{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1886\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026page=24","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1886\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026page=23","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1886\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026page=25","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1886\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026page=42"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":24,"next_page":25,"prev_page":23,"total_pages":42,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":230,"total_count":418,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c01","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--General","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c01#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eBickley researched a wide range of black history and black culture topics; for example, Aunt Jemima and the statue of a black boy as yard ornament, in addition to persons and events. The research provided background for her writings and was often incorporated into her works of fiction as well as historical accounts. Her papers include research notes and supporting sources on a wide range of topics with reference to black history and West Virginia black history.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c01","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c01"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c01","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials"],"text":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--General","Bickley researched a wide range of black history and black culture topics; for example, Aunt Jemima and the statue of a black boy as yard ornament, in addition to persons and events. The research provided background for her writings and was often incorporated into her works of fiction as well as historical accounts. Her papers include research notes and supporting sources on a wide range of topics with reference to black history and West Virginia black history."],"title_filing_ssi":"Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--General","title_ssm":["Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--General"],"title_tesim":["Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--General"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1850–2011"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1850/2011"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--General"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":28,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":184,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Requires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBickley researched a wide range of black history and black culture topics; for example, Aunt Jemima and the statue of a black boy as yard ornament, in addition to persons and events. The research provided background for her writings and was often incorporated into her works of fiction as well as historical accounts. Her papers include research notes and supporting sources on a wide range of topics with reference to black history and West Virginia black history.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Bickley researched a wide range of black history and black culture topics; for example, Aunt Jemima and the statue of a black boy as yard ornament, in addition to persons and events. The research provided background for her writings and was often incorporated into her works of fiction as well as historical accounts. Her papers include research notes and supporting sources on a wide range of topics with reference to black history and West Virginia black history."],"_nest_path_":"/components#7/components#0","timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:14:08.437Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_6226.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/209044","title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"unitdate_ssm":["1775-2018 (Includes facsimiles)","1970-2011"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1970-2011"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1775-2018 (Includes facsimiles)"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226"],"text":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226","Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","African American women","Slavery -- West Virginia","Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","School integration -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- Ohio","African American Churches -- West Virginia","African American teachers -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Genealogy","West Virginia Feminist Activist Collection","Requires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII.","Dr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.","Dr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published  Our Mount Vernons  to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.","With Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine,  Goldenseal . She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind.","Bickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.","Marshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09.","This collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. ","Subjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.","Colleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  ","Writings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include:  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990),  Honoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History ,  History of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association  (1979),  In Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955 ,  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia , a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\"  ... to be black in Fayette , and plays:  Two Saint Say ,  Mother Love ,  Tangled Threads  (with Maureen Crockett),  Wade in the Water , and seven  Goldenseal  articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. ","Addendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.","Abbreviations used in the Contents List: \nAB - Ancella Bickley \nWVSC - West Virginia State College \nNB - Nelson Bickley \nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison \nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones \nNEA - National Education Association \nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English \nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV \nUGRR - Underground Railroad \nMU - Marshall University \nWVU - West Virginia University \nCGW - Carter G. Woodson \nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson","Items not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n \n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\"  \nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\" \nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026 Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997).  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia . [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University]. \nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\"","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"collection_ssim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_ssm":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creator_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creators_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. 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She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons\u003c/title\u003e to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited \u003ctitle\u003eMemphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman\u003c/title\u003e, published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine, \u003ctitle\u003eGoldenseal\u003c/title\u003e. She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Dr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.","Dr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published  Our Mount Vernons  to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.","With Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine,  Goldenseal . She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans, A\u0026amp;M 4208, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans, A\u0026M 4208, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Bickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.","Marshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eColleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWritings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include: \u003ctitle\u003eMemphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman\u003c/title\u003e, \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990), \u003ctitle\u003eHonoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eHistory of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association\u003c/title\u003e (1979), \u003ctitle\u003eIn Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia\u003c/title\u003e, a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\" \u003ctitle\u003e... to be black in Fayette\u003c/title\u003e, and plays: \u003ctitle\u003eTwo Saint Say\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eMother Love\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eTangled Threads\u003c/title\u003e (with Maureen Crockett), \u003ctitle\u003eWade in the Water\u003c/title\u003e, and seven \u003ctitle\u003eGoldenseal\u003c/title\u003e articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAddendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations used in the Contents List:\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nAB - Ancella Bickley\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWVSC - West Virginia State College\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNB - Nelson Bickley\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNEA - National Education Association\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nUGRR - Underground Railroad\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMU - Marshall University\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWVU - West Virginia University\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nCGW - Carter G. Woodson\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. ","Subjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.","Colleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  ","Writings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include:  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990),  Honoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History ,  History of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association  (1979),  In Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955 ,  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia , a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\"  ... to be black in Fayette , and plays:  Two Saint Say ,  Mother Love ,  Tangled Threads  (with Maureen Crockett),  Wade in the Water , and seven  Goldenseal  articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. ","Addendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.","Abbreviations used in the Contents List: \nAB - Ancella Bickley \nWVSC - West Virginia State College \nNB - Nelson Bickley \nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison \nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones \nNEA - National Education Association \nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English \nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV \nUGRR - Underground Railroad \nMU - Marshall University \nWVU - West Virginia University \nCGW - Carter G. Woodson \nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson"],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\" \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\"\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026amp; Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997). \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia\u003c/title\u003e. [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University].\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Items not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n \n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\"  \nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\" \nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026 Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997).  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia . [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University]. \nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_6f25abedabab5822a513e8a3ea47bb48\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":502,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:14:08.437Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c01"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c04","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Jefferson County, WV","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCovers research about blacks in Charlestown and Harpers Ferry as well as other locations in Jefferson County. Materials include obituaries, school histories, correspondence, cemetery records, research notes, and more about school integration, Storer College, slave collars, Fisherman's Hall, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c04","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c04"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c04","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials"],"text":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Jefferson County, WV","Covers research about blacks in Charlestown and Harpers Ferry as well as other locations in Jefferson County. Materials include obituaries, school histories, correspondence, cemetery records, research notes, and more about school integration, Storer College, slave collars, Fisherman's Hall, and more."],"title_filing_ssi":"Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Jefferson County, WV","title_ssm":["Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Jefferson County, WV"],"title_tesim":["Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Jefferson County, WV"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1855–2004"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1855/2004"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Jefferson County, WV"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":7,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":263,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Requires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCovers research about blacks in Charlestown and Harpers Ferry as well as other locations in Jefferson County. Materials include obituaries, school histories, correspondence, cemetery records, research notes, and more about school integration, Storer College, slave collars, Fisherman's Hall, and more.