{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1884\u0026facet.sort=count\u0026page=14","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1884\u0026facet.sort=count\u0026page=13","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1884\u0026facet.sort=count\u0026page=15","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1884\u0026facet.sort=count\u0026page=1340"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":14,"next_page":15,"prev_page":13,"total_pages":1340,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":130,"total_count":13400,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c04","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"A-169-219","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eA-174 has it's own inventory available in the Control Folder\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c04","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c04"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c04","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"text":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers","A-169-219","Box 3","No microfilm copy available","A-174 has it's own inventory available in the Control Folder"],"title_filing_ssi":"A-169-219","title_ssm":["A-169-219"],"title_tesim":["A-169-219"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1783-1901"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1783/1901"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A-169-219"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"sort_isi":4,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["No special access restriction applies."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901],"containers_ssim":["Box 3"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo microfilm copy available\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No microfilm copy available"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA-174 has it's own inventory available in the Control Folder\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A-174 has it's own inventory available in the Control Folder"],"_nest_path_":"/components#3","timestamp":"2026-05-08T15:08:29.263Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_4006.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/197800","title_ssm":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"title_tesim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1775-1918"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1775-1918"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4006"],"text":["A\u0026M 0956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4006","Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers","Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives","Coal mining.","Court records","Estate settlements.","Iron furnaces and iron industry.","Maps.","Mills and mill-work","Railroads","Surveyors and surveying.","County courts","Real property","Public records","There are two item level inventories, one of the original collection (boxes 1-7) and one of the 1996 addendum (box 8). Additionally, there is an inventory of the contents of item A-174, Miscellaneous Land Contracts and Deeds, 1795-1859 (box 3). These inventories include further information about names, locations, and dates found in this collection. Physical and digital copies of these are available upon request.  These inventories were made around the time of the collections' accessions, and may include some outdated information, but are generally still accurate. Materials on the inventory that are no longer part of the collection are: Items A-1, 13, 21, 24, 70, 111, 133, 166, 261-268, 271-272, and 276-277. The microfilm reel in this collection is a copy of A-24, the original material was returned to the donor. A-21 is  The State Of Maryland, Complainant, Vs. The State of West Virginia , which was separated into the general book collection (975.2 M369s).","No special access restriction applies.","This collection consists of two pieces: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. Materials in the first piece were numbered as \"items\" A-1 to A-280. An \"item\" could either be a single document or item, or could be a collection of materials. Some \"items,\" such as A-22, include specifications of their contents, the contents identified as 1-67, while other items have their contents designated alphabetically, such as A-163, which includes A-L. There are three items in box 6 designated as X-123, X-124, and X-126. These items appear to have been added after the inventory. Item numbers were written on folders or directly on the items. Additionally, several of the boxes contain a few miscellaneous unnumbered items. ","The addendum in box 8 uses a similar system, but are designated MON 1-MON 45, in reference to Julius Kemble Monroe, the originator of these materials. This label is not related to Monroe or Monongalia Counties. ","The materials in boxes 1-5 and box 8 are in folders labeled with item numbers, and arranged numerically by item number. The materials in boxes 6 and 7 are generally not foldered, and are not arranged in numerical order. ","Photographs 015954, 015955, and 015959 are part of A-18; 015735 is A-19; and 015958 is part of A-20. The other photographs were never scanned, and do not have ID numbers. ","Bound volume separated into general collection:  The state of Maryland, complainant, vs. the state of West Virginia: in equity; [transcript of record ... concerning boundary line.] . Call number: 975.2 M369s","Related: A\u0026M 2578, Preston County (W. Va.) Court Record Books ","Other Collections:\nA\u0026M 1084, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 1062, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 0279, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 0429, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 1296, Preston County Board of Education Records ","A\u0026M 0810, James H. Carroll, County Circuit Court Clerk, Papers ","A\u0026M 0571, Samuel T. Wiley, Author, Notebook regarding Publication of \"History of Preston County\" ","Records from the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. Land records are of private individuals, corporations, and general surveys of the County, as well as a few records on the Deakins Line on the border of West Virginia (then Virginia) and Maryland. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family.  ","This collection consists of two parts: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. The original collection includes boxes 1-7 and 1 reel of microfilm. Boxes 1-5 are primarily land records from Preston County, and include land in Monongalia and Harrison Counties. The collection includes early papers relating to land, court cases, mills and furnaces, post offices, inns, mineral development, Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad Company, roads, the Virginia-Maryland boundary, and estate settlements. Boxes 6-7 are almost exclusively maps and surveys, and the materials are primarily from circa 1900-1915. The microfilm reel is a copy of a 1909 Map of Kingwood (item A-24); the original was returned after being filmed. Five of the seven photographs are available digitally. The 1996 addendum is box 8. This box is exclusively photocopies of the loaned materials, no original materials exist. These materials were the papers of Julius Kemble Monroe, a surveyor in Preston County.  ","Both the originals and the addendum may have at one point been the papers of Monroe, but the original accession was donated by the Preston County Court through the Leroy Bucklew Museum. The papers in this collection include court records, but seem to have been returned to the court from private citizens. As a result, the records in this collection include the kinds of court records kept by individuals, and include private papers, such as correspondence. Furthermore, this collection is representative of specific individuals who kept records, rather than the general population of Preston County.  The collection of private records by the County may have occurred after a fire at the courthouse in 1869 destroyed most of the original records, or it may be a result of the collecting efforts of the Bucklew Museum, which appears to have been connected with the court. ","Highlights of this collection include: Original survey maps from 1790, 1792, and 1794 (A-17); a survey of the border between West Virginia and Maryland (undated, A-16); records of local industries such as a coal report (undated, A-171), Muddy Creek Iron Furnace (A-318, circa 1860), and the Kingwood Railroad; Accounts of Mail for Preston County Post Offices (1845-1849, A-269); records of first Kingwood Sunday School, including Semi-Annual report of Kingwood Sunday School, 1828 (A-274) and a list of scholars and donors (A-280); lists of voters for Evansville (1844 or 1848, A-278); Literary Digest maps of New Europe and Africa following World War I (1920, A-156 and A-168); Soil, topography, and agricultural surveys for Preston, Monongalia, Marion, and Taylor Counties (1912-1914, A-148-149, A-169); and a poster advertising a \"Judicial Sale of Very Valuable Land\" (1868, A-167).","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Records of the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family. Some photographs from this collection have been digitized.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Preston County","Leroy Bucklew Museum","Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4006"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives"],"geogname_ssim":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives"],"creator_ssm":["Preston County"],"creator_ssim":["Preston County"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Preston County"],"creators_ssim":["Preston County"],"places_ssim":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Thomas Ward, President of the Preston County Court, 1957 April 16. ","Addendum: Gift of the McCrum Estate through the Leroy Bucklew Museum, 1996 August."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Coal mining.","Court records","Estate settlements.","Iron furnaces and iron industry.","Maps.","Mills and mill-work","Railroads","Surveyors and surveying.","County courts","Real property","Public records"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Coal mining.","Court records","Estate settlements.","Iron furnaces and iron industry.","Maps.","Mills and mill-work","Railroads","Surveyors and surveying.","County courts","Real property","Public records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4.15 Linear Feet Summary: 4 ft. 1.75 in. (5 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each); (1 Oversized record carton, 17 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["4.15 Linear Feet Summary: 4 ft. 1.75 in. (5 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each); (1 Oversized record carton, 17 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918],"indexes_html_tesm":["\u003cindex id=\"aspace_9f08df9943fdf67a6a156c59e8285f6c\"\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eThere are two item level inventories, one of the original collection (boxes 1-7) and one of the 1996 addendum (box 8). Additionally, there is an inventory of the contents of item A-174, Miscellaneous Land Contracts and Deeds, 1795-1859 (box 3). These inventories include further information about names, locations, and dates found in this collection. Physical and digital copies of these are available upon request. \u003c/p\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eThese inventories were made around the time of the collections' accessions, and may include some outdated information, but are generally still accurate. Materials on the inventory that are no longer part of the collection are: Items A-1, 13, 21, 24, 70, 111, 133, 166, 261-268, 271-272, and 276-277. The microfilm reel in this collection is a copy of A-24, the original material was returned to the donor. A-21 is \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eThe State Of Maryland, Complainant, Vs. The State of West Virginia\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e, which was separated into the general book collection (975.2 M369s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/index\u003e"],"indexes_tesim":["There are two item level inventories, one of the original collection (boxes 1-7) and one of the 1996 addendum (box 8). Additionally, there is an inventory of the contents of item A-174, Miscellaneous Land Contracts and Deeds, 1795-1859 (box 3). These inventories include further information about names, locations, and dates found in this collection. Physical and digital copies of these are available upon request.  These inventories were made around the time of the collections' accessions, and may include some outdated information, but are generally still accurate. Materials on the inventory that are no longer part of the collection are: Items A-1, 13, 21, 24, 70, 111, 133, 166, 261-268, 271-272, and 276-277. The microfilm reel in this collection is a copy of A-24, the original material was returned to the donor. A-21 is  The State Of Maryland, Complainant, Vs. The State of West Virginia , which was separated into the general book collection (975.2 M369s)."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two pieces: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. Materials in the first piece were numbered as \"items\" A-1 to A-280. An \"item\" could either be a single document or item, or could be a collection of materials. Some \"items,\" such as A-22, include specifications of their contents, the contents identified as 1-67, while other items have their contents designated alphabetically, such as A-163, which includes A-L. There are three items in box 6 designated as X-123, X-124, and X-126. These items appear to have been added after the inventory. Item numbers were written on folders or directly on the items. Additionally, several of the boxes contain a few miscellaneous unnumbered items. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe addendum in box 8 uses a similar system, but are designated MON 1-MON 45, in reference to Julius Kemble Monroe, the originator of these materials. This label is not related to Monroe or Monongalia Counties. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in boxes 1-5 and box 8 are in folders labeled with item numbers, and arranged numerically by item number. The materials in boxes 6 and 7 are generally not foldered, and are not arranged in numerical order. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs 015954, 015955, and 015959 are part of A-18; 015735 is A-19; and 015958 is part of A-20. The other photographs were never scanned, and do not have ID numbers. \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection consists of two pieces: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. Materials in the first piece were numbered as \"items\" A-1 to A-280. An \"item\" could either be a single document or item, or could be a collection of materials. Some \"items,\" such as A-22, include specifications of their contents, the contents identified as 1-67, while other items have their contents designated alphabetically, such as A-163, which includes A-L. There are three items in box 6 designated as X-123, X-124, and X-126. These items appear to have been added after the inventory. Item numbers were written on folders or directly on the items. Additionally, several of the boxes contain a few miscellaneous unnumbered items. ","The addendum in box 8 uses a similar system, but are designated MON 1-MON 45, in reference to Julius Kemble Monroe, the originator of these materials. This label is not related to Monroe or Monongalia Counties. ","The materials in boxes 1-5 and box 8 are in folders labeled with item numbers, and arranged numerically by item number. The materials in boxes 6 and 7 are generally not foldered, and are not arranged in numerical order. ","Photographs 015954, 015955, and 015959 are part of A-18; 015735 is A-19; and 015958 is part of A-20. The other photographs were never scanned, and do not have ID numbers. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers, A\u0026amp;M 0956, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers, A\u0026M 0956, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBound volume separated into general collection: \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eThe state of Maryland, complainant, vs. the state of West Virginia: in equity; [transcript of record ... concerning boundary line.]\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e. Call number: 975.2 M369s\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRelated: A\u0026amp;M 2578, Preston County (W. Va.) Court Record Books \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther Collections:\nA\u0026amp;M 1084, George W. Fairfax Papers \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 1062, George W. Fairfax Papers \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0279, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0429, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 1296, Preston County Board of Education Records \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0810, James H. Carroll, County Circuit Court Clerk, Papers \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0571, Samuel T. Wiley, Author, Notebook regarding Publication of \"History of Preston County\" \u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["See Also"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Bound volume separated into general collection:  The state of Maryland, complainant, vs. the state of West Virginia: in equity; [transcript of record ... concerning boundary line.] . Call number: 975.2 M369s","Related: A\u0026M 2578, Preston County (W. Va.) Court Record Books ","Other Collections:\nA\u0026M 1084, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 1062, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 0279, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 0429, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 1296, Preston County Board of Education Records ","A\u0026M 0810, James H. Carroll, County Circuit Court Clerk, Papers ","A\u0026M 0571, Samuel T. Wiley, Author, Notebook regarding Publication of \"History of Preston County\" "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords from the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. Land records are of private individuals, corporations, and general surveys of the County, as well as a few records on the Deakins Line on the border of West Virginia (then Virginia) and Maryland. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two parts: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. The original collection includes boxes 1-7 and 1 reel of microfilm. Boxes 1-5 are primarily land records from Preston County, and include land in Monongalia and Harrison Counties. The collection includes early papers relating to land, court cases, mills and furnaces, post offices, inns, mineral development, Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad Company, roads, the Virginia-Maryland boundary, and estate settlements. Boxes 6-7 are almost exclusively maps and surveys, and the materials are primarily from circa 1900-1915. The microfilm reel is a copy of a 1909 Map of Kingwood (item A-24); the original was returned after being filmed. Five of the seven photographs are available digitally. The 1996 addendum is box 8. This box is exclusively photocopies of the loaned materials, no original materials exist. These materials were the papers of Julius Kemble Monroe, a surveyor in Preston County.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBoth the originals and the addendum may have at one point been the papers of Monroe, but the original accession was donated by the Preston County Court through the Leroy Bucklew Museum. The papers in this collection include court records, but seem to have been returned to the court from private citizens. As a result, the records in this collection include the kinds of court records kept by individuals, and include private papers, such as correspondence. Furthermore, this collection is representative of specific individuals who kept records, rather than the general population of Preston County.  The collection of private records by the County may have occurred after a fire at the courthouse in 1869 destroyed most of the original records, or it may be a result of the collecting efforts of the Bucklew Museum, which appears to have been connected with the court. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHighlights of this collection include: Original survey maps from 1790, 1792, and 1794 (A-17); a survey of the border between West Virginia and Maryland (undated, A-16); records of local industries such as a coal report (undated, A-171), Muddy Creek Iron Furnace (A-318, circa 1860), and the Kingwood Railroad; Accounts of Mail for Preston County Post Offices (1845-1849, A-269); records of first Kingwood Sunday School, including Semi-Annual report of Kingwood Sunday School, 1828 (A-274) and a list of scholars and donors (A-280); lists of voters for Evansville (1844 or 1848, A-278); Literary Digest maps of New Europe and Africa following World War I (1920, A-156 and A-168); Soil, topography, and agricultural surveys for Preston, Monongalia, Marion, and Taylor Counties (1912-1914, A-148-149, A-169); and a poster advertising a \"Judicial Sale of Very Valuable Land\" (1868, A-167).\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Records from the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. Land records are of private individuals, corporations, and general surveys of the County, as well as a few records on the Deakins Line on the border of West Virginia (then Virginia) and Maryland. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family.  ","This collection consists of two parts: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. The original collection includes boxes 1-7 and 1 reel of microfilm. Boxes 1-5 are primarily land records from Preston County, and include land in Monongalia and Harrison Counties. The collection includes early papers relating to land, court cases, mills and furnaces, post offices, inns, mineral development, Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad Company, roads, the Virginia-Maryland boundary, and estate settlements. Boxes 6-7 are almost exclusively maps and surveys, and the materials are primarily from circa 1900-1915. The microfilm reel is a copy of a 1909 Map of Kingwood (item A-24); the original was returned after being filmed. Five of the seven photographs are available digitally. The 1996 addendum is box 8. This box is exclusively photocopies of the loaned materials, no original materials exist. These materials were the papers of Julius Kemble Monroe, a surveyor in Preston County.  ","Both the originals and the addendum may have at one point been the papers of Monroe, but the original accession was donated by the Preston County Court through the Leroy Bucklew Museum. The papers in this collection include court records, but seem to have been returned to the court from private citizens. As a result, the records in this collection include the kinds of court records kept by individuals, and include private papers, such as correspondence. Furthermore, this collection is representative of specific individuals who kept records, rather than the general population of Preston County.  The collection of private records by the County may have occurred after a fire at the courthouse in 1869 destroyed most of the original records, or it may be a result of the collecting efforts of the Bucklew Museum, which appears to have been connected with the court. ","Highlights of this collection include: Original survey maps from 1790, 1792, and 1794 (A-17); a survey of the border between West Virginia and Maryland (undated, A-16); records of local industries such as a coal report (undated, A-171), Muddy Creek Iron Furnace (A-318, circa 1860), and the Kingwood Railroad; Accounts of Mail for Preston County Post Offices (1845-1849, A-269); records of first Kingwood Sunday School, including Semi-Annual report of Kingwood Sunday School, 1828 (A-274) and a list of scholars and donors (A-280); lists of voters for Evansville (1844 or 1848, A-278); Literary Digest maps of New Europe and Africa following World War I (1920, A-156 and A-168); Soil, topography, and agricultural surveys for Preston, Monongalia, Marion, and Taylor Counties (1912-1914, A-148-149, A-169); and a poster advertising a \"Judicial Sale of Very Valuable Land\" (1868, A-167)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_658fbbb2c763ef9925bb9741476ed3e1\"\u003eRecords of the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family. Some photographs from this collection have been digitized.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Records of the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family. Some photographs from this collection have been digitized."