected officers the president, the preseident-elect, and the secretary-treasurer, as well as several appointed officers including the editor of the journal. The VDA did not have a headquarters until the organization hired its first executive secretary in 1964 and she set up the headquarters in her home. Since that time it has been located in several areas around Richmond. Today the VDA is governed by a board of directors and still holds an annual meeting. The VDA continues to help improve the profession and its members, support dental education, promote public dental health, and provide outreach services to underserved populations.","The records of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA), 1870-2011, include the official minutes and proceedings of the organization as well as committee records, component society materials, correspondence, financial records, annual meeting records and programs, membership records, subject files, materials relating to the American Dental Association and other national, state, and local dental organizations, and research files used to write One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia. These records provide insight into the changes in the dental profession and also the evolution of professional organizations in general.","Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972. This series, divided into two subseries, consists of the official minutes of the VDA and the records of the Executive Council, the main governing body of the organization.","Subseries 1.1: Minute Books, 1870-1963. The minute books contain annual meeting programs and proceedings, speeches and papers delivered at the meetings, the Bulletin the official publication of the VDA, committee reports, financial statements, newspaper clippings, member lists, and meeting attendee lists including guests and exhibitors. Also included in the minute books are reports from the Bureau of Dental Heath which often contains statistics regarding race and schools where clinics were held and reports of the State Board of Dental Examiners which include statistics regarding applicants for dental licenses.","Subseries 1.2: Executive Council Records, 1931-1972, bulk 1962-1972. These records include meeting minutes and reports along with some correspondence.","Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975. These records include bank statements and deposits, invoices, proposed budgets, receipts, and treasurer's books.","Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979. This series contains materials such as correspondence and reports of various standing and special committees.","Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1924-1980. This series includes materials related to the planning and execution of the meetings and is divided into four subseries.","Subseries 4.1: Annual Meeting Records, 1929-1980. This subseries contains general records such as correspondence, financial information, and publicity related to the planning of each annual meeting. Some files also include the proceedings for the meeting as well. The planning for most meetings began one to two years prior to the event, which is indicated by the inclusive date range listed for each folder.","Subseries 4.2: Local Arrangements and Program Committees, 1929-1939, 1954-1956, 1965. Materials in this subseries include correspondence and planning information related to arrangements for clinics, programs, and entertainment at the annual meetings.","Subseries 4.3: Programs, 1924-1970. This subseries contains copies of the official meeting programs.","Subseries 4.4: Meeting Exhibitors, 1927-1980. This subseries includes correspondence with vendors of dental related products and services requesting that the vendors purchase exhibit space or buy advertisements in the meeting program.","Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985. This series is divided into two subseries.","Subseries 5.1: General VDA Correspondence, 1917-1975. This subseries consists mostly of correspondence between the membership and the officers of the VDA. There is also some correspondence with the ADA, other state dental societies, the Virginia State Health Department, Virginia Board of Dental Examiners, and other state offices. The subjects most often covered include dues (overdue notices and disputes), issues related to the governance and structure of the VDA, meeting planning (locations, exhibitors, entertainment, and programs), legislative issues related dentistry, and professional ethics issues (advertising, obligations to public health, etc).","Subseries 5.2: Officer's Correspondence and Related Materials, 1927-1985. These files consist primarily of correspondence of specific officers of the VDA. Additionaly, some files also include speeches, photographs, and clippings.","Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978. This series contains materials such as correspondence, membership lists, and meeting programs from the eight component societies in Virginia.","Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984. This series consists of subject and court files and is divided into two subseries.","Subseries 7:1: Subject Files, 1919-1984. Contains various subject files relating to legislative and professional issues, membership benefits such as insurance and retirement plans, and other materials such as newspaper clippings and photographs. Also includes membership card files kept by the VDA.","Subseries 7.2: Federal Trade Commission Case, 1960-1978. This subseries pertains to the Federal Trade Commission complaint against the American Dental Association and several of its constituent groups including the Virginia Dental Association and the Northern Virginia Dental Society (American Dental Association, et. al., Docket No. 9093). The FTC complaint stated that the ADA ethical codes violated anittrust laws by barring advertising and preventing price competition. Part of the defense strategy was to prove that the VDA and the NVDS were non-profit groups and as such were outside the FTC's jurisdiction. Documents in this subseries include Children's Dental Health Week materials, public service brochures promoting dental care, newspaper clipping discussing community outreach programs by the VDA, and materials on the governance and benefits of the two groups.","Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976. This series contains materials such as correspondence, brochures, and newsletters from various other dental organizations includuing the American Dental Association, several local Virginia dental clubs, and some out-of-state dental groups.","Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1969. This series contains essays, speeches, research notes, photographs and related materials that were compiled to write this history. Research materials were compiled primarily by Hermie Wait Powell, the author, and Dr. William Newton Hodgkins","Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. This series contains an incomplete set of the Bulletin and the Virginia Dental Journal. There are eight bound volumes of the Bulletin, loose issues of the Virginia Dental Journal from 1976-1983, 2008-2009, and 2011, and a DVD with the electronic version from 2004-2008.","There are no restrictions.","VCU Health Sciences Library","Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. 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Board of Dentistry"],"creators_ssim":["Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait","VCU Health Sciences Library","Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of the Virginia Dental Association."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Dentists -- Virginia","Dental schools -- Virginia","Dentistry -- Societies, etc.","Dentistry -- History -- Virginia","African American dentists -- Virginia.","Societies, Dental.","History of Dentistry.","Dentists -- History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Dentists -- Virginia","Dental schools -- Virginia","Dentistry -- Societies, etc.","Dentistry -- History -- Virginia","African American dentists -- Virginia.","Societies, Dental.","History of Dentistry.","Dentists -- History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["27 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["27 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for use without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for use without restrictions."],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals"],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVCU Libraries digitized the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association\u003c/emph\u003e and the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Dental Journal\u003c/emph\u003e with the permission and collaboration of the Virginia Dental Association. Visit \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/vdj/\"\u003e VCU Scholars Compass\u003c/extref\u003e to view the full run of the journal.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["VCU Libraries digitized the Bulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association and the Virginia Dental Journal with the permission and collaboration of the Virginia Dental Association. Visit  VCU Scholars Compass to view the full run of the journal."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Virgina Dental Association have been divided into ten series with subseries as needed. Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972 -- Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975 -- Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979 -- Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1929-1980 -- Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985 -- Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978 -- Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984 -- Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976 -- Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1963 -- Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. Efforts have been made to preserve the original arrangement of these files where applicable.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The records of the Virgina Dental Association have been divided into ten series with subseries as needed. Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972 -- Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975 -- Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979 -- Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1929-1980 -- Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985 -- Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978 -- Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984 -- Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976 -- Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1963 -- Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. Efforts have been made to preserve the original arrangement of these files where applicable."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOn November 3, 1870 nine Virginia dentists met in Richmond to establish an organization to \"cultivate the science and the art of dentistry, and all its collateral branches, to elevate and sustain the professional character of dentists; and to promote amongst them mutual improvement, social intercourse and good will.\" This meeting marked the creation of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA) or the Virginia State Dental Association as it was named when first created. The VDA changed to its current name in 1970. The VDA was the successor to the first professional dental organization, the Virginia Society of Surgeon Dentists which was formed in 1842.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn early goal of the VDA was to create standards and regulations for the profession. When the VDA was formed there were no statutes regulating the practice of dentistry in Virginia. The VDA spent several years drafting a bill to present to the state legislature culminating in the passage of the Dental Act of 1886. This act also established the Virginia Board of Dental Examiners. The VDA also successfully campaigned in 1915 to have a representative on the State Board of Health making Virginia the first state to include a dentist on such a board. In 1936 the VDA helped pass a bill that outlawed advertising dental services and prices as a means of protecting the public from unethical dental practices. This remained in effect until the early 1980s when the Federal Trade Commission ruled that truthful advertising could not be restricted.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDental education was another subject of much interest and debate for the VDA. They supported the creation of the first dental school in Virginia in 1893 at the University College of Medicine (UCM). In 1913 UCM merged with the Medical College of Virginia (MCV), which had created its own dental school in 1897. For a time some members of the VDA thought that dentist should obtain an M.D. degree to practice medicine. The Dental Act only required a diploma and a certificate from the state board to practice dentistry. A dental degree was not required to sit for the state board exam. A law requiring an M.D. was passed in 1910, but was repealed in 1914 before any provisions were enacted.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe VDA, which is a component of the American Dental Association, created component societies in 1931. This was to better facilitate communication and professional development for member dentists throughout the state. Dentists who joined a component society also became members of the state and national associations through this tripartate structure. Virginia was divided into eight regions. Each region was arranged to have an existing local society within the area to become the component group where applicable. This arrangement is still in place today. The component societies are:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 1, Virginia Tidewater Dental Association, founded 1880\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 2, Peninsula Dental Society, founded 1934\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 3, Southside Dental Society, founded 1925\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 4, Richmond Dental Society, founded 1894\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 5, Piedmont Dental Society, founded 1916\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 6, Southwest Virginia Dental Society, founded 1917\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 7, Shenandoah Valley Dental Association, founded 1914\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 8, Northern Virginia Dental Society, founded 1931\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe VDA began publishing its journal the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association\u003c/emph\u003e in 1923. After sporadic publication for the first ten years the VDA began publishing on a regular schedule. The number of issues published has varied from three to six. The journal is currently published quarterly. The title was changed to the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Dental Journal\u003c/emph\u003e in 1964. It is a resource for members to find information about professional and scientific developments, legislative issues, and annual meetings. The journal also includes editorials and news updates from the component societies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn annual meeting of the VDA was held for members to come together and benefit from the mutual exchange of ideas and practical knowledge. The meetings offered an opportunity to focus on issues such as professional ethics, dental legislation, public health and service, and education. Much of the work of the organization was carried out by committees, all of which were overseen by the governing body the Executive Council. The VDA had three elected officers the president, the preseident-elect, and the secretary-treasurer, as well as several appointed officers including the editor of the journal. The VDA did not have a headquarters until the organization hired its first executive secretary in 1964 and she set up the headquarters in her home. Since that time it has been located in several areas around Richmond. Today the VDA is governed by a board of directors and still holds an annual meeting. The VDA continues to help improve the profession and its members, support dental education, promote public dental health, and provide outreach services to underserved populations.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["On November 3, 1870 nine Virginia dentists met in Richmond to establish an organization to \"cultivate the science and the art of dentistry, and all its collateral branches, to elevate and sustain the professional character of dentists; and to promote amongst them mutual improvement, social intercourse and good will.\" This meeting marked the creation of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA) or the Virginia State Dental Association as it was named when first created. The VDA changed to its current name in 1970. The VDA was the successor to the first professional dental organization, the Virginia Society of Surgeon Dentists which was formed in 1842.","An early goal of the VDA was to create standards and regulations for the profession. When the VDA was formed there were no statutes regulating the practice of dentistry in Virginia. The VDA spent several years drafting a bill to present to the state legislature culminating in the passage of the Dental Act of 1886. This act also established the Virginia Board of Dental Examiners. The VDA also successfully campaigned in 1915 to have a representative on the State Board of Health making Virginia the first state to include a dentist on such a board. In 1936 the VDA helped pass a bill that outlawed advertising dental services and prices as a means of protecting the public from unethical dental practices. This remained in effect until the early 1980s when the Federal Trade Commission ruled that truthful advertising could not be restricted.","Dental education was another subject of much interest and debate for the VDA. They supported the creation of the first dental school in Virginia in 1893 at the University College of Medicine (UCM). In 1913 UCM merged with the Medical College of Virginia (MCV), which had created its own dental school in 1897. For a time some members of the VDA thought that dentist should obtain an M.D. degree to practice medicine. The Dental Act only required a diploma and a certificate from the state board to practice dentistry. A dental degree was not required to sit for the state board exam. A law requiring an M.D. was passed in 1910, but was repealed in 1914 before any provisions were enacted.","The VDA, which is a component of the American Dental Association, created component societies in 1931. This was to better facilitate communication and professional development for member dentists throughout the state. Dentists who joined a component society also became members of the state and national associations through this tripartate structure. Virginia was divided into eight regions. Each region was arranged to have an existing local society within the area to become the component group where applicable. This arrangement is still in place today. The component societies are:","Component 1, Virginia Tidewater Dental Association, founded 1880","Component 2, Peninsula Dental Society, founded 1934","Component 3, Southside Dental Society, founded 1925","Component 4, Richmond Dental Society, founded 1894","Component 5, Piedmont Dental Society, founded 1916","Component 6, Southwest Virginia Dental Society, founded 1917","Component 7, Shenandoah Valley Dental Association, founded 1914","Component 8, Northern Virginia Dental Society, founded 1931","The VDA began publishing its journal the Bulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association in 1923. After sporadic publication for the first ten years the VDA began publishing on a regular schedule. The number of issues published has varied from three to six. The journal is currently published quarterly. The title was changed to the Virginia Dental Journal in 1964. It is a resource for members to find information about professional and scientific developments, legislative issues, and annual meetings. The journal also includes editorials and news updates from the component societies.","An annual meeting of the VDA was held for members to come together and benefit from the mutual exchange of ideas and practical knowledge. The meetings offered an opportunity to focus on issues such as professional ethics, dental legislation, public health and service, and education. Much of the work of the organization was carried out by committees, all of which were overseen by the governing body the Executive Council. The VDA had three elected officers the president, the preseident-elect, and the secretary-treasurer, as well as several appointed officers including the editor of the journal. The VDA did not have a headquarters until the organization hired its first executive secretary in 1964 and she set up the headquarters in her home. Since that time it has been located in several areas around Richmond. Today the VDA is governed by a board of directors and still holds an annual meeting. The VDA continues to help improve the profession and its members, support dental education, promote public dental health, and provide outreach services to underserved populations."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords of the Virginia Dental Association, Accession # 88/Jul/17, Special Collections and Archives, Health Sciences Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Records of the Virginia Dental Association, Accession # 88/Jul/17, Special Collections and Archives, Health Sciences Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va."],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA), 1870-2011, include the official minutes and proceedings of the organization as well as committee records, component society materials, correspondence, financial records, annual meeting records and programs, membership records, subject files, materials relating to the American Dental Association and other national, state, and local dental organizations, and research files used to write One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia. These records provide insight into the changes in the dental profession and also the evolution of professional organizations in general.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972. This series, divided into two subseries, consists of the official minutes of the VDA and the records of the Executive Council, the main governing body of the organization.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 1.1: Minute Books, 1870-1963. The minute books contain annual meeting programs and proceedings, speeches and papers delivered at the meetings, the Bulletin the official publication of the VDA, committee reports, financial statements, newspaper clippings, member lists, and meeting attendee lists including guests and exhibitors. Also included in the minute books are reports from the Bureau of Dental Heath which often contains statistics regarding race and schools where clinics were held and reports of the State Board of Dental Examiners which include statistics regarding applicants for dental licenses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 1.2: Executive Council Records, 1931-1972, bulk 1962-1972. These records include meeting minutes and reports along with some correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975. These records include bank statements and deposits, invoices, proposed budgets, receipts, and treasurer's books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Committees, 1924-1979. This series contains materials such as correspondence and reports of various standing and special committees.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Annual Meetings, 1924-1980. This series includes materials related to the planning and execution of the meetings and is divided into four subseries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 4.1: Annual Meeting Records, 1929-1980. This subseries contains general records such as correspondence, financial information, and publicity related to the planning of each annual meeting. Some files also include the proceedings for the meeting as well. The planning for most meetings began one to two years prior to the event, which is indicated by the inclusive date range listed for each folder.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 4.2: Local Arrangements and Program Committees, 1929-1939, 1954-1956, 1965. Materials in this subseries include correspondence and planning information related to arrangements for clinics, programs, and entertainment at the annual meetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 4.3: Programs, 1924-1970. This subseries contains copies of the official meeting programs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 4.4: Meeting Exhibitors, 1927-1980. This subseries includes correspondence with vendors of dental related products and services requesting that the vendors purchase exhibit space or buy advertisements in the meeting program.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985. This series is divided into two subseries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 5.1: General VDA Correspondence, 1917-1975. This subseries consists mostly of correspondence between the membership and the officers of the VDA. There is also some correspondence with the ADA, other state dental societies, the Virginia State Health Department, Virginia Board of Dental Examiners, and other state offices. The subjects most often covered include dues (overdue notices and disputes), issues related to the governance and structure of the VDA, meeting planning (locations, exhibitors, entertainment, and programs), legislative issues related dentistry, and professional ethics issues (advertising, obligations to public health, etc).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 5.2: Officer's Correspondence and Related Materials, 1927-1985. These files consist primarily of correspondence of specific officers of the VDA. Additionaly, some files also include speeches, photographs, and clippings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978. This series contains materials such as correspondence, membership lists, and meeting programs from the eight component societies in Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984. This series consists of subject and court files and is divided into two subseries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 7:1: Subject Files, 1919-1984. Contains various subject files relating to legislative and professional issues, membership benefits such as insurance and retirement plans, and other materials such as newspaper clippings and photographs. Also includes membership card files kept by the VDA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 7.2: Federal Trade Commission Case, 1960-1978. This subseries pertains to the Federal Trade Commission complaint against the American Dental Association and several of its constituent groups including the Virginia Dental Association and the Northern Virginia Dental Society (American Dental Association, et. al., Docket No. 9093). The FTC complaint stated that the ADA ethical codes violated anittrust laws by barring advertising and preventing price competition. Part of the defense strategy was to prove that the VDA and the NVDS were non-profit groups and as such were outside the FTC's jurisdiction. Documents in this subseries include Children's Dental Health Week materials, public service brochures promoting dental care, newspaper clipping discussing community outreach programs by the VDA, and materials on the governance and benefits of the two groups.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976. This series contains materials such as correspondence, brochures, and newsletters from various other dental organizations includuing the American Dental Association, several local Virginia dental clubs, and some out-of-state dental groups.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1969. This series contains essays, speeches, research notes, photographs and related materials that were compiled to write this history. Research materials were compiled primarily by Hermie Wait Powell, the author, and Dr. William Newton Hodgkins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. This series contains an incomplete set of the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBulletin\u003c/emph\u003e and the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Dental Journal\u003c/emph\u003e. There are eight bound volumes of the Bulletin, loose issues of the Virginia Dental Journal from 1976-1983, 2008-2009, and 2011, and a DVD with the electronic version from 2004-2008. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The records of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA), 1870-2011, include the official minutes and proceedings of the organization as well as committee records, component society materials, correspondence, financial records, annual meeting records and programs, membership records, subject files, materials relating to the American Dental Association and other national, state, and local dental organizations, and research files used to write One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia. These records provide insight into the changes in the dental profession and also the evolution of professional organizations in general.","Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972. This series, divided into two subseries, consists of the official minutes of the VDA and the records of the Executive Council, the main governing body of the organization.","Subseries 1.1: Minute Books, 1870-1963. The minute books contain annual meeting programs and proceedings, speeches and papers delivered at the meetings, the Bulletin the official publication of the VDA, committee reports, financial statements, newspaper clippings, member lists, and meeting attendee lists including guests and exhibitors. Also included in the minute books are reports from the Bureau of Dental Heath which often contains statistics regarding race and schools where clinics were held and reports of the State Board of Dental Examiners which include statistics regarding applicants for dental licenses.","Subseries 1.2: Executive Council Records, 1931-1972, bulk 1962-1972. These records include meeting minutes and reports along with some correspondence.","Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975. These records include bank statements and deposits, invoices, proposed budgets, receipts, and treasurer's books.","Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979. This series contains materials such as correspondence and reports of various standing and special committees.","Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1924-1980. This series includes materials related to the planning and execution of the meetings and is divided into four subseries.","Subseries 4.1: Annual Meeting Records, 1929-1980. This subseries contains general records such as correspondence, financial information, and publicity related to the planning of each annual meeting. Some files also include the proceedings for the meeting as well. The planning for most meetings began one to two years prior to the event, which is indicated by the inclusive date range listed for each folder.","Subseries 4.2: Local Arrangements and Program Committees, 1929-1939, 1954-1956, 1965. Materials in this subseries include correspondence and planning information related to arrangements for clinics, programs, and entertainment at the annual meetings.","Subseries 4.3: Programs, 1924-1970. This subseries contains copies of the official meeting programs.","Subseries 4.4: Meeting Exhibitors, 1927-1980. This subseries includes correspondence with vendors of dental related products and services requesting that the vendors purchase exhibit space or buy advertisements in the meeting program.","Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985. This series is divided into two subseries.","Subseries 5.1: General VDA Correspondence, 1917-1975. This subseries consists mostly of correspondence between the membership and the officers of the VDA. There is also some correspondence with the ADA, other state dental societies, the Virginia State Health Department, Virginia Board of Dental Examiners, and other state offices. The subjects most often covered include dues (overdue notices and disputes), issues related to the governance and structure of the VDA, meeting planning (locations, exhibitors, entertainment, and programs), legislative issues related dentistry, and professional ethics issues (advertising, obligations to public health, etc).","Subseries 5.2: Officer's Correspondence and Related Materials, 1927-1985. These files consist primarily of correspondence of specific officers of the VDA. Additionaly, some files also include speeches, photographs, and clippings.","Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978. This series contains materials such as correspondence, membership lists, and meeting programs from the eight component societies in Virginia.","Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984. This series consists of subject and court files and is divided into two subseries.","Subseries 7:1: Subject Files, 1919-1984. Contains various subject files relating to legislative and professional issues, membership benefits such as insurance and retirement plans, and other materials such as newspaper clippings and photographs. Also includes membership card files kept by the VDA.","Subseries 7.2: Federal Trade Commission Case, 1960-1978. This subseries pertains to the Federal Trade Commission complaint against the American Dental Association and several of its constituent groups including the Virginia Dental Association and the Northern Virginia Dental Society (American Dental Association, et. al., Docket No. 9093). The FTC complaint stated that the ADA ethical codes violated anittrust laws by barring advertising and preventing price competition. Part of the defense strategy was to prove that the VDA and the NVDS were non-profit groups and as such were outside the FTC's jurisdiction. Documents in this subseries include Children's Dental Health Week materials, public service brochures promoting dental care, newspaper clipping discussing community outreach programs by the VDA, and materials on the governance and benefits of the two groups.","Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976. This series contains materials such as correspondence, brochures, and newsletters from various other dental organizations includuing the American Dental Association, several local Virginia dental clubs, and some out-of-state dental groups.","Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1969. This series contains essays, speeches, research notes, photographs and related materials that were compiled to write this history. Research materials were compiled primarily by Hermie Wait Powell, the author, and Dr. William Newton Hodgkins","Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. This series contains an incomplete set of the Bulletin and the Virginia Dental Journal. There are eight bound volumes of the Bulletin, loose issues of the Virginia Dental Journal from 1976-1983, 2008-2009, and 2011, and a DVD with the electronic version from 2004-2008."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library","Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry"],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry","Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait"],"persname_ssim":["Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait"],"names_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library","Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry","Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":340,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:57.621Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_3_resources_6_c02"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_611_c02","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series 2: Photographs, 1890/1921","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_611_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_611_c02","ref_ssm":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_611_c02"],"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_611_c02","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_611","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_611","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_611","parent_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_611","parent_ssim":["Henry H. Hibbs papers, 1890/1977"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_611"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series 2: Photographs","title_ssm":["Series 2: Photographs"],"title_tesim":["Series 2: Photographs"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series 2: Photographs, 1890/1921"],"text":["Series 2: Photographs, 1890/1921","Henry H. Hibbs papers, 1890/1977"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Henry H. Hibbs papers, 1890/1977"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Henry H. Hibbs papers, 1890/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1890/1921"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1890-1921"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":21,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"collection_ssim":["Henry H. Hibbs papers, 1890/1977"],"extent_ssm":["0.83 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["0.83 Linear Feet"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":26,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:40:16.668Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_611","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_611","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_611","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_611","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_611.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Hibbs, Henry H., papers","title_ssm":["Henry H. Hibbs papers"],"title_tesim":["Henry H. Hibbs papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1890-1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1890-1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1890/1977"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Henry H. Hibbs papers, 1890/1977"],"text":["Henry H. Hibbs papers, 1890/1977","M 539","/repositories/5/resources/611","Richmond (Va.)","Richmond Professional Institute","Education, Higher -- Virginia.","Social work education -- Curricula -- United States.","The collection is open for research.","Series 1: Personal life and family","Series 2: Photos","Series 3: Education and career","Series 4: History of the Richmond Professional Institute book","Series 5: News clippings","Series 6: Scrapbooks","Henry Horace Hibbs, Jr. was born in Smithland, Kentucky on November 25, 1887, and was one of eight children. In 1908 he graduated from Williamsburg Institute in Kentucky. He attended Brown University and majored in Sociology after becoming interested in the problems of urban communities, receiving his A.B. degree in 1910 and the A.M. degree in 1911. In 1910-12 he held a Fellowship in the research department of the Boston School for Social Workers. While in Boston he was a resident of the St. Mary's House for Sailors and also of South End House and in addition was a member of Conference 7 of the Associated Charities. In 1912-13 he taught history and social science in Tarleton College (Texas) and in 1914-15 sociology and statistics at the University of Illinois. In 1915 he was a lecturer in the Summer School for Social and Religious Workers conducted by the Biblical Department of Vanderbilt University and the American Interchurch College. He was registered at Columbia University in 1913-14 and 1915-16, attending courses under Professors Giddings and Tenney in sociology, under Professors Seligman and Seager in Economics, under Professor Devine in Social Economy, and Professor Chaddock in Statistics. In 1916 he completed his Ph.D. at Columbia University. His dissertation was entitled \"Infant Mortality: Its Relations to Social and Industrial Conditions.\"","In 1917, a group of Richmond community leaders organized what became the Richmond School of Social Work and Public Health to address urban social and health concerns. It would train social workers and public health nurses, becoming the first school of its kind in the south. They hired Hibbs as the director. In 1925, the school began an affiliation with the College of William and Mary. In 1939 the school was renamed the Richmond Professional Institute (RPI) of the College of William and Mary. In 1968, The Richmond Professional Institute merged with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU).","Hibbs retired in 1959 after 42 years of heading the school, and by the early 1960s he and his wife, Jessie R. Persinger Hibbs, retired to Lexington, Virginia. After his retirement, Hibbs was paid a consultant fee to write the history of RPI. He intended for the school to solely profit from the book. Both the alumni group of VCU and the RPI Foundation were involved in the editing of the book before it was finally published in 1973. Hibbs died on April 4, 1977 at the age of 89. Henry Hibbs and Jessie Hibbs had two daughters, Mary Sue and Jessie.","Accession 1993-08-023: Henry H. Hibbs papers, statement dictated to Ruth Hibbs Hyland is missing","The Henry H. Hibbs papers contains correspondence, photographs, news clippings, scrapbooks, articles, book drafts, and other materials relating to Hibbs's personal and professional life, as well as the publishing of his book History of Richmond Professional Institute: From Its Beginning in 1917 to Its Consolidation With the Medical College of Virginia in 1968 to Form Virginia Commonwealth University.","The first series, Personal and family life, primarily consists of letters from Henry Hibbs to his wife, Jess (or Jessie) Hibbs (née Persinger). Her replies are not included. This series also contains materials from Jess Hibbs, such as a copy of her master's thesis, resume, personal will, and letters of recommendation she received. There are also a few items from or by other members of Henry Hibbs's family, such as his mother, Susie A. Hibbs, as well as his sister, Cora Hibbs Grant. Correspondence in this series is to or from Henry Hibbs, unless noted otherwise.","The second series consists of pages from photo albums and other photos of Hibbs's family, childhood, and travels.","Series three, education and career contains course notes, course catalogs with Hibbs's annotations, class writing, a yearbook, letters of recommendation, materials related to Hibbs's being drafted into the army, Hibbs's resume, academic regalia, and professional writing (with the exception of his work on the History of Richmond Professional Institute).","Series four contains materials related to the writing and creation of the book History of Richmond Professional Institute: From Its Beginning in 1917 to Its Consolidation With the Medical College of Virginia in 1968 to Form Virginia Commonwealth University. This includes correspondence related to the book, research notes, drafts, manuscripts, and printer's plates for book illustrations.","Series five contains news clippings collected by Hibbs, largely about his own professional career and about Richmond Professional Institute.","The final series, series six, contains various scrapbooks created by Hibbs and his children that include his family's favorite paintings, poems, and ephemera collected over the years.","This collection contains an image of an unidentified student in Blackface in one of the photo albums.","Some accessions for this collection have been separated and added to the University Archives, as they consist of correspondence, architecture plans, or other materials created by Henry Hibbs in his capacity as Dean of Richmond Professional Institute.","There are no restrictions.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Hibbs, Henry H. (Henry Horace), 1887-1977","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Henry H. Hibbs papers, 1890/1977"],"collection_ssim":["Henry H. Hibbs papers, 1890/1977"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 539","/repositories/5/resources/611"],"unitid_tesim":["M 539","/repositories/5/resources/611"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"geogname_ssm":["Richmond (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Richmond (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Richmond (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Hibbs, Henry H. (Henry Horace), 1887-1977","Hibbs, Henry H. (Henry Horace), 1887-1977"],"creator_ssim":["Hibbs, Henry H. (Henry Horace), 1887-1977","Hibbs, Henry H. (Henry Horace), 1887-1977"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Hibbs, Henry H. (Henry Horace), 1887-1977"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"creators_ssim":["Hibbs, Henry H. (Henry Horace), 1887-1977","VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Accessions were gifted by Alumni relations and Jessie Hibbs Hawke, 1976, 1983, 1990, 1993, 2017, and 2022."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Richmond Professional Institute","Education, Higher -- Virginia.","Social work education -- Curricula -- United States."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Richmond Professional Institute","Education, Higher -- Virginia.","Social work education -- Curricula -- United States."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["9.92 Linear Feet 10 legal document boxes, 2 half-size legal document boxes, 3 custom boxes for printer's plates, 2 scrapbook boxes, and 1 oversize box for academic regalia."],"extent_tesim":["9.92 Linear Feet 10 legal document boxes, 2 half-size legal document boxes, 3 custom boxes for printer's plates, 2 scrapbook boxes, and 1 oversize box for academic regalia."],"date_range_isim":[1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 1: Personal life and family\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 2: Photos\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 3: Education and career\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 4: History of the Richmond Professional Institute book\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 5: News clippings\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 6: Scrapbooks\n\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series 1: Personal life and family","Series 2: Photos","Series 3: Education and career","Series 4: History of the Richmond Professional Institute book","Series 5: News clippings","Series 6: Scrapbooks"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nHenry Horace Hibbs, Jr. was born in Smithland, Kentucky on November 25, 1887, and was one of eight children. In 1908 he graduated from Williamsburg Institute in Kentucky. He attended Brown University and majored in Sociology after becoming interested in the problems of urban communities, receiving his A.B. degree in 1910 and the A.M. degree in 1911. In 1910-12 he held a Fellowship in the research department of the Boston School for Social Workers. While in Boston he was a resident of the St. Mary's House for Sailors and also of South End House and in addition was a member of Conference 7 of the Associated Charities. In 1912-13 he taught history and social science in Tarleton College (Texas) and in 1914-15 sociology and statistics at the University of Illinois. In 1915 he was a lecturer in the Summer School for Social and Religious Workers conducted by the Biblical Department of Vanderbilt University and the American Interchurch College. He was registered at Columbia University in 1913-14 and 1915-16, attending courses under Professors Giddings and Tenney in sociology, under Professors Seligman and Seager in Economics, under Professor Devine in Social Economy, and Professor Chaddock in Statistics. In 1916 he completed his Ph.D. at Columbia University. His dissertation was entitled \"Infant Mortality: Its Relations to Social and Industrial Conditions.