{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1888\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026page=3","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1888\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026page=2","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1888\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026page=4","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1888\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026page=42"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":3,"next_page":4,"prev_page":2,"total_pages":42,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":20,"total_count":418,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_viu00917_c01_c06_c01","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"A. General; numbered\n sequence","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c01_c06_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c01_c06_c01","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00917_c01_c06_c01"],"id":"viu_viu00917_c01_c06_c01","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917_c01_c06","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c01_c06","parent_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c01","viu_viu00917_c01_c06"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c01","viu_viu00917_c01_c06"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Cashbooks"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Cashbooks"],"text":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Cashbooks","A. General; numbered\n sequence","11 volumes"],"title_filing_ssi":"A. General; numbered\n sequence","title_ssm":["A. General; numbered\n sequence"],"title_tesim":["A. General; numbered\n sequence"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1873-1925"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1873/1925"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A. General; numbered\n sequence"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"physdesc_tesim":["11 volumes"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":21,"date_range_isim":[1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#5/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00917","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00917.xml","title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["662"],"text":["662","Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","95 linear feer + 1200\n volumes","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n on the collection, the new student processors were\n instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n project.","The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n 1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n of these stores carried large inventories which are\n detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n To Mr. George Wickes \n Supt. of Mines \n Kay Moor, Virginia \n Dear George, \n Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n York transportations to this place have never been a\n success. Signed, \n Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n 1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n 1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n 1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n Iron Association, to the \n Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n 25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n should be restored to a relationship with southern\n furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n states iron industries should not have been in the same\n desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n 1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n 1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n 1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n 1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n 1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n 1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n 1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.","The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n 95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n 1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n quarries, there is considerable information about the\n production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n records that deal with the company's employees have\n survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n like. Because these books sometimes include information\n about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n considerable information about railroads and their\n relationship to their customers.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["662"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Green Bookman in\n 1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["95 linear feer + 1200\n volumes"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n organization could be determined.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n attic), but they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n on the collection, the new student processors were\n instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n reviewed and notes taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n project.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n on the collection, the new student processors were\n instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n project."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n 1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n produce finished iron products.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCoal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n Covington or Clifton Forge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n of these stores carried large inventories which are\n detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n a coal miner and his family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n Company complained many times to the C \u0026amp; O Railroad\n about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n \u0026amp; O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n ovens all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo Mr. George Wickes \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eSupt. of Mines \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eKay Moor, Virginia \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDear George, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eTony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n York transportations to this place have never been a\n success.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSigned, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEd D. Wickes Supt. of Mines\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003eLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n it is noted in the description of the box contents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n the United Mine Workers Union in December.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n 1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n situation has grown serious.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen America became involved in the First World War, it\n meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n 1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n it had on hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n 1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhy did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n Iron Association, to the \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eManufacturers Record\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003edated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n 25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n should be restored to a relationship with southern\n furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n states iron industries should not have been in the same\n desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n there are other reasons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n Moor Iron Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company Personnel:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExecutive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n 1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n 1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n 1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n 1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n 1918-1928.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFactory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n 1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n 1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n 1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n of these stores carried large inventories which are\n detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n To Mr. George Wickes \n Supt. of Mines \n Kay Moor, Virginia \n Dear George, \n Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n York transportations to this place have never been a\n success. Signed, \n Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n 1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n 1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n 1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n Iron Association, to the \n Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n 25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n should be restored to a relationship with southern\n furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n states iron industries should not have been in the same\n desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n 1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n 1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n 1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n 1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n 1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n 1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n 1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n 95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n 1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material consists of records typical of those\n produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n quarries, there is considerable information about the\n production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n records that deal with the company's employees have\n survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n like. Because these books sometimes include information\n about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n considerable information about railroads and their\n relationship to their customers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n 95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n 1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n quarries, there is considerable information about the\n production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n records that deal with the company's employees have\n survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n like. Because these books sometimes include information\n about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n considerable information about railroads and their\n relationship to their customers."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1879,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c01_c06_c01"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572_c01_c01_c02","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Alfred I duPont biography by Marquis James","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572_c01_c01_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eItems selected by Jesse Ball duPont, 1874-1940.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572_c01_c01_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572_c01_c01_c02","ref_ssm":["vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572_c01_c01_c02"],"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572_c01_c01_c02","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572_c01_c01","parent_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572_c01_c01","parent_ssim":["vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572","vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572_c01","vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572_c01_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572","vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572_c01","vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572_c01_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["duPont family papers","Alfred I. Du Pont papers","Biography"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["duPont family papers","Alfred I. Du Pont papers","Biography"],"text":["duPont family papers","Alfred I. Du Pont papers","Biography","Alfred I duPont biography by Marquis James","E.I. du Pont de Nemours Powder Company","Delaware Trust Company","Alfred I. Du Pont School District","Bobbs-Merrill Company","Du Pont Family","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Mary Van Dyke, 1826-1909","Parker, E. W. (Eben Walter)","Du Pont, T. Coleman (Thomas Coleman), 1863-1930","Lee, Maurice du Pont, 1885-1974","Du Pont, Jessie Ball, 1884-1970","Ruoff, Madeleine Mary Du Pont, 1887-1965","Macomber, Susan G.","MacGregor, Mary Alicia Maddox Du Pont, 1903-1975","Goldsborough, Edith","Du Pont, Mary Alicia Heyward Bradford, 1875-1920","Du Pont, Pierre S. (Pierre Samuel), 1870-1954","Du Pont, Alfred V. (Alfred Victor), 1900-1970","Hilles, Charles Dewey, 1867-1949","Huidekoper, Bessie Cazenove Du Pont, 1889-1973","Huidekoper, Reginald Shippen, 1876-1943","Du Pont, Victorine Elise, 1903-1965","Du Pont, Margaret (Margery) May Fitz Gerald, 1866-1951","Gray, R. A. (Robert Andrew), 1882-1975","Martinez, Joseph D.","Du Pont, Marcella Miller (1903-09-09-1985-09)","Mathewson, S. Frank","Connor, Ellen","James, Marquis, 1891-1955","Massey, Anne","Maxwell, T. J.","Chabannes, Jean-Pierre, Comte de Chabannes, 1862-1928","English","box 2","folder 1-22","Items selected by Jesse Ball duPont, 1874-1940."],"title_filing_ssi":"Alfred I duPont biography by Marquis James","title_ssm":["Alfred I duPont biography by Marquis James"],"title_tesim":["Alfred I duPont biography by Marquis James"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1874-1950"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1874/1950"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Alfred I duPont biography by Marquis James"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"collection_ssim":["duPont family papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":26,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":25,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research use."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source. Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"date_range_isim":[1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950],"names_ssim":["E.I. du Pont de Nemours Powder Company","Delaware Trust Company","Alfred I. Du Pont School District","Bobbs-Merrill Company","Du Pont Family","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Mary Van Dyke, 1826-1909","Parker, E. W. (Eben Walter)","Du Pont, T. Coleman (Thomas Coleman), 1863-1930","Lee, Maurice du Pont, 1885-1974","Du Pont, Jessie Ball, 1884-1970","Ruoff, Madeleine Mary Du Pont, 1887-1965","Macomber, Susan G.","MacGregor, Mary Alicia Maddox Du Pont, 1903-1975","Goldsborough, Edith","Du Pont, Mary Alicia Heyward Bradford, 1875-1920","Du Pont, Pierre S. (Pierre Samuel), 1870-1954","Du Pont, Alfred V. (Alfred Victor), 1900-1970","Hilles, Charles Dewey, 1867-1949","Huidekoper, Bessie Cazenove Du Pont, 1889-1973","Huidekoper, Reginald Shippen, 1876-1943","Du Pont, Victorine Elise, 1903-1965","Du Pont, Margaret (Margery) May Fitz Gerald, 1866-1951","Gray, R. A. (Robert Andrew), 1882-1975","Martinez, Joseph D.","Du Pont, Marcella Miller (1903-09-09-1985-09)","Mathewson, S. Frank","Connor, Ellen","James, Marquis, 1891-1955","Massey, Anne","Maxwell, T. J.","Chabannes, Jean-Pierre, Comte de Chabannes, 1862-1928"],"corpname_ssim":["E.I. du Pont de Nemours Powder Company","Delaware Trust Company","Alfred I. Du Pont School District","Bobbs-Merrill Company"],"famname_ssim":["Du Pont Family"],"persname_ssim":["Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Mary Van Dyke, 1826-1909","Parker, E. W. (Eben Walter)","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, T. Coleman (Thomas Coleman), 1863-1930","Lee, Maurice du Pont, 1885-1974","Du Pont, Jessie Ball, 1884-1970","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Ruoff, Madeleine Mary Du Pont, 1887-1965","Du Pont, Jessie Ball, 1884-1970","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Macomber, Susan G.","MacGregor, Mary Alicia Maddox Du Pont, 1903-1975","Goldsborough, Edith","Du Pont, Jessie Ball, 1884-1970","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Mary Alicia Heyward Bradford, 1875-1920","Du Pont, Pierre S. (Pierre Samuel), 1870-1954","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Alfred V. (Alfred Victor), 1900-1970","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Hilles, Charles Dewey, 1867-1949","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Huidekoper, Bessie Cazenove Du Pont, 1889-1973","Huidekoper, Reginald Shippen, 1876-1943","Du Pont, Victorine Elise, 1903-1965","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Jessie Ball, 1884-1970","Du Pont, Margaret (Margery) May Fitz Gerald, 1866-1951","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Gray, R. A. (Robert Andrew), 1882-1975","Martinez, Joseph D.","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Marcella Miller (1903-09-09-1985-09)","Du Pont, Jessie Ball, 1884-1970","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Mathewson, S. Frank","Connor, Ellen","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","James, Marquis, 1891-1955","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","James, Marquis, 1891-1955","Massey, Anne","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","James, Marquis, 1891-1955","Du Pont, Jessie Ball, 1884-1970","Maxwell, T. J.","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Chabannes, Jean-Pierre, Comte de Chabannes, 1862-1928","Du Pont, Mary Alicia Heyward Bradford, 1875-1920","James, Marquis, 1891-1955","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935"],"language_ssim":["English"],"containers_ssim":["box 2","folder 1-22"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems selected by Jesse Ball duPont, 1874-1940.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Items selected by Jesse Ball duPont, 1874-1940."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#0/components#1","timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:52:19.935Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_572.xml","title_ssm":["duPont family papers"],"title_tesim":["duPont family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1897-1950"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1897-1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0169","/repositories/5/resources/572"],"text":["WLU.Coll.0169","/repositories/5/resources/572","duPont family papers","Correspondence","Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","The original finding aid was funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities in partnership with the History Associates Incorporated in 2001. Edits to this description for injest into ArchivesSpace were made by Graham McKemy and Mattie Clear in 2023.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source. Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Nemours (Greenville, Del. : Dwelling)","St. Stephen's Church (Philadelphia, Pa.)","Du Pont De Nemours Cemetery Company","E.I. du Pont de Nemours Powder Company","Delaware Trust Company","Alfred I. Du Pont School District","Bobbs-Merrill Company","Davis \u0026 Brother, Inc.","Richards \u0026 Affeld","Brentano's (Firm)","Tiffany Studios (New York, N.Y.). Ecclesiastical Department","Carrère \u0026 Hastings","St. Stephen's Episcopal Church (Norwood, Pennsylvania)","Battle Creek Sanitarium (Battle Creek, Mich.)","Massena and Du Pont","Phillips Academy","Bordentown Military Institute","Harriman Naitonal Bank","Du Pont Maternity Hospital","Wilmington Morning News","Every Evening Wilmington","Wilmington (Del.). Department of Police","Delaware Ledger","Okonite Company","Service Citizens of Delaware","Atlas Powder Company","East Texas Oil, Gas, and Mineral Company","Rocky Mountain National Bank","American International Oil Corporation","Cambridge Yacht Club","Edmund Kelly Real Estate","The Club-Fellow \u0026 Washington Mirror","Glaze \u0026 Fine law firm","New York World","United States. Department of the Treasury","Equitable Guarantee and Trust Co.","Tonkin Du Pont Graphite Co.","Harriman National Bank","Corn Exchange National Bank","Franklin Trust Company (Philadelphia, PA)","Public Service Company of Colorado","Denver Gas and Electric Light Co.","The First National Bank of the City of New York","French American Constructive Corporation","Nemours Trading Corporation","E.I. du Pont de Nemours \u0026 Company","Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company","Brandywine Realty","Delaware Barber Company","Delaware State Chamber of Commerce","Everett Railway, Light and Water Company","Hotel du Pont","Harding Peeling Machine Company","Liberty Brand Canning Company","Delaware Packing Company","Gorham Manufacturing Company","McLean Contracting Company","Crosby and Hill Company","General Acoustic Company","George Tiemann and Company","Miller and Cleghorn","E. A. Myers and Sons","Sonotone Corporation","Auratone Incorporated","William F. Murphy's Sons","Mercantile Printing Company","The Dreka Company","Cann Brothers and Kinding Incorporated","Hughes and Muller Tailoring","Mann and Dilks","Buckeye Shirt Company","Gene-Vall Cigar Company, Incorporated","Jung Arch Brace Company","Rand McNally and Company","H. W. Fisher and Company","J.E. Caldwell \u0026 Co","Waltham Watch Company","Wall and Ochs ","Bonschur and Holmes","Franklin Simon \u0026 Co","Boué Soeurs","Grande Maison de Blanc","Faultless Manufacturing Company","George L. Starks and Company","National Association of Retail Clothiers and Furnishers","New Process Company","John Morrell \u0026 Co","Pathéscope (Firm)","Bell \u0026 Howell Co","Montana State Prison","Unexcelled Manufacturing Company","Ritz-Carlton Hotels (Firm)","Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (U.S.)","United States. Post Office Department","National Horse Show Association of America","United States Lines Company","Social Register Association (U.S.)","Du Pont Bridge Club","G. Schirmer, Inc","Kny-Scheerer Company","Robinson Electric Manufacturing Company","Westchester Country Club (Rye, N.Y.)","Bankers Club of America","Beaver Lake Club","Congressional Country Club","Winchester Repeating Arms Company","Remington Arms Company","National Rifle Association of America","Jonas Bros. Taxidermy","Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company","A.G. Spalding \u0026 Bros","Abercrombie \u0026 Fitch","Graybar Electric Company inc","Pinkerton's National Detective Agency","League of Nations","United States Naval Academy","Delaware Automobile Association","International Harvester Company","Foss-Hughes Company","Rushmore Dynamo Works","Ford Motor Company","New York Edison Company","E. Rosenfeld and Company","Miniature Breaker Company","Packard Motor Car Company","Rolls-Royce of America","New York (State). Bureau of Motor Vehicles","Fortune Magazine","Toppan Boat Manufacturing Company","Shelton Electric Company","General Electric Company","Consilidated Gas and Gasoline Engine Company","Automatic Electrical Devices Company","New York Yacht Club","Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping (Firm)","Schenck and Schenck Insurance Agents and Brokers","United States. Hydrographic Office","Cox and Stevens","New London Ship and Engine Company","Wilmington Sunday Star","Western Pump Company","American Car and Foundry Company","Kelvinator","William J. Highfield General Insurance","Fire Association of Philadelphia","Marine Basin Company","Scott \u0026 Fowles (Firm)","Marine Construction Company","Yorktown Yacht Club","Consolidated Shipbuilding Corporation","Cooper-Bessemer Corporation","Henry J. Gielow, Incorporated","Mathis Yacht Building Company","Earl H. Croft, Incorporated","Broward County Port Authority","Keil Motor Company","Huckins Yacht Corporation","The Universal Horticultural Establishment, Incorporated","Winslow Bros. Company","Booth, Garrett and Blair","Otis Elevator Company","J.L. Mott Iron Works","Wilmington (Del.). Water Department","The Spur","James Boyd and Brothers","Ajax Fire Engine Works","Saks \u0026 Company (New York, N.Y.)","Remington Machine Company","Polar Water Still Company","Vacuum Engineering Company","Spencer Turbine Cleaner Company","Diamond Ice and Coal Company","Huyler's (Firm)","Robinson and Payne","Pitt and Scott","Armstrong Seatag Corporation","J. L. Kraft and Brothers Company","G. Washington Coffee Refining Company","James Rowland and Company","C. V. Floyd Fruit Company","Henry R. Hallowell and Son","Belle Meade Farm","Hearn Brothers","Mouquin, incorporated","Walter Hawkins Fruit","Maerose Fruit Corporation of Texas","Chappel Brothers Incorporated","Magasins du Louvre","E. Gimpel and Wildenstein","Steinway \u0026 Sons","W. \u0026 J. Sloane","E.F. Hodgson Co","Tiffany and Company","Theodore B. Starr","George F. Barnes, Incorporated","Gilman Collamore and Company","William T. Stuart, Incorporated","Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)","Museum of Fine Arts, Boston","Seth Thomas Clock Company","Litchfield and Company","Aero Service Corporation","Rau Studios, Incorporated","Lewis \u0026 Conger","Samuel Kirk and Son","Davis Collamore and Company","Edmondson Warrin","Universal Appraisal Company","C. J. Benson and Company, Incorporated","S. P. Sulo Furniture Company","Bryant and Heffernan, Incorporated","Port Clinton Fish Company","Henry F. Michell Co","William H. Moon Company","Pierson U-Bar Company","Hitchings \u0026 Co","Wadley and Smythe","Skinner Irrigation Company","Ideal Power Lawn Mower Company","Coldwell Lawn Mower Company","Philadelphia Lawn Mower Company","Campbell Irrigation Company","John Polachek Bronze and Iron Works Company","Glen Brothers, Incorporated","Munson Whitaker Company","United States. Bureau of Forestry","Du Pont Gun Club","B. Ridgway and Son","Architectural Decorating Company","Johnson Service Company","Frigidaire Corporation","Tirrill Gas Machine Lighting Company","Manning Manufacturing Company","Oliver Oil Gas Burner and Machine Company","George W. McCaulley and Son Company","American Ironing Machine Co","Geyser Electric Washing Machine Company","Savage firearms","Church Art Work Company","Aladdin Company","Permutit Company","Smyth Construction Company","E. T. Burrowes","Wolfe and Adams","The Master Company","Bliss Exterminator Company","Verm-O-Spray","United Cork Flooring Company","Loomis-Manning Filter Distributing Company","Russell and Erwin Manufacturing Company","Blue Ball Farm (Wilmington, DE)","Andover Ambulance Corps.","Ward, Gray, and Neary","Young Men's Christian Association (Wilmington, De.)","Cambridge Maternity Hospital","National Organization for Public Health Nursing (U.S.)","St. John's Rectory (Milford, DE)","University of Delaware","Staunton Military Academy","Wharton Grove Camp Ground","College of William \u0026 Mary","Kent General Hospital (Dover, DE)","Cathedral School of St. John the Divine","American Association for Old Age Security","Delaware Old Age Welfare Commission","Delaware Old Age Pension Fund","Delaware. Department of Public Instruction","Alfred I. Du Pont School (Talleyville, DE)","Delaware. State Board of Education","Industrial Trust Company","Delaware State Aid Society","Robert E. Lee Memorial Foundation","Florida National Bank","First National Bank (Panama City, FL)","Du Pont Family","La Motte","Ball family","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Jessie Ball, 1884-1970","Jakes, T. W. (Thomas Webber) (Thomas Webber Jakes ), 1867-1945","Gentieu, Frederick, 1872-1951","Gentieu, Celeste, 1879-1971","Bakewell-Green, Estelle, 1870-1956","Spooner, W. W. (Walter Whipple), 1861-1922","Du Pont, T. Coleman (Thomas Coleman), 1863-1930","Du Pont, Ernest, 1880-1944","Maxwell, George T. (Gee Tee), 1895-1965","Du Pont, Samuel Francis, 1803-1865","Heitmuller, Anton H. F. (Anton Henry F.), 1859-1943","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","de Morant, V. G. (Victor Georges), 1878-1961","Archibald, S. G., fl. 1912-1920","Du Pont, Pauline Foster, 1849-1902","Conrad, Henry C. (Henry Clay), 1852-1930","Johnson, B. F. (Benjamin Franklin), 1856-1921","Ingersoll, Ralph (Ralph McAllister), 1900-1985","Du Pont, Pierre S. (Pierre Samuel), 1870-1954","Du Pont, E. Paul (Eleuthère Paul), 1887-1950","Stetser, Albert, 1886-1968","Du Pont, Eleuthère Irénée, 1771-1834","Du Pont, Mary Van Dyke, 1826-1909","Parker, E. W. (Eben Walter)","Lee, Maurice du Pont, 1885-1974","Ruoff, Madeleine Mary Du Pont, 1887-1965","Macomber, Susan G.","MacGregor, Mary Alicia Maddox Du Pont, 1903-1975","Goldsborough, Edith","Du Pont, Mary Alicia Heyward Bradford, 1875-1920","Du Pont, Alfred V. (Alfred Victor), 1900-1970","Hilles, Charles Dewey, 1867-1949","Huidekoper, Bessie Cazenove Du Pont, 1889-1973","Huidekoper, Reginald Shippen, 1876-1943","Du Pont, Victorine Elise, 1903-1965","Du Pont, Margaret (Margery) May Fitz Gerald, 1866-1951","Gray, R. A. (Robert Andrew), 1882-1975","Martinez, Joseph D.","Du Pont, Marcella Miller (1903-09-09-1985-09)","Mathewson, S. Frank","Connor, Ellen","James, Marquis, 1891-1955","Massey, Anne","Maxwell, T. J.","Chabannes, Jean-Pierre, Comte de Chabannes, 1862-1928","Du Pont, B. G. (Bessie Gardner), 1864-1949","Du Pont, Elizabeth Gardner, 1864-1949","Copeland, Charles, 1867-1944","Mann, Harrington, 1864-1937","Dent, Victorine Elise Du Pont, 1903-1965","Davidson, C. Frank","Du Pont, Samuel, 1910","Du Pont, Eluthera Paulina, 1912","Shears, W. C., Rev., d. ca. 1928","Shears, Ethel","Hastings, Thomas, 1860-1929","Dent, Elbert, 1895-1965","von Frantzius, Ida","Tripp, Marie A.","Glendening, Harold Sanford, 1896-1990","Glendening, Alan Sanford, 1923-1979","Zapffe, Adelaide Camille Du Pont, 1915-2000","Hiebler, Max, 1887-1957","Hiebler, Benno Lorenz, 1914-1980","Ruoff, Hermann","Hiebler, Alfred Friedrich, 1915-1991","Hiebler, Bayard Wilson \"Max\", 1911-1945","Hitler, Adolf, 1889-1945","Lee, Marguerite Du Pont, 1862-1936","Du Pont, Charlotte Louise, 1893-1972","Massena, Gabriel Francois, 1902-1945","Crane, Clara Isabel (Claris), 1880-1968","Crane, Sarah (Sadie) D., 1891-1970","Du Pont, Francis I. (Francis Irénée), 1873-1942","Du Pont, H. A. (Henry Algernon), 1838-1926","Du Pont, Nesta Pamela, 1903-1973","Duvall, Maria C. L. (Cumming Lamar), 1869-1957","Ellett, Katherine Gresham Tyler, 1909-2003","Francis, Olga M. (Olga Mary), 1904-2011","Gravely, Julian S. (\"Gin Gin\"), Mrs.","Gresham, Hattie Bell (\"de Blub\"), 1880-1964","Haile, Ella Grisham, 1845-1938","Jesse, Eoline C. (Eoline Carter) Ball, 1890-1989","La Motte, Arthur, 1871-1947","Eaton, George \"Pap\" Thomas, 1856-1937","La Motte, Ellen N. (Ellen Newbold), 1873-1961","La Motte, Ferdinand, Jr., 1879-1961","La Motte, Theodore R. (\"Cap\"), 1863-ca. 1931","Du Pont, Lammot, 1880-1952","Lee, Cazenove Gardner, 1882-1945","Lee, Dorothy Vandegrift, 1886-1972","Lee, Richard H. (Richard Henry), 1918-1940","Lee, Geraldine \"Gerry\" Shaw, b. 1889","Du Pont Lee, Marguerite, 1914-2004","Lee, Katherine, 1885-1968","Lee, Charlotte, 1921-2014","Du Pont Lee, Maurice, Jr., 1925-2020","Du Pont, Maurice (1866-1941)","Taylor, Archibald H., b. ca. 1851-d. 1928","Tyler, Frances Beale, 1911-2003","Wright, Thomas Ball Winston, 1909-1964","Adams, Floride Harding, 1887-1965","Harding, Rebecca W., 1882-1982","Ball, Isabella Louise, 1882-1971","Baker, N. Addison (Nehemiah Addison), 1882-1973","Baker, Jessie Gresham, 1918-1995","Ball, Maria Louisa, 1846-1932","Ball, Thomas , Jr., 1879-1960","Jesse, James D. (James DeJarnette), 1885-1962","Ball, A. L. C. (Addison Lombard Carter), 1876-1934","Bowley, Elsie Ball Wright, 1886-1972","Wright, Bayard W. (Bayard Winston), 1886-1940","Quigley, James P., Rev., 1862-1925","Troubetzkoy, Pierre, 1864-1936","Kirkus, Frederick M. (Frederick Maurice), Rev., 1862-1939","Brereton, Mary E. (Mary Elizabeth), 1887-1964","Bayard Angell, Louisa Lee, 1870-1944","Bowley, Albert Jesse, 1875-1945","Dashiell, J. L. (James \"Jimmy\" Lambert), 1870-1950","DeShields, Henry C. (Henry Carrington), 1870-1937","Dubell, Charles Bratten, Rev., 1871-1952","Dunn, B. W. (Beverly Wyly), Colonel, 1860-1936","Francis, Lucy Elphinstone Smith Maitland, b. ca. 1865","Glasgow, William A., Mrs.","Hackett, James Keteltas, 1869-1926","Hanby, Charles M., Dr., 1874-1944","Kyle, Margaret B. Hanby, 1904-1966","Seagle, Oscar","Harding, Frances (Fanny) Jane Ball, 1858-1924","Joyner, Sterling J., b. 1874","Lee, Baker P. (Baker Perkins), Rev., 1870-1942","Lee, Lulu Skinner, 1870-1946","Vaughn, Bertha Hayes, 1884-1932","Young, Emily Riddle Hill, 1862-1959","Pizek, Stanley R., b. ca. 1885","Goldsborough, Phillips Lee, 1865-1946","Reybold, F. K. (Frederick K.), 1874-1969","Allee, J. Frank (James Frank), 1857-1938","Buck, Clayton Douglass, 1890-1965","Griffenberg, E. B. (Elwood Bryan), Senator, 1875-1963","Bradford, E. G. (Edward Green), Jr., Representative, 1878-1927","Hilles, Florence Bayard, 1866-1954","Pennewill, Simeon S. (Simeon Selby), Governor, 1867-1935","Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919","Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945","Davis, E. M. (Edward Milford), b.1887","Layton, Daniel J. (Daniel John), 1879-1960","Short, I. D. (Isaac Dolphus), 1875-1953","Hurley, Patrick J. (Patrick Jay), 1883-1963","Coolidge, Calvin (John Calvin), 1872-1933","Walls, J. E.","Black, George, 1868-1942","Horwitz, George Q. (George Quintard), 1868-1916","Beardslee, L. R. (Lisle Rhodes), 1879-1963","Connable, Frank L. (Frank Lee), 1871-1947","Du Pont, Alexis I. (Alexis Irénée), 1869-1921","Dunham, R. H. (Russell Harry), 1870-1958","Du Pont, Irénée, 1876-1963","Reese, Charles L. (Charles Lee), 1862-1940","Darling, Philip G. (Philip Greenville), 1878-1948","Stirling, Thomas J., 1848-1926","Gentieu, Pierre A. (Pierre Auguste), 10215","Cazenove, Louis A. (Louis Albert), 1851-1925","Jones, Frank Cazenove, Jr., 1887-1949","Raskob, John J. (John Jakob), 1879-1950","Scott, William L. (William Levi), 1857-1934","Prickett, C. D. (Clifford Denslow), 1863-1949","Ramsay, William G. (William Gouverneur), 1866-1916","Cauffiel, Daniel, 1867-1930","Gregory, Thomas Watt, 1861-1933","Du Pont, William, 1855-1928","Crosby, H. T. (Howard T.), 1880-1928","Ross, Howard D. (Howard DeHaven), b. 1872","Miller, Robert W., 1890-1943","Hassan, A. A. (Addison A.), b. ca.1857- d.1935","Eckersley, J. H. (James H.), b. ca. 1857- d.1921","Browne, Hugh C.","Harrison, D. B. (Duncan B.), Major","Scott, Temple, b. 1864","Glasgow, William A. (William Anderson), Jr., 1865-1930","Jones, Frank Cazenove, Sr., 1857-1918","Loos, Henry B. (Henry Beatty), 1892-1918","Rogers, James H. (James Hague), 1848-1919","Thompson, J. Clayton (John Clayton), b. 1874","Bielaski, A. Bruce (Alexander Bruce), 1851-1926","Du Pont Perot, Eleanor Ball, 1875-1934","Cate, Isaac M., 1838-1923","Lewis, Howard Benton, 1867-1946","Penington, Robert, b. 1874","Miles, Joshua W. (Joshua Weldon), 1858-1929","Vale, Ruby Ross, 1874-1961","Harriman, J. W. (Joseph Wright), 1867-1949","Eyre, James K. (James Kline), 1882-1956","Cochran, Thomas, 1871-1936","Archibald, S. G. (Samuel G.), Judge, b. 1875","Harvey, Holstein, 1847-1920","Price, Francis A., 1857-1937","Price, Frederick Somers, b. 1886","Dennison, Ethan Allen, 1881-1954","Davis, Curtis E., 1866-1935","Ball, Edward G. (Edward Gresham), 1888-1981","Phillips, H. R. (Henry Rodney), 1858-1929","Duveen, C. J. (Charles Joel), 1871-1940","Frishmuth, Harriet Whitney, 1880-1980","Novack, David Robert","Stow, Marcellus Henry","Hibbard, Harriet H., 1868-1941","Thomson, Arthur","Campbell, Donald, 1879-1948","Curtis, Chas. (Charles) M., b. 1860","Oliver, Howard T. (Howard Taylor), 1887-1969","McLean, Colin, 1844-1916","Mathewson, S. Frank (Samuel Francis), 1865-1945","Leonard, James C., 1855-1930","Lyell, Robert O. (Robert Oliver), MD, Dr., 1878-1968","Burnam, Curtis F. (Curtis Field), MD, Dr., 1877-1947","Lawton, Thomas, 1878-1947","Bradfield, Edna T. (Edna Turner), 1881-1946","Dodge, Edwin R. (Edwin Rouse), 1860-1934","Lutkin, James, b. 1866","Rau, William Herman, 1855-1920","Bartlett, Jane, 1843-1928","Coffin, Rachel J., b. 1876","Hardy, S. D. (Samuel Drury), 1883-1966","Barthman, F. William (Frederick William), 1865-1935","Macdonald, Arthur Nelson, 1866-1940","Lee, John Thomas, 1875-1953","Evans, Lynwood Ingerville, 1889-1949","Griffith, Eugene Artemus, 1903-1980","Harris, Herrman H. (Herrman Hirsch), Dr., 1883-1936","Brereton, Ruth , 1891-1951","Jannicelli, F. Francis (Francesco Francis), b. 1896","Robinson, J. N. (John Norris), 1865-1960","Fischer, Carl, 1849-1923","Jayne, Horace H. F. (Horace Howard Furness), 1898-1975","Newell, Edward Theodore, 1886-1941","Gravino, Adam, 1889-1962","McCurdy, M. L.","McCurdy, William T.","Hutchison, Miller Reese, Sr., 1876-1944","Carroll, Edward R. (Edward Rotchford), 1887-1952","Carroll, Cosette M., b. 1910","Hoover, Herbert (Herbert Clark), 1874-1964","Shakespeare, Frank H. (Franklin Heverin), 1879-1950","Preston, Lelia Harrison Dew, 1893-1984","Montague, James J. (James Jackson), 1873-1941","Gravely, J. Bland (Judith Bland), 1918-1998","Doty, William Kavanaugh, 1886-1956","Hull, George H. (George Henry), Jr., b. 1867","Brandenberger, Clarence R. (Clarence Richard), 1892-1976","Bowman, Sidney B., b. ca. 1867","Glendinning, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1867-1936","Carey, James L. (James Lucius), b. 1881","Kummerlowe, O. W. (Oscar Waldemar), 1884-1946","Songdahl, Peder Pedersen, Captain, b. 1873","C., McKnight-Smith","Smith, Jesse, Jr., Captain","Bowes, Thomas D. (Thomas David), Jr., 1883-1965","Kaighn, Herbert E. (Herbert Eugene), 1875-1934","Moody, Edmund P., 1857-1931","Smith, Harry A., 1878-1960","Harton, J. Howard (John Howard), 1887-1935","Smyth, James M. (James McKane), 1860-1943","Mack, Edward R. (Edward Resolved), 1876-1944","Horncastle, Thomas, b. ca. 1871","Perry, Roland Hinton, 1870-1941","Tartoue, Pierre, 1888-1974","Salvatore, Victor, 1884-1965","Danton, V. E. (Van Eaton), Dr.","Linding, H. M. (Herman Magnuson), b. 1880","Arthur Edwin, Bye, Dr., 1885-1968","Maugans, J. C. (John Clifford), 1878-1969","Glynn, Elizabeth Frances, 1895-1954","Keller, Ferdinand Hyskull, b. ca. 1870","Schmauk, B. T. (Benjamin Tyson), b. 1853","Judd, Joseph A., 1889-1937","Edwards, Anne C. F.","Potamkin, Barney, b. 1878","Horty, William H., 1861-1931","Manda, W. A. (William A.), b. 1862","McClure, R. L.","Mackensen, William J.","Conwell, H. Ernest (Henry), 1887-1964","Bateman, St. Elmo, 1877-1959","Fullarton, Andrew D. (Anderew Darling), 1878-1939","Roemer, Louise Frances Schenkel, 1894-1985","De Garis, F.","Du Pont Swift, Charles, 1875-1917","Levett, Edith E., b. ca. 1881","Simmonds, Helena Linck, 1882-1954","Goldsborough, Brice W. (Brice Worthington), Dr., 1859-1929","Chinn, J. W. (Joseph W.), Jr., Judge, 1866-1936","Earll, Irene B., b. 1888","Seiss, Ralph W. (Ralph William), Dr., 1861-1926","Wharton, H. M. (Henry Marvin), Rev., 1848-1928","Combs, L.R. (Laurence Rosseau), Rev., 1858-1937","Kay, H. Tyler, b. 1889","Tucker, Beverly R. (Beverly Randolph), Dr., 1874-1945","Robbins, Howard C. (Howard Chandler), 1876-1952","Schulz, Otto","Rossell, John S., 1856-1934","Walls, Laura J. C. (Laura J. Calhoun), 1882-1967","Hill, Jacob V. (Jacob Vincent), 1893-1942","Wickes, James C., Col., b. 1868","Wilson, D. Mifflin (Daniel Mifflin), 1856-1948","Zimmerman, B. John (Bernard John), 1901-1955","Payne, A. A. (Alvin Annon), 1889-1937","Bright, James C., d. 1947","Ottenstein, M. Z. (Morris Zachary), 1898-1993","Linares-Rivas, Jose M.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0169","/repositories/5/resources/572"],"normalized_title_ssm":["duPont family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["duPont family papers"],"collection_ssim":["duPont family papers"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"creator_ssm":["Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Jessie Ball, 1884-1970"],"creator_ssim":["Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Jessie Ball, 1884-1970"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Jessie Ball, 1884-1970"],"creators_ssim":["Du Pont, Alfred I. 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Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Correspondence","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Correspondence","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["33 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["33 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], duPont Family Papers (WLU Coll. 0169), Special Collections and Archives, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], duPont Family Papers (WLU Coll. 0169), Special Collections and Archives, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe original finding aid was funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities in partnership with the History Associates Incorporated in 2001. Edits to this description for injest into ArchivesSpace were made by Graham McKemy and Mattie Clear in 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The original finding aid was funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities in partnership with the History Associates Incorporated in 2001. Edits to this description for injest into ArchivesSpace were made by Graham McKemy and Mattie Clear in 2023."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source. Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source. Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Nemours (Greenville, Del. : Dwelling)","St. Stephen's Church (Philadelphia, Pa.)","Du Pont De Nemours Cemetery Company","E.I. du Pont de Nemours Powder Company","Delaware Trust Company","Alfred I. Du Pont School District","Bobbs-Merrill Company","Davis \u0026 Brother, Inc.","Richards \u0026 Affeld","Brentano's (Firm)","Tiffany Studios (New York, N.Y.). Ecclesiastical Department","Carrère \u0026 Hastings","St. Stephen's Episcopal Church (Norwood, Pennsylvania)","Battle Creek Sanitarium (Battle Creek, Mich.)","Massena and Du Pont","Phillips Academy","Bordentown Military Institute","Harriman Naitonal Bank","Du Pont Maternity Hospital","Wilmington Morning News","Every Evening Wilmington","Wilmington (Del.). Department of Police","Delaware Ledger","Okonite Company","Service Citizens of Delaware","Atlas Powder Company","East Texas Oil, Gas, and Mineral Company","Rocky Mountain National Bank","American International Oil Corporation","Cambridge Yacht Club","Edmund Kelly Real Estate","The Club-Fellow \u0026 Washington Mirror","Glaze \u0026 Fine law firm","New York World","United States. Department of the Treasury","Equitable Guarantee and Trust Co.","Tonkin Du Pont Graphite Co.","Harriman National Bank","Corn Exchange National Bank","Franklin Trust Company (Philadelphia, PA)","Public Service Company of Colorado","Denver Gas and Electric Light Co.","The First National Bank of the City of New York","French American Constructive Corporation","Nemours Trading Corporation","E.I. du Pont de Nemours \u0026 Company","Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company","Brandywine Realty","Delaware Barber Company","Delaware State Chamber of Commerce","Everett Railway, Light and Water Company","Hotel du Pont","Harding Peeling Machine Company","Liberty Brand Canning Company","Delaware Packing Company","Gorham Manufacturing Company","McLean Contracting Company","Crosby and Hill Company","General Acoustic Company","George Tiemann and Company","Miller and Cleghorn","E. A. Myers and Sons","Sonotone Corporation","Auratone Incorporated","William F. Murphy's Sons","Mercantile Printing Company","The Dreka Company","Cann Brothers and Kinding Incorporated","Hughes and Muller Tailoring","Mann and Dilks","Buckeye Shirt Company","Gene-Vall Cigar Company, Incorporated","Jung Arch Brace Company","Rand McNally and Company","H. W. Fisher and Company","J.E. Caldwell \u0026 Co","Waltham Watch Company","Wall and Ochs ","Bonschur and Holmes","Franklin Simon \u0026 Co","Boué Soeurs","Grande Maison de Blanc","Faultless Manufacturing Company","George L. Starks and Company","National Association of Retail Clothiers and Furnishers","New Process Company","John Morrell \u0026 Co","Pathéscope (Firm)","Bell \u0026 Howell Co","Montana State Prison","Unexcelled Manufacturing Company","Ritz-Carlton Hotels (Firm)","Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (U.S.)","United States. Post Office Department","National Horse Show Association of America","United States Lines Company","Social Register Association (U.S.)","Du Pont Bridge Club","G. Schirmer, Inc","Kny-Scheerer Company","Robinson Electric Manufacturing Company","Westchester Country Club (Rye, N.Y.)","Bankers Club of America","Beaver Lake Club","Congressional Country Club","Winchester Repeating Arms Company","Remington Arms Company","National Rifle Association of America","Jonas Bros. Taxidermy","Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company","A.G. Spalding \u0026 Bros","Abercrombie \u0026 Fitch","Graybar Electric Company inc","Pinkerton's National Detective Agency","League of Nations","United States Naval Academy","Delaware Automobile Association","International Harvester Company","Foss-Hughes Company","Rushmore Dynamo Works","Ford Motor Company","New York Edison Company","E. Rosenfeld and Company","Miniature Breaker Company","Packard Motor Car Company","Rolls-Royce of America","New York (State). Bureau of Motor Vehicles","Fortune Magazine","Toppan Boat Manufacturing Company","Shelton Electric Company","General Electric Company","Consilidated Gas and Gasoline Engine Company","Automatic Electrical Devices Company","New York Yacht Club","Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping (Firm)","Schenck and Schenck Insurance Agents and Brokers","United States. Hydrographic Office","Cox and Stevens","New London Ship and Engine Company","Wilmington Sunday Star","Western Pump Company","American Car and Foundry Company","Kelvinator","William J. Highfield General Insurance","Fire Association of Philadelphia","Marine Basin Company","Scott \u0026 Fowles (Firm)","Marine Construction Company","Yorktown Yacht Club","Consolidated Shipbuilding Corporation","Cooper-Bessemer Corporation","Henry J. Gielow, Incorporated","Mathis Yacht Building Company","Earl H. Croft, Incorporated","Broward County Port Authority","Keil Motor Company","Huckins Yacht Corporation","The Universal Horticultural Establishment, Incorporated","Winslow Bros. Company","Booth, Garrett and Blair","Otis Elevator Company","J.L. Mott Iron Works","Wilmington (Del.). Water Department","The Spur","James Boyd and Brothers","Ajax Fire Engine Works","Saks \u0026 Company (New York, N.Y.)","Remington Machine Company","Polar Water Still Company","Vacuum Engineering Company","Spencer Turbine Cleaner Company","Diamond Ice and Coal Company","Huyler's (Firm)","Robinson and Payne","Pitt and Scott","Armstrong Seatag Corporation","J. L. Kraft and Brothers Company","G. Washington Coffee Refining Company","James Rowland and Company","C. V. Floyd Fruit Company","Henry R. Hallowell and Son","Belle Meade Farm","Hearn Brothers","Mouquin, incorporated","Walter Hawkins Fruit","Maerose Fruit Corporation of Texas","Chappel Brothers Incorporated","Magasins du Louvre","E. Gimpel and Wildenstein","Steinway \u0026 Sons","W. \u0026 J. Sloane","E.F. Hodgson Co","Tiffany and Company","Theodore B. Starr","George F. Barnes, Incorporated","Gilman Collamore and Company","William T. Stuart, Incorporated","Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)","Museum of Fine Arts, Boston","Seth Thomas Clock Company","Litchfield and Company","Aero Service Corporation","Rau Studios, Incorporated","Lewis \u0026 Conger","Samuel Kirk and Son","Davis Collamore and Company","Edmondson Warrin","Universal Appraisal Company","C. J. Benson and Company, Incorporated","S. P. Sulo Furniture Company","Bryant and Heffernan, Incorporated","Port Clinton Fish Company","Henry F. Michell Co","William H. Moon Company","Pierson U-Bar Company","Hitchings \u0026 Co","Wadley and Smythe","Skinner Irrigation Company","Ideal Power Lawn Mower Company","Coldwell Lawn Mower Company","Philadelphia Lawn Mower Company","Campbell Irrigation Company","John Polachek Bronze and Iron Works Company","Glen Brothers, Incorporated","Munson Whitaker Company","United States. Bureau of Forestry","Du Pont Gun Club","B. Ridgway and Son","Architectural Decorating Company","Johnson Service Company","Frigidaire Corporation","Tirrill Gas Machine Lighting Company","Manning Manufacturing Company","Oliver Oil Gas Burner and Machine Company","George W. McCaulley and Son Company","American Ironing Machine Co","Geyser Electric Washing Machine Company","Savage firearms","Church Art Work Company","Aladdin Company","Permutit Company","Smyth Construction Company","E. T. Burrowes","Wolfe and Adams","The Master Company","Bliss Exterminator Company","Verm-O-Spray","United Cork Flooring Company","Loomis-Manning Filter Distributing Company","Russell and Erwin Manufacturing Company","Blue Ball Farm (Wilmington, DE)","Andover Ambulance Corps.","Ward, Gray, and Neary","Young Men's Christian Association (Wilmington, De.)","Cambridge Maternity Hospital","National Organization for Public Health Nursing (U.S.)","St. John's Rectory (Milford, DE)","University of Delaware","Staunton Military Academy","Wharton Grove Camp Ground","College of William \u0026 Mary","Kent General Hospital (Dover, DE)","Cathedral School of St. John the Divine","American Association for Old Age Security","Delaware Old Age Welfare Commission","Delaware Old Age Pension Fund","Delaware. Department of Public Instruction","Alfred I. Du Pont School (Talleyville, DE)","Delaware. State Board of Education","Industrial Trust Company","Delaware State Aid Society","Robert E. Lee Memorial Foundation","Florida National Bank","First National Bank (Panama City, FL)","Du Pont Family","La Motte","Ball family","Du Pont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935","Du Pont, Jessie Ball, 1884-1970","Jakes, T. W. (Thomas Webber) (Thomas Webber Jakes ), 1867-1945","Gentieu, Frederick, 1872-1951","Gentieu, Celeste, 1879-1971","Bakewell-Green, Estelle, 1870-1956","Spooner, W. W. (Walter Whipple), 1861-1922","Du Pont, T. Coleman (Thomas Coleman), 1863-1930","Du Pont, Ernest, 1880-1944","Maxwell, George T. (Gee Tee), 1895-1965","Du Pont, Samuel Francis, 1803-1865","Heitmuller, Anton H. F. (Anton Henry F.), 1859-1943","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","de Morant, V. G. (Victor Georges), 1878-1961","Archibald, S. G., fl. 1912-1920","Du Pont, Pauline Foster, 1849-1902","Conrad, Henry C. (Henry Clay), 1852-1930","Johnson, B. F. (Benjamin Franklin), 1856-1921","Ingersoll, Ralph (Ralph McAllister), 1900-1985","Du Pont, Pierre S. (Pierre Samuel), 1870-1954","Du Pont, E. 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(Richard Henry), 1918-1940","Lee, Geraldine \"Gerry\" Shaw, b. 1889","Du Pont Lee, Marguerite, 1914-2004","Lee, Katherine, 1885-1968","Lee, Charlotte, 1921-2014","Du Pont Lee, Maurice, Jr., 1925-2020","Du Pont, Maurice (1866-1941)","Taylor, Archibald H., b. ca. 1851-d. 1928","Tyler, Frances Beale, 1911-2003","Wright, Thomas Ball Winston, 1909-1964","Adams, Floride Harding, 1887-1965","Harding, Rebecca W., 1882-1982","Ball, Isabella Louise, 1882-1971","Baker, N. Addison (Nehemiah Addison), 1882-1973","Baker, Jessie Gresham, 1918-1995","Ball, Maria Louisa, 1846-1932","Ball, Thomas , Jr., 1879-1960","Jesse, James D. (James DeJarnette), 1885-1962","Ball, A. L. C. (Addison Lombard Carter), 1876-1934","Bowley, Elsie Ball Wright, 1886-1972","Wright, Bayard W. (Bayard Winston), 1886-1940","Quigley, James P., Rev., 1862-1925","Troubetzkoy, Pierre, 1864-1936","Kirkus, Frederick M. (Frederick Maurice), Rev., 1862-1939","Brereton, Mary E. (Mary Elizabeth), 1887-1964","Bayard Angell, Louisa Lee, 1870-1944","Bowley, Albert Jesse, 1875-1945","Dashiell, J. L. (James \"Jimmy\" Lambert), 1870-1950","DeShields, Henry C. (Henry Carrington), 1870-1937","Dubell, Charles Bratten, Rev., 1871-1952","Dunn, B. W. (Beverly Wyly), Colonel, 1860-1936","Francis, Lucy Elphinstone Smith Maitland, b. ca. 1865","Glasgow, William A., Mrs.","Hackett, James Keteltas, 1869-1926","Hanby, Charles M., Dr., 1874-1944","Kyle, Margaret B. Hanby, 1904-1966","Seagle, Oscar","Harding, Frances (Fanny) Jane Ball, 1858-1924","Joyner, Sterling J., b. 1874","Lee, Baker P. (Baker Perkins), Rev., 1870-1942","Lee, Lulu Skinner, 1870-1946","Vaughn, Bertha Hayes, 1884-1932","Young, Emily Riddle Hill, 1862-1959","Pizek, Stanley R., b. ca. 1885","Goldsborough, Phillips Lee, 1865-1946","Reybold, F. K. (Frederick K.), 1874-1969","Allee, J. Frank (James Frank), 1857-1938","Buck, Clayton Douglass, 1890-1965","Griffenberg, E. B. (Elwood Bryan), Senator, 1875-1963","Bradford, E. G. (Edward Green), Jr., Representative, 1878-1927","Hilles, Florence Bayard, 1866-1954","Pennewill, Simeon S. (Simeon Selby), Governor, 1867-1935","Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919","Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945","Davis, E. M. (Edward Milford), b.1887","Layton, Daniel J. (Daniel John), 1879-1960","Short, I. D. (Isaac Dolphus), 1875-1953","Hurley, Patrick J. (Patrick Jay), 1883-1963","Coolidge, Calvin (John Calvin), 1872-1933","Walls, J. E.","Black, George, 1868-1942","Horwitz, George Q. (George Quintard), 1868-1916","Beardslee, L. R. (Lisle Rhodes), 1879-1963","Connable, Frank L. (Frank Lee), 1871-1947","Du Pont, Alexis I. (Alexis Irénée), 1869-1921","Dunham, R. H. (Russell Harry), 1870-1958","Du Pont, Irénée, 1876-1963","Reese, Charles L. (Charles Lee), 1862-1940","Darling, Philip G. (Philip Greenville), 1878-1948","Stirling, Thomas J., 1848-1926","Gentieu, Pierre A. (Pierre Auguste), 10215","Cazenove, Louis A. (Louis Albert), 1851-1925","Jones, Frank Cazenove, Jr., 1887-1949","Raskob, John J. (John Jakob), 1879-1950","Scott, William L. (William Levi), 1857-1934","Prickett, C. D. (Clifford Denslow), 1863-1949","Ramsay, William G. (William Gouverneur), 1866-1916","Cauffiel, Daniel, 1867-1930","Gregory, Thomas Watt, 1861-1933","Du Pont, William, 1855-1928","Crosby, H. T. (Howard T.), 1880-1928","Ross, Howard D. (Howard DeHaven), b. 1872","Miller, Robert W., 1890-1943","Hassan, A. A. (Addison A.), b. ca.1857- d.1935","Eckersley, J. H. (James H.), b. ca. 1857- d.1921","Browne, Hugh C.","Harrison, D. B. (Duncan B.), Major","Scott, Temple, b. 1864","Glasgow, William A. (William Anderson), Jr., 1865-1930","Jones, Frank Cazenove, Sr., 1857-1918","Loos, Henry B. (Henry Beatty), 1892-1918","Rogers, James H. (James Hague), 1848-1919","Thompson, J. Clayton (John Clayton), b. 1874","Bielaski, A. Bruce (Alexander Bruce), 1851-1926","Du Pont Perot, Eleanor Ball, 1875-1934","Cate, Isaac M., 1838-1923","Lewis, Howard Benton, 1867-1946","Penington, Robert, b. 1874","Miles, Joshua W. (Joshua Weldon), 1858-1929","Vale, Ruby Ross, 1874-1961","Harriman, J. W. (Joseph Wright), 1867-1949","Eyre, James K. (James Kline), 1882-1956","Cochran, Thomas, 1871-1936","Archibald, S. G. (Samuel G.), Judge, b. 1875","Harvey, Holstein, 1847-1920","Price, Francis A., 1857-1937","Price, Frederick Somers, b. 1886","Dennison, Ethan Allen, 1881-1954","Davis, Curtis E., 1866-1935","Ball, Edward G. (Edward Gresham), 1888-1981","Phillips, H. R. (Henry Rodney), 1858-1929","Duveen, C. J. (Charles Joel), 1871-1940","Frishmuth, Harriet Whitney, 1880-1980","Novack, David Robert","Stow, Marcellus Henry","Hibbard, Harriet H., 1868-1941","Thomson, Arthur","Campbell, Donald, 1879-1948","Curtis, Chas. (Charles) M., b. 1860","Oliver, Howard T. (Howard Taylor), 1887-1969","McLean, Colin, 1844-1916","Mathewson, S. Frank (Samuel Francis), 1865-1945","Leonard, James C., 1855-1930","Lyell, Robert O. (Robert Oliver), MD, Dr., 1878-1968","Burnam, Curtis F. (Curtis Field), MD, Dr., 1877-1947","Lawton, Thomas, 1878-1947","Bradfield, Edna T. (Edna Turner), 1881-1946","Dodge, Edwin R. (Edwin Rouse), 1860-1934","Lutkin, James, b. 1866","Rau, William Herman, 1855-1920","Bartlett, Jane, 1843-1928","Coffin, Rachel J., b. 1876","Hardy, S. D. (Samuel Drury), 1883-1966","Barthman, F. William (Frederick William), 1865-1935","Macdonald, Arthur Nelson, 1866-1940","Lee, John Thomas, 1875-1953","Evans, Lynwood Ingerville, 1889-1949","Griffith, Eugene Artemus, 1903-1980","Harris, Herrman H. (Herrman Hirsch), Dr., 1883-1936","Brereton, Ruth , 1891-1951","Jannicelli, F. Francis (Francesco Francis), b. 1896","Robinson, J. N. (John Norris), 1865-1960","Fischer, Carl, 1849-1923","Jayne, Horace H. F. (Horace Howard Furness), 1898-1975","Newell, Edward Theodore, 1886-1941","Gravino, Adam, 1889-1962","McCurdy, M. L.","McCurdy, William T.","Hutchison, Miller Reese, Sr., 1876-1944","Carroll, Edward R. (Edward Rotchford), 1887-1952","Carroll, Cosette M., b. 1910","Hoover, Herbert (Herbert Clark), 1874-1964","Shakespeare, Frank H. (Franklin Heverin), 1879-1950","Preston, Lelia Harrison Dew, 1893-1984","Montague, James J. (James Jackson), 1873-1941","Gravely, J. Bland (Judith Bland), 1918-1998","Doty, William Kavanaugh, 1886-1956","Hull, George H. (George Henry), Jr., b. 1867","Brandenberger, Clarence R. (Clarence Richard), 1892-1976","Bowman, Sidney B., b. ca. 1867","Glendinning, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1867-1936","Carey, James L. (James Lucius), b. 1881","Kummerlowe, O. W. (Oscar Waldemar), 1884-1946","Songdahl, Peder Pedersen, Captain, b. 1873","C., McKnight-Smith","Smith, Jesse, Jr., Captain","Bowes, Thomas D. (Thomas David), Jr., 1883-1965","Kaighn, Herbert E. (Herbert Eugene), 1875-1934","Moody, Edmund P., 1857-1931","Smith, Harry A., 1878-1960","Harton, J. Howard (John Howard), 1887-1935","Smyth, James M. (James McKane), 1860-1943","Mack, Edward R. (Edward Resolved), 1876-1944","Horncastle, Thomas, b. ca. 1871","Perry, Roland Hinton, 1870-1941","Tartoue, Pierre, 1888-1974","Salvatore, Victor, 1884-1965","Danton, V. E. (Van Eaton), Dr.","Linding, H. M. (Herman Magnuson), b. 1880","Arthur Edwin, Bye, Dr., 1885-1968","Maugans, J. C. (John Clifford), 1878-1969","Glynn, Elizabeth Frances, 1895-1954","Keller, Ferdinand Hyskull, b. ca. 1870","Schmauk, B. T. (Benjamin Tyson), b. 1853","Judd, Joseph A., 1889-1937","Edwards, Anne C. F.","Potamkin, Barney, b. 1878","Horty, William H., 1861-1931","Manda, W. A. (William A.), b. 1862","McClure, R. L.","Mackensen, William J.","Conwell, H. Ernest (Henry), 1887-1964","Bateman, St. Elmo, 1877-1959","Fullarton, Andrew D. (Anderew Darling), 1878-1939","Roemer, Louise Frances Schenkel, 1894-1985","De Garis, F.","Du Pont Swift, Charles, 1875-1917","Levett, Edith E., b. ca. 1881","Simmonds, Helena Linck, 1882-1954","Goldsborough, Brice W. (Brice Worthington), Dr., 1859-1929","Chinn, J. W. (Joseph W.), Jr., Judge, 1866-1936","Earll, Irene B., b. 1888","Seiss, Ralph W. (Ralph William), Dr., 1861-1926","Wharton, H. M. (Henry Marvin), Rev., 1848-1928","Combs, L.R. (Laurence Rosseau), Rev., 1858-1937","Kay, H. Tyler, b. 1889","Tucker, Beverly R. (Beverly Randolph), Dr., 1874-1945","Robbins, Howard C. (Howard Chandler), 1876-1952","Schulz, Otto","Rossell, John S., 1856-1934","Walls, Laura J. C. (Laura J. Calhoun), 1882-1967","Hill, Jacob V. (Jacob Vincent), 1893-1942","Wickes, James C., Col., b. 1868","Wilson, D. Mifflin (Daniel Mifflin), 1856-1948","Zimmerman, B. John (Bernard John), 1901-1955","Payne, A. A. (Alvin Annon), 1889-1937","Bright, James C., d. 1947","Ottenstein, M. Z. (Morris Zachary), 1898-1993","Linares-Rivas, Jose M."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1443,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:52:19.935Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_572_c01_c01_c02"}},{"id":"viu_viu00917_c01_c20_c01","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"A. Low Moor Furnace-Stock Reports \u0026\n Daily Operations","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c01_c20_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c01_c20_c01","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00917_c01_c20_c01"],"id":"viu_viu00917_c01_c20_c01","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917_c01_c20","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c01_c20","parent_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c01","viu_viu00917_c01_c20"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c01","viu_viu00917_c01_c20"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Operations-Furnaces"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Operations-Furnaces"],"text":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Operations-Furnaces","A. Low Moor Furnace-Stock Reports \u0026\n Daily Operations","6 volumes"],"title_filing_ssi":"A. Low Moor Furnace-Stock Reports \u0026\n Daily Operations","title_ssm":["A. Low Moor Furnace-Stock Reports \u0026\n Daily Operations"],"title_tesim":["A. Low Moor Furnace-Stock Reports \u0026\n Daily Operations"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1880-1923"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1880/1923"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A. Low Moor Furnace-Stock Reports \u0026\n Daily Operations"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"physdesc_tesim":["6 volumes"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":107,"date_range_isim":[1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#19/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00917","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00917.xml","title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["662"],"text":["662","Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","95 linear feer + 1200\n volumes","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n on the collection, the new student processors were\n instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n project.","The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n 1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n of these stores carried large inventories which are\n detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n To Mr. George Wickes \n Supt. of Mines \n Kay Moor, Virginia \n Dear George, \n Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n York transportations to this place have never been a\n success. Signed, \n Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n 1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n 1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n 1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n Iron Association, to the \n Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n 25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n should be restored to a relationship with southern\n furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n states iron industries should not have been in the same\n desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n 1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n 1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n 1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n 1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n 1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n 1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n 1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.","The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n 95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n 1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n quarries, there is considerable information about the\n production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n records that deal with the company's employees have\n survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n like. Because these books sometimes include information\n about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n considerable information about railroads and their\n relationship to their customers.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["662"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Green Bookman in\n 1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["95 linear feer + 1200\n volumes"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n organization could be determined.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n attic), but they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n on the collection, the new student processors were\n instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n reviewed and notes taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n project.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n on the collection, the new student processors were\n instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n project."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n 1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n produce finished iron products.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCoal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n Covington or Clifton Forge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n of these stores carried large inventories which are\n detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n a coal miner and his family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n Company complained many times to the C \u0026amp; O Railroad\n about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n \u0026amp; O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n ovens all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo Mr. George Wickes \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eSupt. of Mines \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eKay Moor, Virginia \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDear George, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eTony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n York transportations to this place have never been a\n success.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSigned, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEd D. Wickes Supt. of Mines\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003eLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n it is noted in the description of the box contents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n the United Mine Workers Union in December.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n 1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n situation has grown serious.