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Covers research about blacks in Charlestown and Harpers Ferry as well as other locations in Jefferson County. Materials include obituaries, school histories, correspondence, cemetery records, research notes, and more about school integration, Storer College, slave collars, Fisherman's Hall, and more."],"_nest_path_":"/components#7/components#3","timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:14:08.437Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_6226.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/209044","title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"unitdate_ssm":["1775-2018 (Includes facsimiles)","1970-2011"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1970-2011"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1775-2018 (Includes facsimiles)"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226"],"text":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226","Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","African American women","Slavery -- West Virginia","Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","School integration -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- Ohio","African American Churches -- West Virginia","African American teachers -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Genealogy","West Virginia Feminist Activist Collection","Requires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII.","Dr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.","Dr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published  Our Mount Vernons  to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.","With Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine,  Goldenseal . She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind.","Bickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.","Marshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09.","This collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. ","Subjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.","Colleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  ","Writings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include:  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990),  Honoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History ,  History of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association  (1979),  In Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955 ,  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia , a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\"  ... to be black in Fayette , and plays:  Two Saint Say ,  Mother Love ,  Tangled Threads  (with Maureen Crockett),  Wade in the Water , and seven  Goldenseal  articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. ","Addendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.","Abbreviations used in the Contents List: \nAB - Ancella Bickley \nWVSC - West Virginia State College \nNB - Nelson Bickley \nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison \nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones \nNEA - National Education Association \nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English \nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV \nUGRR - Underground Railroad \nMU - Marshall University \nWVU - West Virginia University \nCGW - Carter G. Woodson \nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson","Items not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n \n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\"  \nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\" \nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026 Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997).  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia . [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University]. \nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\"","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"collection_ssim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_ssm":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creator_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creators_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American women","Slavery -- West Virginia","Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","School integration -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- Ohio","African American Churches -- West Virginia","African American teachers -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Genealogy","West Virginia Feminist Activist Collection"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American women","Slavery -- West Virginia","Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","School integration -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- Ohio","African American Churches -- West Virginia","African American teachers -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Genealogy","West Virginia Feminist Activist Collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["13.1 Linear Feet 13 ft. 1/2 in. (9 record cartons, 15 in. each); (3 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 document cases, 2 1/2 in. each); (1 flat storage box, 1 1/2 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["13.1 Linear Feet 13 ft. 1/2 in. 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She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons\u003c/title\u003e to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited \u003ctitle\u003eMemphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman\u003c/title\u003e, published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine, \u003ctitle\u003eGoldenseal\u003c/title\u003e. She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Dr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.","Dr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published  Our Mount Vernons  to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.","With Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine,  Goldenseal . She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans, A\u0026amp;M 4208, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans, A\u0026M 4208, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Bickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.","Marshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eColleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWritings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include: \u003ctitle\u003eMemphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman\u003c/title\u003e, \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990), \u003ctitle\u003eHonoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eHistory of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association\u003c/title\u003e (1979), \u003ctitle\u003eIn Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia\u003c/title\u003e, a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\" \u003ctitle\u003e... to be black in Fayette\u003c/title\u003e, and plays: \u003ctitle\u003eTwo Saint Say\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eMother Love\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eTangled Threads\u003c/title\u003e (with Maureen Crockett), \u003ctitle\u003eWade in the Water\u003c/title\u003e, and seven \u003ctitle\u003eGoldenseal\u003c/title\u003e articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAddendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations used in the Contents List:\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nAB - Ancella Bickley\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWVSC - West Virginia State College\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNB - Nelson Bickley\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNEA - National Education Association\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nUGRR - Underground Railroad\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMU - Marshall University\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWVU - West Virginia University\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nCGW - Carter G. Woodson\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. ","Subjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.","Colleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  ","Writings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include:  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990),  Honoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History ,  History of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association  (1979),  In Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955 ,  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia , a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\"  ... to be black in Fayette , and plays:  Two Saint Say ,  Mother Love ,  Tangled Threads  (with Maureen Crockett),  Wade in the Water , and seven  Goldenseal  articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. ","Addendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.","Abbreviations used in the Contents List: \nAB - Ancella Bickley \nWVSC - West Virginia State College \nNB - Nelson Bickley \nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison \nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones \nNEA - National Education Association \nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English \nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV \nUGRR - Underground Railroad \nMU - Marshall University \nWVU - West Virginia University \nCGW - Carter G. Woodson \nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson"],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\" \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\"\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026amp; Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997). \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia\u003c/title\u003e. [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University].\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Items not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n \n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\"  \nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\" \nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026 Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997).  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia . [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University]. \nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_6f25abedabab5822a513e8a3ea47bb48\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":502,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:14:08.437Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c04"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c05","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Kanawha County, WV","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c05#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCovers research about blacks in the WV Capitol, Charleston, and other locations in Kanawha County. Topics covered include slavery in the salt industry, biographies, wine cellars, and buildings. Contents include correspondence, facsimiles of documents, research papers, obituaries, newspaper clippings and more.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c05#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c05","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c05"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c05","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials"],"text":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Kanawha County, WV","Covers research about blacks in the WV Capitol, Charleston, and other locations in Kanawha County. Topics covered include slavery in the salt industry, biographies, wine cellars, and buildings. Contents include correspondence, facsimiles of documents, research papers, obituaries, newspaper clippings and more."],"title_filing_ssi":"Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Kanawha County, WV","title_ssm":["Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Kanawha County, WV"],"title_tesim":["Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Kanawha County, WV"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1824–2003"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1824/2003"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Kanawha County, WV"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":6,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":271,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Requires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCovers research about blacks in the WV Capitol, Charleston, and other locations in Kanawha County. Topics covered include slavery in the salt industry, biographies, wine cellars, and buildings. Contents include correspondence, facsimiles of documents, research papers, obituaries, newspaper clippings and more.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Covers research about blacks in the WV Capitol, Charleston, and other locations in Kanawha County. Topics covered include slavery in the salt industry, biographies, wine cellars, and buildings. Contents include correspondence, facsimiles of documents, research papers, obituaries, newspaper clippings and more."],"_nest_path_":"/components#7/components#4","timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:14:08.437Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_6226.