\"  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1917, a group of Richmond community leaders organized what became the Richmond School of Social Work and Public Health to address urban social and health concerns. It would train social workers and public health nurses, becoming the first school of its kind in the south. They hired Hibbs as the director. In 1925, the school began an affiliation with the College of William and Mary. In 1939 the school was renamed the Richmond Professional Institute (RPI) of the College of William and Mary. In 1968, The Richmond Professional Institute merged with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU).\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nHibbs retired in 1959 after 42 years of heading the school, and by the early 1960s he and his wife, Jessie R. Persinger Hibbs, retired to Lexington, Virginia. After his retirement, Hibbs was paid a consultant fee to write the history of RPI. He intended for the school to solely profit from the book. Both the alumni group of VCU and the RPI Foundation were involved in the editing of the book before it was finally published in 1973. Hibbs died on April 4, 1977 at the age of 89. Henry Hibbs and Jessie Hibbs had two daughters, Mary Sue and Jessie. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Henry Horace Hibbs, Jr. was born in Smithland, Kentucky on November 25, 1887, and was one of eight children. In 1908 he graduated from Williamsburg Institute in Kentucky. He attended Brown University and majored in Sociology after becoming interested in the problems of urban communities, receiving his A.B. degree in 1910 and the A.M. degree in 1911. In 1910-12 he held a Fellowship in the research department of the Boston School for Social Workers. While in Boston he was a resident of the St. Mary's House for Sailors and also of South End House and in addition was a member of Conference 7 of the Associated Charities. In 1912-13 he taught history and social science in Tarleton College (Texas) and in 1914-15 sociology and statistics at the University of Illinois. In 1915 he was a lecturer in the Summer School for Social and Religious Workers conducted by the Biblical Department of Vanderbilt University and the American Interchurch College. He was registered at Columbia University in 1913-14 and 1915-16, attending courses under Professors Giddings and Tenney in sociology, under Professors Seligman and Seager in Economics, under Professor Devine in Social Economy, and Professor Chaddock in Statistics. In 1916 he completed his Ph.D. at Columbia University. His dissertation was entitled \"Infant Mortality: Its Relations to Social and Industrial Conditions.\"","In 1917, a group of Richmond community leaders organized what became the Richmond School of Social Work and Public Health to address urban social and health concerns. It would train social workers and public health nurses, becoming the first school of its kind in the south. They hired Hibbs as the director. In 1925, the school began an affiliation with the College of William and Mary. In 1939 the school was renamed the Richmond Professional Institute (RPI) of the College of William and Mary. In 1968, The Richmond Professional Institute merged with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU).","Hibbs retired in 1959 after 42 years of heading the school, and by the early 1960s he and his wife, Jessie R. Persinger Hibbs, retired to Lexington, Virginia. After his retirement, Hibbs was paid a consultant fee to write the history of RPI. He intended for the school to solely profit from the book. Both the alumni group of VCU and the RPI Foundation were involved in the editing of the book before it was finally published in 1973. Hibbs died on April 4, 1977 at the age of 89. Henry Hibbs and Jessie Hibbs had two daughters, Mary Sue and Jessie."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHenry H. Hibbs paper, 1890-1977, Collection # M 539, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Henry H. Hibbs paper, 1890-1977, Collection # M 539, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccession 1993-08-023: Henry H. Hibbs papers, statement dictated to Ruth Hibbs Hyland is missing\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Accession 1993-08-023: Henry H. Hibbs papers, statement dictated to Ruth Hibbs Hyland is missing"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nThe Henry H. Hibbs papers contains correspondence, photographs, news clippings, scrapbooks, articles, book drafts, and other materials relating to Hibbs's personal and professional life, as well as the publishing of his book \u003ci\u003eHistory of Richmond Professional Institute: From Its Beginning in 1917 to Its Consolidation With the Medical College of Virginia in 1968 to Form Virginia Commonwealth University.\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe first series, Personal and family life, primarily consists of letters from Henry Hibbs to his wife, Jess (or Jessie) Hibbs (née Persinger). Her replies are not included. This series also contains materials from Jess Hibbs, such as a copy of her master's thesis, resume, personal will, and letters of recommendation she received. There are also a few items from or by other members of Henry Hibbs's family, such as his mother, Susie A. Hibbs, as well as his sister, Cora Hibbs Grant. Correspondence in this series is to or from Henry Hibbs, unless noted otherwise. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe second series consists of pages from photo albums and other photos of Hibbs's family, childhood, and travels.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries three, education and career contains course notes, course catalogs with Hibbs's annotations, class writing, a yearbook, letters of recommendation, materials related to Hibbs's being drafted into the army, Hibbs's resume, academic regalia, and professional writing (with the exception of his work on the History of Richmond Professional Institute).\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries four contains materials related to the writing and creation of the book \u003ci\u003eHistory of Richmond Professional Institute: From Its Beginning in 1917 to Its Consolidation With the Medical College of Virginia in 1968 to Form Virginia Commonwealth University.\u003c/i\u003e This includes correspondence related to the book, research notes, drafts, manuscripts, and printer's plates for book illustrations.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries five contains news clippings collected by Hibbs, largely about his own professional career and about Richmond Professional Institute.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe final series, series six, contains various scrapbooks created by Hibbs and his children that include his family's favorite paintings, poems, and ephemera collected over the years.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThis collection contains an image of an unidentified student in Blackface in one of the photo albums.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Henry H. Hibbs papers contains correspondence, photographs, news clippings, scrapbooks, articles, book drafts, and other materials relating to Hibbs's personal and professional life, as well as the publishing of his book History of Richmond Professional Institute: From Its Beginning in 1917 to Its Consolidation With the Medical College of Virginia in 1968 to Form Virginia Commonwealth University.","The first series, Personal and family life, primarily consists of letters from Henry Hibbs to his wife, Jess (or Jessie) Hibbs (née Persinger). Her replies are not included. This series also contains materials from Jess Hibbs, such as a copy of her master's thesis, resume, personal will, and letters of recommendation she received. There are also a few items from or by other members of Henry Hibbs's family, such as his mother, Susie A. Hibbs, as well as his sister, Cora Hibbs Grant. Correspondence in this series is to or from Henry Hibbs, unless noted otherwise.","The second series consists of pages from photo albums and other photos of Hibbs's family, childhood, and travels.","Series three, education and career contains course notes, course catalogs with Hibbs's annotations, class writing, a yearbook, letters of recommendation, materials related to Hibbs's being drafted into the army, Hibbs's resume, academic regalia, and professional writing (with the exception of his work on the History of Richmond Professional Institute).","Series four contains materials related to the writing and creation of the book History of Richmond Professional Institute: From Its Beginning in 1917 to Its Consolidation With the Medical College of Virginia in 1968 to Form Virginia Commonwealth University. This includes correspondence related to the book, research notes, drafts, manuscripts, and printer's plates for book illustrations.","Series five contains news clippings collected by Hibbs, largely about his own professional career and about Richmond Professional Institute.","The final series, series six, contains various scrapbooks created by Hibbs and his children that include his family's favorite paintings, poems, and ephemera collected over the years.","This collection contains an image of an unidentified student in Blackface in one of the photo albums."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome accessions for this collection have been separated and added to the University Archives, as they consist of correspondence, architecture plans, or other materials created by Henry Hibbs in his capacity as Dean of Richmond Professional Institute.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Some accessions for this collection have been separated and added to the University Archives, as they consist of correspondence, architecture plans, or other materials created by Henry Hibbs in his capacity as Dean of Richmond Professional Institute."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"persname_ssim":["Hibbs, Henry H. (Henry Horace), 1887-1977"],"names_coll_ssim":["Hibbs, Henry H. (Henry Horace), 1887-1977"],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Hibbs, Henry H. (Henry Horace), 1887-1977"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":137,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:40:16.668Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_611_c02"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_9_c06","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series 6: Dr. Lewis C. Bosher, 1891/1986","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_3_resources_9_c06#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_9_c06","ref_ssm":["vircu_repositories_3_resources_9_c06"],"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_9_c06","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_9","_root_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_9","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_9","parent_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_9","parent_ssim":["Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. papers, 1891/1994"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vircu_repositories_3_resources_9"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series 6: Dr. Lewis C. Bosher","title_ssm":["Series 6: Dr. Lewis C. Bosher"],"title_tesim":["Series 6: Dr. Lewis C. Bosher"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series 6: Dr. Lewis C. Bosher, 1891/1986"],"text":["Series 6: Dr. Lewis C. Bosher, 1891/1986","Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. papers, 1891/1994"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. papers, 1891/1994"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. papers, 1891/1994"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1891/1986"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1891-1986"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":216,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"collection_ssim":["Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. papers, 1891/1994"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":7,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"date_range_isim":[1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986],"_nest_path_":"/components#5","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:57.621Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_9","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_9","_root_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_9","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_9","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_3_resources_9.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/3/resources/9","title_filing_ssi":"Bosher, Lewis Hinton, Jr., papers","title_ssm":["Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. papers"],"title_tesim":["Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1891-1994"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1891-1994"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1891/1994"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. papers, 1891/1994"],"text":["Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. papers, 1891/1994","1997.Jul.8","/repositories/3/resources/9","Surgeons -- History -- 20th century -- Virginia -- Richmond","General Surgery -- Virginia.","Collection is open to research.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1945-1994 -- Series 2: Professional Papers, 1936-1979 -- Series 3: MCV Papers, 1949-1979 -- Series 4: Subject Files, 1951-1979 -- Series 5: Bigger Biographical Sketch Project, 1923-1987 -- Series 6: Dr. Lewis C. Bosher Materials, 1891-1986 -- Series 7: Miscellaneous Materials, circa 1913. Efforts have been made to maintain the original file organization. Numerous files labeled \"miscellaneous\" were merged with the existing files and some similar files, such as those on thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, were merged together. Files are arranged alphabetically within each series and materials within the files are arranged chronologically where applicable.","Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. (b. 1914)","Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. was born in Richmond, Virginia on January 19, 1914 to Lewis Hinton Bosher (1884-1980) and Roberta Ashby Smith Bosher (1886-1973). He attended St. Christopher's School in Richmond and then the University of Virginia (UVA) where he received a B.S. degree in 1936. At UVA he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society and The Raven Society. Bosher pursued his medical education at Harvard Medical School and was awarded his M.D. in 1940.","The U.S. entered World War II while Bosher was serving as an assistant resident in surgery at Bellevue Hospital. He joined the Army Medical Corps in 1942, and was assigned to several stateside station hospitals from 1942-1943. In 1944, he was sent to Europe where he served in the First General Hospital until 1944, and then the Fourth Auxiliary Surgical Group. His final transfer was in 1945 to McGuire General Hospital in Virginia. The Army discharged Bosher in 1946 with the rank of Major.","After Bosher was discharged from the Army he served a surgical residency at the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) from 1946 to 1947. He then pursued additional postdoctoral training in general surgery at the Lahey Clinic in Massachusetts and thoracic surgery at Barnes Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. Bosher returned to MCV in 1950 as an assistant professor in the Department of Surgery. He was promoted to associate professor in 1954 and to full professor in 1974. Bosher retired from academic medicine in 1979 and began a private practice. Bosher partnered with Dr. Harold Jay Levinson to establish cardiac surgery programs at Chippenham and Henrico Doctors' Hospitals. Bosher Auditorium in Chippenham Hospital is named in his honor.","Bosher spent the majority of his career at MCV and received high praise from numerous colleagues for his solid teaching abilities, commitment to the profession, and care and compassion for his patients. However, his tenure at MCV was not without some controversy. Dr. Isaac A. Bigger, head of the Department of Surgery, established a division of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery and made Bosher chief of the division. Bigger died in 1955 and was replaced by Dr. David Hume. Bosher did not always agree with Hume's administrative decisions and they became embroiled in a protracted conflict when Hume abolished Bosher's division in 1958. The Board of Visitors had never formalized Bigger's creation of the division, so Hume interpreted this to mean it never officially existed. The conflict appeared to be resolved in 1962 when the Board admonished Bosher for his defiance of Hume's authority, but they recognized Bosher's authority in the area of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Bosher was made chair of the section of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery in 1962. However in 1964 Hume decided to replace the section with a division of thoracic and cardiac surgery and appointed Dr. Richard Lower chair rather than Bosher.","Bosher maintained membership in numerous honorary, professional, and scientific societies including American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Surgeons, American Heart Associations, American Medical Association, American Society for Artificial internal Organs, International Cardiovascular Society, Medical Society of Virginia, New York Academy of Science, Richmond Academy of Medicine, Richmond Area Heart Association (board of directors, president, 1961-1962), Society for Vascular Surgeons, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Southern Surgical Association, Southern Thoracic Surgical Association (president, 1963-1964), Virginia Academy of Science, Virginia Heart Association (board of directors), Virginia Surgical Society, and Virginia Thoracic Society. Bosher also served as associate editor (1952-1953) and editor (1954-1955) of Virginia Medical Monthly.","Bosher married Blanche Kenny Smith of Bourbon County, Kentucky in 1947. They had four children.","Dr. Lewis C. Bosher (1860-1920)","Lewis Crenshaw Bosher, a physician and medical professor, was born on February 17, 1860 in Richmond, Virginia to Robert H. Bosher and Elizabeth Eubank Bosher. Bosher earned his medical degree from the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) in 1883 and received postgraduate training in surgery at Mount Sinai and Bellevue Hospitals in New York. Bosher returned to MCV in 1884 serving as demonstrator of anatomy. He was promoted to professor of anatomy and clinical lecturer on genito-urinary surgery in 1888, professor of the practice of surgery and clinical surgery in 1896, and professor of surgery in 1897. In 1910 Bosher chaired a joint committee whose purpose was to negotiate the merger of the University College of Medicine with MCV, which occurred in 1913. After the merger Bosher accepted the newly created position of professor of genito-urinary surgery.","Bosher was very active in the Richmond medical community. He maintained a private practice while on the faculty at MCV. In 1893 he served as deputy coroner of Richmond. He also chaired the hospital committee for Old Dominion Hospital in the late 1890s, assisted in the planning of Memorial Hospital which opened in 1903, and was a cofounder of Stuart Circle Hospital in 1913. Bosher was also engaged in several professional societies. He served as president of the Richmond Academy of Medicine and Surgery, 1901-1902, first vice president of the Medical Society of Virginia, 1904-1905, and president of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological Association in 1905.","Health problems led Bosher to resign from his faculty position at MCV in March of 1916. He passed away in his Richmond, Virginia home on September 12, 1920 and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery. Bosher never married. He was the great uncle of Lewis H. Bosher (b. 1914), also a physician and faculty member at MCV.","Dr. Isaac A. Bigger (1893-1955)","Isaac Alexander Bigger was born in Bethel, South Carolina on June 25, 1893. He was one of five children born to Isaac A. and Mary Neel Johnston Bigger. He attended Erskine College for one year and then transferred to Davidson College. He entered the University of Virginia (UVA) in 1914 for medical school. Bigger suffered from bronchial asthma and this ailment combined with injuries sustained during a sleepwalking incident slowed his medical education. He eventually graduated from UVA in 1919.","Bigger was on the surgical staff of both UVA and Vanderbilt University before he came to the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) in 1930. He was appointed the first full time professor of surgery at MCV. Bigger was a noted surgeon who developed many surgical innovations while working tirelessly with students, residents, and patients. He contributed over fifty articles to medical literature and coauthored Operative Surgery with J. Shelton Horsley in 1937.","Bigger's health began to deteriorate in 1953. He was hospitalized several times and eventually died of complications resulting from his asthma in 1955. The Isaac A. Bigger Medal, presented to a surgical resident for integrity, leadership, teaching, and clinical ability is awarded annually in memory of Dr. Bigger at the VCU Medical Center.","The papers of Dr. Lewis H. Bosher are primarily items relating to his professional work as a surgeon and a member of the faculty at the Medical College of Virginia (MCV).The majority of his papers are made up of correspondence and also includes some journal articles, newspaper clippings, and photographs. Bosher's papers also contains materials he collected to write a biographical sketch of fellow surgeon Dr. Isaac A. Bigger, and items from his great uncle, Dr. Lewis C. Bosher, including his lecture notes from 1905.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1945-1994. This series is comprised of correspondence that Bosher exchanged with numerous colleagues regarding the practice of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Often they are trading information on techniques and problems as well as discussing various types of equipment used in surgery such as oxygenators and coronary perfusion pumps. Also there is correspondence with medical supply companies, other hospitals, and various medical organizations with whom Bosher was involved.","Series 2: Professional Papers, 1936-1979. This series is composed of materials such as Bosher's curriculum vitae, employment information from MCV and McGuire Veteran's Hospital, journal articles, lectures, presentations, reports, and unpublished works.","Series 3: MCV Papers, 1949-1979. This series is composed primarily of correspondence and related materials pertaining to Bosher's tenure at MCV. Of particular interest are the three folders of correspondence labeled \"Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 1949-1979.\" It spans Bosher's entire career at MCV and provides insight into the evolution of that service.","Series 4: Subject Files, 1951-1979. These files contain correspondence, data, and notes maintained by Bosher on subjects that related to his work in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.","Series 5: Bigger Biographical Sketch Project, 1923-1987. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery asked Bosher to write a biographical sketch of Dr. Isaac A. Bigger. This series contains the research conducted by Bosher to complete the sketch. Items include correspondence with family, friends, and colleagues of Bigger, copies of his medical articles, and information gleaned from other sources such as newspapers and organizations to which Bigger belonged. Two copies of the completed sketch and the accompanying appendix are also included in the series.","Series 6: Dr. Lewis C. Bosher Materials, 1891-1986. Items in this series belonged to Lewis C. Bosher, great uncle of Lewis H. Bosher. He was a Richmond physician and on the faculty of MCV. This series includes Bosher's lecture notes on genito-urinary surgery, venereal disease, and special fractures, journal articles, and miscellaneous items relating to MCV.","Series 7: Miscellaneous Materials. This series contains an unpublished manuscript on the subject of angiorraphy. Based on the citations it appears to have been written circa 1913. The title page is missing and there is no indication of who is the author.","VCU Health Sciences Library","Medical College of Virginia -- Alumni and alumnae","Bosher, Lewis H. (Lewis Hinton), 1914-","Bosher, Lewis H. (Lewis Hinton), 1914- -- Archives","Bigger, Isaac A. (Isaac Alexander)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. papers, 1891/1994"],"collection_ssim":["Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. papers, 1891/1994"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1997.Jul.8","/repositories/3/resources/9"],"unitid_tesim":["1997.Jul.8","/repositories/3/resources/9"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Bosher, Lewis H. (Lewis Hinton), 1914-"],"creator_ssim":["Bosher, Lewis H. (Lewis Hinton), 1914-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Bosher, Lewis H. (Lewis Hinton), 1914-","Bosher, Lewis H. (Lewis Hinton), 1914- -- Archives","Bigger, Isaac A. (Isaac Alexander)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library","Medical College of Virginia -- Alumni and alumnae"],"creators_ssim":["Bosher, Lewis H. (Lewis Hinton), 1914-","Bosher, Lewis H. (Lewis Hinton), 1914- -- Archives","Bigger, Isaac A. (Isaac Alexander)","VCU Health Sciences Library","Medical College of Virginia -- Alumni and alumnae"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Surgeons -- History -- 20th century -- Virginia -- Richmond","General Surgery -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Surgeons -- History -- 20th century -- Virginia -- Richmond","General Surgery -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["4 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Correspondence, 1945-1994 -- Series 2: Professional Papers, 1936-1979 -- Series 3: MCV Papers, 1949-1979 -- Series 4: Subject Files, 1951-1979 -- Series 5: Bigger Biographical Sketch Project, 1923-1987 -- Series 6: Dr. Lewis C. Bosher Materials, 1891-1986 -- Series 7: Miscellaneous Materials, circa 1913. Efforts have been made to maintain the original file organization. Numerous files labeled \"miscellaneous\" were merged with the existing files and some similar files, such as those on thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, were merged together. Files are arranged alphabetically within each series and materials within the files are arranged chronologically where applicable.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series 1: Correspondence, 1945-1994 -- Series 2: Professional Papers, 1936-1979 -- Series 3: MCV Papers, 1949-1979 -- Series 4: Subject Files, 1951-1979 -- Series 5: Bigger Biographical Sketch Project, 1923-1987 -- Series 6: Dr. Lewis C. Bosher Materials, 1891-1986 -- Series 7: Miscellaneous Materials, circa 1913. Efforts have been made to maintain the original file organization. Numerous files labeled \"miscellaneous\" were merged with the existing files and some similar files, such as those on thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, were merged together. Files are arranged alphabetically within each series and materials within the files are arranged chronologically where applicable."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eDr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. (b. 1914)\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. was born in Richmond, Virginia on January 19, 1914 to Lewis Hinton Bosher (1884-1980) and Roberta Ashby Smith Bosher (1886-1973). He attended St. Christopher's School in Richmond and then the University of Virginia (UVA) where he received a B.S. degree in 1936. At UVA he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society and The Raven Society. Bosher pursued his medical education at Harvard Medical School and was awarded his M.D. in 1940.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. entered World War II while Bosher was serving as an assistant resident in surgery at Bellevue Hospital. He joined the Army Medical Corps in 1942, and was assigned to several stateside station hospitals from 1942-1943. In 1944, he was sent to Europe where he served in the First General Hospital until 1944, and then the Fourth Auxiliary Surgical Group. His final transfer was in 1945 to McGuire General Hospital in Virginia. The Army discharged Bosher in 1946 with the rank of Major.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter Bosher was discharged from the Army he served a surgical residency at the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) from 1946 to 1947. He then pursued additional postdoctoral training in general surgery at the Lahey Clinic in Massachusetts and thoracic surgery at Barnes Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. Bosher returned to MCV in 1950 as an assistant professor in the Department of Surgery. He was promoted to associate professor in 1954 and to full professor in 1974. Bosher retired from academic medicine in 1979 and began a private practice. Bosher partnered with Dr. Harold Jay Levinson to establish cardiac surgery programs at Chippenham and Henrico Doctors' Hospitals. Bosher Auditorium in Chippenham Hospital is named in his honor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBosher spent the majority of his career at MCV and received high praise from numerous colleagues for his solid teaching abilities, commitment to the profession, and care and compassion for his patients. However, his tenure at MCV was not without some controversy. Dr. Isaac A. Bigger, head of the Department of Surgery, established a division of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery and made Bosher chief of the division. Bigger died in 1955 and was replaced by Dr. David Hume. Bosher did not always agree with Hume's administrative decisions and they became embroiled in a protracted conflict when Hume abolished Bosher's division in 1958. The Board of Visitors had never formalized Bigger's creation of the division, so Hume interpreted this to mean it never officially existed. The conflict appeared to be resolved in 1962 when the Board admonished Bosher for his defiance of Hume's authority, but they recognized Bosher's authority in the area of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Bosher was made chair of the section of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery in 1962. However in 1964 Hume decided to replace the section with a division of thoracic and cardiac surgery and appointed Dr. Richard Lower chair rather than Bosher.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBosher maintained membership in numerous honorary, professional, and scientific societies including American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Surgeons, American Heart Associations, American Medical Association, American Society for Artificial internal Organs, International Cardiovascular Society, Medical Society of Virginia, New York Academy of Science, Richmond Academy of Medicine, Richmond Area Heart Association (board of directors, president, 1961-1962), Society for Vascular Surgeons, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Southern Surgical Association, Southern Thoracic Surgical Association (president, 1963-1964), Virginia Academy of Science, Virginia Heart Association (board of directors), Virginia Surgical Society, and Virginia Thoracic Society. Bosher also served as associate editor (1952-1953) and editor (1954-1955) of Virginia Medical Monthly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBosher married Blanche Kenny Smith of Bourbon County, Kentucky in 1947. They had four children.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eDr. Lewis C. Bosher (1860-1920)\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLewis Crenshaw Bosher, a physician and medical professor, was born on February 17, 1860 in Richmond, Virginia to Robert H. Bosher and Elizabeth Eubank Bosher. Bosher earned his medical degree from the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) in 1883 and received postgraduate training in surgery at Mount Sinai and Bellevue Hospitals in New York. Bosher returned to MCV in 1884 serving as demonstrator of anatomy. He was promoted to professor of anatomy and clinical lecturer on genito-urinary surgery in 1888, professor of the practice of surgery and clinical surgery in 1896, and professor of surgery in 1897. In 1910 Bosher chaired a joint committee whose purpose was to negotiate the merger of the University College of Medicine with MCV, which occurred in 1913. After the merger Bosher accepted the newly created position of professor of genito-urinary surgery.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBosher was very active in the Richmond medical community. He maintained a private practice while on the faculty at MCV. In 1893 he served as deputy coroner of Richmond. He also chaired the hospital committee for Old Dominion Hospital in the late 1890s, assisted in the planning of Memorial Hospital which opened in 1903, and was a cofounder of Stuart Circle Hospital in 1913. Bosher was also engaged in several professional societies. He served as president of the Richmond Academy of Medicine and Surgery, 1901-1902, first vice president of the Medical Society of Virginia, 1904-1905, and president of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological Association in 1905.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHealth problems led Bosher to resign from his faculty position at MCV in March of 1916. He passed away in his Richmond, Virginia home on September 12, 1920 and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery. Bosher never married. He was the great uncle of Lewis H. Bosher (b. 1914), also a physician and faculty member at MCV.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eDr. Isaac A. Bigger (1893-1955)\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIsaac Alexander Bigger was born in Bethel, South Carolina on June 25, 1893. He was one of five children born to Isaac A. and Mary Neel Johnston Bigger. He attended Erskine College for one year and then transferred to Davidson College. He entered the University of Virginia (UVA) in 1914 for medical school. Bigger suffered from bronchial asthma and this ailment combined with injuries sustained during a sleepwalking incident slowed his medical education. He eventually graduated from UVA in 1919.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBigger was on the surgical staff of both UVA and Vanderbilt University before he came to the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) in 1930. He was appointed the first full time professor of surgery at MCV. Bigger was a noted surgeon who developed many surgical innovations while working tirelessly with students, residents, and patients. He contributed over fifty articles to medical literature and coauthored Operative Surgery with J. Shelton Horsley in 1937.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBigger's health began to deteriorate in 1953. He was hospitalized several times and eventually died of complications resulting from his asthma in 1955. The Isaac A. Bigger Medal, presented to a surgical resident for integrity, leadership, teaching, and clinical ability is awarded annually in memory of Dr. Bigger at the VCU Medical Center.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. (b. 1914)","Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr. was born in Richmond, Virginia on January 19, 1914 to Lewis Hinton Bosher (1884-1980) and Roberta Ashby Smith Bosher (1886-1973). He attended St. Christopher's School in Richmond and then the University of Virginia (UVA) where he received a B.S. degree in 1936. At UVA he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society and The Raven Society. Bosher pursued his medical education at Harvard Medical School and was awarded his M.D. in 1940.","The U.S. entered World War II while Bosher was serving as an assistant resident in surgery at Bellevue Hospital. He joined the Army Medical Corps in 1942, and was assigned to several stateside station hospitals from 1942-1943. In 1944, he was sent to Europe where he served in the First General Hospital until 1944, and then the Fourth Auxiliary Surgical Group. His final transfer was in 1945 to McGuire General Hospital in Virginia. The Army discharged Bosher in 1946 with the rank of Major.","After Bosher was discharged from the Army he served a surgical residency at the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) from 1946 to 1947. He then pursued additional postdoctoral training in general surgery at the Lahey Clinic in Massachusetts and thoracic surgery at Barnes Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. Bosher returned to MCV in 1950 as an assistant professor in the Department of Surgery. He was promoted to associate professor in 1954 and to full professor in 1974. Bosher retired from academic medicine in 1979 and began a private practice. Bosher partnered with Dr. Harold Jay Levinson to establish cardiac surgery programs at Chippenham and Henrico Doctors' Hospitals. Bosher Auditorium in Chippenham Hospital is named in his honor.","Bosher spent the majority of his career at MCV and received high praise from numerous colleagues for his solid teaching abilities, commitment to the profession, and care and compassion for his patients. However, his tenure at MCV was not without some controversy. Dr. Isaac A. Bigger, head of the Department of Surgery, established a division of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery and made Bosher chief of the division. Bigger died in 1955 and was replaced by Dr. David Hume. Bosher did not always agree with Hume's administrative decisions and they became embroiled in a protracted conflict when Hume abolished Bosher's division in 1958. The Board of Visitors had never formalized Bigger's creation of the division, so Hume interpreted this to mean it never officially existed. The conflict appeared to be resolved in 1962 when the Board admonished Bosher for his defiance of Hume's authority, but they recognized Bosher's authority in the area of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Bosher was made chair of the section of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery in 1962. However in 1964 Hume decided to replace the section with a division of thoracic and cardiac surgery and appointed Dr. Richard Lower chair rather than Bosher.","Bosher maintained membership in numerous honorary, professional, and scientific societies including American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Surgeons, American Heart Associations, American Medical Association, American Society for Artificial internal Organs, International Cardiovascular Society, Medical Society of Virginia, New York Academy of Science, Richmond Academy of Medicine, Richmond Area Heart Association (board of directors, president, 1961-1962), Society for Vascular Surgeons, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Southern Surgical Association, Southern Thoracic Surgical Association (president, 1963-1964), Virginia Academy of Science, Virginia Heart Association (board of directors), Virginia Surgical Society, and Virginia Thoracic Society. Bosher also served as associate editor (1952-1953) and editor (1954-1955) of Virginia Medical Monthly.","Bosher married Blanche Kenny Smith of Bourbon County, Kentucky in 1947. They had four children.","Dr. Lewis C. Bosher (1860-1920)","Lewis Crenshaw Bosher, a physician and medical professor, was born on February 17, 1860 in Richmond, Virginia to Robert H. Bosher and Elizabeth Eubank Bosher. Bosher earned his medical degree from the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) in 1883 and received postgraduate training in surgery at Mount Sinai and Bellevue Hospitals in New York. Bosher returned to MCV in 1884 serving as demonstrator of anatomy. He was promoted to professor of anatomy and clinical lecturer on genito-urinary surgery in 1888, professor of the practice of surgery and clinical surgery in 1896, and professor of surgery in 1897. In 1910 Bosher chaired a joint committee whose purpose was to negotiate the merger of the University College of Medicine with MCV, which occurred in 1913. After the merger Bosher accepted the newly created position of professor of genito-urinary surgery.","Bosher was very active in the Richmond medical community. He maintained a private practice while on the faculty at MCV. In 1893 he served as deputy coroner of Richmond. He also chaired the hospital committee for Old Dominion Hospital in the late 1890s, assisted in the planning of Memorial Hospital which opened in 1903, and was a cofounder of Stuart Circle Hospital in 1913. Bosher was also engaged in several professional societies. He served as president of the Richmond Academy of Medicine and Surgery, 1901-1902, first vice president of the Medical Society of Virginia, 1904-1905, and president of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological Association in 1905.","Health problems led Bosher to resign from his faculty position at MCV in March of 1916. He passed away in his Richmond, Virginia home on September 12, 1920 and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery. Bosher never married. He was the great uncle of Lewis H. Bosher (b. 1914), also a physician and faculty member at MCV.","Dr. Isaac A. Bigger (1893-1955)","Isaac Alexander Bigger was born in Bethel, South Carolina on June 25, 1893. He was one of five children born to Isaac A. and Mary Neel Johnston Bigger. He attended Erskine College for one year and then transferred to Davidson College. He entered the University of Virginia (UVA) in 1914 for medical school. Bigger suffered from bronchial asthma and this ailment combined with injuries sustained during a sleepwalking incident slowed his medical education. He eventually graduated from UVA in 1919.","Bigger was on the surgical staff of both UVA and Vanderbilt University before he came to the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) in 1930. He was appointed the first full time professor of surgery at MCV. Bigger was a noted surgeon who developed many surgical innovations while working tirelessly with students, residents, and patients. He contributed over fifty articles to medical literature and coauthored Operative Surgery with J. Shelton Horsley in 1937.","Bigger's health began to deteriorate in 1953. He was hospitalized several times and eventually died of complications resulting from his asthma in 1955. The Isaac A. Bigger Medal, presented to a surgical resident for integrity, leadership, teaching, and clinical ability is awarded annually in memory of Dr. Bigger at the VCU Medical Center."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers of Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr., Accession # 1997/Jul/8, Special Collections and Archives, Health Sciences Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Papers of Dr. Lewis Hinton Bosher, Jr., Accession # 1997/Jul/8, Special Collections and Archives, Health Sciences Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of Dr. Lewis H. Bosher are primarily items relating to his professional work as a surgeon and a member of the faculty at the Medical College of Virginia (MCV).The majority of his papers are made up of correspondence and also includes some journal articles, newspaper clippings, and photographs. Bosher's papers also contains materials he collected to write a biographical sketch of fellow surgeon Dr. Isaac A. Bigger, and items from his great uncle, Dr. Lewis C. Bosher, including his lecture notes from 1905.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Correspondence, 1945-1994. This series is comprised of correspondence that Bosher exchanged with numerous colleagues regarding the practice of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Often they are trading information on techniques and problems as well as discussing various types of equipment used in surgery such as oxygenators and coronary perfusion pumps. Also there is correspondence with medical supply companies, other hospitals, and various medical organizations with whom Bosher was involved.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Professional Papers, 1936-1979. This series is composed of materials such as Bosher's curriculum vitae, employment information from MCV and McGuire Veteran's Hospital, journal articles, lectures, presentations, reports, and unpublished works.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: MCV Papers, 1949-1979. This series is composed primarily of correspondence and related materials pertaining to Bosher's tenure at MCV. Of particular interest are the three folders of correspondence labeled \"Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 1949-1979.\" It spans Bosher's entire career at MCV and provides insight into the evolution of that service.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Subject Files, 1951-1979. These files contain correspondence, data, and notes maintained by Bosher on subjects that related to his work in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5: Bigger Biographical Sketch Project, 1923-1987. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery asked Bosher to write a biographical sketch of Dr. Isaac A. Bigger. This series contains the research conducted by Bosher to complete the sketch. Items include correspondence with family, friends, and colleagues of Bigger, copies of his medical articles, and information gleaned from other sources such as newspapers and organizations to which Bigger belonged. Two copies of the completed sketch and the accompanying appendix are also included in the series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6: Dr. Lewis C. Bosher Materials, 1891-1986. Items in this series belonged to Lewis C. Bosher, great uncle of Lewis H. Bosher. He was a Richmond physician and on the faculty of MCV. This series includes Bosher's lecture notes on genito-urinary surgery, venereal disease, and special fractures, journal articles, and miscellaneous items relating to MCV.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7: Miscellaneous Materials. This series contains an unpublished manuscript on the subject of angiorraphy. Based on the citations it appears to have been written circa 1913. The title page is missing and there is no indication of who is the author.