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_bf3a8e6081519b160b365cc3d41b8493\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["Leroy Bucklew Museum","Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Preston County","Leroy Bucklew Museum","Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Preston County","Leroy Bucklew Museum"],"persname_ssim":["Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-08T15:08:29.263Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c04"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c05","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"A-220-A-234","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c05#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c05","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c05"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c05","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"text":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers","A-220-A-234","Box 4","No microfilm copy available"],"title_filing_ssi":"A-220-A-234","title_ssm":["A-220-A-234"],"title_tesim":["A-220-A-234"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1781-1914"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1781/1914"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A-220-A-234"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"sort_isi":5,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["No special access restriction applies."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914],"containers_ssim":["Box 4"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo microfilm copy available\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No microfilm copy available"],"_nest_path_":"/components#4","timestamp":"2026-05-08T15:08:29.263Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_4006.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/197800","title_ssm":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"title_tesim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1775-1918"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1775-1918"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4006"],"text":["A\u0026M 0956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4006","Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers","Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives","Coal mining.","Court records","Estate settlements.","Iron furnaces and iron industry.","Maps.","Mills and mill-work","Railroads","Surveyors and surveying.","County courts","Real property","Public records","There are two item level inventories, one of the original collection (boxes 1-7) and one of the 1996 addendum (box 8). Additionally, there is an inventory of the contents of item A-174, Miscellaneous Land Contracts and Deeds, 1795-1859 (box 3). These inventories include further information about names, locations, and dates found in this collection. Physical and digital copies of these are available upon request.  These inventories were made around the time of the collections' accessions, and may include some outdated information, but are generally still accurate. Materials on the inventory that are no longer part of the collection are: Items A-1, 13, 21, 24, 70, 111, 133, 166, 261-268, 271-272, and 276-277. The microfilm reel in this collection is a copy of A-24, the original material was returned to the donor. A-21 is  The State Of Maryland, Complainant, Vs. The State of West Virginia , which was separated into the general book collection (975.2 M369s).","No special access restriction applies.","This collection consists of two pieces: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. Materials in the first piece were numbered as \"items\" A-1 to A-280. An \"item\" could either be a single document or item, or could be a collection of materials. Some \"items,\" such as A-22, include specifications of their contents, the contents identified as 1-67, while other items have their contents designated alphabetically, such as A-163, which includes A-L. There are three items in box 6 designated as X-123, X-124, and X-126. These items appear to have been added after the inventory. Item numbers were written on folders or directly on the items. Additionally, several of the boxes contain a few miscellaneous unnumbered items. ","The addendum in box 8 uses a similar system, but are designated MON 1-MON 45, in reference to Julius Kemble Monroe, the originator of these materials. This label is not related to Monroe or Monongalia Counties. ","The materials in boxes 1-5 and box 8 are in folders labeled with item numbers, and arranged numerically by item number. The materials in boxes 6 and 7 are generally not foldered, and are not arranged in numerical order. ","Photographs 015954, 015955, and 015959 are part of A-18; 015735 is A-19; and 015958 is part of A-20. The other photographs were never scanned, and do not have ID numbers. ","Bound volume separated into general collection:  The state of Maryland, complainant, vs. the state of West Virginia: in equity; [transcript of record ... concerning boundary line.] . Call number: 975.2 M369s","Related: A\u0026M 2578, Preston County (W. Va.) Court Record Books ","Other Collections:\nA\u0026M 1084, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 1062, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 0279, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 0429, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 1296, Preston County Board of Education Records ","A\u0026M 0810, James H. Carroll, County Circuit Court Clerk, Papers ","A\u0026M 0571, Samuel T. Wiley, Author, Notebook regarding Publication of \"History of Preston County\" ","Records from the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. Land records are of private individuals, corporations, and general surveys of the County, as well as a few records on the Deakins Line on the border of West Virginia (then Virginia) and Maryland. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family.  ","This collection consists of two parts: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. The original collection includes boxes 1-7 and 1 reel of microfilm. Boxes 1-5 are primarily land records from Preston County, and include land in Monongalia and Harrison Counties. The collection includes early papers relating to land, court cases, mills and furnaces, post offices, inns, mineral development, Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad Company, roads, the Virginia-Maryland boundary, and estate settlements. Boxes 6-7 are almost exclusively maps and surveys, and the materials are primarily from circa 1900-1915. The microfilm reel is a copy of a 1909 Map of Kingwood (item A-24); the original was returned after being filmed. Five of the seven photographs are available digitally. The 1996 addendum is box 8. This box is exclusively photocopies of the loaned materials, no original materials exist. These materials were the papers of Julius Kemble Monroe, a surveyor in Preston County.  ","Both the originals and the addendum may have at one point been the papers of Monroe, but the original accession was donated by the Preston County Court through the Leroy Bucklew Museum. The papers in this collection include court records, but seem to have been returned to the court from private citizens. As a result, the records in this collection include the kinds of court records kept by individuals, and include private papers, such as correspondence. Furthermore, this collection is representative of specific individuals who kept records, rather than the general population of Preston County.  The collection of private records by the County may have occurred after a fire at the courthouse in 1869 destroyed most of the original records, or it may be a result of the collecting efforts of the Bucklew Museum, which appears to have been connected with the court. ","Highlights of this collection include: Original survey maps from 1790, 1792, and 1794 (A-17); a survey of the border between West Virginia and Maryland (undated, A-16); records of local industries such as a coal report (undated, A-171), Muddy Creek Iron Furnace (A-318, circa 1860), and the Kingwood Railroad; Accounts of Mail for Preston County Post Offices (1845-1849, A-269); records of first Kingwood Sunday School, including Semi-Annual report of Kingwood Sunday School, 1828 (A-274) and a list of scholars and donors (A-280); lists of voters for Evansville (1844 or 1848, A-278); Literary Digest maps of New Europe and Africa following World War I (1920, A-156 and A-168); Soil, topography, and agricultural surveys for Preston, Monongalia, Marion, and Taylor Counties (1912-1914, A-148-149, A-169); and a poster advertising a \"Judicial Sale of Very Valuable Land\" (1868, A-167).","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Records of the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family. Some photographs from this collection have been digitized.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Preston County","Leroy Bucklew Museum","Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4006"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives"],"geogname_ssim":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives"],"creator_ssm":["Preston County"],"creator_ssim":["Preston County"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Preston County"],"creators_ssim":["Preston County"],"places_ssim":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Thomas Ward, President of the Preston County Court, 1957 April 16. ","Addendum: Gift of the McCrum Estate through the Leroy Bucklew Museum, 1996 August."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Coal mining.","Court records","Estate settlements.","Iron furnaces and iron industry.","Maps.","Mills and mill-work","Railroads","Surveyors and surveying.","County courts","Real property","Public records"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Coal mining.","Court records","Estate settlements.","Iron furnaces and iron industry.","Maps.","Mills and mill-work","Railroads","Surveyors and surveying.","County courts","Real property","Public records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4.15 Linear Feet Summary: 4 ft. 1.75 in. (5 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each); (1 Oversized record carton, 17 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["4.15 Linear Feet Summary: 4 ft. 1.75 in. (5 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each); (1 Oversized record carton, 17 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918],"indexes_html_tesm":["\u003cindex id=\"aspace_9f08df9943fdf67a6a156c59e8285f6c\"\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eThere are two item level inventories, one of the original collection (boxes 1-7) and one of the 1996 addendum (box 8). Additionally, there is an inventory of the contents of item A-174, Miscellaneous Land Contracts and Deeds, 1795-1859 (box 3). These inventories include further information about names, locations, and dates found in this collection. Physical and digital copies of these are available upon request. \u003c/p\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eThese inventories were made around the time of the collections' accessions, and may include some outdated information, but are generally still accurate. Materials on the inventory that are no longer part of the collection are: Items A-1, 13, 21, 24, 70, 111, 133, 166, 261-268, 271-272, and 276-277. The microfilm reel in this collection is a copy of A-24, the original material was returned to the donor. A-21 is \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eThe State Of Maryland, Complainant, Vs. The State of West Virginia\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e, which was separated into the general book collection (975.2 M369s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/index\u003e"],"indexes_tesim":["There are two item level inventories, one of the original collection (boxes 1-7) and one of the 1996 addendum (box 8). Additionally, there is an inventory of the contents of item A-174, Miscellaneous Land Contracts and Deeds, 1795-1859 (box 3). These inventories include further information about names, locations, and dates found in this collection. Physical and digital copies of these are available upon request.  These inventories were made around the time of the collections' accessions, and may include some outdated information, but are generally still accurate. Materials on the inventory that are no longer part of the collection are: Items A-1, 13, 21, 24, 70, 111, 133, 166, 261-268, 271-272, and 276-277. The microfilm reel in this collection is a copy of A-24, the original material was returned to the donor. A-21 is  The State Of Maryland, Complainant, Vs. The State of West Virginia , which was separated into the general book collection (975.2 M369s)."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two pieces: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. Materials in the first piece were numbered as \"items\" A-1 to A-280. An \"item\" could either be a single document or item, or could be a collection of materials. Some \"items,\" such as A-22, include specifications of their contents, the contents identified as 1-67, while other items have their contents designated alphabetically, such as A-163, which includes A-L. There are three items in box 6 designated as X-123, X-124, and X-126. These items appear to have been added after the inventory. Item numbers were written on folders or directly on the items. Additionally, several of the boxes contain a few miscellaneous unnumbered items. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe addendum in box 8 uses a similar system, but are designated MON 1-MON 45, in reference to Julius Kemble Monroe, the originator of these materials. This label is not related to Monroe or Monongalia Counties. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in boxes 1-5 and box 8 are in folders labeled with item numbers, and arranged numerically by item number. The materials in boxes 6 and 7 are generally not foldered, and are not arranged in numerical order. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs 015954, 015955, and 015959 are part of A-18; 015735 is A-19; and 015958 is part of A-20. The other photographs were never scanned, and do not have ID numbers. \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection consists of two pieces: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. Materials in the first piece were numbered as \"items\" A-1 to A-280. An \"item\" could either be a single document or item, or could be a collection of materials. Some \"items,\" such as A-22, include specifications of their contents, the contents identified as 1-67, while other items have their contents designated alphabetically, such as A-163, which includes A-L. There are three items in box 6 designated as X-123, X-124, and X-126. These items appear to have been added after the inventory. Item numbers were written on folders or directly on the items. Additionally, several of the boxes contain a few miscellaneous unnumbered items. ","The addendum in box 8 uses a similar system, but are designated MON 1-MON 45, in reference to Julius Kemble Monroe, the originator of these materials. This label is not related to Monroe or Monongalia Counties. ","The materials in boxes 1-5 and box 8 are in folders labeled with item numbers, and arranged numerically by item number. The materials in boxes 6 and 7 are generally not foldered, and are not arranged in numerical order. ","Photographs 015954, 015955, and 015959 are part of A-18; 015735 is A-19; and 015958 is part of A-20. The other photographs were never scanned, and do not have ID numbers. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers, A\u0026amp;M 0956, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers, A\u0026M 0956, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBound volume separated into general collection: \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eThe state of Maryland, complainant, vs. the state of West Virginia: in equity; [transcript of record ... concerning boundary line.]\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e. Call number: 975.2 M369s\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRelated: A\u0026amp;M 2578, Preston County (W. Va.) Court Record Books \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther Collections:\nA\u0026amp;M 1084, George W. Fairfax Papers \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 1062, George W. Fairfax Papers \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0279, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0429, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 1296, Preston County Board of Education Records \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0810, James H. Carroll, County Circuit Court Clerk, Papers \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0571, Samuel T. Wiley, Author, Notebook regarding Publication of \"History of Preston County\" \u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["See Also"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Bound volume separated into general collection:  The state of Maryland, complainant, vs. the state of West Virginia: in equity; [transcript of record ... concerning boundary line.] . Call number: 975.2 M369s","Related: A\u0026M 2578, Preston County (W. Va.) Court Record Books ","Other Collections:\nA\u0026M 1084, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 1062, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 0279, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 0429, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 1296, Preston County Board of Education Records ","A\u0026M 0810, James H. Carroll, County Circuit Court Clerk, Papers ","A\u0026M 0571, Samuel T. Wiley, Author, Notebook regarding Publication of \"History of Preston County\" "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords from the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. Land records are of private individuals, corporations, and general surveys of the County, as well as a few records on the Deakins Line on the border of West Virginia (then Virginia) and Maryland. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two parts: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. The original collection includes boxes 1-7 and 1 reel of microfilm. Boxes 1-5 are primarily land records from Preston County, and include land in Monongalia and Harrison Counties. The collection includes early papers relating to land, court cases, mills and furnaces, post offices, inns, mineral development, Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad Company, roads, the Virginia-Maryland boundary, and estate settlements. Boxes 6-7 are almost exclusively maps and surveys, and the materials are primarily from circa 1900-1915. The microfilm reel is a copy of a 1909 Map of Kingwood (item A-24); the original was returned after being filmed. Five of the seven photographs are available digitally. The 1996 addendum is box 8. This box is exclusively photocopies of the loaned materials, no original materials exist. These materials were the papers of Julius Kemble Monroe, a surveyor in Preston County.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBoth the originals and the addendum may have at one point been the papers of Monroe, but the original accession was donated by the Preston County Court through the Leroy Bucklew Museum. The papers in this collection include court records, but seem to have been returned to the court from private citizens. As a result, the records in this collection include the kinds of court records kept by individuals, and include private papers, such as correspondence. Furthermore, this collection is representative of specific individuals who kept records, rather than the general population of Preston County.  The collection of private records by the County may have occurred after a fire at the courthouse in 1869 destroyed most of the original records, or it may be a result of the collecting efforts of the Bucklew Museum, which appears to have been connected with the court. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHighlights of this collection include: Original survey maps from 1790, 1792, and 1794 (A-17); a survey of the border between West Virginia and Maryland (undated, A-16); records of local industries such as a coal report (undated, A-171), Muddy Creek Iron Furnace (A-318, circa 1860), and the Kingwood Railroad; Accounts of Mail for Preston County Post Offices (1845-1849, A-269); records of first Kingwood Sunday School, including Semi-Annual report of Kingwood Sunday School, 1828 (A-274) and a list of scholars and donors (A-280); lists of voters for Evansville (1844 or 1848, A-278); Literary Digest maps of New Europe and Africa following World War I (1920, A-156 and A-168); Soil, topography, and agricultural surveys for Preston, Monongalia, Marion, and Taylor Counties (1912-1914, A-148-149, A-169); and a poster advertising a \"Judicial Sale of Very Valuable Land\" (1868, A-167).\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Records from the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. Land records are of private individuals, corporations, and general surveys of the County, as well as a few records on the Deakins Line on the border of West Virginia (then Virginia) and Maryland. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family.  ","This collection consists of two parts: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. The original collection includes boxes 1-7 and 1 reel of microfilm. Boxes 1-5 are primarily land records from Preston County, and include land in Monongalia and Harrison Counties. The collection includes early papers relating to land, court cases, mills and furnaces, post offices, inns, mineral development, Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad Company, roads, the Virginia-Maryland boundary, and estate settlements. Boxes 6-7 are almost exclusively maps and surveys, and the materials are primarily from circa 1900-1915. The microfilm reel is a copy of a 1909 Map of Kingwood (item A-24); the original was returned after being filmed. Five of the seven photographs are available digitally. The 1996 addendum is box 8. This box is exclusively photocopies of the loaned materials, no original materials exist. These materials were the papers of Julius Kemble Monroe, a surveyor in Preston County.  ","Both the originals and the addendum may have at one point been the papers of Monroe, but the original accession was donated by the Preston County Court through the Leroy Bucklew Museum. The papers in this collection include court records, but seem to have been returned to the court from private citizens. As a result, the records in this collection include the kinds of court records kept by individuals, and include private papers, such as correspondence. Furthermore, this collection is representative of specific individuals who kept records, rather than the general population of Preston County.  The collection of private records by the County may have occurred after a fire at the courthouse in 1869 destroyed most of the original records, or it may be a result of the collecting efforts of the Bucklew Museum, which appears to have been connected with the court. ","Highlights of this collection include: Original survey maps from 1790, 1792, and 1794 (A-17); a survey of the border between West Virginia and Maryland (undated, A-16); records of local industries such as a coal report (undated, A-171), Muddy Creek Iron Furnace (A-318, circa 1860), and the Kingwood Railroad; Accounts of Mail for Preston County Post Offices (1845-1849, A-269); records of first Kingwood Sunday School, including Semi-Annual report of Kingwood Sunday School, 1828 (A-274) and a list of scholars and donors (A-280); lists of voters for Evansville (1844 or 1848, A-278); Literary Digest maps of New Europe and Africa following World War I (1920, A-156 and A-168); Soil, topography, and agricultural surveys for Preston, Monongalia, Marion, and Taylor Counties (1912-1914, A-148-149, A-169); and a poster advertising a \"Judicial Sale of Very Valuable Land\" (1868, A-167)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_658fbbb2c763ef9925bb9741476ed3e1\"\u003eRecords of the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family. Some photographs from this collection have been digitized.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Records of the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family. Some photographs from this collection have been digitized."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_bf3a8e6081519b160b365cc3d41b8493\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["Leroy Bucklew Museum","Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Preston County","Leroy Bucklew Museum","Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Preston County","Leroy Bucklew Museum"],"persname_ssim":["Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-08T15:08:29.263Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c05"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c06","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"A-235-A-260; A-268; A-270; A-273-275; A-278-A-280; unnumbered","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c06#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eNegative copies of item A-246 are in Box 6.