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/209044","title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"unitdate_ssm":["1775-2018 (Includes facsimiles)","1970-2011"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1970-2011"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1775-2018 (Includes facsimiles)"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226"],"text":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226","Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","African American women","Slavery -- West Virginia","Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","School integration -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- Ohio","African American Churches -- West Virginia","African American teachers -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Genealogy","West Virginia Feminist Activist Collection","Requires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII.","Dr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.","Dr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published  Our Mount Vernons  to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.","With Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine,  Goldenseal . She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind.","Bickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.","Marshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09.","This collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. ","Subjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.","Colleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  ","Writings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include:  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990),  Honoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History ,  History of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association  (1979),  In Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955 ,  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia , a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\"  ... to be black in Fayette , and plays:  Two Saint Say ,  Mother Love ,  Tangled Threads  (with Maureen Crockett),  Wade in the Water , and seven  Goldenseal  articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. ","Addendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.","Abbreviations used in the Contents List: \nAB - Ancella Bickley \nWVSC - West Virginia State College \nNB - Nelson Bickley \nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison \nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones \nNEA - National Education Association \nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English \nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV \nUGRR - Underground Railroad \nMU - Marshall University \nWVU - West Virginia University \nCGW - Carter G. Woodson \nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson","Items not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n \n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\"  \nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\" \nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026 Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997).  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia . [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University]. \nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\"","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"collection_ssim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_ssm":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creator_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creators_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American women","Slavery -- West Virginia","Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","School integration -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- Ohio","African American Churches -- West Virginia","African American teachers -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Genealogy","West Virginia Feminist Activist Collection"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American women","Slavery -- West Virginia","Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","School integration -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- Ohio","African American Churches -- West Virginia","African American teachers -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Genealogy","West Virginia Feminist Activist Collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["13.1 Linear Feet 13 ft. 1/2 in. (9 record cartons, 15 in. each); (3 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 document cases, 2 1/2 in. each); (1 flat storage box, 1 1/2 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["13.1 Linear Feet 13 ft. 1/2 in. (9 record cartons, 15 in. each); (3 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 document cases, 2 1/2 in. each); (1 flat storage box, 1 1/2 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRequires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Requires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons\u003c/title\u003e to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited \u003ctitle\u003eMemphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman\u003c/title\u003e, published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine, \u003ctitle\u003eGoldenseal\u003c/title\u003e. She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Dr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.","Dr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published  Our Mount Vernons  to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.","With Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine,  Goldenseal . She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans, A\u0026amp;M 4208, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans, A\u0026M 4208, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Bickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.","Marshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eColleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWritings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include: \u003ctitle\u003eMemphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman\u003c/title\u003e, \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990), \u003ctitle\u003eHonoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eHistory of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association\u003c/title\u003e (1979), \u003ctitle\u003eIn Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia\u003c/title\u003e, a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\" \u003ctitle\u003e... to be black in Fayette\u003c/title\u003e, and plays: \u003ctitle\u003eTwo Saint Say\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eMother Love\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eTangled Threads\u003c/title\u003e (with Maureen Crockett), \u003ctitle\u003eWade in the Water\u003c/title\u003e, and seven \u003ctitle\u003eGoldenseal\u003c/title\u003e articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAddendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations used in the Contents List:\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nAB - Ancella Bickley\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWVSC - West Virginia State College\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNB - Nelson Bickley\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNEA - National Education Association\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nUGRR - Underground Railroad\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMU - Marshall University\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWVU - West Virginia University\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nCGW - Carter G. Woodson\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. ","Subjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.","Colleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  ","Writings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include:  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990),  Honoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History ,  History of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association  (1979),  In Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955 ,  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia , a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\"  ... to be black in Fayette , and plays:  Two Saint Say ,  Mother Love ,  Tangled Threads  (with Maureen Crockett),  Wade in the Water , and seven  Goldenseal  articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. ","Addendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.","Abbreviations used in the Contents List: \nAB - Ancella Bickley \nWVSC - West Virginia State College \nNB - Nelson Bickley \nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison \nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones \nNEA - National Education Association \nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English \nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV \nUGRR - Underground Railroad \nMU - Marshall University \nWVU - West Virginia University \nCGW - Carter G. Woodson \nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson"],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\" \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\"\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026amp; Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997). \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia\u003c/title\u003e. [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University].\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Items not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n \n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\"  \nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\" \nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026 Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997).  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia . [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University]. \nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_6f25abedabab5822a513e8a3ea47bb48\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. 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Research materials include photographs, correspondence, brochures, newspaper clippings, book pages, articles, interviews, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c06#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c06","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c06"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c06","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","Series 8. 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For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eExcludes Cabell, Jefferson, and Kanawha Counties which have separate subseries. Includes research materials about slavery, school integration, lynching, historic homes, and more researched by Bickley for these counties: Wayne, McDowell, Harrison, Greenbrier, Hardy, Fayette, Monongalia, Upshur, Wood, and Monroe; as well as the cities of Bluefield, Buckhannon, Keystone, Weirton, Weston, and Wheeling. Research materials include photographs, correspondence, brochures, newspaper clippings, book pages, articles, interviews, and more.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Excludes Cabell, Jefferson, and Kanawha Counties which have separate subseries. Includes research materials about slavery, school integration, lynching, historic homes, and more researched by Bickley for these counties: Wayne, McDowell, Harrison, Greenbrier, Hardy, Fayette, Monongalia, Upshur, Wood, and Monroe; as well as the cities of Bluefield, Buckhannon, Keystone, Weirton, Weston, and Wheeling. Research materials include photographs, correspondence, brochures, newspaper clippings, book pages, articles, interviews, and more."],"_nest_path_":"/components#7/components#5","timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:14:08.437Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_6226.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/209044","title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"unitdate_ssm":["1775-2018 (Includes facsimiles)","1970-2011"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1970-2011"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1775-2018 (Includes facsimiles)"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226"],"text":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226","Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","African American women","Slavery -- West Virginia","Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","School integration -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- Ohio","African American Churches -- West Virginia","African American teachers -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Genealogy","West Virginia Feminist Activist Collection","Requires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII.","Dr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.","Dr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published  Our Mount Vernons  to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.","With Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine,  Goldenseal . She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind.","Bickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.","Marshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09.","This collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. ","Subjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.","Colleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  ","Writings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include:  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990),  Honoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History ,  History of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association  (1979),  In Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955 ,  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia , a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\"  ... to be black in Fayette , and plays:  Two Saint Say ,  Mother Love ,  Tangled Threads  (with Maureen Crockett),  Wade in the Water , and seven  Goldenseal  articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. ","Addendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.","Abbreviations used in the Contents List: \nAB - Ancella Bickley \nWVSC - West Virginia State College \nNB - Nelson Bickley \nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison \nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones \nNEA - National Education Association \nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English \nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV \nUGRR - Underground Railroad \nMU - Marshall University \nWVU - West Virginia University \nCGW - Carter G. Woodson \nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson","Items not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n \n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\"  \nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\" \nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026 Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997).  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia . [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University]. \nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\"","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. 