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of Dr. Lewis H. Bosher are primarily items relating to his professional work as a surgeon and a member of the faculty at the Medical College of Virginia (MCV).The majority of his papers are made up of correspondence and also includes some journal articles, newspaper clippings, and photographs. Bosher's papers also contains materials he collected to write a biographical sketch of fellow surgeon Dr. Isaac A. Bigger, and items from his great uncle, Dr. Lewis C. Bosher, including his lecture notes from 1905.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1945-1994. This series is comprised of correspondence that Bosher exchanged with numerous colleagues regarding the practice of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Often they are trading information on techniques and problems as well as discussing various types of equipment used in surgery such as oxygenators and coronary perfusion pumps. Also there is correspondence with medical supply companies, other hospitals, and various medical organizations with whom Bosher was involved.","Series 2: Professional Papers, 1936-1979. This series is composed of materials such as Bosher's curriculum vitae, employment information from MCV and McGuire Veteran's Hospital, journal articles, lectures, presentations, reports, and unpublished works.","Series 3: MCV Papers, 1949-1979. This series is composed primarily of correspondence and related materials pertaining to Bosher's tenure at MCV. Of particular interest are the three folders of correspondence labeled \"Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 1949-1979.\" It spans Bosher's entire career at MCV and provides insight into the evolution of that service.","Series 4: Subject Files, 1951-1979. These files contain correspondence, data, and notes maintained by Bosher on subjects that related to his work in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.","Series 5: Bigger Biographical Sketch Project, 1923-1987. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery asked Bosher to write a biographical sketch of Dr. Isaac A. Bigger. This series contains the research conducted by Bosher to complete the sketch. Items include correspondence with family, friends, and colleagues of Bigger, copies of his medical articles, and information gleaned from other sources such as newspapers and organizations to which Bigger belonged. Two copies of the completed sketch and the accompanying appendix are also included in the series.","Series 6: Dr. Lewis C. Bosher Materials, 1891-1986. Items in this series belonged to Lewis C. Bosher, great uncle of Lewis H. Bosher. He was a Richmond physician and on the faculty of MCV. This series includes Bosher's lecture notes on genito-urinary surgery, venereal disease, and special fractures, journal articles, and miscellaneous items relating to MCV.","Series 7: Miscellaneous Materials. This series contains an unpublished manuscript on the subject of angiorraphy. Based on the citations it appears to have been written circa 1913. The title page is missing and there is no indication of who is the author."],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"corpname_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library","Medical College of Virginia -- Alumni and alumnae"],"names_coll_ssim":["Medical College of Virginia -- Alumni and alumnae","Bosher, Lewis H. (Lewis Hinton), 1914- -- Archives","Bigger, Isaac A. (Isaac Alexander)"],"persname_ssim":["Bosher, Lewis H. (Lewis Hinton), 1914-","Bosher, Lewis H. (Lewis Hinton), 1914- -- Archives","Bigger, Isaac A. (Isaac Alexander)"],"names_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library","Medical College of Virginia -- Alumni and alumnae","Bosher, Lewis H. (Lewis Hinton), 1914-","Bosher, Lewis H. (Lewis Hinton), 1914- -- Archives","Bigger, Isaac A. 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Visit  VCU Scholars Compass to view the full run of the journal.","The records of the Virgina Dental Association have been divided into ten series with subseries as needed. Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972 -- Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975 -- Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979 -- Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1929-1980 -- Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985 -- Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978 -- Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984 -- Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976 -- Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1963 -- Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. Efforts have been made to preserve the original arrangement of these files where applicable.","On November 3, 1870 nine Virginia dentists met in Richmond to establish an organization to \"cultivate the science and the art of dentistry, and all its collateral branches, to elevate and sustain the professional character of dentists; and to promote amongst them mutual improvement, social intercourse and good will.\" This meeting marked the creation of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA) or the Virginia State Dental Association as it was named when first created. The VDA changed to its current name in 1970. The VDA was the successor to the first professional dental organization, the Virginia Society of Surgeon Dentists which was formed in 1842.","An early goal of the VDA was to create standards and regulations for the profession. When the VDA was formed there were no statutes regulating the practice of dentistry in Virginia. The VDA spent several years drafting a bill to present to the state legislature culminating in the passage of the Dental Act of 1886. This act also established the Virginia Board of Dental Examiners. The VDA also successfully campaigned in 1915 to have a representative on the State Board of Health making Virginia the first state to include a dentist on such a board. In 1936 the VDA helped pass a bill that outlawed advertising dental services and prices as a means of protecting the public from unethical dental practices. This remained in effect until the early 1980s when the Federal Trade Commission ruled that truthful advertising could not be restricted.","Dental education was another subject of much interest and debate for the VDA. They supported the creation of the first dental school in Virginia in 1893 at the University College of Medicine (UCM). In 1913 UCM merged with the Medical College of Virginia (MCV), which had created its own dental school in 1897. For a time some members of the VDA thought that dentist should obtain an M.D. degree to practice medicine. The Dental Act only required a diploma and a certificate from the state board to practice dentistry. A dental degree was not required to sit for the state board exam. A law requiring an M.D. was passed in 1910, but was repealed in 1914 before any provisions were enacted.","The VDA, which is a component of the American Dental Association, created component societies in 1931. This was to better facilitate communication and professional development for member dentists throughout the state. Dentists who joined a component society also became members of the state and national associations through this tripartate structure. Virginia was divided into eight regions. Each region was arranged to have an existing local society within the area to become the component group where applicable. This arrangement is still in place today. The component societies are:","Component 1, Virginia Tidewater Dental Association, founded 1880","Component 2, Peninsula Dental Society, founded 1934","Component 3, Southside Dental Society, founded 1925","Component 4, Richmond Dental Society, founded 1894","Component 5, Piedmont Dental Society, founded 1916","Component 6, Southwest Virginia Dental Society, founded 1917","Component 7, Shenandoah Valley Dental Association, founded 1914","Component 8, Northern Virginia Dental Society, founded 1931","The VDA began publishing its journal the Bulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association in 1923. After sporadic publication for the first ten years the VDA began publishing on a regular schedule. The number of issues published has varied from three to six. The journal is currently published quarterly. The title was changed to the Virginia Dental Journal in 1964. It is a resource for members to find information about professional and scientific developments, legislative issues, and annual meetings. The journal also includes editorials and news updates from the component societies.","An annual meeting of the VDA was held for members to come together and benefit from the mutual exchange of ideas and practical knowledge. The meetings offered an opportunity to focus on issues such as professional ethics, dental legislation, public health and service, and education. Much of the work of the organization was carried out by committees, all of which were overseen by the governing body the Executive Council. The VDA had three elected officers the president, the preseident-elect, and the secretary-treasurer, as well as several appointed officers including the editor of the journal. The VDA did not have a headquarters until the organization hired its first executive secretary in 1964 and she set up the headquarters in her home. Since that time it has been located in several areas around Richmond. Today the VDA is governed by a board of directors and still holds an annual meeting. The VDA continues to help improve the profession and its members, support dental education, promote public dental health, and provide outreach services to underserved populations.","The records of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA), 1870-2011, include the official minutes and proceedings of the organization as well as committee records, component society materials, correspondence, financial records, annual meeting records and programs, membership records, subject files, materials relating to the American Dental Association and other national, state, and local dental organizations, and research files used to write One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia. These records provide insight into the changes in the dental profession and also the evolution of professional organizations in general.","Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972. This series, divided into two subseries, consists of the official minutes of the VDA and the records of the Executive Council, the main governing body of the organization.","Subseries 1.1: Minute Books, 1870-1963. The minute books contain annual meeting programs and proceedings, speeches and papers delivered at the meetings, the Bulletin the official publication of the VDA, committee reports, financial statements, newspaper clippings, member lists, and meeting attendee lists including guests and exhibitors. Also included in the minute books are reports from the Bureau of Dental Heath which often contains statistics regarding race and schools where clinics were held and reports of the State Board of Dental Examiners which include statistics regarding applicants for dental licenses.","Subseries 1.2: Executive Council Records, 1931-1972, bulk 1962-1972. These records include meeting minutes and reports along with some correspondence.","Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975. These records include bank statements and deposits, invoices, proposed budgets, receipts, and treasurer's books.","Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979. This series contains materials such as correspondence and reports of various standing and special committees.","Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1924-1980. This series includes materials related to the planning and execution of the meetings and is divided into four subseries.","Subseries 4.1: Annual Meeting Records, 1929-1980. This subseries contains general records such as correspondence, financial information, and publicity related to the planning of each annual meeting. Some files also include the proceedings for the meeting as well. The planning for most meetings began one to two years prior to the event, which is indicated by the inclusive date range listed for each folder.","Subseries 4.2: Local Arrangements and Program Committees, 1929-1939, 1954-1956, 1965. Materials in this subseries include correspondence and planning information related to arrangements for clinics, programs, and entertainment at the annual meetings.","Subseries 4.3: Programs, 1924-1970. This subseries contains copies of the official meeting programs.","Subseries 4.4: Meeting Exhibitors, 1927-1980. This subseries includes correspondence with vendors of dental related products and services requesting that the vendors purchase exhibit space or buy advertisements in the meeting program.","Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985. This series is divided into two subseries.","Subseries 5.1: General VDA Correspondence, 1917-1975. This subseries consists mostly of correspondence between the membership and the officers of the VDA. There is also some correspondence with the ADA, other state dental societies, the Virginia State Health Department, Virginia Board of Dental Examiners, and other state offices. The subjects most often covered include dues (overdue notices and disputes), issues related to the governance and structure of the VDA, meeting planning (locations, exhibitors, entertainment, and programs), legislative issues related dentistry, and professional ethics issues (advertising, obligations to public health, etc).","Subseries 5.2: Officer's Correspondence and Related Materials, 1927-1985. These files consist primarily of correspondence of specific officers of the VDA. Additionaly, some files also include speeches, photographs, and clippings.","Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978. This series contains materials such as correspondence, membership lists, and meeting programs from the eight component societies in Virginia.","Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984. This series consists of subject and court files and is divided into two subseries.","Subseries 7:1: Subject Files, 1919-1984. Contains various subject files relating to legislative and professional issues, membership benefits such as insurance and retirement plans, and other materials such as newspaper clippings and photographs. Also includes membership card files kept by the VDA.","Subseries 7.2: Federal Trade Commission Case, 1960-1978. This subseries pertains to the Federal Trade Commission complaint against the American Dental Association and several of its constituent groups including the Virginia Dental Association and the Northern Virginia Dental Society (American Dental Association, et. al., Docket No. 9093). The FTC complaint stated that the ADA ethical codes violated anittrust laws by barring advertising and preventing price competition. Part of the defense strategy was to prove that the VDA and the NVDS were non-profit groups and as such were outside the FTC's jurisdiction. Documents in this subseries include Children's Dental Health Week materials, public service brochures promoting dental care, newspaper clipping discussing community outreach programs by the VDA, and materials on the governance and benefits of the two groups.","Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976. This series contains materials such as correspondence, brochures, and newsletters from various other dental organizations includuing the American Dental Association, several local Virginia dental clubs, and some out-of-state dental groups.","Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1969. This series contains essays, speeches, research notes, photographs and related materials that were compiled to write this history. Research materials were compiled primarily by Hermie Wait Powell, the author, and Dr. William Newton Hodgkins","Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. This series contains an incomplete set of the Bulletin and the Virginia Dental Journal. There are eight bound volumes of the Bulletin, loose issues of the Virginia Dental Journal from 1976-1983, 2008-2009, and 2011, and a DVD with the electronic version from 2004-2008.","There are no restrictions.","VCU Health Sciences Library","Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry","Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"collection_ssim":["Virginia Dental Association records, 1870/2011, bulk 1870/1985"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1988.Jul.17","/repositories/3/resources/6"],"unitid_tesim":["1988.Jul.17","/repositories/3/resources/6"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia Dental Association"],"creator_ssim":["Virginia Dental Association"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library","Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry"],"creators_ssim":["Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait","VCU Health Sciences Library","Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of the Virginia Dental Association."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Dentists -- Virginia","Dental schools -- Virginia","Dentistry -- Societies, etc.","Dentistry -- History -- Virginia","African American dentists -- Virginia.","Societies, Dental.","History of Dentistry.","Dentists -- History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Dentists -- Virginia","Dental schools -- Virginia","Dentistry -- Societies, etc.","Dentistry -- History -- Virginia","African American dentists -- Virginia.","Societies, Dental.","History of Dentistry.","Dentists -- History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["27 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["27 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for use without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for use without restrictions."],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals"],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVCU Libraries digitized the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association\u003c/emph\u003e and the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Dental Journal\u003c/emph\u003e with the permission and collaboration of the Virginia Dental Association. Visit \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/vdj/\"\u003e VCU Scholars Compass\u003c/extref\u003e to view the full run of the journal.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["VCU Libraries digitized the Bulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association and the Virginia Dental Journal with the permission and collaboration of the Virginia Dental Association. Visit  VCU Scholars Compass to view the full run of the journal."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Virgina Dental Association have been divided into ten series with subseries as needed. Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972 -- Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975 -- Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979 -- Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1929-1980 -- Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985 -- Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978 -- Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984 -- Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976 -- Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1963 -- Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. Efforts have been made to preserve the original arrangement of these files where applicable.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The records of the Virgina Dental Association have been divided into ten series with subseries as needed. Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972 -- Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975 -- Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979 -- Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1929-1980 -- Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985 -- Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978 -- Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984 -- Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976 -- Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1963 -- Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. Efforts have been made to preserve the original arrangement of these files where applicable."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOn November 3, 1870 nine Virginia dentists met in Richmond to establish an organization to \"cultivate the science and the art of dentistry, and all its collateral branches, to elevate and sustain the professional character of dentists; and to promote amongst them mutual improvement, social intercourse and good will.\" This meeting marked the creation of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA) or the Virginia State Dental Association as it was named when first created. The VDA changed to its current name in 1970. The VDA was the successor to the first professional dental organization, the Virginia Society of Surgeon Dentists which was formed in 1842.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn early goal of the VDA was to create standards and regulations for the profession. When the VDA was formed there were no statutes regulating the practice of dentistry in Virginia. The VDA spent several years drafting a bill to present to the state legislature culminating in the passage of the Dental Act of 1886. This act also established the Virginia Board of Dental Examiners. The VDA also successfully campaigned in 1915 to have a representative on the State Board of Health making Virginia the first state to include a dentist on such a board. In 1936 the VDA helped pass a bill that outlawed advertising dental services and prices as a means of protecting the public from unethical dental practices. This remained in effect until the early 1980s when the Federal Trade Commission ruled that truthful advertising could not be restricted.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDental education was another subject of much interest and debate for the VDA. They supported the creation of the first dental school in Virginia in 1893 at the University College of Medicine (UCM). In 1913 UCM merged with the Medical College of Virginia (MCV), which had created its own dental school in 1897. For a time some members of the VDA thought that dentist should obtain an M.D. degree to practice medicine. The Dental Act only required a diploma and a certificate from the state board to practice dentistry. A dental degree was not required to sit for the state board exam. A law requiring an M.D. was passed in 1910, but was repealed in 1914 before any provisions were enacted.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe VDA, which is a component of the American Dental Association, created component societies in 1931. This was to better facilitate communication and professional development for member dentists throughout the state. Dentists who joined a component society also became members of the state and national associations through this tripartate structure. Virginia was divided into eight regions. Each region was arranged to have an existing local society within the area to become the component group where applicable. This arrangement is still in place today. The component societies are:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 1, Virginia Tidewater Dental Association, founded 1880\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 2, Peninsula Dental Society, founded 1934\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 3, Southside Dental Society, founded 1925\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 4, Richmond Dental Society, founded 1894\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 5, Piedmont Dental Society, founded 1916\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 6, Southwest Virginia Dental Society, founded 1917\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 7, Shenandoah Valley Dental Association, founded 1914\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eComponent 8, Northern Virginia Dental Society, founded 1931\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe VDA began publishing its journal the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association\u003c/emph\u003e in 1923. After sporadic publication for the first ten years the VDA began publishing on a regular schedule. The number of issues published has varied from three to six. The journal is currently published quarterly. The title was changed to the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Dental Journal\u003c/emph\u003e in 1964. It is a resource for members to find information about professional and scientific developments, legislative issues, and annual meetings. The journal also includes editorials and news updates from the component societies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn annual meeting of the VDA was held for members to come together and benefit from the mutual exchange of ideas and practical knowledge. The meetings offered an opportunity to focus on issues such as professional ethics, dental legislation, public health and service, and education. Much of the work of the organization was carried out by committees, all of which were overseen by the governing body the Executive Council. The VDA had three elected officers the president, the preseident-elect, and the secretary-treasurer, as well as several appointed officers including the editor of the journal. The VDA did not have a headquarters until the organization hired its first executive secretary in 1964 and she set up the headquarters in her home. Since that time it has been located in several areas around Richmond. Today the VDA is governed by a board of directors and still holds an annual meeting. The VDA continues to help improve the profession and its members, support dental education, promote public dental health, and provide outreach services to underserved populations.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["On November 3, 1870 nine Virginia dentists met in Richmond to establish an organization to \"cultivate the science and the art of dentistry, and all its collateral branches, to elevate and sustain the professional character of dentists; and to promote amongst them mutual improvement, social intercourse and good will.\" This meeting marked the creation of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA) or the Virginia State Dental Association as it was named when first created. The VDA changed to its current name in 1970. The VDA was the successor to the first professional dental organization, the Virginia Society of Surgeon Dentists which was formed in 1842.","An early goal of the VDA was to create standards and regulations for the profession. When the VDA was formed there were no statutes regulating the practice of dentistry in Virginia. The VDA spent several years drafting a bill to present to the state legislature culminating in the passage of the Dental Act of 1886. This act also established the Virginia Board of Dental Examiners. The VDA also successfully campaigned in 1915 to have a representative on the State Board of Health making Virginia the first state to include a dentist on such a board. In 1936 the VDA helped pass a bill that outlawed advertising dental services and prices as a means of protecting the public from unethical dental practices. This remained in effect until the early 1980s when the Federal Trade Commission ruled that truthful advertising could not be restricted.","Dental education was another subject of much interest and debate for the VDA. They supported the creation of the first dental school in Virginia in 1893 at the University College of Medicine (UCM). In 1913 UCM merged with the Medical College of Virginia (MCV), which had created its own dental school in 1897. For a time some members of the VDA thought that dentist should obtain an M.D. degree to practice medicine. The Dental Act only required a diploma and a certificate from the state board to practice dentistry. A dental degree was not required to sit for the state board exam. A law requiring an M.D. was passed in 1910, but was repealed in 1914 before any provisions were enacted.","The VDA, which is a component of the American Dental Association, created component societies in 1931. This was to better facilitate communication and professional development for member dentists throughout the state. Dentists who joined a component society also became members of the state and national associations through this tripartate structure. Virginia was divided into eight regions. Each region was arranged to have an existing local society within the area to become the component group where applicable. This arrangement is still in place today. The component societies are:","Component 1, Virginia Tidewater Dental Association, founded 1880","Component 2, Peninsula Dental Society, founded 1934","Component 3, Southside Dental Society, founded 1925","Component 4, Richmond Dental Society, founded 1894","Component 5, Piedmont Dental Society, founded 1916","Component 6, Southwest Virginia Dental Society, founded 1917","Component 7, Shenandoah Valley Dental Association, founded 1914","Component 8, Northern Virginia Dental Society, founded 1931","The VDA began publishing its journal the Bulletin of the Virginia State Dental Association in 1923. After sporadic publication for the first ten years the VDA began publishing on a regular schedule. The number of issues published has varied from three to six. The journal is currently published quarterly. The title was changed to the Virginia Dental Journal in 1964. It is a resource for members to find information about professional and scientific developments, legislative issues, and annual meetings. The journal also includes editorials and news updates from the component societies.","An annual meeting of the VDA was held for members to come together and benefit from the mutual exchange of ideas and practical knowledge. The meetings offered an opportunity to focus on issues such as professional ethics, dental legislation, public health and service, and education. Much of the work of the organization was carried out by committees, all of which were overseen by the governing body the Executive Council. The VDA had three elected officers the president, the preseident-elect, and the secretary-treasurer, as well as several appointed officers including the editor of the journal. The VDA did not have a headquarters until the organization hired its first executive secretary in 1964 and she set up the headquarters in her home. Since that time it has been located in several areas around Richmond. Today the VDA is governed by a board of directors and still holds an annual meeting. The VDA continues to help improve the profession and its members, support dental education, promote public dental health, and provide outreach services to underserved populations."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords of the Virginia Dental Association, Accession # 88/Jul/17, Special Collections and Archives, Health Sciences Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Records of the Virginia Dental Association, Accession # 88/Jul/17, Special Collections and Archives, Health Sciences Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va."],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA), 1870-2011, include the official minutes and proceedings of the organization as well as committee records, component society materials, correspondence, financial records, annual meeting records and programs, membership records, subject files, materials relating to the American Dental Association and other national, state, and local dental organizations, and research files used to write One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia. These records provide insight into the changes in the dental profession and also the evolution of professional organizations in general.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972. This series, divided into two subseries, consists of the official minutes of the VDA and the records of the Executive Council, the main governing body of the organization.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 1.1: Minute Books, 1870-1963. The minute books contain annual meeting programs and proceedings, speeches and papers delivered at the meetings, the Bulletin the official publication of the VDA, committee reports, financial statements, newspaper clippings, member lists, and meeting attendee lists including guests and exhibitors. Also included in the minute books are reports from the Bureau of Dental Heath which often contains statistics regarding race and schools where clinics were held and reports of the State Board of Dental Examiners which include statistics regarding applicants for dental licenses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 1.2: Executive Council Records, 1931-1972, bulk 1962-1972. These records include meeting minutes and reports along with some correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975. These records include bank statements and deposits, invoices, proposed budgets, receipts, and treasurer's books.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Committees, 1924-1979. This series contains materials such as correspondence and reports of various standing and special committees.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Annual Meetings, 1924-1980. This series includes materials related to the planning and execution of the meetings and is divided into four subseries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 4.1: Annual Meeting Records, 1929-1980. This subseries contains general records such as correspondence, financial information, and publicity related to the planning of each annual meeting. Some files also include the proceedings for the meeting as well. The planning for most meetings began one to two years prior to the event, which is indicated by the inclusive date range listed for each folder.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 4.2: Local Arrangements and Program Committees, 1929-1939, 1954-1956, 1965. Materials in this subseries include correspondence and planning information related to arrangements for clinics, programs, and entertainment at the annual meetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 4.3: Programs, 1924-1970. This subseries contains copies of the official meeting programs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 4.4: Meeting Exhibitors, 1927-1980. This subseries includes correspondence with vendors of dental related products and services requesting that the vendors purchase exhibit space or buy advertisements in the meeting program.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985. This series is divided into two subseries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 5.1: General VDA Correspondence, 1917-1975. This subseries consists mostly of correspondence between the membership and the officers of the VDA. There is also some correspondence with the ADA, other state dental societies, the Virginia State Health Department, Virginia Board of Dental Examiners, and other state offices. The subjects most often covered include dues (overdue notices and disputes), issues related to the governance and structure of the VDA, meeting planning (locations, exhibitors, entertainment, and programs), legislative issues related dentistry, and professional ethics issues (advertising, obligations to public health, etc).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 5.2: Officer's Correspondence and Related Materials, 1927-1985. These files consist primarily of correspondence of specific officers of the VDA. Additionaly, some files also include speeches, photographs, and clippings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978. This series contains materials such as correspondence, membership lists, and meeting programs from the eight component societies in Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984. This series consists of subject and court files and is divided into two subseries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 7:1: Subject Files, 1919-1984. Contains various subject files relating to legislative and professional issues, membership benefits such as insurance and retirement plans, and other materials such as newspaper clippings and photographs. Also includes membership card files kept by the VDA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 7.2: Federal Trade Commission Case, 1960-1978. This subseries pertains to the Federal Trade Commission complaint against the American Dental Association and several of its constituent groups including the Virginia Dental Association and the Northern Virginia Dental Society (American Dental Association, et. al., Docket No. 9093). The FTC complaint stated that the ADA ethical codes violated anittrust laws by barring advertising and preventing price competition. Part of the defense strategy was to prove that the VDA and the NVDS were non-profit groups and as such were outside the FTC's jurisdiction. Documents in this subseries include Children's Dental Health Week materials, public service brochures promoting dental care, newspaper clipping discussing community outreach programs by the VDA, and materials on the governance and benefits of the two groups.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976. This series contains materials such as correspondence, brochures, and newsletters from various other dental organizations includuing the American Dental Association, several local Virginia dental clubs, and some out-of-state dental groups.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1969. This series contains essays, speeches, research notes, photographs and related materials that were compiled to write this history. Research materials were compiled primarily by Hermie Wait Powell, the author, and Dr. William Newton Hodgkins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. This series contains an incomplete set of the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBulletin\u003c/emph\u003e and the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Dental Journal\u003c/emph\u003e. There are eight bound volumes of the Bulletin, loose issues of the Virginia Dental Journal from 1976-1983, 2008-2009, and 2011, and a DVD with the electronic version from 2004-2008. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The records of the Virginia Dental Association (VDA), 1870-2011, include the official minutes and proceedings of the organization as well as committee records, component society materials, correspondence, financial records, annual meeting records and programs, membership records, subject files, materials relating to the American Dental Association and other national, state, and local dental organizations, and research files used to write One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia. These records provide insight into the changes in the dental profession and also the evolution of professional organizations in general.","Series 1: Annual Compilation of Records, 1870-1972. This series, divided into two subseries, consists of the official minutes of the VDA and the records of the Executive Council, the main governing body of the organization.","Subseries 1.1: Minute Books, 1870-1963. The minute books contain annual meeting programs and proceedings, speeches and papers delivered at the meetings, the Bulletin the official publication of the VDA, committee reports, financial statements, newspaper clippings, member lists, and meeting attendee lists including guests and exhibitors. Also included in the minute books are reports from the Bureau of Dental Heath which often contains statistics regarding race and schools where clinics were held and reports of the State Board of Dental Examiners which include statistics regarding applicants for dental licenses.","Subseries 1.2: Executive Council Records, 1931-1972, bulk 1962-1972. These records include meeting minutes and reports along with some correspondence.","Series 2: Financial Records, 1887-1975. These records include bank statements and deposits, invoices, proposed budgets, receipts, and treasurer's books.","Series 3: Committees, 1924-1979. This series contains materials such as correspondence and reports of various standing and special committees.","Series 4: Annual Meetings, 1924-1980. This series includes materials related to the planning and execution of the meetings and is divided into four subseries.","Subseries 4.1: Annual Meeting Records, 1929-1980. This subseries contains general records such as correspondence, financial information, and publicity related to the planning of each annual meeting. Some files also include the proceedings for the meeting as well. The planning for most meetings began one to two years prior to the event, which is indicated by the inclusive date range listed for each folder.","Subseries 4.2: Local Arrangements and Program Committees, 1929-1939, 1954-1956, 1965. Materials in this subseries include correspondence and planning information related to arrangements for clinics, programs, and entertainment at the annual meetings.","Subseries 4.3: Programs, 1924-1970. This subseries contains copies of the official meeting programs.","Subseries 4.4: Meeting Exhibitors, 1927-1980. This subseries includes correspondence with vendors of dental related products and services requesting that the vendors purchase exhibit space or buy advertisements in the meeting program.","Series 5: Correspondence, 1917-1985. This series is divided into two subseries.","Subseries 5.1: General VDA Correspondence, 1917-1975. This subseries consists mostly of correspondence between the membership and the officers of the VDA. There is also some correspondence with the ADA, other state dental societies, the Virginia State Health Department, Virginia Board of Dental Examiners, and other state offices. The subjects most often covered include dues (overdue notices and disputes), issues related to the governance and structure of the VDA, meeting planning (locations, exhibitors, entertainment, and programs), legislative issues related dentistry, and professional ethics issues (advertising, obligations to public health, etc).","Subseries 5.2: Officer's Correspondence and Related Materials, 1927-1985. These files consist primarily of correspondence of specific officers of the VDA. Additionaly, some files also include speeches, photographs, and clippings.","Series 6: Component Societies, 1931-1978. This series contains materials such as correspondence, membership lists, and meeting programs from the eight component societies in Virginia.","Series 7: Administrative Files, 1919-1984. This series consists of subject and court files and is divided into two subseries.","Subseries 7:1: Subject Files, 1919-1984. Contains various subject files relating to legislative and professional issues, membership benefits such as insurance and retirement plans, and other materials such as newspaper clippings and photographs. Also includes membership card files kept by the VDA.","Subseries 7.2: Federal Trade Commission Case, 1960-1978. This subseries pertains to the Federal Trade Commission complaint against the American Dental Association and several of its constituent groups including the Virginia Dental Association and the Northern Virginia Dental Society (American Dental Association, et. al., Docket No. 9093). The FTC complaint stated that the ADA ethical codes violated anittrust laws by barring advertising and preventing price competition. Part of the defense strategy was to prove that the VDA and the NVDS were non-profit groups and as such were outside the FTC's jurisdiction. Documents in this subseries include Children's Dental Health Week materials, public service brochures promoting dental care, newspaper clipping discussing community outreach programs by the VDA, and materials on the governance and benefits of the two groups.","Series 8: National and State Dental Organizations, 1923-1976. This series contains materials such as correspondence, brochures, and newsletters from various other dental organizations includuing the American Dental Association, several local Virginia dental clubs, and some out-of-state dental groups.","Series 9: One Hundred Years of Dentistry in Virginia, 1873-1969. This series contains essays, speeches, research notes, photographs and related materials that were compiled to write this history. Research materials were compiled primarily by Hermie Wait Powell, the author, and Dr. William Newton Hodgkins","Series 10: VDA Journals, 1928-2011. This series contains an incomplete set of the Bulletin and the Virginia Dental Journal. There are eight bound volumes of the Bulletin, loose issues of the Virginia Dental Journal from 1976-1983, 2008-2009, and 2011, and a DVD with the electronic version from 2004-2008."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library","Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry"],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry","Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait"],"persname_ssim":["Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait"],"names_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library","Virginia Dental Association","American Dental Association","Virginia. Department of Health","Virginia. Board of Dentistry","Hodgkin, William N., 1890-1961","Powell, Hermie Wait"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":340,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:57.621Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_3_resources_6_c09"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series I--Personal Correspondence, 1866/1978","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01","ref_ssm":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01"],"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","parent_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","parent_ssim":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers, 1910/1982"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_100"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series I--Personal Correspondence","title_ssm":["Series I--Personal Correspondence"],"title_tesim":["Series I--Personal Correspondence"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series I--Personal Correspondence, 1866/1978"],"text":["Series I--Personal Correspondence, 1866/1978","Margaret Freeman Cabell papers, 1910/1982"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers, 1910/1982"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers, 1910/1982"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1866/1978"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1866-1978"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":1,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"collection_ssim":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers, 1910/1982"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":826,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for use without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:57.621Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_100.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vcu-cab/vircu00069.