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen America became involved in the First World War, it\n meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n 1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n it had on hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n 1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhy did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n Iron Association, to the \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eManufacturers Record\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003edated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n 25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n should be restored to a relationship with southern\n furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n states iron industries should not have been in the same\n desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n there are other reasons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n Moor Iron Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company Personnel:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExecutive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n 1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n 1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n 1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n 1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n 1918-1928.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFactory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n 1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n 1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n 1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n of these stores carried large inventories which are\n detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n To Mr. George Wickes \n Supt. of Mines \n Kay Moor, Virginia \n Dear George, \n Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n York transportations to this place have never been a\n success. Signed, \n Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n 1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n 1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n 1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n Iron Association, to the \n Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n 25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n should be restored to a relationship with southern\n furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n states iron industries should not have been in the same\n desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n 1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n 1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n 1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n 1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n 1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n 1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n 1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n 95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n 1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material consists of records typical of those\n produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n quarries, there is considerable information about the\n production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n records that deal with the company's employees have\n survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n like. Because these books sometimes include information\n about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n considerable information about railroads and their\n relationship to their customers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n 95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n 1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n quarries, there is considerable information about the\n production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n records that deal with the company's employees have\n survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n like. Because these books sometimes include information\n about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n considerable information about railroads and their\n relationship to their customers."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1879,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c01_c20_c01"}},{"id":"vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188_c05_c03","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Anne Atkinson to Grandma","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188_c05_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188_c05_c03","ref_ssm":["vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188_c05_c03"],"id":"vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188_c05_c03","ead_ssi":"vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188","_root_":"vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188","_nest_parent_":"vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188_c05","parent_ssi":"vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188_c05","parent_ssim":["vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188","vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188_c05"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188","vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188_c05"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne Collection.","Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne correspondence"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne Collection.","Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne correspondence"],"text":["Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne Collection.","Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne correspondence","Anne Atkinson to Grandma","box 01 of 01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Anne Atkinson to Grandma","title_ssm":["Anne Atkinson to Grandma"],"title_tesim":["Anne Atkinson to Grandma"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1888-12-06"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1888"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Anne Atkinson to Grandma"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Longwood University"],"collection_ssim":["Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne Collection."],"extent_ssm":["1 Sheets"],"extent_tesim":["1 Sheets"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":13,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no restrictions to access or use for research purposes."],"date_range_isim":[1888],"containers_ssim":["box 01 of 01"],"_nest_path_":"/components#4/components#2","timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:38:43.222Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188","ead_ssi":"vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188","_root_":"vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188","_nest_parent_":"vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/LONG/repositories_3_resources_188.xml","title_ssm":["Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne Collection."],"title_tesim":["Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne Collection."],"unitdate_ssm":["1742-1963"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1742-1963"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["HS.012","/repositories/3/resources/188"],"text":["HS.012","/repositories/3/resources/188","Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne Collection.","Women pianists -- United States.","Women political candidates -- Virginia -- Charlotte Court House.","There are no restrictions to access or use for research purposes.","Anne Atkinson was born in Charlotte County, Virginia in 1877 at Gravel Hill Plantation, the home of her maternal grandfather, George C. Hannah. Her parents were Reverend William Robert Atkinson and Lucy Hannah Atkinson. Her father, a graduate of Columbia Theological Seminary in South Carolina and of the University of Virginia, was both a teacher and a Presbyterian minister. He was a professor at the Peace Institute (now William Peace University) from 1875 to 1878, was principal at the Charlotte Female Institute (now Queens University of Charlotte) from 1878 to 1890, and in 1890, he founded the Presbyterian College for Women in Columbia, S.C. Anne Atkinson studied music at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore, Maryland and was an accomplished pianist. It was at the Peabody Conservatory that she met the German composer, and former student of Franz Liszt, Richard Burmeister. In 1899, Atkinson and Burmeister were married and subsequently moved to Dresden, Germany where both she and her husband performed extensively. In 1911, Anne Atkinson Burmeister returned to the United States with her daughter, Wilhelmina and in 1912 she performed a recital at the White House for President Taft. After divorcing Richard Burmeister, Anne remarried in 1915, to Robert Scott Chamberlayne, who owned and operated a tobacco business in Phenix, Virginia. Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne was a charter member of the Charlotte County Equal Suffrage League and served on their publications committee. In 1921, she ran for a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates, one of the first women in the state to run for statewide office. Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne was also a charter member in the founding of the Charlotte County branch of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. In 1936, she moved to Farmville where she continued to teach piano until her retirement. She was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Huguenot Society, and the Virginia Historical Society. Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne was also an avid genealogist who, among other projects, spearheaded a comprehensive census of tombstones in Prince Edward County, Virginia. Anne Atkinson Burmeister Chamberlayne died in 1968 and is buried in Cub Creek Cemetery in Charlotte County, Virginia.","This collection was donated to the Farmville-Prince Edward Historical Society by Marie Blanton, a relative of Anne Chamberlayne, in the early 2000s.","This collection is part of the Farmville-Prince Edward Historical Society Archives which are housed at Greenwood Library Archives and Special Collections","This collection, which dates from 1742 to 1963, consists of correspondence, land grants, wills, family histories, and genealogical notes related primarily to the Baldwin, Hannah, Wyllie, Blanton, and Spraggins families.","Farmville-Prince Edward Historical Society Archives","Baldwin family.","Hanna family.","Chamberlayne, Anne Atkinson.","Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay), 1898-1986.","Burmeister, Richard, 1860-1944.","Chamberlayne, Anne Atkinson Burmeister, 1876-1968.","Eggleston, J. D. (Joseph Dupuy), 1867-1953.","Jennings, John M. (John Melville)","Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["HS.012","/repositories/3/resources/188"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne Collection."],"collection_title_tesim":["Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne Collection."],"collection_ssim":["Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne Collection."],"repository_ssm":["Longwood University"],"repository_ssim":["Longwood University"],"creator_ssm":["Chamberlayne, Anne Atkinson."],"creator_ssim":["Chamberlayne, Anne Atkinson."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Chamberlayne, Anne Atkinson."],"creators_ssim":["Chamberlayne, Anne Atkinson."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women pianists -- United States.","Women political candidates -- Virginia -- Charlotte Court House."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women pianists -- United States.","Women political candidates -- Virginia -- Charlotte Court House."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".65 Linear Feet 1 legal-sized archival box","13 Photographic Prints"],"extent_tesim":[".65 Linear Feet 1 legal-sized archival box","13 Photographic Prints"],"date_range_isim":[1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions to access or use for research purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":[" Restrictions on Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions to access or use for research purposes."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAnne Atkinson was born in Charlotte County, Virginia in 1877 at Gravel Hill Plantation, the home of her maternal grandfather, George C. Hannah. Her parents were Reverend William Robert Atkinson and Lucy Hannah Atkinson. Her father, a graduate of Columbia Theological Seminary in South Carolina and of the University of Virginia, was both a teacher and a Presbyterian minister. He was a professor at the Peace Institute (now William Peace University) from 1875 to 1878, was principal at the Charlotte Female Institute (now Queens University of Charlotte) from 1878 to 1890, and in 1890, he founded the Presbyterian College for Women in Columbia, S.C. Anne Atkinson studied music at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore, Maryland and was an accomplished pianist. It was at the Peabody Conservatory that she met the German composer, and former student of Franz Liszt, Richard Burmeister. In 1899, Atkinson and Burmeister were married and subsequently moved to Dresden, Germany where both she and her husband performed extensively. In 1911, Anne Atkinson Burmeister returned to the United States with her daughter, Wilhelmina and in 1912 she performed a recital at the White House for President Taft. After divorcing Richard Burmeister, Anne remarried in 1915, to Robert Scott Chamberlayne, who owned and operated a tobacco business in Phenix, Virginia. Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne was a charter member of the Charlotte County Equal Suffrage League and served on their publications committee. In 1921, she ran for a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates, one of the first women in the state to run for statewide office. Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne was also a charter member in the founding of the Charlotte County branch of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. In 1936, she moved to Farmville where she continued to teach piano until her retirement. She was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Huguenot Society, and the Virginia Historical Society. Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne was also an avid genealogist who, among other projects, spearheaded a comprehensive census of tombstones in Prince Edward County, Virginia. Anne Atkinson Burmeister Chamberlayne died in 1968 and is buried in Cub Creek Cemetery in Charlotte County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical sketch"],"bioghist_tesim":["Anne Atkinson was born in Charlotte County, Virginia in 1877 at Gravel Hill Plantation, the home of her maternal grandfather, George C. Hannah. Her parents were Reverend William Robert Atkinson and Lucy Hannah Atkinson. Her father, a graduate of Columbia Theological Seminary in South Carolina and of the University of Virginia, was both a teacher and a Presbyterian minister. He was a professor at the Peace Institute (now William Peace University) from 1875 to 1878, was principal at the Charlotte Female Institute (now Queens University of Charlotte) from 1878 to 1890, and in 1890, he founded the Presbyterian College for Women in Columbia, S.C. Anne Atkinson studied music at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore, Maryland and was an accomplished pianist. It was at the Peabody Conservatory that she met the German composer, and former student of Franz Liszt, Richard Burmeister. In 1899, Atkinson and Burmeister were married and subsequently moved to Dresden, Germany where both she and her husband performed extensively. In 1911, Anne Atkinson Burmeister returned to the United States with her daughter, Wilhelmina and in 1912 she performed a recital at the White House for President Taft. After divorcing Richard Burmeister, Anne remarried in 1915, to Robert Scott Chamberlayne, who owned and operated a tobacco business in Phenix, Virginia. Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne was a charter member of the Charlotte County Equal Suffrage League and served on their publications committee. In 1921, she ran for a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates, one of the first women in the state to run for statewide office. Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne was also a charter member in the founding of the Charlotte County branch of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. In 1936, she moved to Farmville where she continued to teach piano until her retirement. She was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Huguenot Society, and the Virginia Historical Society. Anne Atkinson Chamberlayne was also an avid genealogist who, among other projects, spearheaded a comprehensive census of tombstones in Prince Edward County, Virginia. Anne Atkinson Burmeister Chamberlayne died in 1968 and is buried in Cub Creek Cemetery in Charlotte County, Virginia."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection was donated to the Farmville-Prince Edward Historical Society by Marie Blanton, a relative of Anne Chamberlayne, in the early 2000s.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Ownership and Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["This collection was donated to the Farmville-Prince Edward Historical Society by Marie Blanton, a relative of Anne Chamberlayne, in the early 2000s."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is part of the Farmville-Prince Edward Historical Society Archives which are housed at Greenwood Library Archives and Special Collections\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General Note"],"odd_tesim":["This collection is part of the Farmville-Prince Edward Historical Society Archives which are housed at Greenwood Library Archives and Special Collections"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection, which dates from 1742 to 1963, consists of correspondence, land grants, wills, family histories, and genealogical notes related primarily to the Baldwin, Hannah, Wyllie, Blanton, and Spraggins families.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection, which dates from 1742 to 1963, consists of correspondence, land grants, wills, family histories, and genealogical notes related primarily to the Baldwin, Hannah, Wyllie, Blanton, and Spraggins families."],"names_ssim":["Farmville-Prince Edward Historical Society Archives","Baldwin family.","Hanna family.","Chamberlayne, Anne Atkinson.","Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay), 1898-1986.","Burmeister, Richard, 1860-1944.","Chamberlayne, Anne Atkinson Burmeister, 1876-1968.","Eggleston, J. D. (Joseph Dupuy), 1867-1953.","Jennings, John M. (John Melville)","Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003."],"corpname_ssim":["Farmville-Prince Edward Historical Society Archives"],"names_coll_ssim":["Baldwin family.","Hanna family.","Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay), 1898-1986.","Burmeister, Richard, 1860-1944.","Chamberlayne, Anne Atkinson Burmeister, 1876-1968.","Eggleston, J. D. (Joseph Dupuy), 1867-1953.","Jennings, John M. (John Melville)","Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003."],"famname_ssim":["Baldwin family.","Hanna family."],"persname_ssim":["Chamberlayne, Anne Atkinson.","Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay), 1898-1986.","Burmeister, Richard, 1860-1944.","Chamberlayne, Anne Atkinson Burmeister, 1876-1968.","Eggleston, J. D. (Joseph Dupuy), 1867-1953.","Jennings, John M. (John Melville)","Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":169,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:38:43.222Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifarl_repositories_3_resources_188_c05_c03"}},{"id":"viu_viu00917_c01_c19_c01","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"A. Records of orders and\n shipments","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c01_c19_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c01_c19_c01","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00917_c01_c19_c01"],"id":"viu_viu00917_c01_c19_c01","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917_c01_c19","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c01_c19","parent_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c01","viu_viu00917_c01_c19"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c01","viu_viu00917_c01_c19"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Order Books"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Order Books"],"text":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Order Books","A. Records of orders and\n shipments","27 volumes"],"title_filing_ssi":"A. Records of orders and\n shipments","title_ssm":["A. Records of orders and\n shipments"],"title_tesim":["A. Records of orders and\n shipments"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1883-1913"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1883/1913"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A. Records of orders and\n shipments"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"physdesc_tesim":["27 volumes"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":105,"date_range_isim":[1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#18/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00917","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00917.xml","title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["662"],"text":["662","Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","95 linear feer + 1200\n volumes","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n on the collection, the new student processors were\n instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n project.","The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n 1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n of these stores carried large inventories which are\n detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n To Mr. George Wickes \n Supt. of Mines \n Kay Moor, Virginia \n Dear George, \n Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n York transportations to this place have never been a\n success. Signed, \n Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n 1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n 1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n 1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n Iron Association, to the \n Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n 25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n should be restored to a relationship with southern\n furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n states iron industries should not have been in the same\n desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n 1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n 1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n 1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n 1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n 1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n 1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n 1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.","The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n 95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n 1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n quarries, there is considerable information about the\n production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n records that deal with the company's employees have\n survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n like. Because these books sometimes include information\n about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n considerable information about railroads and their\n relationship to their customers.