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She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons\u003c/title\u003e to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited \u003ctitle\u003eMemphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman\u003c/title\u003e, published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine, \u003ctitle\u003eGoldenseal\u003c/title\u003e. She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Dr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.","Dr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published  Our Mount Vernons  to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.","With Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine,  Goldenseal . She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans, A\u0026amp;M 4208, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans, A\u0026M 4208, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Bickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.","Marshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eColleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWritings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include: \u003ctitle\u003eMemphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman\u003c/title\u003e, \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990), \u003ctitle\u003eHonoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eHistory of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association\u003c/title\u003e (1979), \u003ctitle\u003eIn Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia\u003c/title\u003e, a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\" \u003ctitle\u003e... to be black in Fayette\u003c/title\u003e, and plays: \u003ctitle\u003eTwo Saint Say\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eMother Love\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eTangled Threads\u003c/title\u003e (with Maureen Crockett), \u003ctitle\u003eWade in the Water\u003c/title\u003e, and seven \u003ctitle\u003eGoldenseal\u003c/title\u003e articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAddendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations used in the Contents List:\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nAB - Ancella Bickley\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWVSC - West Virginia State College\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNB - Nelson Bickley\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNEA - National Education Association\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nUGRR - Underground Railroad\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMU - Marshall University\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWVU - West Virginia University\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nCGW - Carter G. Woodson\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. ","Subjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.","Colleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  ","Writings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include:  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990),  Honoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History ,  History of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association  (1979),  In Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955 ,  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia , a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\"  ... to be black in Fayette , and plays:  Two Saint Say ,  Mother Love ,  Tangled Threads  (with Maureen Crockett),  Wade in the Water , and seven  Goldenseal  articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. ","Addendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.","Abbreviations used in the Contents List: \nAB - Ancella Bickley \nWVSC - West Virginia State College \nNB - Nelson Bickley \nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison \nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones \nNEA - National Education Association \nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English \nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV \nUGRR - Underground Railroad \nMU - Marshall University \nWVU - West Virginia University \nCGW - Carter G. Woodson \nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson"],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\" \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\"\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026amp; Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997). \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia\u003c/title\u003e. [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University].\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Items not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n \n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\"  \nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\" \nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026 Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997).  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia . [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University]. \nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_6f25abedabab5822a513e8a3ea47bb48\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":502,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:14:08.437Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c06"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c10","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Slavery","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c10#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis subseries includes maps, research papers, newspaper clippings, letters, census data, newspaper articles, facsimiles of historical slave documents, and more. Other materials regarding slavery can be found in county subseries and the Underground Railroad Subseries.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c10#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c10","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c10"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c10","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials"],"text":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials","Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Slavery","This subseries includes maps, research papers, newspaper clippings, letters, census data, newspaper articles, facsimiles of historical slave documents, and more. Other materials regarding slavery can be found in county subseries and the Underground Railroad Subseries."],"title_filing_ssi":"Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Slavery","title_ssm":["Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Slavery"],"title_tesim":["Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Slavery"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1775–2011"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1775/2011"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Slavery"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":12,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":351,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Requires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis subseries includes maps, research papers, newspaper clippings, letters, census data, newspaper articles, facsimiles of historical slave documents, and more. Other materials regarding slavery can be found in county subseries and the Underground Railroad Subseries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This subseries includes maps, research papers, newspaper clippings, letters, census data, newspaper articles, facsimiles of historical slave documents, and more. Other materials regarding slavery can be found in county subseries and the Underground Railroad Subseries."],"_nest_path_":"/components#7/components#9","timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:14:08.437Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_6226.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/209044","title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"unitdate_ssm":["1775-2018 (Includes facsimiles)","1970-2011"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1970-2011"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1775-2018 (Includes facsimiles)"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226"],"text":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226","Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","African American women","Slavery -- West Virginia","Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","School integration -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- Ohio","African American Churches -- West Virginia","African American teachers -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Genealogy","West Virginia Feminist Activist Collection","Requires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII.","Dr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.","Dr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published  Our Mount Vernons  to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.","With Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine,  Goldenseal . She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind.","Bickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.","Marshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09.","This collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. ","Subjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.","Colleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  ","Writings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include:  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990),  Honoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History ,  History of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association  (1979),  In Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955 ,  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia , a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\"  ... to be black in Fayette , and plays:  Two Saint Say ,  Mother Love ,  Tangled Threads  (with Maureen Crockett),  Wade in the Water , and seven  Goldenseal  articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. ","Addendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.","Abbreviations used in the Contents List: \nAB - Ancella Bickley \nWVSC - West Virginia State College \nNB - Nelson Bickley \nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison \nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones \nNEA - National Education Association \nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English \nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV \nUGRR - Underground Railroad \nMU - Marshall University \nWVU - West Virginia University \nCGW - Carter G. Woodson \nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson","Items not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n \n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\"  \nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\" \nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026 Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997).  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia . [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University]. \nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\"","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"collection_ssim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_ssm":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creator_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creators_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American women","Slavery -- West Virginia","Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","School integration -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- Ohio","African American Churches -- West Virginia","African American teachers -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Genealogy","West Virginia Feminist Activist Collection"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American women","Slavery -- West Virginia","Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","School integration -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- Ohio","African American Churches -- West Virginia","African American teachers -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Genealogy","West Virginia Feminist Activist Collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["13.1 Linear Feet 13 ft. 1/2 in. (9 record cartons, 15 in. each); (3 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 document cases, 2 1/2 in. each); (1 flat storage box, 1 1/2 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["13.1 Linear Feet 13 ft. 1/2 in. (9 record cartons, 15 in. each); (3 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 document cases, 2 1/2 in. each); (1 flat storage box, 1 1/2 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRequires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Requires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons\u003c/title\u003e to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited \u003ctitle\u003eMemphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman\u003c/title\u003e, published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine, \u003ctitle\u003eGoldenseal\u003c/title\u003e. She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Dr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.","Dr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published  Our Mount Vernons  to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.","With Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine,  Goldenseal . She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans, A\u0026amp;M 4208, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans, A\u0026M 4208, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Bickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.","Marshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eColleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWritings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include: \u003ctitle\u003eMemphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman\u003c/title\u003e, \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990), \u003ctitle\u003eHonoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eHistory of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association\u003c/title\u003e (1979), \u003ctitle\u003eIn Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia\u003c/title\u003e, a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\" \u003ctitle\u003e... to be black in Fayette\u003c/title\u003e, and plays: \u003ctitle\u003eTwo Saint Say\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eMother Love\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eTangled Threads\u003c/title\u003e (with Maureen Crockett), \u003ctitle\u003eWade in the Water\u003c/title\u003e, and seven \u003ctitle\u003eGoldenseal\u003c/title\u003e articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAddendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations used in the Contents List:\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nAB - Ancella Bickley\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWVSC - West Virginia State College\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNB - Nelson Bickley\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNEA - National Education Association\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nUGRR - Underground Railroad\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMU - Marshall University\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWVU - West Virginia University\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nCGW - Carter G. Woodson\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. ","Subjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.","Colleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  ","Writings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include:  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990),  Honoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History ,  History of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association  (1979),  In Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955 ,  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia , a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\"  ... to be black in Fayette , and plays:  Two Saint Say ,  Mother Love ,  Tangled Threads  (with Maureen Crockett),  Wade in the Water , and seven  Goldenseal  articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. ","Addendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.","Abbreviations used in the Contents List: \nAB - Ancella Bickley \nWVSC - West Virginia State College \nNB - Nelson Bickley \nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison \nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones \nNEA - National Education Association \nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English \nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV \nUGRR - Underground Railroad \nMU - Marshall University \nWVU - West Virginia University \nCGW - Carter G. Woodson \nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson"],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\" \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\"\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026amp; Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997). \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia\u003c/title\u003e. [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University].