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Cabell, Margaret Freeman, papers","title_ssm":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers"],"title_tesim":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1910-1982"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1910-1982"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1910/1982"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers, 1910/1982"],"text":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers, 1910/1982","M 228","/repositories/5/resources/100","Authors, American -- Virginia","Women civic leaders -- Virginia -- Richmond","Interior decorators -- Virginia -- Richmond","Collection is open for use without restrictions.","All series are arranged topically, alphabetically and chronologically therein, excluding oversize and photographic items which are housed separately from the collection. Series I-- Personal Correspondence [includes letters to James Branch Cabell and both Mrs. Cabells] (1866-1978) Series II--Miscellaneous (1950-1975) Series III--Personal Material (1948- 1953) Series IV--Organizational Correspondence (1923-1977) Series V--World War I Correspondence [MWF] (1917-1927) Series VI--Plays and Creative Writings (1920-33) Series VII-- Margaret Waller Freeman Correpondence (with sub-series Client Correspondence and Confederate Chapel Correspondence) (1931-1973) Series VIII--John Brightwell Freeman Papers (1930-1968) Series IX--John Middleton Freeman Papers (undated) Series XII--Oversize Materials.","Margaret Waller Freeman Cabell (1893-1983) was an interior decorator, founding editor of The Reviewer, and supporter of the arts.","Born in Richmond, Virginia on August 29, 1893, Cabell graduated from Miss Jennie Ellett's School (now St. Catherine's School) and in the 1920s became one of the founding editors and the business manager of the Richmond-based literary magazine The Reviewer. During the 20s, Cabell also briefly studied interior design in Paris which would later lead to her operating a New York City-based interior decorating studio under the name Waller Freeman. Following her time at The Reviewer, Cabell went on to receive training as a nurse. During World War II, she helped run the servicemen entertainment venue The Stage Door Canteen in Washington, D.C.","In 1950 Margaret Waller Freeman married Richmond author James Branch Cabell in Richmond and gained Ballard Hartwell Cabell as a step-son. She supported the arts and was an active member of many Richmond civic organizations including the Woman's Club of Richmond, the Colonial Dames of America, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Cabell fundraised to restore the late-19th century Confederate Chapel located behind what is now the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Margaret Freeman Cabell continued to actively advance the literary legacy of James Branch Cabell following his death in 1958. Through the 1960s and 1970s, she co-edited Between Friends: Letters of James Branch Cabell and Others, founded the James Branch Cabell Society, and encouraged scholars to write about and research James Branch Cabell.","In the late 1960s, Margaret Freeman Cabell arranged for the donation of James Branch Cabell's personal library to Virginia Commonwealth University. Soon after the establishment of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in 1968, created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) and Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), the University began construction for a new library on the Monroe Park Campus. RPI had already planned for a new library and approached Margaret Cabell about naming it for her husband. VCU approved the name, and in 1970, the James Branch Cabell Library opened its doors. Margaret Cabell additionally advocated for the donation of books and materials to Cabell Library's Special Collections and Archives department. Cabell died in Richmond, Virginia on March 28, 1983.","The Margaret Waller Freeman Cabell papers date from 1910 to 1982 and consist of papers and memorabilia from the activities of Cabell, James Branch Cabell, Ballard Hartwell Cabell, and other family members. The bulk of the collection contains correspondence between Margaret Freeman Cabell, James Branch Cabell, and their friends, colleagues, and business associates.","There are no restrictions.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Cabell, Margaret Freeman, 1893-1983","Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers, 1910/1982"],"collection_ssim":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers, 1910/1982"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 228","/repositories/5/resources/100"],"unitid_tesim":["M 228","/repositories/5/resources/100"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Cabell, Margaret Freeman, 1893-1983"],"creator_ssim":["Cabell, Margaret Freeman, 1893-1983"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Cabell, Margaret Freeman, 1893-1983","Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"creators_ssim":["Cabell, Margaret Freeman, 1893-1983","Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958","VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Authors, American -- Virginia","Women civic leaders -- Virginia -- Richmond","Interior decorators -- Virginia -- Richmond"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Authors, American -- Virginia","Women civic leaders -- Virginia -- Richmond","Interior decorators -- Virginia -- Richmond"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["19 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["19 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for use without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for use without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll series are arranged topically, alphabetically and chronologically therein, excluding oversize and photographic items which are housed separately from the collection. Series I-- Personal Correspondence [includes letters to James Branch Cabell and both Mrs. Cabells] (1866-1978) Series II--Miscellaneous (1950-1975) Series III--Personal Material (1948- 1953) Series IV--Organizational Correspondence (1923-1977) Series V--World War I Correspondence [MWF] (1917-1927) Series VI--Plays and Creative Writings (1920-33) Series VII-- Margaret Waller Freeman Correpondence (with sub-series Client Correspondence and Confederate Chapel Correspondence) (1931-1973) Series VIII--John Brightwell Freeman Papers (1930-1968) Series IX--John Middleton Freeman Papers (undated) Series XII--Oversize Materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["All series are arranged topically, alphabetically and chronologically therein, excluding oversize and photographic items which are housed separately from the collection. Series I-- Personal Correspondence [includes letters to James Branch Cabell and both Mrs. Cabells] (1866-1978) Series II--Miscellaneous (1950-1975) Series III--Personal Material (1948- 1953) Series IV--Organizational Correspondence (1923-1977) Series V--World War I Correspondence [MWF] (1917-1927) Series VI--Plays and Creative Writings (1920-33) Series VII-- Margaret Waller Freeman Correpondence (with sub-series Client Correspondence and Confederate Chapel Correspondence) (1931-1973) Series VIII--John Brightwell Freeman Papers (1930-1968) Series IX--John Middleton Freeman Papers (undated) Series XII--Oversize Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMargaret Waller Freeman Cabell (1893-1983) was an interior decorator, founding editor of \u003ctitle\u003eThe Reviewer\u003c/title\u003e, and supporter of the arts. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBorn in Richmond, Virginia on August 29, 1893, Cabell graduated from Miss Jennie Ellett's School (now St. Catherine's School) and in the 1920s became one of the founding editors and the business manager of the Richmond-based literary magazine \u003ctitle\u003eThe Reviewer\u003c/title\u003e. During the 20s, Cabell also briefly studied interior design in Paris which would later lead to her operating a New York City-based interior decorating studio under the name Waller Freeman. Following her time at \u003ctitle\u003eThe Reviewer\u003c/title\u003e, Cabell went on to receive training as a nurse. During World War II, she helped run the servicemen entertainment venue The Stage Door Canteen in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1950 Margaret Waller Freeman married Richmond author James Branch Cabell in Richmond and gained Ballard Hartwell Cabell as a step-son. She supported the arts and was an active member of many Richmond civic organizations including the Woman's Club of Richmond, the Colonial Dames of America, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Cabell fundraised to restore the late-19th century Confederate Chapel located behind what is now the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Margaret Freeman Cabell continued to actively advance the literary legacy of James Branch Cabell following his death in 1958. Through the 1960s and 1970s, she co-edited \u003ctitle\u003eBetween Friends: Letters of James Branch Cabell and Others\u003c/title\u003e, founded the James Branch Cabell Society, and encouraged scholars to write about and research James Branch Cabell. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1960s, Margaret Freeman Cabell arranged for the donation of James Branch Cabell's personal library to Virginia Commonwealth University. Soon after the establishment of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in 1968, created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) and Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), the University began construction for a new library on the Monroe Park Campus. RPI had already planned for a new library and approached Margaret Cabell about naming it for her husband. VCU approved the name, and in 1970, the James Branch Cabell Library opened its doors. Margaret Cabell additionally advocated for the donation of books and materials to Cabell Library's Special Collections and Archives department. Cabell died in Richmond, Virginia on March 28, 1983.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Margaret Waller Freeman Cabell (1893-1983) was an interior decorator, founding editor of The Reviewer, and supporter of the arts.","Born in Richmond, Virginia on August 29, 1893, Cabell graduated from Miss Jennie Ellett's School (now St. Catherine's School) and in the 1920s became one of the founding editors and the business manager of the Richmond-based literary magazine The Reviewer. During the 20s, Cabell also briefly studied interior design in Paris which would later lead to her operating a New York City-based interior decorating studio under the name Waller Freeman. Following her time at The Reviewer, Cabell went on to receive training as a nurse. During World War II, she helped run the servicemen entertainment venue The Stage Door Canteen in Washington, D.C.","In 1950 Margaret Waller Freeman married Richmond author James Branch Cabell in Richmond and gained Ballard Hartwell Cabell as a step-son. She supported the arts and was an active member of many Richmond civic organizations including the Woman's Club of Richmond, the Colonial Dames of America, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Cabell fundraised to restore the late-19th century Confederate Chapel located behind what is now the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Margaret Freeman Cabell continued to actively advance the literary legacy of James Branch Cabell following his death in 1958. Through the 1960s and 1970s, she co-edited Between Friends: Letters of James Branch Cabell and Others, founded the James Branch Cabell Society, and encouraged scholars to write about and research James Branch Cabell.","In the late 1960s, Margaret Freeman Cabell arranged for the donation of James Branch Cabell's personal library to Virginia Commonwealth University. Soon after the establishment of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in 1968, created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) and Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), the University began construction for a new library on the Monroe Park Campus. RPI had already planned for a new library and approached Margaret Cabell about naming it for her husband. VCU approved the name, and in 1970, the James Branch Cabell Library opened its doors. Margaret Cabell additionally advocated for the donation of books and materials to Cabell Library's Special Collections and Archives department. Cabell died in Richmond, Virginia on March 28, 1983."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBox/folder, Margaret Freeman Cabell Papers, M 228, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Box/folder, Margaret Freeman Cabell Papers, M 228, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Margaret Waller Freeman Cabell papers date from 1910 to 1982 and consist of papers and memorabilia from the activities of Cabell, James Branch Cabell, Ballard Hartwell Cabell, and other family members. The bulk of the collection contains correspondence between Margaret Freeman Cabell, James Branch Cabell, and their friends, colleagues, and business associates.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Margaret Waller Freeman Cabell papers date from 1910 to 1982 and consist of papers and memorabilia from the activities of Cabell, James Branch Cabell, Ballard Hartwell Cabell, and other family members. The bulk of the collection contains correspondence between Margaret Freeman Cabell, James Branch Cabell, and their friends, colleagues, and business associates."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Terms Governing Use and Reproduction"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"persname_ssim":["Cabell, Margaret Freeman, 1893-1983","Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958"],"names_coll_ssim":["Cabell, Margaret Freeman, 1893-1983","Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958"],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Cabell, Margaret Freeman, 1893-1983","Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1476,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:57.621Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279_c13","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series XIII: Religious Materials, 1893/1970","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_279_c13#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279_c13","ref_ssm":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_279_c13"],"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279_c13","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","parent_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","parent_ssim":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_279"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series XIII: Religious Materials","title_ssm":["Series XIII: Religious Materials"],"title_tesim":["Series XIII: Religious Materials"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series XIII: Religious Materials, 1893/1970"],"text":["Series XIII: Religious Materials, 1893/1970","Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1893/1970"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["undated, 1893-1970"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":2425,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"collection_ssim":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":4,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970],"_nest_path_":"/components#12","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:40:08.594Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_279.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Clark, Adele Goodman, papers","title_ssm":["Adele Goodman Clark papers"],"title_tesim":["Adele Goodman Clark papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1849-1978"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1849-1978"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1849/1978"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"text":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978","M 9","/repositories/5/resources/279","Women -- Suffrage -- Virginia -- Richmond","Art -- 20th century -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women civic leaders -- Virginia -- Richmond","Collection is open to research.","Series I--Correspondence and Family Materials (n.d., 1849-1971) ; Series II--Business/Civic Organization Correspondence (n.d., 1903-1971) ; Series III--Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (ESLV) (n.d., 1892-1926) ; Series IV: Richmond League of Women Voters (n.d., 1920- 1978) ; Series V--Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV) (n.d., 1915-1967) ; Series VI--The League of Women Voters of Virginia (n.d., 1945-1970) ; Series VII--The National League of Women Voters (n.d., 1919-1947) ; Series VIII--League of Women Voters (n.d., 1946-1976) ; Series IX--Commission on Simplification of State and Local Government (n.d., 1921- 1927) ; Series X--Liberal Arts College for Women Commission (n.d., 1918-1938) ; Series XI--National Reemployment Service (n.d., 1925-1938) ; Series XII--Lila Meade Valentine memorial Association (n.d., 1921-1936) ; Series XIII--Religious Materials ; Series XIV--Art (n.d., 1850-1971) ; Series XV--Ephemera and Photographs (n.d., ca. 1850 - ca. 1970)","A founding member of the Virginia suffrage movement and a prominent supporter of the arts in Virginia, Adèle Goodman Clark (1882-1983) exemplified the influential role civically active women played in the major social reform movements of the twentieth century. Calling politics and art her \"creative spirits\", Clark was involved in a number of reform initiatives throughout her century of life that championed the rights of women and promoted the arts.","The second oldest daughter of Robert Clark (1832?-1906) and Estelle Goodman Clark (1847-1937), Adèle was born in Montgomery, Alabama on September 27, 1882. Before moving permanently to Richmond, the Clark family lived in New Orleans, LA, as well as the small town of Pass Christian, MS. It was in a one room school house in the latter town that Adèle developed a fondness for the arts. After her family moved to Richmond in 1894, Adèle enrolled in the Virginia Randolph Ellett School (now St. Catherine's). Adèle also studied art with Lilly M. Logan, who ran the art school at the Art Club of Richmond. In 1906 she was awarded a scholarship to the New York School of Fine and Applied Arts (the Chase School of Art), where she studied under Kenneth Hays Miller, Douglas Cannal, William M. Chase, and Robert Henri, leader of the \"Ash Can\" school of painting. Upon her return to Richmond, Clark began a teaching career at the Art Club of Richmond. It was here that Adèle began her long association and friendship with acclaimed Virginia artist, Nora Houston. When the Art Club of Richmond was dissolved in 1917, the women went on to establish The Atelier. Under their direction this private art studio, located adjacent to Clark's Chamberlayne Avenue residence, became a training ground for such noted Virginia artists as Edmund Archer, Eleanor Fry and Theresa Pollack (founder of the VCU School of the Arts). Two years later they founded the Virginia League of Fine Arts and Handicrafts, where they both held the title of artistic director. During this period, they participated in a fundraising campaign for the resurrection of the old Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts. Their goal became a reality in 1930 when the new Richmond Academy of Arts, forerunner to the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, was established on Capitol Street.*","Clark's interest in the suffrage movement began in 1909 when she was asked by novelist Ellen Glasgow to sign a petition calling for Virginia women to gain voting privileges. On November 27th of that year Clark, along with eighteen other civic-minded women, held a preliminary meeting to discuss the establishment of a state-wide suffrage organization. At this first meeting of what would become the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia, Clark was elected secretary, a position she held for one year. She later helped direct legislative initiatives, organized suffrage rallies and went on speaking tours that helped establish new League chapters throughout the state. Clark also served for several years as chair of the ratification committee and head of the Equal Suffrage League lobby to the Virginia General Assembly.","After passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 (which was ratified by Virginia in 1952), the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia was transformed into the Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV). For nearly two decades Clark played a major role in the VLWV.","Selected as the VLWV's first chair in 1920, Clark became president one year later. She held this position for eighteen years (nonconsecutively). Her work in the VLWV involved constant study of legislation involving social issues and governmental efficiency and administration. In 1924, Clark was elected to the board of the National League of Women Voters (NLWV) as Director of the Third Region. The region included Washington, D.C., Virginia, and six other southern states. The following year she was elected Second Vice President of the NLWV, in which capacity she served until the Spring of 1928. During that period Clark traveled to conventions in twenty-four states on speaking tours. Along with other officers of the NLWV she helped resolve league organizational problems.","In addition to her work for the VLWV and NLWV, Clark also served on two important state government commissions. In 1922, Governor E. Lee Trinkle appointed her to the Commission on the Simplification of State and Local Government, on which she served for two years as secretary of the Commission. In addition to performing the editorial and clerical work of the Commission, Clark also authored several of the chapters of the Commission's final report (January 1924) to the Virginia General Assembly. Four years later, Governor Harry F. Byrd, Jr. appointed Clark to the Liberal Arts College for Women Commission, on which she also served as secretary. The nine member Commission studied the feasibility of establishing a new liberal arts college for women in Virginia. The second report of the Commission (January 1930), which contained the \"set-up\" of the proposed college [now Mary Washington College?], was the product of research conducted by Clark with the assistance of Commission advisors.","Clark's strong commitment to higher education was exemplified in several other ways. From March - September, 1926, she served as the Social Director of women students at the College of William and Mary. She was also instrumental in the establishment of citizenship courses for women through the University of Virginia's Extension Division. The courses were designed to educate women about the intricacies of governmental institutions.","During the New Deal era, Clark distinguished herself in two important agencies. In 1933, she was selected as a field supervisor for the National Reemployment Service (NRS). Along with the state reemployment director and other field staff, she assisted in the organization of local reemployment offices throughout Virginia. After stepping down as field supervisor for the NRS, Clark became the Virginia Arts Project Director of the Work Projects Administration (WPA). This particular branch of the WPA was created to provide employment opportunities for artists in Virginia. In addition to producing murals for public buildings, artists employed by the WPA executed hundreds of paintings that were then distributed to local and state tax-supported institutions for display. One major accomplishment during Clark's tenure at the WPA was the establishment of new art galleries, such as the Southwest Virginia Museum at Big Stone Gap.","In the later years of her life, Adèle Clark remained active in the Richmond community. After converting to Roman Catholicism in 1942, Clark utilized her political experience as a member of the Richmond Diocesan Council of Catholic Women (RDCCW). From 1949 to 1959 she served as the chair of the RDCCW's Legislative Committee. Clark also continued to speak out against a number of issues affecting women, such as the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and abortion.","Clark remained an active supporter of the Richmond art community. From 1941 to 1964 she was a member of the Virginia Arts Commission. The Commission helped to produce many of the murals and portraits displayed in state government buildings that depict the history of Virginia. Moreover, Clark's dedication to the teaching of art did not wane in these later years. She taught art to both the young and old in hospitals, schools and church classrooms. She also continued to enjoy creating her own artworks. Clark's paintings, mostly portraits and landscapes, have been exhibited in several states. One of her paintings, \"The Cherry Tree\", is in the permanent collection of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.","Clark had a unique perspective on the influence of art on her political ideology. She once stated, \"I've always tried to combine my interest in art with my interest in government. I think we ought to have more of the creative and imaginative in politics.\"","Adèle Clark died at the age of 100 on June 5, 1983.","[Information from newspaper accounts and the Adèle Goodman Clark Papers.]","The Adèle Goodman Clark papers document the life and activities of Miss Clark (1882-1983) throughout her adult life, as well as those of her closest friends and relatives. Miss Clark was a member of a small group of civically active Richmond women whose names appear throughout the collection. Of particular note are members of Clark's family, Edith Clark Cowles, Willoughby Ions, and friends Roberta Wellford, Lila Meade Valentine, Lucy Randolph Mason, Ida Mae Thompson, Eudora W. Ramsay Richardson, Nora Houston and Josephine Houston. A list and chart describing the family relationships follows the Series Description and Arrangement, which specifically details the arrangement of the collection and highlights areas of particular significance within each series.","The collection is comprised of five major components, each with its own depth of coverage, usually dependent upon the length of Clark's involvement. The first major component of the collection contains materials pertaining to the Clark and Houston families with their multiple activities, responsibilities and affiliations. The documents in this section include the personal correspondence of Adèle Clark, Nora Houston, and members of both the Clark and Houston families. Correspondence from Estelle Goodman Clark, Cely \"Nainaine\" Ions, and Estelle Adèle Goodman","Willoughby Ions provide a richly detailed account of the more significant events within the Clark-Ions family. Also included is personal, business, and legal correspondence between members of the Goodman family, predating the Civil War, and personal correspondence to Clark and Nora Houston from close friends and associates such as Cornelia Adair, T. Bowyer Campbell, Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon and Roberta Wellford. Additional family information is provided by legal and real estate correspondence, biographical sketches, family and genealogical histories, composition books, diaries, journals, and poetry by various members of the Clark and Houston families. Some items of significance include handwritten memoranda and notes, poems, short stories and other fictional material written by Adèle Clark during her lifetime. The Virginia Historical Society holds additional Clark family materials (see Appendices).","The collection also includes correspondence from businesses and civic organizations with which Clark, Edith Clark Cowles, and the Dooley/Houston family were affiliated during their lifetimes. A list of the more significant organizations includes the Virginia Society for Crippled Children and Handicapped Adults, Commission of Inter-Racial (or Interracial) Cooperation, Woodrow Wilson Foundation, National Consumers League, and Social Science Research Council-Committee on Public Administration. There is also correspondence from prominent local and state government officials that further document the political activities and biases of these women. Brochures, memoranda and publications from these organizations are scattered throughout the collection.","While the family correspondence provides information about Clark's early years, the greatest significance of the collection lies in its documentation of the activities of the suffrage movement, both locally and nationally. The collection is particularly strong in its representation of correspondence, reports, memoranda and publications reflecting the sentiments and political positions of both the pro- and anti- suffrage movement from 1913 until the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. A large portion of this segment also documents the actions of the post-suffragists in their work through the national, state and local chapters of the League of Women Voters (LWV). Clark's considerable role of participation in the Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV) in the first two decades of the organization provides an abundant amount of material chronicling the many social and political issues in which local and national LWV members were engaged. Although the documentation of the activities of the LWV continues well into the 1970s, the collection is not as strong for the later years as it is for the earlier period.","The suffrage materials, the second and largest component in the collection, are composed of documentation of the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (ESLV), Richmond League of Women Voters, the VLWV, and the reorganized League of Women Voters of Virginia (LWVV). The ESLV materials includes correspondence, committee and financial memoranda, convention material, notes, reports and miscellaneous literature. There is a large quantity of outgoing correspondence created by the corresponding secretaries of the ESLV which pertains to the efforts of organizing local suffrage chapters throughout the state and between officers of the ESLV, state and national government officials. Also included is correspondence between ESLV President, Lila Meade Valentine, and women of significance within the suffrage movement including Carrie Chapman Catt, Anna Howard Shaw, Maud Wood Park and Kate Gordon. While there is a substantial amount of correspondence generated by the central office of the ESLV, between 1909-1912 there are some major gaps. A portion of this documentation for the early history of the ESLV can be found at the Library of Virginia (see Appendices). Throughout its eleven year existence, the ESLV compiled an enormous amount of literature on the suffrage movement published by the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA), and other organizations. Materials generated by the movement and represented in this portion of the collection include petitions, photographs, enrollment cards, posters, suffrage maps, sashes and other ephemeral items. Additional publications have not been indexed but are available for research.","The bulk of the materials of the remaining suffrage organizations represented in the collection fall within a fourteen year time frame, 1920-1934, and includes President/Executive Secretary correspondence, bulletins, circulars, committee memoranda, and financial statements as well as records relating to the Virginia Cookery Book, the Governor's Ball and the citizenship courses sponsored by the VLWV. Clark also corresponded with the President of the NLWV and other officers in the national organization. The significant correspondents include Maud Wood Park, Belle Sherwin, Katherine Ludington, and Gertrude Ely. Incoming correspondence from prominent Virginia women such as Faith Morgan, Roberta Wellford, Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon, Kate Waller Barrett, Mrs. John L. Lewis of Lynchburg, Mrs. John H. Lewis of Ashland, and Mrs C.E. [Jessie] Townsend of Norfolk can be found in both the President/Executive Correspondence files and the Board of Directors/Executive Committee/Standing Committees file of the VLWV.","The records of the VLWV document in great detail the legislative agenda over a fourteen year period. The VLWV materials contain correspondence, circulars, memoranda questionnaires and reports pertaining to the Children's Code Commission, Virginia Women's Council Legislative Chairman of State Organizations and other major committees of the VLWV; revealing which major pieces of legislation were of utmost concern to Clark and the VLWV. Like its predecessor, the VLWV collected a wide variety of literature from state, national and international organizations which championed a spectrum of causes of interest to Clark and her associates. These organizations include the League of Nations Association, National Council for the Prevention of War, National Women's Trade Union League of America, and Southern Council of Women and Children in Industry.","Documentation of the NLWV (1920-1945) and the later reorganized League of Woman Voters of Virginia (1946-presents) includes correspondence and memoranda produced by Clark as Second Vice President in charge of Legislation and Law Enforcement and Third Regional Director for the NLWV. In addition to correspondence, memoranda, minutes, notes and reports there are materials detailing her involvement in nationally sponsored speaking tours throughout several regions of the United States. Items from the national office consist of mimeographed Adèle Goodman Clark correspondence and memoranda, reports, press releases and various publications created by the major standing committees and departments of the NLWV. Clark's activity in both the state and national leagues diminished to a great extent after 1934. Records of the latter local, state and national organizations primarily consists of bulletins, newsletters, and other literature published and distributed by the organizations.","Clark was very involved in the commemoration of the contributions of Lila Meade Valentine to the suffrage movement. The collection contains the organizational records of the Lila Meade Valentine Memorial Association (1921-1937), which was established to raise money for a memorial tablet dedicated to Mrs. Valentine to be placed in the Capitol Building in Richmond. Much of the material consists of correspondence and memoranda between the association's chairperson, Adèle Clark and the individuals who contributed to the memorial fund. There is also correspondence between Clark and the sculptor chosen to produce the memorial tablet. Other material includes financial data, contributors lists, minutes, notes and reports documenting the association's fundraising activities.","The collection of materials related to state and national politics comprises the third major section of the Clark Papers. These materials include correspondence, memoranda, minutes, reports, statistical data, and literature generated by or related to the work of the Commission on the Simplification of State and Local Government (1921-1927) and the Liberal Arts College Commission (1918, 1929-1933). Material pertaining to both of these government commissions highlight the research and information gathering work undertaken by Clark and the members of these commissions before presentation of the final reports to the Virginia General Assembly. The collection also contains the annotated drafts and proofs of the reports in various stages of development. Correspondence, notes, reports and travel vouchers highlight Clark's duties as a NRS Field Supervisor and her involvement with the National Reemployment Service (1925-1937). Correspondence between Clark and the State Reemployment Director reveal the types of reemployment projects in which the NRS was actively engaged throughout the state. In addition, correspondence between Clark and other field staff demonstrate the extent to which Clark participated in managing local reemployment offices during her tenure with the NRS. Published reports, speeches, manuals, newspaper clippings and other ephemeral materials are also included.","The fourth area of interest of Adèle's, as reflected in the collection, was religion. Included here are the organizational records and personal items documenting the religious activities of Clark, Nora Houston, and several members of the Houston family. It should be noted that Clark was baptized and confirmed in the Episcopal Church and later became a devout Roman Catholic after Nora Houston's death in 1942. Included is correspondence between both women and various religious organizations, church leaflets, pamphlets and prayerbooks, periodicals and other items of a religious nature. Some of the organizations with which Clark and Houston corresponded include the Catholic Woman's Club, National Council of Catholic Women, National Conference on Christians and Jews, and Catholic Daughters of America. Beth Ahabah Museum and Archives holds other materials of a religious nature relating to the Goodman family.","The final component of the collection, second in size only to that of the suffrage and voting rights material, is that of art, particularly art in Virginia. An artist by training, Adèle Clark worked ceaselessly for increased public awareness of the traditions and richness of art within the Commonwealth. To this end, the collection documents the contributions of Clark and her colleagues in the following endeavors: the Art Club of Richmond, Atelier, Virginia League of Fine Arts and Handicrafts, Richmond Academy of Arts, Virginia Arts Commission, and Works Project Administration-Federal Arts Project. In addition to containing the correspondence relating to the operations of these organizations, the records also contain memoranda, minutes and reports of committees, and materials on exhibitions sponsored by these organizations. Of particular significance are the records of the Academy Committee of the Art Club that document the committee's role in attempting to resurrect the arts academy. Materials relating to the WPA and the Virginia Arts Commission emphasize Clark's substantial role in making the public a more active player in the promotion of the arts. Clark's monthly and narrative reports on several WPA art galleries, as well as data on the Index of American Design, provide a detailed account of the variety of art projects the WPA underwrote in Virginia.","The collection also contains a range of art and art school publications, art supply advertisements, catalogs, exhibition bulletins and notices from local and national art institutions. A small number of drawings, sketches and miscellaneous artwork created by Adèle Clark, Nora Houston and other artists are also represented. Some of the more notable pieces include Clark's original lithograph \"Richmond Market at Christmas\", copies of Nora Houston's house sketches and artwork produced by children of various ages. Lastly there are numerous kinds of illustrations and reproductions that Clark and Houston utilized in their art classes.","Significant portions of the collection are in fragile condition, particularly newspaper clippings and photographs. Reference copies of the photographs are available for use. A large portion of the clippings have been photocopied and the process will continue as time and staff permit.","Special Collections has also purchased suffrage and related materials. Please ask a staffmember for information about these supporting items.","There are no restrictions.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","League of Women Voters of the Richmond Metropolitan Area (Va.) -- Archives","Equal Suffrage League of Virginia -- Archives","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983 -- Archives","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"collection_ssim":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 9","/repositories/5/resources/279"],"unitid_tesim":["M 9","/repositories/5/resources/279"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983"],"creator_ssim":["Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983 -- Archives"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","League of Women Voters of the Richmond Metropolitan Area (Va.) -- Archives","Equal Suffrage League of Virginia -- Archives"],"creators_ssim":["Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983 -- Archives","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","League of Women Voters of the Richmond Metropolitan Area (Va.) -- Archives","Equal Suffrage League of Virginia -- Archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women -- Suffrage -- Virginia -- Richmond","Art -- 20th century -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women civic leaders -- Virginia -- Richmond"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women -- Suffrage -- Virginia -- Richmond","Art -- 20th century -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women civic leaders -- Virginia -- Richmond"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["128 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["128 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Restrictions on Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries I--Correspondence and Family Materials (n.d., 1849-1971) ; Series II--Business/Civic Organization Correspondence (n.d., 1903-1971) ; Series III--Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (ESLV) (n.d., 1892-1926) ; Series IV: Richmond League of Women Voters (n.d., 1920- 1978) ; Series V--Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV) (n.d., 1915-1967) ; Series VI--The League of Women Voters of Virginia (n.d., 1945-1970) ; Series VII--The National League of Women Voters (n.d., 1919-1947) ; Series VIII--League of Women Voters (n.d., 1946-1976) ; Series IX--Commission on Simplification of State and Local Government (n.d., 1921- 1927) ; Series X--Liberal Arts College for Women Commission (n.d., 1918-1938) ; Series XI--National Reemployment Service (n.d., 1925-1938) ; Series XII--Lila Meade Valentine memorial Association (n.d., 1921-1936) ; Series XIII--Religious Materials ; Series XIV--Art (n.d., 1850-1971) ; Series XV--Ephemera and Photographs (n.d., ca. 1850 - ca. 1970)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series I--Correspondence and Family Materials (n.d., 1849-1971) ; Series II--Business/Civic Organization Correspondence (n.d., 1903-1971) ; Series III--Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (ESLV) (n.d., 1892-1926) ; Series IV: Richmond League of Women Voters (n.d., 1920- 1978) ; Series V--Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV) (n.d., 1915-1967) ; Series VI--The League of Women Voters of Virginia (n.d., 1945-1970) ; Series VII--The National League of Women Voters (n.d., 1919-1947) ; Series VIII--League of Women Voters (n.d., 1946-1976) ; Series IX--Commission on Simplification of State and Local Government (n.d., 1921- 1927) ; Series X--Liberal Arts College for Women Commission (n.d., 1918-1938) ; Series XI--National Reemployment Service (n.d., 1925-1938) ; Series XII--Lila Meade Valentine memorial Association (n.d., 1921-1936) ; Series XIII--Religious Materials ; Series XIV--Art (n.d., 1850-1971) ; Series XV--Ephemera and Photographs (n.d., ca. 1850 - ca. 1970)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA founding member of the Virginia suffrage movement and a prominent supporter of the arts in Virginia, Adèle Goodman Clark (1882-1983) exemplified the influential role civically active women played in the major social reform movements of the twentieth century. Calling politics and art her \"creative spirits\", Clark was involved in a number of reform initiatives throughout her century of life that championed the rights of women and promoted the arts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second oldest daughter of Robert Clark (1832?-1906) and Estelle Goodman Clark (1847-1937), Adèle was born in Montgomery, Alabama on September 27, 1882. Before moving permanently to Richmond, the Clark family lived in New Orleans, LA, as well as the small town of Pass Christian, MS. It was in a one room school house in the latter town that Adèle developed a fondness for the arts. After her family moved to Richmond in 1894, Adèle enrolled in the Virginia Randolph Ellett School (now St. Catherine's). Adèle also studied art with Lilly M. Logan, who ran the art school at the Art Club of Richmond. In 1906 she was awarded a scholarship to the New York School of Fine and Applied Arts (the Chase School of Art), where she studied under Kenneth Hays Miller, Douglas Cannal, William M. Chase, and Robert Henri, leader of the \"Ash Can\" school of painting. Upon her return to Richmond, Clark began a teaching career at the Art Club of Richmond. It was here that Adèle began her long association and friendship with acclaimed Virginia artist, Nora Houston. When the Art Club of Richmond was dissolved in 1917, the women went on to establish The Atelier. Under their direction this private art studio, located adjacent to Clark's Chamberlayne Avenue residence, became a training ground for such noted Virginia artists as Edmund Archer, Eleanor Fry and Theresa Pollack (founder of the VCU School of the Arts). Two years later they founded the Virginia League of Fine Arts and Handicrafts, where they both held the title of artistic director. During this period, they participated in a fundraising campaign for the resurrection of the old Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts. Their goal became a reality in 1930 when the new Richmond Academy of Arts, forerunner to the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, was established on Capitol Street.*\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClark's interest in the suffrage movement began in 1909 when she was asked by novelist Ellen Glasgow to sign a petition calling for Virginia women to gain voting privileges. On November 27th of that year Clark, along with eighteen other civic-minded women, held a preliminary meeting to discuss the establishment of a state-wide suffrage organization. At this first meeting of what would become the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia, Clark was elected secretary, a position she held for one year. She later helped direct legislative initiatives, organized suffrage rallies and went on speaking tours that helped establish new League chapters throughout the state. Clark also served for several years as chair of the ratification committee and head of the Equal Suffrage League lobby to the Virginia General Assembly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 (which was ratified by Virginia in 1952), the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia was transformed into the Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV). For nearly two decades Clark played a major role in the VLWV.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSelected as the VLWV's first chair in 1920, Clark became president one year later. She held this position for eighteen years (nonconsecutively). Her work in the VLWV involved constant study of legislation involving social issues and governmental efficiency and administration. In 1924, Clark was elected to the board of the National League of Women Voters (NLWV) as Director of the Third Region. The region included Washington, D.C., Virginia, and six other southern states. The following year she was elected Second Vice President of the NLWV, in which capacity she served until the Spring of 1928. During that period Clark traveled to conventions in twenty-four states on speaking tours. Along with other officers of the NLWV she helped resolve league organizational problems.