{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1889\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026page=2","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1889\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026page=1","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1889\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026page=3","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1889\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026page=21"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":2,"next_page":3,"prev_page":1,"total_pages":21,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":10,"total_count":209,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440_c06_c18","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Alexandria Gazette","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440_c06_c18#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440_c06_c18","ref_ssm":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440_c06_c18"],"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440_c06_c18","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440_c06","parent_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440_c06","parent_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440_c06"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440_c06"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Prince William County historic newspapers collection","Series 6: Miscellaneous"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Prince William County historic newspapers collection","Series 6: Miscellaneous"],"text":["Prince William County historic newspapers collection","Series 6: Miscellaneous","Alexandria Gazette","box 9","folder"],"title_filing_ssi":"Alexandria Gazette","title_ssm":["Alexandria Gazette"],"title_tesim":["Alexandria Gazette"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["August 16, 1889"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1889"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Alexandria Gazette"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["Prince William County historic newspapers collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":443,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no access restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"date_range_isim":[1889],"containers_ssim":["box 9","folder"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"_nest_path_":"/components#5/components#17","timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:33:57.755Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_440","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_440.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Prince William County historic newspapers collection","title_ssm":["Prince William County historic newspapers collection"],"title_tesim":["Prince William County historic newspapers collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1851-1992"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1851-1992"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0301","/repositories/2/resources/440"],"text":["C0301","/repositories/2/resources/440","Prince William County historic newspapers collection","Alexandria County (Va.) -- Newspapers","Manassas (Va.)","Prince William County (Va.)","Newspapers","There are no access restrictions.","Series Series 1: The Manassas Journal, 1904-1951 (Oversize Box 1) Series 2: The Prince William News, 1921-1923 (Oversize Box 2) Series 3: The Manassas Messenger, 1945-1951 (Oversize Box 3) Series 4: The Journal Messenger, 1951-1986 (Oversize Boxes 4-7) Series 5: Potomac News, 1972-1988 (Oversize Box 8) Series 6: Miscellaneous, 1851-1992 (Oversize Box 9)","The  Manassas Journal  began under W.H.W. Moran \u0026 Co. in 1895. In 1945, the  Manassas Messenger  was created, and on November 22, 1951, the two publications merged into the  Journal Messenger . The  Journal Messenger  existed until 1997 and leaned Democratic. The  Prince William News , published under Clarence W. Wagener, was a weekly paper from 1921 to 1923.  Potomac News  began in 1959 in Dumfries, VA and in 1979 moved to Woodbridge, VA until it ended in 2008. ","The miscellaneous series contains issues from other Virginia newspapers, such as the  Richmond News Leader  (circa 1896-1992),  Richmond Times-Dispatch  (circa 1903-1992), the  Fauquier Democrat  (1905-1989), and the  Alexandria Gazette , (1834-1974) among others.","Processing completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. EAD markup completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. 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Moran \u0026amp; Co. in 1895. In 1945, the \u003ctitle\u003eManassas Messenger\u003c/title\u003e was created, and on November 22, 1951, the two publications merged into the \u003ctitle\u003eJournal Messenger\u003c/title\u003e. The \u003ctitle\u003eJournal Messenger\u003c/title\u003e existed until 1997 and leaned Democratic. The \u003ctitle\u003ePrince William News\u003c/title\u003e, published under Clarence W. Wagener, was a weekly paper from 1921 to 1923. \u003ctitle\u003ePotomac News\u003c/title\u003e began in 1959 in Dumfries, VA and in 1979 moved to Woodbridge, VA until it ended in 2008. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe miscellaneous series contains issues from other Virginia newspapers, such as the \u003ctitle\u003eRichmond News Leader\u003c/title\u003e (circa 1896-1992), \u003ctitle\u003eRichmond Times-Dispatch\u003c/title\u003e (circa 1903-1992), the \u003ctitle\u003eFauquier Democrat\u003c/title\u003e (1905-1989), and the \u003ctitle\u003eAlexandria Gazette\u003c/title\u003e, (1834-1974) among others.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The  Manassas Journal  began under W.H.W. Moran \u0026 Co. in 1895. In 1945, the  Manassas Messenger  was created, and on November 22, 1951, the two publications merged into the  Journal Messenger . The  Journal Messenger  existed until 1997 and leaned Democratic. The  Prince William News , published under Clarence W. Wagener, was a weekly paper from 1921 to 1923.  Potomac News  began in 1959 in Dumfries, VA and in 1979 moved to Woodbridge, VA until it ended in 2008. ","The miscellaneous series contains issues from other Virginia newspapers, such as the  Richmond News Leader  (circa 1896-1992),  Richmond Times-Dispatch  (circa 1903-1992), the  Fauquier Democrat  (1905-1989), and the  Alexandria Gazette , (1834-1974) among others."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePrince William County historic newspapers collection, C0301, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Prince William County historic newspapers collection, C0301, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. EAD markup completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in January 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. EAD markup completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in January 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to Prince William County and other newspaper collections such as the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Prince William Cultural Arts Federation papers\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0297\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e and \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\" Edward M. Peach historical newspaper collection\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0103\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to Prince William County and other newspaper collections such as the   and  ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeveral newspapers from Prince William County, VA and other Virginia areas such as the \u003ctitle\u003eManassas Journal\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eManassas Messenger\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003ePotomac News\u003c/title\u003e, the \u003ctitle\u003ePrince William News\u003c/title\u003e, and the \u003ctitle\u003eJournal Messenger\u003c/title\u003e. Also included are issues from the \u003ctitle\u003eAlexandria Gazette\u003c/title\u003e, the \u003ctitle\u003eRichmond News Leader\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eRichmond Times-Dispatch\u003c/title\u003e, and other news clippings. The papers in this collection date roughly from 1861 to 1992.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Several newspapers from Prince William County, VA and other Virginia areas such as the  Manassas Journal ,  Manassas Messenger ,  Potomac News , the  Prince William News , and the  Journal Messenger . Also included are issues from the  Alexandria Gazette , the  Richmond News Leader ,  Richmond Times-Dispatch , and other news clippings. The papers in this collection date roughly from 1861 to 1992."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2b01f8e4b4368cd2609142af64b263df\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003ePrince William County newspapers dating from 1851 to 1992.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Prince William County newspapers dating from 1851 to 1992."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_d4c58b544fe4d2f5103ee38f57c9eb67\"\u003eOS R 2, C 2, S 6\nOS R 2, C 5, S 7\nOS R 3, C 1, S 7\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["OS R 2, C 2, S 6\nOS R 2, C 5, S 7\nOS R 3, C 1, S 7"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Prince William County Library"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. 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Moran \u0026 Co. in 1895. In 1945, the \"Manassas Messenger\" was created, and on November 22, 1951, the \"Manassas Journal\" and the \"Manassas Messenger\" merged to from the \"Journal Messenger.\" The \"Journal Messenger\" existed until 1997 and leaned Democratic. The \"Prince William News,\" published under Clarence W. Wagener, was a weekly paper from 1921 to 1923. \"Potomac News\" began in 1959 in Dumfries, VA and in 1979 moved to Woodbridge, VA until it ended in 2008. ","The miscellaneous series contains a few issues from newspapers like the \"Richmond News Leader\" (circa 1896-1992), \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" (circa 1903-1992), the \"Fauquier Democrat\" (1905-1989), and the \"Alexandria Gazette\" (1834-1974) among others. The \"Richmond News Leader\" and \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" became the two main papers in Richmond in the early 20th century.","Processing completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. EAD markup completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017.","Special Collections Research Center has collections related to Prince William and other newspaper collections such as the \n  \nand  .","Several newspapers from Prince William County and other Virginia papers such as the \"Manassas Journal,\" \"Manassas Messenger,\" \"Potomac News,\" the \"Prince William News,\" and the \"Journal Messenger.\" SCRC also has a few issues from the \"Alexandria Gazette,\" the \"Richmond News Leader,\" \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" and news clippings. The papers in this collection date roughly from 1861 to 1992.","There are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Prince William Historic Newspaper collection must be obtained from Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.","Prince William County newspapers dating from 1851 to 1992.","George Mason University. Libraries. 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Permission to publish material from the Prince William Historic Newspaper collection must be obtained from Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by the Prince William County Library in November 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Alexandria County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Fauquier County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Local history.","Manassas (Va.)--Newspapers.","Prince William County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Newspapers."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Alexandria County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Fauquier County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Local history.","Manassas (Va.)--Newspapers.","Prince William County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Newspapers."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["9.0 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["9.0 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: The Manassas Journal, 1904-1951 (Oversize Box 1)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: The Prince William News, 1921-1923 (Oversize Box 2)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: The Manassas Messenger, 1945-1951 (Oversize Box 3)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: The Journal Messenger, 1951-1986 (Oversize Boxes 4-7)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 5: Potomac News, 1972-1988 (Oversize Box 8)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 6: Miscellaneous, 1851-1992 (Oversize Box 9)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series 1: The Manassas Journal, 1904-1951 (Oversize Box 1) Series 2: The Prince William News, 1921-1923 (Oversize Box 2) Series 3: The Manassas Messenger, 1945-1951 (Oversize Box 3) Series 4: The Journal Messenger, 1951-1986 (Oversize Boxes 4-7) Series 5: Potomac News, 1972-1988 (Oversize Box 8) Series 6: Miscellaneous, 1851-1992 (Oversize Box 9)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe \"Manassas Journal\" began under W.H.W. Moran \u0026amp; Co. in 1895. In 1945, the \"Manassas Messenger\" was created, and on November 22, 1951, the \"Manassas Journal\" and the \"Manassas Messenger\" merged to from the \"Journal Messenger.\" The \"Journal Messenger\" existed until 1997 and leaned Democratic. The \"Prince William News,\" published under Clarence W. Wagener, was a weekly paper from 1921 to 1923. \"Potomac News\" began in 1959 in Dumfries, VA and in 1979 moved to Woodbridge, VA until it ended in 2008. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe miscellaneous series contains a few issues from newspapers like the \"Richmond News Leader\" (circa 1896-1992), \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" (circa 1903-1992), the \"Fauquier Democrat\" (1905-1989), and the \"Alexandria Gazette\" (1834-1974) among others. The \"Richmond News Leader\" and \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" became the two main papers in Richmond in the early 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The \"Manassas Journal\" began under W.H.W. Moran \u0026 Co. in 1895. In 1945, the \"Manassas Messenger\" was created, and on November 22, 1951, the \"Manassas Journal\" and the \"Manassas Messenger\" merged to from the \"Journal Messenger.\" The \"Journal Messenger\" existed until 1997 and leaned Democratic. The \"Prince William News,\" published under Clarence W. Wagener, was a weekly paper from 1921 to 1923. \"Potomac News\" began in 1959 in Dumfries, VA and in 1979 moved to Woodbridge, VA until it ended in 2008. ","The miscellaneous series contains a few issues from newspapers like the \"Richmond News Leader\" (circa 1896-1992), \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" (circa 1903-1992), the \"Fauquier Democrat\" (1905-1989), and the \"Alexandria Gazette\" (1834-1974) among others. The \"Richmond News Leader\" and \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" became the two main papers in Richmond in the early 20th century."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePrince William County Historic Newspapers collection, C301, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers collection, C301, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. EAD markup completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. EAD markup completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center has collections related to Prince William and other newspaper collections such as the \n\u003cextptr type=\"simple\" title=\"Prince William Cultural Arts Federation papers\" show=\"new\" href=\"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/princewilliamCAF.html\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e \nand \u003cextptr type=\"simple\" title=\" Edward M. Peach historical newspaper collection\" show=\"new\" href=\"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/peach.html\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Special Collections Research Center has collections related to Prince William and other newspaper collections such as the \n  \nand  ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeveral newspapers from Prince William County and other Virginia papers such as the \"Manassas Journal,\" \"Manassas Messenger,\" \"Potomac News,\" the \"Prince William News,\" and the \"Journal Messenger.\" SCRC also has a few issues from the \"Alexandria Gazette,\" the \"Richmond News Leader,\" \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" and news clippings. The papers in this collection date roughly from 1861 to 1992.