\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Items not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n \n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\"  \nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\" \nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026 Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997).  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia . [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University]. \nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_6f25abedabab5822a513e8a3ea47bb48\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":502,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:14:08.437Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c10"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c11","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Underground Railroad","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c11#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis subseries includes text of a speech made by Bickley, books, slides, photographs, brochures, post cards, correspondence, maps, and more. The materials focus on parts of Ohio across the river from Huntington as well as West Virginia. Some topics are quilt codes, abolitionists, runaway slaves, location of Underground Railroad sites, and more.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c11#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c11","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c11"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c11","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","Series 8. 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Research Notes and Collected Materials--Underground Railroad"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1799–2013"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1799/2013"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series 8. Research Notes and Collected Materials--Underground Railroad"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":16,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":364,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Requires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis subseries includes text of a speech made by Bickley, books, slides, photographs, brochures, post cards, correspondence, maps, and more. The materials focus on parts of Ohio across the river from Huntington as well as West Virginia. Some topics are quilt codes, abolitionists, runaway slaves, location of Underground Railroad sites, and more.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This subseries includes text of a speech made by Bickley, books, slides, photographs, brochures, post cards, correspondence, maps, and more. The materials focus on parts of Ohio across the river from Huntington as well as West Virginia. Some topics are quilt codes, abolitionists, runaway slaves, location of Underground Railroad sites, and more."],"_nest_path_":"/components#7/components#10","timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:14:08.437Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_6226.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/209044","title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"unitdate_ssm":["1775-2018 (Includes facsimiles)","1970-2011"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1970-2011"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1775-2018 (Includes facsimiles)"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226"],"text":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226","Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans","African American women","Slavery -- West Virginia","Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","School integration -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- Ohio","African American Churches -- West Virginia","African American teachers -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Genealogy","West Virginia Feminist Activist Collection","Requires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII.","Dr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.","Dr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published  Our Mount Vernons  to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.","With Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine,  Goldenseal . She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind.","Bickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.","Marshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09.","This collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. ","Subjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.","Colleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  ","Writings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include:  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990),  Honoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History ,  History of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association  (1979),  In Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955 ,  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia , a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\"  ... to be black in Fayette , and plays:  Two Saint Say ,  Mother Love ,  Tangled Threads  (with Maureen Crockett),  Wade in the Water , and seven  Goldenseal  articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. ","Addendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.","Abbreviations used in the Contents List: \nAB - Ancella Bickley \nWVSC - West Virginia State College \nNB - Nelson Bickley \nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison \nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones \nNEA - National Education Association \nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English \nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV \nUGRR - Underground Railroad \nMU - Marshall University \nWVU - West Virginia University \nCGW - Carter G. Woodson \nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson","Items not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n \n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\"  \nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\" \nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026 Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997).  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia . [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University]. \nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\"","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 4208","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6226"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"collection_ssim":["Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_ssm":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creator_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"creators_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American women","Slavery -- West Virginia","Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","School integration -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- Ohio","African American Churches -- West Virginia","African American teachers -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Genealogy","West Virginia Feminist Activist Collection"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American women","Slavery -- West Virginia","Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","School integration -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- West Virginia","Underground Railroad -- Ohio","African American Churches -- West Virginia","African American teachers -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- Education -- West Virginia","African Americans -- Genealogy","West Virginia Feminist Activist Collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["13.1 Linear Feet 13 ft. 1/2 in. (9 record cartons, 15 in. each); (3 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 document cases, 2 1/2 in. each); (1 flat storage box, 1 1/2 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["13.1 Linear Feet 13 ft. 1/2 in. (9 record cartons, 15 in. each); (3 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 document cases, 2 1/2 in. each); (1 flat storage box, 1 1/2 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRequires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Requires signed form for box 1, folders 8, 16, and 17, since special access restriction applies due to PII."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons\u003c/title\u003e to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited \u003ctitle\u003eMemphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman\u003c/title\u003e, published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine, \u003ctitle\u003eGoldenseal\u003c/title\u003e. She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Dr. Ancella Radford Bickley, author, historian, and educator, grew up in segregated Huntington, West Virginia, where she was born in 1930.  She graduated from Douglass High School in 1947 and went on to attend West Virginia State College, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a degree in English.  She was the first full time black student at Marshall University and received her master's degree in English in 1954.  She received her Ed.D. in English from West Virginia University in 1974.  Dr. Bickley was a teacher at all educational levels and was Vice-President for Academic Affairs at West Virginia State College where she retired in 1986.  She continued to research, write, and speak from her retirement home in Florida where she lived with her husband Nelson.  Some of her accolades include the Mountain State Bar Association's Distinguished Citizen Award, 1978; the National Education Association's The Carter G. Woodson Memorial Award, 1980; West Virginia Woman of the Year, 1984; the West Virginia State College Alumnus of the Year, 1988; and was a Rockefeller Foundation Scholar at Marshall University in 1999.","Dr. Bickley was a prolific speaker and in addtion to the speeches, she authored many stories, plays, and articles.  In 1997, she published  Our Mount Vernons  to identify sites significant to West Virginia black history.","With Lynda Ann Ewen, she co-edited  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , published by Ohio University Press. She has written stories and articles for publications including West Virginia cultural magazine,  Goldenseal . She wrote a history of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans, A\u0026amp;M 4208, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ancella Bickley, Historian, Research Papers regarding African-Americans, A\u0026M 4208, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Bickley, Ancella Collection. Materials relating to African-American history including annual West Virginia Conferences on Black History, 1908-1996. 3 boxes. Ms2003-182, at the West Virginia State Archives.","Marshall University Oral History Collection, Accession Number 1973/01.0064, also includes the oral history transcripts in this collection's addendum of 2017/02/09."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eColleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWritings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include: \u003ctitle\u003eMemphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman\u003c/title\u003e, \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990), \u003ctitle\u003eHonoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eHistory of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association\u003c/title\u003e (1979), \u003ctitle\u003eIn Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia\u003c/title\u003e, a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\" \u003ctitle\u003e... to be black in Fayette\u003c/title\u003e, and plays: \u003ctitle\u003eTwo Saint Say\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eMother Love\u003c/title\u003e, \u003ctitle\u003eTangled Threads\u003c/title\u003e (with Maureen Crockett), \u003ctitle\u003eWade in the Water\u003c/title\u003e, and seven \u003ctitle\u003eGoldenseal\u003c/title\u003e articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAddendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations used in the Contents List:\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nAB - Ancella Bickley\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWVSC - West Virginia State College\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNB - Nelson Bickley\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNEA - National Education Association\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nUGRR - Underground Railroad\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMU - Marshall University\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWVU - West Virginia University\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nCGW - Carter G. Woodson\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection documents the research, public service, and life of Ancella Bickley, writer, educator, speaker, and historian. Includes writings, research materials, and more, focusing on the history of African Americans in West Virginia and the black experience in West Virginia. Collected research materials are predominantly facsimiles.  