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to her work for the VLWV and NLWV, Clark also served on two important state government commissions. In 1922, Governor E. Lee Trinkle appointed her to the Commission on the Simplification of State and Local Government, on which she served for two years as secretary of the Commission. In addition to performing the editorial and clerical work of the Commission, Clark also authored several of the chapters of the Commission's final report (January 1924) to the Virginia General Assembly. Four years later, Governor Harry F. Byrd, Jr. appointed Clark to the Liberal Arts College for Women Commission, on which she also served as secretary. The nine member Commission studied the feasibility of establishing a new liberal arts college for women in Virginia. The second report of the Commission (January 1930), which contained the \"set-up\" of the proposed college [now Mary Washington College?], was the product of research conducted by Clark with the assistance of Commission advisors.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClark's strong commitment to higher education was exemplified in several other ways. From March - September, 1926, she served as the Social Director of women students at the College of William and Mary. She was also instrumental in the establishment of citizenship courses for women through the University of Virginia's Extension Division. The courses were designed to educate women about the intricacies of governmental institutions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the New Deal era, Clark distinguished herself in two important agencies. In 1933, she was selected as a field supervisor for the National Reemployment Service (NRS). Along with the state reemployment director and other field staff, she assisted in the organization of local reemployment offices throughout Virginia. After stepping down as field supervisor for the NRS, Clark became the Virginia Arts Project Director of the Work Projects Administration (WPA). This particular branch of the WPA was created to provide employment opportunities for artists in Virginia. In addition to producing murals for public buildings, artists employed by the WPA executed hundreds of paintings that were then distributed to local and state tax-supported institutions for display. One major accomplishment during Clark's tenure at the WPA was the establishment of new art galleries, such as the Southwest Virginia Museum at Big Stone Gap.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the later years of her life, Adèle Clark remained active in the Richmond community. After converting to Roman Catholicism in 1942, Clark utilized her political experience as a member of the Richmond Diocesan Council of Catholic Women (RDCCW). From 1949 to 1959 she served as the chair of the RDCCW's Legislative Committee. Clark also continued to speak out against a number of issues affecting women, such as the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and abortion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClark remained an active supporter of the Richmond art community. From 1941 to 1964 she was a member of the Virginia Arts Commission. The Commission helped to produce many of the murals and portraits displayed in state government buildings that depict the history of Virginia. Moreover, Clark's dedication to the teaching of art did not wane in these later years. She taught art to both the young and old in hospitals, schools and church classrooms. She also continued to enjoy creating her own artworks. Clark's paintings, mostly portraits and landscapes, have been exhibited in several states. One of her paintings, \"The Cherry Tree\", is in the permanent collection of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClark had a unique perspective on the influence of art on her political ideology. She once stated, \"I've always tried to combine my interest in art with my interest in government. I think we ought to have more of the creative and imaginative in politics.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdèle Clark died at the age of 100 on June 5, 1983.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Information from newspaper accounts and the Adèle Goodman Clark Papers.]\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["A founding member of the Virginia suffrage movement and a prominent supporter of the arts in Virginia, Adèle Goodman Clark (1882-1983) exemplified the influential role civically active women played in the major social reform movements of the twentieth century. Calling politics and art her \"creative spirits\", Clark was involved in a number of reform initiatives throughout her century of life that championed the rights of women and promoted the arts.","The second oldest daughter of Robert Clark (1832?-1906) and Estelle Goodman Clark (1847-1937), Adèle was born in Montgomery, Alabama on September 27, 1882. Before moving permanently to Richmond, the Clark family lived in New Orleans, LA, as well as the small town of Pass Christian, MS. It was in a one room school house in the latter town that Adèle developed a fondness for the arts. After her family moved to Richmond in 1894, Adèle enrolled in the Virginia Randolph Ellett School (now St. Catherine's). Adèle also studied art with Lilly M. Logan, who ran the art school at the Art Club of Richmond. In 1906 she was awarded a scholarship to the New York School of Fine and Applied Arts (the Chase School of Art), where she studied under Kenneth Hays Miller, Douglas Cannal, William M. Chase, and Robert Henri, leader of the \"Ash Can\" school of painting. Upon her return to Richmond, Clark began a teaching career at the Art Club of Richmond. It was here that Adèle began her long association and friendship with acclaimed Virginia artist, Nora Houston. When the Art Club of Richmond was dissolved in 1917, the women went on to establish The Atelier. Under their direction this private art studio, located adjacent to Clark's Chamberlayne Avenue residence, became a training ground for such noted Virginia artists as Edmund Archer, Eleanor Fry and Theresa Pollack (founder of the VCU School of the Arts). Two years later they founded the Virginia League of Fine Arts and Handicrafts, where they both held the title of artistic director. During this period, they participated in a fundraising campaign for the resurrection of the old Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts. Their goal became a reality in 1930 when the new Richmond Academy of Arts, forerunner to the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, was established on Capitol Street.*","Clark's interest in the suffrage movement began in 1909 when she was asked by novelist Ellen Glasgow to sign a petition calling for Virginia women to gain voting privileges. On November 27th of that year Clark, along with eighteen other civic-minded women, held a preliminary meeting to discuss the establishment of a state-wide suffrage organization. At this first meeting of what would become the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia, Clark was elected secretary, a position she held for one year. She later helped direct legislative initiatives, organized suffrage rallies and went on speaking tours that helped establish new League chapters throughout the state. Clark also served for several years as chair of the ratification committee and head of the Equal Suffrage League lobby to the Virginia General Assembly.","After passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 (which was ratified by Virginia in 1952), the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia was transformed into the Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV). For nearly two decades Clark played a major role in the VLWV.","Selected as the VLWV's first chair in 1920, Clark became president one year later. She held this position for eighteen years (nonconsecutively). Her work in the VLWV involved constant study of legislation involving social issues and governmental efficiency and administration. In 1924, Clark was elected to the board of the National League of Women Voters (NLWV) as Director of the Third Region. The region included Washington, D.C., Virginia, and six other southern states. The following year she was elected Second Vice President of the NLWV, in which capacity she served until the Spring of 1928. During that period Clark traveled to conventions in twenty-four states on speaking tours. Along with other officers of the NLWV she helped resolve league organizational problems.","In addition to her work for the VLWV and NLWV, Clark also served on two important state government commissions. In 1922, Governor E. Lee Trinkle appointed her to the Commission on the Simplification of State and Local Government, on which she served for two years as secretary of the Commission. In addition to performing the editorial and clerical work of the Commission, Clark also authored several of the chapters of the Commission's final report (January 1924) to the Virginia General Assembly. Four years later, Governor Harry F. Byrd, Jr. appointed Clark to the Liberal Arts College for Women Commission, on which she also served as secretary. The nine member Commission studied the feasibility of establishing a new liberal arts college for women in Virginia. The second report of the Commission (January 1930), which contained the \"set-up\" of the proposed college [now Mary Washington College?], was the product of research conducted by Clark with the assistance of Commission advisors.","Clark's strong commitment to higher education was exemplified in several other ways. From March - September, 1926, she served as the Social Director of women students at the College of William and Mary. She was also instrumental in the establishment of citizenship courses for women through the University of Virginia's Extension Division. The courses were designed to educate women about the intricacies of governmental institutions.","During the New Deal era, Clark distinguished herself in two important agencies. In 1933, she was selected as a field supervisor for the National Reemployment Service (NRS). Along with the state reemployment director and other field staff, she assisted in the organization of local reemployment offices throughout Virginia. After stepping down as field supervisor for the NRS, Clark became the Virginia Arts Project Director of the Work Projects Administration (WPA). This particular branch of the WPA was created to provide employment opportunities for artists in Virginia. In addition to producing murals for public buildings, artists employed by the WPA executed hundreds of paintings that were then distributed to local and state tax-supported institutions for display. One major accomplishment during Clark's tenure at the WPA was the establishment of new art galleries, such as the Southwest Virginia Museum at Big Stone Gap.","In the later years of her life, Adèle Clark remained active in the Richmond community. After converting to Roman Catholicism in 1942, Clark utilized her political experience as a member of the Richmond Diocesan Council of Catholic Women (RDCCW). From 1949 to 1959 she served as the chair of the RDCCW's Legislative Committee. Clark also continued to speak out against a number of issues affecting women, such as the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and abortion.","Clark remained an active supporter of the Richmond art community. From 1941 to 1964 she was a member of the Virginia Arts Commission. The Commission helped to produce many of the murals and portraits displayed in state government buildings that depict the history of Virginia. Moreover, Clark's dedication to the teaching of art did not wane in these later years. She taught art to both the young and old in hospitals, schools and church classrooms. She also continued to enjoy creating her own artworks. Clark's paintings, mostly portraits and landscapes, have been exhibited in several states. One of her paintings, \"The Cherry Tree\", is in the permanent collection of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.","Clark had a unique perspective on the influence of art on her political ideology. She once stated, \"I've always tried to combine my interest in art with my interest in government. I think we ought to have more of the creative and imaginative in politics.\"","Adèle Clark died at the age of 100 on June 5, 1983.","[Information from newspaper accounts and the Adèle Goodman Clark Papers.]"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdele Goodman Clark papers, Collection # M 9, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, Collection # M 9, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Adèle Goodman Clark papers document the life and activities of Miss Clark (1882-1983) throughout her adult life, as well as those of her closest friends and relatives. Miss Clark was a member of a small group of civically active Richmond women whose names appear throughout the collection. Of particular note are members of Clark's family, Edith Clark Cowles, Willoughby Ions, and friends Roberta Wellford, Lila Meade Valentine, Lucy Randolph Mason, Ida Mae Thompson, Eudora W. Ramsay Richardson, Nora Houston and Josephine Houston. A list and chart describing the family relationships follows the Series Description and Arrangement, which specifically details the arrangement of the collection and highlights areas of particular significance within each series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is comprised of five major components, each with its own depth of coverage, usually dependent upon the length of Clark's involvement. The first major component of the collection contains materials pertaining to the Clark and Houston families with their multiple activities, responsibilities and affiliations. The documents in this section include the personal correspondence of Adèle Clark, Nora Houston, and members of both the Clark and Houston families. Correspondence from Estelle Goodman Clark, Cely \"Nainaine\" Ions, and Estelle Adèle Goodman\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilloughby Ions provide a richly detailed account of the more significant events within the Clark-Ions family. Also included is personal, business, and legal correspondence between members of the Goodman family, predating the Civil War, and personal correspondence to Clark and Nora Houston from close friends and associates such as Cornelia Adair, T. Bowyer Campbell, Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon and Roberta Wellford. Additional family information is provided by legal and real estate correspondence, biographical sketches, family and genealogical histories, composition books, diaries, journals, and poetry by various members of the Clark and Houston families. Some items of significance include handwritten memoranda and notes, poems, short stories and other fictional material written by Adèle Clark during her lifetime. The Virginia Historical Society holds additional Clark family materials (see Appendices).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also includes correspondence from businesses and civic organizations with which Clark, Edith Clark Cowles, and the Dooley/Houston family were affiliated during their lifetimes. A list of the more significant organizations includes the Virginia Society for Crippled Children and Handicapped Adults, Commission of Inter-Racial (or Interracial) Cooperation, Woodrow Wilson Foundation, National Consumers League, and Social Science Research Council-Committee on Public Administration. There is also correspondence from prominent local and state government officials that further document the political activities and biases of these women. Brochures, memoranda and publications from these organizations are scattered throughout the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile the family correspondence provides information about Clark's early years, the greatest significance of the collection lies in its documentation of the activities of the suffrage movement, both locally and nationally. The collection is particularly strong in its representation of correspondence, reports, memoranda and publications reflecting the sentiments and political positions of both the pro- and anti- suffrage movement from 1913 until the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. A large portion of this segment also documents the actions of the post-suffragists in their work through the national, state and local chapters of the League of Women Voters (LWV). Clark's considerable role of participation in the Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV) in the first two decades of the organization provides an abundant amount of material chronicling the many social and political issues in which local and national LWV members were engaged. Although the documentation of the activities of the LWV continues well into the 1970s, the collection is not as strong for the later years as it is for the earlier period.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe suffrage materials, the second and largest component in the collection, are composed of documentation of the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (ESLV), Richmond League of Women Voters, the VLWV, and the reorganized League of Women Voters of Virginia (LWVV). The ESLV materials includes correspondence, committee and financial memoranda, convention material, notes, reports and miscellaneous literature. There is a large quantity of outgoing correspondence created by the corresponding secretaries of the ESLV which pertains to the efforts of organizing local suffrage chapters throughout the state and between officers of the ESLV, state and national government officials. Also included is correspondence between ESLV President, Lila Meade Valentine, and women of significance within the suffrage movement including Carrie Chapman Catt, Anna Howard Shaw, Maud Wood Park and Kate Gordon. While there is a substantial amount of correspondence generated by the central office of the ESLV, between 1909-1912 there are some major gaps. A portion of this documentation for the early history of the ESLV can be found at the Library of Virginia (see Appendices). Throughout its eleven year existence, the ESLV compiled an enormous amount of literature on the suffrage movement published by the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA), and other organizations. Materials generated by the movement and represented in this portion of the collection include petitions, photographs, enrollment cards, posters, suffrage maps, sashes and other ephemeral items. Additional publications have not been indexed but are available for research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of the materials of the remaining suffrage organizations represented in the collection fall within a fourteen year time frame, 1920-1934, and includes President/Executive Secretary correspondence, bulletins, circulars, committee memoranda, and financial statements as well as records relating to the Virginia Cookery Book, the Governor's Ball and the citizenship courses sponsored by the VLWV. Clark also corresponded with the President of the NLWV and other officers in the national organization. The significant correspondents include Maud Wood Park, Belle Sherwin, Katherine Ludington, and Gertrude Ely. Incoming correspondence from prominent Virginia women such as Faith Morgan, Roberta Wellford, Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon, Kate Waller Barrett, Mrs. John L. Lewis of Lynchburg, Mrs. John H. Lewis of Ashland, and Mrs C.E. [Jessie] Townsend of Norfolk can be found in both the President/Executive Correspondence files and the Board of Directors/Executive Committee/Standing Committees file of the VLWV.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe records of the VLWV document in great detail the legislative agenda over a fourteen year period. The VLWV materials contain correspondence, circulars, memoranda questionnaires and reports pertaining to the Children's Code Commission, Virginia Women's Council Legislative Chairman of State Organizations and other major committees of the VLWV; revealing which major pieces of legislation were of utmost concern to Clark and the VLWV. Like its predecessor, the VLWV collected a wide variety of literature from state, national and international organizations which championed a spectrum of causes of interest to Clark and her associates. These organizations include the League of Nations Association, National Council for the Prevention of War, National Women's Trade Union League of America, and Southern Council of Women and Children in Industry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocumentation of the NLWV (1920-1945) and the later reorganized League of Woman Voters of Virginia (1946-presents) includes correspondence and memoranda produced by Clark as Second Vice President in charge of Legislation and Law Enforcement and Third Regional Director for the NLWV. In addition to correspondence, memoranda, minutes, notes and reports there are materials detailing her involvement in nationally sponsored speaking tours throughout several regions of the United States. Items from the national office consist of mimeographed Adèle Goodman Clark correspondence and memoranda, reports, press releases and various publications created by the major standing committees and departments of the NLWV. Clark's activity in both the state and national leagues diminished to a great extent after 1934. Records of the latter local, state and national organizations primarily consists of bulletins, newsletters, and other literature published and distributed by the organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClark was very involved in the commemoration of the contributions of Lila Meade Valentine to the suffrage movement. The collection contains the organizational records of the Lila Meade Valentine Memorial Association (1921-1937), which was established to raise money for a memorial tablet dedicated to Mrs. Valentine to be placed in the Capitol Building in Richmond. Much of the material consists of correspondence and memoranda between the association's chairperson, Adèle Clark and the individuals who contributed to the memorial fund. There is also correspondence between Clark and the sculptor chosen to produce the memorial tablet. Other material includes financial data, contributors lists, minutes, notes and reports documenting the association's fundraising activities.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection of materials related to state and national politics comprises the third major section of the Clark Papers. These materials include correspondence, memoranda, minutes, reports, statistical data, and literature generated by or related to the work of the Commission on the Simplification of State and Local Government (1921-1927) and the Liberal Arts College Commission (1918, 1929-1933). Material pertaining to both of these government commissions highlight the research and information gathering work undertaken by Clark and the members of these commissions before presentation of the final reports to the Virginia General Assembly. The collection also contains the annotated drafts and proofs of the reports in various stages of development. Correspondence, notes, reports and travel vouchers highlight Clark's duties as a NRS Field Supervisor and her involvement with the National Reemployment Service (1925-1937). Correspondence between Clark and the State Reemployment Director reveal the types of reemployment projects in which the NRS was actively engaged throughout the state. In addition, correspondence between Clark and other field staff demonstrate the extent to which Clark participated in managing local reemployment offices during her tenure with the NRS. Published reports, speeches, manuals, newspaper clippings and other ephemeral materials are also included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth area of interest of Adèle's, as reflected in the collection, was religion. Included here are the organizational records and personal items documenting the religious activities of Clark, Nora Houston, and several members of the Houston family. It should be noted that Clark was baptized and confirmed in the Episcopal Church and later became a devout Roman Catholic after Nora Houston's death in 1942. Included is correspondence between both women and various religious organizations, church leaflets, pamphlets and prayerbooks, periodicals and other items of a religious nature. Some of the organizations with which Clark and Houston corresponded include the Catholic Woman's Club, National Council of Catholic Women, National Conference on Christians and Jews, and Catholic Daughters of America. Beth Ahabah Museum and Archives holds other materials of a religious nature relating to the Goodman family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe final component of the collection, second in size only to that of the suffrage and voting rights material, is that of art, particularly art in Virginia. An artist by training, Adèle Clark worked ceaselessly for increased public awareness of the traditions and richness of art within the Commonwealth. To this end, the collection documents the contributions of Clark and her colleagues in the following endeavors: the Art Club of Richmond, Atelier, Virginia League of Fine Arts and Handicrafts, Richmond Academy of Arts, Virginia Arts Commission, and Works Project Administration-Federal Arts Project. In addition to containing the correspondence relating to the operations of these organizations, the records also contain memoranda, minutes and reports of committees, and materials on exhibitions sponsored by these organizations. Of particular significance are the records of the Academy Committee of the Art Club that document the committee's role in attempting to resurrect the arts academy. Materials relating to the WPA and the Virginia Arts Commission emphasize Clark's substantial role in making the public a more active player in the promotion of the arts. Clark's monthly and narrative reports on several WPA art galleries, as well as data on the Index of American Design, provide a detailed account of the variety of art projects the WPA underwrote in Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also contains a range of art and art school publications, art supply advertisements, catalogs, exhibition bulletins and notices from local and national art institutions. A small number of drawings, sketches and miscellaneous artwork created by Adèle Clark, Nora Houston and other artists are also represented. Some of the more notable pieces include Clark's original lithograph \"Richmond Market at Christmas\", copies of Nora Houston's house sketches and artwork produced by children of various ages. Lastly there are numerous kinds of illustrations and reproductions that Clark and Houston utilized in their art classes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSignificant portions of the collection are in fragile condition, particularly newspaper clippings and photographs. Reference copies of the photographs are available for use. A large portion of the clippings have been photocopied and the process will continue as time and staff permit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections has also purchased suffrage and related materials. Please ask a staffmember for information about these supporting items.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Adèle Goodman Clark papers document the life and activities of Miss Clark (1882-1983) throughout her adult life, as well as those of her closest friends and relatives. Miss Clark was a member of a small group of civically active Richmond women whose names appear throughout the collection. Of particular note are members of Clark's family, Edith Clark Cowles, Willoughby Ions, and friends Roberta Wellford, Lila Meade Valentine, Lucy Randolph Mason, Ida Mae Thompson, Eudora W. Ramsay Richardson, Nora Houston and Josephine Houston. A list and chart describing the family relationships follows the Series Description and Arrangement, which specifically details the arrangement of the collection and highlights areas of particular significance within each series.","The collection is comprised of five major components, each with its own depth of coverage, usually dependent upon the length of Clark's involvement. The first major component of the collection contains materials pertaining to the Clark and Houston families with their multiple activities, responsibilities and affiliations. The documents in this section include the personal correspondence of Adèle Clark, Nora Houston, and members of both the Clark and Houston families. Correspondence from Estelle Goodman Clark, Cely \"Nainaine\" Ions, and Estelle Adèle Goodman","Willoughby Ions provide a richly detailed account of the more significant events within the Clark-Ions family. Also included is personal, business, and legal correspondence between members of the Goodman family, predating the Civil War, and personal correspondence to Clark and Nora Houston from close friends and associates such as Cornelia Adair, T. Bowyer Campbell, Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon and Roberta Wellford. Additional family information is provided by legal and real estate correspondence, biographical sketches, family and genealogical histories, composition books, diaries, journals, and poetry by various members of the Clark and Houston families. Some items of significance include handwritten memoranda and notes, poems, short stories and other fictional material written by Adèle Clark during her lifetime. The Virginia Historical Society holds additional Clark family materials (see Appendices).","The collection also includes correspondence from businesses and civic organizations with which Clark, Edith Clark Cowles, and the Dooley/Houston family were affiliated during their lifetimes. A list of the more significant organizations includes the Virginia Society for Crippled Children and Handicapped Adults, Commission of Inter-Racial (or Interracial) Cooperation, Woodrow Wilson Foundation, National Consumers League, and Social Science Research Council-Committee on Public Administration. There is also correspondence from prominent local and state government officials that further document the political activities and biases of these women. Brochures, memoranda and publications from these organizations are scattered throughout the collection.","While the family correspondence provides information about Clark's early years, the greatest significance of the collection lies in its documentation of the activities of the suffrage movement, both locally and nationally. The collection is particularly strong in its representation of correspondence, reports, memoranda and publications reflecting the sentiments and political positions of both the pro- and anti- suffrage movement from 1913 until the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. A large portion of this segment also documents the actions of the post-suffragists in their work through the national, state and local chapters of the League of Women Voters (LWV). Clark's considerable role of participation in the Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV) in the first two decades of the organization provides an abundant amount of material chronicling the many social and political issues in which local and national LWV members were engaged. Although the documentation of the activities of the LWV continues well into the 1970s, the collection is not as strong for the later years as it is for the earlier period.","The suffrage materials, the second and largest component in the collection, are composed of documentation of the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (ESLV), Richmond League of Women Voters, the VLWV, and the reorganized League of Women Voters of Virginia (LWVV). The ESLV materials includes correspondence, committee and financial memoranda, convention material, notes, reports and miscellaneous literature. There is a large quantity of outgoing correspondence created by the corresponding secretaries of the ESLV which pertains to the efforts of organizing local suffrage chapters throughout the state and between officers of the ESLV, state and national government officials. Also included is correspondence between ESLV President, Lila Meade Valentine, and women of significance within the suffrage movement including Carrie Chapman Catt, Anna Howard Shaw, Maud Wood Park and Kate Gordon. While there is a substantial amount of correspondence generated by the central office of the ESLV, between 1909-1912 there are some major gaps. A portion of this documentation for the early history of the ESLV can be found at the Library of Virginia (see Appendices). Throughout its eleven year existence, the ESLV compiled an enormous amount of literature on the suffrage movement published by the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA), and other organizations. Materials generated by the movement and represented in this portion of the collection include petitions, photographs, enrollment cards, posters, suffrage maps, sashes and other ephemeral items. Additional publications have not been indexed but are available for research.","The bulk of the materials of the remaining suffrage organizations represented in the collection fall within a fourteen year time frame, 1920-1934, and includes President/Executive Secretary correspondence, bulletins, circulars, committee memoranda, and financial statements as well as records relating to the Virginia Cookery Book, the Governor's Ball and the citizenship courses sponsored by the VLWV. Clark also corresponded with the President of the NLWV and other officers in the national organization. The significant correspondents include Maud Wood Park, Belle Sherwin, Katherine Ludington, and Gertrude Ely. Incoming correspondence from prominent Virginia women such as Faith Morgan, Roberta Wellford, Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon, Kate Waller Barrett, Mrs. John L. Lewis of Lynchburg, Mrs. John H. Lewis of Ashland, and Mrs C.E. [Jessie] Townsend of Norfolk can be found in both the President/Executive Correspondence files and the Board of Directors/Executive Committee/Standing Committees file of the VLWV.","The records of the VLWV document in great detail the legislative agenda over a fourteen year period. The VLWV materials contain correspondence, circulars, memoranda questionnaires and reports pertaining to the Children's Code Commission, Virginia Women's Council Legislative Chairman of State Organizations and other major committees of the VLWV; revealing which major pieces of legislation were of utmost concern to Clark and the VLWV. Like its predecessor, the VLWV collected a wide variety of literature from state, national and international organizations which championed a spectrum of causes of interest to Clark and her associates. These organizations include the League of Nations Association, National Council for the Prevention of War, National Women's Trade Union League of America, and Southern Council of Women and Children in Industry.","Documentation of the NLWV (1920-1945) and the later reorganized League of Woman Voters of Virginia (1946-presents) includes correspondence and memoranda produced by Clark as Second Vice President in charge of Legislation and Law Enforcement and Third Regional Director for the NLWV. In addition to correspondence, memoranda, minutes, notes and reports there are materials detailing her involvement in nationally sponsored speaking tours throughout several regions of the United States. Items from the national office consist of mimeographed Adèle Goodman Clark correspondence and memoranda, reports, press releases and various publications created by the major standing committees and departments of the NLWV. Clark's activity in both the state and national leagues diminished to a great extent after 1934. Records of the latter local, state and national organizations primarily consists of bulletins, newsletters, and other literature published and distributed by the organizations.","Clark was very involved in the commemoration of the contributions of Lila Meade Valentine to the suffrage movement. The collection contains the organizational records of the Lila Meade Valentine Memorial Association (1921-1937), which was established to raise money for a memorial tablet dedicated to Mrs. Valentine to be placed in the Capitol Building in Richmond. Much of the material consists of correspondence and memoranda between the association's chairperson, Adèle Clark and the individuals who contributed to the memorial fund. There is also correspondence between Clark and the sculptor chosen to produce the memorial tablet. Other material includes financial data, contributors lists, minutes, notes and reports documenting the association's fundraising activities.","The collection of materials related to state and national politics comprises the third major section of the Clark Papers. These materials include correspondence, memoranda, minutes, reports, statistical data, and literature generated by or related to the work of the Commission on the Simplification of State and Local Government (1921-1927) and the Liberal Arts College Commission (1918, 1929-1933). Material pertaining to both of these government commissions highlight the research and information gathering work undertaken by Clark and the members of these commissions before presentation of the final reports to the Virginia General Assembly. The collection also contains the annotated drafts and proofs of the reports in various stages of development. Correspondence, notes, reports and travel vouchers highlight Clark's duties as a NRS Field Supervisor and her involvement with the National Reemployment Service (1925-1937). Correspondence between Clark and the State Reemployment Director reveal the types of reemployment projects in which the NRS was actively engaged throughout the state. In addition, correspondence between Clark and other field staff demonstrate the extent to which Clark participated in managing local reemployment offices during her tenure with the NRS. Published reports, speeches, manuals, newspaper clippings and other ephemeral materials are also included.","The fourth area of interest of Adèle's, as reflected in the collection, was religion. Included here are the organizational records and personal items documenting the religious activities of Clark, Nora Houston, and several members of the Houston family. It should be noted that Clark was baptized and confirmed in the Episcopal Church and later became a devout Roman Catholic after Nora Houston's death in 1942. Included is correspondence between both women and various religious organizations, church leaflets, pamphlets and prayerbooks, periodicals and other items of a religious nature. Some of the organizations with which Clark and Houston corresponded include the Catholic Woman's Club, National Council of Catholic Women, National Conference on Christians and Jews, and Catholic Daughters of America. Beth Ahabah Museum and Archives holds other materials of a religious nature relating to the Goodman family.","The final component of the collection, second in size only to that of the suffrage and voting rights material, is that of art, particularly art in Virginia. An artist by training, Adèle Clark worked ceaselessly for increased public awareness of the traditions and richness of art within the Commonwealth. To this end, the collection documents the contributions of Clark and her colleagues in the following endeavors: the Art Club of Richmond, Atelier, Virginia League of Fine Arts and Handicrafts, Richmond Academy of Arts, Virginia Arts Commission, and Works Project Administration-Federal Arts Project. In addition to containing the correspondence relating to the operations of these organizations, the records also contain memoranda, minutes and reports of committees, and materials on exhibitions sponsored by these organizations. Of particular significance are the records of the Academy Committee of the Art Club that document the committee's role in attempting to resurrect the arts academy. Materials relating to the WPA and the Virginia Arts Commission emphasize Clark's substantial role in making the public a more active player in the promotion of the arts. Clark's monthly and narrative reports on several WPA art galleries, as well as data on the Index of American Design, provide a detailed account of the variety of art projects the WPA underwrote in Virginia.","The collection also contains a range of art and art school publications, art supply advertisements, catalogs, exhibition bulletins and notices from local and national art institutions. A small number of drawings, sketches and miscellaneous artwork created by Adèle Clark, Nora Houston and other artists are also represented. Some of the more notable pieces include Clark's original lithograph \"Richmond Market at Christmas\", copies of Nora Houston's house sketches and artwork produced by children of various ages. Lastly there are numerous kinds of illustrations and reproductions that Clark and Houston utilized in their art classes.","Significant portions of the collection are in fragile condition, particularly newspaper clippings and photographs. Reference copies of the photographs are available for use. A large portion of the clippings have been photocopied and the process will continue as time and staff permit.","Special Collections has also purchased suffrage and related materials. Please ask a staffmember for information about these supporting items."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","League of Women Voters of the Richmond Metropolitan Area (Va.) -- Archives","Equal Suffrage League of Virginia -- Archives"],"names_coll_ssim":["League of Women Voters of the Richmond Metropolitan Area (Va.) -- Archives","Equal Suffrage League of Virginia -- Archives","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983 -- Archives"],"persname_ssim":["Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983 -- Archives"],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","League of Women Voters of the Richmond Metropolitan Area (Va.) -- Archives","Equal Suffrage League of Virginia -- Archives","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983 -- Archives"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3079,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:40:08.594Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_279_c13"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279_c14","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series XIV: Art, 1850/1971","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_279_c14#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279_c14","ref_ssm":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_279_c14"],"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279_c14","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","parent_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","parent_ssim":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_279"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series XIV: Art","title_ssm":["Series XIV: Art"],"title_tesim":["Series XIV: Art"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series XIV: Art, 1850/1971"],"text":["Series XIV: Art, 1850/1971","Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1850/1971"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["undated, 1850-1971"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":2555,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"collection_ssim":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":10,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971],"_nest_path_":"/components#13","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:40:08.594Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_279","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_279.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Clark, Adele Goodman, papers","title_ssm":["Adele Goodman Clark papers"],"title_tesim":["Adele Goodman Clark papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1849-1978"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1849-1978"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1849/1978"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"text":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978","M 9","/repositories/5/resources/279","Women -- Suffrage -- Virginia -- Richmond","Art -- 20th century -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women civic leaders -- Virginia -- Richmond","Collection is open to research.","Series I--Correspondence and Family Materials (n.d., 1849-1971) ; Series II--Business/Civic Organization Correspondence (n.d., 1903-1971) ; Series III--Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (ESLV) (n.d., 1892-1926) ; Series IV: Richmond League of Women Voters (n.d., 1920- 1978) ; Series V--Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV) (n.d., 1915-1967) ; Series VI--The League of Women Voters of Virginia (n.d., 1945-1970) ; Series VII--The National League of Women Voters (n.d., 1919-1947) ; Series VIII--League of Women Voters (n.d., 1946-1976) ; Series IX--Commission on Simplification of State and Local Government (n.d., 1921- 1927) ; Series X--Liberal Arts College for Women Commission (n.d., 1918-1938) ; Series XI--National Reemployment Service (n.d., 1925-1938) ; Series XII--Lila Meade Valentine memorial Association (n.d., 1921-1936) ; Series XIII--Religious Materials ; Series XIV--Art (n.d., 1850-1971) ; Series XV--Ephemera and Photographs (n.d., ca. 1850 - ca. 1970)","A founding member of the Virginia suffrage movement and a prominent supporter of the arts in Virginia, Adèle Goodman Clark (1882-1983) exemplified the influential role civically active women played in the major social reform movements of the twentieth century. Calling politics and art her \"creative spirits\", Clark was involved in a number of reform initiatives throughout her century of life that championed the rights of women and promoted the arts.","The second oldest daughter of Robert Clark (1832?-1906) and Estelle Goodman Clark (1847-1937), Adèle was born in Montgomery, Alabama on September 27, 1882. Before moving permanently to Richmond, the Clark family lived in New Orleans, LA, as well as the small town of Pass Christian, MS. It was in a one room school house in the latter town that Adèle developed a fondness for the arts. After her family moved to Richmond in 1894, Adèle enrolled in the Virginia Randolph Ellett School (now St. Catherine's). Adèle also studied art with Lilly M. Logan, who ran the art school at the Art Club of Richmond. In 1906 she was awarded a scholarship to the New York School of Fine and Applied Arts (the Chase School of Art), where she studied under Kenneth Hays Miller, Douglas Cannal, William M. Chase, and Robert Henri, leader of the \"Ash Can\" school of painting. Upon her return to Richmond, Clark began a teaching career at the Art Club of Richmond. It was here that Adèle began her long association and friendship with acclaimed Virginia artist, Nora Houston. When the Art Club of Richmond was dissolved in 1917, the women went on to establish The Atelier. Under their direction this private art studio, located adjacent to Clark's Chamberlayne Avenue residence, became a training ground for such noted Virginia artists as Edmund Archer, Eleanor Fry and Theresa Pollack (founder of the VCU School of the Arts). Two years later they founded the Virginia League of Fine Arts and Handicrafts, where they both held the title of artistic director. During this period, they participated in a fundraising campaign for the resurrection of the old Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts. Their goal became a reality in 1930 when the new Richmond Academy of Arts, forerunner to the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, was established on Capitol Street.