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Several newspapers from Prince William County and other Virginia papers such as the \"Manassas Journal,\" \"Manassas Messenger,\" \"Potomac News,\" the \"Prince William News,\" and the \"Journal Messenger.\" SCRC also has a few issues from the \"Alexandria Gazette,\" the \"Richmond News Leader,\" \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" and news clippings. The papers in this collection date roughly from 1861 to 1992."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Prince William Historic Newspaper collection must be obtained from Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Prince William Historic Newspaper collection must be obtained from Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"ref12\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003ePrince William County newspapers dating from 1851 to 1992.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Prince William County newspapers dating from 1851 to 1992."],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center.","Prince William County Library."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center.","Prince William County Library."],"language_ssim":["English\n\t"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":479,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T01:00:28.285Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c16"}},{"id":"vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c17","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Alexandria Gazette,","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c17#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c17#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c17","ref_ssm":["vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c17"],"id":"vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c17","ead_ssi":"vifgm_PWCHN","_root_":"vifgm_PWCHN","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_PWCHN_c06","parent_ssi":"vifgm_PWCHN_c06","parent_ssim":["vifgm_PWCHN","vifgm_PWCHN_c06"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_PWCHN","vifgm_PWCHN_c06"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection","Series 6: Miscellaneous,"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection","Series 6: Miscellaneous,"],"text":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection","Series 6: Miscellaneous,","Alexandria Gazette,","Box 9","Folder",""],"title_filing_ssi":"Alexandria Gazette, \n","title_ssm":["Alexandria Gazette, \n"],"title_tesim":["Alexandria Gazette, \n"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["July 27, 1889\n"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1889"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Alexandria Gazette,"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":442,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no access restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Prince William Historic Newspaper collection must be obtained from Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1889],"containers_ssim":["Box 9","Folder"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp/\u003e"],"scopecontent_tesim":[""],"_nest_path_":"/components#5/components#16","timestamp":"2026-05-01T01:00:28.285Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_PWCHN","ead_ssi":"vifgm_PWCHN","_root_":"vifgm_PWCHN","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_PWCHN","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/gmu/PWCHN.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/PWHN.html","title_ssm":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection"],"title_tesim":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1851-1992"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1851-1992"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C301"],"text":["C301","Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection","Alexandria County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Fauquier County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Local history.","Manassas (Va.)--Newspapers.","Prince William County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Newspapers.","There are no access restrictions.","Series 1: The Manassas Journal, 1904-1951 (Oversize Box 1) Series 2: The Prince William News, 1921-1923 (Oversize Box 2) Series 3: The Manassas Messenger, 1945-1951 (Oversize Box 3) Series 4: The Journal Messenger, 1951-1986 (Oversize Boxes 4-7) Series 5: Potomac News, 1972-1988 (Oversize Box 8) Series 6: Miscellaneous, 1851-1992 (Oversize Box 9)","The \"Manassas Journal\" began under W.H.W. Moran \u0026 Co. in 1895. In 1945, the \"Manassas Messenger\" was created, and on November 22, 1951, the \"Manassas Journal\" and the \"Manassas Messenger\" merged to from the \"Journal Messenger.\" The \"Journal Messenger\" existed until 1997 and leaned Democratic. The \"Prince William News,\" published under Clarence W. Wagener, was a weekly paper from 1921 to 1923. \"Potomac News\" began in 1959 in Dumfries, VA and in 1979 moved to Woodbridge, VA until it ended in 2008. ","The miscellaneous series contains a few issues from newspapers like the \"Richmond News Leader\" (circa 1896-1992), \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" (circa 1903-1992), the \"Fauquier Democrat\" (1905-1989), and the \"Alexandria Gazette\" (1834-1974) among others. The \"Richmond News Leader\" and \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" became the two main papers in Richmond in the early 20th century.","Processing completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. EAD markup completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017.","Special Collections Research Center has collections related to Prince William and other newspaper collections such as the \n  \nand  .","Several newspapers from Prince William County and other Virginia papers such as the \"Manassas Journal,\" \"Manassas Messenger,\" \"Potomac News,\" the \"Prince William News,\" and the \"Journal Messenger.\" SCRC also has a few issues from the \"Alexandria Gazette,\" the \"Richmond News Leader,\" \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" and news clippings. The papers in this collection date roughly from 1861 to 1992.","There are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Prince William Historic Newspaper collection must be obtained from Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.","Prince William County newspapers dating from 1851 to 1992.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center.","Prince William County Library.","English\n\t"],"unitid_tesim":["C301"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Prince William County Library."],"creator_ssim":["Prince William County Library."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Prince William County Library."],"creators_ssim":["Prince William County Library."],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Prince William Historic Newspaper collection must be obtained from Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by the Prince William County Library in November 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Alexandria County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Fauquier County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Local history.","Manassas (Va.)--Newspapers.","Prince William County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Newspapers."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Alexandria County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Fauquier County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Local history.","Manassas (Va.)--Newspapers.","Prince William County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Newspapers."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["9.0 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["9.0 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: The Manassas Journal, 1904-1951 (Oversize Box 1)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: The Prince William News, 1921-1923 (Oversize Box 2)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: The Manassas Messenger, 1945-1951 (Oversize Box 3)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: The Journal Messenger, 1951-1986 (Oversize Boxes 4-7)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 5: Potomac News, 1972-1988 (Oversize Box 8)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 6: Miscellaneous, 1851-1992 (Oversize Box 9)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series 1: The Manassas Journal, 1904-1951 (Oversize Box 1) Series 2: The Prince William News, 1921-1923 (Oversize Box 2) Series 3: The Manassas Messenger, 1945-1951 (Oversize Box 3) Series 4: The Journal Messenger, 1951-1986 (Oversize Boxes 4-7) Series 5: Potomac News, 1972-1988 (Oversize Box 8) Series 6: Miscellaneous, 1851-1992 (Oversize Box 9)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe \"Manassas Journal\" began under W.H.W. Moran \u0026amp; Co. in 1895. In 1945, the \"Manassas Messenger\" was created, and on November 22, 1951, the \"Manassas Journal\" and the \"Manassas Messenger\" merged to from the \"Journal Messenger.\" The \"Journal Messenger\" existed until 1997 and leaned Democratic. The \"Prince William News,\" published under Clarence W. Wagener, was a weekly paper from 1921 to 1923. \"Potomac News\" began in 1959 in Dumfries, VA and in 1979 moved to Woodbridge, VA until it ended in 2008. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe miscellaneous series contains a few issues from newspapers like the \"Richmond News Leader\" (circa 1896-1992), \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" (circa 1903-1992), the \"Fauquier Democrat\" (1905-1989), and the \"Alexandria Gazette\" (1834-1974) among others. The \"Richmond News Leader\" and \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" became the two main papers in Richmond in the early 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The \"Manassas Journal\" began under W.H.W. Moran \u0026 Co. in 1895. In 1945, the \"Manassas Messenger\" was created, and on November 22, 1951, the \"Manassas Journal\" and the \"Manassas Messenger\" merged to from the \"Journal Messenger.\" The \"Journal Messenger\" existed until 1997 and leaned Democratic. The \"Prince William News,\" published under Clarence W. Wagener, was a weekly paper from 1921 to 1923. \"Potomac News\" began in 1959 in Dumfries, VA and in 1979 moved to Woodbridge, VA until it ended in 2008. ","The miscellaneous series contains a few issues from newspapers like the \"Richmond News Leader\" (circa 1896-1992), \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" (circa 1903-1992), the \"Fauquier Democrat\" (1905-1989), and the \"Alexandria Gazette\" (1834-1974) among others. The \"Richmond News Leader\" and \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" became the two main papers in Richmond in the early 20th century."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePrince William County Historic Newspapers collection, C301, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers collection, C301, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. EAD markup completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. EAD markup completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center has collections related to Prince William and other newspaper collections such as the \n\u003cextptr type=\"simple\" title=\"Prince William Cultural Arts Federation papers\" show=\"new\" href=\"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/princewilliamCAF.html\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e \nand \u003cextptr type=\"simple\" title=\" Edward M. Peach historical newspaper collection\" show=\"new\" href=\"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/peach.html\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Special Collections Research Center has collections related to Prince William and other newspaper collections such as the \n  \nand  ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeveral newspapers from Prince William County and other Virginia papers such as the \"Manassas Journal,\" \"Manassas Messenger,\" \"Potomac News,\" the \"Prince William News,\" and the \"Journal Messenger.\" SCRC also has a few issues from the \"Alexandria Gazette,\" the \"Richmond News Leader,\" \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" and news clippings. The papers in this collection date roughly from 1861 to 1992.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Several newspapers from Prince William County and other Virginia papers such as the \"Manassas Journal,\" \"Manassas Messenger,\" \"Potomac News,\" the \"Prince William News,\" and the \"Journal Messenger.\" SCRC also has a few issues from the \"Alexandria Gazette,\" the \"Richmond News Leader,\" \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" and news clippings. The papers in this collection date roughly from 1861 to 1992."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Prince William Historic Newspaper collection must be obtained from Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Prince William Historic Newspaper collection must be obtained from Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"ref12\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003ePrince William County newspapers dating from 1851 to 1992.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Prince William County newspapers dating from 1851 to 1992."],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center.","Prince William County Library."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center.","Prince William County Library."],"language_ssim":["English\n\t"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":479,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T01:00:28.285Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c17"}},{"id":"vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c18","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Alexandria Gazette,","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c18#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c18#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c18","ref_ssm":["vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c18"],"id":"vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c18","ead_ssi":"vifgm_PWCHN","_root_":"vifgm_PWCHN","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_PWCHN_c06","parent_ssi":"vifgm_PWCHN_c06","parent_ssim":["vifgm_PWCHN","vifgm_PWCHN_c06"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_PWCHN","vifgm_PWCHN_c06"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection","Series 6: Miscellaneous,"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection","Series 6: Miscellaneous,"],"text":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection","Series 6: Miscellaneous,","Alexandria Gazette,","Box 9","Folder",""],"title_filing_ssi":"Alexandria Gazette, \n","title_ssm":["Alexandria Gazette, \n"],"title_tesim":["Alexandria Gazette, \n"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["August 16, 1889\n"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1889"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Alexandria Gazette,"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":443,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no access restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Prince William Historic Newspaper collection must be obtained from Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1889],"containers_ssim":["Box 9","Folder"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp/\u003e"],"scopecontent_tesim":[""],"_nest_path_":"/components#5/components#17","timestamp":"2026-05-01T01:00:28.285Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_PWCHN","ead_ssi":"vifgm_PWCHN","_root_":"vifgm_PWCHN","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_PWCHN","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/gmu/PWCHN.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/PWHN.html","title_ssm":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection"],"title_tesim":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1851-1992"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1851-1992"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C301"],"text":["C301","Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection","Alexandria County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Fauquier County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Local history.","Manassas (Va.)--Newspapers.","Prince William County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Newspapers.","There are no access restrictions.","Series 1: The Manassas Journal, 1904-1951 (Oversize Box 1) Series 2: The Prince William News, 1921-1923 (Oversize Box 2) Series 3: The Manassas Messenger, 1945-1951 (Oversize Box 3) Series 4: The Journal Messenger, 1951-1986 (Oversize Boxes 4-7) Series 5: Potomac News, 1972-1988 (Oversize Box 8) Series 6: Miscellaneous, 1851-1992 (Oversize Box 9)","The \"Manassas Journal\" began under W.H.W. Moran \u0026 Co. in 1895. In 1945, the \"Manassas Messenger\" was created, and on November 22, 1951, the \"Manassas Journal\" and the \"Manassas Messenger\" merged to from the \"Journal Messenger.