Printed formats include correspondence, clippings, interview transcripts, typescript writings, publications, pamphlets, ephemera, speeches, articles, military records, and more.  Other formats include photographs, slides, and audiocassettes. ","Subjects include Dr. Bickley's writings, which include plays, speeches, and short stories as well as her historical books, articles and other publications; collected materials from Dr. Bickley's historical research on the history of African Americans in West Virginia; and personal papers. Her research materials include papers grouped sometimes by county, sometimes by individual, sometimes by subject. Subjects of her research include slavery, education, churches, biography and genealogy, literature, and more.  Specific subjects include the Underground Railroad, James McHenry Jones, genealogy, Carter G. Woodson, Mollie Gabe, West Virginia Colored Institute/West Virginia State College, John W. Davis, black high schools, school integration, and more. Counties and their cities with specific focus include Cabell, Kanawha, and Jefferson.  Some documents treating slavery and the Underground Railroad include Ohio from which Cabell County blacks, including Bickley's ancestors, migrated.","Colleagues with whom she corresponded include Judith Stitzel, Nelson Barnett, Maureen Crockett (with whom she co-wrote at least one play), and many more. Of significance is correspondence between Carter G. Woodson and his sister, Bessie Woodson Yancey; and letters and a signed photo from Alex Haley.  ","Writings, research background, and drafts of Dr. Bickley's works found within the collection include:  Memphis Tennessee Garrison: The Remarkable Story of a Black Appalachian Woman , \"Midwifery in West Virginia\" (1990),  Honoring our Past: Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History ,  History of the West Virginia State Teachers' Association  (1979),  In Spite of Obstacles: a History of the West Virginia Schools for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 1926-1955 ,  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia , a short story collection \"Turn Left at the Desert,\"  ... to be black in Fayette , and plays:  Two Saint Say ,  Mother Love ,  Tangled Threads  (with Maureen Crockett),  Wade in the Water , and seven  Goldenseal  articles. \nGrant applications and other documents pertaining to her work with the Humanities Council of West Virginia are included in the collection. Other documents describe her work with the Kanawha County Board of Education, EcoTheater, Berea College's Black Mountain Youth Leadership program, and various professional organizations.   \nPersonal papers include material about her husband Nelson R. Bickley and his military career, diplomas, transcripts, photographs of a party she held, and more. ","Addendum of 2017/02/09 (boxes 11 and 12) includes papers of Dr. Ancella R. Bickley, with a few papers of her daughter Ancella Livers. Formats include interview transcripts, correspondence, clippings, typescript writings, publications, cassettes, and more. Most of these materials are transcripts of oral histories pertaining to a collaborative project undertaken by Dr. Bickley and Dr. Rita Wicks-Nelson about black teachers and their memories of school integration in West Virginia in affiliation with the Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Gender in Appalachia at Marshall University.","Abbreviations used in the Contents List: \nAB - Ancella Bickley \nWVSC - West Virginia State College \nNB - Nelson Bickley \nMTG - Memphis Tennessee Garrison \nJMJ - J. McHenry Jones \nNEA - National Education Association \nNCTE - National Council of Teachers of English \nMo So Lit Club - Matrons and Maids Social and Literary Club, McDowell County, WV \nUGRR - Underground Railroad \nMU - Marshall University \nWVU - West Virginia University \nCGW - Carter G. Woodson \nRW-N  - Rita Wicks-Nelson"],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\" \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\"\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026amp; Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997). \u003ctitle\u003eOur Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia\u003c/title\u003e. [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University].\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Items not held in the WVRHC collection which were sent to the Rare Books Curator:\n \n1969/70 edition of \"The Black Student at WVU\"  \nBulletin of West Virginia State College, Series 21, no. 1, June 1933. \"Why Choose West Virginia State College\" \nBickley, A. R., Carter, G. W. M. F. I., \u0026 Marshall University, H. W. V. D. A. (1997).  Our Mount Vernons: historic register listings of sites significant to the Black history of West Virginia . [Huntington, WV] : [Carter G. Woodson Memorial Foundation of Huntington and the Drinko Academy at Marshall University]. \nBooklet, \"History of African-American Miners in Appalachian Coal Fields: Black History Month, February, 2000\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_6f25abedabab5822a513e8a3ea47bb48\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)","Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia State College (Institute, W. Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Bickley, Ancella R.","Wicks-Nelson, Rita, 1933-","Bickley, Nelson R., 1928-2021","Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875-1950","Garrison, Memphis Tennessee, 1890-1988","Yancey, Bessie Woodson, 1882-1958"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":502,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:14:08.437Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6226_c08_c11"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c03_c02","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Sheet music","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c03_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c03_c02","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c03_c02"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c03_c02","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c03","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c03","parent_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c03"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c03"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans","Series 3: Minstrel Shows"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans","Series 3: Minstrel Shows"],"text":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans","Series 3: Minstrel Shows","Sheet music"],"title_filing_ssi":"Sheet music","title_ssm":["Sheet music"],"title_tesim":["Sheet music"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1843-1974"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1843/1974"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Sheet music"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":20,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":240,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"date_range_isim":[1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1","timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:10:15.256Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9853","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9853.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans","title_ssm":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans"],"title_tesim":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans"],"unitdate_ssm":["1806-2017"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1806-2017"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00317","/repositories/2/resources/9853"],"text":["MS 00317","/repositories/2/resources/9853","Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans","Comic books, strips, etc","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Racism in popular culture","Drawings (visual works)","Motion pictures (visual work)","Sheet music","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","This collection is arranged into nine series: Research files, Collecting records, Minstrel shows, Scrapbooks and portfolios, Original artwork, Print and poster reproductions, Newspapers, Printed materials, and Audiovisual materials. ","Published books and comics can be found in our Rare Books collection.","Richard Wright (1946-2019) grew up in New York and attended college at Bradley University in Peoria, IL on an academic scholarship. He originally planned to study chemistry but graduated with a Bachelor of Political Science instead. ","\nWright moved to Stamford, Connecticut, where he met and married Minister Deborah V. P. Wright (1953-2012). They had three children together: Aaron Person, Joslynn S. Hamlet, and Porchia M. W. Smith.","\nWright spent the bulk of his career working as a court officer in the social services Department of Child Support in Connecticut until his retirement in 2013. He then moved to Williamsburg, Virgina, where he lived until his passing in 2019.","\nHe was an active member of Faith Tabernacle Missionary Baptist Church in Stamford, Connecticut. He served as a member of the trustee board, and sang in the Male Chorus and Inspirational Choir. Upon relocating to Williamsburg, VA, he joined Colossian Baptist Church in Newport News, and once again served as a choir member. ","\nOutside of the church, Wright also served as the president of the Stamford Chapter of the NAACP, was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc., and worked as a volunteer and mentor for a substance abuse rehabilitation program called Liberation House.","\nWhile living in Stamford, Wright began collecting Black comic books in 1986 because \"he wanted to have a hobby.\" His collection eventually grew beyond comics to include books, art works, photographs, and audio visual materials on the same topic. He saw the images that he collected over the years as a way to better tell the story of the depiction of Black Americans in visual media. In 2019, Wright donated his collection to William \u0026 Mary so that it might be \"a helpful resource to students\" in the future.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.","Comic book volumes and other published materials included with this collection have been transfered to Rare Books and cataloged individually.","This collection, compiled by Richard Wright, focuses on the evolution of the Black American image in print media, cartoons and comics. Wright organized his own historical timeline titled \"Good Clean Fun: Blacks in Comics,\" also referred to as \"Clean Fun: Blacks in Comics,\" in a series of binders with artist biographies and time period summaries. Item titles have been retained from the original labels.","Materials in this collection include: books, comic books, magazines, prints, reference books, slides, photographs, CDs, DVDs, sheet music, newspaper strips, lithographs, and artwork. ","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00317","/repositories/2/resources/9853"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans"],"collection_title_tesim":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans"],"collection_ssim":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Richard Wright."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Comic books, strips, etc","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Racism in popular culture","Drawings (visual works)","Motion pictures (visual work)","Sheet music"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Comic books, strips, etc","African Americans--Caricatures and cartoons","Racism in popular culture","Drawings (visual works)","Motion pictures (visual work)","Sheet music"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["21.68 Linear Feet 52 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["21.68 Linear Feet 52 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Drawings (visual works)","Motion pictures (visual work)","Sheet music"],"date_range_isim":[1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged into nine series: Research files, Collecting records, Minstrel shows, Scrapbooks and portfolios, Original artwork, Print and poster reproductions, Newspapers, Printed materials, and Audiovisual materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePublished books and comics can be found in our Rare Books collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged into nine series: Research files, Collecting records, Minstrel shows, Scrapbooks and portfolios, Original artwork, Print and poster reproductions, Newspapers, Printed materials, and Audiovisual materials. ","Published books and comics can be found in our Rare Books collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRichard Wright (1946-2019) grew up in New York and attended college at Bradley University in Peoria, IL on an academic scholarship. He originally planned to study chemistry but graduated with a Bachelor of Political Science instead. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nWright moved to Stamford, Connecticut, where he met and married Minister Deborah V. P. Wright (1953-2012). They had three children together: Aaron Person, Joslynn S. Hamlet, and Porchia M. W. Smith.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nWright spent the bulk of his career working as a court officer in the social services Department of Child Support in Connecticut until his retirement in 2013. He then moved to Williamsburg, Virgina, where he lived until his passing in 2019.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nHe was an active member of Faith Tabernacle Missionary Baptist Church in Stamford, Connecticut. He served as a member of the trustee board, and sang in the Male Chorus and Inspirational Choir. Upon relocating to Williamsburg, VA, he joined Colossian Baptist Church in Newport News, and once again served as a choir member. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nOutside of the church, Wright also served as the president of the Stamford Chapter of the NAACP, was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc., and worked as a volunteer and mentor for a substance abuse rehabilitation program called Liberation House.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nWhile living in Stamford, Wright began collecting Black comic books in 1986 because \"he wanted to have a hobby.