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["662"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Green Bookman in\n 1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["95 linear feer + 1200\n volumes"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n organization could be determined.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n attic), but they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n on the collection, the new student processors were\n instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n reviewed and notes taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n project.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n on the collection, the new student processors were\n instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n project."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n 1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n produce finished iron products.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCoal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n Covington or Clifton Forge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n of these stores carried large inventories which are\n detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n a coal miner and his family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n Company complained many times to the C \u0026amp; O Railroad\n about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n \u0026amp; O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n ovens all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo Mr. George Wickes \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eSupt. of Mines \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eKay Moor, Virginia \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDear George, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eTony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n York transportations to this place have never been a\n success.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSigned, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEd D. Wickes Supt. of Mines\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003eLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n it is noted in the description of the box contents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n the United Mine Workers Union in December.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n 1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n situation has grown serious.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen America became involved in the First World War, it\n meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n 1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n it had on hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n 1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhy did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n Iron Association, to the \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eManufacturers Record\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003edated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n 25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n should be restored to a relationship with southern\n furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n states iron industries should not have been in the same\n desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n there are other reasons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n Moor Iron Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company Personnel:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExecutive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n 1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n 1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n 1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n 1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n 1918-1928.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFactory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n 1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n 1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n 1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n of these stores carried large inventories which are\n detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n To Mr. George Wickes \n Supt. of Mines \n Kay Moor, Virginia \n Dear George, \n Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n York transportations to this place have never been a\n success. Signed, \n Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n 1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n 1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n 1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n Iron Association, to the \n Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n 25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n should be restored to a relationship with southern\n furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n states iron industries should not have been in the same\n desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n 1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n 1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n 1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n 1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n 1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n 1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n 1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n 95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n 1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material consists of records typical of those\n produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n quarries, there is considerable information about the\n production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n records that deal with the company's employees have\n survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n like. Because these books sometimes include information\n about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n considerable information about railroads and their\n relationship to their customers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n 95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n 1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n quarries, there is considerable information about the\n production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n records that deal with the company's employees have\n survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n like. Because these books sometimes include information\n about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n considerable information about railroads and their\n relationship to their customers."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1879,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c01_c19_c01"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c01_c02_c02","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Articles \u0026 Summaries","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c01_c02_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c01_c02_c02","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c01_c02_c02"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c01_c02_c02","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c01_c02","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c01_c02","parent_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c01","viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c01_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c01","viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c01_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans","Series 1: Research files","Research notes"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans","Series 1: Research files","Research notes"],"text":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans","Series 1: Research files","Research notes","Articles \u0026 Summaries"],"title_filing_ssi":"Articles \u0026 Summaries","title_ssm":["Articles \u0026 Summaries"],"title_tesim":["Articles \u0026 Summaries"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1800s-2012"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1800/2012"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Articles \u0026 Summaries"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":10,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":127,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"date_range_isim":[1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#1/components#1","timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:10:15.256Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9853.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans","title_ssm":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans"],"title_tesim":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans"],"unitdate_ssm":["1806-2017"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1806-2017"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00317","/repositories/2/resources/9853"],"text":["MS 00317","/repositories/2/resources/9853","Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans","Comic books, strips, etc","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Racism in popular culture","Drawings (visual works)","Motion pictures (visual work)","Sheet music","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","This collection is arranged into nine series: Research files, Collecting records, Minstrel shows, Scrapbooks and portfolios, Original artwork, Print and poster reproductions, Newspapers, Printed materials, and Audiovisual materials. ","Published books and comics can be found in our Rare Books collection.","Richard Wright (1946-2019) grew up in New York and attended college at Bradley University in Peoria, IL on an academic scholarship. He originally planned to study chemistry but graduated with a Bachelor of Political Science instead. ","\nWright moved to Stamford, Connecticut, where he met and married Minister Deborah V. P. Wright (1953-2012). They had three children together: Aaron Person, Joslynn S. Hamlet, and Porchia M. W. Smith.","\nWright spent the bulk of his career working as a court officer in the social services Department of Child Support in Connecticut until his retirement in 2013. He then moved to Williamsburg, Virgina, where he lived until his passing in 2019.","\nHe was an active member of Faith Tabernacle Missionary Baptist Church in Stamford, Connecticut. He served as a member of the trustee board, and sang in the Male Chorus and Inspirational Choir. Upon relocating to Williamsburg, VA, he joined Colossian Baptist Church in Newport News, and once again served as a choir member. ","\nOutside of the church, Wright also served as the president of the Stamford Chapter of the NAACP, was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc., and worked as a volunteer and mentor for a substance abuse rehabilitation program called Liberation House.","\nWhile living in Stamford, Wright began collecting Black comic books in 1986 because \"he wanted to have a hobby.\" His collection eventually grew beyond comics to include books, art works, photographs, and audio visual materials on the same topic. He saw the images that he collected over the years as a way to better tell the story of the depiction of Black Americans in visual media. In 2019, Wright donated his collection to William \u0026 Mary so that it might be \"a helpful resource to students\" in the future.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","Comic book volumes and other published materials included with this collection have been transfered to Rare Books and cataloged individually.","This collection, compiled by Richard Wright, focuses on the evolution of the Black American image in print media, cartoons and comics. Wright organized his own historical timeline titled \"Good Clean Fun: Blacks in Comics,\" also referred to as \"Clean Fun: Blacks in Comics,\" in a series of binders with artist biographies and time period summaries. Item titles have been retained from the original labels.","Materials in this collection include: books, comic books, magazines, prints, reference books, slides, photographs, CDs, DVDs, sheet music, newspaper strips, lithographs, and artwork. ","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00317","/repositories/2/resources/9853"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans"],"collection_title_tesim":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans"],"collection_ssim":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Richard Wright."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Comic books, strips, etc","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Racism in popular culture","Drawings (visual works)","Motion pictures (visual work)","Sheet music"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Comic books, strips, etc","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Racism in popular culture","Drawings (visual works)","Motion pictures (visual work)","Sheet music"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["21.68 Linear Feet 52 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["21.68 Linear Feet 52 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Drawings (visual works)","Motion pictures (visual work)","Sheet music"],"date_range_isim":[1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged into nine series: Research files, Collecting records, Minstrel shows, Scrapbooks and portfolios, Original artwork, Print and poster reproductions, Newspapers, Printed materials, and Audiovisual materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePublished books and comics can be found in our Rare Books collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged into nine series: Research files, Collecting records, Minstrel shows, Scrapbooks and portfolios, Original artwork, Print and poster reproductions, Newspapers, Printed materials, and Audiovisual materials. ","Published books and comics can be found in our Rare Books collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRichard Wright (1946-2019) grew up in New York and attended college at Bradley University in Peoria, IL on an academic scholarship. He originally planned to study chemistry but graduated with a Bachelor of Political Science instead. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nWright moved to Stamford, Connecticut, where he met and married Minister Deborah V. P. Wright (1953-2012). They had three children together: Aaron Person, Joslynn S. Hamlet, and Porchia M. W. Smith.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nWright spent the bulk of his career working as a court officer in the social services Department of Child Support in Connecticut until his retirement in 2013. He then moved to Williamsburg, Virgina, where he lived until his passing in 2019.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nHe was an active member of Faith Tabernacle Missionary Baptist Church in Stamford, Connecticut. He served as a member of the trustee board, and sang in the Male Chorus and Inspirational Choir. Upon relocating to Williamsburg, VA, he joined Colossian Baptist Church in Newport News, and once again served as a choir member. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nOutside of the church, Wright also served as the president of the Stamford Chapter of the NAACP, was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc., and worked as a volunteer and mentor for a substance abuse rehabilitation program called Liberation House.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nWhile living in Stamford, Wright began collecting Black comic books in 1986 because \"he wanted to have a hobby.\" His collection eventually grew beyond comics to include books, art works, photographs, and audio visual materials on the same topic. He saw the images that he collected over the years as a way to better tell the story of the depiction of Black Americans in visual media. In 2019, Wright donated his collection to William \u0026amp; Mary so that it might be \"a helpful resource to students\" in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Richard Wright (1946-2019) grew up in New York and attended college at Bradley University in Peoria, IL on an academic scholarship. He originally planned to study chemistry but graduated with a Bachelor of Political Science instead. ","\nWright moved to Stamford, Connecticut, where he met and married Minister Deborah V. P. Wright (1953-2012). They had three children together: Aaron Person, Joslynn S. Hamlet, and Porchia M. W. Smith.","\nWright spent the bulk of his career working as a court officer in the social services Department of Child Support in Connecticut until his retirement in 2013. He then moved to Williamsburg, Virgina, where he lived until his passing in 2019.","\nHe was an active member of Faith Tabernacle Missionary Baptist Church in Stamford, Connecticut. He served as a member of the trustee board, and sang in the Male Chorus and Inspirational Choir. Upon relocating to Williamsburg, VA, he joined Colossian Baptist Church in Newport News, and once again served as a choir member. ","\nOutside of the church, Wright also served as the president of the Stamford Chapter of the NAACP, was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc., and worked as a volunteer and mentor for a substance abuse rehabilitation program called Liberation House.","\nWhile living in Stamford, Wright began collecting Black comic books in 1986 because \"he wanted to have a hobby.\" His collection eventually grew beyond comics to include books, art works, photographs, and audio visual materials on the same topic. He saw the images that he collected over the years as a way to better tell the story of the depiction of Black Americans in visual media. In 2019, Wright donated his collection to William \u0026 Mary so that it might be \"a helpful resource to students\" in the future."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRichard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eComic book volumes and other published materials included with this collection have been transfered to Rare Books and cataloged individually.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Comic book volumes and other published materials included with this collection have been transfered to Rare Books and cataloged individually."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection, compiled by Richard Wright, focuses on the evolution of the Black American image in print media, cartoons and comics. Wright organized his own historical timeline titled \"Good Clean Fun: Blacks in Comics,\" also referred to as \"Clean Fun: Blacks in Comics,\" in a series of binders with artist biographies and time period summaries. Item titles have been retained from the original labels.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials in this collection include: books, comic books, magazines, prints, reference books, slides, photographs, CDs, DVDs, sheet music, newspaper strips, lithographs, and artwork. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection, compiled by Richard Wright, focuses on the evolution of the Black American image in print media, cartoons and comics. Wright organized his own historical timeline titled \"Good Clean Fun: Blacks in Comics,\" also referred to as \"Clean Fun: Blacks in Comics,\" in a series of binders with artist biographies and time period summaries. 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Also available on microfilm University Publications of America."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional information may be found at: http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00045.frame\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Additional information may be found at: http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00045.frame"],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhen available, microfilm, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents.\u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics or Technical Requirements:"],"phystech_tesim":["When available, microfilm, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAustin-Twyman Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Austin-Twyman Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers, 1765 (1800-1890) 1939, of the Austin, Twyman, Spiller and Horsley families of Amherst and Buckingham counties, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe papers include correspondence, accounts, legal papers and manuscript volumes. 