\" The \"Journal Messenger\" existed until 1997 and leaned Democratic. The \"Prince William News,\" published under Clarence W. Wagener, was a weekly paper from 1921 to 1923. \"Potomac News\" began in 1959 in Dumfries, VA and in 1979 moved to Woodbridge, VA until it ended in 2008. ","The miscellaneous series contains a few issues from newspapers like the \"Richmond News Leader\" (circa 1896-1992), \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" (circa 1903-1992), the \"Fauquier Democrat\" (1905-1989), and the \"Alexandria Gazette\" (1834-1974) among others. The \"Richmond News Leader\" and \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" became the two main papers in Richmond in the early 20th century.","Processing completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. EAD markup completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017.","Special Collections Research Center has collections related to Prince William and other newspaper collections such as the \n  \nand  .","Several newspapers from Prince William County and other Virginia papers such as the \"Manassas Journal,\" \"Manassas Messenger,\" \"Potomac News,\" the \"Prince William News,\" and the \"Journal Messenger.\" SCRC also has a few issues from the \"Alexandria Gazette,\" the \"Richmond News Leader,\" \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" and news clippings. The papers in this collection date roughly from 1861 to 1992.","There are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Prince William Historic Newspaper collection must be obtained from Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.","Prince William County newspapers dating from 1851 to 1992.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center.","Prince William County Library.","English\n\t"],"unitid_tesim":["C301"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers Collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Prince William County Library."],"creator_ssim":["Prince William County Library."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Prince William County Library."],"creators_ssim":["Prince William County Library."],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Prince William Historic Newspaper collection must be obtained from Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by the Prince William County Library in November 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Alexandria County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Fauquier County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Local history.","Manassas (Va.)--Newspapers.","Prince William County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Newspapers."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Alexandria County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Fauquier County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Local history.","Manassas (Va.)--Newspapers.","Prince William County (Va.)--Newspapers.","Newspapers."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["9.0 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["9.0 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: The Manassas Journal, 1904-1951 (Oversize Box 1)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: The Prince William News, 1921-1923 (Oversize Box 2)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: The Manassas Messenger, 1945-1951 (Oversize Box 3)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: The Journal Messenger, 1951-1986 (Oversize Boxes 4-7)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 5: Potomac News, 1972-1988 (Oversize Box 8)\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 6: Miscellaneous, 1851-1992 (Oversize Box 9)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series 1: The Manassas Journal, 1904-1951 (Oversize Box 1) Series 2: The Prince William News, 1921-1923 (Oversize Box 2) Series 3: The Manassas Messenger, 1945-1951 (Oversize Box 3) Series 4: The Journal Messenger, 1951-1986 (Oversize Boxes 4-7) Series 5: Potomac News, 1972-1988 (Oversize Box 8) Series 6: Miscellaneous, 1851-1992 (Oversize Box 9)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe \"Manassas Journal\" began under W.H.W. Moran \u0026amp; Co. in 1895. In 1945, the \"Manassas Messenger\" was created, and on November 22, 1951, the \"Manassas Journal\" and the \"Manassas Messenger\" merged to from the \"Journal Messenger.\" The \"Journal Messenger\" existed until 1997 and leaned Democratic. The \"Prince William News,\" published under Clarence W. Wagener, was a weekly paper from 1921 to 1923. \"Potomac News\" began in 1959 in Dumfries, VA and in 1979 moved to Woodbridge, VA until it ended in 2008. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe miscellaneous series contains a few issues from newspapers like the \"Richmond News Leader\" (circa 1896-1992), \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" (circa 1903-1992), the \"Fauquier Democrat\" (1905-1989), and the \"Alexandria Gazette\" (1834-1974) among others. The \"Richmond News Leader\" and \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" became the two main papers in Richmond in the early 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The \"Manassas Journal\" began under W.H.W. Moran \u0026 Co. in 1895. In 1945, the \"Manassas Messenger\" was created, and on November 22, 1951, the \"Manassas Journal\" and the \"Manassas Messenger\" merged to from the \"Journal Messenger.\" The \"Journal Messenger\" existed until 1997 and leaned Democratic. The \"Prince William News,\" published under Clarence W. Wagener, was a weekly paper from 1921 to 1923. \"Potomac News\" began in 1959 in Dumfries, VA and in 1979 moved to Woodbridge, VA until it ended in 2008. ","The miscellaneous series contains a few issues from newspapers like the \"Richmond News Leader\" (circa 1896-1992), \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" (circa 1903-1992), the \"Fauquier Democrat\" (1905-1989), and the \"Alexandria Gazette\" (1834-1974) among others. The \"Richmond News Leader\" and \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" became the two main papers in Richmond in the early 20th century."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePrince William County Historic Newspapers collection, C301, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Prince William County Historic Newspapers collection, C301, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. EAD markup completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017. EAD markup completed by Brittney Falter in February 2017."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center has collections related to Prince William and other newspaper collections such as the \n\u003cextptr type=\"simple\" title=\"Prince William Cultural Arts Federation papers\" show=\"new\" href=\"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/princewilliamCAF.html\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e \nand \u003cextptr type=\"simple\" title=\" Edward M. Peach historical newspaper collection\" show=\"new\" href=\"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/peach.html\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Special Collections Research Center has collections related to Prince William and other newspaper collections such as the \n  \nand  ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeveral newspapers from Prince William County and other Virginia papers such as the \"Manassas Journal,\" \"Manassas Messenger,\" \"Potomac News,\" the \"Prince William News,\" and the \"Journal Messenger.\" SCRC also has a few issues from the \"Alexandria Gazette,\" the \"Richmond News Leader,\" \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" and news clippings. The papers in this collection date roughly from 1861 to 1992.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Several newspapers from Prince William County and other Virginia papers such as the \"Manassas Journal,\" \"Manassas Messenger,\" \"Potomac News,\" the \"Prince William News,\" and the \"Journal Messenger.\" SCRC also has a few issues from the \"Alexandria Gazette,\" the \"Richmond News Leader,\" \"Richmond Times-Dispatch\" and news clippings. The papers in this collection date roughly from 1861 to 1992."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Prince William Historic Newspaper collection must be obtained from Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions on personal use. Permission to publish material from the Prince William Historic Newspaper collection must be obtained from Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"ref12\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003ePrince William County newspapers dating from 1851 to 1992.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Prince William County newspapers dating from 1851 to 1992."],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center.","Prince William County Library."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center.","Prince William County Library."],"language_ssim":["English\n\t"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":479,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T01:00:28.285Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_PWCHN_c06_c18"}},{"id":"vifgm_haight_c01_c02_c09","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Aunt Maria to George Haight,","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_haight_c01_c02_c09#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_haight_c01_c02_c09#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_haight_c01_c02_c09","ref_ssm":["vifgm_haight_c01_c02_c09"],"id":"vifgm_haight_c01_c02_c09","ead_ssi":"vifgm_haight","_root_":"vifgm_haight","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_haight_c01_c02","parent_ssi":"vifgm_haight_c01_c02","parent_ssim":["vifgm_haight","vifgm_haight_c01","vifgm_haight_c01_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_haight","vifgm_haight_c01","vifgm_haight_c01_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Alexander Haight family collection","Series 1: Correspondence","Haight, George: Letters from friends and family,"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Alexander Haight family collection","Series 1: Correspondence","Haight, George: Letters from friends and family,"],"text":["Alexander Haight family collection","Series 1: Correspondence","Haight, George: Letters from friends and family,","Aunt Maria to George Haight,",""],"title_filing_ssi":"Aunt Maria to George Haight, ","title_ssm":["Aunt Maria to George Haight, "],"title_tesim":["Aunt Maria to George Haight, "],"unitdate_other_ssim":["July 24, 1889"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1889"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Aunt Maria to George Haight,"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["Alexander Haight family collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":27,"date_range_isim":[1889],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp/\u003e"],"scopecontent_tesim":[""],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#1/components#8","timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:50:06.728Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_haight","ead_ssi":"vifgm_haight","_root_":"vifgm_haight","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_haight","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/gmu/haight.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/haight.html","title_ssm":["Alexander Haight family collection\n"],"title_tesim":["Alexander Haight family collection\n"],"unitdate_ssm":["1764-1977\n"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1764-1977\n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0159\n"],"text":["C0159\n","Alexander Haight family collection","Daguerreotypes.","Negatives.","Photographic prints.","Reproductions.","Tintypes.","Organized into eight series by subject with each series organized alphabetically by title.\n","Series 1: Correspondence, 1838-1901; 1918-1920; 1974 (Box 1)\n Series 2: Legal and Financial Documents, 1813; 1843-1918 (Box 2)\n Series 3: Photographs, circa 1863-1920 (Box 3)\n Series 4: Civil War Documents and Currency, 1861-1865 (Box 4)\n Series 5: Printed Material, 1884-1900 (Box 5)\n Series 6: Miscellaneous Documents, 1764-1976 (Boxes 6-8)\n Series 7: Oversize, 1863-1966 (Box 9)\n Series 8: Objects, 1860s (Boxes 10-19 and Unboxed Objects)\n","Alexander Haight (1822-1880), son of Amy C. Haight (1787-1863) and Jacob Haight (1782-1862), lived at Sully Plantation from 1842-1874. Quaker farmers from Dutchess County, New York, the Haights moved to Sully at the urging of Jacob, who delighted in the milder climate and extensive farm land, which they enhanced with lime and guano fertilizers. In 1845, Alexander married Phebe Sweet (1824-1898), and in 1851 they finished building their new home, \"Little Sully,\" on Haight property just south of the main Sully house.","The effects of the Civil War on daily life in Northern Virginia are evident from the personal letters and military documents that have been preserved. Phebe and her sister-in-law, Maria Haight Barlow, were left to defend their homes when Jacob and Alexander were forced to flee to Alexandria and Washington to avoid incoming Confederate troops who suspected the Haights of being Union sympathizers. The Haights did, in fact, support the Union, and toward the end of the war Alexander Haight joined the Union Army.","Many of the documents in this collection indicate something of the precarious position in which the Haights were caught during the Civil War. These include receipts for provisions supplied by the Haight farm to both the Union and Confederate armies; a letter from Union Major General Julius Stahel attesting to the good standing of Alexander Haight and ordering the protection of his property by Union troops; and a court memorandum offering the transport of Alexander Haight to and from his trial over the confiscation of property during the war.\n","Alexander Levi Haight (1891-1981), the eponymous donor of this collection, was the son of Henry Clement Haight (1859-1936) and Emma Jane Young (1858-1939) and grandson of Alexander and Phebe Haight of the Civil War period.","This collection contains materials of the Haight family, who have lived in Northern Virginia since the 1840s, and who owned Sully Plantation during the Civil War. Materials include correspondence, household financial records, photographs, Civil War documents, and artifacts. The artifacts in the collection consist of American Indian arrowheads and Civil War relics. Most of the materials date from the mid to late 19th century and the early 20th century, but the collection also includes a ledger dating from before the American Revolution and a few items dating from after the First World War. \n","Series 1, Correspondence, contains letters to and from members of the Haight family and their friends. Haight family members represented in this series include George, Helen, Henry, Margaret, and Phebe. Some of the letters refer to the California Gold Rush in which Alexander Haight's brother-in-law, George Sweet (1821-1898), participated as a \"49er\". Other letters refer to the Civil War in which Henry C. Haight's father-in-law, John M. Young (1831-1864), fought under the Union Army.\n","Series 2, Legal and Financial Documents, contains personal legal and financial records of the Haight family, including deeds, receipts, contracts, and documents from the Fairfax County Court House. Specific items include court orders from 1852-1853 appointing Alexander Haight as \"surveyor of the county road\"; an 1864 letter from Virginia District Judge John C. Underwood on a forthcoming war-time property-confiscation trial of Alexander Haight; bank receipts of Elizabeth Haight from 1914-1919; deeds of gift from George Haight, 1895-1903; correspondence from March of 1884 regarding damage claims by Phebe Haight from the West and Sisson railroad company for damaged packages of butter; and a  financial accounting record of farm land sold to Samuel Titus and Nehemiah Sweet, dated January 16, 1843.\n","Series 3, Photographs, contains around twenty original photographs and reproductions belonging to the Haight family. Subjects include Alexander, Phebe, Elizabeth, George, and Helen Haight; Fairfax County Court House; Sully Plantation; Fairfax Station during the Civil War; Alexander Haight's prize horse; and Clio, a slave girl whom Phebe Haight kept at the Sully Plantation until 1862.\n","Series 4, Civil War Documents, contains various materials pertaining to the Civil War such as civilian passes, diary excerpts, and Confederate currency. Specific items include Civil War maps and photographs; an official order from General Jackson on the day of the Battle of Chantilly (Ox Hill) prohibiting the theft or destruction of private property; documents granting passage of Alexander Haight and company into and out of Virginia; a hand-written note from the Union Major General Julius Stahel to the Union Army, attesting to the good standing of Alexander Haight; receipts of Alexander Haight for Union and Confederate supplies given out during the war; and a typed manuscript detailing the Civil War experiences of the Sutton family in Fairfax, excerpted from the diaries of Charles and Phebe Sutton.