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c06#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c06","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c06"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c06","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"text":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers","A-235-A-260; A-268; A-270; A-273-275; A-278-A-280; unnumbered","Box 5","No microfilm copy available","Negative copies of item A-246 are in Box 6."],"title_filing_ssi":"A-235-A-260; A-268; A-270; A-273-275; A-278-A-280; unnumbered","title_ssm":["A-235-A-260; A-268; A-270; A-273-275; A-278-A-280; unnumbered"],"title_tesim":["A-235-A-260; A-268; A-270; A-273-275; A-278-A-280; unnumbered"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1786-1911"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1786/1911"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A-235-A-260; A-268; A-270; A-273-275; A-278-A-280; unnumbered"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"sort_isi":6,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["No special access restriction applies."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911],"containers_ssim":["Box 5"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo microfilm copy available\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No microfilm copy available"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNegative copies of item A-246 are in Box 6.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Negative copies of item A-246 are in Box 6."],"_nest_path_":"/components#5","timestamp":"2026-05-08T15:08:29.263Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_4006.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/197800","title_ssm":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"title_tesim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1775-1918"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1775-1918"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4006"],"text":["A\u0026M 0956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4006","Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers","Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives","Coal mining.","Court records","Estate settlements.","Iron furnaces and iron industry.","Maps.","Mills and mill-work","Railroads","Surveyors and surveying.","County courts","Real property","Public records","There are two item level inventories, one of the original collection (boxes 1-7) and one of the 1996 addendum (box 8). Additionally, there is an inventory of the contents of item A-174, Miscellaneous Land Contracts and Deeds, 1795-1859 (box 3). These inventories include further information about names, locations, and dates found in this collection. Physical and digital copies of these are available upon request.  These inventories were made around the time of the collections' accessions, and may include some outdated information, but are generally still accurate. Materials on the inventory that are no longer part of the collection are: Items A-1, 13, 21, 24, 70, 111, 133, 166, 261-268, 271-272, and 276-277. The microfilm reel in this collection is a copy of A-24, the original material was returned to the donor. A-21 is  The State Of Maryland, Complainant, Vs. The State of West Virginia , which was separated into the general book collection (975.2 M369s).","No special access restriction applies.","This collection consists of two pieces: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. Materials in the first piece were numbered as \"items\" A-1 to A-280. An \"item\" could either be a single document or item, or could be a collection of materials. Some \"items,\" such as A-22, include specifications of their contents, the contents identified as 1-67, while other items have their contents designated alphabetically, such as A-163, which includes A-L. There are three items in box 6 designated as X-123, X-124, and X-126. These items appear to have been added after the inventory. Item numbers were written on folders or directly on the items. Additionally, several of the boxes contain a few miscellaneous unnumbered items. ","The addendum in box 8 uses a similar system, but are designated MON 1-MON 45, in reference to Julius Kemble Monroe, the originator of these materials. This label is not related to Monroe or Monongalia Counties. ","The materials in boxes 1-5 and box 8 are in folders labeled with item numbers, and arranged numerically by item number. The materials in boxes 6 and 7 are generally not foldered, and are not arranged in numerical order. ","Photographs 015954, 015955, and 015959 are part of A-18; 015735 is A-19; and 015958 is part of A-20. The other photographs were never scanned, and do not have ID numbers. ","Bound volume separated into general collection:  The state of Maryland, complainant, vs. the state of West Virginia: in equity; [transcript of record ... concerning boundary line.] . Call number: 975.2 M369s","Related: A\u0026M 2578, Preston County (W. Va.) Court Record Books ","Other Collections:\nA\u0026M 1084, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 1062, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 0279, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 0429, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 1296, Preston County Board of Education Records ","A\u0026M 0810, James H. Carroll, County Circuit Court Clerk, Papers ","A\u0026M 0571, Samuel T. Wiley, Author, Notebook regarding Publication of \"History of Preston County\" ","Records from the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. Land records are of private individuals, corporations, and general surveys of the County, as well as a few records on the Deakins Line on the border of West Virginia (then Virginia) and Maryland. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family.  ","This collection consists of two parts: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. The original collection includes boxes 1-7 and 1 reel of microfilm. Boxes 1-5 are primarily land records from Preston County, and include land in Monongalia and Harrison Counties. The collection includes early papers relating to land, court cases, mills and furnaces, post offices, inns, mineral development, Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad Company, roads, the Virginia-Maryland boundary, and estate settlements. Boxes 6-7 are almost exclusively maps and surveys, and the materials are primarily from circa 1900-1915. The microfilm reel is a copy of a 1909 Map of Kingwood (item A-24); the original was returned after being filmed. Five of the seven photographs are available digitally. The 1996 addendum is box 8. This box is exclusively photocopies of the loaned materials, no original materials exist. These materials were the papers of Julius Kemble Monroe, a surveyor in Preston County.  ","Both the originals and the addendum may have at one point been the papers of Monroe, but the original accession was donated by the Preston County Court through the Leroy Bucklew Museum. The papers in this collection include court records, but seem to have been returned to the court from private citizens. As a result, the records in this collection include the kinds of court records kept by individuals, and include private papers, such as correspondence. Furthermore, this collection is representative of specific individuals who kept records, rather than the general population of Preston County.  The collection of private records by the County may have occurred after a fire at the courthouse in 1869 destroyed most of the original records, or it may be a result of the collecting efforts of the Bucklew Museum, which appears to have been connected with the court. ","Highlights of this collection include: Original survey maps from 1790, 1792, and 1794 (A-17); a survey of the border between West Virginia and Maryland (undated, A-16); records of local industries such as a coal report (undated, A-171), Muddy Creek Iron Furnace (A-318, circa 1860), and the Kingwood Railroad; Accounts of Mail for Preston County Post Offices (1845-1849, A-269); records of first Kingwood Sunday School, including Semi-Annual report of Kingwood Sunday School, 1828 (A-274) and a list of scholars and donors (A-280); lists of voters for Evansville (1844 or 1848, A-278); Literary Digest maps of New Europe and Africa following World War I (1920, A-156 and A-168); Soil, topography, and agricultural surveys for Preston, Monongalia, Marion, and Taylor Counties (1912-1914, A-148-149, A-169); and a poster advertising a \"Judicial Sale of Very Valuable Land\" (1868, A-167).","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Records of the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family. Some photographs from this collection have been digitized.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Preston County","Leroy Bucklew Museum","Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4006"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives"],"geogname_ssim":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives"],"creator_ssm":["Preston County"],"creator_ssim":["Preston County"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Preston County"],"creators_ssim":["Preston County"],"places_ssim":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Thomas Ward, President of the Preston County Court, 1957 April 16. ","Addendum: Gift of the McCrum Estate through the Leroy Bucklew Museum, 1996 August."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Coal mining.","Court records","Estate settlements.","Iron furnaces and iron industry.","Maps.","Mills and mill-work","Railroads","Surveyors and surveying.","County courts","Real property","Public records"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Coal mining.","Court records","Estate settlements.","Iron furnaces and iron industry.","Maps.","Mills and mill-work","Railroads","Surveyors and surveying.","County courts","Real property","Public records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4.15 Linear Feet Summary: 4 ft. 1.75 in. (5 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each); (1 Oversized record carton, 17 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["4.15 Linear Feet Summary: 4 ft. 1.75 in. (5 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each); (1 Oversized record carton, 17 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918],"indexes_html_tesm":["\u003cindex id=\"aspace_9f08df9943fdf67a6a156c59e8285f6c\"\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eThere are two item level inventories, one of the original collection (boxes 1-7) and one of the 1996 addendum (box 8). Additionally, there is an inventory of the contents of item A-174, Miscellaneous Land Contracts and Deeds, 1795-1859 (box 3). These inventories include further information about names, locations, and dates found in this collection. Physical and digital copies of these are available upon request. \u003c/p\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eThese inventories were made around the time of the collections' accessions, and may include some outdated information, but are generally still accurate. Materials on the inventory that are no longer part of the collection are: Items A-1, 13, 21, 24, 70, 111, 133, 166, 261-268, 271-272, and 276-277. The microfilm reel in this collection is a copy of A-24, the original material was returned to the donor. A-21 is \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eThe State Of Maryland, Complainant, Vs. The State of West Virginia\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e, which was separated into the general book collection (975.2 M369s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/index\u003e"],"indexes_tesim":["There are two item level inventories, one of the original collection (boxes 1-7) and one of the 1996 addendum (box 8). Additionally, there is an inventory of the contents of item A-174, Miscellaneous Land Contracts and Deeds, 1795-1859 (box 3). These inventories include further information about names, locations, and dates found in this collection. Physical and digital copies of these are available upon request.  These inventories were made around the time of the collections' accessions, and may include some outdated information, but are generally still accurate. Materials on the inventory that are no longer part of the collection are: Items A-1, 13, 21, 24, 70, 111, 133, 166, 261-268, 271-272, and 276-277. The microfilm reel in this collection is a copy of A-24, the original material was returned to the donor. A-21 is  The State Of Maryland, Complainant, Vs. The State of West Virginia , which was separated into the general book collection (975.2 M369s)."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two pieces: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. Materials in the first piece were numbered as \"items\" A-1 to A-280. An \"item\" could either be a single document or item, or could be a collection of materials. Some \"items,\" such as A-22, include specifications of their contents, the contents identified as 1-67, while other items have their contents designated alphabetically, such as A-163, which includes A-L. There are three items in box 6 designated as X-123, X-124, and X-126. These items appear to have been added after the inventory. Item numbers were written on folders or directly on the items. Additionally, several of the boxes contain a few miscellaneous unnumbered items. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe addendum in box 8 uses a similar system, but are designated MON 1-MON 45, in reference to Julius Kemble Monroe, the originator of these materials. This label is not related to Monroe or Monongalia Counties. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in boxes 1-5 and box 8 are in folders labeled with item numbers, and arranged numerically by item number. The materials in boxes 6 and 7 are generally not foldered, and are not arranged in numerical order. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs 015954, 015955, and 015959 are part of A-18; 015735 is A-19; and 015958 is part of A-20. The other photographs were never scanned, and do not have ID numbers. \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection consists of two pieces: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. Materials in the first piece were numbered as \"items\" A-1 to A-280. An \"item\" could either be a single document or item, or could be a collection of materials. Some \"items,\" such as A-22, include specifications of their contents, the contents identified as 1-67, while other items have their contents designated alphabetically, such as A-163, which includes A-L. There are three items in box 6 designated as X-123, X-124, and X-126. These items appear to have been added after the inventory. Item numbers were written on folders or directly on the items. Additionally, several of the boxes contain a few miscellaneous unnumbered items. ","The addendum in box 8 uses a similar system, but are designated MON 1-MON 45, in reference to Julius Kemble Monroe, the originator of these materials. This label is not related to Monroe or Monongalia Counties. ","The materials in boxes 1-5 and box 8 are in folders labeled with item numbers, and arranged numerically by item number. The materials in boxes 6 and 7 are generally not foldered, and are not arranged in numerical order. ","Photographs 015954, 015955, and 015959 are part of A-18; 015735 is A-19; and 015958 is part of A-20. The other photographs were never scanned, and do not have ID numbers. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers, A\u0026amp;M 0956, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers, A\u0026M 0956, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBound volume separated into general collection: \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eThe state of Maryland, complainant, vs. the state of West Virginia: in equity; [transcript of record ... concerning boundary line.]\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e. Call number: 975.2 M369s\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRelated: A\u0026amp;M 2578, Preston County (W. Va.) Court Record Books \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther Collections:\nA\u0026amp;M 1084, George W. Fairfax Papers \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 1062, George W. Fairfax Papers \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0279, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0429, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 1296, Preston County Board of Education Records \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0810, James H. Carroll, County Circuit Court Clerk, Papers \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0571, Samuel T. Wiley, Author, Notebook regarding Publication of \"History of Preston County\" \u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["See Also"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Bound volume separated into general collection:  The state of Maryland, complainant, vs. the state of West Virginia: in equity; [transcript of record ... concerning boundary line.] . Call number: 975.2 M369s","Related: A\u0026M 2578, Preston County (W. Va.) Court Record Books ","Other Collections:\nA\u0026M 1084, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 1062, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 0279, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 0429, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 1296, Preston County Board of Education Records ","A\u0026M 0810, James H. Carroll, County Circuit Court Clerk, Papers ","A\u0026M 0571, Samuel T. Wiley, Author, Notebook regarding Publication of \"History of Preston County\" "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords from the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. Land records are of private individuals, corporations, and general surveys of the County, as well as a few records on the Deakins Line on the border of West Virginia (then Virginia) and Maryland. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two parts: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. The original collection includes boxes 1-7 and 1 reel of microfilm. Boxes 1-5 are primarily land records from Preston County, and include land in Monongalia and Harrison Counties. The collection includes early papers relating to land, court cases, mills and furnaces, post offices, inns, mineral development, Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad Company, roads, the Virginia-Maryland boundary, and estate settlements. Boxes 6-7 are almost exclusively maps and surveys, and the materials are primarily from circa 1900-1915. The microfilm reel is a copy of a 1909 Map of Kingwood (item A-24); the original was returned after being filmed. Five of the seven photographs are available digitally. The 1996 addendum is box 8. This box is exclusively photocopies of the loaned materials, no original materials exist. These materials were the papers of Julius Kemble Monroe, a surveyor in Preston County.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBoth the originals and the addendum may have at one point been the papers of Monroe, but the original accession was donated by the Preston County Court through the Leroy Bucklew Museum. The papers in this collection include court records, but seem to have been returned to the court from private citizens. As a result, the records in this collection include the kinds of court records kept by individuals, and include private papers, such as correspondence. Furthermore, this collection is representative of specific individuals who kept records, rather than the general population of Preston County.  The collection of private records by the County may have occurred after a fire at the courthouse in 1869 destroyed most of the original records, or it may be a result of the collecting efforts of the Bucklew Museum, which appears to have been connected with the court. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHighlights of this collection include: Original survey maps from 1790, 1792, and 1794 (A-17); a survey of the border between West Virginia and Maryland (undated, A-16); records of local industries such as a coal report (undated, A-171), Muddy Creek Iron Furnace (A-318, circa 1860), and the Kingwood Railroad; Accounts of Mail for Preston County Post Offices (1845-1849, A-269); records of first Kingwood Sunday School, including Semi-Annual report of Kingwood Sunday School, 1828 (A-274) and a list of scholars and donors (A-280); lists of voters for Evansville (1844 or 1848, A-278); Literary Digest maps of New Europe and Africa following World War I (1920, A-156 and A-168); Soil, topography, and agricultural surveys for Preston, Monongalia, Marion, and Taylor Counties (1912-1914, A-148-149, A-169); and a poster advertising a \"Judicial Sale of Very Valuable Land\" (1868, A-167).\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Records from the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. Land records are of private individuals, corporations, and general surveys of the County, as well as a few records on the Deakins Line on the border of West Virginia (then Virginia) and Maryland. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family.  ","This collection consists of two parts: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. The original collection includes boxes 1-7 and 1 reel of microfilm. Boxes 1-5 are primarily land records from Preston County, and include land in Monongalia and Harrison Counties. The collection includes early papers relating to land, court cases, mills and furnaces, post offices, inns, mineral development, Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad Company, roads, the Virginia-Maryland boundary, and estate settlements. Boxes 6-7 are almost exclusively maps and surveys, and the materials are primarily from circa 1900-1915. The microfilm reel is a copy of a 1909 Map of Kingwood (item A-24); the original was returned after being filmed. Five of the seven photographs are available digitally. The 1996 addendum is box 8. This box is exclusively photocopies of the loaned materials, no original materials exist. These materials were the papers of Julius Kemble Monroe, a surveyor in Preston County.  ","Both the originals and the addendum may have at one point been the papers of Monroe, but the original accession was donated by the Preston County Court through the Leroy Bucklew Museum. The papers in this collection include court records, but seem to have been returned to the court from private citizens. As a result, the records in this collection include the kinds of court records kept by individuals, and include private papers, such as correspondence. Furthermore, this collection is representative of specific individuals who kept records, rather than the general population of Preston County.  The collection of private records by the County may have occurred after a fire at the courthouse in 1869 destroyed most of the original records, or it may be a result of the collecting efforts of the Bucklew Museum, which appears to have been connected with the court. ","Highlights of this collection include: Original survey maps from 1790, 1792, and 1794 (A-17); a survey of the border between West Virginia and Maryland (undated, A-16); records of local industries such as a coal report (undated, A-171), Muddy Creek Iron Furnace (A-318, circa 1860), and the Kingwood Railroad; Accounts of Mail for Preston County Post Offices (1845-1849, A-269); records of first Kingwood Sunday School, including Semi-Annual report of Kingwood Sunday School, 1828 (A-274) and a list of scholars and donors (A-280); lists of voters for Evansville (1844 or 1848, A-278); Literary Digest maps of New Europe and Africa following World War I (1920, A-156 and A-168); Soil, topography, and agricultural surveys for Preston, Monongalia, Marion, and Taylor Counties (1912-1914, A-148-149, A-169); and a poster advertising a \"Judicial Sale of Very Valuable Land\" (1868, A-167)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_658fbbb2c763ef9925bb9741476ed3e1\"\u003eRecords of the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family. Some photographs from this collection have been digitized.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Records of the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family. Some photographs from this collection have been digitized."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_bf3a8e6081519b160b365cc3d41b8493\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["Leroy Bucklew Museum","Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Preston County","Leroy Bucklew Museum","Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Preston County","Leroy Bucklew Museum"],"persname_ssim":["Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-08T15:08:29.263Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c06"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c07","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"A-2-A-17; A-23-A-149; A-153-A-160; A-168;  X-123, X-124, and X-126","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c07#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eDoes not include A-13, 16, 24, 27, 63, 70, 111, 133, or 156. A-28 is listed as a negative in the inventory, but appears to be the original. The \"X\" items were not included on the original inventory and are: X-123, town lots in Kingwood surveyed for U.N. Orr, 1908; X-124, Plat of streets in Kingwood, undated; and X-126, the Brown and Bannister addition to Albright, undated.