*","Clark's interest in the suffrage movement began in 1909 when she was asked by novelist Ellen Glasgow to sign a petition calling for Virginia women to gain voting privileges. On November 27th of that year Clark, along with eighteen other civic-minded women, held a preliminary meeting to discuss the establishment of a state-wide suffrage organization. At this first meeting of what would become the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia, Clark was elected secretary, a position she held for one year. She later helped direct legislative initiatives, organized suffrage rallies and went on speaking tours that helped establish new League chapters throughout the state. Clark also served for several years as chair of the ratification committee and head of the Equal Suffrage League lobby to the Virginia General Assembly.","After passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 (which was ratified by Virginia in 1952), the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia was transformed into the Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV). For nearly two decades Clark played a major role in the VLWV.","Selected as the VLWV's first chair in 1920, Clark became president one year later. She held this position for eighteen years (nonconsecutively). Her work in the VLWV involved constant study of legislation involving social issues and governmental efficiency and administration. In 1924, Clark was elected to the board of the National League of Women Voters (NLWV) as Director of the Third Region. The region included Washington, D.C., Virginia, and six other southern states. The following year she was elected Second Vice President of the NLWV, in which capacity she served until the Spring of 1928. During that period Clark traveled to conventions in twenty-four states on speaking tours. Along with other officers of the NLWV she helped resolve league organizational problems.","In addition to her work for the VLWV and NLWV, Clark also served on two important state government commissions. In 1922, Governor E. Lee Trinkle appointed her to the Commission on the Simplification of State and Local Government, on which she served for two years as secretary of the Commission. In addition to performing the editorial and clerical work of the Commission, Clark also authored several of the chapters of the Commission's final report (January 1924) to the Virginia General Assembly. Four years later, Governor Harry F. Byrd, Jr. appointed Clark to the Liberal Arts College for Women Commission, on which she also served as secretary. The nine member Commission studied the feasibility of establishing a new liberal arts college for women in Virginia. The second report of the Commission (January 1930), which contained the \"set-up\" of the proposed college [now Mary Washington College?], was the product of research conducted by Clark with the assistance of Commission advisors.","Clark's strong commitment to higher education was exemplified in several other ways. From March - September, 1926, she served as the Social Director of women students at the College of William and Mary. She was also instrumental in the establishment of citizenship courses for women through the University of Virginia's Extension Division. The courses were designed to educate women about the intricacies of governmental institutions.","During the New Deal era, Clark distinguished herself in two important agencies. In 1933, she was selected as a field supervisor for the National Reemployment Service (NRS). Along with the state reemployment director and other field staff, she assisted in the organization of local reemployment offices throughout Virginia. After stepping down as field supervisor for the NRS, Clark became the Virginia Arts Project Director of the Work Projects Administration (WPA). This particular branch of the WPA was created to provide employment opportunities for artists in Virginia. In addition to producing murals for public buildings, artists employed by the WPA executed hundreds of paintings that were then distributed to local and state tax-supported institutions for display. One major accomplishment during Clark's tenure at the WPA was the establishment of new art galleries, such as the Southwest Virginia Museum at Big Stone Gap.","In the later years of her life, Adèle Clark remained active in the Richmond community. After converting to Roman Catholicism in 1942, Clark utilized her political experience as a member of the Richmond Diocesan Council of Catholic Women (RDCCW). From 1949 to 1959 she served as the chair of the RDCCW's Legislative Committee. Clark also continued to speak out against a number of issues affecting women, such as the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and abortion.","Clark remained an active supporter of the Richmond art community. From 1941 to 1964 she was a member of the Virginia Arts Commission. The Commission helped to produce many of the murals and portraits displayed in state government buildings that depict the history of Virginia. Moreover, Clark's dedication to the teaching of art did not wane in these later years. She taught art to both the young and old in hospitals, schools and church classrooms. She also continued to enjoy creating her own artworks. Clark's paintings, mostly portraits and landscapes, have been exhibited in several states. One of her paintings, \"The Cherry Tree\", is in the permanent collection of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.","Clark had a unique perspective on the influence of art on her political ideology. She once stated, \"I've always tried to combine my interest in art with my interest in government. I think we ought to have more of the creative and imaginative in politics.\"","Adèle Clark died at the age of 100 on June 5, 1983.","[Information from newspaper accounts and the Adèle Goodman Clark Papers.]","The Adèle Goodman Clark papers document the life and activities of Miss Clark (1882-1983) throughout her adult life, as well as those of her closest friends and relatives. Miss Clark was a member of a small group of civically active Richmond women whose names appear throughout the collection. Of particular note are members of Clark's family, Edith Clark Cowles, Willoughby Ions, and friends Roberta Wellford, Lila Meade Valentine, Lucy Randolph Mason, Ida Mae Thompson, Eudora W. Ramsay Richardson, Nora Houston and Josephine Houston. A list and chart describing the family relationships follows the Series Description and Arrangement, which specifically details the arrangement of the collection and highlights areas of particular significance within each series.","The collection is comprised of five major components, each with its own depth of coverage, usually dependent upon the length of Clark's involvement. The first major component of the collection contains materials pertaining to the Clark and Houston families with their multiple activities, responsibilities and affiliations. The documents in this section include the personal correspondence of Adèle Clark, Nora Houston, and members of both the Clark and Houston families. Correspondence from Estelle Goodman Clark, Cely \"Nainaine\" Ions, and Estelle Adèle Goodman","Willoughby Ions provide a richly detailed account of the more significant events within the Clark-Ions family. Also included is personal, business, and legal correspondence between members of the Goodman family, predating the Civil War, and personal correspondence to Clark and Nora Houston from close friends and associates such as Cornelia Adair, T. Bowyer Campbell, Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon and Roberta Wellford. Additional family information is provided by legal and real estate correspondence, biographical sketches, family and genealogical histories, composition books, diaries, journals, and poetry by various members of the Clark and Houston families. Some items of significance include handwritten memoranda and notes, poems, short stories and other fictional material written by Adèle Clark during her lifetime. The Virginia Historical Society holds additional Clark family materials (see Appendices).","The collection also includes correspondence from businesses and civic organizations with which Clark, Edith Clark Cowles, and the Dooley/Houston family were affiliated during their lifetimes. A list of the more significant organizations includes the Virginia Society for Crippled Children and Handicapped Adults, Commission of Inter-Racial (or Interracial) Cooperation, Woodrow Wilson Foundation, National Consumers League, and Social Science Research Council-Committee on Public Administration. There is also correspondence from prominent local and state government officials that further document the political activities and biases of these women. Brochures, memoranda and publications from these organizations are scattered throughout the collection.","While the family correspondence provides information about Clark's early years, the greatest significance of the collection lies in its documentation of the activities of the suffrage movement, both locally and nationally. The collection is particularly strong in its representation of correspondence, reports, memoranda and publications reflecting the sentiments and political positions of both the pro- and anti- suffrage movement from 1913 until the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. A large portion of this segment also documents the actions of the post-suffragists in their work through the national, state and local chapters of the League of Women Voters (LWV). Clark's considerable role of participation in the Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV) in the first two decades of the organization provides an abundant amount of material chronicling the many social and political issues in which local and national LWV members were engaged. Although the documentation of the activities of the LWV continues well into the 1970s, the collection is not as strong for the later years as it is for the earlier period.","The suffrage materials, the second and largest component in the collection, are composed of documentation of the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (ESLV), Richmond League of Women Voters, the VLWV, and the reorganized League of Women Voters of Virginia (LWVV). The ESLV materials includes correspondence, committee and financial memoranda, convention material, notes, reports and miscellaneous literature. There is a large quantity of outgoing correspondence created by the corresponding secretaries of the ESLV which pertains to the efforts of organizing local suffrage chapters throughout the state and between officers of the ESLV, state and national government officials. Also included is correspondence between ESLV President, Lila Meade Valentine, and women of significance within the suffrage movement including Carrie Chapman Catt, Anna Howard Shaw, Maud Wood Park and Kate Gordon. While there is a substantial amount of correspondence generated by the central office of the ESLV, between 1909-1912 there are some major gaps. A portion of this documentation for the early history of the ESLV can be found at the Library of Virginia (see Appendices). Throughout its eleven year existence, the ESLV compiled an enormous amount of literature on the suffrage movement published by the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA), and other organizations. Materials generated by the movement and represented in this portion of the collection include petitions, photographs, enrollment cards, posters, suffrage maps, sashes and other ephemeral items. Additional publications have not been indexed but are available for research.","The bulk of the materials of the remaining suffrage organizations represented in the collection fall within a fourteen year time frame, 1920-1934, and includes President/Executive Secretary correspondence, bulletins, circulars, committee memoranda, and financial statements as well as records relating to the Virginia Cookery Book, the Governor's Ball and the citizenship courses sponsored by the VLWV. Clark also corresponded with the President of the NLWV and other officers in the national organization. The significant correspondents include Maud Wood Park, Belle Sherwin, Katherine Ludington, and Gertrude Ely. Incoming correspondence from prominent Virginia women such as Faith Morgan, Roberta Wellford, Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon, Kate Waller Barrett, Mrs. John L. Lewis of Lynchburg, Mrs. John H. Lewis of Ashland, and Mrs C.E. [Jessie] Townsend of Norfolk can be found in both the President/Executive Correspondence files and the Board of Directors/Executive Committee/Standing Committees file of the VLWV.","The records of the VLWV document in great detail the legislative agenda over a fourteen year period. The VLWV materials contain correspondence, circulars, memoranda questionnaires and reports pertaining to the Children's Code Commission, Virginia Women's Council Legislative Chairman of State Organizations and other major committees of the VLWV; revealing which major pieces of legislation were of utmost concern to Clark and the VLWV. Like its predecessor, the VLWV collected a wide variety of literature from state, national and international organizations which championed a spectrum of causes of interest to Clark and her associates. These organizations include the League of Nations Association, National Council for the Prevention of War, National Women's Trade Union League of America, and Southern Council of Women and Children in Industry.","Documentation of the NLWV (1920-1945) and the later reorganized League of Woman Voters of Virginia (1946-presents) includes correspondence and memoranda produced by Clark as Second Vice President in charge of Legislation and Law Enforcement and Third Regional Director for the NLWV. In addition to correspondence, memoranda, minutes, notes and reports there are materials detailing her involvement in nationally sponsored speaking tours throughout several regions of the United States. Items from the national office consist of mimeographed Adèle Goodman Clark correspondence and memoranda, reports, press releases and various publications created by the major standing committees and departments of the NLWV. Clark's activity in both the state and national leagues diminished to a great extent after 1934. Records of the latter local, state and national organizations primarily consists of bulletins, newsletters, and other literature published and distributed by the organizations.","Clark was very involved in the commemoration of the contributions of Lila Meade Valentine to the suffrage movement. The collection contains the organizational records of the Lila Meade Valentine Memorial Association (1921-1937), which was established to raise money for a memorial tablet dedicated to Mrs. Valentine to be placed in the Capitol Building in Richmond. Much of the material consists of correspondence and memoranda between the association's chairperson, Adèle Clark and the individuals who contributed to the memorial fund. There is also correspondence between Clark and the sculptor chosen to produce the memorial tablet. Other material includes financial data, contributors lists, minutes, notes and reports documenting the association's fundraising activities.","The collection of materials related to state and national politics comprises the third major section of the Clark Papers. These materials include correspondence, memoranda, minutes, reports, statistical data, and literature generated by or related to the work of the Commission on the Simplification of State and Local Government (1921-1927) and the Liberal Arts College Commission (1918, 1929-1933). Material pertaining to both of these government commissions highlight the research and information gathering work undertaken by Clark and the members of these commissions before presentation of the final reports to the Virginia General Assembly. The collection also contains the annotated drafts and proofs of the reports in various stages of development. Correspondence, notes, reports and travel vouchers highlight Clark's duties as a NRS Field Supervisor and her involvement with the National Reemployment Service (1925-1937). Correspondence between Clark and the State Reemployment Director reveal the types of reemployment projects in which the NRS was actively engaged throughout the state. In addition, correspondence between Clark and other field staff demonstrate the extent to which Clark participated in managing local reemployment offices during her tenure with the NRS. Published reports, speeches, manuals, newspaper clippings and other ephemeral materials are also included.","The fourth area of interest of Adèle's, as reflected in the collection, was religion. Included here are the organizational records and personal items documenting the religious activities of Clark, Nora Houston, and several members of the Houston family. It should be noted that Clark was baptized and confirmed in the Episcopal Church and later became a devout Roman Catholic after Nora Houston's death in 1942. Included is correspondence between both women and various religious organizations, church leaflets, pamphlets and prayerbooks, periodicals and other items of a religious nature. Some of the organizations with which Clark and Houston corresponded include the Catholic Woman's Club, National Council of Catholic Women, National Conference on Christians and Jews, and Catholic Daughters of America. Beth Ahabah Museum and Archives holds other materials of a religious nature relating to the Goodman family.","The final component of the collection, second in size only to that of the suffrage and voting rights material, is that of art, particularly art in Virginia. An artist by training, Adèle Clark worked ceaselessly for increased public awareness of the traditions and richness of art within the Commonwealth. To this end, the collection documents the contributions of Clark and her colleagues in the following endeavors: the Art Club of Richmond, Atelier, Virginia League of Fine Arts and Handicrafts, Richmond Academy of Arts, Virginia Arts Commission, and Works Project Administration-Federal Arts Project. In addition to containing the correspondence relating to the operations of these organizations, the records also contain memoranda, minutes and reports of committees, and materials on exhibitions sponsored by these organizations. Of particular significance are the records of the Academy Committee of the Art Club that document the committee's role in attempting to resurrect the arts academy. Materials relating to the WPA and the Virginia Arts Commission emphasize Clark's substantial role in making the public a more active player in the promotion of the arts. Clark's monthly and narrative reports on several WPA art galleries, as well as data on the Index of American Design, provide a detailed account of the variety of art projects the WPA underwrote in Virginia.","The collection also contains a range of art and art school publications, art supply advertisements, catalogs, exhibition bulletins and notices from local and national art institutions. A small number of drawings, sketches and miscellaneous artwork created by Adèle Clark, Nora Houston and other artists are also represented. Some of the more notable pieces include Clark's original lithograph \"Richmond Market at Christmas\", copies of Nora Houston's house sketches and artwork produced by children of various ages. Lastly there are numerous kinds of illustrations and reproductions that Clark and Houston utilized in their art classes.","Significant portions of the collection are in fragile condition, particularly newspaper clippings and photographs. Reference copies of the photographs are available for use. A large portion of the clippings have been photocopied and the process will continue as time and staff permit.","Special Collections has also purchased suffrage and related materials. Please ask a staffmember for information about these supporting items.","There are no restrictions.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","League of Women Voters of the Richmond Metropolitan Area (Va.) -- Archives","Equal Suffrage League of Virginia -- Archives","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983 -- Archives","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"collection_ssim":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 9","/repositories/5/resources/279"],"unitid_tesim":["M 9","/repositories/5/resources/279"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983"],"creator_ssim":["Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983 -- Archives"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","League of Women Voters of the Richmond Metropolitan Area (Va.) -- Archives","Equal Suffrage League of Virginia -- Archives"],"creators_ssim":["Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983 -- Archives","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","League of Women Voters of the Richmond Metropolitan Area (Va.) -- Archives","Equal Suffrage League of Virginia -- Archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women -- Suffrage -- Virginia -- Richmond","Art -- 20th century -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women civic leaders -- Virginia -- Richmond"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women -- Suffrage -- Virginia -- Richmond","Art -- 20th century -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women civic leaders -- Virginia -- Richmond"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["128 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["128 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Restrictions on Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries I--Correspondence and Family Materials (n.d., 1849-1971) ; Series II--Business/Civic Organization Correspondence (n.d., 1903-1971) ; Series III--Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (ESLV) (n.d., 1892-1926) ; Series IV: Richmond League of Women Voters (n.d., 1920- 1978) ; Series V--Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV) (n.d., 1915-1967) ; Series VI--The League of Women Voters of Virginia (n.d., 1945-1970) ; Series VII--The National League of Women Voters (n.d., 1919-1947) ; Series VIII--League of Women Voters (n.d., 1946-1976) ; Series IX--Commission on Simplification of State and Local Government (n.d., 1921- 1927) ; Series X--Liberal Arts College for Women Commission (n.d., 1918-1938) ; Series XI--National Reemployment Service (n.d., 1925-1938) ; Series XII--Lila Meade Valentine memorial Association (n.d., 1921-1936) ; Series XIII--Religious Materials ; Series XIV--Art (n.d., 1850-1971) ; Series XV--Ephemera and Photographs (n.d., ca. 1850 - ca. 1970)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series I--Correspondence and Family Materials (n.d., 1849-1971) ; Series II--Business/Civic Organization Correspondence (n.d., 1903-1971) ; Series III--Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (ESLV) (n.d., 1892-1926) ; Series IV: Richmond League of Women Voters (n.d., 1920- 1978) ; Series V--Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV) (n.d., 1915-1967) ; Series VI--The League of Women Voters of Virginia (n.d., 1945-1970) ; Series VII--The National League of Women Voters (n.d., 1919-1947) ; Series VIII--League of Women Voters (n.d., 1946-1976) ; Series IX--Commission on Simplification of State and Local Government (n.d., 1921- 1927) ; Series X--Liberal Arts College for Women Commission (n.d., 1918-1938) ; Series XI--National Reemployment Service (n.d., 1925-1938) ; Series XII--Lila Meade Valentine memorial Association (n.d., 1921-1936) ; Series XIII--Religious Materials ; Series XIV--Art (n.d., 1850-1971) ; Series XV--Ephemera and Photographs (n.d., ca. 1850 - ca. 1970)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA founding member of the Virginia suffrage movement and a prominent supporter of the arts in Virginia, Adèle Goodman Clark (1882-1983) exemplified the influential role civically active women played in the major social reform movements of the twentieth century. Calling politics and art her \"creative spirits\", Clark was involved in a number of reform initiatives throughout her century of life that championed the rights of women and promoted the arts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second oldest daughter of Robert Clark (1832?-1906) and Estelle Goodman Clark (1847-1937), Adèle was born in Montgomery, Alabama on September 27, 1882. Before moving permanently to Richmond, the Clark family lived in New Orleans, LA, as well as the small town of Pass Christian, MS. It was in a one room school house in the latter town that Adèle developed a fondness for the arts. After her family moved to Richmond in 1894, Adèle enrolled in the Virginia Randolph Ellett School (now St. Catherine's). Adèle also studied art with Lilly M. Logan, who ran the art school at the Art Club of Richmond. In 1906 she was awarded a scholarship to the New York School of Fine and Applied Arts (the Chase School of Art), where she studied under Kenneth Hays Miller, Douglas Cannal, William M. Chase, and Robert Henri, leader of the \"Ash Can\" school of painting. Upon her return to Richmond, Clark began a teaching career at the Art Club of Richmond. It was here that Adèle began her long association and friendship with acclaimed Virginia artist, Nora Houston. When the Art Club of Richmond was dissolved in 1917, the women went on to establish The Atelier. Under their direction this private art studio, located adjacent to Clark's Chamberlayne Avenue residence, became a training ground for such noted Virginia artists as Edmund Archer, Eleanor Fry and Theresa Pollack (founder of the VCU School of the Arts). Two years later they founded the Virginia League of Fine Arts and Handicrafts, where they both held the title of artistic director. During this period, they participated in a fundraising campaign for the resurrection of the old Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts. Their goal became a reality in 1930 when the new Richmond Academy of Arts, forerunner to the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, was established on Capitol Street.*\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClark's interest in the suffrage movement began in 1909 when she was asked by novelist Ellen Glasgow to sign a petition calling for Virginia women to gain voting privileges. On November 27th of that year Clark, along with eighteen other civic-minded women, held a preliminary meeting to discuss the establishment of a state-wide suffrage organization. At this first meeting of what would become the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia, Clark was elected secretary, a position she held for one year. She later helped direct legislative initiatives, organized suffrage rallies and went on speaking tours that helped establish new League chapters throughout the state. Clark also served for several years as chair of the ratification committee and head of the Equal Suffrage League lobby to the Virginia General Assembly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 (which was ratified by Virginia in 1952), the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia was transformed into the Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV). For nearly two decades Clark played a major role in the VLWV.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSelected as the VLWV's first chair in 1920, Clark became president one year later. She held this position for eighteen years (nonconsecutively). Her work in the VLWV involved constant study of legislation involving social issues and governmental efficiency and administration. In 1924, Clark was elected to the board of the National League of Women Voters (NLWV) as Director of the Third Region. The region included Washington, D.C., Virginia, and six other southern states. The following year she was elected Second Vice President of the NLWV, in which capacity she served until the Spring of 1928. During that period Clark traveled to conventions in twenty-four states on speaking tours. Along with other officers of the NLWV she helped resolve league organizational problems.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to her work for the VLWV and NLWV, Clark also served on two important state government commissions. In 1922, Governor E. Lee Trinkle appointed her to the Commission on the Simplification of State and Local Government, on which she served for two years as secretary of the Commission. In addition to performing the editorial and clerical work of the Commission, Clark also authored several of the chapters of the Commission's final report (January 1924) to the Virginia General Assembly. Four years later, Governor Harry F. Byrd, Jr. appointed Clark to the Liberal Arts College for Women Commission, on which she also served as secretary. The nine member Commission studied the feasibility of establishing a new liberal arts college for women in Virginia. The second report of the Commission (January 1930), which contained the \"set-up\" of the proposed college [now Mary Washington College?], was the product of research conducted by Clark with the assistance of Commission advisors.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClark's strong commitment to higher education was exemplified in several other ways. From March - September, 1926, she served as the Social Director of women students at the College of William and Mary. She was also instrumental in the establishment of citizenship courses for women through the University of Virginia's Extension Division. The courses were designed to educate women about the intricacies of governmental institutions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the New Deal era, Clark distinguished herself in two important agencies. In 1933, she was selected as a field supervisor for the National Reemployment Service (NRS). Along with the state reemployment director and other field staff, she assisted in the organization of local reemployment offices throughout Virginia. After stepping down as field supervisor for the NRS, Clark became the Virginia Arts Project Director of the Work Projects Administration (WPA). This particular branch of the WPA was created to provide employment opportunities for artists in Virginia. In addition to producing murals for public buildings, artists employed by the WPA executed hundreds of paintings that were then distributed to local and state tax-supported institutions for display. One major accomplishment during Clark's tenure at the WPA was the establishment of new art galleries, such as the Southwest Virginia Museum at Big Stone Gap.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the later years of her life, Adèle Clark remained active in the Richmond community. After converting to Roman Catholicism in 1942, Clark utilized her political experience as a member of the Richmond Diocesan Council of Catholic Women (RDCCW). From 1949 to 1959 she served as the chair of the RDCCW's Legislative Committee. Clark also continued to speak out against a number of issues affecting women, such as the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and abortion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClark remained an active supporter of the Richmond art community. From 1941 to 1964 she was a member of the Virginia Arts Commission. The Commission helped to produce many of the murals and portraits displayed in state government buildings that depict the history of Virginia. Moreover, Clark's dedication to the teaching of art did not wane in these later years. She taught art to both the young and old in hospitals, schools and church classrooms. She also continued to enjoy creating her own artworks. Clark's paintings, mostly portraits and landscapes, have been exhibited in several states. One of her paintings, \"The Cherry Tree\", is in the permanent collection of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClark had a unique perspective on the influence of art on her political ideology. She once stated, \"I've always tried to combine my interest in art with my interest in government. I think we ought to have more of the creative and imaginative in politics.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdèle Clark died at the age of 100 on June 5, 1983.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Information from newspaper accounts and the Adèle Goodman Clark Papers.]\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["A founding member of the Virginia suffrage movement and a prominent supporter of the arts in Virginia, Adèle Goodman Clark (1882-1983) exemplified the influential role civically active women played in the major social reform movements of the twentieth century. Calling politics and art her \"creative spirits\", Clark was involved in a number of reform initiatives throughout her century of life that championed the rights of women and promoted the arts.","The second oldest daughter of Robert Clark (1832?-1906) and Estelle Goodman Clark (1847-1937), Adèle was born in Montgomery, Alabama on September 27, 1882. Before moving permanently to Richmond, the Clark family lived in New Orleans, LA, as well as the small town of Pass Christian, MS. It was in a one room school house in the latter town that Adèle developed a fondness for the arts. After her family moved to Richmond in 1894, Adèle enrolled in the Virginia Randolph Ellett School (now St. Catherine's). Adèle also studied art with Lilly M. Logan, who ran the art school at the Art Club of Richmond. In 1906 she was awarded a scholarship to the New York School of Fine and Applied Arts (the Chase School of Art), where she studied under Kenneth Hays Miller, Douglas Cannal, William M. Chase, and Robert Henri, leader of the \"Ash Can\" school of painting. Upon her return to Richmond, Clark began a teaching career at the Art Club of Richmond. It was here that Adèle began her long association and friendship with acclaimed Virginia artist, Nora Houston. When the Art Club of Richmond was dissolved in 1917, the women went on to establish The Atelier. Under their direction this private art studio, located adjacent to Clark's Chamberlayne Avenue residence, became a training ground for such noted Virginia artists as Edmund Archer, Eleanor Fry and Theresa Pollack (founder of the VCU School of the Arts). Two years later they founded the Virginia League of Fine Arts and Handicrafts, where they both held the title of artistic director. During this period, they participated in a fundraising campaign for the resurrection of the old Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts. Their goal became a reality in 1930 when the new Richmond Academy of Arts, forerunner to the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, was established on Capitol Street.*","Clark's interest in the suffrage movement began in 1909 when she was asked by novelist Ellen Glasgow to sign a petition calling for Virginia women to gain voting privileges. On November 27th of that year Clark, along with eighteen other civic-minded women, held a preliminary meeting to discuss the establishment of a state-wide suffrage organization. At this first meeting of what would become the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia, Clark was elected secretary, a position she held for one year. She later helped direct legislative initiatives, organized suffrage rallies and went on speaking tours that helped establish new League chapters throughout the state. Clark also served for several years as chair of the ratification committee and head of the Equal Suffrage League lobby to the Virginia General Assembly.","After passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 (which was ratified by Virginia in 1952), the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia was transformed into the Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV). For nearly two decades Clark played a major role in the VLWV.","Selected as the VLWV's first chair in 1920, Clark became president one year later. She held this position for eighteen years (nonconsecutively). Her work in the VLWV involved constant study of legislation involving social issues and governmental efficiency and administration. In 1924, Clark was elected to the board of the National League of Women Voters (NLWV) as Director of the Third Region. The region included Washington, D.C., Virginia, and six other southern states. The following year she was elected Second Vice President of the NLWV, in which capacity she served until the Spring of 1928. During that period Clark traveled to conventions in twenty-four states on speaking tours. Along with other officers of the NLWV she helped resolve league organizational problems.","In addition to her work for the VLWV and NLWV, Clark also served on two important state government commissions. In 1922, Governor E. Lee Trinkle appointed her to the Commission on the Simplification of State and Local Government, on which she served for two years as secretary of the Commission. In addition to performing the editorial and clerical work of the Commission, Clark also authored several of the chapters of the Commission's final report (January 1924) to the Virginia General Assembly. Four years later, Governor Harry F. Byrd, Jr. appointed Clark to the Liberal Arts College for Women Commission, on which she also served as secretary. The nine member Commission studied the feasibility of establishing a new liberal arts college for women in Virginia. The second report of the Commission (January 1930), which contained the \"set-up\" of the proposed college [now Mary Washington College?], was the product of research conducted by Clark with the assistance of Commission advisors.","Clark's strong commitment to higher education was exemplified in several other ways. From March - September, 1926, she served as the Social Director of women students at the College of William and Mary. She was also instrumental in the establishment of citizenship courses for women through the University of Virginia's Extension Division. The courses were designed to educate women about the intricacies of governmental institutions.","During the New Deal era, Clark distinguished herself in two important agencies. In 1933, she was selected as a field supervisor for the National Reemployment Service (NRS). Along with the state reemployment director and other field staff, she assisted in the organization of local reemployment offices throughout Virginia. After stepping down as field supervisor for the NRS, Clark became the Virginia Arts Project Director of the Work Projects Administration (WPA). This particular branch of the WPA was created to provide employment opportunities for artists in Virginia. In addition to producing murals for public buildings, artists employed by the WPA executed hundreds of paintings that were then distributed to local and state tax-supported institutions for display. One major accomplishment during Clark's tenure at the WPA was the establishment of new art galleries, such as the Southwest Virginia Museum at Big Stone Gap.","In the later years of her life, Adèle Clark remained active in the Richmond community. After converting to Roman Catholicism in 1942, Clark utilized her political experience as a member of the Richmond Diocesan Council of Catholic Women (RDCCW). From 1949 to 1959 she served as the chair of the RDCCW's Legislative Committee. Clark also continued to speak out against a number of issues affecting women, such as the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and abortion.","Clark remained an active supporter of the Richmond art community. From 1941 to 1964 she was a member of the Virginia Arts Commission. The Commission helped to produce many of the murals and portraits displayed in state government buildings that depict the history of Virginia. Moreover, Clark's dedication to the teaching of art did not wane in these later years. She taught art to both the young and old in hospitals, schools and church classrooms. She also continued to enjoy creating her own artworks. Clark's paintings, mostly portraits and landscapes, have been exhibited in several states. One of her paintings, \"The Cherry Tree\", is in the permanent collection of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.","Clark had a unique perspective on the influence of art on her political ideology. She once stated, \"I've always tried to combine my interest in art with my interest in government. I think we ought to have more of the creative and imaginative in politics.\"","Adèle Clark died at the age of 100 on June 5, 1983.","[Information from newspaper accounts and the Adèle Goodman Clark Papers.]"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdele Goodman Clark papers, Collection # M 9, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Adele Goodman Clark papers, Collection # M 9, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Adèle Goodman Clark papers document the life and activities of Miss Clark (1882-1983) throughout her adult life, as well as those of her closest friends and relatives. Miss Clark was a member of a small group of civically active Richmond women whose names appear throughout the collection. Of particular note are members of Clark's family, Edith Clark Cowles, Willoughby Ions, and friends Roberta Wellford, Lila Meade Valentine, Lucy Randolph Mason, Ida Mae Thompson, Eudora W. Ramsay Richardson, Nora Houston and Josephine Houston. A list and chart describing the family relationships follows the Series Description and Arrangement, which specifically details the arrangement of the collection and highlights areas of particular significance within each series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is comprised of five major components, each with its own depth of coverage, usually dependent upon the length of Clark's involvement. The first major component of the collection contains materials pertaining to the Clark and Houston families with their multiple activities, responsibilities and affiliations. The documents in this section include the personal correspondence of Adèle Clark, Nora Houston, and members of both the Clark and Houston families. Correspondence from Estelle Goodman Clark, Cely \"Nainaine\" Ions, and Estelle Adèle Goodman\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilloughby Ions provide a richly detailed account of the more significant events within the Clark-Ions family. Also included is personal, business, and legal correspondence between members of the Goodman family, predating the Civil War, and personal correspondence to Clark and Nora Houston from close friends and associates such as Cornelia Adair, T. Bowyer Campbell, Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon and Roberta Wellford. Additional family information is provided by legal and real estate correspondence, biographical sketches, family and genealogical histories, composition books, diaries, journals, and poetry by various members of the Clark and Houston families. Some items of significance include handwritten memoranda and notes, poems, short stories and other fictional material written by Adèle Clark during her lifetime. The Virginia Historical Society holds additional Clark family materials (see Appendices).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also includes correspondence from businesses and civic organizations with which Clark, Edith Clark Cowles, and the Dooley/Houston family were affiliated during their lifetimes. A list of the more significant organizations includes the Virginia Society for Crippled Children and Handicapped Adults, Commission of Inter-Racial (or Interracial) Cooperation, Woodrow Wilson Foundation, National Consumers League, and Social Science Research Council-Committee on Public Administration. There is also correspondence from prominent local and state government officials that further document the political activities and biases of these women. Brochures, memoranda and publications from these organizations are scattered throughout the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile the family correspondence provides information about Clark's early years, the greatest significance of the collection lies in its documentation of the activities of the suffrage movement, both locally and nationally. The collection is particularly strong in its representation of correspondence, reports, memoranda and publications reflecting the sentiments and political positions of both the pro- and anti- suffrage movement from 1913 until the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. A large portion of this segment also documents the actions of the post-suffragists in their work through the national, state and local chapters of the League of Women Voters (LWV). Clark's considerable role of participation in the Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV) in the first two decades of the organization provides an abundant amount of material chronicling the many social and political issues in which local and national LWV members were engaged. Although the documentation of the activities of the LWV continues well into the 1970s, the collection is not as strong for the later years as it is for the earlier period.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe suffrage materials, the second and largest component in the collection, are composed of documentation of the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (ESLV), Richmond League of Women Voters, the VLWV, and the reorganized League of Women Voters of Virginia (LWVV). The ESLV materials includes correspondence, committee and financial memoranda, convention material, notes, reports and miscellaneous literature. There is a large quantity of outgoing correspondence created by the corresponding secretaries of the ESLV which pertains to the efforts of organizing local suffrage chapters throughout the state and between officers of the ESLV, state and national government officials. Also included is correspondence between ESLV President, Lila Meade Valentine, and women of significance within the suffrage movement including Carrie Chapman Catt, Anna Howard Shaw, Maud Wood Park and Kate Gordon. While there is a substantial amount of correspondence generated by the central office of the ESLV, between 1909-1912 there are some major gaps. A portion of this documentation for the early history of the ESLV can be found at the Library of Virginia (see Appendices). Throughout its eleven year existence, the ESLV compiled an enormous amount of literature on the suffrage movement published by the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA), and other organizations. Materials generated by the movement and represented in this portion of the collection include petitions, photographs, enrollment cards, posters, suffrage maps, sashes and other ephemeral items. Additional publications have not been indexed but are available for research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of the materials of the remaining suffrage organizations represented in the collection fall within a fourteen year time frame, 1920-1934, and includes President/Executive Secretary correspondence, bulletins, circulars, committee memoranda, and financial statements as well as records relating to the Virginia Cookery Book, the Governor's Ball and the citizenship courses sponsored by the VLWV. Clark also corresponded with the President of the NLWV and other officers in the national organization. The significant correspondents include Maud Wood Park, Belle Sherwin, Katherine Ludington, and Gertrude Ely. Incoming correspondence from prominent Virginia women such as Faith Morgan, Roberta Wellford, Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon, Kate Waller Barrett, Mrs. John L. Lewis of Lynchburg, Mrs. John H. Lewis of Ashland, and Mrs C.E. [Jessie] Townsend of Norfolk can be found in both the President/Executive Correspondence files and the Board of Directors/Executive Committee/Standing Committees file of the VLWV.