\n","Series 5, Publications and Serials, contains seven illustrated monthly magazines and a book titled War Reminiscences by the Surgeon of Mosby's Command (1890). The magazines include issues of The Century, The Cosmopolitan, and McClure's.\n","Series 6, Miscellaneous, contains miscellaneous printed materials, notes, and facsimiles. Materials include old business cards; brochures on local history; a newspaper facsimile (circa 1975) on old Fairfax families, the Haights and Milans; a scrap book of old newsclippings; and a ledger full of accounting records dating from before the Revolutionary War.\n","Series 7, Oversize, includes Confederate bonds; a centennial print of the Declaration of Independence; and newspapers chronicling the sinking of the Titanic, the election of Franklin Roosevelt, and other historical events.\n","Series 8, Objects, contains Civil War Artifacts as well as ancient American Indian arrowheads and tools. The Civil War artifacts include three muskets, ammunition, a sword with scabbard, two bayonets, a cavalry bridle, and a hand-made crutch.\n","This collection contains materials of the Haight family, who have lived in Northern Virginia since the 1840s, and who owned Sully Plantation during the Civil War. Materials include correspondence, household financial records, photographs, Civil War documents, and artifacts. The artifacts in the collection consist of American Indian arrowheads and Civil War relics. Most of the materials date from the mid to late 19th century and the early 20th century, but the collection also includes a ledger dating from before the American Revolution and a few items dating from after the First World War. \n","George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives.\n","Alexander Haight\n","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["C0159\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Alexander Haight family collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Alexander Haight family collection"],"collection_ssim":["Alexander Haight family collection"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Alexander Haight\n"],"creator_ssim":["Alexander Haight\n"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Alexander Haight\n"],"creators_ssim":["Alexander Haight\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection donated by Alexander Levi Haight in 1978.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Daguerreotypes.","Negatives.","Photographic prints.","Reproductions.","Tintypes."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Daguerreotypes.","Negatives.","Photographic prints.","Reproductions.","Tintypes."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["13 linear feet (19 boxes and 12 unboxed objects)"],"extent_tesim":["13 linear feet (19 boxes and 12 unboxed objects)"],"date_range_isim":[1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized into eight series by subject with each series organized alphabetically by title.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Correspondence, 1838-1901; 1918-1920; 1974 (Box 1)\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Legal and Financial Documents, 1813; 1843-1918 (Box 2)\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: Photographs, circa 1863-1920 (Box 3)\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: Civil War Documents and Currency, 1861-1865 (Box 4)\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 5: Printed Material, 1884-1900 (Box 5)\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 6: Miscellaneous Documents, 1764-1976 (Boxes 6-8)\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 7: Oversize, 1863-1966 (Box 9)\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 8: Objects, 1860s (Boxes 10-19 and Unboxed Objects)\n\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized into eight series by subject with each series organized alphabetically by title.\n","Series 1: Correspondence, 1838-1901; 1918-1920; 1974 (Box 1)\n Series 2: Legal and Financial Documents, 1813; 1843-1918 (Box 2)\n Series 3: Photographs, circa 1863-1920 (Box 3)\n Series 4: Civil War Documents and Currency, 1861-1865 (Box 4)\n Series 5: Printed Material, 1884-1900 (Box 5)\n Series 6: Miscellaneous Documents, 1764-1976 (Boxes 6-8)\n Series 7: Oversize, 1863-1966 (Box 9)\n Series 8: Objects, 1860s (Boxes 10-19 and Unboxed Objects)\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlexander Haight (1822-1880), son of Amy C. Haight (1787-1863) and Jacob Haight (1782-1862), lived at Sully Plantation from 1842-1874. Quaker farmers from Dutchess County, New York, the Haights moved to Sully at the urging of Jacob, who delighted in the milder climate and extensive farm land, which they enhanced with lime and guano fertilizers. In 1845, Alexander married Phebe Sweet (1824-1898), and in 1851 they finished building their new home, \"Little Sully,\" on Haight property just south of the main Sully house.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe effects of the Civil War on daily life in Northern Virginia are evident from the personal letters and military documents that have been preserved. Phebe and her sister-in-law, Maria Haight Barlow, were left to defend their homes when Jacob and Alexander were forced to flee to Alexandria and Washington to avoid incoming Confederate troops who suspected the Haights of being Union sympathizers. The Haights did, in fact, support the Union, and toward the end of the war Alexander Haight joined the Union Army.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMany of the documents in this collection indicate something of the precarious position in which the Haights were caught during the Civil War. These include receipts for provisions supplied by the Haight farm to both the Union and Confederate armies; a letter from Union Major General Julius Stahel attesting to the good standing of Alexander Haight and ordering the protection of his property by Union troops; and a court memorandum offering the transport of Alexander Haight to and from his trial over the confiscation of property during the war.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlexander Levi Haight (1891-1981), the eponymous donor of this collection, was the son of Henry Clement Haight (1859-1936) and Emma Jane Young (1858-1939) and grandson of Alexander and Phebe Haight of the Civil War period.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Alexander Haight (1822-1880), son of Amy C. Haight (1787-1863) and Jacob Haight (1782-1862), lived at Sully Plantation from 1842-1874. Quaker farmers from Dutchess County, New York, the Haights moved to Sully at the urging of Jacob, who delighted in the milder climate and extensive farm land, which they enhanced with lime and guano fertilizers. In 1845, Alexander married Phebe Sweet (1824-1898), and in 1851 they finished building their new home, \"Little Sully,\" on Haight property just south of the main Sully house.","The effects of the Civil War on daily life in Northern Virginia are evident from the personal letters and military documents that have been preserved. Phebe and her sister-in-law, Maria Haight Barlow, were left to defend their homes when Jacob and Alexander were forced to flee to Alexandria and Washington to avoid incoming Confederate troops who suspected the Haights of being Union sympathizers. The Haights did, in fact, support the Union, and toward the end of the war Alexander Haight joined the Union Army.","Many of the documents in this collection indicate something of the precarious position in which the Haights were caught during the Civil War. These include receipts for provisions supplied by the Haight farm to both the Union and Confederate armies; a letter from Union Major General Julius Stahel attesting to the good standing of Alexander Haight and ordering the protection of his property by Union troops; and a court memorandum offering the transport of Alexander Haight to and from his trial over the confiscation of property during the war.\n","Alexander Levi Haight (1891-1981), the eponymous donor of this collection, was the son of Henry Clement Haight (1859-1936) and Emma Jane Young (1858-1939) and grandson of Alexander and Phebe Haight of the Civil War period."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains materials of the Haight family, who have lived in Northern Virginia since the 1840s, and who owned Sully Plantation during the Civil War. Materials include correspondence, household financial records, photographs, Civil War documents, and artifacts. The artifacts in the collection consist of American Indian arrowheads and Civil War relics. Most of the materials date from the mid to late 19th century and the early 20th century, but the collection also includes a ledger dating from before the American Revolution and a few items dating from after the First World War. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1, Correspondence, contains letters to and from members of the Haight family and their friends. Haight family members represented in this series include George, Helen, Henry, Margaret, and Phebe. Some of the letters refer to the California Gold Rush in which Alexander Haight's brother-in-law, George Sweet (1821-1898), participated as a \"49er\". Other letters refer to the Civil War in which Henry C. Haight's father-in-law, John M. Young (1831-1864), fought under the Union Army.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2, Legal and Financial Documents, contains personal legal and financial records of the Haight family, including deeds, receipts, contracts, and documents from the Fairfax County Court House. Specific items include court orders from 1852-1853 appointing Alexander Haight as \"surveyor of the county road\"; an 1864 letter from Virginia District Judge John C. Underwood on a forthcoming war-time property-confiscation trial of Alexander Haight; bank receipts of Elizabeth Haight from 1914-1919; deeds of gift from George Haight, 1895-1903; correspondence from March of 1884 regarding damage claims by Phebe Haight from the West and Sisson railroad company for damaged packages of butter; and a  financial accounting record of farm land sold to Samuel Titus and Nehemiah Sweet, dated January 16, 1843.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3, Photographs, contains around twenty original photographs and reproductions belonging to the Haight family. Subjects include Alexander, Phebe, Elizabeth, George, and Helen Haight; Fairfax County Court House; Sully Plantation; Fairfax Station during the Civil War; Alexander Haight's prize horse; and Clio, a slave girl whom Phebe Haight kept at the Sully Plantation until 1862.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4, Civil War Documents, contains various materials pertaining to the Civil War such as civilian passes, diary excerpts, and Confederate currency. Specific items include Civil War maps and photographs; an official order from General Jackson on the day of the Battle of Chantilly (Ox Hill) prohibiting the theft or destruction of private property; documents granting passage of Alexander Haight and company into and out of Virginia; a hand-written note from the Union Major General Julius Stahel to the Union Army, attesting to the good standing of Alexander Haight; receipts of Alexander Haight for Union and Confederate supplies given out during the war; and a typed manuscript detailing the Civil War experiences of the Sutton family in Fairfax, excerpted from the diaries of Charles and Phebe Sutton.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5, Publications and Serials, contains seven illustrated monthly magazines and a book titled War Reminiscences by the Surgeon of Mosby's Command (1890). The magazines include issues of The Century, The Cosmopolitan, and McClure's.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6, Miscellaneous, contains miscellaneous printed materials, notes, and facsimiles. Materials include old business cards; brochures on local history; a newspaper facsimile (circa 1975) on old Fairfax families, the Haights and Milans; a scrap book of old newsclippings; and a ledger full of accounting records dating from before the Revolutionary War.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7, Oversize, includes Confederate bonds; a centennial print of the Declaration of Independence; and newspapers chronicling the sinking of the Titanic, the election of Franklin Roosevelt, and other historical events.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 8, Objects, contains Civil War Artifacts as well as ancient American Indian arrowheads and tools. The Civil War artifacts include three muskets, ammunition, a sword with scabbard, two bayonets, a cavalry bridle, and a hand-made crutch.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains materials of the Haight family, who have lived in Northern Virginia since the 1840s, and who owned Sully Plantation during the Civil War. Materials include correspondence, household financial records, photographs, Civil War documents, and artifacts. The artifacts in the collection consist of American Indian arrowheads and Civil War relics. Most of the materials date from the mid to late 19th century and the early 20th century, but the collection also includes a ledger dating from before the American Revolution and a few items dating from after the First World War. \n","Series 1, Correspondence, contains letters to and from members of the Haight family and their friends. Haight family members represented in this series include George, Helen, Henry, Margaret, and Phebe. Some of the letters refer to the California Gold Rush in which Alexander Haight's brother-in-law, George Sweet (1821-1898), participated as a \"49er\". Other letters refer to the Civil War in which Henry C. Haight's father-in-law, John M. Young (1831-1864), fought under the Union Army.\n","Series 2, Legal and Financial Documents, contains personal legal and financial records of the Haight family, including deeds, receipts, contracts, and documents from the Fairfax County Court House. Specific items include court orders from 1852-1853 appointing Alexander Haight as \"surveyor of the county road\"; an 1864 letter from Virginia District Judge John C. Underwood on a forthcoming war-time property-confiscation trial of Alexander Haight; bank receipts of Elizabeth Haight from 1914-1919; deeds of gift from George Haight, 1895-1903; correspondence from March of 1884 regarding damage claims by Phebe Haight from the West and Sisson railroad company for damaged packages of butter; and a  financial accounting record of farm land sold to Samuel Titus and Nehemiah Sweet, dated January 16, 1843.\n","Series 3, Photographs, contains around twenty original photographs and reproductions belonging to the Haight family. Subjects include Alexander, Phebe, Elizabeth, George, and Helen Haight; Fairfax County Court House; Sully Plantation; Fairfax Station during the Civil War; Alexander Haight's prize horse; and Clio, a slave girl whom Phebe Haight kept at the Sully Plantation until 1862.\n","Series 4, Civil War Documents, contains various materials pertaining to the Civil War such as civilian passes, diary excerpts, and Confederate currency. Specific items include Civil War maps and photographs; an official order from General Jackson on the day of the Battle of Chantilly (Ox Hill) prohibiting the theft or destruction of private property; documents granting passage of Alexander Haight and company into and out of Virginia; a hand-written note from the Union Major General Julius Stahel to the Union Army, attesting to the good standing of Alexander Haight; receipts of Alexander Haight for Union and Confederate supplies given out during the war; and a typed manuscript detailing the Civil War experiences of the Sutton family in Fairfax, excerpted from the diaries of Charles and Phebe Sutton.\n","Series 5, Publications and Serials, contains seven illustrated monthly magazines and a book titled War Reminiscences by the Surgeon of Mosby's Command (1890). The magazines include issues of The Century, The Cosmopolitan, and McClure's.\n","Series 6, Miscellaneous, contains miscellaneous printed materials, notes, and facsimiles. Materials include old business cards; brochures on local history; a newspaper facsimile (circa 1975) on old Fairfax families, the Haights and Milans; a scrap book of old newsclippings; and a ledger full of accounting records dating from before the Revolutionary War.\n","Series 7, Oversize, includes Confederate bonds; a centennial print of the Declaration of Independence; and newspapers chronicling the sinking of the Titanic, the election of Franklin Roosevelt, and other historical events.\n","Series 8, Objects, contains Civil War Artifacts as well as ancient American Indian arrowheads and tools. The Civil War artifacts include three muskets, ammunition, a sword with scabbard, two bayonets, a cavalry bridle, and a hand-made crutch.