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General Assembly. House of Delegates","Account books","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)","10,764.00 items","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Organization: This collection is organized into 5 series: Series 1 contains letters, Series 2 contains the James River and Kanawha Company papers, Series 3 contains accounts and legal papers, Series 4 contains genealogical material, and Series 5 contains manuscript volumes. Arrangement: This collection is arranged into series and then subseries. These subseries are arranged by family names, then by individual name and finally by date. Also available on microfilm University Publications of America.","Additional information may be found at: http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00045.frame","When available, microfilm, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents.","Papers, 1765 (1800-1890) 1939, of the Austin, Twyman, Spiller and Horsley families of Amherst and Buckingham counties, Virginia.","The papers include correspondence, accounts, legal papers and manuscript volumes. Includes papers of Archibald Austin (1772-1837), member of Congress, 1817-1819, member of the Virginia House of Delegates, 1815-1816, 1835-1837, his wife, Grace R. (Booker) Austin and their children, James M. Austin, John Austin and Bernard Austin, Grace Austin and Frances (Austin) Wright.","Correspondents of Archibald Austin include William H. Cabell, Walter L. Fontaine, Charles Yancey, Waller Taylor, George Booker, and Robert T. Hubard.","Subjects include the War of 1812, national politics and the business of the Virginia General Assembly. Papers include correspondence of Archibald Austin's son-in-law, Doctor Iverson Lewis Twyman (1810-1864) who married first, Mary Lavinia Horsley and second, Martha E. Austin. His correspondence concerns slavery, farm management, the study and practice of medicine and the education of his children whose letters are also part of the collection. His children were Iverson Lewis Twyman (1849-1921), John Austin Twyman, Superintendent of Schools in Buckingham County, Samuel Rogers Twyman (concerning Twyman genealogy), Augusta Giles Twyman and Mabel Booker Twyman.","Austin twyman papers collection 1765-1865 Amherst and Buckingham Counties is available on 35 reels of microform in Swem Library's Microforms area call number HD1471 .U5 R43","Papers also contain a few items concerning the Horsley family and much correspondence and many accounts of James Madison Spiller, a friend of Dr. Iverson Lewis Twyman and the father-in-law of Iverson Lewis Twyman, Jr. The collection includes several items relating to Peter Francisco, Revolutionary War hero; materials relating to the James River and Kanawha Canal; letters pertaining to the Civil War; accounts and legal documents concerning Albemarle, Amherst, Appomattox, Botetourt, Buckingham, Campbell, Cumberland, Goochland, King and Queen, Nelson, Powhatan and Prince Edward Counties; genealogical materials relating to the Austin, Booker, Byrd, Clark, Gaines, Lewis, Montague, Rogers, Twyman and Walker families; and miscellaneous material consisting of poetry, religious manuscripts, recipes, memoranda and photographs.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","James River and Kanawha Canal (Va.)","Horsley family","Spiller family","Austin family","Twyman family","Austin, Archibald, 1772-1837","Francisco, Peter, d. 1831","English"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 69 Au7","/repositories/2/resources/392"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Austin-Twyman Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Austin-Twyman Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Austin-Twyman Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Amherst County (Va.)--History--19th century","Buckingham County (Va.)--History--19th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Amherst County (Va.)--History--19th century","Buckingham County (Va.)--History--19th century"],"creator_ssm":["Austin, Archibald, 1772-1837","Horsley family","Spiller family"],"creator_ssim":["Austin, Archibald, 1772-1837","Horsley family","Spiller family"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Austin, Archibald, 1772-1837"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Horsley family","Spiller family"],"creators_ssim":["Austin, Archibald, 1772-1837","Horsley family","Spiller family"],"places_ssim":["Amherst County (Va.)--History--19th century","Buckingham County (Va.)--History--19th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased: 10,706 items, 1969."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Legal documents","Medicine--Practice--Virginia","Medicine--Study and teaching--Virginia","Slavery--Virginia--19th century","Slavery--Virginia--History--19th century","Slaves--United States--Correspondence","Slaves--Virginia--Correspondence","Slaves--Virginia--Social conditions","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","United States--History--War of 1812","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Account books","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Legal documents","Medicine--Practice--Virginia","Medicine--Study and teaching--Virginia","Slavery--Virginia--19th century","Slavery--Virginia--History--19th century","Slaves--United States--Correspondence","Slaves--Virginia--Correspondence","Slaves--Virginia--Social conditions","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","United States--History--War of 1812","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Account books","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["10,764.00 items"],"extent_ssm":["27.50 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["27.50 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Account books","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"date_range_isim":[1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganization: This collection is organized into 5 series: Series 1 contains letters, Series 2 contains the James River and Kanawha Company papers, Series 3 contains accounts and legal papers, Series 4 contains genealogical material, and Series 5 contains manuscript volumes. Arrangement: This collection is arranged into series and then subseries. These subseries are arranged by family names, then by individual name and finally by date. Also available on microfilm University Publications of America.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organization: This collection is organized into 5 series: Series 1 contains letters, Series 2 contains the James River and Kanawha Company papers, Series 3 contains accounts and legal papers, Series 4 contains genealogical material, and Series 5 contains manuscript volumes. Arrangement: This collection is arranged into series and then subseries. These subseries are arranged by family names, then by individual name and finally by date. Also available on microfilm University Publications of America."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional information may be found at: http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00045.frame\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Additional information may be found at: http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00045.frame"],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhen available, microfilm, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents.\u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics or Technical Requirements:"],"phystech_tesim":["When available, microfilm, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAustin-Twyman Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Austin-Twyman Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers, 1765 (1800-1890) 1939, of the Austin, Twyman, Spiller and Horsley families of Amherst and Buckingham counties, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe papers include correspondence, accounts, legal papers and manuscript volumes. Includes papers of Archibald Austin (1772-1837), member of Congress, 1817-1819, member of the Virginia House of Delegates, 1815-1816, 1835-1837, his wife, Grace R. (Booker) Austin and their children, James M. Austin, John Austin and Bernard Austin, Grace Austin and Frances (Austin) Wright.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents of Archibald Austin include William H. Cabell, Walter L. Fontaine, Charles Yancey, Waller Taylor, George Booker, and Robert T. Hubard.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include the War of 1812, national politics and the business of the Virginia General Assembly. Papers include correspondence of Archibald Austin's son-in-law, Doctor Iverson Lewis Twyman (1810-1864) who married first, Mary Lavinia Horsley and second, Martha E. Austin. His correspondence concerns slavery, farm management, the study and practice of medicine and the education of his children whose letters are also part of the collection. His children were Iverson Lewis Twyman (1849-1921), John Austin Twyman, Superintendent of Schools in Buckingham County, Samuel Rogers Twyman (concerning Twyman genealogy), Augusta Giles Twyman and Mabel Booker Twyman.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAustin twyman papers collection 1765-1865 Amherst and Buckingham Counties is available on 35 reels of microform in Swem Library's Microforms area call number HD1471 .U5 R43\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePapers also contain a few items concerning the Horsley family and much correspondence and many accounts of James Madison Spiller, a friend of Dr. Iverson Lewis Twyman and the father-in-law of Iverson Lewis Twyman, Jr. The collection includes several items relating to Peter Francisco, Revolutionary War hero; materials relating to the James River and Kanawha Canal; letters pertaining to the Civil War; accounts and legal documents concerning Albemarle, Amherst, Appomattox, Botetourt, Buckingham, Campbell, Cumberland, Goochland, King and Queen, Nelson, Powhatan and Prince Edward Counties; genealogical materials relating to the Austin, Booker, Byrd, Clark, Gaines, Lewis, Montague, Rogers, Twyman and Walker families; and miscellaneous material consisting of poetry, religious manuscripts, recipes, memoranda and photographs.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers, 1765 (1800-1890) 1939, of the Austin, Twyman, Spiller and Horsley families of Amherst and Buckingham counties, Virginia.","The papers include correspondence, accounts, legal papers and manuscript volumes. Includes papers of Archibald Austin (1772-1837), member of Congress, 1817-1819, member of the Virginia House of Delegates, 1815-1816, 1835-1837, his wife, Grace R. (Booker) Austin and their children, James M. Austin, John Austin and Bernard Austin, Grace Austin and Frances (Austin) Wright.","Correspondents of Archibald Austin include William H. Cabell, Walter L. Fontaine, Charles Yancey, Waller Taylor, George Booker, and Robert T. Hubard.","Subjects include the War of 1812, national politics and the business of the Virginia General Assembly. Papers include correspondence of Archibald Austin's son-in-law, Doctor Iverson Lewis Twyman (1810-1864) who married first, Mary Lavinia Horsley and second, Martha E. Austin. His correspondence concerns slavery, farm management, the study and practice of medicine and the education of his children whose letters are also part of the collection. His children were Iverson Lewis Twyman (1849-1921), John Austin Twyman, Superintendent of Schools in Buckingham County, Samuel Rogers Twyman (concerning Twyman genealogy), Augusta Giles Twyman and Mabel Booker Twyman.","Austin twyman papers collection 1765-1865 Amherst and Buckingham Counties is available on 35 reels of microform in Swem Library's Microforms area call number HD1471 .U5 R43","Papers also contain a few items concerning the Horsley family and much correspondence and many accounts of James Madison Spiller, a friend of Dr. Iverson Lewis Twyman and the father-in-law of Iverson Lewis Twyman, Jr. The collection includes several items relating to Peter Francisco, Revolutionary War hero; materials relating to the James River and Kanawha Canal; letters pertaining to the Civil War; accounts and legal documents concerning Albemarle, Amherst, Appomattox, Botetourt, Buckingham, Campbell, Cumberland, Goochland, King and Queen, Nelson, Powhatan and Prince Edward Counties; genealogical materials relating to the Austin, Booker, Byrd, Clark, Gaines, Lewis, Montague, Rogers, Twyman and Walker families; and miscellaneous material consisting of poetry, religious manuscripts, recipes, memoranda and photographs."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_coll_ssim":["James River and Kanawha Canal (Va.)","Austin family","Twyman family","Austin, Archibald, 1772-1837","Francisco, Peter, d. 1831"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","James River and Kanawha Canal (Va.)","Horsley family","Spiller family","Austin family","Twyman family","Austin, Archibald, 1772-1837","Francisco, Peter, d. 1831"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","James River and Kanawha Canal (Va.)"],"famname_ssim":["Horsley family","Spiller family","Austin family","Twyman family"],"persname_ssim":["Austin, Archibald, 1772-1837","Francisco, Peter, d. 1831"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":571,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:33:57.909Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_392_c03_c02_c05"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8401_c01_c01","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Author's first or last name begins with - \"B\"","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_8401_c01_c01#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eBox-folder 1:1-18\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_8401_c01_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8401_c01_c01","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_8401_c01_c01"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8401_c01_c01","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8401","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8401","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8401_c01","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8401_c01","parent_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_8401","viw_repositories_2_resources_8401_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_8401","viw_repositories_2_resources_8401_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (II)","Series 1: Letters"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (II)","Series 1: Letters"],"text":["Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (II)","Series 1: Letters","Author's first or last name begins with - \"B\"","Box-folder 1:1-18"],"title_filing_ssi":"Author's first or last name begins with - \"B\"","title_ssm":["Author's first or last name begins with - \"B\""],"title_tesim":["Author's first or last name begins with - \"B\""],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1791-1920"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1791/1920"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Author's first or last name begins with - \"B\""],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (II)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":8,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":2,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"date_range_isim":[1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBox-folder 1:1-18\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Box-folder 1:1-18"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#0","timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:13:21.350Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8401","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8401","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8401","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8401","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_8401.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (II)","title_ssm":["Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (II)"],"title_tesim":["Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (II)"],"unitdate_ssm":["1791-1920"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1791-1920"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 65 B855","/repositories/2/resources/8401"],"text":["Mss. 65 B855","/repositories/2/resources/8401","Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (II)","Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--19th century","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","United States--Religious History--Christianity","United States--Slavery","Women--Virginia--Social life and customs","Correspondence","Financial records","941 items","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","This collection is organized into 4 series; series 1 contains letters; series 2 contains photographs; series 3 contains various printed material; and series 4 contains newspaper clippings.","Note: The superscript numbers denote generations within each family.","Brown Family","Henry Brown (1) (1716-1766) was born in Bedford County, Virginia. He married Alice Beard and had eleven children including; Captain Henry Brown (1760-1841), and Daniel Brown (1770-1818).","Henry Brown (2) (1760-1841), later commissioned as a Captain, was wounded in the Revolutionary War. After the war he opened a store in New London, Bedford (later Campbell) County with his brother, Daniel. He had a full and interesting life in mercantile pursuits, being involved in several ventures with other partners, and spending a good deal of his time in court collecting debts. He acted as Federal Tax Collector in Bedford County, 1800-1803, a deputy inspector of revenue and served several terms as a Sheriff. He was also a treasurer of the New London Academy Meeting House and the New London Agricultural Society. New London is in present day Campbell County, Virginia. His business and personal papers present a picture of the successful business man of that day. No letters written by Captain Henry Brown are in this collection, though many references to letters he had written are to be found. Captain Henry Brown (1760-1841), married Frances Thompson (1775-1822). Their children included Henry Brown, Jr. (1797-1836), who married Eleanor Tucker; Samuel T. Brown, who married Lissie Huger; Locky [Lockie] T. Brown(b. 1827), who married Alexander Irvine; Frances Brown, who married Edwin Robinson; Alice Brown, who married William M. Worthington; and John Thompson Brown (1802-1836), who married Mary E. Willcox.","Many papers of Henry Brown, Jr. (3) (1797-1836), are included in this collection, but his personality makes little impression on the reader. Toward the end of his short life he served in his father's store in Lynchburg, later opening a store of his own. Henry Brown Jr. married Eleanor Tucker. He died of an illness that had plagued him from his early years.","John Thompson Brown (3) (1802-1836) was born near Bedford County, Virginia. He was a graduate of Princeton who later read law under Judge Creed Taylor. John became a member of the House of Delegates from Clarksburg, Harrison County, Virginia (later West Virginia), at the age of 26. Following his marriage in 1830 to Mary E. Willcox, daughter of a leading citizen of Petersburg, he was elected to the House of Delegates. His speeches to the House of Delegates on slavery, states rights, and politics in the Jackson and post-Jackson period exist in pamphlet form and are valuable for their insight into the position taken by Virginians in this period. He also served as member of the Virginia Constitutional Convention from 1829-1830. At the age of 29 he was mentioned as a possible candidate for U.S. Senator (appointed by the State legislature at the time), and undoubtedly would have been an important figure in national politics if he had not suffered an untimely death at the age of 34. He and Mary Willcox had three children; Henry Peronneau Brown (1832-1894), John Willcox Brown (b. 1833), and Col. John Thompson Brown II (1835-1864).","Col. John Thompson Brown II (4) (1835-1864), was less than two years old when his father died. He lived to carry out his father's ideas in the next generation when the debate regarding state rights and slavery came to be settled by recourse to arms. His fiery speeches contributed to the war fever, a war in which he rose to the rank of Colonel in the artillery before being killed by a sniper's bullet on May 6, 1864.","Henry Peronneau Brown (4) (1832-1894), was named after a Princeton schoolmate and close friend of his father's, Peronneau Finley, of Charleston, South Carolina. Henry Peronneau Brown lived briefly with his namesake after his father's death. The correspondence of Henry Peronneau Brown with his wife and their relatives, is chiefly of value for the insight it gives into family affairs during the Civil War and the Reconstruction. Henry Peronneau Brown (1832- 1894), married France Bland Coalter (1835-1894), in 1858. They were the parents of John Thompson Brown III (b. 1861), who married Cassie Dallas Tucker Brown (fl.1898), reuniting the Tucker family with the line. They in turn had five children; John Thompson Brown IV (b. 1896); Frances Bland Coalter Brown; Henry Peronneau Brown III; Charles Brown; Elizabeth Dallas Brown; and Willcox Brown.","Coalter Family","John Coalter (1) (1769-1838), was born in 1769 to parents Michael Coalter and Elizabeth Moore. While his father was away serving in the war against the British, John Coalter and his brothers worked the family farm on Walker's Creek in Rockbridge County, Virginia. After brief schooling he became tutor to the children of St. George Tucker (1752-1827), and Frances (Bland) Randolph Tucker (d.1788). Following the death of Mrs. Tucker, Coalter moved with the family to Williamsburg, serving without pay in return for the legal training he received from Judge St. George Tucker (1752-1827). While studying law, he also attended lectures at the College of William and Mary under Bp. James Madison and George Wythe. In December 1790, he received his license to practice law. A year later he married Maria Rind, the orphaned daughter of a Williamsburg printer, who had been serving as governess for the Tucker children. After the death of Maria Rind Coalter (d.1792), in childbirth, he married (1795), Margaret Davenport (d. 1795), of Williamsburg, who also died in childbirth within the year. Ann Frances Bland Tucker (1785-1813), daughter of St. George Tucker, was taken as his third wife in 1802. John Coalter had been her tutor twelve years before. She later bore him his only three children, Frances Lelia Coalter (1803-1822), Elizabeth Tucker Coalter Bryan (1805-1853), and St. George Tucker Coalter (1809- 1839). John Coalter later became a Circuit Judge of the Virginia