\" His collection eventually grew beyond comics to include books, art works, photographs, and audio visual materials on the same topic. He saw the images that he collected over the years as a way to better tell the story of the depiction of Black Americans in visual media. In 2019, Wright donated his collection to William \u0026amp; Mary so that it might be \"a helpful resource to students\" in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Richard Wright (1946-2019) grew up in New York and attended college at Bradley University in Peoria, IL on an academic scholarship. He originally planned to study chemistry but graduated with a Bachelor of Political Science instead. ","\nWright moved to Stamford, Connecticut, where he met and married Minister Deborah V. P. Wright (1953-2012). They had three children together: Aaron Person, Joslynn S. Hamlet, and Porchia M. W. Smith.","\nWright spent the bulk of his career working as a court officer in the social services Department of Child Support in Connecticut until his retirement in 2013. He then moved to Williamsburg, Virgina, where he lived until his passing in 2019.","\nHe was an active member of Faith Tabernacle Missionary Baptist Church in Stamford, Connecticut. He served as a member of the trustee board, and sang in the Male Chorus and Inspirational Choir. Upon relocating to Williamsburg, VA, he joined Colossian Baptist Church in Newport News, and once again served as a choir member. ","\nOutside of the church, Wright also served as the president of the Stamford Chapter of the NAACP, was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc., and worked as a volunteer and mentor for a substance abuse rehabilitation program called Liberation House.","\nWhile living in Stamford, Wright began collecting Black comic books in 1986 because \"he wanted to have a hobby.\" His collection eventually grew beyond comics to include books, art works, photographs, and audio visual materials on the same topic. He saw the images that he collected over the years as a way to better tell the story of the depiction of Black Americans in visual media. In 2019, Wright donated his collection to William \u0026 Mary so that it might be \"a helpful resource to students\" in the future."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam \u0026amp; Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["William \u0026 Mary Libraries' archival, digital and physical collections may contain content with harmful language or difficult subject matters. We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRichard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Richard Wright Collection of Graphic Images of African Americans, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eComic book volumes and other published materials included with this collection have been transfered to Rare Books and cataloged individually.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Comic book volumes and other published materials included with this collection have been transfered to Rare Books and cataloged individually."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection, compiled by Richard Wright, focuses on the evolution of the Black American image in print media, cartoons and comics. Wright organized his own historical timeline titled \"Good Clean Fun: Blacks in Comics,\" also referred to as \"Clean Fun: Blacks in Comics,\" in a series of binders with artist biographies and time period summaries. Item titles have been retained from the original labels.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials in this collection include: books, comic books, magazines, prints, reference books, slides, photographs, CDs, DVDs, sheet music, newspaper strips, lithographs, and artwork. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection, compiled by Richard Wright, focuses on the evolution of the Black American image in print media, cartoons and comics. Wright organized his own historical timeline titled \"Good Clean Fun: Blacks in Comics,\" also referred to as \"Clean Fun: Blacks in Comics,\" in a series of binders with artist biographies and time period summaries. Item titles have been retained from the original labels.","Materials in this collection include: books, comic books, magazines, prints, reference books, slides, photographs, CDs, DVDs, sheet music, newspaper strips, lithographs, and artwork. "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":987,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:10:15.256Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9853_c03_c02"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9004_c01_c01","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Skipwith correspondence, map, and other dated papers","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9004_c01_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9004_c01_c01","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9004_c01_c01"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9004_c01_c01","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9004","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9004","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9004_c01","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9004_c01","parent_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9004","viw_repositories_2_resources_9004_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9004","viw_repositories_2_resources_9004_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Skipwith Family papers","Series 1: Skipwith Correspondence, Manuscripts, Manuscript Volumes, Fulwar Skipwith Notebooks, Map"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Skipwith Family papers","Series 1: Skipwith Correspondence, Manuscripts, Manuscript Volumes, Fulwar Skipwith Notebooks, Map"],"text":["Skipwith Family papers","Series 1: Skipwith Correspondence, Manuscripts, Manuscript Volumes, Fulwar Skipwith Notebooks, Map","Skipwith correspondence, map, and other dated papers"],"title_filing_ssi":"Skipwith correspondence, map, and other dated papers","title_ssm":["Skipwith correspondence, map, and other dated papers"],"title_tesim":["Skipwith correspondence, map, and other dated papers"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1760-1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1760/1977"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Skipwith correspondence, map, and other dated papers"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Skipwith Family papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":21,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":2,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"date_range_isim":[1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#0","timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:15:57.381Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9004","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9004","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9004","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9004","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9004.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Skipwith Family papers","title_ssm":["Skipwith Family papers"],"title_tesim":["Skipwith Family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1760-1977, and undated"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1760-1977, and undated"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 65 Sk3","/repositories/2/resources/9004"],"text":["Mss. 65 Sk3","/repositories/2/resources/9004","Skipwith Family papers","Virginia--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775","Education--Virginia--History--19th century","Farm management--Virginia--History--19th century","French language--Study and teaching","Gardening--Virginia","Prestwould (Virginia : Estate)","Correspondence","Financial records","Receipts (financial records)","approximately 7000 items","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Processed by Anne Lewis and Deborah W. Smith during 1977-1978.","See also the manuscript volume of Peyton Horatio Skipwith, Jr.  (Mss. MsV Skipwith); Robert Skipwith Papers (Mss. 74s Sk3); Robert Skipwith Diaries (Mss. 65 Sk4).  A picture of the Skipwith Pianoforte is in the University Archives Photograph Collection (P2000.49)."," 2008.257 Lady Jean Skipwith Collection.","The collection contains, business papers, correspondence, accounts and the farm notes of Sir Peyton Skipwith of Mecklenburg Co., Va., son Humberstone Skipwith and Humberstone Skipwith's wives and children, especially Fulwar Skipwith. Papers are primarily business in nature and reflect the management of \"Prestwould.\""," Papers also concern the development of Lady Skipwith's library, the education of Fulwar Skipwith and his brother Grey Skipwith. Manuscript volumes concern farm accounts, gardening, the study of French and Fulwar Skipwith's lists of books.","Oversize Folder 1: Formerly Box VII, folder 5a oversize file: Feb 1, 1798 manuscript map entitled Sir Peyton Skipwith's land A.D. 1798, Joh Hill Cartographer.\nOBox XXI, Folder 33 medium oversize file, House Plans including photostat."," Skipwith Family Papers in Swem Library's microform area, 14 reels, call number HD 1471 .U5 R43 ser. L part 3","A portion of the library of Lady Jean Skipwith is in the Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Skipwith Family","Skipwith, Fulwar, 1836-1900","Skipwith, Humberston, 1791-1863","Skipwith, Jean Miller, 1748-1826","English"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 65 Sk3","/repositories/2/resources/9004"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Skipwith Family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Skipwith Family papers"],"collection_ssim":["Skipwith Family papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775"],"creator_ssm":["Skipwith Family","Skipwith, Fulwar, 1836-1900","Skipwith, Humberston, 1791-1863","Skipwith, Jean Miller, 1748-1826"],"creator_ssim":["Skipwith Family","Skipwith, Fulwar, 1836-1900","Skipwith, Humberston, 1791-1863","Skipwith, Jean Miller, 1748-1826"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Skipwith, Fulwar, 1836-1900","Skipwith, Humberston, 1791-1863","Skipwith, Jean Miller, 1748-1826"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Skipwith Family"],"creators_ssim":["Skipwith, Fulwar, 1836-1900","Skipwith, Humberston, 1791-1863","Skipwith, Jean Miller, 1748-1826","Skipwith Family"],"places_ssim":["Virginia--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated to Special Collections Research Center in batches between 1947 and 1983 by Dr. and Mrs. John W. Price, Jr., J. Wilfred Lambert through Mrs. Louise Kale, and Mrs. William M. Reid, Jr."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Education--Virginia--History--19th century","Farm management--Virginia--History--19th century","French language--Study and teaching","Gardening--Virginia","Prestwould (Virginia : Estate)","Correspondence","Financial records","Receipts (financial records)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Education--Virginia--History--19th century","Farm management--Virginia--History--19th century","French language--Study and teaching","Gardening--Virginia","Prestwould (Virginia : Estate)","Correspondence","Financial records","Receipts (financial records)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["approximately 7000 items"],"extent_ssm":["13.20 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["13.20 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Financial records","Receipts (financial records)"],"date_range_isim":[1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSkipwith Family Papers, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Skipwith Family Papers, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Anne Lewis and Deborah W. Smith during 1977-1978.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Anne Lewis and Deborah W. Smith during 1977-1978."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also the manuscript volume of Peyton Horatio Skipwith, Jr.  (Mss. MsV Skipwith); Robert Skipwith Papers (Mss. 74s Sk3); Robert Skipwith Diaries (Mss. 65 Sk4).  A picture of the Skipwith Pianoforte is in the University Archives Photograph Collection (P2000.49).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e 2008.257 Lady Jean Skipwith Collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also the manuscript volume of Peyton Horatio Skipwith, Jr.  (Mss. MsV Skipwith); Robert Skipwith Papers (Mss. 74s Sk3); Robert Skipwith Diaries (Mss. 65 Sk4).  A picture of the Skipwith Pianoforte is in the University Archives Photograph Collection (P2000.49)."," 2008.257 Lady Jean Skipwith Collection."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains, business papers, correspondence, accounts and the farm notes of Sir Peyton Skipwith of Mecklenburg Co., Va., son Humberstone Skipwith and Humberstone Skipwith's wives and children, especially Fulwar Skipwith. Papers are primarily business in nature and reflect the management of \"Prestwould.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Papers also concern the development of Lady Skipwith's library, the education of Fulwar Skipwith and his brother Grey Skipwith. Manuscript volumes concern farm accounts, gardening, the study of French and Fulwar Skipwith's lists of books.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOversize Folder 1: Formerly Box VII, folder 5a oversize file: Feb 1, 1798 manuscript map entitled Sir Peyton Skipwith's land A.D. 1798, Joh Hill Cartographer.\nOBox XXI, Folder 33 medium oversize file, House Plans including photostat.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Skipwith Family Papers in Swem Library's microform area, 14 reels, call number HD 1471 .U5 R43 ser. L part 3\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains, business papers, correspondence, accounts and the farm notes of Sir Peyton Skipwith of Mecklenburg Co., Va., son Humberstone Skipwith and Humberstone Skipwith's wives and children, especially Fulwar Skipwith. Papers are primarily business in nature and reflect the management of \"Prestwould.\""," Papers also concern the development of Lady Skipwith's library, the education of Fulwar Skipwith and his brother Grey Skipwith. Manuscript volumes concern farm accounts, gardening, the study of French and Fulwar Skipwith's lists of books.","Oversize Folder 1: Formerly Box VII, folder 5a oversize file: Feb 1, 1798 manuscript map entitled Sir Peyton Skipwith's land A.D. 1798, Joh Hill Cartographer.