\n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection contains materials of the Haight family, who have lived in Northern Virginia since the 1840s, and who owned Sully Plantation during the Civil War. Materials include correspondence, household financial records, photographs, Civil War documents, and artifacts. The artifacts in the collection consist of American Indian arrowheads and Civil War relics. Most of the materials date from the mid to late 19th century and the early 20th century, but the collection also includes a ledger dating from before the American Revolution and a few items dating from after the First World War. \n\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains materials of the Haight family, who have lived in Northern Virginia since the 1840s, and who owned Sully Plantation during the Civil War. Materials include correspondence, household financial records, photographs, Civil War documents, and artifacts. The artifacts in the collection consist of American Indian arrowheads and Civil War relics. Most of the materials date from the mid to late 19th century and the early 20th century, but the collection also includes a ledger dating from before the American Revolution and a few items dating from after the First World War. \n"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives.\n","Alexander Haight\n"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives.\n"],"persname_ssim":["Alexander Haight\n"],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":531,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:50:06.728Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_haight_c01_c02_c09"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178_c01_c1517","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Bank reserves and circulation medium- National Banks","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178_c01_c1517#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178_c01_c1517","ref_ssm":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178_c01_c1517"],"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178_c01_c1517","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178_c01","parent_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178_c01","parent_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Clark E. Warburton papers","Clark Warburton Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Clark E. Warburton papers","Clark Warburton Papers"],"text":["Clark E. Warburton papers","Clark Warburton Papers","Bank reserves and circulation medium- National Banks","folder 11","box 19"],"title_filing_ssi":"Bank reserves and circulation medium- National Banks ","title_ssm":["Bank reserves and circulation medium- National Banks "],"title_tesim":["Bank reserves and circulation medium- National Banks "],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1865-1919"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1865/1919"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Bank reserves and circulation medium- National Banks"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["Clark E. Warburton papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":1518,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is housed at the WRLC Shared Collections Facility. Advance notice will be required to access any materials.","There are no access restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Materials created prior to 1931 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions. The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"date_range_isim":[1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919],"containers_ssim":["folder 11","box 19"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#1516","timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:32:33.587Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_178.xml","title_ssm":["Clark E. Warburton papers"],"title_tesim":["Clark E. Warburton papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1920-1979"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1920-1979"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0110","/repositories/2/resources/178"],"text":["C0110","/repositories/2/resources/178","Clark E. Warburton papers","Banks and banking, American","Finance -- United States","Economics","This collection is housed at the WRLC Shared Collections Facility. Advance notice will be required to access any materials.","There are no access restrictions.","This collection is arranged alphabetically and chronologically by subject.","Born in Shady Grove, New York on January 27, 1896, Clark E. Warburton taught at several colleges and universities in the United States and India before joining the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in 1934. He eventually became Chief of the Banking and Business Section of the Division of Research and Statistics. He retained that post until his retirement in 1965. Throughout his career, Warburton was well known for his support of the theory that monetary forces are the key cause of economic disturbances. He made numerous contributions to economics scholarship and practices during his long career.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in March 2009.","The Special Collections Research Center created a digital collection about the   hosted by GMU Libraries in 2008. "," holds additional Clark Warburton papers in Record Group 34: Records of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 1920-1993. ","The collection consists of correspondence, published and unpublished Warburton manuscripts (such as Warburton's unpublished history of monetary disequilibrium), printed matter, and subject files.","Materials created prior to 1931 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions. The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","The collection consists of correspondence, published and unpublished Warburton manuscripts (such as Warburton's unpublished history of monetary disequilibrium), printed matter, and subject files.","This collection is housed at the WRLC Shared Collections Facility.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation","Warburton, Clark, 1896-","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0110","/repositories/2/resources/178"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Clark E. Warburton papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Clark E. Warburton papers"],"collection_ssim":["Clark E. Warburton papers"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Warburton, Clark, 1896-"],"creator_ssim":["Warburton, Clark, 1896-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Warburton, Clark, 1896-"],"creators_ssim":["Warburton, Clark, 1896-"],"access_terms_ssm":["Materials created prior to 1931 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions. The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection donated by Clark E. Warburton in 1979."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Banks and banking, American","Finance -- United States","Economics"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Banks and banking, American","Finance -- United States","Economics"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["161.25 Linear Feet 119 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["161.25 Linear Feet 119 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is housed at the WRLC Shared Collections Facility. Advance notice will be required to access any materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is housed at the WRLC Shared Collections Facility. Advance notice will be required to access any materials.","There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged alphabetically and chronologically by subject.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged alphabetically and chronologically by subject."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBorn in Shady Grove, New York on January 27, 1896, Clark E. Warburton taught at several colleges and universities in the United States and India before joining the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in 1934. He eventually became Chief of the Banking and Business Section of the Division of Research and Statistics. He retained that post until his retirement in 1965. Throughout his career, Warburton was well known for his support of the theory that monetary forces are the key cause of economic disturbances. He made numerous contributions to economics scholarship and practices during his long career.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Born in Shady Grove, New York on January 27, 1896, Clark E. Warburton taught at several colleges and universities in the United States and India before joining the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in 1934. He eventually became Chief of the Banking and Business Section of the Division of Research and Statistics. He retained that post until his retirement in 1965. Throughout his career, Warburton was well known for his support of the theory that monetary forces are the key cause of economic disturbances. He made numerous contributions to economics scholarship and practices during his long career."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eClark E. Warburton papers, C0110, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Clark E. Warburton papers, C0110, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in March 2009.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in March 2009."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center created a digital collection about the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"James M. Buchanan Lecture\" href=\"http://mars.gmu.edu/handle/1920/4497\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e hosted by GMU Libraries in 2008. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"The National Archives and Records Administration\" href=\"https://catalog.archives.gov/search?q=Clark+Warburton\u0026amp;rows=20\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e holds additional Clark Warburton papers in Record Group 34: Records of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 1920-1993. \u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center created a digital collection about the   hosted by GMU Libraries in 2008. "," holds additional Clark Warburton papers in Record Group 34: Records of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 1920-1993. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of correspondence, published and unpublished Warburton manuscripts (such as Warburton's unpublished history of monetary disequilibrium), printed matter, and subject files.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of correspondence, published and unpublished Warburton manuscripts (such as Warburton's unpublished history of monetary disequilibrium), printed matter, and subject files."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials created prior to 1931 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions. The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Materials created prior to 1931 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions. The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_410ea6559af51c2c614e8d2c2a6fea1e\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection consists of correspondence, published and unpublished Warburton manuscripts (such as Warburton's unpublished history of monetary disequilibrium), printed matter, and subject files.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection consists of correspondence, published and unpublished Warburton manuscripts (such as Warburton's unpublished history of monetary disequilibrium), printed matter, and subject files."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_64aee605f2331e78e2ed49ba9915a914\"\u003eThis collection is housed at the WRLC Shared Collections Facility.\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["This collection is housed at the WRLC Shared Collections Facility."],"names_coll_ssim":["Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation","Warburton, Clark, 1896-"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation","Warburton, Clark, 1896-"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation"],"persname_ssim":["Warburton, Clark, 1896-"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3042,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:32:33.587Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_178_c01_c1517"}},{"id":"vifgm_rosenzweig_c02_c25","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Boston Workers: The Boston Irish Political Machines (Worcester Files),","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_rosenzweig_c02_c25#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_rosenzweig_c02_c25#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_rosenzweig_c02_c25","ref_ssm":["vifgm_rosenzweig_c02_c25"],"id":"vifgm_rosenzweig_c02_c25","ead_ssi":"vifgm_rosenzweig","_root_":"vifgm_rosenzweig","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_rosenzweig_c02","parent_ssi":"vifgm_rosenzweig_c02","parent_ssim":["vifgm_rosenzweig","vifgm_rosenzweig_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_rosenzweig","vifgm_rosenzweig_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Roy Rosenzweig papers","Series 2: Labor History,"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Roy Rosenzweig papers","Series 2: Labor History,"],"text":["Roy Rosenzweig papers","Series 2: Labor History,","Boston Workers: The Boston Irish Political Machines (Worcester Files),","Box 12","Folder 5",""],"title_filing_ssi":"Boston Workers: The Boston Irish Political Machines (Worcester Files),\n","title_ssm":["Boston Workers: The Boston Irish Political Machines (Worcester Files),\n"],"title_tesim":["Boston Workers: The Boston Irish Political Machines (Worcester Files),\n"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1830-1973\n"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1830/1973"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Boston Workers: The Boston Irish Political Machines (Worcester Files),"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["Roy Rosenzweig papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":111,"date_range_isim":[1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973],"containers_ssim":["Box 12","Folder 5"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp/\u003e"],"scopecontent_tesim":[""],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#24","timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:50:06.728Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_rosenzweig","ead_ssi":"vifgm_rosenzweig","_root_":"vifgm_rosenzweig","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_rosenzweig","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/gmu/rosenzweig.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/rosenzweig.html","title_ssm":["Roy Rosenzweig papers\n"],"title_tesim":["Roy Rosenzweig papers\n"],"unitdate_ssm":["1934-2007\n"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1934-2007\n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0038\n"],"text":["C0038\n","Roy Rosenzweig papers","Digital Humanities Centers.","History--Study and teaching.","Labor--History.","Oral history.","Organized into eight series.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1969-2007\n Series 2: Labor History, 1960-1990\n Series 3: The Park and the People, 1980s-1990s\n Series 4: The Presence of the Past, 1990-1999\n Series 5: Oral History, 1970-2007\n Series 6: Digital History, 1988-2007\n Series 7: Media, 1980s-2007\n Series 8: Oversize, 1934-1972\n Series 9: Electronic Files, 1995-2007\n","Roy Alan Rosenzweig received his Ph.D. in history from Harvard University in 1978. In 1981, Rosenzweig accepted a position in the George Mason University History Department and became one of the most popular professors at the university until his untimely death in 2007.  He was a prolific writer, not only in print but also in many other forms of media, such as CD-ROMs, documentary film, and the Internet.  In 1994, his strong interest in technology led to his founding of the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, widely recognized in the history and humanities fields for producing ground-breaking educational and research communication technologies.","The collection largely documents his research and writing through articles, notes, and correspondence on New York Central Park, Worcester (Massachusetts), labor, and digital humanities work.  In addition, the collection contains almost complete runs of rare history and humanities periodicals such as Radical History Review Newsletter, Historical Methods Newsletter, History Microcomputer Review, Radical Teacher, Cultural Correspondence, and Radical America.  His interest and work with oral history is reflected in the Northern Virginia Oral History Project files. Although the collection dates from 1934, there are many facsimilies of documents, particularly on Central Park, that contain information prior to 1934.","Series 1 contains Roy Rosenzweig's academic correspondence from 1969-2007. Much of the series consists of correspondence regarding collaboration, panels, papers, letters of recommendation, awards, research permissions and conferences. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 2 contains books, pamphlets, newsclippings, papers, xeroxes, magazines and other research materials on labor history. This series contains the book Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers and Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1921. In addition to research about labor and leisure, this series contains research about the 1930s such as unemployment and The New Deal and Works Progress Administration (WPA). Topics such as unions, general worker's rights and radicalism also appear in this series. The series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","The largest series in the collection, Series 3 contains magazines, pamphlets, government documents, books, newsclippings, papers, xeroxes and note cards about New York City and Central Park. A large portion of this research focuses on entertainment, public works, budgets, planning, landscape architecture, jobs, crime and events in Central Park and surrounding areas. This research culminated in Rosenzweig's acclaimed 1992 book (with co-author Elizabeth Blackmar) The Park and the People: A History of Central Park. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 4 contains research that culminated in Rosenzweig's 1998 book (with co-author David Thelen) The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life. Survey data regarding demographics, papers, reports, variables, public history, and information and research regarding the ways in which Americans interpret and apply the past is found in this series. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 5 contains pamphlets, guides, papers, articles, xeroxes and magazines about oral history such as oral history interviewing guides, recording guides, plans for oral history courses and the Northern Virginia Oral History Project. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date. ","Series 6 contains information about the Center for History and New Media as well as an array of research which culminated in Rosenzweig's 2006 book (with co-author Daniel Cohen) Digital History: A Guide to Gathering, Preserving, and Presenting the Past on the Web. In addition to research used for the book, the series contains both guides and ideas for using technology in the classroom and to enhance academic and popular research. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 7 contains CDs, DVDs, cassettes and computer disks used by Rosenzweig both to save writing and for instructional purposes. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 8 contains oversized materials such as photographs, prints, posters and an atlas. Of note in this series is a 1934 photograph of Franklin Roosevelt in leg braces. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 9 consists of three folders of electronic files that date from 1995-2007.  The first folder \"files archived 2003-2006\" contains files on his work at the Center for History and New Media, including digital history projects, grant proposals, and materials for Clio Wired, the digital history course he taught.  There is also a folder of attachments that appears to be documents that were attached to email messages.  The second folder consists of research and drafts for a book project \"The Future of the Past\" that was published posthumously.  The third file contains \"writings,\" and the files mostly consist of research for publications, both digital and hardcopy,  There are also a number of documents on the functioning of the CHNM, including meetings, budgets, and presentations.  These files are restricted.  \n","The collection largely documents his research and writing through articles, notes, and correspondence on New York Central Park, Worcester (Massachusetts), labor, and digital humanities work. Although the collection dates from 1934, there are many facsimilies of documents, particularly on Central Park, that contain information prior to 1934.\n","George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives.\n","George Mason University. Center for History and New Media.","Roy Rosenzweig\n","Rosenzweig, Roy.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["C0038\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Roy Rosenzweig papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Roy Rosenzweig papers"],"collection_ssim":["Roy Rosenzweig papers"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Roy Rosenzweig\n"],"creator_ssim":["Roy Rosenzweig\n"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Roy Rosenzweig\n"],"creators_ssim":["Roy Rosenzweig\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Deborah Kaplan in 2008-2009."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Digital Humanities Centers.","History--Study and teaching.","Labor--History.","Oral history."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Digital Humanities Centers.","History--Study and teaching.","Labor--History.","Oral history."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["49.5 linear feet (98 boxes; 9,776 electronic files)"],"extent_tesim":["49.5 linear feet (98 boxes; 9,776 electronic files)"],"date_range_isim":[1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized into eight series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Correspondence, 1969-2007\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Labor History, 1960-1990\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: The Park and the People, 1980s-1990s\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: The Presence of the Past, 1990-1999\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 5: Oral History, 1970-2007\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 6: Digital History, 1988-2007\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 7: Media, 1980s-2007\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 8: Oversize, 1934-1972\n\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries 9: Electronic Files, 1995-2007\n\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized into eight series.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1969-2007\n Series 2: Labor History, 1960-1990\n Series 3: The Park and the People, 1980s-1990s\n Series 4: The Presence of the Past, 1990-1999\n Series 5: Oral History, 1970-2007\n Series 6: Digital History, 1988-2007\n Series 7: Media, 1980s-2007\n Series 8: Oversize, 1934-1972\n Series 9: Electronic Files, 1995-2007\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRoy Alan Rosenzweig received his Ph.D. in history from Harvard University in 1978. In 1981, Rosenzweig accepted a position in the George Mason University History Department and became one of the most popular professors at the university until his untimely death in 2007.  He was a prolific writer, not only in print but also in many other forms of media, such as CD-ROMs, documentary film, and the Internet.  In 1994, his strong interest in technology led to his founding of the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, widely recognized in the history and humanities fields for producing ground-breaking educational and research communication technologies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Roy Alan Rosenzweig received his Ph.D. in history from Harvard University in 1978. In 1981, Rosenzweig accepted a position in the George Mason University History Department and became one of the most popular professors at the university until his untimely death in 2007.  He was a prolific writer, not only in print but also in many other forms of media, such as CD-ROMs, documentary film, and the Internet.  In 1994, his strong interest in technology led to his founding of the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, widely recognized in the history and humanities fields for producing ground-breaking educational and research communication technologies."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection largely documents his research and writing through articles, notes, and correspondence on New York Central Park, Worcester (Massachusetts), labor, and digital humanities work.  In addition, the collection contains almost complete runs of rare history and humanities periodicals such as Radical History Review Newsletter, Historical Methods Newsletter, History Microcomputer Review, Radical Teacher, Cultural Correspondence, and Radical America.  His interest and work with oral history is reflected in the Northern Virginia Oral History Project files. Although the collection dates from 1934, there are many facsimilies of documents, particularly on Central Park, that contain information prior to 1934.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 contains Roy Rosenzweig's academic correspondence from 1969-2007. Much of the series consists of correspondence regarding collaboration, panels, papers, letters of recommendation, awards, research permissions and conferences. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2 contains books, pamphlets, newsclippings, papers, xeroxes, magazines and other research materials on labor history. This series contains the book Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers and Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1921. In addition to research about labor and leisure, this series contains research about the 1930s such as unemployment and The New Deal and Works Progress Administration (WPA). Topics such as unions, general worker's rights and radicalism also appear in this series. The series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe largest series in the collection, Series 3 contains magazines, pamphlets, government documents, books, newsclippings, papers, xeroxes and note cards about New York City and Central Park. A large portion of this research focuses on entertainment, public works, budgets, planning, landscape architecture, jobs, crime and events in Central Park and surrounding areas. This research culminated in Rosenzweig's acclaimed 1992 book (with co-author Elizabeth Blackmar) The Park and the People: A History of Central Park. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4 contains research that culminated in Rosenzweig's 1998 book (with co-author David Thelen) The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life. Survey data regarding demographics, papers, reports, variables, public history, and information and research regarding the ways in which Americans interpret and apply the past is found in this series. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5 contains pamphlets, guides, papers, articles, xeroxes and magazines about oral history such as oral history interviewing guides, recording guides, plans for oral history courses and the Northern Virginia Oral History Project. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6 contains information about the Center for History and New Media as well as an array of research which culminated in Rosenzweig's 2006 book (with co-author Daniel Cohen) Digital History: A Guide to Gathering, Preserving, and Presenting the Past on the Web. In addition to research used for the book, the series contains both guides and ideas for using technology in the classroom and to enhance academic and popular research. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7 contains CDs, DVDs, cassettes and computer disks used by Rosenzweig both to save writing and for instructional purposes. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 8 contains oversized materials such as photographs, prints, posters and an atlas. Of note in this series is a 1934 photograph of Franklin Roosevelt in leg braces. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 9 consists of three folders of electronic files that date from 1995-2007.  The first folder \"files archived 2003-2006\" contains files on his work at the Center for History and New Media, including digital history projects, grant proposals, and materials for Clio Wired, the digital history course he taught.  There is also a folder of attachments that appears to be documents that were attached to email messages.  The second folder consists of research and drafts for a book project \"The Future of the Past\" that was published posthumously.  The third file contains \"writings,\" and the files mostly consist of research for publications, both digital and hardcopy,  There are also a number of documents on the functioning of the CHNM, including meetings, budgets, and presentations.  These files are restricted.  \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection largely documents his research and writing through articles, notes, and correspondence on New York Central Park, Worcester (Massachusetts), labor, and digital humanities work.  In addition, the collection contains almost complete runs of rare history and humanities periodicals such as Radical History Review Newsletter, Historical Methods Newsletter, History Microcomputer Review, Radical Teacher, Cultural Correspondence, and Radical America.  His interest and work with oral history is reflected in the Northern Virginia Oral History Project files. Although the collection dates from 1934, there are many facsimilies of documents, particularly on Central Park, that contain information prior to 1934.","Series 1 contains Roy Rosenzweig's academic correspondence from 1969-2007. Much of the series consists of correspondence regarding collaboration, panels, papers, letters of recommendation, awards, research permissions and conferences. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 2 contains books, pamphlets, newsclippings, papers, xeroxes, magazines and other research materials on labor history. This series contains the book Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers and Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1921. In addition to research about labor and leisure, this series contains research about the 1930s such as unemployment and The New Deal and Works Progress Administration (WPA). Topics such as unions, general worker's rights and radicalism also appear in this series. The series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","The largest series in the collection, Series 3 contains magazines, pamphlets, government documents, books, newsclippings, papers, xeroxes and note cards about New York City and Central Park. A large portion of this research focuses on entertainment, public works, budgets, planning, landscape architecture, jobs, crime and events in Central Park and surrounding areas. This research culminated in Rosenzweig's acclaimed 1992 book (with co-author Elizabeth Blackmar) The Park and the People: A History of Central Park. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 4 contains research that culminated in Rosenzweig's 1998 book (with co-author David Thelen) The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life. Survey data regarding demographics, papers, reports, variables, public history, and information and research regarding the ways in which Americans interpret and apply the past is found in this series. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 5 contains pamphlets, guides, papers, articles, xeroxes and magazines about oral history such as oral history interviewing guides, recording guides, plans for oral history courses and the Northern Virginia Oral History Project. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date. ","Series 6 contains information about the Center for History and New Media as well as an array of research which culminated in Rosenzweig's 2006 book (with co-author Daniel Cohen) Digital History: A Guide to Gathering, Preserving, and Presenting the Past on the Web. In addition to research used for the book, the series contains both guides and ideas for using technology in the classroom and to enhance academic and popular research. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 7 contains CDs, DVDs, cassettes and computer disks used by Rosenzweig both to save writing and for instructional purposes. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 8 contains oversized materials such as photographs, prints, posters and an atlas. Of note in this series is a 1934 photograph of Franklin Roosevelt in leg braces. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 9 consists of three folders of electronic files that date from 1995-2007.  The first folder \"files archived 2003-2006\" contains files on his work at the Center for History and New Media, including digital history projects, grant proposals, and materials for Clio Wired, the digital history course he taught.  There is also a folder of attachments that appears to be documents that were attached to email messages.  The second folder consists of research and drafts for a book project \"The Future of the Past\" that was published posthumously.  The third file contains \"writings,\" and the files mostly consist of research for publications, both digital and hardcopy,  There are also a number of documents on the functioning of the CHNM, including meetings, budgets, and presentations.  