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe records of the VLWV document in great detail the legislative agenda over a fourteen year period. The VLWV materials contain correspondence, circulars, memoranda questionnaires and reports pertaining to the Children's Code Commission, Virginia Women's Council Legislative Chairman of State Organizations and other major committees of the VLWV; revealing which major pieces of legislation were of utmost concern to Clark and the VLWV. Like its predecessor, the VLWV collected a wide variety of literature from state, national and international organizations which championed a spectrum of causes of interest to Clark and her associates. These organizations include the League of Nations Association, National Council for the Prevention of War, National Women's Trade Union League of America, and Southern Council of Women and Children in Industry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocumentation of the NLWV (1920-1945) and the later reorganized League of Woman Voters of Virginia (1946-presents) includes correspondence and memoranda produced by Clark as Second Vice President in charge of Legislation and Law Enforcement and Third Regional Director for the NLWV. In addition to correspondence, memoranda, minutes, notes and reports there are materials detailing her involvement in nationally sponsored speaking tours throughout several regions of the United States. Items from the national office consist of mimeographed Adèle Goodman Clark correspondence and memoranda, reports, press releases and various publications created by the major standing committees and departments of the NLWV. Clark's activity in both the state and national leagues diminished to a great extent after 1934. Records of the latter local, state and national organizations primarily consists of bulletins, newsletters, and other literature published and distributed by the organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClark was very involved in the commemoration of the contributions of Lila Meade Valentine to the suffrage movement. The collection contains the organizational records of the Lila Meade Valentine Memorial Association (1921-1937), which was established to raise money for a memorial tablet dedicated to Mrs. Valentine to be placed in the Capitol Building in Richmond. Much of the material consists of correspondence and memoranda between the association's chairperson, Adèle Clark and the individuals who contributed to the memorial fund. There is also correspondence between Clark and the sculptor chosen to produce the memorial tablet. Other material includes financial data, contributors lists, minutes, notes and reports documenting the association's fundraising activities.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection of materials related to state and national politics comprises the third major section of the Clark Papers. These materials include correspondence, memoranda, minutes, reports, statistical data, and literature generated by or related to the work of the Commission on the Simplification of State and Local Government (1921-1927) and the Liberal Arts College Commission (1918, 1929-1933). Material pertaining to both of these government commissions highlight the research and information gathering work undertaken by Clark and the members of these commissions before presentation of the final reports to the Virginia General Assembly. The collection also contains the annotated drafts and proofs of the reports in various stages of development. Correspondence, notes, reports and travel vouchers highlight Clark's duties as a NRS Field Supervisor and her involvement with the National Reemployment Service (1925-1937). Correspondence between Clark and the State Reemployment Director reveal the types of reemployment projects in which the NRS was actively engaged throughout the state. In addition, correspondence between Clark and other field staff demonstrate the extent to which Clark participated in managing local reemployment offices during her tenure with the NRS. Published reports, speeches, manuals, newspaper clippings and other ephemeral materials are also included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth area of interest of Adèle's, as reflected in the collection, was religion. Included here are the organizational records and personal items documenting the religious activities of Clark, Nora Houston, and several members of the Houston family. It should be noted that Clark was baptized and confirmed in the Episcopal Church and later became a devout Roman Catholic after Nora Houston's death in 1942. Included is correspondence between both women and various religious organizations, church leaflets, pamphlets and prayerbooks, periodicals and other items of a religious nature. Some of the organizations with which Clark and Houston corresponded include the Catholic Woman's Club, National Council of Catholic Women, National Conference on Christians and Jews, and Catholic Daughters of America. Beth Ahabah Museum and Archives holds other materials of a religious nature relating to the Goodman family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe final component of the collection, second in size only to that of the suffrage and voting rights material, is that of art, particularly art in Virginia. An artist by training, Adèle Clark worked ceaselessly for increased public awareness of the traditions and richness of art within the Commonwealth. To this end, the collection documents the contributions of Clark and her colleagues in the following endeavors: the Art Club of Richmond, Atelier, Virginia League of Fine Arts and Handicrafts, Richmond Academy of Arts, Virginia Arts Commission, and Works Project Administration-Federal Arts Project. In addition to containing the correspondence relating to the operations of these organizations, the records also contain memoranda, minutes and reports of committees, and materials on exhibitions sponsored by these organizations. Of particular significance are the records of the Academy Committee of the Art Club that document the committee's role in attempting to resurrect the arts academy. Materials relating to the WPA and the Virginia Arts Commission emphasize Clark's substantial role in making the public a more active player in the promotion of the arts. Clark's monthly and narrative reports on several WPA art galleries, as well as data on the Index of American Design, provide a detailed account of the variety of art projects the WPA underwrote in Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also contains a range of art and art school publications, art supply advertisements, catalogs, exhibition bulletins and notices from local and national art institutions. A small number of drawings, sketches and miscellaneous artwork created by Adèle Clark, Nora Houston and other artists are also represented. Some of the more notable pieces include Clark's original lithograph \"Richmond Market at Christmas\", copies of Nora Houston's house sketches and artwork produced by children of various ages. Lastly there are numerous kinds of illustrations and reproductions that Clark and Houston utilized in their art classes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSignificant portions of the collection are in fragile condition, particularly newspaper clippings and photographs. Reference copies of the photographs are available for use. A large portion of the clippings have been photocopied and the process will continue as time and staff permit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections has also purchased suffrage and related materials. Please ask a staffmember for information about these supporting items.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Adèle Goodman Clark papers document the life and activities of Miss Clark (1882-1983) throughout her adult life, as well as those of her closest friends and relatives. Miss Clark was a member of a small group of civically active Richmond women whose names appear throughout the collection. Of particular note are members of Clark's family, Edith Clark Cowles, Willoughby Ions, and friends Roberta Wellford, Lila Meade Valentine, Lucy Randolph Mason, Ida Mae Thompson, Eudora W. Ramsay Richardson, Nora Houston and Josephine Houston. A list and chart describing the family relationships follows the Series Description and Arrangement, which specifically details the arrangement of the collection and highlights areas of particular significance within each series.","The collection is comprised of five major components, each with its own depth of coverage, usually dependent upon the length of Clark's involvement. The first major component of the collection contains materials pertaining to the Clark and Houston families with their multiple activities, responsibilities and affiliations. The documents in this section include the personal correspondence of Adèle Clark, Nora Houston, and members of both the Clark and Houston families. Correspondence from Estelle Goodman Clark, Cely \"Nainaine\" Ions, and Estelle Adèle Goodman","Willoughby Ions provide a richly detailed account of the more significant events within the Clark-Ions family. Also included is personal, business, and legal correspondence between members of the Goodman family, predating the Civil War, and personal correspondence to Clark and Nora Houston from close friends and associates such as Cornelia Adair, T. Bowyer Campbell, Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon and Roberta Wellford. Additional family information is provided by legal and real estate correspondence, biographical sketches, family and genealogical histories, composition books, diaries, journals, and poetry by various members of the Clark and Houston families. Some items of significance include handwritten memoranda and notes, poems, short stories and other fictional material written by Adèle Clark during her lifetime. The Virginia Historical Society holds additional Clark family materials (see Appendices).","The collection also includes correspondence from businesses and civic organizations with which Clark, Edith Clark Cowles, and the Dooley/Houston family were affiliated during their lifetimes. A list of the more significant organizations includes the Virginia Society for Crippled Children and Handicapped Adults, Commission of Inter-Racial (or Interracial) Cooperation, Woodrow Wilson Foundation, National Consumers League, and Social Science Research Council-Committee on Public Administration. There is also correspondence from prominent local and state government officials that further document the political activities and biases of these women. Brochures, memoranda and publications from these organizations are scattered throughout the collection.","While the family correspondence provides information about Clark's early years, the greatest significance of the collection lies in its documentation of the activities of the suffrage movement, both locally and nationally. The collection is particularly strong in its representation of correspondence, reports, memoranda and publications reflecting the sentiments and political positions of both the pro- and anti- suffrage movement from 1913 until the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. A large portion of this segment also documents the actions of the post-suffragists in their work through the national, state and local chapters of the League of Women Voters (LWV). Clark's considerable role of participation in the Virginia League of Women Voters (VLWV) in the first two decades of the organization provides an abundant amount of material chronicling the many social and political issues in which local and national LWV members were engaged. Although the documentation of the activities of the LWV continues well into the 1970s, the collection is not as strong for the later years as it is for the earlier period.","The suffrage materials, the second and largest component in the collection, are composed of documentation of the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (ESLV), Richmond League of Women Voters, the VLWV, and the reorganized League of Women Voters of Virginia (LWVV). The ESLV materials includes correspondence, committee and financial memoranda, convention material, notes, reports and miscellaneous literature. There is a large quantity of outgoing correspondence created by the corresponding secretaries of the ESLV which pertains to the efforts of organizing local suffrage chapters throughout the state and between officers of the ESLV, state and national government officials. Also included is correspondence between ESLV President, Lila Meade Valentine, and women of significance within the suffrage movement including Carrie Chapman Catt, Anna Howard Shaw, Maud Wood Park and Kate Gordon. While there is a substantial amount of correspondence generated by the central office of the ESLV, between 1909-1912 there are some major gaps. A portion of this documentation for the early history of the ESLV can be found at the Library of Virginia (see Appendices). Throughout its eleven year existence, the ESLV compiled an enormous amount of literature on the suffrage movement published by the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA), and other organizations. Materials generated by the movement and represented in this portion of the collection include petitions, photographs, enrollment cards, posters, suffrage maps, sashes and other ephemeral items. Additional publications have not been indexed but are available for research.","The bulk of the materials of the remaining suffrage organizations represented in the collection fall within a fourteen year time frame, 1920-1934, and includes President/Executive Secretary correspondence, bulletins, circulars, committee memoranda, and financial statements as well as records relating to the Virginia Cookery Book, the Governor's Ball and the citizenship courses sponsored by the VLWV. Clark also corresponded with the President of the NLWV and other officers in the national organization. The significant correspondents include Maud Wood Park, Belle Sherwin, Katherine Ludington, and Gertrude Ely. Incoming correspondence from prominent Virginia women such as Faith Morgan, Roberta Wellford, Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon, Kate Waller Barrett, Mrs. John L. Lewis of Lynchburg, Mrs. John H. Lewis of Ashland, and Mrs C.E. [Jessie] Townsend of Norfolk can be found in both the President/Executive Correspondence files and the Board of Directors/Executive Committee/Standing Committees file of the VLWV.","The records of the VLWV document in great detail the legislative agenda over a fourteen year period. The VLWV materials contain correspondence, circulars, memoranda questionnaires and reports pertaining to the Children's Code Commission, Virginia Women's Council Legislative Chairman of State Organizations and other major committees of the VLWV; revealing which major pieces of legislation were of utmost concern to Clark and the VLWV. Like its predecessor, the VLWV collected a wide variety of literature from state, national and international organizations which championed a spectrum of causes of interest to Clark and her associates. These organizations include the League of Nations Association, National Council for the Prevention of War, National Women's Trade Union League of America, and Southern Council of Women and Children in Industry.","Documentation of the NLWV (1920-1945) and the later reorganized League of Woman Voters of Virginia (1946-presents) includes correspondence and memoranda produced by Clark as Second Vice President in charge of Legislation and Law Enforcement and Third Regional Director for the NLWV. In addition to correspondence, memoranda, minutes, notes and reports there are materials detailing her involvement in nationally sponsored speaking tours throughout several regions of the United States. Items from the national office consist of mimeographed Adèle Goodman Clark correspondence and memoranda, reports, press releases and various publications created by the major standing committees and departments of the NLWV. Clark's activity in both the state and national leagues diminished to a great extent after 1934. Records of the latter local, state and national organizations primarily consists of bulletins, newsletters, and other literature published and distributed by the organizations.","Clark was very involved in the commemoration of the contributions of Lila Meade Valentine to the suffrage movement. The collection contains the organizational records of the Lila Meade Valentine Memorial Association (1921-1937), which was established to raise money for a memorial tablet dedicated to Mrs. Valentine to be placed in the Capitol Building in Richmond. Much of the material consists of correspondence and memoranda between the association's chairperson, Adèle Clark and the individuals who contributed to the memorial fund. There is also correspondence between Clark and the sculptor chosen to produce the memorial tablet. Other material includes financial data, contributors lists, minutes, notes and reports documenting the association's fundraising activities.","The collection of materials related to state and national politics comprises the third major section of the Clark Papers. These materials include correspondence, memoranda, minutes, reports, statistical data, and literature generated by or related to the work of the Commission on the Simplification of State and Local Government (1921-1927) and the Liberal Arts College Commission (1918, 1929-1933). Material pertaining to both of these government commissions highlight the research and information gathering work undertaken by Clark and the members of these commissions before presentation of the final reports to the Virginia General Assembly. The collection also contains the annotated drafts and proofs of the reports in various stages of development. Correspondence, notes, reports and travel vouchers highlight Clark's duties as a NRS Field Supervisor and her involvement with the National Reemployment Service (1925-1937). Correspondence between Clark and the State Reemployment Director reveal the types of reemployment projects in which the NRS was actively engaged throughout the state. In addition, correspondence between Clark and other field staff demonstrate the extent to which Clark participated in managing local reemployment offices during her tenure with the NRS. Published reports, speeches, manuals, newspaper clippings and other ephemeral materials are also included.","The fourth area of interest of Adèle's, as reflected in the collection, was religion. Included here are the organizational records and personal items documenting the religious activities of Clark, Nora Houston, and several members of the Houston family. It should be noted that Clark was baptized and confirmed in the Episcopal Church and later became a devout Roman Catholic after Nora Houston's death in 1942. Included is correspondence between both women and various religious organizations, church leaflets, pamphlets and prayerbooks, periodicals and other items of a religious nature. Some of the organizations with which Clark and Houston corresponded include the Catholic Woman's Club, National Council of Catholic Women, National Conference on Christians and Jews, and Catholic Daughters of America. Beth Ahabah Museum and Archives holds other materials of a religious nature relating to the Goodman family.","The final component of the collection, second in size only to that of the suffrage and voting rights material, is that of art, particularly art in Virginia. An artist by training, Adèle Clark worked ceaselessly for increased public awareness of the traditions and richness of art within the Commonwealth. To this end, the collection documents the contributions of Clark and her colleagues in the following endeavors: the Art Club of Richmond, Atelier, Virginia League of Fine Arts and Handicrafts, Richmond Academy of Arts, Virginia Arts Commission, and Works Project Administration-Federal Arts Project. In addition to containing the correspondence relating to the operations of these organizations, the records also contain memoranda, minutes and reports of committees, and materials on exhibitions sponsored by these organizations. Of particular significance are the records of the Academy Committee of the Art Club that document the committee's role in attempting to resurrect the arts academy. Materials relating to the WPA and the Virginia Arts Commission emphasize Clark's substantial role in making the public a more active player in the promotion of the arts. Clark's monthly and narrative reports on several WPA art galleries, as well as data on the Index of American Design, provide a detailed account of the variety of art projects the WPA underwrote in Virginia.","The collection also contains a range of art and art school publications, art supply advertisements, catalogs, exhibition bulletins and notices from local and national art institutions. A small number of drawings, sketches and miscellaneous artwork created by Adèle Clark, Nora Houston and other artists are also represented. Some of the more notable pieces include Clark's original lithograph \"Richmond Market at Christmas\", copies of Nora Houston's house sketches and artwork produced by children of various ages. Lastly there are numerous kinds of illustrations and reproductions that Clark and Houston utilized in their art classes.","Significant portions of the collection are in fragile condition, particularly newspaper clippings and photographs. Reference copies of the photographs are available for use. A large portion of the clippings have been photocopied and the process will continue as time and staff permit.","Special Collections has also purchased suffrage and related materials. Please ask a staffmember for information about these supporting items."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","League of Women Voters of the Richmond Metropolitan Area (Va.) -- Archives","Equal Suffrage League of Virginia -- Archives"],"names_coll_ssim":["League of Women Voters of the Richmond Metropolitan Area (Va.) -- Archives","Equal Suffrage League of Virginia -- Archives","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983 -- Archives"],"persname_ssim":["Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983 -- Archives"],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","League of Women Voters of the Richmond Metropolitan Area (Va.) -- Archives","Equal Suffrage League of Virginia -- Archives","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983","Clark, Adèle, 1882-1983 -- Archives"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3079,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:40:08.594Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_279_c14"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_96_c01_c236","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Shipley, Joseph T., 1860/1960","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_96_c01_c236#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_96_c01_c236","ref_ssm":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_96_c01_c236"],"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_96_c01_c236","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_96","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_96","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_96_c01","parent_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_96_c01","parent_ssim":["James Branch Cabell collection, 1860/1971","Series I--Correspondence"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_96","vircu_repositories_5_resources_96_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Shipley, Joseph T.","title_ssm":["Shipley, Joseph T."],"title_tesim":["Shipley, Joseph T."],"normalized_title_ssm":["Shipley, Joseph T., 1860/1960"],"text":["Shipley, Joseph T., 1860/1960","James Branch Cabell collection, 1860/1971","Series I--Correspondence","box 3"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["James Branch Cabell collection, 1860/1971","Series I--Correspondence"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["James Branch Cabell collection, 1860/1971","Series I--Correspondence"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1860/1960"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["undated"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":237,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"collection_ssim":["James Branch Cabell collection, 1860/1971"],"containers_ssim":["box 3"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#235","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:40:16.668Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_96","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_96","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_96","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_96","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_96.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vcu-cab/vircu00065.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Cabell, James Branch, collection","title_ssm":["James Branch Cabell collection"],"title_tesim":["James Branch Cabell collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1860-1971"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1860-1971"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1860/1971"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James Branch Cabell collection, 1860/1971"],"text":["James Branch Cabell collection, 1860/1971","M 214","/repositories/5/resources/96","Authors, American -- Virginia -- Richmond","Authors, American -- Manuscripts -- Virginia -- Richmond","The collection is open to research.","Collection is arranged alphabetically. Series I -- Correspondence (1860s-1960s); Series II -- Manuscripts; Series III -- Ephemera, printed material, illustrations, newspaper clippings, etc.; Series IV -- Cabell Society (1963- 1971); Series V -- Between Friends; Series VI -- Criticisms of Cabell's work; Series VII -- Periodicals (essays, reviews and fiction by Cabell); Series VIII -- Dramatic and musical interpretations of Cabell's work; Series IX -- Scrapbooks, notebooks and oversized items.","The collection includes materials removed from books in Cabell's personal library. When Jean Maurice Duke cataloged the book collection he assigned a number (written in pencil) to each item indicating what volume the materials was taken from. Please see James Branch Cabell's Library: A Catalogue by Duke, for reference.","Richmond author James Branch Cabell (1879-1958) is best known for his controversial book, Jurgen (1919), a fantasy set in Cabell's mythical medieval world of Poictesme (pronounced Pwa-tem). The New York Society for the Suppression of Vice contended the book was obscene. A trial over its content brought the reclusive writer national fame. Throughout the 1920s, Cabell's literary peers, including H.L. Mencken and Sinclair Lewis, praised his works.","Cabell was born April 14, 1879, at 101 E. Franklin St., the present site of the Richmond Public Library. His father was Robert Gamble Cabell, II (1847-1922), a physician; his mother Anne Harris (1859-1915), daughter of Col. and Mrs. James R. Branch. Cabell's great grandfather was William H. Cabell, governor of Virginia from 1805-1808. Cabell had two brothers, Robert Gamble Cabell, III (1881-1968) and John Lottier Cabell (1883-1946). His parents divorced in 1907.","After attending the College of William and Mary (1893-1898), where he taught courses in French and Greek while an undergraduate, Cabell worked briefly at the Richmond Times as a copyholder. In 1899 he moved to New York City and worked for the New York Herald as a social reporter.  He returned to Richmond in 1901 and worked several months on the staff of the Richmond News. During the next ten years, he performed genealogical research and wrote numerous short stories and articles, which he contributed to national magazines such as Harper's Monthly Magazine and the Saturday Evening Post.","In 1911, Cabell worked as a bookkeeper for his uncle James R. Branch's coal mine in West Virginia. Returning to Richmond in 1913, he married Rebecca Priscilla Bradley Shepherd (1874-1949), a widow with five children by her previous marriage. They had one son, Ballard Hartwell Cabell (1915-1980).","Although he had written for newspapers, Cabell's first published nonfiction work was \"The Comedies of William Congreve,\" which appeared in the April 1901 edition of International. He published his first book, The Eagle's Shadow, in the autumn of 1904 after it appeared serially in the Saturday Evening Post during that summer. His work was slow to draw critical attention. However, by 1918 he had published ten major works and began attracting critical admirers. In an article for the New York Evening Mail, H.L. Mencken described Cabell as \"the only first-rate literary craftsman that the whole South can show.\" Cabell's stature and fame as an author increased with the 1919 publication of Jurgen.","On January 14, 1920, the New York State Society for the Prevention of Vice charged Cabell's publishing editor, Guy Holt, with violating the anti-obscenity provisions of the New York State Penal Code by publishing Jurgen. The controversy over the charges and the attempt at censorship brought Cabell much notoriety. Writers defended the artistry of Jurgen and Cabell's right to publish it.","The obscenity trial over Jurgen began October 16, 1922, and ended three days later with an acquittal of all charges. The presiding judge, Charles C. Nott, stated in his decision \"...the most that can be said against the book is that certain passages therein may be considered suggestive in a veiled and subtle way of immorality, but such suggestions are delicately conveyed\" and that because of Cabell's writing style \"...it is doubtful if the book could be read or understood at all by more than a very limited number of readers.\"","Throughout the 1920s, he continued to publish in the style of Jurgen, a combination of satire, symbolism, and fantasy, set in a mythical medieval French province of Poictesme. The name was a compound of two provinces located in the South of France, Poitiers and Angouleme. Cabell blended an assortment of myths and legends laced with puns, anagrams, and allegories in these books. These works eventually became part of an eighteen-volume collection entitled The Biography of the Life of Manuel; the last volume was published in 1930.","Cabell had become well regarded by prominent writers of the period and maintained an extensive correspondence with a wide circle of literary artists and friends, including Mencken, Joseph Hergesheimer, Burton Rascoe, Theodore Dreiser, Sinclair Lewis, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Carl Van Vechten, and fellow Richmonder and close friend Ellen Glasgow (1873-1945). He had known Glasgow since his days at William and Mary. He served as editor of the Virginia War History Commission (1919-1926) and later joined Dreiser, Eugene O'Neil, and others on the editorial board of the American Spectator (1932-1935). In 1937, Cabell was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.","While the controversy over Jurgen ensured Cabell an audience throughout most of the 1920s, interest in his books dropped sharply in the New Deal era of the 1930s and continued to decline. In 1932, in an attempt to break away from his past, he began publishing under the name Branch Cabell. During the next three decades, he wrote and published nearly twenty more books. They were grouped in a series of trilogies. He returned as James Branch Cabell in 1947 with the publication of Let Me Lie. It was the first installment of his fifth and last trilogy, consisting mainly of semi-autobiographical essays filled with remembrances of Virginia.","Cabell continued to live and work in Richmond, residing at 3201 Monument Avenue. By 1935 he and his family began spending most of their winter months in St. Augustine, Florida, due to Cabell's reoccurring bouts of pneumonia. During their stay in Florida in 1949, his wife died of heart failure. In 1950, he married Margaret Waller Freeman (1893-1983), whom he had known for many years. Cabell suffered a cerebral hemorrhage in 1958, and on May 5, he died at his home in Richmond.","Cabell's writings, published in various magazines, newspapers, and anthologies, included numerous short stories, poetry, essays, book reviews, and one play. He authored more than 52 volumes of work, including three devoted to genealogy. Cabell is recognized as one of the first contemporary writers from the South. Like his friend, Ellen Glasgow, Cabell was not afraid to satirize what he saw as the South's contradictions. Others, noting Cabell's unique blending of classic myths and legends with his imagination, consider him a pioneer of fantasy writing.","Soon after the establishment of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in 1968, created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) and Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), the University began construction for a new library on the Monroe Park Campus. RPI had already planned for a new library and approached Margaret Cabell about naming it for her husband. VCU approved the name, and in 1970, the James Branch Cabell Library opened its doors.","The collection contains James Branch Cabell's personal papers along with materials by other creators related to Cabell. Cabell corresponded with a number of American and British authors such as H.L. Mencken, Ellen Glasgow, Sinclair Lewis, and Theodore Dreiser, as well as with family, friends, editors and publishers. Other materials of note include his manuscripts with Cabells handwritten edits, his notebooks containing information about his published works along with poems and other writings, and the materials found inside the books of his personal library. The materials provide insight into Cabell's writings and personal interests based upon the content he placed within the books of his collection.","Series I contains correspondence between Cabell and his contemporaries in the literary world, family and friends.","Series II includes various Cabell manuscripts as story ideas, notes, early drafts, school work, essays and poems.","Series III is composed primarily of materials found placed inside Cabell's books and includes ephemera, pamphlets, newspaper clippings, etc.","Series IV are materials from the Cabell Society and contain correspondence between its founders and correspondence between Cabell and Nelson Bond and Cabell and Frederick Eddy.","Series V has materials related to the book Between Friends: Letters of James Branch Cabell and Others, edited by Padraic Colum and Margaret Freeman Cabell.","Series VI consists of various criticisms of Cabell's writings, most of which were collected by Jean Maurice Duke while writing James Branch Cabell: A Reference Guide.","Series VII includes works by Cabell printed in various periodicals. He often published essays, short stories, and other fiction in periodicals before later revising them into book form. The majority of this series is made up of bound volumes. Each volume is named for a published Cabell book and contains the full periodical where the content originally appeared before he developed it into a book.","Series VIII contains plays, poems, and other works inspired by Cabell's work.","Series IX includes scrapbooks and notebooks containing clippings, letters, notes, poems, and other writings by Cabell.","There are no restrictions.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958","Flora, Joseph M.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["James Branch Cabell collection, 1860/1971"],"collection_ssim":["James Branch Cabell collection, 1860/1971"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 214","/repositories/5/resources/96"],"unitid_tesim":["M 214","/repositories/5/resources/96"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958","Flora, Joseph M."],"creator_ssim":["Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958","Flora, Joseph M."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958","Flora, Joseph M."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"creators_ssim":["Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958","Flora, Joseph M.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Margaret Freeman Cabell in 1976."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Authors, American -- Virginia -- Richmond","Authors, American -- Manuscripts -- Virginia -- Richmond"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Authors, American -- Virginia -- Richmond","Authors, American -- Manuscripts -- Virginia -- Richmond"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["10 Linear Feet Also includes 3000 volume library"],"extent_tesim":["10 Linear Feet Also includes 3000 volume library"],"date_range_isim":[1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is arranged alphabetically. Series I -- Correspondence (1860s-1960s); Series II -- Manuscripts; Series III -- Ephemera, printed material, illustrations, newspaper clippings, etc.; Series IV -- Cabell Society (1963- 1971); Series V -- Between Friends; Series VI -- Criticisms of Cabell's work; Series VII -- Periodicals (essays, reviews and fiction by Cabell); Series VIII -- Dramatic and musical interpretations of Cabell's work; Series IX -- Scrapbooks, notebooks and oversized items.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes materials removed from books in Cabell's personal library. When Jean Maurice Duke cataloged the book collection he assigned a number (written in pencil) to each item indicating what volume the materials was taken from. Please see James Branch Cabell's Library: A Catalogue by Duke, for reference.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Collection is arranged alphabetically. Series I -- Correspondence (1860s-1960s); Series II -- Manuscripts; Series III -- Ephemera, printed material, illustrations, newspaper clippings, etc.; Series IV -- Cabell Society (1963- 1971); Series V -- Between Friends; Series VI -- Criticisms of Cabell's work; Series VII -- Periodicals (essays, reviews and fiction by Cabell); Series VIII -- Dramatic and musical interpretations of Cabell's work; Series IX -- Scrapbooks, notebooks and oversized items.","The collection includes materials removed from books in Cabell's personal library. When Jean Maurice Duke cataloged the book collection he assigned a number (written in pencil) to each item indicating what volume the materials was taken from. Please see James Branch Cabell's Library: A Catalogue by Duke, for reference."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRichmond author James Branch Cabell (1879-1958) is best known for his controversial book, \u003ctitle\u003eJurgen\u003c/title\u003e (1919), a fantasy set in Cabell's mythical medieval world of Poictesme (pronounced Pwa-tem). The New York Society for the Suppression of Vice contended the book was obscene. A trial over its content brought the reclusive writer national fame. Throughout the 1920s, Cabell's literary peers, including H.L. Mencken and Sinclair Lewis, praised his works.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCabell was born April 14, 1879, at 101 E. Franklin St., the present site of the Richmond Public Library. His father was Robert Gamble Cabell, II (1847-1922), a physician; his mother Anne Harris (1859-1915), daughter of Col. and Mrs. James R. Branch. Cabell's great grandfather was William H. Cabell, governor of Virginia from 1805-1808. Cabell had two brothers, Robert Gamble Cabell, III (1881-1968) and John Lottier Cabell (1883-1946). His parents divorced in 1907.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter attending the College of William and Mary (1893-1898), where he taught courses in French and Greek while an undergraduate, Cabell worked briefly at the \u003ctitle\u003eRichmond Times\u003c/title\u003e as a copyholder. In 1899 he moved to New York City and worked for the \u003ctitle\u003eNew York Herald\u003c/title\u003e as a social reporter.  He returned to Richmond in 1901 and worked several months on the staff of the \u003ctitle\u003eRichmond News\u003c/title\u003e. During the next ten years, he performed genealogical research and wrote numerous short stories and articles, which he contributed to national magazines such as \u003ctitle\u003eHarper's Monthly Magazine\u003c/title\u003e and the \u003ctitle\u003eSaturday Evening Post\u003c/title\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1911, Cabell worked as a bookkeeper for his uncle James R. Branch's coal mine in West Virginia. Returning to Richmond in 1913, he married Rebecca Priscilla Bradley Shepherd (1874-1949), a widow with five children by her previous marriage. They had one son, Ballard Hartwell Cabell (1915-1980).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough he had written for newspapers, Cabell's first published nonfiction work was \"The Comedies of William Congreve,\" which appeared in the April 1901 edition of \u003ctitle\u003eInternational\u003c/title\u003e. He published his first book, \u003ctitle\u003eThe Eagle's Shadow\u003c/title\u003e, in the autumn of 1904 after it appeared serially in the \u003ctitle\u003eSaturday Evening Post\u003c/title\u003e during that summer. His work was slow to draw critical attention. However, by 1918 he had published ten major works and began attracting critical admirers. In an article for the \u003ctitle\u003eNew York Evening Mail\u003c/title\u003e, H.L. Mencken described Cabell as \"the only first-rate literary craftsman that the whole South can show.\" Cabell's stature and fame as an author increased with the 1919 publication of Jurgen.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn January 14, 1920, the New York State Society for the Prevention of Vice charged Cabell's publishing editor, Guy Holt, with violating the anti-obscenity provisions of the New York State Penal Code by publishing \u003ctitle\u003eJurgen\u003c/title\u003e. The controversy over the charges and the attempt at censorship brought Cabell much notoriety. Writers defended the artistry of Jurgen and Cabell's right to publish it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe obscenity trial over Jurgen began October 16, 1922, and ended three days later with an acquittal of all charges. The presiding judge, Charles C. Nott, stated in his decision \"...the most that can be said against the book is that certain passages therein may be considered suggestive in a veiled and subtle way of immorality, but such suggestions are delicately conveyed\" and that because of Cabell's writing style \"...it is doubtful if the book could be read or understood at all by more than a very limited number of readers.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout the 1920s, he continued to publish in the style of \u003ctitle\u003eJurgen\u003c/title\u003e, a combination of satire, symbolism, and fantasy, set in a mythical medieval French province of Poictesme. The name was a compound of two provinces located in the South of France, Poitiers and Angouleme. Cabell blended an assortment of myths and legends laced with puns, anagrams, and allegories in these books. These works eventually became part of an eighteen-volume collection entitled \u003ctitle\u003eThe Biography of the Life of Manuel\u003c/title\u003e; the last volume was published in 1930.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCabell had become well regarded by prominent writers of the period and maintained an extensive correspondence with a wide circle of literary artists and friends, including Mencken, Joseph Hergesheimer, Burton Rascoe, Theodore Dreiser, Sinclair Lewis, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Carl Van Vechten, and fellow Richmonder and close friend Ellen Glasgow (1873-1945). He had known Glasgow since his days at William and Mary. He served as editor of the Virginia War History Commission (1919-1926) and later joined Dreiser, Eugene O'Neil, and others on the editorial board of the \u003ctitle\u003eAmerican Spectator\u003c/title\u003e (1932-1935). In 1937, Cabell was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile the controversy over \u003ctitle\u003eJurgen\u003c/title\u003e ensured Cabell an audience throughout most of the 1920s, interest in his books dropped sharply in the New Deal era of the 1930s and continued to decline. In 1932, in an attempt to break away from his past, he began publishing under the name Branch Cabell. During the next three decades, he wrote and published nearly twenty more books. They were grouped in a series of trilogies. He returned as James Branch Cabell in 1947 with the publication of \u003ctitle\u003eLet Me Lie\u003c/title\u003e. It was the first installment of his fifth and last trilogy, consisting mainly of semi-autobiographical essays filled with remembrances of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCabell continued to live and work in Richmond, residing at 3201 Monument Avenue. By 1935 he and his family began spending most of their winter months in St. Augustine, Florida, due to Cabell's reoccurring bouts of pneumonia. During their stay in Florida in 1949, his wife died of heart failure. In 1950, he married Margaret Waller Freeman (1893-1983), whom he had known for many years. Cabell suffered a cerebral hemorrhage in 1958, and on May 5, he died at his home in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nCabell's writings, published in various magazines, newspapers, and anthologies, included numerous short stories, poetry, essays, book reviews, and one play. He authored more than 52 volumes of work, including three devoted to genealogy. Cabell is recognized as one of the first contemporary writers from the South. Like his friend, Ellen Glasgow, Cabell was not afraid to satirize what he saw as the South's contradictions. Others, noting Cabell's unique blending of classic myths and legends with his imagination, consider him a pioneer of fantasy writing. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSoon after the establishment of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in 1968, created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) and Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), the University began construction for a new library on the Monroe Park Campus. RPI had already planned for a new library and approached Margaret Cabell about naming it for her husband. VCU approved the name, and in 1970, the James Branch Cabell Library opened its doors.