General Court and bought \"Elm Grove,\" an estate in Staunton, Virginia. Coalter continued to live there until 1811, at which time he moved to Richmond to serve as Judge of the Circuit Court of Appeals. In 1822, Coalter took his fourth wife, the widow Hannah (Jones) Williamson. In his latter years he enjoyed wide holdings and interests, including a lively concern with gold mining in Virginia. John Tucker Coalter died at \"Chatham\u0026quot; plantation in Stafford County, Virginia, 1838.","Elizabeth Tucker Coalter (2) (1805-1853), married John Randolph Bryan (godson of John Randolph of Roanoke) in 1831 and lived at Eagle Point, Gloucester County, Virginia. They had nine children; John Coalter Bryan (1831-1853), Delia Bryan, (d. 1833), Frances Tucker Bryan (b. 1835), Randolph Bryan (b. 1837), Georgia Screven Bryan (b. 1839), St. George Tucker Bryan (b. 1843), Joseph Bryan (b. 1847), Thomas Forman Bryan (1848-1851), Corbin Braxton Bryan (b. 1852).","St. George Tucker Coalter (2) (1809-1839), married the strong-willed Judith Harrison Tomlin (1808-1859). He lived out his life fighting sickness and the losing battle of making his farm profitable. Judith Harrison Tomlin collected letters, which included many exchanged by the fourteen cousins (nine Bryans and five Coalters). Though none of these people were prominent on the large canvas of life, their collected letters give an interesting and informative picture of life in Virginia in the first half of the nineteenth century. St. George and Judith Coalter had six children; Walker Tomlin Coalter (1830-1831); John Coalter (1831-1883); Henry Tucker (1833-1870); Ann Frances Bland Coalter (1835-1894), who married Henry Peronneau Brown (1832-1894), in 1858; Virginia Braxton Coalter (b. 1837), who married William. P. Braxton in 1855; and St. George Tucker Coalter (b. 1839), who married Amelia Downy in 1862 and Charlotte (Downy) Terrill in 1868. See Brown Family","Tucker Family","St. George Tucker (1) (1752-1827), was born in 1752 near Port Royal, Bermuda to Ann Butterfield Tucker and Henry Tucker, a merchant. St. George Tucker had a extensive career in law starting with his acceptance to the College of William and Mary under the tutelage of George Wythe in 1771. He served as clerk of courts of Dinwiddlie County, 1774; commonwealth attorney for Chesterfield County, 1783-1786; law professor at the College of William and Mary, 1790; and federal court judge for Virginia, 1813-1825. In 1771, he married Frances (Bland) Randolph, a widow, who had three children from a previous marriage; Richard Randolph, Theodorick Randolph (d. 1792), and John Randolph of Roanoke. St. George and Frances Randolph Tucker together, had five children; Henry St. George Tucker (1780-1848), Tudor Tucker, Ann Frances Bland Tucker (1785-1813), Elizabeth Tucker (b. 1788), and Nathaniel Beverley Tucker (1784-1851). They lived on the Randolph plantation, \"Mattoax\" in Chesterfield County, Virginia, until the death of France Randolph Tucker in 1813. In 1791, St. George remarried the widow Lelia Skipwith Carter (fl. 1795). None of their three children lived to adulthood.","Henry St. George Tucker (2) (1780-1848), served as a professor of law at the University of Virginia; in the Virginia House of Delegates, 1806-1807; in the U.S. Congress, 1815-1819; and in the Virginia Senate, 1819-1824. He married Anne Evelina Hunter in 1806 and had at least eleven children, including; Randolph Tucker, Dr. David Hunter Tucker, Frances Tucker, Mary Tucker, Virginia Tucker, Anne Tucker, and John Randolph Tucker (1823-1897).","Randolph Tucker (3) married Lucy (?).The couple had children; St. George Tucker and Judge Randolph Tucker.","Dr. David Hunter Tucker (3) married Eliz Dallas and had Rev. Dallas Tucker and Cassie Dallas Tucker.","John Randolph Tucker (3) (1823-1897), married Laura Holmes Powell in 1848 and had seven children. He was served as attorney general of Virginia, 1857-1865; professor of law at Washington College (currently Washington and Lee University); and was elected to U.S. Congress, 1874-1887.","Ann Frances Bland Tucker (2) (1785-1813), married John Coalter (1769-1838). See Coalter Family.","Nathaniel Beverley Tucker (2) (1784-1851), graduated from the College of William and Mary with a law degree. In 1807, he married Mary Coalter (d. 1827), sister of John Coalter (1769-1838). He moved to Missouri and became the Circuit Court Judge of the Missouri Territory in 1817. Nathaniel remarried twice, to Eliza Naylor in 1828 and to Lucy Anne Smith. He returned to teach at the College of William and Mary in 1834.","Other People\n \nWilliam Munford (1775-1825) A friend of John Tucker Coalter's (1769-1838), from his Williamsburg days, William Munford, a poet and lawyer of some note, wrote letters to Coalter which contain interesting reports of the College of William and Mary and of Harvard University. He wrote of the poverty stricken French immigrants in Norfolk, and sent vivid descriptions of the activity of the British fleet in the Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812. He lived and studied with George Wythe in Williamsburg, later moving with him to Richmond to serve as his clerk. His remarks on Wythe, for whom he had a great affection, throw light on that important member of the legal profession in the new nation.","Gary A. Adams' (fl. 1900), connection to the family is unknown. However, several bills to him from the dry goods stores and the household supply stores are included in the collection.","Cynthia Beverly (Tucker) Washington Coleman (1832-1908) of Williamsburg, was an aunt of Cassie Tucker.","Judge John Randolph Tucker (circa 1915) Newspaper Clippings, 1913-1915, from Nome, Alaska concern the term of judgeship of John Randolph Tucker, (circa 1915).","Captain David Tucker Brown (circa 1918), was a member of the 1918 Peace Commission, Paris, France. ","Additional information may be found at http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00052.frame","There are two collections within the Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, Swem Library, College of William and Mary that Relate to this Collection. They include, the Barnes Family Papers, and the Tucker-Coleman Papers."," Barnes Family Papers, Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, Swem Library, College of William and Mary. Barnes Family Papers, 1797-1926, 1818-1875.247 items.Collection number: Mss. 39.1 B26Correspondence, chiefly 1820-1875, of Newman Williamson Barnes and his wife Margaret W.(Tomlin) Barnes of Richmond, Virginia and \"Greenfield,\" Culpeper County, Virginia. Letters concern life in Falmouth, Virginia and also concern Fredericksburg, Virginia. Correspondents are members of the Braxton, Coalter, Tomlin and Oliver families."," Tucker-Coleman Papers, Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, Swem Library, College of William and Mary. Tucker-Coleman Papers, 1664-1945, 1770-1907.30,000 items.Collection number: Mss. 40 T79Papers, primarily 1770-1907, of the Tucker and Coleman families of Williamsburg, Winchester, Lexington, Staunton and Richmond, including papers of St. George Tucker (1752-1827), Nathaniel Beverley Tucker (1784-1851), Henry St. George Tucker (1780-1848), Ann Frances Bland (Tucker) Coalter (1779-1813), John Coalter (1769-1838), John Randolph of Roanoke, and Cynthia Beverley Tucker Washington Coleman (1832-1908) as well as other family members."," Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (I), Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, Swem Library, College of William and Mary. Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (I), 1780-1929.3,433 items.Collection number: Mss. 65 B85Papers, 1780-1929, of the Brown, Coalter and Tucker families including the papers of John Coalter (1769- 1838),John Thompson Brown (1802-1836). Among the correspondents are Maria (Rind) Coalter, St. George Tucker, William Munford, Frances Bland (Tucker) Coalter, St. George Tucker Coalter, Frances Bland (Coalter) Brown, the Rev. Moses D. Hoge, and Henry Peronneau Brown."," 2008.238 Tucker-Brown Seven Generations Genealogy Chart","Papers, 1791-1920, of the Brown, Coalter and Tucker families. Includes correspondence, of Frances Bland (Coalter) Brown with Margaret W. Barnes, members of the Braxton family, Henry Peronneau Brown, Fanny T. Bryan, John Coalter, St. George Tucker Coalter and members of the Morton family.","Also includes additional correspondences of members of the Brown, Coalter, Braxton, Tomlin and Bryan families including a letter, 29 April 1791, from Maria Rind to John Coalter as well as notes, accounts and newspaper clippings concerning the Brown family.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Brown, Coalter, and Tucker Family","Braxton family","Coalter family","Morton family","Brown, Frances Bland Coalter, 1835-1894","Brown, Henry Peronneau, 1883-1942","Coalter, John, 1769-1838","Coalter, Maria Rind, d. 1792","Coalter, St. George Tucker, 1809-1839","English"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 65 B855","/repositories/2/resources/8401"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (II)"],"collection_title_tesim":["Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (II)"],"collection_ssim":["Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (II)"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Brown, Coalter, and Tucker Family","Braxton family","Brown, Frances Bland Coalter, 1835-1894","Brown, Henry Peronneau, 1883-1942","Coalter family","Coalter, John, 1769-1838","Coalter, Maria Rind, d. 1792","Coalter, St. George Tucker, 1809-1839","Morton family"],"creator_ssim":["Brown, Coalter, and Tucker Family","Braxton family","Brown, Frances Bland Coalter, 1835-1894","Brown, Henry Peronneau, 1883-1942","Coalter family","Coalter, John, 1769-1838","Coalter, Maria Rind, d. 1792","Coalter, St. George Tucker, 1809-1839","Morton family"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Brown, Frances Bland Coalter, 1835-1894","Brown, Henry Peronneau, 1883-1942","Coalter, John, 1769-1838","Coalter, Maria Rind, d. 1792","Coalter, St. George Tucker, 1809-1839"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Brown, Coalter, and Tucker Family","Braxton family","Coalter family","Morton family"],"creators_ssim":["Brown, Frances Bland Coalter, 1835-1894","Brown, Henry Peronneau, 1883-1942","Coalter, John, 1769-1838","Coalter, Maria Rind, d. 1792","Coalter, St. George Tucker, 1809-1839","Brown, Coalter, and Tucker Family","Braxton family","Coalter family","Morton family"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift: 941 items, 11/15/1950."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--19th century","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","United States--Religious History--Christianity","United States--Slavery","Women--Virginia--Social life and customs","Correspondence","Financial records"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--19th century","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","United States--Religious History--Christianity","United States--Slavery","Women--Virginia--Social life and customs","Correspondence","Financial records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["941 items"],"extent_ssm":["1.50 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["1.50 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Financial records"],"date_range_isim":[1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is organized into 4 series; series 1 contains letters; series 2 contains photographs; series 3 contains various printed material; and series 4 contains newspaper clippings.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is organized into 4 series; series 1 contains letters; series 2 contains photographs; series 3 contains various printed material; and series 4 contains newspaper clippings."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNote: The superscript numbers denote generations within each family.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBrown Family\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHenry Brown (1) (1716-1766) was born in Bedford County, Virginia. He married Alice Beard and had eleven children including; Captain Henry Brown (1760-1841), and Daniel Brown (1770-1818).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHenry Brown (2) (1760-1841), later commissioned as a Captain, was wounded in the Revolutionary War. After the war he opened a store in New London, Bedford (later Campbell) County with his brother, Daniel. He had a full and interesting life in mercantile pursuits, being involved in several ventures with other partners, and spending a good deal of his time in court collecting debts. He acted as Federal Tax Collector in Bedford County, 1800-1803, a deputy inspector of revenue and served several terms as a Sheriff. He was also a treasurer of the New London Academy Meeting House and the New London Agricultural Society. New London is in present day Campbell County, Virginia. His business and personal papers present a picture of the successful business man of that day. No letters written by Captain Henry Brown are in this collection, though many references to letters he had written are to be found. Captain Henry Brown (1760-1841), married Frances Thompson (1775-1822). Their children included Henry Brown, Jr. (1797-1836), who married Eleanor Tucker; Samuel T. Brown, who married Lissie Huger; Locky [Lockie] T. Brown(b. 1827), who married Alexander Irvine; Frances Brown, who married Edwin Robinson; Alice Brown, who married William M. Worthington; and John Thompson Brown (1802-1836), who married Mary E. Willcox.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMany papers of Henry Brown, Jr. (3) (1797-1836), are included in this collection, but his personality makes little impression on the reader. Toward the end of his short life he served in his father's store in Lynchburg, later opening a store of his own. Henry Brown Jr. married Eleanor Tucker. He died of an illness that had plagued him from his early years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohn Thompson Brown (3) (1802-1836) was born near Bedford County, Virginia. He was a graduate of Princeton who later read law under Judge Creed Taylor. John became a member of the House of Delegates from Clarksburg, Harrison County, Virginia (later West Virginia), at the age of 26. Following his marriage in 1830 to Mary E. Willcox, daughter of a leading citizen of Petersburg, he was elected to the House of Delegates. His speeches to the House of Delegates on slavery, states rights, and politics in the Jackson and post-Jackson period exist in pamphlet form and are valuable for their insight into the position taken by Virginians in this period. He also served as member of the Virginia Constitutional Convention from 1829-1830. At the age of 29 he was mentioned as a possible candidate for U.S. Senator (appointed by the State legislature at the time), and undoubtedly would have been an important figure in national politics if he had not suffered an untimely death at the age of 34. He and Mary Willcox had three children; Henry Peronneau Brown (1832-1894), John Willcox Brown (b. 1833), and Col. John Thompson Brown II (1835-1864).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCol. John Thompson Brown II (4) (1835-1864), was less than two years old when his father died. He lived to carry out his father's ideas in the next generation when the debate regarding state rights and slavery came to be settled by recourse to arms. His fiery speeches contributed to the war fever, a war in which he rose to the rank of Colonel in the artillery before being killed by a sniper's bullet on May 6, 1864.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHenry Peronneau Brown (4) (1832-1894), was named after a Princeton schoolmate and close friend of his father's, Peronneau Finley, of Charleston, South Carolina. Henry Peronneau Brown lived briefly with his namesake after his father's death. The correspondence of Henry Peronneau Brown with his wife and their relatives, is chiefly of value for the insight it gives into family affairs during the Civil War and the Reconstruction. Henry Peronneau Brown (1832- 1894), married France Bland Coalter (1835-1894), in 1858. They were the parents of John Thompson Brown III (b. 1861), who married Cassie Dallas Tucker Brown (fl.1898), reuniting the Tucker family with the line. They in turn had five children; John Thompson Brown IV (b. 1896); Frances Bland Coalter Brown; Henry Peronneau Brown III; Charles Brown; Elizabeth Dallas Brown; and Willcox Brown.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCoalter Family\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohn Coalter (1) (1769-1838), was born in 1769 to parents Michael Coalter and Elizabeth Moore. While his father was away serving in the war against the British, John Coalter and his brothers worked the family farm on Walker's Creek in Rockbridge County, Virginia. After brief schooling he became tutor to the children of St. George Tucker (1752-1827), and Frances (Bland) Randolph Tucker (d.1788). Following the death of Mrs. Tucker, Coalter moved with the family to Williamsburg, serving without pay in return for the legal training he received from Judge St. George Tucker (1752-1827). While studying law, he also attended lectures at the College of William and Mary under Bp. James Madison and George Wythe. In December 1790, he received his license to practice law. A year later he married Maria Rind, the orphaned daughter of a Williamsburg printer, who had been serving as governess for the Tucker children. After the death of Maria Rind Coalter (d.1792), in childbirth, he married (1795), Margaret Davenport (d. 1795), of Williamsburg, who also died in childbirth within the year. Ann Frances Bland Tucker (1785-1813), daughter of St. George Tucker, was taken as his third wife in 1802. John Coalter had been her tutor twelve years before. She later bore him his only three children, Frances Lelia Coalter (1803-1822), Elizabeth Tucker Coalter Bryan (1805-1853), and St. George Tucker Coalter (1809- 1839). John Coalter later became a Circuit Judge of the Virginia General Court and bought \"Elm Grove,\" an estate in Staunton, Virginia. Coalter continued to live there until 1811, at which time he moved to Richmond to serve as Judge of the Circuit Court of Appeals. In 1822, Coalter took his fourth wife, the widow Hannah (Jones) Williamson. In his latter years he enjoyed wide holdings and interests, including a lively concern with gold mining in Virginia. John Tucker Coalter died at \"Chatham\u0026amp;quot; plantation in Stafford County, Virginia, 1838.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eElizabeth Tucker Coalter (2) (1805-1853), married John Randolph Bryan (godson of John Randolph of Roanoke) in 1831 and lived at Eagle Point, Gloucester County, Virginia. They had nine children; John Coalter Bryan (1831-1853), Delia Bryan, (d. 1833), Frances Tucker Bryan (b. 1835), Randolph Bryan (b. 1837), Georgia Screven Bryan (b. 1839), St. George Tucker Bryan (b. 1843), Joseph Bryan (b. 1847), Thomas Forman Bryan (1848-1851), Corbin Braxton Bryan (b. 1852).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSt. George Tucker Coalter (2) (1809-1839), married the strong-willed Judith Harrison Tomlin (1808-1859). He lived out his life fighting sickness and the losing battle of making his farm profitable. Judith Harrison Tomlin collected letters, which included many exchanged by the fourteen cousins (nine Bryans and five Coalters). Though none of these people were prominent on the large canvas of life, their collected letters give an interesting and informative picture of life in Virginia in the first half of the nineteenth century. St. George and Judith Coalter had six children; Walker Tomlin Coalter (1830-1831); John Coalter (1831-1883); Henry Tucker (1833-1870); Ann Frances Bland Coalter (1835-1894), who married Henry Peronneau Brown (1832-1894), in 1858; Virginia Braxton Coalter (b. 1837), who married William. P. Braxton in 1855; and St. George Tucker Coalter (b. 1839), who married Amelia Downy in 1862 and Charlotte (Downy) Terrill in 1868. See Brown Family\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTucker Family\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSt. George Tucker (1) (1752-1827), was born in 1752 near Port Royal, Bermuda to Ann Butterfield Tucker and Henry Tucker, a merchant. St. George Tucker had a extensive career in law starting with his acceptance to the College of William and Mary under the tutelage of George Wythe in 1771. He served as clerk of courts of Dinwiddlie County, 1774; commonwealth attorney for Chesterfield County, 1783-1786; law professor at the College of William and Mary, 1790; and federal court judge for Virginia, 1813-1825. In 1771, he married Frances (Bland) Randolph, a widow, who had three children from a previous marriage; Richard Randolph, Theodorick Randolph (d. 1792), and John Randolph of Roanoke. St. George and Frances Randolph Tucker together, had five children; Henry St. George Tucker (1780-1848), Tudor Tucker, Ann Frances Bland Tucker (1785-1813), Elizabeth Tucker (b. 1788), and Nathaniel Beverley Tucker (1784-1851). They lived on the Randolph plantation, \"Mattoax\" in Chesterfield County, Virginia, until the death of France Randolph Tucker in 1813. In 1791, St. George remarried the widow Lelia Skipwith Carter (fl. 1795). None of their three children lived to adulthood.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHenry St. George Tucker (2) (1780-1848), served as a professor of law at the University of Virginia; in the Virginia House of Delegates, 1806-1807; in the U.S. Congress, 1815-1819; and in the Virginia Senate, 1819-1824. He married Anne Evelina Hunter in 1806 and had at least eleven children, including; Randolph Tucker, Dr. David Hunter Tucker, Frances Tucker, Mary Tucker, Virginia Tucker, Anne Tucker, and John Randolph Tucker (1823-1897).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRandolph Tucker (3) married Lucy (?).The couple had children; St. George Tucker and Judge Randolph Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. David Hunter Tucker (3) married Eliz Dallas and had Rev. Dallas Tucker and Cassie Dallas Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohn Randolph Tucker (3) (1823-1897), married Laura Holmes Powell in 1848 and had seven children. He was served as attorney general of Virginia, 1857-1865; professor of law at Washington College (currently Washington and Lee University); and was elected to U.S. Congress, 1874-1887.