These files are restricted.  \n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection largely documents his research and writing through articles, notes, and correspondence on New York Central Park, Worcester (Massachusetts), labor, and digital humanities work. Although the collection dates from 1934, there are many facsimilies of documents, particularly on Central Park, that contain information prior to 1934.\n\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection largely documents his research and writing through articles, notes, and correspondence on New York Central Park, Worcester (Massachusetts), labor, and digital humanities work. Although the collection dates from 1934, there are many facsimilies of documents, particularly on Central Park, that contain information prior to 1934.\n"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives.\n","George Mason University. Center for History and New Media.","Roy Rosenzweig\n","Rosenzweig, Roy."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University.  Special Collections and Archives.\n","George Mason University. Center for History and New Media."],"persname_ssim":["Roy Rosenzweig\n","Rosenzweig, Roy."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":948,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:50:06.728Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_rosenzweig_c02_c25"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153_c02_c25","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Boston Workers: The Boston Irish Political Machines (Worcester Files)","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153_c02_c25#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153_c02_c25","ref_ssm":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153_c02_c25"],"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153_c02_c25","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153_c02","parent_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153_c02","parent_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Roy Rosenzweig papers","Series 2: Labor History"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Roy Rosenzweig papers","Series 2: Labor History"],"text":["Roy Rosenzweig papers","Series 2: Labor History","Boston Workers: The Boston Irish Political Machines (Worcester Files)","box 12","folder 5"],"title_filing_ssi":"Boston Workers: The Boston Irish Political Machines (Worcester Files)","title_ssm":["Boston Workers: The Boston Irish Political Machines (Worcester Files)"],"title_tesim":["Boston Workers: The Boston Irish Political Machines (Worcester Files)"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1830-1973"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1830/1973"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Boston Workers: The Boston Irish Political Machines (Worcester Files)"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["Roy Rosenzweig papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":111,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["With the exception of Series 9, the collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","There are restrictions on some correspondence. "],"date_range_isim":[1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973],"containers_ssim":["box 12","folder 5"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#24","timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:27:54.262Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_153","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_153.xml","title_ssm":["Roy Rosenzweig papers"],"title_tesim":["Roy Rosenzweig papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1934-2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1934-2007"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0038","/repositories/2/resources/153"],"text":["C0038","/repositories/2/resources/153","Roy Rosenzweig papers","Central Park (New York, N.Y.)","Worcester (Mass.)","Digital humanities centers","Oral history","Labor -- History","History -- Study and teaching (Higher) -- United States","Newsletters","Correspondence","With the exception of Series 9, the collection is open to research.","Arranged into eight series.","Series Series 1: Correspondence, 1969-2007 Series 2: Labor History, 1960-1990 Series 3: The Park and the People, 1980s-1990s Series 4: The Presence of the Past, 1990-1999 Series 5: Oral History, 1970-2007 Series 6: Digital History, 1988-2007 Series 7: Media, 1980s-2007 Series 8: Oversize, 1934-1972 Series 9: Electronic Files, 1995-2007","Roy Alan Rosenzweig received his Ph.D. in history from Harvard University in 1978. In 1981, Rosenzweig accepted a position in the George Mason University History Department and became one of the most popular professors at the university until his death in 2007. He was a prolific writer, not only in print but also in many other forms of media, such as CD-ROMs, documentary film, and the Internet. In 1994, his strong interest in technology led to his founding of the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, widely recognized in the history and humanities fields for producing ground-breaking educational and research communication technologies.","Processed by Kate Grauvogel in 2010-2011. EAD markup completed by Kate Grauvogel and Jordan Patty in 2011. This collection was processed in 2010-2011 using funds from a Research Library Program Grant provided by the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024.","This collection has additional unprocessed accessions 2013-011, 2018.020, 2020.047, and 2021.174, and therefore this finding aid may not be fully up to date. Please contact SCRC for more information.","The Special Collections Research Center also holds oral history collections as well as the George Mason University Archives.","There are several runs of rare history and humanities periodicals from the Rosenzweig collection that can be found through the GMU Libraries online catalog. ","The collection largely documents his research and writing through articles, notes, and correspondence on New York Central Park, Worcester (Massachusetts), labor, and digital humanities work. In addition, the collection contains almost complete runs of rare history and humanities periodicals such as Radical History Review Newsletter, Historical Methods Newsletter, History Microcomputer Review, Radical Teacher, Cultural Correspondence, and Radical America. His interest and work with oral history is reflected in the Northern Virginia Oral History Project files. Although the collection dates from 1934, there are many facsimiles of documents, particularly on Central Park, that contain information prior to 1934.","Series 1 contains Roy Rosenzweig's academic correspondence from 1969-2007. Much of the series consists of correspondence regarding collaboration, panels, papers, letters of recommendation, awards, research permissions and conferences. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 2 contains books, pamphlets, newsclippings, papers, xeroxes, magazines and other research materials on labor history. This series contains the book Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers and Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1921. In addition to research about labor and leisure, this series contains research about the 1930s such as unemployment and The New Deal and Works Progress Administration (WPA). Topics such as unions, general worker's rights and radicalism also appear in this series. The series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","The largest series in the collection, Series 3 contains magazines, pamphlets, government documents, books, newsclippings, papers, xeroxes and note cards about New York City and Central Park. A large portion of this research focuses on entertainment, public works, budgets, planning, landscape architecture, jobs, crime and events in Central Park and surrounding areas. This research culminated in Rosenzweig's acclaimed 1992 book (with co-author Elizabeth Blackmar) The Park and the People: A History of Central Park. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 4 contains research that culminated in Rosenzweig's 1998 book (with co-author David Thelen) The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life. Survey data regarding demographics, papers, reports, variables, public history, and information and research regarding the ways in which Americans interpret and apply the past is found in this series. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 5 contains pamphlets, guides, papers, articles, xeroxes and magazines about oral history such as oral history interviewing guides, recording guides, plans for oral history courses and the Northern Virginia Oral History Project. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date. ","Series 6 contains information about the Center for History and New Media as well as an array of research which culminated in Rosenzweig's 2006 book (with co-author Daniel Cohen) Digital History: A Guide to Gathering, Preserving, and Presenting the Past on the Web. In addition to research used for the book, the series contains both guides and ideas for using technology in the classroom and to enhance academic and popular research. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 7 contains CDs, DVDs, cassettes and computer disks used by Rosenzweig both to save writing and for instructional purposes. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 8 contains oversized materials such as photographs, prints, posters and an atlas. Of note in this series is a 1934 photograph of Franklin Roosevelt in leg braces. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 9 consists of three folders of electronic files that date from 1995-2007.  The first folder \"files archived 2003-2006\" contains files on his work at the Center for History and New Media, including digital history projects, grant proposals, and materials for Clio Wired, the digital history course he taught.  There is also a folder of attachments that appears to be documents that were attached to email messages.  The second folder consists of research and drafts for a book project \"The Future of the Past\" that was published posthumously.  The third file contains \"writings,\" and the files mostly consist of research for publications, both digital and hardcopy,  There are also a number of documents on the functioning of the CHNM, including meetings, budgets, and presentations.  These files are restricted.  ","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","There are restrictions on some correspondence. ","The collection largely documents his research and writing through articles, notes, and correspondence on New York Central Park, Worcester (Massachusetts), labor, and digital humanities work. Although the collection dates from 1934, there are many facsimiles of documents, particularly on Central Park, that contain information prior to 1934.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","George Mason University. Center for History and New Media","Northern Virginia Oral History Project","Rosenzweig, Roy","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0038","/repositories/2/resources/153"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Roy Rosenzweig papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Roy Rosenzweig papers"],"collection_ssim":["Roy Rosenzweig papers"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["Central Park (New York, N.Y.)","Worcester (Mass.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Central Park (New York, N.Y.)","Worcester (Mass.)"],"creator_ssm":["Rosenzweig, Roy"],"creator_ssim":["Rosenzweig, Roy"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Rosenzweig, Roy"],"creators_ssim":["Rosenzweig, Roy"],"places_ssim":["Central Park (New York, N.Y.)","Worcester (Mass.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","There are restrictions on some correspondence. "],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Deborah Kaplan in 2008-2009."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Digital humanities centers","Oral history","Labor -- History","History -- Study and teaching (Higher) -- United States","Newsletters","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Digital humanities centers","Oral history","Labor -- History","History -- Study and teaching (Higher) -- United States","Newsletters","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["49.5 Linear Feet 98 boxes;  9,776 electronic files"],"extent_tesim":["49.5 Linear Feet 98 boxes;  9,776 electronic files"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWith the exception of Series 9, the collection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["With the exception of Series 9, the collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged into eight series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eSeries\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Correspondence, 1969-2007\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Labor History, 1960-1990\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: The Park and the People, 1980s-1990s\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: The Presence of the Past, 1990-1999\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 5: Oral History, 1970-2007\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 6: Digital History, 1988-2007\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 7: Media, 1980s-2007\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 8: Oversize, 1934-1972\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 9: Electronic Files, 1995-2007\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged into eight series.","Series Series 1: Correspondence, 1969-2007 Series 2: Labor History, 1960-1990 Series 3: The Park and the People, 1980s-1990s Series 4: The Presence of the Past, 1990-1999 Series 5: Oral History, 1970-2007 Series 6: Digital History, 1988-2007 Series 7: Media, 1980s-2007 Series 8: Oversize, 1934-1972 Series 9: Electronic Files, 1995-2007"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRoy Alan Rosenzweig received his Ph.D. in history from Harvard University in 1978. In 1981, Rosenzweig accepted a position in the George Mason University History Department and became one of the most popular professors at the university until his death in 2007. He was a prolific writer, not only in print but also in many other forms of media, such as CD-ROMs, documentary film, and the Internet. In 1994, his strong interest in technology led to his founding of the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, widely recognized in the history and humanities fields for producing ground-breaking educational and research communication technologies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Roy Alan Rosenzweig received his Ph.D. in history from Harvard University in 1978. In 1981, Rosenzweig accepted a position in the George Mason University History Department and became one of the most popular professors at the university until his death in 2007. He was a prolific writer, not only in print but also in many other forms of media, such as CD-ROMs, documentary film, and the Internet. In 1994, his strong interest in technology led to his founding of the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, widely recognized in the history and humanities fields for producing ground-breaking educational and research communication technologies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRoy Rosenzweig papers, C0038, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Roy Rosenzweig papers, C0038, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Kate Grauvogel in 2010-2011. EAD markup completed by Kate Grauvogel and Jordan Patty in 2011. This collection was processed in 2010-2011 using funds from a Research Library Program Grant provided by the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection has additional unprocessed accessions 2013-011, 2018.020, 2020.047, and 2021.174, and therefore this finding aid may not be fully up to date. Please contact SCRC for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Kate Grauvogel in 2010-2011. EAD markup completed by Kate Grauvogel and Jordan Patty in 2011. This collection was processed in 2010-2011 using funds from a Research Library Program Grant provided by the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024.","This collection has additional unprocessed accessions 2013-011, 2018.020, 2020.047, and 2021.174, and therefore this finding aid may not be fully up to date. Please contact SCRC for more information."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center also holds oral history collections as well as the George Mason University Archives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are several runs of rare history and humanities periodicals from the Rosenzweig collection that can be found through the GMU Libraries online catalog. \u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center also holds oral history collections as well as the George Mason University Archives.","There are several runs of rare history and humanities periodicals from the Rosenzweig collection that can be found through the GMU Libraries online catalog. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection largely documents his research and writing through articles, notes, and correspondence on New York Central Park, Worcester (Massachusetts), labor, and digital humanities work. In addition, the collection contains almost complete runs of rare history and humanities periodicals such as Radical History Review Newsletter, Historical Methods Newsletter, History Microcomputer Review, Radical Teacher, Cultural Correspondence, and Radical America. His interest and work with oral history is reflected in the Northern Virginia Oral History Project files. Although the collection dates from 1934, there are many facsimiles of documents, particularly on Central Park, that contain information prior to 1934.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 contains Roy Rosenzweig's academic correspondence from 1969-2007. Much of the series consists of correspondence regarding collaboration, panels, papers, letters of recommendation, awards, research permissions and conferences. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2 contains books, pamphlets, newsclippings, papers, xeroxes, magazines and other research materials on labor history. This series contains the book Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers and Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1921. In addition to research about labor and leisure, this series contains research about the 1930s such as unemployment and The New Deal and Works Progress Administration (WPA). Topics such as unions, general worker's rights and radicalism also appear in this series. The series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe largest series in the collection, Series 3 contains magazines, pamphlets, government documents, books, newsclippings, papers, xeroxes and note cards about New York City and Central Park. A large portion of this research focuses on entertainment, public works, budgets, planning, landscape architecture, jobs, crime and events in Central Park and surrounding areas. This research culminated in Rosenzweig's acclaimed 1992 book (with co-author Elizabeth Blackmar) The Park and the People: A History of Central Park. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4 contains research that culminated in Rosenzweig's 1998 book (with co-author David Thelen) The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life. Survey data regarding demographics, papers, reports, variables, public history, and information and research regarding the ways in which Americans interpret and apply the past is found in this series. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5 contains pamphlets, guides, papers, articles, xeroxes and magazines about oral history such as oral history interviewing guides, recording guides, plans for oral history courses and the Northern Virginia Oral History Project. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6 contains information about the Center for History and New Media as well as an array of research which culminated in Rosenzweig's 2006 book (with co-author Daniel Cohen) Digital History: A Guide to Gathering, Preserving, and Presenting the Past on the Web. In addition to research used for the book, the series contains both guides and ideas for using technology in the classroom and to enhance academic and popular research. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7 contains CDs, DVDs, cassettes and computer disks used by Rosenzweig both to save writing and for instructional purposes. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 8 contains oversized materials such as photographs, prints, posters and an atlas. Of note in this series is a 1934 photograph of Franklin Roosevelt in leg braces. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 9 consists of three folders of electronic files that date from 1995-2007.  The first folder \"files archived 2003-2006\" contains files on his work at the Center for History and New Media, including digital history projects, grant proposals, and materials for Clio Wired, the digital history course he taught.  There is also a folder of attachments that appears to be documents that were attached to email messages.  The second folder consists of research and drafts for a book project \"The Future of the Past\" that was published posthumously.  The third file contains \"writings,\" and the files mostly consist of research for publications, both digital and hardcopy,  There are also a number of documents on the functioning of the CHNM, including meetings, budgets, and presentations.  These files are restricted.  \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection largely documents his research and writing through articles, notes, and correspondence on New York Central Park, Worcester (Massachusetts), labor, and digital humanities work. In addition, the collection contains almost complete runs of rare history and humanities periodicals such as Radical History Review Newsletter, Historical Methods Newsletter, History Microcomputer Review, Radical Teacher, Cultural Correspondence, and Radical America. His interest and work with oral history is reflected in the Northern Virginia Oral History Project files. Although the collection dates from 1934, there are many facsimiles of documents, particularly on Central Park, that contain information prior to 1934.","Series 1 contains Roy Rosenzweig's academic correspondence from 1969-2007. Much of the series consists of correspondence regarding collaboration, panels, papers, letters of recommendation, awards, research permissions and conferences. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 2 contains books, pamphlets, newsclippings, papers, xeroxes, magazines and other research materials on labor history. This series contains the book Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers and Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1921. In addition to research about labor and leisure, this series contains research about the 1930s such as unemployment and The New Deal and Works Progress Administration (WPA). Topics such as unions, general worker's rights and radicalism also appear in this series. The series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","The largest series in the collection, Series 3 contains magazines, pamphlets, government documents, books, newsclippings, papers, xeroxes and note cards about New York City and Central Park. A large portion of this research focuses on entertainment, public works, budgets, planning, landscape architecture, jobs, crime and events in Central Park and surrounding areas. This research culminated in Rosenzweig's acclaimed 1992 book (with co-author Elizabeth Blackmar) The Park and the People: A History of Central Park. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 4 contains research that culminated in Rosenzweig's 1998 book (with co-author David Thelen) The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life. Survey data regarding demographics, papers, reports, variables, public history, and information and research regarding the ways in which Americans interpret and apply the past is found in this series. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 5 contains pamphlets, guides, papers, articles, xeroxes and magazines about oral history such as oral history interviewing guides, recording guides, plans for oral history courses and the Northern Virginia Oral History Project. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date. ","Series 6 contains information about the Center for History and New Media as well as an array of research which culminated in Rosenzweig's 2006 book (with co-author Daniel Cohen) Digital History: A Guide to Gathering, Preserving, and Presenting the Past on the Web. In addition to research used for the book, the series contains both guides and ideas for using technology in the classroom and to enhance academic and popular research. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 7 contains CDs, DVDs, cassettes and computer disks used by Rosenzweig both to save writing and for instructional purposes. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 8 contains oversized materials such as photographs, prints, posters and an atlas. Of note in this series is a 1934 photograph of Franklin Roosevelt in leg braces. This series is arranged alphabetically and then by date.","Series 9 consists of three folders of electronic files that date from 1995-2007.  The first folder \"files archived 2003-2006\" contains files on his work at the Center for History and New Media, including digital history projects, grant proposals, and materials for Clio Wired, the digital history course he taught.  There is also a folder of attachments that appears to be documents that were attached to email messages.  The second folder consists of research and drafts for a book project \"The Future of the Past\" that was published posthumously.  The third file contains \"writings,\" and the files mostly consist of research for publications, both digital and hardcopy,  There are also a number of documents on the functioning of the CHNM, including meetings, budgets, and presentations.  These files are restricted.  "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are restrictions on some correspondence. \u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","There are restrictions on some correspondence. "],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9130371c4317e5403958317abe596843\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection largely documents his research and writing through articles, notes, and correspondence on New York Central Park, Worcester (Massachusetts), labor, and digital humanities work. Although the collection dates from 1934, there are many facsimiles of documents, particularly on Central Park, that contain information prior to 1934.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection largely documents his research and writing through articles, notes, and correspondence on New York Central Park, Worcester (Massachusetts), labor, and digital humanities work. Although the collection dates from 1934, there are many facsimiles of documents, particularly on Central Park, that contain information prior to 1934."],"names_coll_ssim":["George Mason University. Center for History and New Media","Northern Virginia Oral History Project"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","George Mason University. Center for History and New Media","Northern Virginia Oral History Project","Rosenzweig, Roy"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","George Mason University. Center for History and New Media","Northern Virginia Oral History Project"],"persname_ssim":["Rosenzweig, Roy"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    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For more than 50 years, Lynch participated in the George Mason University community. As a George Mason University Foundation trustee and an ICAR advisory board member and chairman, Lynch supported a framework of programs that have ensured a margin of excellence and distinction for ICAR. In 1987 Lynch endowed the first chair and an annual lecture series, in memory of his parents, Vernon and Minnie. The following year, he helped to establish the doctoral program, the first in the world. In 1996, Lynch and his wife, Helen, created the John W. Burton Endowment, named for one of ICAR's most distinguished professors. Lynch died in 2004.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed in March 2009 by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in December 2022.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections on the ","The collection provides information on the discontent and disillusionment which came to exist among some segments of the American people as a result of American military intervention in Southeast Asia. The collection covers the period of time ranging from 1965 to 1975, with the bulk of the material from the years 1967 to 1971. "," The collection consists of a variety of materials relating to the Vietnam War including pamphlets, booklets, correspondence, posters, reprint articles, newspaper clippings, various antiwar publications, and the minutes of meetings of several antiwar groups. These items are arranged by subject heading in alphabetical order, and the material within the individual files is arranged in chronological order. 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Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in December 2022."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other collections on the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Vietnam War and its protest.\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93\u0026amp;op%5B%5D=\u0026amp;q%5B%5D=vietnam+war\u0026amp;limit=\u0026amp;field%5B%5D=\u0026amp;from_year%5B%5D=\u0026amp;to_year%5B%5D=\u0026amp;commit=Search\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections on the "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection provides information on the discontent and disillusionment which came to exist among some segments of the American people as a result of American military intervention in Southeast Asia. The collection covers the period of time ranging from 1965 to 1975, with the bulk of the material from the years 1967 to 1971. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The collection consists of a variety of materials relating to the Vietnam War including pamphlets, booklets, correspondence, posters, reprint articles, newspaper clippings, various antiwar publications, and the minutes of meetings of several antiwar groups. These items are arranged by subject heading in alphabetical order, and the material within the individual files is arranged in chronological order. Much of the information contained in the Collection relates to the activities of various groups that were formed to protest the American involvement in Vietnam, groups representing such disparate segments of the population as the clergy and business executives. While this information manages to give us a good view of the antiwar movement in the United States as both a local and a national phenomenon, the collection is particularly valuable for the information it provides on the work of local groups based in and concerned with the Washington D.C. area, including Northern Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection provides information on the discontent and disillusionment which came to exist among some segments of the American people as a result of American military intervention in Southeast Asia. The collection covers the period of time ranging from 1965 to 1975, with the bulk of the material from the years 1967 to 1971. "," The collection consists of a variety of materials relating to the Vietnam War including pamphlets, booklets, correspondence, posters, reprint articles, newspaper clippings, various antiwar publications, and the minutes of meetings of several antiwar groups. These items are arranged by subject heading in alphabetical order, and the material within the individual files is arranged in chronological order. Much of the information contained in the Collection relates to the activities of various groups that were formed to protest the American involvement in Vietnam, groups representing such disparate segments of the population as the clergy and business executives. While this information manages to give us a good view of the antiwar movement in the United States as both a local and a national phenomenon, the collection is particularly valuable for the information it provides on the work of local groups based in and concerned with the Washington D.C. area, including Northern Virginia. "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_aec2a0620d35152bdd4158b5cca20b0e\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection provides information on the discontent and disillusionment which came to exist among some segments of the American people as a result of American military intervention in Southeast Asia. The collection covers the period of time ranging from 1965 to 1975, with the bulk of the material from the years 1967 to 1971.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection provides information on the discontent and disillusionment which came to exist among some segments of the American people as a result of American military intervention in Southeast Asia. The collection covers the period of time ranging from 1965 to 1975, with the bulk of the material from the years 1967 to 1971."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_3ff4c3dd312be9651ad3df7c67cdf631\"\u003e\nR 29, C 3, S 3-4\n\n\nOS R4, C4, S5 \n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["\nR 29, C 3, S 3-4\n\n\nOS R4, C4, S5 \n"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Lynch, Edwin Williams, 1913-2004"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. 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