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c07#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c07","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c07"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c07","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"text":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers","A-2-A-17; A-23-A-149; A-153-A-160; A-168;  X-123, X-124, and X-126","Box 6","No microfilm copy available","Does not include A-13, 16, 24, 27, 63, 70, 111, 133, or 156. A-28 is listed as a negative in the inventory, but appears to be the original. The \"X\" items were not included on the original inventory and are: X-123, town lots in Kingwood surveyed for U.N. Orr, 1908; X-124, Plat of streets in Kingwood, undated; and X-126, the Brown and Bannister addition to Albright, undated."],"title_filing_ssi":"A-2-A-17; A-23-A-149; A-153-A-160; A-168;  X-123, X-124, and X-126","title_ssm":["A-2-A-17; A-23-A-149; A-153-A-160; A-168;  X-123, X-124, and X-126"],"title_tesim":["A-2-A-17; A-23-A-149; A-153-A-160; A-168;  X-123, X-124, and X-126"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1820-1920"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1820/1920"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A-2-A-17; A-23-A-149; A-153-A-160; A-168;  X-123, X-124, and X-126"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"sort_isi":7,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["No special access restriction applies."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920],"containers_ssim":["Box 6"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo microfilm copy available\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No microfilm copy available"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDoes not include A-13, 16, 24, 27, 63, 70, 111, 133, or 156. A-28 is listed as a negative in the inventory, but appears to be the original. The \"X\" items were not included on the original inventory and are: X-123, town lots in Kingwood surveyed for U.N. Orr, 1908; X-124, Plat of streets in Kingwood, undated; and X-126, the Brown and Bannister addition to Albright, undated.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Does not include A-13, 16, 24, 27, 63, 70, 111, 133, or 156. A-28 is listed as a negative in the inventory, but appears to be the original. The \"X\" items were not included on the original inventory and are: X-123, town lots in Kingwood surveyed for U.N. Orr, 1908; X-124, Plat of streets in Kingwood, undated; and X-126, the Brown and Bannister addition to Albright, undated."],"_nest_path_":"/components#6","timestamp":"2026-05-08T15:08:29.263Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_4006.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/197800","title_ssm":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"title_tesim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1775-1918"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1775-1918"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4006"],"text":["A\u0026M 0956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4006","Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers","Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives","Coal mining.","Court records","Estate settlements.","Iron furnaces and iron industry.","Maps.","Mills and mill-work","Railroads","Surveyors and surveying.","County courts","Real property","Public records","There are two item level inventories, one of the original collection (boxes 1-7) and one of the 1996 addendum (box 8). Additionally, there is an inventory of the contents of item A-174, Miscellaneous Land Contracts and Deeds, 1795-1859 (box 3). These inventories include further information about names, locations, and dates found in this collection. Physical and digital copies of these are available upon request.  These inventories were made around the time of the collections' accessions, and may include some outdated information, but are generally still accurate. Materials on the inventory that are no longer part of the collection are: Items A-1, 13, 21, 24, 70, 111, 133, 166, 261-268, 271-272, and 276-277. The microfilm reel in this collection is a copy of A-24, the original material was returned to the donor. A-21 is  The State Of Maryland, Complainant, Vs. The State of West Virginia , which was separated into the general book collection (975.2 M369s).","No special access restriction applies.","This collection consists of two pieces: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. Materials in the first piece were numbered as \"items\" A-1 to A-280. An \"item\" could either be a single document or item, or could be a collection of materials. Some \"items,\" such as A-22, include specifications of their contents, the contents identified as 1-67, while other items have their contents designated alphabetically, such as A-163, which includes A-L. There are three items in box 6 designated as X-123, X-124, and X-126. These items appear to have been added after the inventory. Item numbers were written on folders or directly on the items. Additionally, several of the boxes contain a few miscellaneous unnumbered items. ","The addendum in box 8 uses a similar system, but are designated MON 1-MON 45, in reference to Julius Kemble Monroe, the originator of these materials. This label is not related to Monroe or Monongalia Counties. ","The materials in boxes 1-5 and box 8 are in folders labeled with item numbers, and arranged numerically by item number. The materials in boxes 6 and 7 are generally not foldered, and are not arranged in numerical order. ","Photographs 015954, 015955, and 015959 are part of A-18; 015735 is A-19; and 015958 is part of A-20. The other photographs were never scanned, and do not have ID numbers. ","Bound volume separated into general collection:  The state of Maryland, complainant, vs. the state of West Virginia: in equity; [transcript of record ... concerning boundary line.] . Call number: 975.2 M369s","Related: A\u0026M 2578, Preston County (W. Va.) Court Record Books ","Other Collections:\nA\u0026M 1084, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 1062, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 0279, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 0429, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 1296, Preston County Board of Education Records ","A\u0026M 0810, James H. Carroll, County Circuit Court Clerk, Papers ","A\u0026M 0571, Samuel T. Wiley, Author, Notebook regarding Publication of \"History of Preston County\" ","Records from the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. Land records are of private individuals, corporations, and general surveys of the County, as well as a few records on the Deakins Line on the border of West Virginia (then Virginia) and Maryland. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family.  ","This collection consists of two parts: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. The original collection includes boxes 1-7 and 1 reel of microfilm. Boxes 1-5 are primarily land records from Preston County, and include land in Monongalia and Harrison Counties. The collection includes early papers relating to land, court cases, mills and furnaces, post offices, inns, mineral development, Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad Company, roads, the Virginia-Maryland boundary, and estate settlements. Boxes 6-7 are almost exclusively maps and surveys, and the materials are primarily from circa 1900-1915. The microfilm reel is a copy of a 1909 Map of Kingwood (item A-24); the original was returned after being filmed. Five of the seven photographs are available digitally. The 1996 addendum is box 8. This box is exclusively photocopies of the loaned materials, no original materials exist. These materials were the papers of Julius Kemble Monroe, a surveyor in Preston County.  ","Both the originals and the addendum may have at one point been the papers of Monroe, but the original accession was donated by the Preston County Court through the Leroy Bucklew Museum. The papers in this collection include court records, but seem to have been returned to the court from private citizens. As a result, the records in this collection include the kinds of court records kept by individuals, and include private papers, such as correspondence. Furthermore, this collection is representative of specific individuals who kept records, rather than the general population of Preston County.  The collection of private records by the County may have occurred after a fire at the courthouse in 1869 destroyed most of the original records, or it may be a result of the collecting efforts of the Bucklew Museum, which appears to have been connected with the court. ","Highlights of this collection include: Original survey maps from 1790, 1792, and 1794 (A-17); a survey of the border between West Virginia and Maryland (undated, A-16); records of local industries such as a coal report (undated, A-171), Muddy Creek Iron Furnace (A-318, circa 1860), and the Kingwood Railroad; Accounts of Mail for Preston County Post Offices (1845-1849, A-269); records of first Kingwood Sunday School, including Semi-Annual report of Kingwood Sunday School, 1828 (A-274) and a list of scholars and donors (A-280); lists of voters for Evansville (1844 or 1848, A-278); Literary Digest maps of New Europe and Africa following World War I (1920, A-156 and A-168); Soil, topography, and agricultural surveys for Preston, Monongalia, Marion, and Taylor Counties (1912-1914, A-148-149, A-169); and a poster advertising a \"Judicial Sale of Very Valuable Land\" (1868, A-167).","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Records of the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family. Some photographs from this collection have been digitized.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Preston County","Leroy Bucklew Museum","Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0956","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4006"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives"],"geogname_ssim":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives"],"creator_ssm":["Preston County"],"creator_ssim":["Preston County"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Preston County"],"creators_ssim":["Preston County"],"places_ssim":["Berkeley Springs (W. Va.)","Bruceton Mills (W. Va.)","Kingwood (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.)","Rowlesburg (W. Va.)","Preston County (W. Va.) -- archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Thomas Ward, President of the Preston County Court, 1957 April 16. ","Addendum: Gift of the McCrum Estate through the Leroy Bucklew Museum, 1996 August."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Coal mining.","Court records","Estate settlements.","Iron furnaces and iron industry.","Maps.","Mills and mill-work","Railroads","Surveyors and surveying.","County courts","Real property","Public records"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Coal mining.","Court records","Estate settlements.","Iron furnaces and iron industry.","Maps.","Mills and mill-work","Railroads","Surveyors and surveying.","County courts","Real property","Public records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4.15 Linear Feet Summary: 4 ft. 1.75 in. (5 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each); (1 Oversized record carton, 17 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["4.15 Linear Feet Summary: 4 ft. 1.75 in. (5 document cases, 5 in. each); (2 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each); (1 Oversized record carton, 17 in.); (1 reel of microfilm, 1.75 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918],"indexes_html_tesm":["\u003cindex id=\"aspace_9f08df9943fdf67a6a156c59e8285f6c\"\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eThere are two item level inventories, one of the original collection (boxes 1-7) and one of the 1996 addendum (box 8). Additionally, there is an inventory of the contents of item A-174, Miscellaneous Land Contracts and Deeds, 1795-1859 (box 3). These inventories include further information about names, locations, and dates found in this collection. Physical and digital copies of these are available upon request. \u003c/p\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eThese inventories were made around the time of the collections' accessions, and may include some outdated information, but are generally still accurate. Materials on the inventory that are no longer part of the collection are: Items A-1, 13, 21, 24, 70, 111, 133, 166, 261-268, 271-272, and 276-277. The microfilm reel in this collection is a copy of A-24, the original material was returned to the donor. A-21 is \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eThe State Of Maryland, Complainant, Vs. The State of West Virginia\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e, which was separated into the general book collection (975.2 M369s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/index\u003e"],"indexes_tesim":["There are two item level inventories, one of the original collection (boxes 1-7) and one of the 1996 addendum (box 8). Additionally, there is an inventory of the contents of item A-174, Miscellaneous Land Contracts and Deeds, 1795-1859 (box 3). These inventories include further information about names, locations, and dates found in this collection. Physical and digital copies of these are available upon request.  These inventories were made around the time of the collections' accessions, and may include some outdated information, but are generally still accurate. Materials on the inventory that are no longer part of the collection are: Items A-1, 13, 21, 24, 70, 111, 133, 166, 261-268, 271-272, and 276-277. The microfilm reel in this collection is a copy of A-24, the original material was returned to the donor. A-21 is  The State Of Maryland, Complainant, Vs. The State of West Virginia , which was separated into the general book collection (975.2 M369s)."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two pieces: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. Materials in the first piece were numbered as \"items\" A-1 to A-280. An \"item\" could either be a single document or item, or could be a collection of materials. Some \"items,\" such as A-22, include specifications of their contents, the contents identified as 1-67, while other items have their contents designated alphabetically, such as A-163, which includes A-L. There are three items in box 6 designated as X-123, X-124, and X-126. These items appear to have been added after the inventory. Item numbers were written on folders or directly on the items. Additionally, several of the boxes contain a few miscellaneous unnumbered items. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe addendum in box 8 uses a similar system, but are designated MON 1-MON 45, in reference to Julius Kemble Monroe, the originator of these materials. This label is not related to Monroe or Monongalia Counties. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in boxes 1-5 and box 8 are in folders labeled with item numbers, and arranged numerically by item number. The materials in boxes 6 and 7 are generally not foldered, and are not arranged in numerical order. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs 015954, 015955, and 015959 are part of A-18; 015735 is A-19; and 015958 is part of A-20. The other photographs were never scanned, and do not have ID numbers. \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection consists of two pieces: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. Materials in the first piece were numbered as \"items\" A-1 to A-280. An \"item\" could either be a single document or item, or could be a collection of materials. Some \"items,\" such as A-22, include specifications of their contents, the contents identified as 1-67, while other items have their contents designated alphabetically, such as A-163, which includes A-L. There are three items in box 6 designated as X-123, X-124, and X-126. These items appear to have been added after the inventory. Item numbers were written on folders or directly on the items. Additionally, several of the boxes contain a few miscellaneous unnumbered items. ","The addendum in box 8 uses a similar system, but are designated MON 1-MON 45, in reference to Julius Kemble Monroe, the originator of these materials. This label is not related to Monroe or Monongalia Counties. ","The materials in boxes 1-5 and box 8 are in folders labeled with item numbers, and arranged numerically by item number. The materials in boxes 6 and 7 are generally not foldered, and are not arranged in numerical order. ","Photographs 015954, 015955, and 015959 are part of A-18; 015735 is A-19; and 015958 is part of A-20. The other photographs were never scanned, and do not have ID numbers. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers, A\u0026amp;M 0956, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Preston County (W. Va.) Court Records and Miscellaneous Papers, A\u0026M 0956, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBound volume separated into general collection: \u003ctitle\u003e\u003cpart\u003eThe state of Maryland, complainant, vs. the state of West Virginia: in equity; [transcript of record ... concerning boundary line.]\u003c/part\u003e\u003c/title\u003e. Call number: 975.2 M369s\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRelated: A\u0026amp;M 2578, Preston County (W. Va.) Court Record Books \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther Collections:\nA\u0026amp;M 1084, George W. Fairfax Papers \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 1062, George W. Fairfax Papers \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0279, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0429, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 1296, Preston County Board of Education Records \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0810, James H. Carroll, County Circuit Court Clerk, Papers \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA\u0026amp;M 0571, Samuel T. Wiley, Author, Notebook regarding Publication of \"History of Preston County\" \u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["See Also"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Bound volume separated into general collection:  The state of Maryland, complainant, vs. the state of West Virginia: in equity; [transcript of record ... concerning boundary line.] . Call number: 975.2 M369s","Related: A\u0026M 2578, Preston County (W. Va.) Court Record Books ","Other Collections:\nA\u0026M 1084, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 1062, George W. Fairfax Papers ","A\u0026M 0279, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 0429, Surveyor's Field Book, Preston County  ","A\u0026M 1296, Preston County Board of Education Records ","A\u0026M 0810, James H. Carroll, County Circuit Court Clerk, Papers ","A\u0026M 0571, Samuel T. Wiley, Author, Notebook regarding Publication of \"History of Preston County\" "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords from the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. Land records are of private individuals, corporations, and general surveys of the County, as well as a few records on the Deakins Line on the border of West Virginia (then Virginia) and Maryland. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two parts: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. The original collection includes boxes 1-7 and 1 reel of microfilm. Boxes 1-5 are primarily land records from Preston County, and include land in Monongalia and Harrison Counties. The collection includes early papers relating to land, court cases, mills and furnaces, post offices, inns, mineral development, Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad Company, roads, the Virginia-Maryland boundary, and estate settlements. Boxes 6-7 are almost exclusively maps and surveys, and the materials are primarily from circa 1900-1915. The microfilm reel is a copy of a 1909 Map of Kingwood (item A-24); the original was returned after being filmed. Five of the seven photographs are available digitally. The 1996 addendum is box 8. This box is exclusively photocopies of the loaned materials, no original materials exist. These materials were the papers of Julius Kemble Monroe, a surveyor in Preston County.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBoth the originals and the addendum may have at one point been the papers of Monroe, but the original accession was donated by the Preston County Court through the Leroy Bucklew Museum. The papers in this collection include court records, but seem to have been returned to the court from private citizens. As a result, the records in this collection include the kinds of court records kept by individuals, and include private papers, such as correspondence. Furthermore, this collection is representative of specific individuals who kept records, rather than the general population of Preston County.  The collection of private records by the County may have occurred after a fire at the courthouse in 1869 destroyed most of the original records, or it may be a result of the collecting efforts of the Bucklew Museum, which appears to have been connected with the court. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHighlights of this collection include: Original survey maps from 1790, 1792, and 1794 (A-17); a survey of the border between West Virginia and Maryland (undated, A-16); records of local industries such as a coal report (undated, A-171), Muddy Creek Iron Furnace (A-318, circa 1860), and the Kingwood Railroad; Accounts of Mail for Preston County Post Offices (1845-1849, A-269); records of first Kingwood Sunday School, including Semi-Annual report of Kingwood Sunday School, 1828 (A-274) and a list of scholars and donors (A-280); lists of voters for Evansville (1844 or 1848, A-278); Literary Digest maps of New Europe and Africa following World War I (1920, A-156 and A-168); Soil, topography, and agricultural surveys for Preston, Monongalia, Marion, and Taylor Counties (1912-1914, A-148-149, A-169); and a poster advertising a \"Judicial Sale of Very Valuable Land\" (1868, A-167).\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Records from the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. Land records are of private individuals, corporations, and general surveys of the County, as well as a few records on the Deakins Line on the border of West Virginia (then Virginia) and Maryland. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family.  ","This collection consists of two parts: the original accession and the 1996 addendum. The original collection includes boxes 1-7 and 1 reel of microfilm. Boxes 1-5 are primarily land records from Preston County, and include land in Monongalia and Harrison Counties. The collection includes early papers relating to land, court cases, mills and furnaces, post offices, inns, mineral development, Morgantown and Kingwood Railroad Company, roads, the Virginia-Maryland boundary, and estate settlements. Boxes 6-7 are almost exclusively maps and surveys, and the materials are primarily from circa 1900-1915. The microfilm reel is a copy of a 1909 Map of Kingwood (item A-24); the original was returned after being filmed. Five of the seven photographs are available digitally. The 1996 addendum is box 8. This box is exclusively photocopies of the loaned materials, no original materials exist. These materials were the papers of Julius Kemble Monroe, a surveyor in Preston County.  ","Both the originals and the addendum may have at one point been the papers of Monroe, but the original accession was donated by the Preston County Court through the Leroy Bucklew Museum. The papers in this collection include court records, but seem to have been returned to the court from private citizens. As a result, the records in this collection include the kinds of court records kept by individuals, and include private papers, such as correspondence. Furthermore, this collection is representative of specific individuals who kept records, rather than the general population of Preston County.  