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnn Frances Bland Tucker (2) (1785-1813), married John Coalter (1769-1838). See Coalter Family.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNathaniel Beverley Tucker (2) (1784-1851), graduated from the College of William and Mary with a law degree. In 1807, he married Mary Coalter (d. 1827), sister of John Coalter (1769-1838). He moved to Missouri and became the Circuit Court Judge of the Missouri Territory in 1817. Nathaniel remarried twice, to Eliza Naylor in 1828 and to Lucy Anne Smith. He returned to teach at the College of William and Mary in 1834.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther People\n \nWilliam Munford (1775-1825) A friend of John Tucker Coalter's (1769-1838), from his Williamsburg days, William Munford, a poet and lawyer of some note, wrote letters to Coalter which contain interesting reports of the College of William and Mary and of Harvard University. He wrote of the poverty stricken French immigrants in Norfolk, and sent vivid descriptions of the activity of the British fleet in the Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812. He lived and studied with George Wythe in Williamsburg, later moving with him to Richmond to serve as his clerk. His remarks on Wythe, for whom he had a great affection, throw light on that important member of the legal profession in the new nation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGary A. Adams' (fl. 1900), connection to the family is unknown. However, several bills to him from the dry goods stores and the household supply stores are included in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCynthia Beverly (Tucker) Washington Coleman (1832-1908) of Williamsburg, was an aunt of Cassie Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJudge John Randolph Tucker (circa 1915) Newspaper Clippings, 1913-1915, from Nome, Alaska concern the term of judgeship of John Randolph Tucker, (circa 1915).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCaptain David Tucker Brown (circa 1918), was a member of the 1918 Peace Commission, Paris, France. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Family History:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Note: The superscript numbers denote generations within each family.","Brown Family","Henry Brown (1) (1716-1766) was born in Bedford County, Virginia. He married Alice Beard and had eleven children including; Captain Henry Brown (1760-1841), and Daniel Brown (1770-1818).","Henry Brown (2) (1760-1841), later commissioned as a Captain, was wounded in the Revolutionary War. After the war he opened a store in New London, Bedford (later Campbell) County with his brother, Daniel. He had a full and interesting life in mercantile pursuits, being involved in several ventures with other partners, and spending a good deal of his time in court collecting debts. He acted as Federal Tax Collector in Bedford County, 1800-1803, a deputy inspector of revenue and served several terms as a Sheriff. He was also a treasurer of the New London Academy Meeting House and the New London Agricultural Society. New London is in present day Campbell County, Virginia. His business and personal papers present a picture of the successful business man of that day. No letters written by Captain Henry Brown are in this collection, though many references to letters he had written are to be found. Captain Henry Brown (1760-1841), married Frances Thompson (1775-1822). Their children included Henry Brown, Jr. (1797-1836), who married Eleanor Tucker; Samuel T. Brown, who married Lissie Huger; Locky [Lockie] T. Brown(b. 1827), who married Alexander Irvine; Frances Brown, who married Edwin Robinson; Alice Brown, who married William M. Worthington; and John Thompson Brown (1802-1836), who married Mary E. Willcox.","Many papers of Henry Brown, Jr. (3) (1797-1836), are included in this collection, but his personality makes little impression on the reader. Toward the end of his short life he served in his father's store in Lynchburg, later opening a store of his own. Henry Brown Jr. married Eleanor Tucker. He died of an illness that had plagued him from his early years.","John Thompson Brown (3) (1802-1836) was born near Bedford County, Virginia. He was a graduate of Princeton who later read law under Judge Creed Taylor. John became a member of the House of Delegates from Clarksburg, Harrison County, Virginia (later West Virginia), at the age of 26. Following his marriage in 1830 to Mary E. Willcox, daughter of a leading citizen of Petersburg, he was elected to the House of Delegates. His speeches to the House of Delegates on slavery, states rights, and politics in the Jackson and post-Jackson period exist in pamphlet form and are valuable for their insight into the position taken by Virginians in this period. He also served as member of the Virginia Constitutional Convention from 1829-1830. At the age of 29 he was mentioned as a possible candidate for U.S. Senator (appointed by the State legislature at the time), and undoubtedly would have been an important figure in national politics if he had not suffered an untimely death at the age of 34. He and Mary Willcox had three children; Henry Peronneau Brown (1832-1894), John Willcox Brown (b. 1833), and Col. John Thompson Brown II (1835-1864).","Col. John Thompson Brown II (4) (1835-1864), was less than two years old when his father died. He lived to carry out his father's ideas in the next generation when the debate regarding state rights and slavery came to be settled by recourse to arms. His fiery speeches contributed to the war fever, a war in which he rose to the rank of Colonel in the artillery before being killed by a sniper's bullet on May 6, 1864.","Henry Peronneau Brown (4) (1832-1894), was named after a Princeton schoolmate and close friend of his father's, Peronneau Finley, of Charleston, South Carolina. Henry Peronneau Brown lived briefly with his namesake after his father's death. The correspondence of Henry Peronneau Brown with his wife and their relatives, is chiefly of value for the insight it gives into family affairs during the Civil War and the Reconstruction. Henry Peronneau Brown (1832- 1894), married France Bland Coalter (1835-1894), in 1858. They were the parents of John Thompson Brown III (b. 1861), who married Cassie Dallas Tucker Brown (fl.1898), reuniting the Tucker family with the line. They in turn had five children; John Thompson Brown IV (b. 1896); Frances Bland Coalter Brown; Henry Peronneau Brown III; Charles Brown; Elizabeth Dallas Brown; and Willcox Brown.","Coalter Family","John Coalter (1) (1769-1838), was born in 1769 to parents Michael Coalter and Elizabeth Moore. While his father was away serving in the war against the British, John Coalter and his brothers worked the family farm on Walker's Creek in Rockbridge County, Virginia. After brief schooling he became tutor to the children of St. George Tucker (1752-1827), and Frances (Bland) Randolph Tucker (d.1788). Following the death of Mrs. Tucker, Coalter moved with the family to Williamsburg, serving without pay in return for the legal training he received from Judge St. George Tucker (1752-1827). While studying law, he also attended lectures at the College of William and Mary under Bp. James Madison and George Wythe. In December 1790, he received his license to practice law. A year later he married Maria Rind, the orphaned daughter of a Williamsburg printer, who had been serving as governess for the Tucker children. After the death of Maria Rind Coalter (d.1792), in childbirth, he married (1795), Margaret Davenport (d. 1795), of Williamsburg, who also died in childbirth within the year. Ann Frances Bland Tucker (1785-1813), daughter of St. George Tucker, was taken as his third wife in 1802. John Coalter had been her tutor twelve years before. She later bore him his only three children, Frances Lelia Coalter (1803-1822), Elizabeth Tucker Coalter Bryan (1805-1853), and St. George Tucker Coalter (1809- 1839). John Coalter later became a Circuit Judge of the Virginia General Court and bought \"Elm Grove,\" an estate in Staunton, Virginia. Coalter continued to live there until 1811, at which time he moved to Richmond to serve as Judge of the Circuit Court of Appeals. In 1822, Coalter took his fourth wife, the widow Hannah (Jones) Williamson. In his latter years he enjoyed wide holdings and interests, including a lively concern with gold mining in Virginia. John Tucker Coalter died at \"Chatham\u0026quot; plantation in Stafford County, Virginia, 1838.","Elizabeth Tucker Coalter (2) (1805-1853), married John Randolph Bryan (godson of John Randolph of Roanoke) in 1831 and lived at Eagle Point, Gloucester County, Virginia. They had nine children; John Coalter Bryan (1831-1853), Delia Bryan, (d. 1833), Frances Tucker Bryan (b. 1835), Randolph Bryan (b. 1837), Georgia Screven Bryan (b. 1839), St. George Tucker Bryan (b. 1843), Joseph Bryan (b. 1847), Thomas Forman Bryan (1848-1851), Corbin Braxton Bryan (b. 1852).","St. George Tucker Coalter (2) (1809-1839), married the strong-willed Judith Harrison Tomlin (1808-1859). He lived out his life fighting sickness and the losing battle of making his farm profitable. Judith Harrison Tomlin collected letters, which included many exchanged by the fourteen cousins (nine Bryans and five Coalters). Though none of these people were prominent on the large canvas of life, their collected letters give an interesting and informative picture of life in Virginia in the first half of the nineteenth century. St. George and Judith Coalter had six children; Walker Tomlin Coalter (1830-1831); John Coalter (1831-1883); Henry Tucker (1833-1870); Ann Frances Bland Coalter (1835-1894), who married Henry Peronneau Brown (1832-1894), in 1858; Virginia Braxton Coalter (b. 1837), who married William. P. Braxton in 1855; and St. George Tucker Coalter (b. 1839), who married Amelia Downy in 1862 and Charlotte (Downy) Terrill in 1868. See Brown Family","Tucker Family","St. George Tucker (1) (1752-1827), was born in 1752 near Port Royal, Bermuda to Ann Butterfield Tucker and Henry Tucker, a merchant. St. George Tucker had a extensive career in law starting with his acceptance to the College of William and Mary under the tutelage of George Wythe in 1771. He served as clerk of courts of Dinwiddlie County, 1774; commonwealth attorney for Chesterfield County, 1783-1786; law professor at the College of William and Mary, 1790; and federal court judge for Virginia, 1813-1825. In 1771, he married Frances (Bland) Randolph, a widow, who had three children from a previous marriage; Richard Randolph, Theodorick Randolph (d. 1792), and John Randolph of Roanoke. St. George and Frances Randolph Tucker together, had five children; Henry St. George Tucker (1780-1848), Tudor Tucker, Ann Frances Bland Tucker (1785-1813), Elizabeth Tucker (b. 1788), and Nathaniel Beverley Tucker (1784-1851). They lived on the Randolph plantation, \"Mattoax\" in Chesterfield County, Virginia, until the death of France Randolph Tucker in 1813. In 1791, St. George remarried the widow Lelia Skipwith Carter (fl. 1795). None of their three children lived to adulthood.","Henry St. George Tucker (2) (1780-1848), served as a professor of law at the University of Virginia; in the Virginia House of Delegates, 1806-1807; in the U.S. Congress, 1815-1819; and in the Virginia Senate, 1819-1824. He married Anne Evelina Hunter in 1806 and had at least eleven children, including; Randolph Tucker, Dr. David Hunter Tucker, Frances Tucker, Mary Tucker, Virginia Tucker, Anne Tucker, and John Randolph Tucker (1823-1897).","Randolph Tucker (3) married Lucy (?).The couple had children; St. George Tucker and Judge Randolph Tucker.","Dr. David Hunter Tucker (3) married Eliz Dallas and had Rev. Dallas Tucker and Cassie Dallas Tucker.","John Randolph Tucker (3) (1823-1897), married Laura Holmes Powell in 1848 and had seven children. He was served as attorney general of Virginia, 1857-1865; professor of law at Washington College (currently Washington and Lee University); and was elected to U.S. Congress, 1874-1887.","Ann Frances Bland Tucker (2) (1785-1813), married John Coalter (1769-1838). See Coalter Family.","Nathaniel Beverley Tucker (2) (1784-1851), graduated from the College of William and Mary with a law degree. In 1807, he married Mary Coalter (d. 1827), sister of John Coalter (1769-1838). He moved to Missouri and became the Circuit Court Judge of the Missouri Territory in 1817. Nathaniel remarried twice, to Eliza Naylor in 1828 and to Lucy Anne Smith. He returned to teach at the College of William and Mary in 1834.","Other People\n \nWilliam Munford (1775-1825) A friend of John Tucker Coalter's (1769-1838), from his Williamsburg days, William Munford, a poet and lawyer of some note, wrote letters to Coalter which contain interesting reports of the College of William and Mary and of Harvard University. He wrote of the poverty stricken French immigrants in Norfolk, and sent vivid descriptions of the activity of the British fleet in the Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812. He lived and studied with George Wythe in Williamsburg, later moving with him to Richmond to serve as his clerk. His remarks on Wythe, for whom he had a great affection, throw light on that important member of the legal profession in the new nation.","Gary A. Adams' (fl. 1900), connection to the family is unknown. However, several bills to him from the dry goods stores and the household supply stores are included in the collection.","Cynthia Beverly (Tucker) Washington Coleman (1832-1908) of Williamsburg, was an aunt of Cassie Tucker.","Judge John Randolph Tucker (circa 1915) Newspaper Clippings, 1913-1915, from Nome, Alaska concern the term of judgeship of John Randolph Tucker, (circa 1915).","Captain David Tucker Brown (circa 1918), was a member of the 1918 Peace Commission, Paris, France. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional information may be found at http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00052.frame\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Additional information may be found at http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00052.frame"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBrown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (II), Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (II), Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are two collections within the Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, Swem Library, College of William and Mary that Relate to this Collection. They include, the Barnes Family Papers, and the Tucker-Coleman Papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Barnes Family Papers, Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, Swem Library, College of William and Mary. Barnes Family Papers, 1797-1926, 1818-1875.247 items.Collection number: Mss. 39.1 B26Correspondence, chiefly 1820-1875, of Newman Williamson Barnes and his wife Margaret W.(Tomlin) Barnes of Richmond, Virginia and \"Greenfield,\" Culpeper County, Virginia. Letters concern life in Falmouth, Virginia and also concern Fredericksburg, Virginia. Correspondents are members of the Braxton, Coalter, Tomlin and Oliver families.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Tucker-Coleman Papers, Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, Swem Library, College of William and Mary. Tucker-Coleman Papers, 1664-1945, 1770-1907.30,000 items.Collection number: Mss. 40 T79Papers, primarily 1770-1907, of the Tucker and Coleman families of Williamsburg, Winchester, Lexington, Staunton and Richmond, including papers of St. George Tucker (1752-1827), Nathaniel Beverley Tucker (1784-1851), Henry St. George Tucker (1780-1848), Ann Frances Bland (Tucker) Coalter (1779-1813), John Coalter (1769-1838), John Randolph of Roanoke, and Cynthia Beverley Tucker Washington Coleman (1832-1908) as well as other family members.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (I), Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, Swem Library, College of William and Mary. Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (I), 1780-1929.3,433 items.Collection number: Mss. 65 B85Papers, 1780-1929, of the Brown, Coalter and Tucker families including the papers of John Coalter (1769- 1838),John Thompson Brown (1802-1836). Among the correspondents are Maria (Rind) Coalter, St. George Tucker, William Munford, Frances Bland (Tucker) Coalter, St. George Tucker Coalter, Frances Bland (Coalter) Brown, the Rev. Moses D. Hoge, and Henry Peronneau Brown.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e 2008.238 Tucker-Brown Seven Generations Genealogy Chart\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["There are two collections within the Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, Swem Library, College of William and Mary that Relate to this Collection. They include, the Barnes Family Papers, and the Tucker-Coleman Papers."," Barnes Family Papers, Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, Swem Library, College of William and Mary. Barnes Family Papers, 1797-1926, 1818-1875.247 items.Collection number: Mss. 39.1 B26Correspondence, chiefly 1820-1875, of Newman Williamson Barnes and his wife Margaret W.(Tomlin) Barnes of Richmond, Virginia and \"Greenfield,\" Culpeper County, Virginia. Letters concern life in Falmouth, Virginia and also concern Fredericksburg, Virginia. Correspondents are members of the Braxton, Coalter, Tomlin and Oliver families."," Tucker-Coleman Papers, Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, Swem Library, College of William and Mary. Tucker-Coleman Papers, 1664-1945, 1770-1907.30,000 items.Collection number: Mss. 40 T79Papers, primarily 1770-1907, of the Tucker and Coleman families of Williamsburg, Winchester, Lexington, Staunton and Richmond, including papers of St. George Tucker (1752-1827), Nathaniel Beverley Tucker (1784-1851), Henry St. George Tucker (1780-1848), Ann Frances Bland (Tucker) Coalter (1779-1813), John Coalter (1769-1838), John Randolph of Roanoke, and Cynthia Beverley Tucker Washington Coleman (1832-1908) as well as other family members."," Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (I), Manuscripts and Rare Books Department, Swem Library, College of William and Mary. Brown, Coalter, Tucker Papers (I), 1780-1929.3,433 items.Collection number: Mss. 65 B85Papers, 1780-1929, of the Brown, Coalter and Tucker families including the papers of John Coalter (1769- 1838),John Thompson Brown (1802-1836). Among the correspondents are Maria (Rind) Coalter, St. George Tucker, William Munford, Frances Bland (Tucker) Coalter, St. George Tucker Coalter, Frances Bland (Coalter) Brown, the Rev. Moses D. Hoge, and Henry Peronneau Brown."," 2008.238 Tucker-Brown Seven Generations Genealogy Chart"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers, 1791-1920, of the Brown, Coalter and Tucker families. Includes correspondence, of Frances Bland (Coalter) Brown with Margaret W. Barnes, members of the Braxton family, Henry Peronneau Brown, Fanny T. Bryan, John Coalter, St. George Tucker Coalter and members of the Morton family.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlso includes additional correspondences of members of the Brown, Coalter, Braxton, Tomlin and Bryan families including a letter, 29 April 1791, from Maria Rind to John Coalter as well as notes, accounts and newspaper clippings concerning the Brown family.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers, 1791-1920, of the Brown, Coalter and Tucker families. Includes correspondence, of Frances Bland (Coalter) Brown with Margaret W. Barnes, members of the Braxton family, Henry Peronneau Brown, Fanny T. Bryan, John Coalter, St. George Tucker Coalter and members of the Morton family.","Also includes additional correspondences of members of the Brown, Coalter, Braxton, Tomlin and Bryan families including a letter, 29 April 1791, from Maria Rind to John Coalter as well as notes, accounts and newspaper clippings concerning the Brown family."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Brown, Coalter, and Tucker Family","Braxton family","Coalter family","Morton family","Brown, Frances Bland Coalter, 1835-1894","Brown, Henry Peronneau, 1883-1942","Coalter, John, 1769-1838","Coalter, Maria Rind, d. 1792","Coalter, St. George Tucker, 1809-1839"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"famname_ssim":["Brown, Coalter, and Tucker Family","Braxton family","Coalter family","Morton family"],"persname_ssim":["Brown, Frances Bland Coalter, 1835-1894","Brown, Henry Peronneau, 1883-1942","Coalter, John, 1769-1838","Coalter, Maria Rind, d. 1792","Coalter, St. George Tucker, 1809-1839"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":118,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:13:21.350Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_8401_c01_c01"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Library","value":"Alexandria Library","hits":9},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1888\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and Mary","hits":102},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1888\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=College+of+William+and+Mary"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University","value":"George Mason University","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1888\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"James Madison University","value":"James Madison University","hits":7},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1888\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=James+Madison+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Longwood University","value":"Longwood University","hits":10},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1888\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Longwood+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Old Dominion University","value":"Old Dominion University","hits":43},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1888\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","value":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount 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