\nOBox XXI, Folder 33 medium oversize file, House Plans including photostat."," Skipwith Family Papers in Swem Library's microform area, 14 reels, call number HD 1471 .U5 R43 ser. L part 3"],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA portion of the library of Lady Jean Skipwith is in the Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials:"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["A portion of the library of Lady Jean Skipwith is in the Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Skipwith Family","Skipwith, Fulwar, 1836-1900","Skipwith, Humberston, 1791-1863","Skipwith, Jean Miller, 1748-1826"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"famname_ssim":["Skipwith Family"],"persname_ssim":["Skipwith, Fulwar, 1836-1900","Skipwith, Humberston, 1791-1863","Skipwith, Jean Miller, 1748-1826"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1562,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:15:57.381Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9004_c01_c01"}},{"id":"viu_viu00917_c01_c28_c21","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"S. Special. Arranged in alphabetical\n                     order. Includes time records of the following:\n                     Allegheny Iron Mountain Mining Company, Exyra\n                     Time, Low Moor Club - Mrs. H. D. Hitchens, Low\n                     Moor Theater - J. A. Hibbert, Night Time Book,\n                     Mrs. Norcross Office Time Book, Workers' Daily\n                     Production Records, Prospecting, Railroad\n                     Maintenance, Shops, Surface, and\n                     Washer","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c01_c28_c21#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c01_c28_c21","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00917_c01_c28_c21"],"id":"viu_viu00917_c01_c28_c21","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917_c01_c28","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c01_c28","parent_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c01","viu_viu00917_c01_c28"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c01","viu_viu00917_c01_c28"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Time Books"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Time Books"],"text":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Time Books","S. Special. Arranged in alphabetical\n                     order. Includes time records of the following:\n                     Allegheny Iron Mountain Mining Company, Exyra\n                     Time, Low Moor Club - Mrs. H. D. Hitchens, Low\n                     Moor Theater - J. A. Hibbert, Night Time Book,\n                     Mrs. Norcross Office Time Book, Workers' Daily\n                     Production Records, Prospecting, Railroad\n                     Maintenance, Shops, Surface, and\n                     Washer","14 volumes"],"title_filing_ssi":"S. Special. Arranged in alphabetical\n                     order. Includes time records of the following:\n                     Allegheny Iron Mountain Mining Company, Exyra\n                     Time, Low Moor Club - Mrs. H. D. Hitchens, Low\n                     Moor Theater - J. A. Hibbert, Night Time Book,\n                     Mrs. Norcross Office Time Book, Workers' Daily\n                     Production Records, Prospecting, Railroad\n                     Maintenance, Shops, Surface, and\n                     Washer","title_ssm":["S. Special. Arranged in alphabetical\n                     order. Includes time records of the following:\n                     Allegheny Iron Mountain Mining Company, Exyra\n                     Time, Low Moor Club - Mrs. H. D. Hitchens, Low\n                     Moor Theater - J. A. Hibbert, Night Time Book,\n                     Mrs. Norcross Office Time Book, Workers' Daily\n                     Production Records, Prospecting, Railroad\n                     Maintenance, Shops, Surface, and\n                     Washer"],"title_tesim":["S. Special. Arranged in alphabetical\n                     order. Includes time records of the following:\n                     Allegheny Iron Mountain Mining Company, Exyra\n                     Time, Low Moor Club - Mrs. H. D. Hitchens, Low\n                     Moor Theater - J. A. Hibbert, Night Time Book,\n                     Mrs. Norcross Office Time Book, Workers' Daily\n                     Production Records, Prospecting, Railroad\n                     Maintenance, Shops, Surface, and\n                     Washer"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1886-1926"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1886/1926"],"normalized_title_ssm":["S. Special. Arranged in alphabetical\n                     order. Includes time records of the following:\n                     Allegheny Iron Mountain Mining Company, Exyra\n                     Time, Low Moor Club - Mrs. H. D. Hitchens, Low\n                     Moor Theater - J. A. Hibbert, Night Time Book,\n                     Mrs. Norcross Office Time Book, Workers' Daily\n                     Production Records, Prospecting, Railroad\n                     Maintenance, Shops, Surface, and\n                     Washer"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"physdesc_tesim":["14 volumes"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":169,"date_range_isim":[1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#27/components#20","timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00917","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00917.xml","title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["662"],"text":["662","Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.","The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n          To Mr. George Wickes \n             Supt. of Mines \n             Kay Moor, Virginia \n             Dear George, \n             Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success. Signed, \n             Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n          Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.","The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["662"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Green Bookman in\n            1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCoal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026amp; O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026amp; O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo Mr. George Wickes \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eSupt. of Mines \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eKay Moor, Virginia \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDear George, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eTony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSigned, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEd D. Wickes Supt. of Mines\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003eLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhy did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eManufacturers Record\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003edated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company Personnel:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExecutive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFactory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n          To Mr. George Wickes \n             Supt. of Mines \n             Kay Moor, Virginia \n             Dear George, \n             Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success. Signed, \n             Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n          Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1879,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c01_c28_c21"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1026_c02_c05","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Stamps","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1026_c02_c05#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eStamps, Revenue Embossed Revenue Stamps. Virginia Issue, 1779 and U.S. Issue, 1800. Early Revenue Tax Stamp which was first issued July 6, 1797. William W. Weymouth for shipping flour from Richmond, Virginia to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. November 11, 1791. Revenue Stamps of Virginia. Photostat copies of stamps, some glued onto paper. Typed report, \"Virginia Embossed Revenue Stamps\" by James F. Magee, Jr. 6 pages. Stamps Pomeroy and Company Express Stamps. New York. Ca. 1861. Letter sending one of the first Tokyo cancelled stamps. September 1, 1945. Two Sesquicentennial Exposition United Post Office Stamps embossed on envelopes. 2 cents. 1926 Stamp collector's book. Stamps from all over the world. Possibly 1880's.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1026_c02_c05#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1026_c02_c05","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_1026_c02_c05"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1026_c02_c05","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1026","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1026","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1026_c02","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1026_c02","parent_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_1026","viw_repositories_2_resources_1026_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_1026","viw_repositories_2_resources_1026_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Manuscripts - Geographic Names, Business Names and Subjects","Subjects (R-T)"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Manuscripts - Geographic Names, Business Names and Subjects","Subjects (R-T)"],"text":["Manuscripts - Geographic Names, Business Names and Subjects","Subjects (R-T)","Stamps","Box 2","Stamps, Revenue Embossed Revenue Stamps. Virginia Issue, 1779 and U.S. Issue, 1800. Early Revenue Tax Stamp which was first issued July 6, 1797. William W. Weymouth for shipping flour from Richmond, Virginia to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. November 11, 1791. Revenue Stamps of Virginia. Photostat copies of stamps, some glued onto paper. Typed report, \"Virginia Embossed Revenue Stamps\" by James F. Magee, Jr. 6 pages. Stamps Pomeroy and Company Express Stamps. New York. Ca. 1861. Letter sending one of the first Tokyo cancelled stamps. September 1, 1945. Two Sesquicentennial Exposition United Post Office Stamps embossed on envelopes. 2 cents. 1926 Stamp collector's book. Stamps from all over the world. Possibly 1880's."],"title_filing_ssi":"Stamps","title_ssm":["Stamps"],"title_tesim":["Stamps"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1779-1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1779/1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Stamps"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Manuscripts - Geographic Names, Business Names and Subjects"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":15,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"date_range_isim":[1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945],"containers_ssim":["Box 2"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStamps, Revenue Embossed Revenue Stamps. Virginia Issue, 1779 and U.S. Issue, 1800. Early Revenue Tax Stamp which was first issued July 6, 1797. William W. Weymouth for shipping flour from Richmond, Virginia to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. November 11, 1791. Revenue Stamps of Virginia. Photostat copies of stamps, some glued onto paper. Typed report, \"Virginia Embossed Revenue Stamps\" by James F. Magee, Jr. 6 pages. Stamps Pomeroy and Company Express Stamps. New York. Ca. 1861. Letter sending one of the first Tokyo cancelled stamps. September 1, 1945. Two Sesquicentennial Exposition United Post Office Stamps embossed on envelopes. 2 cents. 1926 Stamp collector's book. Stamps from all over the world. Possibly 1880's.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Stamps, Revenue Embossed Revenue Stamps. Virginia Issue, 1779 and U.S. Issue, 1800. Early Revenue Tax Stamp which was first issued July 6, 1797. William W. Weymouth for shipping flour from Richmond, Virginia to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. November 11, 1791. Revenue Stamps of Virginia. Photostat copies of stamps, some glued onto paper. Typed report, \"Virginia Embossed Revenue Stamps\" by James F. Magee, Jr. 6 pages. Stamps Pomeroy and Company Express Stamps. New York. Ca. 1861. Letter sending one of the first Tokyo cancelled stamps. September 1, 1945. Two Sesquicentennial Exposition United Post Office Stamps embossed on envelopes. 2 cents. 1926 Stamp collector's book. Stamps from all over the world. Possibly 1880's."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#4","timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:10:06.533Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1026","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1026","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1026","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1026","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_1026.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Manuscripts - Geographic Names, Business Names and","title_ssm":["Manuscripts - Geographic Names, Business Names and Subjects"],"title_tesim":["Manuscripts - Geographic Names, Business Names and Subjects"],"unitdate_ssm":["1725-1949"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1725-1949"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 39.2 Man3b","/repositories/2/resources/1026"],"text":["Mss. 39.2 Man3b","/repositories/2/resources/1026","Manuscripts - Geographic Names, Business Names and Subjects","Shipping--History--18th century.","Slavery","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Alphabetical order by subject.","An artificial collection of papers created from material acquired during the 1930's and 1940's.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 39.2 Man3b","/repositories/2/resources/1026"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Manuscripts - Geographic Names, Business Names and Subjects"],"collection_title_tesim":["Manuscripts - Geographic Names, Business Names and Subjects"],"collection_ssim":["Manuscripts - Geographic Names, Business Names and Subjects"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection is an artificial grouping of material given to Special Collections or purchased by Special Collections during the 1930's and 1940's."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Shipping--History--18th century.","Slavery"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Shipping--History--18th century.","Slavery"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["4.00 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlphabetical order by subject.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Alphabetical order by subject."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eManuscripts - Group 3 - Subject, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Manuscripts - Group 3 - Subject, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAn artificial collection of papers created from material acquired during the 1930's and 1940's.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["An artificial collection of papers created from material acquired during the 1930's and 1940's."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":53,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:10:06.533Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1026_c02_c05"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Library","value":"Alexandria Library","hits":9},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1886\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and Mary","hits":104},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1886\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subseries\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=College+of+William+and+Mary"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason 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