The collection of private records by the County may have occurred after a fire at the courthouse in 1869 destroyed most of the original records, or it may be a result of the collecting efforts of the Bucklew Museum, which appears to have been connected with the court. ","Highlights of this collection include: Original survey maps from 1790, 1792, and 1794 (A-17); a survey of the border between West Virginia and Maryland (undated, A-16); records of local industries such as a coal report (undated, A-171), Muddy Creek Iron Furnace (A-318, circa 1860), and the Kingwood Railroad; Accounts of Mail for Preston County Post Offices (1845-1849, A-269); records of first Kingwood Sunday School, including Semi-Annual report of Kingwood Sunday School, 1828 (A-274) and a list of scholars and donors (A-280); lists of voters for Evansville (1844 or 1848, A-278); Literary Digest maps of New Europe and Africa following World War I (1920, A-156 and A-168); Soil, topography, and agricultural surveys for Preston, Monongalia, Marion, and Taylor Counties (1912-1914, A-148-149, A-169); and a poster advertising a \"Judicial Sale of Very Valuable Land\" (1868, A-167)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_658fbbb2c763ef9925bb9741476ed3e1\"\u003eRecords of the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family. Some photographs from this collection have been digitized.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Records of the Preston County court, consisting almost entirely of land records such as maps, surveys, plats, deeds, and indentures. There are also some personal papers and correspondence of Preston County residents, including Israel Baldwin and Julius K. Monroe, and the Fairfax family. Some photographs from this collection have been digitized."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_bf3a8e6081519b160b365cc3d41b8493\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["Leroy Bucklew Museum","Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Preston County","Leroy Bucklew Museum","Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Preston County","Leroy Bucklew Museum"],"persname_ssim":["Deakins, Francis.","Deakins, William.","Monroe, Julius Kemble.","Sisler, Janice Cale, 1935-"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-08T15:08:29.263Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4006_c07"}},{"id":"viu_viu00917_c01_c15_c01","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"A. Agent; includes letters of Asa\n                     Snyder, John N. Gordon, and Thomas A.\n                     Mack","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c01_c15_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c01_c15_c01","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00917_c01_c15_c01"],"id":"viu_viu00917_c01_c15_c01","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917_c01_c15","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c01_c15","parent_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c01","viu_viu00917_c01_c15"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c01","viu_viu00917_c01_c15"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Letter Books"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Letter Books"],"text":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Letter Books","A. Agent; includes letters of Asa\n                     Snyder, John N. Gordon, and Thomas A.\n                     Mack","4 volumes"],"title_filing_ssi":"A. Agent; includes letters of Asa\n                     Snyder, John N. Gordon, and Thomas A.\n                     Mack","title_ssm":["A. Agent; includes letters of Asa\n                     Snyder, John N. Gordon, and Thomas A.\n                     Mack"],"title_tesim":["A. Agent; includes letters of Asa\n                     Snyder, John N. Gordon, and Thomas A.\n                     Mack"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1883-1886"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1883/1886"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A. Agent; includes letters of Asa\n                     Snyder, John N. Gordon, and Thomas A.\n                     Mack"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"physdesc_tesim":["4 volumes"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":73,"date_range_isim":[1883,1884,1885,1886],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#14/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00917","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00917.xml","title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["662"],"text":["662","Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.","The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n          To Mr. George Wickes \n             Supt. of Mines \n             Kay Moor, Virginia \n             Dear George, \n             Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success. Signed, \n             Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n          Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.","The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["662"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Green Bookman in\n            1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCoal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026amp; O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026amp; O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo Mr. George Wickes \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eSupt. of Mines \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eKay Moor, Virginia \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDear George, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eTony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSigned, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEd D. Wickes Supt. of Mines\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003eLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhy did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eManufacturers Record\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003edated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company Personnel:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExecutive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFactory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n          To Mr. George Wickes \n             Supt. of Mines \n             Kay Moor, Virginia \n             Dear George, \n             Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success. Signed, \n             Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n          Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1879,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c01_c15_c01"}},{"id":"viu_viu00917_c01_c17_c01","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"A. Agent; includes letters of Asa\n                     Snyder, John N. Gordon, and Thomas A.\n                     Mack","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c01_c17_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c01_c17_c01","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00917_c01_c17_c01"],"id":"viu_viu00917_c01_c17_c01","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917_c01_c17","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c01_c17","parent_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c01","viu_viu00917_c01_c17"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c01","viu_viu00917_c01_c17"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Letter Books"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Letter Books"],"text":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Letter Books","A. Agent; includes letters of Asa\n                     Snyder, John N. Gordon, and Thomas A.\n                     Mack","4 volumes"],"title_filing_ssi":"A. Agent; includes letters of Asa\n                     Snyder, John N. Gordon, and Thomas A.\n                     Mack","title_ssm":["A. Agent; includes letters of Asa\n                     Snyder, John N. Gordon, and Thomas A.\n                     Mack"],"title_tesim":["A. Agent; includes letters of Asa\n                     Snyder, John N. Gordon, and Thomas A.\n                     Mack"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1883-1886"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1883/1886"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A. Agent; includes letters of Asa\n                     Snyder, John N. Gordon, and Thomas A.\n                     Mack"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"physdesc_tesim":["4 volumes"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":87,"date_range_isim":[1883,1884,1885,1886],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#16/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00917","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00917.xml","title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["662"],"text":["662","Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.","The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n          To Mr. George Wickes \n             Supt. of Mines \n             Kay Moor, Virginia \n             Dear George, \n             Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success. Signed, \n             Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n          Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.","The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["662"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Green Bookman in\n            1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCoal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026amp; O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026amp; O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo Mr. George Wickes \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eSupt. of Mines \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eKay Moor, Virginia \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDear George, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eTony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSigned, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEd D. Wickes Supt. of Mines\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003eLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhy did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eManufacturers Record\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003edated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company Personnel:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExecutive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFactory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n          To Mr. George Wickes \n             Supt. of Mines \n             Kay Moor, Virginia \n             Dear George, \n             Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success. Signed, \n             Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n          Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1879,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c01_c17_c01"}},{"id":"viu_viu00917_c01_c18_c01","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"A. Alphabetical sequence; includes\n                     records of castings and weights, financial\n                     statements of various companies, expenses of the\n                     [Low Moor?] medical department, mill silvery\n                     records, World War I workers exemption from\n                     [draft?] records, slag weights, stock\n                     transactions, and tools rented","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c01_c18_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c01_c18_c01","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00917_c01_c18_c01"],"id":"viu_viu00917_c01_c18_c01","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917_c01_c18","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c01_c18","parent_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c01","viu_viu00917_c01_c18"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c01","viu_viu00917_c01_c18"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Miscellaneous"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Miscellaneous"],"text":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","Bound Volumes","Miscellaneous","A. Alphabetical sequence; includes\n                     records of castings and weights, financial\n                     statements of various companies, expenses of the\n                     [Low Moor?] medical department, mill silvery\n                     records, World War I workers exemption from\n                     [draft?] records, slag weights, stock\n                     transactions, and tools rented","9 volumes"],"title_filing_ssi":"A. Alphabetical sequence; includes\n                     records of castings and weights, financial\n                     statements of various companies, expenses of the\n                     [Low Moor?] medical department, mill silvery\n                     records, World War I workers exemption from\n                     [draft?] records, slag weights, stock\n                     transactions, and tools rented","title_ssm":["A. Alphabetical sequence; includes\n                     records of castings and weights, financial\n                     statements of various companies, expenses of the\n                     [Low Moor?] medical department, mill silvery\n                     records, World War I workers exemption from\n                     [draft?] records, slag weights, stock\n                     transactions, and tools rented"],"title_tesim":["A. Alphabetical sequence; includes\n                     records of castings and weights, financial\n                     statements of various companies, expenses of the\n                     [Low Moor?] medical department, mill silvery\n                     records, World War I workers exemption from\n                     [draft?] records, slag weights, stock\n                     transactions, and tools rented"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1881-1918"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1881/1918"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A. Alphabetical sequence; includes\n                     records of castings and weights, financial\n                     statements of various companies, expenses of the\n                     [Low Moor?] medical department, mill silvery\n                     records, World War I workers exemption from\n                     [draft?] records, slag weights, stock\n                     transactions, and tools rented"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"physdesc_tesim":["9 volumes"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":102,"date_range_isim":[1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#17/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00917","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00917.xml","title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["662"],"text":["662","Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927","95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.","The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n          To Mr. George Wickes \n             Supt. of Mines \n             Kay Moor, Virginia \n             Dear George, \n             Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success. Signed, \n             Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n          Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.","The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["662"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n          1873-1927"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Green Bookman in\n            1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCoal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026amp; O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026amp; O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo Mr. George Wickes \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eSupt. of Mines \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eKay Moor, Virginia \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDear George, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eTony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSigned, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEd D. Wickes Supt. of Mines\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003eLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhy did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eManufacturers Record\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003edated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company Personnel:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExecutive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFactory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n          To Mr. George Wickes \n             Supt. of Mines \n             Kay Moor, Virginia \n             Dear George, \n             Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success. Signed, \n             Ed D. Wickes Supt. of Mines Low Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n          Manufacturers Record dated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1879,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:17:12.165Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c01_c18_c01"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374_c03_c43","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"A-B","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374_c03_c43#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374_c03_c43","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374_c03_c43"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374_c03_c43","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374_c03","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374_c03","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374_c03"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374_c03"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916) Papers","Series 2. Coal Company Operations (boxes 34-48)"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916) Papers","Series 2. Coal Company Operations (boxes 34-48)"],"text":["Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916) Papers","Series 2. Coal Company Operations (boxes 34-48)","A-B","Box 38","Folder 1"],"title_filing_ssi":"A-B","title_ssm":["A-B"],"title_tesim":["A-B"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1881–1891"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1881/1891"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A-B"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916) Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":258,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["No special access restriction applies."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891],"containers_ssim":["Box 38","Folder 1"],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#42","timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:13:20.196Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2374","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_2374.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/196440","title_ssm":["Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916) Papers"],"title_tesim":["Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916) Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1799-1919"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1799-1919"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0013","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2374"],"text":["A\u0026M 0013","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2374","Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916) Papers","United States -- Politics and government","Democratic Party","Banks and banking","Coal mining.","Elk Garden Coal Field.","Lumber trade","Railroads - West Virginia Central and Pittsburgh Railway.","Railroads","Lumber industry and timber.","Politics and government.","West Virginia - Politics and government.","Politicians -- United States","Politicians","No special access restriction applies.","Henry Gassaway Davis","Henry Gassaway Davis (11/16/1823-03/11/1916) was a successful businessman and politician from West Virginia.  He was the Democratic Party's nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1904.","He was born near Woodstock, Maryland on November 16, 1823, and was the second son of four children. He received a limited public-school education and left school at age 15 to support his family after his father's contracting business failed and left the family destitute. Davis first worked at a local quarry, as a water boy, and then as the caretaker of the Waverly Farm, the nearby farm owned by former Maryland Governor George Howard.","Davis began his railroading career in 1842 at age nineteen as a brakeman for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, then still under construction. He eventually advanced to the position of freight conductor, and then passenger conductor. Reportedly at Davis's request, he was appointed station agent for the Piedmont Station at Piedmont, [West] Virginia, because he wanted to explore the timber and coal resources of the Upper Potomac River region. About this same time, Davis established a mercantile lumber and coal business with his younger brothers Thomas B. Davis and William R. Davis at Piedmont. This business was known as H.G. Davis and Company (later H.G. Davis and Brother). Davis left the B\u0026O in 1858 to focus on his business concerns. One of these concerns was the Piedmont Savings Bank, which he founded in 1858 and for which he served as president. Davis, like so many entrepreneurs, made extraordinary profits during the Civil War. Profits from the sale of horses to the federal government and timber and ties to the B\u0026O Railroad enabled H.G. Davis and Company to invest in several thousand acres of coal and timber lands in the Upper Potomac and Cheat rivers region, at a cost said to be as cheap as one dollar per acre.","Davis founded the Cumberland and Piedmont Coal and Railway Company to provide railroad access to his coal and timber lands. In 1866 the West Virginia State Legislature, by a special act, incorporated the Cumberland and Piedmont Coal and Railway Company, granting the incorporators the right to mine coal, build factories and sawmills, buy and sell real estate, and build a railroad. It would be several years before Davis acted on the charter. Construction of the railroad finally began in 1880 at Bloomington, Maryland, and by 1881 the line had reached his mines at Elk Garden, West Virginia. Davis shipped the first Elk Garden coal to Baltimore in October 1881. A new railroad charter was granted in 1881 and Davis renamed the line the West Virginia Central and Pittsburg Railway (WVC). By 1884 the line had reached present-day Davis, then Parsons in 1888, and Elkins (then Leadville) in 1889. Meanwhile in 1886, Davis created a subsidiary railroad, the Piedmont and Cumberland Railway Company (P\u0026C). The P\u0026C connected the WVC with the Pennsylvania Railroad at Cumberland. In 1902 Davis sold the WVC and P\u0026C to George J. Gould, a railroad magnate, who was purchasing and consolidating rail lines to create an intercontinental railroad.","Davis desired to expand his rail network and in 1899 decided to construct a rail line connecting the WVC at Elkins with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad at Durbin, West Virginia. This line became the Coal and Iron Railway (C\u0026I) and was completed in 1902. Davis used the profits of the sale of the WVC to fund construction of the C\u0026I. Not finished yet with railroad construction, Davis incorporated the Coal and Coke Railway Company (C\u0026C) in 1902 to exploit his Roaring Creek coal properties located in Randolph County. This new line ran from Elkins to Charleston via the Elk River through some of West Virginia's most difficult terrain. The C\u0026C connected the Western Maryland at Elkins with the Kanawha and Michigan Railroad at Charleston, providing new markets for West Virginia coal. Construction commenced in 1903 and was completed in 1905, requiring twelve tunnels and thirty steel bridges. The town Gassaway, in Braxton County, was located at the mid-point of the rail line and became the divisional headquarters of the line. Ultimately, the WVC, P\u0026C, and C\u0026I were acquired by the Western Maryland Railroad and the C\u0026C was absorbed by the B\u0026O.","Early on in his career, Davis recognized that being in politics would further his business. Consequently, Davis ran for office on the democratic platform and was elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1865 representing Hampshire County. Davis was very influential in the creation of Mineral and Grant counties in 1866, an effort which advanced his business interests. He was elected to the West Virginia Senate in 1868 and served in that capacity until 1871, when he was elected to the United States Senate. Davis served as a West Virginia Senator from 1871 to 1883.","Davis retired from politics in 1883 and returned to West Virginia to oversee his coal and banking interests. He then formed the Davis Coal and Coke Company with his son-in-law Stephen B. Elkins in 1886. The company controlled 135,000 acres of coal and timber lands, employed 1600 workers, operated nine mines, and furnished coal to be coked in its more than 1000 coke ovens. By 1892 Davis Coal and Coke was one of the largest coal producers world-wide.","Reluctantly, Davis was nominated as the vice-presidential candidate in the 1904 presidential election with Alton B. Parker as his running mate and presidential candidate. They lost to the Roosevelt-Fairbanks ticket by a wide margin. In running for office at the age of 80 Davis had become, and remains, one of the oldest candidates to have ever run for vice president of the United States.","Although retired from public service, Davis was appointed to represent the United States at the Pan-American Conferences (1889-1902) and later was appointed permanent chairman of the Pan-American Railway Committee, which he served from 1901 to his death in 1916. (The Pan-American Railway was a failed intercontinental railroad scheme. Promoters wanted to connect the capitals and principle cities of South and Central America with North America by rail). Davis also served as Chairman of the West Virginia Semi-Centennial Commission in 1913, the group tasked with planning the \"Golden Jubilee\" or 50th anniversary of West Virginia statehood.","Davis's philanthropic legacy was notable. His charitable activities included funding the Davis Children's Shelter in Charleston, West Virginia, a shelter for orphaned and neglected children (1896); the Davis Memorial Presbyterian Church, a church built in memory of his wife Katherine Bantz Davis; and the Davis Memorial Hospital in Davis, also constructed as a memorial to his deceased wife.  