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Richmond author James Branch Cabell (1879-1958) is best known for his controversial book, Jurgen (1919), a fantasy set in Cabell's mythical medieval world of Poictesme (pronounced Pwa-tem). The New York Society for the Suppression of Vice contended the book was obscene. A trial over its content brought the reclusive writer national fame. Throughout the 1920s, Cabell's literary peers, including H.L. Mencken and Sinclair Lewis, praised his works.","Cabell was born April 14, 1879, at 101 E. Franklin St., the present site of the Richmond Public Library. His father was Robert Gamble Cabell, II (1847-1922), a physician; his mother Anne Harris (1859-1915), daughter of Col. and Mrs. James R. Branch. Cabell's great grandfather was William H. Cabell, governor of Virginia from 1805-1808. Cabell had two brothers, Robert Gamble Cabell, III (1881-1968) and John Lottier Cabell (1883-1946). His parents divorced in 1907.","After attending the College of William and Mary (1893-1898), where he taught courses in French and Greek while an undergraduate, Cabell worked briefly at the Richmond Times as a copyholder. In 1899 he moved to New York City and worked for the New York Herald as a social reporter.  He returned to Richmond in 1901 and worked several months on the staff of the Richmond News. During the next ten years, he performed genealogical research and wrote numerous short stories and articles, which he contributed to national magazines such as Harper's Monthly Magazine and the Saturday Evening Post.","In 1911, Cabell worked as a bookkeeper for his uncle James R. Branch's coal mine in West Virginia. Returning to Richmond in 1913, he married Rebecca Priscilla Bradley Shepherd (1874-1949), a widow with five children by her previous marriage. They had one son, Ballard Hartwell Cabell (1915-1980).","Although he had written for newspapers, Cabell's first published nonfiction work was \"The Comedies of William Congreve,\" which appeared in the April 1901 edition of International. He published his first book, The Eagle's Shadow, in the autumn of 1904 after it appeared serially in the Saturday Evening Post during that summer. His work was slow to draw critical attention. However, by 1918 he had published ten major works and began attracting critical admirers. In an article for the New York Evening Mail, H.L. Mencken described Cabell as \"the only first-rate literary craftsman that the whole South can show.\" Cabell's stature and fame as an author increased with the 1919 publication of Jurgen.","On January 14, 1920, the New York State Society for the Prevention of Vice charged Cabell's publishing editor, Guy Holt, with violating the anti-obscenity provisions of the New York State Penal Code by publishing Jurgen. The controversy over the charges and the attempt at censorship brought Cabell much notoriety. Writers defended the artistry of Jurgen and Cabell's right to publish it.","The obscenity trial over Jurgen began October 16, 1922, and ended three days later with an acquittal of all charges. The presiding judge, Charles C. Nott, stated in his decision \"...the most that can be said against the book is that certain passages therein may be considered suggestive in a veiled and subtle way of immorality, but such suggestions are delicately conveyed\" and that because of Cabell's writing style \"...it is doubtful if the book could be read or understood at all by more than a very limited number of readers.\"","Throughout the 1920s, he continued to publish in the style of Jurgen, a combination of satire, symbolism, and fantasy, set in a mythical medieval French province of Poictesme. The name was a compound of two provinces located in the South of France, Poitiers and Angouleme. Cabell blended an assortment of myths and legends laced with puns, anagrams, and allegories in these books. These works eventually became part of an eighteen-volume collection entitled The Biography of the Life of Manuel; the last volume was published in 1930.","Cabell had become well regarded by prominent writers of the period and maintained an extensive correspondence with a wide circle of literary artists and friends, including Mencken, Joseph Hergesheimer, Burton Rascoe, Theodore Dreiser, Sinclair Lewis, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Carl Van Vechten, and fellow Richmonder and close friend Ellen Glasgow (1873-1945). He had known Glasgow since his days at William and Mary. He served as editor of the Virginia War History Commission (1919-1926) and later joined Dreiser, Eugene O'Neil, and others on the editorial board of the American Spectator (1932-1935). In 1937, Cabell was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.","While the controversy over Jurgen ensured Cabell an audience throughout most of the 1920s, interest in his books dropped sharply in the New Deal era of the 1930s and continued to decline. In 1932, in an attempt to break away from his past, he began publishing under the name Branch Cabell. During the next three decades, he wrote and published nearly twenty more books. They were grouped in a series of trilogies. He returned as James Branch Cabell in 1947 with the publication of Let Me Lie. It was the first installment of his fifth and last trilogy, consisting mainly of semi-autobiographical essays filled with remembrances of Virginia.","Cabell continued to live and work in Richmond, residing at 3201 Monument Avenue. By 1935 he and his family began spending most of their winter months in St. Augustine, Florida, due to Cabell's reoccurring bouts of pneumonia. During their stay in Florida in 1949, his wife died of heart failure. In 1950, he married Margaret Waller Freeman (1893-1983), whom he had known for many years. Cabell suffered a cerebral hemorrhage in 1958, and on May 5, he died at his home in Richmond.","Cabell's writings, published in various magazines, newspapers, and anthologies, included numerous short stories, poetry, essays, book reviews, and one play. He authored more than 52 volumes of work, including three devoted to genealogy. Cabell is recognized as one of the first contemporary writers from the South. Like his friend, Ellen Glasgow, Cabell was not afraid to satirize what he saw as the South's contradictions. Others, noting Cabell's unique blending of classic myths and legends with his imagination, consider him a pioneer of fantasy writing.","Soon after the establishment of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in 1968, created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) and Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), the University began construction for a new library on the Monroe Park Campus. RPI had already planned for a new library and approached Margaret Cabell about naming it for her husband. VCU approved the name, and in 1970, the James Branch Cabell Library opened its doors."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Branch Cabell collection, Collection # M 214, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["James Branch Cabell collection, Collection # M 214, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains James Branch Cabell's personal papers along with materials by other creators related to Cabell. Cabell corresponded with a number of American and British authors such as H.L. Mencken, Ellen Glasgow, Sinclair Lewis, and Theodore Dreiser, as well as with family, friends, editors and publishers. Other materials of note include his manuscripts with Cabells handwritten edits, his notebooks containing information about his published works along with poems and other writings, and the materials found inside the books of his personal library. The materials provide insight into Cabell's writings and personal interests based upon the content he placed within the books of his collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries I contains correspondence between Cabell and his contemporaries in the literary world, family and friends. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II includes various Cabell manuscripts as story ideas, notes, early drafts, school work, essays and poems.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III is composed primarily of materials found placed inside Cabell's books and includes ephemera, pamphlets, newspaper clippings, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV are materials from the Cabell Society and contain correspondence between its founders and correspondence between Cabell and Nelson Bond and Cabell and Frederick Eddy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries V has materials related to the book Between Friends: Letters of James Branch Cabell and Others, edited by Padraic Colum and Margaret Freeman Cabell.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI consists of various criticisms of Cabell's writings, most of which were collected by Jean Maurice Duke while writing James Branch Cabell: A Reference Guide.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII includes works by Cabell printed in various periodicals. He often published essays, short stories, and other fiction in periodicals before later revising them into book form. The majority of this series is made up of bound volumes. Each volume is named for a published Cabell book and contains the full periodical where the content originally appeared before he developed it into a book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII contains plays, poems, and other works inspired by Cabell's work.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IX includes scrapbooks and notebooks containing clippings, letters, notes, poems, and other writings by Cabell.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains James Branch Cabell's personal papers along with materials by other creators related to Cabell. Cabell corresponded with a number of American and British authors such as H.L. Mencken, Ellen Glasgow, Sinclair Lewis, and Theodore Dreiser, as well as with family, friends, editors and publishers. Other materials of note include his manuscripts with Cabells handwritten edits, his notebooks containing information about his published works along with poems and other writings, and the materials found inside the books of his personal library. The materials provide insight into Cabell's writings and personal interests based upon the content he placed within the books of his collection.","Series I contains correspondence between Cabell and his contemporaries in the literary world, family and friends.","Series II includes various Cabell manuscripts as story ideas, notes, early drafts, school work, essays and poems.","Series III is composed primarily of materials found placed inside Cabell's books and includes ephemera, pamphlets, newspaper clippings, etc.","Series IV are materials from the Cabell Society and contain correspondence between its founders and correspondence between Cabell and Nelson Bond and Cabell and Frederick Eddy.","Series V has materials related to the book Between Friends: Letters of James Branch Cabell and Others, edited by Padraic Colum and Margaret Freeman Cabell.","Series VI consists of various criticisms of Cabell's writings, most of which were collected by Jean Maurice Duke while writing James Branch Cabell: A Reference Guide.","Series VII includes works by Cabell printed in various periodicals. He often published essays, short stories, and other fiction in periodicals before later revising them into book form. The majority of this series is made up of bound volumes. Each volume is named for a published Cabell book and contains the full periodical where the content originally appeared before he developed it into a book.","Series VIII contains plays, poems, and other works inspired by Cabell's work.","Series IX includes scrapbooks and notebooks containing clippings, letters, notes, poems, and other writings by Cabell."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"persname_ssim":["Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958","Flora, Joseph M."],"names_coll_ssim":["Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958","Flora, Joseph M."],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958","Flora, Joseph M."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":493,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:40:16.668Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_96_c01_c236"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_579_c07_c25","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Springs of Virginia, 1891/1910","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_3_resources_579_c07_c25#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003earticles, publicity publications\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_3_resources_579_c07_c25#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_579_c07_c25","ref_ssm":["vircu_repositories_3_resources_579_c07_c25"],"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_579_c07_c25","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_579","_root_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_579","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_579_c07","parent_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_579_c07","parent_ssim":["William T. Sanger papers, 1898/1975","Series VII: Addendum"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vircu_repositories_3_resources_579","vircu_repositories_3_resources_579_c07"],"title_filing_ssi":"Springs of Virginia","title_ssm":["Springs of Virginia"],"title_tesim":["Springs of Virginia"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Springs of Virginia, 1891/1910"],"text":["Springs of Virginia, 1891/1910","William T. Sanger papers, 1898/1975","Series VII: Addendum","box 24","articles, publicity publications"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["William T. Sanger papers, 1898/1975","Series VII: Addendum"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["William T. Sanger papers, 1898/1975","Series VII: Addendum"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1891/1910"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1891, 1910"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":242,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"collection_ssim":["William T. Sanger papers, 1898/1975"],"containers_ssim":["box 24"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for use without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["None"],"date_range_isim":[1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003earticles, publicity publications\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["articles, publicity publications"],"_nest_path_":"/components#6/components#24","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:57.621Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_579","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_579","_root_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_579","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_579","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_3_resources_579.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Sanger, William T., papers","title_ssm":["William T. Sanger papers"],"title_tesim":["William T. Sanger papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1898-1975"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1898-1975"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1898/1975"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William T. Sanger papers, 1898/1975"],"text":["William T. Sanger papers, 1898/1975","T83.Jul.12","/repositories/3/resources/579","Collection is open for use without restrictions.","Materials are arranged by subject and chronologically therein.","The collection is organized into seven series: \nSeries I: College Materials, Series II: Correspondence, Series III: Writings, Series IV: Medical College of Virginia, Series V: Avocations, Series VI: Miscellany, Series VII: Addendum.","William Thomas Sanger, the son of Samuel F. and Susan Thomas Sanger, was born on September 16, 1885 in Bridgewater, (Rockingham County) Virginia where he attended primary school at the academy associated with Bridgewater College until 1896.","The economic depression of the 1890s hit the Bridgewater area quite hard and the inability of Samuel Sanger to earn a living for his large family compelled him to take a salaried position with the Southern Railroad Company. The new job meant a move to Calverton, Virginia, where the family lived only one year before moving again to the larger community of Manassas, located about thirty miles south of Washington, D.C.","Tragically, the year 1898 ended with the death of Susan T. Sanger, and by the end of 1899 the family found themselves with a \"new mother,\" actually the third wife of Samuel, his first wife having died years earlier leaving him with their one daughter. Shortly after the death of his first wife Samuel married Susan Thomas and the family was quickly increased to include William and his three sisters. Dr. Sanger notes in his 1971 autobiography, As I Remember, that his family was so well integrated that his half-sister never knew she was born to another mother until she was eventually told much later.","A few months after the third marriage, the Sanger family was again uprooted when Samuel announced the big move to South Bend, Indiana where he had accepted the position of traveling secretary of the Mission Board of the Church of the Brethren. Samuel Sanger was a minister of the Church, holding its highest rank; however, since in those days no salary was paid to the Brethren clergy, cash income had to be sought elsewhere.","It is interesting to note that frequent moves of the family home was quite unusual in American culture at this time. Dr. Sanger's early experiences with such a variety of horizons certainly added to his future skills as expansive orator and visionary.","William Sanger returned to his Bridgewater roots to attend Bridgewater College in 1906 after graduating from South Bend High School in Indiana. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree quickly and by 1909 was once again in Indiana to work on his Master of Arts degree in psychology which he earned in 1910 from that state's university. After receiving his M.A. Sanger retraced his steps yet again to begin his teaching career at his Bridgewater alma mater.","The years 1910 through 1920 were busy ones for Sanger in his personal life and educational growth. These years also mark the start of his lifelong commitment to teaching. The appointment to the faculty at Bridgewater began Sanger's experience teaching a variety of subjects including English writing, history, philosophy, and Greek psychology. During the summer of 1911 Sanger did graduate work in psychology and Physiology at Columbia University.","He resumed his teaching duties at Bridgewater College during the academic year 1911-1912 and by the fall of 1912 Sanger had enrolled at Clark University to begin his dissertation work on the subject of senescence under the famed psychologist G. Stanley Hall with whom he developed a fast friendship. The summer of 1913 and 1914 were spent teaching at the State Normal and Industrial School for Women at Harrisonburg, as it was then known, while the academic year 1913-1914 was spent at Clark working on the dissertation. During the summer of 1913 Sanger married Sylvia Gray Burns whom he met while both were attending Bridgewater College. The academic year 1914-1915 brought Sanger's return to Bridgewater College and by the spring of 1915 he had returned to Clark University alone, leaving Sylvia working as a housemother at the college in Bridgewater. Sanger finished his dissertation and received his Ph.D. from Clark University in 1915. The academic year 1915-1916 brought Dr. Sanger back to Bridgewater College to resume his teaching duties.","The Sangers moved to Harrisonburg in 1917, where for two years Sanger acted as dean and head of the education department of the State Normal School for Women at Harrisonbrug (now James Madison University).","During the summer of 1920, the Sangers took a trip to California to visit Sanger's parents who had yet to see their grandson, Julian (born in the spring of 1918). Sanger took opportunity to teach graduate school at the University of Utah during this extended vacation. In fall of 1920 he returned to Bridgewater College to resume his liberal arts teaching responsibilities despite the offer an attractive position in the department of education at the University of Utah.","The Sangers moved to Richmond in 1921 after Sanger accepted the first full-time position as executive secretary of the Virginia State Teachers' Association where his duties included editing The Virginia Journal of Education, the official publication of the association. The summers of 1921 and 1922 were spent teaching at the University of Virginia.","By 1922 Sanger had accepted an administration position with the State Board of Education where he remained until 1925 when he was chosen to fill the role as the first full-time president of the Medical College of Virginia (MCV).","As the history of the growth of MCV demonstrates, Sanger led the medical school through over thirty years of tremendous growth both in reputation and capacity and its standing among medical schools in the southeast was due chiefly to his broad vision during the first half of the twentieth century. Sanger's retirement in 1956 marked the end of an era for the school. The position of chancellor was created for Sanger so he could continue in the capacity of advisor to the school. He remained active in the affairs of the College until his death in 1975 at the age of 89.","The majority of the Sanger papers are devoted to the period prior to his assumption of duties as president of the Medical College of Virginia.","Series I contains Sanger's college lecture materials; notes taken when he was a student at Bridgewater College, Clark and Columbia University. Series I also contains the hand and typewritten notes and research of Sanger's dissertation on the subject of senescence which he studied under G. Stanley Hall.","Series II consists of personal and professional correspondence; the bulk of which concerns Sanger's unsuccessful campaign for the presidency of State Normal School for Women at Harrisonburg (later known as the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg, and currently as James Madison University) in the summer of 1919.","Series III contains Sanger's hand and typewritten notes and drafts of speeches on a variety of topics related to education and the responsibilities of educators in Virginia dating from the early 1930s through the span of his career. The drafts for Sanger's two books As I Remember, an autobiography of his life and career, and MCV Before 1925, an early history of MCV, are also included in this series.","Series IV consists of a variety of information concerning MCV including block plots and tax assessments of the college area in 1940 as well as information detailing the gala affair held in 1950 honoring Sanger's twenty-five years as President of the College.","Series V deals with Sanger's avocations outside of the educational field. The collection holds information on Sanger's partnership with a Bridgewater College colleague, Dr. Paul Bowman, in the Ridgeway Orchard in southwestern Virginia during the 1920s. Also, the records of the purchase and upkeep of Sylvia Burns Sanger's family farm in Burnsville, Virginia is included, dating from the 1940s to the early 1970s. Sanger's passion for gardening is evident in the collection of correspondence and publications found in this series.","Series VI is entitled miscellany because it contains a variety of material including some biographical data on Sanger, personal items such as postcards and notes Sanger collected over the years, personal photographs of the Sanger family from the early years as well as a great number of photographs taken on important occasion throughout Sanger's professional career. The photographs in the Sanger collection are particularly interesting. This series also holds the newspapers and clippings Sanger collected over the years 1910-1970. The clipping collection includes the local obituary notices at the time of Sanger's death in 1975. Series VI contains a variety of publications dealing with the field of education and the publications of the Medical College of Virginia. Sanger's many honorary diplomas, his high school diploma from South Bend High School, Indiana in 1906 are included in this series.","Series VII consists of additional papers donated to the archives. In addition to some photographs, correspondence and materials relating to MCV, the addendum contains the notes of two works Sanger was researching at the time of his death. This first contains handwritten biographical sketches of MCV historical figures; the second contains drafts of a work on the homes of Virginia born presidents.","None","VCU Health Sciences Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["William T. Sanger papers, 1898/1975"],"collection_ssim":["William T. Sanger papers, 1898/1975"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["T83.Jul.12","/repositories/3/resources/579"],"unitid_tesim":["T83.Jul.12","/repositories/3/resources/579"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library"],"creators_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["None"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["10.08 Linear Feet 24 doc cases"],"extent_tesim":["10.08 Linear Feet 24 doc cases"],"date_range_isim":[1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for use without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for use without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials are arranged by subject and chronologically therein.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into seven series: \nSeries I: College Materials, Series II: Correspondence, Series III: Writings, Series IV: Medical College of Virginia, Series V: Avocations, Series VI: Miscellany, Series VII: Addendum.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Materials are arranged by subject and chronologically therein.","The collection is organized into seven series: \nSeries I: College Materials, Series II: Correspondence, Series III: Writings, Series IV: Medical College of Virginia, Series V: Avocations, Series VI: Miscellany, Series VII: Addendum."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam Thomas Sanger, the son of Samuel F. and Susan Thomas Sanger, was born on September 16, 1885 in Bridgewater, (Rockingham County) Virginia where he attended primary school at the academy associated with Bridgewater College until 1896.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe economic depression of the 1890s hit the Bridgewater area quite hard and the inability of Samuel Sanger to earn a living for his large family compelled him to take a salaried position with the Southern Railroad Company. The new job meant a move to Calverton, Virginia, where the family lived only one year before moving again to the larger community of Manassas, located about thirty miles south of Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTragically, the year 1898 ended with the death of Susan T. Sanger, and by the end of 1899 the family found themselves with a \"new mother,\" actually the third wife of Samuel, his first wife having died years earlier leaving him with their one daughter. Shortly after the death of his first wife Samuel married Susan Thomas and the family was quickly increased to include William and his three sisters. Dr. Sanger notes in his 1971 autobiography, \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eAs I Remember\u003c/title\u003e, that his family was so well integrated that his half-sister never knew she was born to another mother until she was eventually told much later.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA few months after the third marriage, the Sanger family was again uprooted when Samuel announced the big move to South Bend, Indiana where he had accepted the position of traveling secretary of the Mission Board of the Church of the Brethren. Samuel Sanger was a minister of the Church, holding its highest rank; however, since in those days no salary was paid to the Brethren clergy, cash income had to be sought elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt is interesting to note that frequent moves of the family home was quite unusual in American culture at this time. Dr. Sanger's early experiences with such a variety of horizons certainly added to his future skills as expansive orator and visionary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Sanger returned to his Bridgewater roots to attend Bridgewater College in 1906 after graduating from South Bend High School in Indiana. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree quickly and by 1909 was once again in Indiana to work on his Master of Arts degree in psychology which he earned in 1910 from that state's university. After receiving his M.A. Sanger retraced his steps yet again to begin his teaching career at his Bridgewater alma mater.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe years 1910 through 1920 were busy ones for Sanger in his personal life and educational growth. These years also mark the start of his lifelong commitment to teaching. The appointment to the faculty at Bridgewater began Sanger's experience teaching a variety of subjects including English writing, history, philosophy, and Greek psychology. During the summer of 1911 Sanger did graduate work in psychology and Physiology at Columbia University.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe resumed his teaching duties at Bridgewater College during the academic year 1911-1912 and by the fall of 1912 Sanger had enrolled at Clark University to begin his dissertation work on the subject of senescence under the famed psychologist G. Stanley Hall with whom he developed a fast friendship. The summer of 1913 and 1914 were spent teaching at the State Normal and Industrial School for Women at Harrisonburg, as it was then known, while the academic year 1913-1914 was spent at Clark working on the dissertation. During the summer of 1913 Sanger married Sylvia Gray Burns whom he met while both were attending Bridgewater College. The academic year 1914-1915 brought Sanger's return to Bridgewater College and by the spring of 1915 he had returned to Clark University alone, leaving Sylvia working as a housemother at the college in Bridgewater. Sanger finished his dissertation and received his Ph.D. from Clark University in 1915. The academic year 1915-1916 brought Dr. Sanger back to Bridgewater College to resume his teaching duties.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Sangers moved to Harrisonburg in 1917, where for two years Sanger acted as dean and head of the education department of the State Normal School for Women at Harrisonbrug (now James Madison University).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the summer of 1920, the Sangers took a trip to California to visit Sanger's parents who had yet to see their grandson, Julian (born in the spring of 1918). Sanger took opportunity to teach graduate school at the University of Utah during this extended vacation. In fall of 1920 he returned to Bridgewater College to resume his liberal arts teaching responsibilities despite the offer an attractive position in the department of education at the University of Utah.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Sangers moved to Richmond in 1921 after Sanger accepted the first full-time position as executive secretary of the Virginia State Teachers' Association where his duties included editing \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Virginia Journal of Education,\u003c/title\u003e the official publication of the association. The summers of 1921 and 1922 were spent teaching at the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBy 1922 Sanger had accepted an administration position with the State Board of Education where he remained until 1925 when he was chosen to fill the role as the first full-time president of the Medical College of Virginia (MCV).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs the history of the growth of MCV demonstrates, Sanger led the medical school through over thirty years of tremendous growth both in reputation and capacity and its standing among medical schools in the southeast was due chiefly to his broad vision during the first half of the twentieth century. Sanger's retirement in 1956 marked the end of an era for the school. The position of chancellor was created for Sanger so he could continue in the capacity of advisor to the school. He remained active in the affairs of the College until his death in 1975 at the age of 89.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["William Thomas Sanger, the son of Samuel F. and Susan Thomas Sanger, was born on September 16, 1885 in Bridgewater, (Rockingham County) Virginia where he attended primary school at the academy associated with Bridgewater College until 1896.","The economic depression of the 1890s hit the Bridgewater area quite hard and the inability of Samuel Sanger to earn a living for his large family compelled him to take a salaried position with the Southern Railroad Company. The new job meant a move to Calverton, Virginia, where the family lived only one year before moving again to the larger community of Manassas, located about thirty miles south of Washington, D.C.","Tragically, the year 1898 ended with the death of Susan T. Sanger, and by the end of 1899 the family found themselves with a \"new mother,\" actually the third wife of Samuel, his first wife having died years earlier leaving him with their one daughter. Shortly after the death of his first wife Samuel married Susan Thomas and the family was quickly increased to include William and his three sisters. Dr. Sanger notes in his 1971 autobiography, As I Remember, that his family was so well integrated that his half-sister never knew she was born to another mother until she was eventually told much later.","A few months after the third marriage, the Sanger family was again uprooted when Samuel announced the big move to South Bend, Indiana where he had accepted the position of traveling secretary of the Mission Board of the Church of the Brethren. Samuel Sanger was a minister of the Church, holding its highest rank; however, since in those days no salary was paid to the Brethren clergy, cash income had to be sought elsewhere.","It is interesting to note that frequent moves of the family home was quite unusual in American culture at this time. Dr. Sanger's early experiences with such a variety of horizons certainly added to his future skills as expansive orator and visionary.","William Sanger returned to his Bridgewater roots to attend Bridgewater College in 1906 after graduating from South Bend High School in Indiana. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree quickly and by 1909 was once again in Indiana to work on his Master of Arts degree in psychology which he earned in 1910 from that state's university. After receiving his M.A. Sanger retraced his steps yet again to begin his teaching career at his Bridgewater alma mater.","The years 1910 through 1920 were busy ones for Sanger in his personal life and educational growth. These years also mark the start of his lifelong commitment to teaching. The appointment to the faculty at Bridgewater began Sanger's experience teaching a variety of subjects including English writing, history, philosophy, and Greek psychology. During the summer of 1911 Sanger did graduate work in psychology and Physiology at Columbia University.","He resumed his teaching duties at Bridgewater College during the academic year 1911-1912 and by the fall of 1912 Sanger had enrolled at Clark University to begin his dissertation work on the subject of senescence under the famed psychologist G. Stanley Hall with whom he developed a fast friendship. The summer of 1913 and 1914 were spent teaching at the State Normal and Industrial School for Women at Harrisonburg, as it was then known, while the academic year 1913-1914 was spent at Clark working on the dissertation. During the summer of 1913 Sanger married Sylvia Gray Burns whom he met while both were attending Bridgewater College. The academic year 1914-1915 brought Sanger's return to Bridgewater College and by the spring of 1915 he had returned to Clark University alone, leaving Sylvia working as a housemother at the college in Bridgewater. Sanger finished his dissertation and received his Ph.D. from Clark University in 1915. The academic year 1915-1916 brought Dr. Sanger back to Bridgewater College to resume his teaching duties.","The Sangers moved to Harrisonburg in 1917, where for two years Sanger acted as dean and head of the education department of the State Normal School for Women at Harrisonbrug (now James Madison University).","During the summer of 1920, the Sangers took a trip to California to visit Sanger's parents who had yet to see their grandson, Julian (born in the spring of 1918). Sanger took opportunity to teach graduate school at the University of Utah during this extended vacation. In fall of 1920 he returned to Bridgewater College to resume his liberal arts teaching responsibilities despite the offer an attractive position in the department of education at the University of Utah.","The Sangers moved to Richmond in 1921 after Sanger accepted the first full-time position as executive secretary of the Virginia State Teachers' Association where his duties included editing The Virginia Journal of Education, the official publication of the association. The summers of 1921 and 1922 were spent teaching at the University of Virginia.","By 1922 Sanger had accepted an administration position with the State Board of Education where he remained until 1925 when he was chosen to fill the role as the first full-time president of the Medical College of Virginia (MCV).","As the history of the growth of MCV demonstrates, Sanger led the medical school through over thirty years of tremendous growth both in reputation and capacity and its standing among medical schools in the southeast was due chiefly to his broad vision during the first half of the twentieth century. Sanger's retirement in 1956 marked the end of an era for the school. The position of chancellor was created for Sanger so he could continue in the capacity of advisor to the school. He remained active in the affairs of the College until his death in 1975 at the age of 89."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBox-folder, Papers of William T. Sanger, T83/Jul/12, Special Collections and Archives, Health Sciences Library, Virginia Commonwealth University\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Box-folder, Papers of William T. Sanger, T83/Jul/12, Special Collections and Archives, Health Sciences Library, Virginia Commonwealth University"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the Sanger papers are devoted to the period prior to his assumption of duties as president of the Medical College of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries I contains Sanger's college lecture materials; notes taken when he was a student at Bridgewater College, Clark and Columbia University. Series I also contains the hand and typewritten notes and research of Sanger's dissertation on the subject of senescence which he studied under G. Stanley Hall.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II consists of personal and professional correspondence; the bulk of which concerns Sanger's unsuccessful campaign for the presidency of State Normal School for Women at Harrisonburg (later known as the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg, and currently as James Madison University) in the summer of 1919.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III contains Sanger's hand and typewritten notes and drafts of speeches on a variety of topics related to education and the responsibilities of educators in Virginia dating from the early 1930s through the span of his career. The drafts for Sanger's two books \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eAs I Remember\u003c/title\u003e, an autobiography of his life and career, and \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eMCV Before 1925\u003c/title\u003e, an early history of MCV, are also included in this series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV consists of a variety of information concerning MCV including block plots and tax assessments of the college area in 1940 as well as information detailing the gala affair held in 1950 honoring Sanger's twenty-five years as President of the College.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries V deals with Sanger's avocations outside of the educational field. The collection holds information on Sanger's partnership with a Bridgewater College colleague, Dr. Paul Bowman, in the Ridgeway Orchard in southwestern Virginia during the 1920s. Also, the records of the purchase and upkeep of Sylvia Burns Sanger's family farm in Burnsville, Virginia is included, dating from the 1940s to the early 1970s. Sanger's passion for gardening is evident in the collection of correspondence and publications found in this series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI is entitled miscellany because it contains a variety of material including some biographical data on Sanger, personal items such as postcards and notes Sanger collected over the years, personal photographs of the Sanger family from the early years as well as a great number of photographs taken on important occasion throughout Sanger's professional career. The photographs in the Sanger collection are particularly interesting. This series also holds the newspapers and clippings Sanger collected over the years 1910-1970. The clipping collection includes the local obituary notices at the time of Sanger's death in 1975. Series VI contains a variety of publications dealing with the field of education and the publications of the Medical College of Virginia. Sanger's many honorary diplomas, his high school diploma from South Bend High School, Indiana in 1906 are included in this series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII consists of additional papers donated to the archives. In addition to some photographs, correspondence and materials relating to MCV, the addendum contains the notes of two works Sanger was researching at the time of his death. This first contains handwritten biographical sketches of MCV historical figures; the second contains drafts of a work on the homes of Virginia born presidents.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The majority of the Sanger papers are devoted to the period prior to his assumption of duties as president of the Medical College of Virginia.","Series I contains Sanger's college lecture materials; notes taken when he was a student at Bridgewater College, Clark and Columbia University. Series I also contains the hand and typewritten notes and research of Sanger's dissertation on the subject of senescence which he studied under G. Stanley Hall.","Series II consists of personal and professional correspondence; the bulk of which concerns Sanger's unsuccessful campaign for the presidency of State Normal School for Women at Harrisonburg (later known as the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg, and currently as James Madison University) in the summer of 1919.","Series III contains Sanger's hand and typewritten notes and drafts of speeches on a variety of topics related to education and the responsibilities of educators in Virginia dating from the early 1930s through the span of his career. The drafts for Sanger's two books As I Remember, an autobiography of his life and career, and MCV Before 1925, an early history of MCV, are also included in this series.","Series IV consists of a variety of information concerning MCV including block plots and tax assessments of the college area in 1940 as well as information detailing the gala affair held in 1950 honoring Sanger's twenty-five years as President of the College.","Series V deals with Sanger's avocations outside of the educational field. The collection holds information on Sanger's partnership with a Bridgewater College colleague, Dr. Paul Bowman, in the Ridgeway Orchard in southwestern Virginia during the 1920s. Also, the records of the purchase and upkeep of Sylvia Burns Sanger's family farm in Burnsville, Virginia is included, dating from the 1940s to the early 1970s. Sanger's passion for gardening is evident in the collection of correspondence and publications found in this series.","Series VI is entitled miscellany because it contains a variety of material including some biographical data on Sanger, personal items such as postcards and notes Sanger collected over the years, personal photographs of the Sanger family from the early years as well as a great number of photographs taken on important occasion throughout Sanger's professional career. The photographs in the Sanger collection are particularly interesting. This series also holds the newspapers and clippings Sanger collected over the years 1910-1970. The clipping collection includes the local obituary notices at the time of Sanger's death in 1975. Series VI contains a variety of publications dealing with the field of education and the publications of the Medical College of Virginia. Sanger's many honorary diplomas, his high school diploma from South Bend High School, Indiana in 1906 are included in this series.","Series VII consists of additional papers donated to the archives. In addition to some photographs, correspondence and materials relating to MCV, the addendum contains the notes of two works Sanger was researching at the time of his death. This first contains handwritten biographical sketches of MCV historical figures; the second contains drafts of a work on the homes of Virginia born presidents."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["None"],"corpname_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library"],"names_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":249,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:57.621Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_3_resources_579_c07_c25"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library","value":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library","hits":86},"links":{"remove":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1893\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Commonwealth+University%2C+Cabell+Library"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1893\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Commonwealth+University%2C+Cabell+Library"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Adalbert J. Volck Collection of Etchings, 1861/1979","value":"Adalbert J. Volck Collection of Etchings, 1861/1979","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Adalbert+J.+Volck+Collection+of+Etchings%2C+1861%2F1979\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1893\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Commonwealth+University%2C+Cabell+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978","value":"Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978","hits":7},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Adele+Goodman+Clark+papers%2C+1849%2F1978\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1893\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Commonwealth+University%2C+Cabell+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Clarence L. Townes, Jr. papers, 1944/1988","value":"Clarence L. Townes, Jr. papers, 1944/1988","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Clarence+L.+Townes%2C+Jr.+papers%2C+1944%2F1988\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1893\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Commonwealth+University%2C+Cabell+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Dr. Joseph J. Anderson papers, 1892/1980","value":"Dr. Joseph J. 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