Perhaps most notably, he donated the land for Davis and Elkins College in 1904, a liberal arts college named in honor of H.G. Davis and Stephen B. Elkins.","Davis married Katherine Ann Salome Bantz on 22 February 1853. The couple had eight children, three of whom died in infancy. The oldest child, Mary Louise \"Hallie\" Davis, married US Senator Stephen B. Elkins on 14 April 1875, linking the names Davis and Elkins forever.","Daughter Grace Thomas Davis became the namesake of Graceland, Davis's country mansion in Davis, West Virginia, and after his wife died she became his hostess for events held at the mansion. His older son Henry Gassaway Davis was something of a troubled soul, and was lost at sea in 1896. His youngest son John Thomas Davis worked closely with his father, was later associated with Davis and Elkins College, and became a coal operator and banker.","Henry Gassaway Davis passed in Washington D.C. on 11 March 1916 at the age of 93. He is interred at Maplewood Cemetery, Elkins, West Virginia.","Sources:","Clarke, Alan. The West Virginia Central and Pittsburg: a Western Maryland Predecessor. Lynchburg: TLC Publishing. 2003.","Hicks, W. Raymond. \"The West Virginia Central \u0026 Pittsburgh Railway. The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43518154","Lewis, Ronald L. Transforming the Appalachian Countryside: Railroads, Deforestation, and Social Change in West Virginia, 1880-1920. Chapel Hill: University off North Carolina Press, 1998.","Rice, Donald L. \"Coal \u0026 Coke Railway.\" The West Virginia Encyclopedia. https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1337","Ross, Thomas Richard. \"Henry Gassaway Davis.\" The West Virginia Encyclopedia. https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1711","13, 717, 1028","Correspondence and business papers of Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916), a successful businessman and politician from West Virginia.  He was the Democratic Party's nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1904.  The collection largely documents his business and political career, although there are personal papers in the collection as well.  His business interests were largely concerned with coal mining, timber, and railroads.  Types of documents include letters, reports, account books, and maps, among other material.  Much of the correspondence is arranged alphabetically.  The scope and content note of each record series provides substantial detail regarding content.","Series include:  \nSeries 1a. Business Papers, 1882-1909 (boxes 1-29)  \nSeries 1b. Banking Records, 1886-1916 (boxes 30-33)  \nSeries 2. Coal Company Operations, 1799-1915 (boxes 34-48)  \nSeries 3. Miscellaneous Papers, 1855-1916 (boxes 49-62)  \nSeries 4. Miscellaneous Letters, 1872-1915 (boxes 63-65)  \nSeries 5. Miscellaneous Bills and Receipts, 1872-1918 (boxes 66-82)  \nSeries 6. Miscellaneous, 1872-1916 (boxes 83-115)  \nSeries 7. Alexander Shaw Lawsuit, 1880-1894 (boxes 116-118)  \nSeries 8. Personal and Political Papers, 1870-1916 (boxes 119-145)  \nSeries 9. Railroads, 1862-1916 (boxes 146-189)  \nSeries 10. West Virginia Semi-Centennial Commission, 1911 August 9–1913 July 26 (box 190)  \nSeries 11. T.B. Davis Papers, 1879-1915 (box 191)  \nSeries 12. Davis Memorial Hospital and Church, 1898-1916 (boxes 192-193)  \nSeries 13. H.G. Davis and Brother, 1868-1905 (boxes 194-197)  \nSeries 14. Real Estate and Timber, 1869-1915 (boxes 198-202)  \nSeries 15. H.G. Davis Letter Books, 1865-1916 (boxes 203-231)  \nSeries 16. West Virginia Central and Pittsburg Railway Company Letter Books, 1880-1903 (boxes 232-240)  \nSeries 17. Minute, Letter, and Other Books, 1881-1914 (boxes 241-247)  \nSeries 18. Oversized Ledgers, 1884-1913 (boxes 248-260)","Among Davis's correspondents are:  \nU.S. Representative John D. Alderson  \nWest Virginia Governor George W. Atkinson  \nU.S. Senator William Henry Barnum  \nU.S. Ambassador to the U.K. Thomas F. Bayard  \nU.S. Minister to the Netherlands August Belmont, Sr.  \nU.S. Senator James G. Blaine  \nU.S. Senator Calvin S. Brice  \nU.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan  \nU.S. Senator Johnson N. Camden  \nindustrialist Andrew Carnegie  \nPresident of Mexico General Porfirio Díaz  \nU.S. Secretary of War Stephen Benton Elkins  \nU.S. Minister to France Charles J. Faulkner, Sr.  \nBaltimore and Ohio Railroad President John W. Garrett  \nOlympian Robert S. Garrett  \nJames Cardinal Gibbons (Cardinal, Archbishop of Baltimore)  \nU.S. Senator Arthur Pue Gorman  \nU.S. President Benjamin Harrison  \nConfederate cartographer Jedidiah (Jed) Hotchkiss  \nMaryland Governor Elihu Emory Jackson  \nU.S. Senator John E. Kenna  \nU.S. Secretary of War Daniel S. Lamont  \nU.S. Congressman Adam Brown Littlepage  \nU.S. Representative James Tilghman Lloyd  \nPresident of the WV Supreme Court of Appeals Daniel Bedinger Lucas  \nConsul General of Wurttemberg Charles F. Mayer  \nWest Virginia Governor William A. McCorkle  \nU.S. Senator John R. McPherson  \nU.S. Commissioner of Internal Revenue Joseph S. Miller  \nBaltimore and Ohio Railroad President Oscar G. Murray  \nPennsylvania Railroad President George Brooke Roberts  \nSouthern Railway President Samuel Spencer  \nU.S. Senator Thomas Taggart  \nU.S. Senator Daniel W. Voorhees  \nU.S. Senator Thomas J. Walsh  \nU.S. Secretary of the Navy William Collins Whitney  \nMaryland Governor William Pinkney Whyte  \nU.S. Secretary of the Treasury William Windom","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Davis, Henry Gassaway, 1823-1916","Alderson, J. D. (John Duffy), 1854-1910","Atkinson, Geo. W. (George Wesley), 1845-1925","Bayard, Thomas F.","Belmont, August.","Blaine, James Gillespie, 1830-1893","Bryan, William Jennings, 1860-1925","Camden, J. N. (Johnson Newlon), 1828-1908","Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919","Dayton, Spencer","Díaz, Porfirio, 1830-1915","Elkins, Stephen B.  (Stephen Benton), 1841-1911","Faulkner, Charles James, 1806-1884","Faulkner, Charles J. (Charles James), 1847-1929","Garrett, John W.","Gibbons, James, 1834-1921","Gorman, Arthur P. (Arthur Pue), 1839-1906","Harrison, Benjamin, 1833-1901","Kenna, John E.","Lamont, Daniel Scott, 1851-1905","Lucas, Daniel B.","MacCorkle, William Alexander, 1857-1930","Mason, James M. II.","Voorhees, Daniel W. (Daniel Wolsey), 1827-1897","Walsh, Thomas J.","Whitney, William C.","Windom, William.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0013","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2374"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916) Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916) Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916) Papers"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- Politics and government","Democratic Party"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- Politics and government","Democratic Party"],"creator_ssm":["Davis, Henry Gassaway, 1823-1916"],"creator_ssim":["Davis, Henry Gassaway, 1823-1916"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Davis, Henry Gassaway, 1823-1916"],"creators_ssim":["Davis, Henry Gassaway, 1823-1916"],"places_ssim":["United States -- Politics and government","Democratic Party"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Banks and banking","Coal mining.","Elk Garden Coal Field.","Lumber trade","Railroads - West Virginia Central and Pittsburgh Railway.","Railroads","Lumber industry and timber.","Politics and government.","West Virginia - Politics and government.","Politicians -- United States","Politicians"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Banks and banking","Coal mining.","Elk Garden Coal Field.","Lumber trade","Railroads - West Virginia Central and Pittsburgh Railway.","Railroads","Lumber industry and timber.","Politics and government.","West Virginia - Politics and government.","Politicians -- United States","Politicians"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["105.9 Linear Feet 105 ft. 11 in. (249 document cases, 5 in. each); (3 document cases, 2 1/2 in. each); (14 ledgers, 18 in.); (6 oversize folders, 1/2 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["105.9 Linear Feet 105 ft. 11 in. (249 document cases, 5 in. each); (3 document cases, 2 1/2 in. each); (14 ledgers, 18 in.); (6 oversize folders, 1/2 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Gassaway Davis\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHenry Gassaway Davis (11/16/1823-03/11/1916) was a successful businessman and politician from West Virginia.  He was the Democratic Party's nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1904.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe was born near Woodstock, Maryland on November 16, 1823, and was the second son of four children. He received a limited public-school education and left school at age 15 to support his family after his father's contracting business failed and left the family destitute. Davis first worked at a local quarry, as a water boy, and then as the caretaker of the Waverly Farm, the nearby farm owned by former Maryland Governor George Howard.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDavis began his railroading career in 1842 at age nineteen as a brakeman for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, then still under construction. He eventually advanced to the position of freight conductor, and then passenger conductor. Reportedly at Davis's request, he was appointed station agent for the Piedmont Station at Piedmont, [West] Virginia, because he wanted to explore the timber and coal resources of the Upper Potomac River region. About this same time, Davis established a mercantile lumber and coal business with his younger brothers Thomas B. Davis and William R. Davis at Piedmont. This business was known as H.G. Davis and Company (later H.G. Davis and Brother). Davis left the B\u0026amp;O in 1858 to focus on his business concerns. One of these concerns was the Piedmont Savings Bank, which he founded in 1858 and for which he served as president. Davis, like so many entrepreneurs, made extraordinary profits during the Civil War. Profits from the sale of horses to the federal government and timber and ties to the B\u0026amp;O Railroad enabled H.G. Davis and Company to invest in several thousand acres of coal and timber lands in the Upper Potomac and Cheat rivers region, at a cost said to be as cheap as one dollar per acre.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDavis founded the Cumberland and Piedmont Coal and Railway Company to provide railroad access to his coal and timber lands. In 1866 the West Virginia State Legislature, by a special act, incorporated the Cumberland and Piedmont Coal and Railway Company, granting the incorporators the right to mine coal, build factories and sawmills, buy and sell real estate, and build a railroad. It would be several years before Davis acted on the charter. Construction of the railroad finally began in 1880 at Bloomington, Maryland, and by 1881 the line had reached his mines at Elk Garden, West Virginia. Davis shipped the first Elk Garden coal to Baltimore in October 1881. A new railroad charter was granted in 1881 and Davis renamed the line the West Virginia Central and Pittsburg Railway (WVC). By 1884 the line had reached present-day Davis, then Parsons in 1888, and Elkins (then Leadville) in 1889. Meanwhile in 1886, Davis created a subsidiary railroad, the Piedmont and Cumberland Railway Company (P\u0026amp;C). The P\u0026amp;C connected the WVC with the Pennsylvania Railroad at Cumberland. In 1902 Davis sold the WVC and P\u0026amp;C to George J. Gould, a railroad magnate, who was purchasing and consolidating rail lines to create an intercontinental railroad.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDavis desired to expand his rail network and in 1899 decided to construct a rail line connecting the WVC at Elkins with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad at Durbin, West Virginia. This line became the Coal and Iron Railway (C\u0026amp;I) and was completed in 1902. Davis used the profits of the sale of the WVC to fund construction of the C\u0026amp;I. Not finished yet with railroad construction, Davis incorporated the Coal and Coke Railway Company (C\u0026amp;C) in 1902 to exploit his Roaring Creek coal properties located in Randolph County. This new line ran from Elkins to Charleston via the Elk River through some of West Virginia's most difficult terrain. The C\u0026amp;C connected the Western Maryland at Elkins with the Kanawha and Michigan Railroad at Charleston, providing new markets for West Virginia coal. Construction commenced in 1903 and was completed in 1905, requiring twelve tunnels and thirty steel bridges. The town Gassaway, in Braxton County, was located at the mid-point of the rail line and became the divisional headquarters of the line. Ultimately, the WVC, P\u0026amp;C, and C\u0026amp;I were acquired by the Western Maryland Railroad and the C\u0026amp;C was absorbed by the B\u0026amp;O.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEarly on in his career, Davis recognized that being in politics would further his business. Consequently, Davis ran for office on the democratic platform and was elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1865 representing Hampshire County. Davis was very influential in the creation of Mineral and Grant counties in 1866, an effort which advanced his business interests. He was elected to the West Virginia Senate in 1868 and served in that capacity until 1871, when he was elected to the United States Senate. Davis served as a West Virginia Senator from 1871 to 1883.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDavis retired from politics in 1883 and returned to West Virginia to oversee his coal and banking interests. He then formed the Davis Coal and Coke Company with his son-in-law Stephen B. Elkins in 1886. The company controlled 135,000 acres of coal and timber lands, employed 1600 workers, operated nine mines, and furnished coal to be coked in its more than 1000 coke ovens. By 1892 Davis Coal and Coke was one of the largest coal producers world-wide.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReluctantly, Davis was nominated as the vice-presidential candidate in the 1904 presidential election with Alton B. Parker as his running mate and presidential candidate. They lost to the Roosevelt-Fairbanks ticket by a wide margin. In running for office at the age of 80 Davis had become, and remains, one of the oldest candidates to have ever run for vice president of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough retired from public service, Davis was appointed to represent the United States at the Pan-American Conferences (1889-1902) and later was appointed permanent chairman of the Pan-American Railway Committee, which he served from 1901 to his death in 1916. (The Pan-American Railway was a failed intercontinental railroad scheme. Promoters wanted to connect the capitals and principle cities of South and Central America with North America by rail). Davis also served as Chairman of the West Virginia Semi-Centennial Commission in 1913, the group tasked with planning the \"Golden Jubilee\" or 50th anniversary of West Virginia statehood.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDavis's philanthropic legacy was notable. His charitable activities included funding the Davis Children's Shelter in Charleston, West Virginia, a shelter for orphaned and neglected children (1896); the Davis Memorial Presbyterian Church, a church built in memory of his wife Katherine Bantz Davis; and the Davis Memorial Hospital in Davis, also constructed as a memorial to his deceased wife.  Perhaps most notably, he donated the land for Davis and Elkins College in 1904, a liberal arts college named in honor of H.G. Davis and Stephen B. Elkins.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDavis married Katherine Ann Salome Bantz on 22 February 1853. The couple had eight children, three of whom died in infancy. The oldest child, Mary Louise \"Hallie\" Davis, married US Senator Stephen B. Elkins on 14 April 1875, linking the names Davis and Elkins forever.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDaughter Grace Thomas Davis became the namesake of Graceland, Davis's country mansion in Davis, West Virginia, and after his wife died she became his hostess for events held at the mansion. His older son Henry Gassaway Davis was something of a troubled soul, and was lost at sea in 1896. His youngest son John Thomas Davis worked closely with his father, was later associated with Davis and Elkins College, and became a coal operator and banker.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHenry Gassaway Davis passed in Washington D.C. on 11 March 1916 at the age of 93. He is interred at Maplewood Cemetery, Elkins, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eClarke, Alan. The West Virginia Central and Pittsburg: a Western Maryland Predecessor. Lynchburg: TLC Publishing. 2003.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHicks, W. Raymond. \"The West Virginia Central \u0026amp; Pittsburgh Railway. The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43518154\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLewis, Ronald L. Transforming the Appalachian Countryside: Railroads, Deforestation, and Social Change in West Virginia, 1880-1920. Chapel Hill: University off North Carolina Press, 1998.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRice, Donald L. \"Coal \u0026amp; Coke Railway.\" The West Virginia Encyclopedia. https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1337\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRoss, Thomas Richard. \"Henry Gassaway Davis.\" The West Virginia Encyclopedia. https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1711\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Henry Gassaway Davis","Henry Gassaway Davis (11/16/1823-03/11/1916) was a successful businessman and politician from West Virginia.  He was the Democratic Party's nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1904.","He was born near Woodstock, Maryland on November 16, 1823, and was the second son of four children. He received a limited public-school education and left school at age 15 to support his family after his father's contracting business failed and left the family destitute. Davis first worked at a local quarry, as a water boy, and then as the caretaker of the Waverly Farm, the nearby farm owned by former Maryland Governor George Howard.","Davis began his railroading career in 1842 at age nineteen as a brakeman for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, then still under construction. He eventually advanced to the position of freight conductor, and then passenger conductor. Reportedly at Davis's request, he was appointed station agent for the Piedmont Station at Piedmont, [West] Virginia, because he wanted to explore the timber and coal resources of the Upper Potomac River region. About this same time, Davis established a mercantile lumber and coal business with his younger brothers Thomas B. Davis and William R. Davis at Piedmont. This business was known as H.G. Davis and Company (later H.G. Davis and Brother). Davis left the B\u0026O in 1858 to focus on his business concerns. One of these concerns was the Piedmont Savings Bank, which he founded in 1858 and for which he served as president. Davis, like so many entrepreneurs, made extraordinary profits during the Civil War. Profits from the sale of horses to the federal government and timber and ties to the B\u0026O Railroad enabled H.G. Davis and Company to invest in several thousand acres of coal and timber lands in the Upper Potomac and Cheat rivers region, at a cost said to be as cheap as one dollar per acre.","Davis founded the Cumberland and Piedmont Coal and Railway Company to provide railroad access to his coal and timber lands. In 1866 the West Virginia State Legislature, by a special act, incorporated the Cumberland and Piedmont Coal and Railway Company, granting the incorporators the right to mine coal, build factories and sawmills, buy and sell real estate, and build a railroad. It would be several years before Davis acted on the charter. Construction of the railroad finally began in 1880 at Bloomington, Maryland, and by 1881 the line had reached his mines at Elk Garden, West Virginia. Davis shipped the first Elk Garden coal to Baltimore in October 1881. A new railroad charter was granted in 1881 and Davis renamed the line the West Virginia Central and Pittsburg Railway (WVC). By 1884 the line had reached present-day Davis, then Parsons in 1888, and Elkins (then Leadville) in 1889. Meanwhile in 1886, Davis created a subsidiary railroad, the Piedmont and Cumberland Railway Company (P\u0026C). The P\u0026C connected the WVC with the Pennsylvania Railroad at Cumberland. In 1902 Davis sold the WVC and P\u0026C to George J. Gould, a railroad magnate, who was purchasing and consolidating rail lines to create an intercontinental railroad.","Davis desired to expand his rail network and in 1899 decided to construct a rail line connecting the WVC at Elkins with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad at Durbin, West Virginia. This line became the Coal and Iron Railway (C\u0026I) and was completed in 1902. Davis used the profits of the sale of the WVC to fund construction of the C\u0026I. Not finished yet with railroad construction, Davis incorporated the Coal and Coke Railway Company (C\u0026C) in 1902 to exploit his Roaring Creek coal properties located in Randolph County. This new line ran from Elkins to Charleston via the Elk River through some of West Virginia's most difficult terrain. The C\u0026C connected the Western Maryland at Elkins with the Kanawha and Michigan Railroad at Charleston, providing new markets for West Virginia coal. Construction commenced in 1903 and was completed in 1905, requiring twelve tunnels and thirty steel bridges. The town Gassaway, in Braxton County, was located at the mid-point of the rail line and became the divisional headquarters of the line. Ultimately, the WVC, P\u0026C, and C\u0026I were acquired by the Western Maryland Railroad and the C\u0026C was absorbed by the B\u0026O.","Early on in his career, Davis recognized that being in politics would further his business. Consequently, Davis ran for office on the democratic platform and was elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1865 representing Hampshire County. Davis was very influential in the creation of Mineral and Grant counties in 1866, an effort which advanced his business interests. He was elected to the West Virginia Senate in 1868 and served in that capacity until 1871, when he was elected to the United States Senate. Davis served as a West Virginia Senator from 1871 to 1883.","Davis retired from politics in 1883 and returned to West Virginia to oversee his coal and banking interests. He then formed the Davis Coal and Coke Company with his son-in-law Stephen B. Elkins in 1886. The company controlled 135,000 acres of coal and timber lands, employed 1600 workers, operated nine mines, and furnished coal to be coked in its more than 1000 coke ovens. By 1892 Davis Coal and Coke was one of the largest coal producers world-wide.","Reluctantly, Davis was nominated as the vice-presidential candidate in the 1904 presidential election with Alton B. Parker as his running mate and presidential candidate. They lost to the Roosevelt-Fairbanks ticket by a wide margin. In running for office at the age of 80 Davis had become, and remains, one of the oldest candidates to have ever run for vice president of the United States.","Although retired from public service, Davis was appointed to represent the United States at the Pan-American Conferences (1889-1902) and later was appointed permanent chairman of the Pan-American Railway Committee, which he served from 1901 to his death in 1916. (The Pan-American Railway was a failed intercontinental railroad scheme. Promoters wanted to connect the capitals and principle cities of South and Central America with North America by rail). Davis also served as Chairman of the West Virginia Semi-Centennial Commission in 1913, the group tasked with planning the \"Golden Jubilee\" or 50th anniversary of West Virginia statehood.","Davis's philanthropic legacy was notable. His charitable activities included funding the Davis Children's Shelter in Charleston, West Virginia, a shelter for orphaned and neglected children (1896); the Davis Memorial Presbyterian Church, a church built in memory of his wife Katherine Bantz Davis; and the Davis Memorial Hospital in Davis, also constructed as a memorial to his deceased wife.  Perhaps most notably, he donated the land for Davis and Elkins College in 1904, a liberal arts college named in honor of H.G. Davis and Stephen B. Elkins.","Davis married Katherine Ann Salome Bantz on 22 February 1853. The couple had eight children, three of whom died in infancy. The oldest child, Mary Louise \"Hallie\" Davis, married US Senator Stephen B. Elkins on 14 April 1875, linking the names Davis and Elkins forever.","Daughter Grace Thomas Davis became the namesake of Graceland, Davis's country mansion in Davis, West Virginia, and after his wife died she became his hostess for events held at the mansion. His older son Henry Gassaway Davis was something of a troubled soul, and was lost at sea in 1896. His youngest son John Thomas Davis worked closely with his father, was later associated with Davis and Elkins College, and became a coal operator and banker.","Henry Gassaway Davis passed in Washington D.C. on 11 March 1916 at the age of 93. He is interred at Maplewood Cemetery, Elkins, West Virginia.","Sources:","Clarke, Alan. The West Virginia Central and Pittsburg: a Western Maryland Predecessor. Lynchburg: TLC Publishing. 2003.","Hicks, W. Raymond. \"The West Virginia Central \u0026 Pittsburgh Railway. The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43518154","Lewis, Ronald L. Transforming the Appalachian Countryside: Railroads, Deforestation, and Social Change in West Virginia, 1880-1920. Chapel Hill: University off North Carolina Press, 1998.","Rice, Donald L. \"Coal \u0026 Coke Railway.\" The West Virginia Encyclopedia. https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1337","Ross, Thomas Richard. \"Henry Gassaway Davis.\" The West Virginia Encyclopedia. https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1711"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916) Papers, A\u0026amp;M 0013, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916) Papers, A\u0026M 0013, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e13, 717, 1028\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related A\u0026M Collections"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["13, 717, 1028"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and business papers of Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916), a successful businessman and politician from West Virginia.  He was the Democratic Party's nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1904.  The collection largely documents his business and political career, although there are personal papers in the collection as well.  His business interests were largely concerned with coal mining, timber, and railroads.  Types of documents include letters, reports, account books, and maps, among other material.  Much of the correspondence is arranged alphabetically.  The scope and content note of each record series provides substantial detail regarding content.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries include: \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 1a. Business Papers, 1882-1909 (boxes 1-29) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 1b. Banking Records, 1886-1916 (boxes 30-33) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 2. Coal Company Operations, 1799-1915 (boxes 34-48) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 3. Miscellaneous Papers, 1855-1916 (boxes 49-62) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 4. Miscellaneous Letters, 1872-1915 (boxes 63-65) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 5. Miscellaneous Bills and Receipts, 1872-1918 (boxes 66-82) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 6. Miscellaneous, 1872-1916 (boxes 83-115) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 7. Alexander Shaw Lawsuit, 1880-1894 (boxes 116-118) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 8. Personal and Political Papers, 1870-1916 (boxes 119-145) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 9. Railroads, 1862-1916 (boxes 146-189) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 10. West Virginia Semi-Centennial Commission, 1911 August 9–1913 July 26 (box 190) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 11. T.B. Davis Papers, 1879-1915 (box 191) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 12. Davis Memorial Hospital and Church, 1898-1916 (boxes 192-193) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 13. H.G. Davis and Brother, 1868-1905 (boxes 194-197) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 14. Real Estate and Timber, 1869-1915 (boxes 198-202) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 15. H.G. Davis Letter Books, 1865-1916 (boxes 203-231) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 16. West Virginia Central and Pittsburg Railway Company Letter Books, 1880-1903 (boxes 232-240) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 17. Minute, Letter, and Other Books, 1881-1914 (boxes 241-247) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 18. Oversized Ledgers, 1884-1913 (boxes 248-260)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAmong Davis's correspondents are: \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Representative John D. Alderson \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWest Virginia Governor George W. Atkinson \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Senator William Henry Barnum \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Ambassador to the U.K. Thomas F. Bayard \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Minister to the Netherlands August Belmont, Sr. \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Senator James G. Blaine \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Senator Calvin S. Brice \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Senator Johnson N. Camden \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nindustrialist Andrew Carnegie \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPresident of Mexico General Porfirio Díaz \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Secretary of War Stephen Benton Elkins \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Minister to France Charles J. Faulkner, Sr. \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBaltimore and Ohio Railroad President John W. Garrett \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nOlympian Robert S. Garrett \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nJames Cardinal Gibbons (Cardinal, Archbishop of Baltimore) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Senator Arthur Pue Gorman \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. President Benjamin Harrison \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nConfederate cartographer Jedidiah (Jed) Hotchkiss \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMaryland Governor Elihu Emory Jackson \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Senator John E. Kenna \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Secretary of War Daniel S. Lamont \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Congressman Adam Brown Littlepage \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Representative James Tilghman Lloyd \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPresident of the WV Supreme Court of Appeals Daniel Bedinger Lucas \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nConsul General of Wurttemberg Charles F. Mayer \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWest Virginia Governor William A. McCorkle \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Senator John R. McPherson \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Commissioner of Internal Revenue Joseph S. Miller \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBaltimore and Ohio Railroad President Oscar G. Murray \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPennsylvania Railroad President George Brooke Roberts \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSouthern Railway President Samuel Spencer \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Senator Thomas Taggart \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Senator Daniel W. Voorhees \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Senator Thomas J. Walsh \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Secretary of the Navy William Collins Whitney \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMaryland Governor William Pinkney Whyte \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nU.S. Secretary of the Treasury William Windom\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Correspondence and business papers of Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916), a successful businessman and politician from West Virginia.  He was the Democratic Party's nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1904.  The collection largely documents his business and political career, although there are personal papers in the collection as well.  His business interests were largely concerned with coal mining, timber, and railroads.  Types of documents include letters, reports, account books, and maps, among other material.  Much of the correspondence is arranged alphabetically.  The scope and content note of each record series provides substantial detail regarding content.","Series include:  \nSeries 1a. Business Papers, 1882-1909 (boxes 1-29)  \nSeries 1b. Banking Records, 1886-1916 (boxes 30-33)  \nSeries 2. Coal Company Operations, 1799-1915 (boxes 34-48)  \nSeries 3. Miscellaneous Papers, 1855-1916 (boxes 49-62)  \nSeries 4. Miscellaneous Letters, 1872-1915 (boxes 63-65)  \nSeries 5. Miscellaneous Bills and Receipts, 1872-1918 (boxes 66-82)  \nSeries 6. Miscellaneous, 1872-1916 (boxes 83-115)  \nSeries 7. Alexander Shaw Lawsuit, 1880-1894 (boxes 116-118)  \nSeries 8. Personal and Political Papers, 1870-1916 (boxes 119-145)  \nSeries 9. Railroads, 1862-1916 (boxes 146-189)  \nSeries 10. West Virginia Semi-Centennial Commission, 1911 August 9–1913 July 26 (box 190)  \nSeries 11. T.B. Davis Papers, 1879-1915 (box 191)  \nSeries 12. Davis Memorial Hospital and Church, 1898-1916 (boxes 192-193)  \nSeries 13. H.G. Davis and Brother, 1868-1905 (boxes 194-197)  \nSeries 14. Real Estate and Timber, 1869-1915 (boxes 198-202)  \nSeries 15. H.G. Davis Letter Books, 1865-1916 (boxes 203-231)  \nSeries 16. West Virginia Central and Pittsburg Railway Company Letter Books, 1880-1903 (boxes 232-240)  \nSeries 17. Minute, Letter, and Other Books, 1881-1914 (boxes 241-247)  \nSeries 18. Oversized Ledgers, 1884-1913 (boxes 248-260)","Among Davis's correspondents are:  \nU.S. Representative John D. Alderson  \nWest Virginia Governor George W. Atkinson  \nU.S. Senator William Henry Barnum  \nU.S. Ambassador to the U.K. Thomas F. Bayard  \nU.S. Minister to the Netherlands August Belmont, Sr.  \nU.S. Senator James G. Blaine  \nU.S. Senator Calvin S. Brice  \nU.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan  \nU.S. Senator Johnson N. Camden  \nindustrialist Andrew Carnegie  \nPresident of Mexico General Porfirio Díaz  \nU.S. Secretary of War Stephen Benton Elkins  \nU.S. Minister to France Charles J. Faulkner, Sr.  \nBaltimore and Ohio Railroad President John W. Garrett  \nOlympian Robert S. Garrett  \nJames Cardinal Gibbons (Cardinal, Archbishop of Baltimore)  \nU.S. Senator Arthur Pue Gorman  \nU.S. President Benjamin Harrison  \nConfederate cartographer Jedidiah (Jed) Hotchkiss  \nMaryland Governor Elihu Emory Jackson  \nU.S. Senator John E. Kenna  \nU.S. Secretary of War Daniel S. Lamont  \nU.S. Congressman Adam Brown Littlepage  \nU.S. Representative James Tilghman Lloyd  \nPresident of the WV Supreme Court of Appeals Daniel Bedinger Lucas  \nConsul General of Wurttemberg Charles F. Mayer  \nWest Virginia Governor William A. McCorkle  \nU.S. Senator John R. McPherson  \nU.S. Commissioner of Internal Revenue Joseph S. Miller  \nBaltimore and Ohio Railroad President Oscar G. Murray  \nPennsylvania Railroad President George Brooke Roberts  \nSouthern Railway President Samuel Spencer  \nU.S. Senator Thomas Taggart  \nU.S. Senator Daniel W. Voorhees  \nU.S. Senator Thomas J. Walsh  \nU.S. Secretary of the Navy William Collins Whitney  \nMaryland Governor William Pinkney Whyte  \nU.S. Secretary of the Treasury William Windom"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_bececc3958fd8321627340a6836c39d7\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Davis, Henry Gassaway, 1823-1916","Alderson, J. D. (John Duffy), 1854-1910","Atkinson, Geo. W. (George Wesley), 1845-1925","Bayard, Thomas F.","Belmont, August.","Blaine, James Gillespie, 1830-1893","Bryan, William Jennings, 1860-1925","Camden, J. N. (Johnson Newlon), 1828-1908","Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919","Dayton, Spencer","Díaz, Porfirio, 1830-1915","Elkins, Stephen B.  (Stephen Benton), 1841-1911","Faulkner, Charles James, 1806-1884","Faulkner, Charles J. (Charles James), 1847-1929","Garrett, John W.","Gibbons, James, 1834-1921","Gorman, Arthur P. (Arthur Pue), 1839-1906","Harrison, Benjamin, 1833-1901","Kenna, John E.","Lamont, Daniel Scott, 1851-1905","Lucas, Daniel B.","MacCorkle, William Alexander, 1857-1930","Mason, James M. II.","Voorhees, Daniel W. (Daniel Wolsey), 1827-1897","Walsh, Thomas J.","Whitney, William C.","Windom, William."],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Alderson, J. D. (John Duffy), 1854-1910","Atkinson, Geo. W. (George Wesley), 1845-1925","Bayard, Thomas F.","Belmont, August.","Blaine, James Gillespie, 1830-1893","Bryan, William Jennings, 1860-1925","Camden, J. N. (Johnson Newlon), 1828-1908","Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919","Dayton, Spencer","Díaz, Porfirio, 1830-1915","Elkins, Stephen B.  (Stephen Benton), 1841-1911","Faulkner, Charles James, 1806-1884","Faulkner, Charles J. (Charles James), 1847-1929","Garrett, John W.","Gibbons, James, 1834-1921","Gorman, Arthur P. (Arthur Pue), 1839-1906","Harrison, Benjamin, 1833-1901","Kenna, John E.","Lamont, Daniel Scott, 1851-1905","Lucas, Daniel B.","MacCorkle, William Alexander, 1857-1930","Mason, James M. II.","Voorhees, Daniel W. (Daniel Wolsey), 1827-1897","Walsh, Thomas J.","Whitney, William C.","Windom, William."],"persname_ssim":["Davis, Henry Gassaway, 1823-1916","Alderson, J. D. (John Duffy), 1854-1910","Atkinson, Geo. W. (George Wesley), 1845-1925","Bayard, Thomas F.","Belmont, August.","Blaine, James Gillespie, 1830-1893","Bryan, William Jennings, 1860-1925","Camden, J. N. (Johnson Newlon), 1828-1908","Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919","Dayton, Spencer","Díaz, Porfirio, 1830-1915","Elkins, Stephen B.  (Stephen Benton), 1841-1911","Faulkner, Charles James, 1806-1884","Faulkner, Charles J. (Charles James), 1847-1929","Garrett, John W.","Gibbons, James, 1834-1921","Gorman, Arthur P. (Arthur Pue), 1839-1906","Harrison, Benjamin, 1833-1901","Kenna, John E.","Lamont, Daniel Scott, 1851-1905","Lucas, Daniel B.","MacCorkle, William Alexander, 1857-1930","Mason, James M. II.","Voorhees, Daniel W. 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Providence. Has remained in office despite her inability to be active because she believes many things she knows should die with her. Awkwardness of answering some questions of a successor. Relates whole history of difficulties with Miss Tracy. Account settled with Miss Tracy and receipt received from her. The receipt has disappeared and fears Miss Tracy may cause them trouble. Relations between Regent and Miss Tracy. Money unaccounted for. Association attacked after war. Her answer to attacks not published by Boston Paper. Sends draft of her answer. Newer members know nothing of these difficulties. In writing history of Association, is necessary to emphasize Mount Vernon itself and what has been done to preserve it, so any errors in the doing are forgotten. ER-5, p. 202\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38_c06_c85_c50#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38_c06_c85_c50","ref_ssm":["vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38_c06_c85_c50"],"id":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38_c06_c85_c50","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38_c06_c85","parent_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38_c06_c85","parent_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38","vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38_c06","vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38_c06_c85"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38","vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38_c06","vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38_c06_c85"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Series 6. Correspondence","Correspondence"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Series 6. Correspondence","Correspondence"],"text":["Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Series 6. Correspondence","Correspondence","Abby Chace to Philoclea Eve","Eve, Philoclea Edgeworth Casey, 1813-1889","Chace, Abby Wheaton Pearce","Eve, Philoclea Edgeworth Casey, 1813-1889","English .","box 96","A.L.S. Providence. Has remained in office despite her inability to be active because she believes many things she knows should die with her. Awkwardness of answering some questions of a successor. Relates whole history of difficulties with Miss Tracy. Account settled with Miss Tracy and receipt received from her. The receipt has disappeared and fears Miss Tracy may cause them trouble. Relations between Regent and Miss Tracy. Money unaccounted for. Association attacked after war. Her answer to attacks not published by Boston Paper. Sends draft of her answer. Newer members know nothing of these difficulties. In writing history of Association, is necessary to emphasize Mount Vernon itself and what has been done to preserve it, so any errors in the doing are forgotten. ER-5, p. 202"],"title_filing_ssi":"Abby Chace to Philoclea Eve","title_ssm":["Abby Chace to Philoclea Eve"],"title_tesim":["Abby Chace to Philoclea Eve"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1884 March 7"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1884"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Abby Chace to Philoclea Eve"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association"],"creator_ssim":["Chace, Abby Wheaton Pearce"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":4847,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. 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Account settled with Miss Tracy and receipt received from her. The receipt has disappeared and fears Miss Tracy may cause them trouble. Relations between Regent and Miss Tracy. Money unaccounted for. Association attacked after war. Her answer to attacks not published by Boston Paper. Sends draft of her answer. Newer members know nothing of these difficulties. In writing history of Association, is necessary to emphasize Mount Vernon itself and what has been done to preserve it, so any errors in the doing are forgotten. ER-5, p. 202\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A.L.S. Providence. Has remained in office despite her inability to be active because she believes many things she knows should die with her. Awkwardness of answering some questions of a successor. Relates whole history of difficulties with Miss Tracy. Account settled with Miss Tracy and receipt received from her. The receipt has disappeared and fears Miss Tracy may cause them trouble. Relations between Regent and Miss Tracy. Money unaccounted for. Association attacked after war. Her answer to attacks not published by Boston Paper. Sends draft of her answer. Newer members know nothing of these difficulties. In writing history of Association, is necessary to emphasize Mount Vernon itself and what has been done to preserve it, so any errors in the doing are forgotten. ER-5, p. 202"],"_nest_path_":"/components#5/components#84/components#49","timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:43:08.918Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_38","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_2_resources_38.xml","title_ssm":["Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association"],"title_tesim":["Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association"],"unitdate_ssm":["1853 - 1951","1853-1875"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1853-1875"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1853 - 1951"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A.MVLA.ER","/repositories/2/resources/38"],"text":["A.MVLA.ER","/repositories/2/resources/38","Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain material for preservation purposes.","Some items from this collection have been digitized. Please see the online collection here: http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll35","The original organization of the collection was item-level in chronological order. A card catalog was created for the collection with detailed information on each item. Later attempts to reorganize the collection led to its current arrangement. Correspondence, the bulk of the material, remained intact in chronological order but other records were pulled out and filed by content or subject matter, such as financial documents, appeals, etc.  The separated material was placed into series and subseries, and then filed chronologically. The correspondence series still holds several financial and administrative items that were never removed. The Early Records of the MVLA contains the following series: ","Series 1. Administrative Records ","Series 1.1. Administrative, General","Series 1.2. Governing Documents (Acts of Incorporation, Bylaws)","Series 1.3. Civil War ","Series 1.4. Minutes of the Council\t","Series 1.5. Reports","Series 1.6. Wills \nSeries 2. Appeals","Series 2.1. Appeals of the MVLA","Series 2.2. Appeals to States\nSeries 3. Financial Documents","Series 3.1. Financial Documents, General","Series 3.2. Checks and Receipts","Series 3.3. Subscriptions\nSeries 4. MVLA Histories and Biographies\nSeries 5. Printed Material and News Clippings\nSeries 6. Correspondence\nSeries 7. Bound Volumes\nSeries 8. Photographs","The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) was founded in 1853 by Ann Pamela Cunningham, the first Regent of the Association. The purpose of the MVLA was to purchase Mount Vernon, the home of George Washington, in order to restore the property and open the grounds to patriots and admirers who wanted to visit Washington's home and tomb. Ann Pamela Cunningham became interested in the preservation of Mount Vernon when her mother, traveling down the Potomac River in 1853, viewed the house in its neglected and dilapidated state and wrote to her daughter of its condition. Both women thought it shameful to allow the first President's home to fall into ruin. A determined Ann Pamela Cunningham assembled twenty-two likeminded women, each one from a different state, to be Vice Regents of the MVLA. Together they aimed to raise money to purchase the property, pay off all debt, and return the Mansion, gardens and grounds to the condition in which they were left by Washington himself. John Augustine Washington III, George Washington's great-grandnephew and the owner of Mount Vernon at the time, delayed several years in selling the home to the Ladies' Association. He preferred a sale to the State of Virginia or the federal government, both of which declined purchase. In 1858, he finally agreed to sell Mount Vernon to Ann Pamela Cunningham and the MVLA for $200,000.","For the next few years, the women of the MVLA endeavored to make other Americans aware of their quest to save Mount Vernon, often via newspaper articles and pamphlets, in order to raise enough money to purchase the property. As Regent, Ann Pamela Cunningham spearheaded these efforts, while the Vice Regents oversaw fundraising in their individual states. Their cause was soon interrupted by the outbreak of the Civil War.  Mount Vernon's contentious location between Union and Confederate boundaries made it very difficult for potential visitors to travel there.  In spite of these unfavorable conditions, the Ladies of the MVLA continued to raise money for the care of Mount Vernon, and hosted hundreds of visitors including Union and Confederate troops. The post-war period brought other challenges, but the MVLA always maintained constant care and security of the historic areas at Mount Vernon. ","Today the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association is remembered as the first organization in the United States dedicated solely to historic preservation. The Association remains loyal to its original goals, the restoration and care of George Washington's Mount Vernon, while also opening the estate to visitors 365 days a year. Members of the MVLA continue under the structure designed by the first women who joined, operating as the executive board of this historic home with one Regent and over twenty Vice Regents, each from a different state. The estate now consists of not only the Mansion, outbuildings, gardens, and tomb of Washington, but also a Pioneer Farm, Gristmill, Distillery, museum and education center, the National Library for the Study of George Washington, gift shops, a food pavilion, and a restaurant.","The nucleus of this collection was created from papers given to the Association by Ann Pamela Cunningham around the time of her retirement as Regent. Several other Vice Regents followed her example and later donated their papers as well. These records were referred to as the \"Early Records\" since the time they were first established as an archival collection. A large portion of this collection is correspondence concerning the founding of the MVLA and the operation of Mount Vernon as a historic site. Other important resources are the appeals written by Ann Pamela Cunningham and the Vice Regents, governing documents, subscription or donation lists, printed material or publications, and bound volumes such as ledgers or scrapbooks. Individual items were added to the collection as they were acquired. The Early Records includes items dated 1852-1951, however the bulk of the material dates from 1858 to around 1880.","Material can be reproduced for study or personal use upon written approval from library staff.","Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","Harper \u0026 Brothers","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Comegys, Margaret Douglass, 1816-1888","Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896","Laughton, Lily Macalester Berghmans, 1832-1891","Chace, Abby Wheaton Pearce","Jeffrey, Rosa Vertner, 1828-1894","Hudson, Susan Edwards Johnson, 1825-1913","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","McWillie, Catherine Anderson, 1812-1873","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Morse, Margaretta Wederstrandt, 1816-1893","Greenough, Louisa Ingersoll, 1813-1891","Brown, David Paul, 1795-1872","Cutts, Mary Pepperell Sparhawk Jarvis, 1809-1879","Eve, Philoclea Edgeworth Casey, 1813-1889","Riggs, Janet Shedden, 1815-1871","Tiffey, S.W.","Craig, James Y., 1839-1926","Hollingsworth, John McHenry, 1823-1889","Halsted, Nancy Marsh, 1817-1891","Scott, Winfield, 1786-1866","McClellan, George B.  (George Brinton), 1826-1885","Slough, John Potts, -1867","Schuyler, Mary Morris Hamilton, 1818-1877","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Pellet, Susan L., 1808-1893","Riggs, George Washington, 1813-1881","Sweat, Margaret J.M. (Margaret Jane Mussey), 1823-1908","Hoyt, Elizabeth Orpha Sampson","Blanding, Magdalen Gordon, 1823-1885","Hill, Alice Hale, 1840-1908","Goodrich, Mary Boott, 1807-1868","Barry, Elizabeth Willard, 1814-1883","Van Antwerp, Jane Yates, 1815-1870","Little, Abba Isabella Chamberlain, 1816-1893","Goldsborough, Eleanor Rogers, 1822-1906","Farnsworth, Hannah Blake, 1802-1879","Hale, Sarah King, 1798-1865","Conover, Helen Field, 1833-1914","Walker, Letitia Morehead, 1823-1908","Pickens, Lucy Petaway Holcombe","Fogg, Francis B., Mrs., 1800-1872","Mitchell, Martha Reed, 1818-1902","Dickinson, Alice London, 1814-1881","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Sibley, Sarah Steele, 1823-1869","Lambdin, James Reid, 1807-1889","Herbert, Upton","Townsend, Justine Van Rensselaer, 1828-1912","Cunningham, Louisa Bird, 1794-1873","Gilmer, John H. (John Harmer), 1812-","Booth, Edwin, 1833-1893","Murat, Catherine Willis, 1803-1867","Sigourney, L.H. (Lydia Howard), 1791-1865","Johnson, Christie","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Macfarland, W.H. (William Hamilton), 1799-1872","Johnson, Joseph, 1785-1877","Johnson, Arete E., 1829-1904","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","Walton, Elizabeth McKnight Tilden","Ruggles, Samuel B. (Samuel Bulkley), 1800-1881","Brooks, Mary Cunningham Randolph, 1816-1882","Ritchie, William F., 1813-1877","Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell, 1788-1879","Le Vert, Octavia Walton, 1810-1877","Wise, Henry A. (Henry Alexander), 1806-1876","Tyler, John, 1790-1862","Rush, Richard, 1780-1859","Vaux, Richard, 1816-1895","Miles, William Porcher, 1822-1899","Petigru, James Louis, 1789-1863","Yancey, William Lowndes, 1814-1863","Hodge, Hugh L. (Hugh Lenox), 1796-1873","Yulee, Nancy Wickliffe, 1822-1885","Ogden, Phebe Ann, 1790-1865","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Fillmore, Millard, 1800-1874","Long, Ellen Call, 1825-1905","Cooper, Susan Fenimore, 1813-1894","Eyster, Nellie Blessing, 1836-1922","Van Buren, Martin, 1782-1862","Godey, Louis Antoine, 1804-1878","Hamilton, James A. (James Alexander), 1788-1878","McMakin, Mary A.","Harper, Emily L. (Emily Louisa), 1812-1892","Otis, Harrison Gray, Mrs., 1796-1873","Crutchett, James, 1816-","Pendleton, Mary Alicia Key, 1824-1886","Johnston, Harriet Lane, 1830-1903","Thane, Elswyth, 1900-1984","Macalester, Charles, 1798-1873","Jones, George, 1810-1875","Ingersoll, Joseph R. (Joseph Reed), 1786-1868","Chesnut, Mary, 1775-1864","Kip, William Ingraham, 1811-1893","Meigs, Montgomery C. (Montgomery Cunningham), 1816-1892","Butler, Frances Parke, 1799-1875","Schuyler, Philip John, 1733-1804","Fitch, Harriet Satterlee","Lincoln, Mary Todd, 1818-1882","Lamon, Ward Hill, 1828-1893","Phelps, Lincoln, Mrs., 1793-1884","Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866","Townsend, E.D. (Edward Davis), 1817-1893","Van Rensselaer, Henry, 1811-1864","Homer, Winslow, 1836-1910","Stanton, Edwin M.  (Edwin McMasters), 1814-1869","Hunt, Anne Lucas, 1796-1879","Comegys, Joseph P. (Joseph Parsons), 1813-1893","Ridgely, Eliza Eichelberger, 1803-1867","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Halsted, N. Norris (Nathaniel Norris), 1816-1884","Henry, Joseph, 1797-1878","Corcoran, W.W. (William Wilson), 1798-1888","Mason, Betsey (Elizabeth Price), 1802-1873","Lee, Robert E.  (Robert Edward), 1807-1870","Washington, Ella Bassett, 1834-1898","Ball, Emma R., 1838-1918","Cunningham, Emma Floride, 1841-1919","Taylor, Benjamin Van Campen, 1846-1906","Barnum, P. T. (Phineas Taylor), 1810-1891","Lee, George Washington Custis, 1832-1913","Hardenbergh, Augustus Albert, 1830-1889","Thomas, Henry W.  (Henry Wirtz), 1812-1890","Blake, Levi Lowell, 1830-1904","Barnes, Mary Fauntleroy, 1824-1912","Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Broadwell, Elizabeth Lytle","Ward, Jennie Meeker (Sarah Jane), 1833-1910","Holstein, Anna M. (Anna Morris)","Hollingsworth, Virginia Nicholls, 1825-1895","Leiter, Mary Theresa, 1844-1913","Longfellow, Alice M. (Alice Mary), 1850-1928","Brown, Cynthia Pillow Saunders, 1810-1892","Fleming, Robert Isaac, 1842-1907","Riggs, Elisha Francis, 1851-1910","Finch, Fannie Louisa Augusta Washington, 1828-1900","Dodge, Harrison Howell, 1852-1937","Comegys, Harriet Clayton, 1840-1927","Blanchard, Newton C. (Newton Crain), 1849-1922","Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845","Adee, Alvey A. (Alvey Augustus), 1842-1924","Young , James","Rathbone, Elizabeth Adams, 1837-1923","Ames, Anne Carrington Dwight, 1849-1904","Graham, Christine Blair, 1852-1915","Herbert, Leila","Richardson, Ida Ann Slocomb, 1830-1910","Flandrau, Rebecca Blair, -1911","Washington, Lawrence, 1854-1920","Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1841-1927","Peale, Rembrandt, 1778-1860","Meikleham, Septimia Randolph, 1814-1887","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["A.MVLA.ER","/repositories/2/resources/38"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association"],"collection_title_tesim":["Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association"],"collection_ssim":["Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"creator_ssm":["Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union"],"creator_ssim":["Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union"],"creators_ssim":["Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union"],"access_terms_ssm":["Material can be reproduced for study or personal use upon written approval from library staff."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["25 Linear Feet 117 legal-size clamshell flat storage boxes, 1 oversize clamshell flat storage box"],"extent_tesim":["25 Linear Feet 117 legal-size clamshell flat storage boxes, 1 oversize clamshell flat storage box"],"date_range_isim":[1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain material for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain material for preservation purposes."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome items from this collection have been digitized. Please see the online collection here: http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll35\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Some items from this collection have been digitized. Please see the online collection here: http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll35"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe original organization of the collection was item-level in chronological order. A card catalog was created for the collection with detailed information on each item. Later attempts to reorganize the collection led to its current arrangement. Correspondence, the bulk of the material, remained intact in chronological order but other records were pulled out and filed by content or subject matter, such as financial documents, appeals, etc.  The separated material was placed into series and subseries, and then filed chronologically. The correspondence series still holds several financial and administrative items that were never removed. The Early Records of the MVLA contains the following series: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1. Administrative Records \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1.1. Administrative, General\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1.2. Governing Documents (Acts of Incorporation, Bylaws)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1.3. Civil War \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1.4. Minutes of the Council\t\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1.5. Reports\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1.6. Wills \nSeries 2. Appeals\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2.1. Appeals of the MVLA\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2.2. Appeals to States\nSeries 3. Financial Documents\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3.1. Financial Documents, General\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3.2. Checks and Receipts\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3.3. Subscriptions\nSeries 4. MVLA Histories and Biographies\nSeries 5. Printed Material and News Clippings\nSeries 6. Correspondence\nSeries 7. Bound Volumes\nSeries 8. Photographs\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The original organization of the collection was item-level in chronological order. A card catalog was created for the collection with detailed information on each item. Later attempts to reorganize the collection led to its current arrangement. Correspondence, the bulk of the material, remained intact in chronological order but other records were pulled out and filed by content or subject matter, such as financial documents, appeals, etc.  The separated material was placed into series and subseries, and then filed chronologically. The correspondence series still holds several financial and administrative items that were never removed. The Early Records of the MVLA contains the following series: ","Series 1. Administrative Records ","Series 1.1. Administrative, General","Series 1.2. Governing Documents (Acts of Incorporation, Bylaws)","Series 1.3. Civil War ","Series 1.4. Minutes of the Council\t","Series 1.5. Reports","Series 1.6. Wills \nSeries 2. Appeals","Series 2.1. Appeals of the MVLA","Series 2.2. Appeals to States\nSeries 3. Financial Documents","Series 3.1. Financial Documents, General","Series 3.2. Checks and Receipts","Series 3.3. Subscriptions\nSeries 4. MVLA Histories and Biographies\nSeries 5. Printed Material and News Clippings\nSeries 6. Correspondence\nSeries 7. Bound Volumes\nSeries 8. Photographs"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) was founded in 1853 by Ann Pamela Cunningham, the first Regent of the Association. The purpose of the MVLA was to purchase Mount Vernon, the home of George Washington, in order to restore the property and open the grounds to patriots and admirers who wanted to visit Washington's home and tomb. Ann Pamela Cunningham became interested in the preservation of Mount Vernon when her mother, traveling down the Potomac River in 1853, viewed the house in its neglected and dilapidated state and wrote to her daughter of its condition. Both women thought it shameful to allow the first President's home to fall into ruin. A determined Ann Pamela Cunningham assembled twenty-two likeminded women, each one from a different state, to be Vice Regents of the MVLA. Together they aimed to raise money to purchase the property, pay off all debt, and return the Mansion, gardens and grounds to the condition in which they were left by Washington himself. John Augustine Washington III, George Washington's great-grandnephew and the owner of Mount Vernon at the time, delayed several years in selling the home to the Ladies' Association. He preferred a sale to the State of Virginia or the federal government, both of which declined purchase. In 1858, he finally agreed to sell Mount Vernon to Ann Pamela Cunningham and the MVLA for $200,000.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor the next few years, the women of the MVLA endeavored to make other Americans aware of their quest to save Mount Vernon, often via newspaper articles and pamphlets, in order to raise enough money to purchase the property. As Regent, Ann Pamela Cunningham spearheaded these efforts, while the Vice Regents oversaw fundraising in their individual states. Their cause was soon interrupted by the outbreak of the Civil War.  Mount Vernon's contentious location between Union and Confederate boundaries made it very difficult for potential visitors to travel there.  In spite of these unfavorable conditions, the Ladies of the MVLA continued to raise money for the care of Mount Vernon, and hosted hundreds of visitors including Union and Confederate troops. The post-war period brought other challenges, but the MVLA always maintained constant care and security of the historic areas at Mount Vernon. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eToday the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association is remembered as the first organization in the United States dedicated solely to historic preservation. The Association remains loyal to its original goals, the restoration and care of George Washington's Mount Vernon, while also opening the estate to visitors 365 days a year. Members of the MVLA continue under the structure designed by the first women who joined, operating as the executive board of this historic home with one Regent and over twenty Vice Regents, each from a different state. The estate now consists of not only the Mansion, outbuildings, gardens, and tomb of Washington, but also a Pioneer Farm, Gristmill, Distillery, museum and education center, the National Library for the Study of George Washington, gift shops, a food pavilion, and a restaurant.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association (MVLA) was founded in 1853 by Ann Pamela Cunningham, the first Regent of the Association. The purpose of the MVLA was to purchase Mount Vernon, the home of George Washington, in order to restore the property and open the grounds to patriots and admirers who wanted to visit Washington's home and tomb. Ann Pamela Cunningham became interested in the preservation of Mount Vernon when her mother, traveling down the Potomac River in 1853, viewed the house in its neglected and dilapidated state and wrote to her daughter of its condition. Both women thought it shameful to allow the first President's home to fall into ruin. A determined Ann Pamela Cunningham assembled twenty-two likeminded women, each one from a different state, to be Vice Regents of the MVLA. Together they aimed to raise money to purchase the property, pay off all debt, and return the Mansion, gardens and grounds to the condition in which they were left by Washington himself. John Augustine Washington III, George Washington's great-grandnephew and the owner of Mount Vernon at the time, delayed several years in selling the home to the Ladies' Association. He preferred a sale to the State of Virginia or the federal government, both of which declined purchase. In 1858, he finally agreed to sell Mount Vernon to Ann Pamela Cunningham and the MVLA for $200,000.","For the next few years, the women of the MVLA endeavored to make other Americans aware of their quest to save Mount Vernon, often via newspaper articles and pamphlets, in order to raise enough money to purchase the property. As Regent, Ann Pamela Cunningham spearheaded these efforts, while the Vice Regents oversaw fundraising in their individual states. Their cause was soon interrupted by the outbreak of the Civil War.  Mount Vernon's contentious location between Union and Confederate boundaries made it very difficult for potential visitors to travel there.  In spite of these unfavorable conditions, the Ladies of the MVLA continued to raise money for the care of Mount Vernon, and hosted hundreds of visitors including Union and Confederate troops. The post-war period brought other challenges, but the MVLA always maintained constant care and security of the historic areas at Mount Vernon. ","Today the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association is remembered as the first organization in the United States dedicated solely to historic preservation. The Association remains loyal to its original goals, the restoration and care of George Washington's Mount Vernon, while also opening the estate to visitors 365 days a year. Members of the MVLA continue under the structure designed by the first women who joined, operating as the executive board of this historic home with one Regent and over twenty Vice Regents, each from a different state. The estate now consists of not only the Mansion, outbuildings, gardens, and tomb of Washington, but also a Pioneer Farm, Gristmill, Distillery, museum and education center, the National Library for the Study of George Washington, gift shops, a food pavilion, and a restaurant."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Early Records of the MVLA, [Series name and number], Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Early Records of the MVLA, [Series name and number], Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe nucleus of this collection was created from papers given to the Association by Ann Pamela Cunningham around the time of her retirement as Regent. Several other Vice Regents followed her example and later donated their papers as well. These records were referred to as the \"Early Records\" since the time they were first established as an archival collection. A large portion of this collection is correspondence concerning the founding of the MVLA and the operation of Mount Vernon as a historic site. Other important resources are the appeals written by Ann Pamela Cunningham and the Vice Regents, governing documents, subscription or donation lists, printed material or publications, and bound volumes such as ledgers or scrapbooks. Individual items were added to the collection as they were acquired. The Early Records includes items dated 1852-1951, however the bulk of the material dates from 1858 to around 1880.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The nucleus of this collection was created from papers given to the Association by Ann Pamela Cunningham around the time of her retirement as Regent. Several other Vice Regents followed her example and later donated their papers as well. These records were referred to as the \"Early Records\" since the time they were first established as an archival collection. A large portion of this collection is correspondence concerning the founding of the MVLA and the operation of Mount Vernon as a historic site. Other important resources are the appeals written by Ann Pamela Cunningham and the Vice Regents, governing documents, subscription or donation lists, printed material or publications, and bound volumes such as ledgers or scrapbooks. Individual items were added to the collection as they were acquired. The Early Records includes items dated 1852-1951, however the bulk of the material dates from 1858 to around 1880."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterial can be reproduced for study or personal use upon written approval from library staff.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Material can be reproduced for study or personal use upon written approval from library staff."],"names_ssim":["Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","Harper \u0026 Brothers","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Comegys, Margaret Douglass, 1816-1888","Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896","Laughton, Lily Macalester Berghmans, 1832-1891","Chace, Abby Wheaton Pearce","Jeffrey, Rosa Vertner, 1828-1894","Hudson, Susan Edwards Johnson, 1825-1913","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","McWillie, Catherine Anderson, 1812-1873","Washington, John Augustine, III, 1821-1861","Morse, Margaretta Wederstrandt, 1816-1893","Greenough, Louisa Ingersoll, 1813-1891","Brown, David Paul, 1795-1872","Cutts, Mary Pepperell Sparhawk Jarvis, 1809-1879","Eve, Philoclea Edgeworth Casey, 1813-1889","Riggs, Janet Shedden, 1815-1871","Tiffey, S.W.","Craig, James Y., 1839-1926","Hollingsworth, John McHenry, 1823-1889","Halsted, Nancy Marsh, 1817-1891","Scott, Winfield, 1786-1866","McClellan, George B.  (George Brinton), 1826-1885","Slough, John Potts, -1867","Schuyler, Mary Morris Hamilton, 1818-1877","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Pellet, Susan L., 1808-1893","Riggs, George Washington, 1813-1881","Sweat, Margaret J.M. (Margaret Jane Mussey), 1823-1908","Hoyt, Elizabeth Orpha Sampson","Blanding, Magdalen Gordon, 1823-1885","Hill, Alice Hale, 1840-1908","Goodrich, Mary Boott, 1807-1868","Barry, Elizabeth Willard, 1814-1883","Van Antwerp, Jane Yates, 1815-1870","Little, Abba Isabella Chamberlain, 1816-1893","Goldsborough, Eleanor Rogers, 1822-1906","Farnsworth, Hannah Blake, 1802-1879","Hale, Sarah King, 1798-1865","Conover, Helen Field, 1833-1914","Walker, Letitia Morehead, 1823-1908","Pickens, Lucy Petaway Holcombe","Fogg, Francis B., Mrs., 1800-1872","Mitchell, Martha Reed, 1818-1902","Dickinson, Alice London, 1814-1881","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Sibley, Sarah Steele, 1823-1869","Lambdin, James Reid, 1807-1889","Herbert, Upton","Townsend, Justine Van Rensselaer, 1828-1912","Cunningham, Louisa Bird, 1794-1873","Gilmer, John H. (John Harmer), 1812-","Booth, Edwin, 1833-1893","Murat, Catherine Willis, 1803-1867","Sigourney, L.H. (Lydia Howard), 1791-1865","Johnson, Christie","Washington, Eleanor Love Selden, 1824-1860","Macfarland, W.H. (William Hamilton), 1799-1872","Johnson, Joseph, 1785-1877","Johnson, Arete E., 1829-1904","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","Walton, Elizabeth McKnight Tilden","Ruggles, Samuel B. (Samuel Bulkley), 1800-1881","Brooks, Mary Cunningham Randolph, 1816-1882","Ritchie, William F., 1813-1877","Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell, 1788-1879","Le Vert, Octavia Walton, 1810-1877","Wise, Henry A. (Henry Alexander), 1806-1876","Tyler, John, 1790-1862","Rush, Richard, 1780-1859","Vaux, Richard, 1816-1895","Miles, William Porcher, 1822-1899","Petigru, James Louis, 1789-1863","Yancey, William Lowndes, 1814-1863","Hodge, Hugh L. (Hugh Lenox), 1796-1873","Yulee, Nancy Wickliffe, 1822-1885","Ogden, Phebe Ann, 1790-1865","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Fillmore, Millard, 1800-1874","Long, Ellen Call, 1825-1905","Cooper, Susan Fenimore, 1813-1894","Eyster, Nellie Blessing, 1836-1922","Van Buren, Martin, 1782-1862","Godey, Louis Antoine, 1804-1878","Hamilton, James A. (James Alexander), 1788-1878","McMakin, Mary A.","Harper, Emily L. (Emily Louisa), 1812-1892","Otis, Harrison Gray, Mrs., 1796-1873","Crutchett, James, 1816-","Pendleton, Mary Alicia Key, 1824-1886","Johnston, Harriet Lane, 1830-1903","Thane, Elswyth, 1900-1984","Macalester, Charles, 1798-1873","Jones, George, 1810-1875","Ingersoll, Joseph R. (Joseph Reed), 1786-1868","Chesnut, Mary, 1775-1864","Kip, William Ingraham, 1811-1893","Meigs, Montgomery C. 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