{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1882\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Christiansburg+%28Va.%29","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1882\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Christiansburg+%28Va.%29\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":2,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1402","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1402#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1402#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book contains the minutes of sessions and a list of members with the membership and death dates.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1402#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1402","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1402","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1402","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1402","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1402.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book","title_ssm":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book"],"title_tesim":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book"],"unitdate_ssm":["1869-1897"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1869-1897"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1984.179"],"text":["Ms.1984.179","Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book","Christiansburg (Va.)","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","The collection is open to reasearch","The collection has been digitized, and part of the collection is  available online .","The guide to the Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The collection is unprocessed. Minimal description was completed prior to 2002.","The Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book contains the minutes of sessions, written by congregational secretaries R.D. Montague, Jno. R. Johnson, and Daniel Blain. The collection includes a list of members, the time when they were admitted to the Church, and their date of death.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book contains the minutes of sessions and a list of members with the membership and death dates.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1984.179"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book"],"collection_title_tesim":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book"],"collection_ssim":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. 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The collection includes a list of members, the time when they were admitted to the Church, and their date of death."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_0b28f9cd4958deabc39979ec2919b391\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book contains the minutes of sessions and a list of members with the membership and death dates.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book contains the minutes of sessions and a list of members with the membership and death dates."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:03:13.110Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1402","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1402","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1402","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1402","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1402.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book","title_ssm":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book"],"title_tesim":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book"],"unitdate_ssm":["1869-1897"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1869-1897"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1984.179"],"text":["Ms.1984.179","Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book","Christiansburg (Va.)","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","The collection is open to reasearch","The collection has been digitized, and part of the collection is  available online .","The guide to the Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The collection is unprocessed. Minimal description was completed prior to 2002.","The Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book contains the minutes of sessions, written by congregational secretaries R.D. Montague, Jno. R. Johnson, and Daniel Blain. The collection includes a list of members, the time when they were admitted to the Church, and their date of death.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book contains the minutes of sessions and a list of members with the membership and death dates.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1984.179"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book"],"collection_title_tesim":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book"],"collection_ssim":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . 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The collection includes a list of members, the time when they were admitted to the Church, and their date of death."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_0b28f9cd4958deabc39979ec2919b391\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book contains the minutes of sessions and a list of members with the membership and death dates.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Christiansburg Presbyterian Church Minute Book contains the minutes of sessions and a list of members with the membership and death dates."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Christiansburg Presbyterian Church (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:03:13.110Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1402"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2432","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Montgomery Female College Collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2432#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2432#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The collection contains ephemera relating to Montgomery Female College in Christiansburg, Virginia, including programs and certificates.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2432#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2432","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2432","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2432","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2432","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2432.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Montgomery Female College Collection","title_ssm":["Montgomery Female College Collection"],"title_tesim":["Montgomery Female College Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1875-1892, n.d."],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1875-1892, n.d."],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2009.013"],"text":["Ms.2009.013","Montgomery Female College Collection","Christiansburg (Va.)","Education, Secondary","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","Women -- History","The collection is open for research.","Some of this collection has been digitized and is available online.","The collection is arranged chronologically.","Founded as a companion to the Montgomery Male Academy, the Montgomery Collegiate Institute opened in Christiansburg Virginia on November 1, 1852. Under the auspices of the Montgomery Presbytery, the school was first located in what had been the old Presbyterian Church on Franklin Street. In 1860, the college moved into a new building, but it was used as a hospital during the American Civil War and the school endured harsh economic conditions. In 1870, Dr. Samuel K. Cox purchased the school (by then known as Montgomery Female Academy); though it retained its prestige, the school failed to regain its antebellum prosperity. The school was sold at public auction to Oceana S. Pollock, a teacher at the school, in 1876. ","With Pollock serving as principal, the school--by then known as Montgomery Female College--once again thrived. In 1887, Pollock deeded the college to Ebenezer T. and Anna Susan McDannold Baird but continued to serve as principal. The school closed for a year in 1890, then reopened under a series of principals. In 1903, Pollock's niece, Virginia Wardlaw was named principal of Montgomery Female College. She was soon joined on the staff by her older sisters, Mary Snead and Caroline Martin. Under the sisters' operation, the school declined and gained local notoriety as the scene of strange events. The Wardlaws became known as \"the black sisters\" for their practice of appearing always in black dresses and heavy veils. The sisters fell deeply into debt, local sentiment turned against them, and the school's reputation suffered. Montgomery Female College closed in 1908, and the Wardlaws left Christiansburg for New Jersey. (Within a year, the sisters would become implicated in events surrounding the mysterious death of Caroline Wardlaw Martin's daughter, Ocey.) The building formerly housing the Montgomery Female College operated under new owners as a boarding house and health resort for several years, then was sold to the Montgomery County School Board. In 1935, the building was demolished to make space for construction of a new Christiansburg High School. ","The guide to the Montgomery Female College Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement and description of the Montgomery Female College Collection commenced and was completed in January 2009. An additional item was integrated in or prior to 2016.","VT Special Collections and University Archives also has the following related publications in the Rare Book Collection:","Annual announcement of the Montgomery female college : Christiansburg, Montgomery County, Va., for the collegiate year  (Salem, Va.: W.A. \u0026 C.A. Griffith, 1877/1878). LD7251.C65 A2 Large Spec","Zierold, Norman J.,  Three sisters in black  (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968). HV6533 .N3 Z5 1968 Large Spec ","This collection contains five pieces of ephemera relating to Montgomery Female College in Christiansburg, Virginia. The collection includes a program for exercises of the \"Eureka Class,\" also listing the class' individual members. Also included is an 1892 program of entertainment including recitations, music and songs. Two undated certificates, awarded to Annie V. and Eugenia V. Sullivan for \"purity and correctness in the use of the English language\" are included as well (Eugenia V. Sullivan is listed elsewhere as a member of the class of 1886.). Finally, the 1875-1876 Annual Announcement is a catalog for the college with information on faculty, courses, and more.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The collection contains ephemera relating to Montgomery Female College in Christiansburg, Virginia, including programs and certificates.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2009.013"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Montgomery Female College Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Montgomery Female College Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Montgomery Female College Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Montgomery Female College Collection was purchased by Special Collections in 2008. An additional item was donated in 2014."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Education, Secondary","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","Women -- History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Education, Secondary","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","Women -- History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/Ms2009-013\"\u003eSome of this collection has been digitized and is available online.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Some of this collection has been digitized and is available online."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFounded as a companion to the Montgomery Male Academy, the Montgomery Collegiate Institute opened in Christiansburg Virginia on November 1, 1852. Under the auspices of the Montgomery Presbytery, the school was first located in what had been the old Presbyterian Church on Franklin Street. In 1860, the college moved into a new building, but it was used as a hospital during the American Civil War and the school endured harsh economic conditions. In 1870, Dr. Samuel K. Cox purchased the school (by then known as Montgomery Female Academy); though it retained its prestige, the school failed to regain its antebellum prosperity. The school was sold at public auction to Oceana S. Pollock, a teacher at the school, in 1876. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith Pollock serving as principal, the school--by then known as Montgomery Female College--once again thrived. In 1887, Pollock deeded the college to Ebenezer T. and Anna Susan McDannold Baird but continued to serve as principal. The school closed for a year in 1890, then reopened under a series of principals. In 1903, Pollock's niece, Virginia Wardlaw was named principal of Montgomery Female College. She was soon joined on the staff by her older sisters, Mary Snead and Caroline Martin. Under the sisters' operation, the school declined and gained local notoriety as the scene of strange events. The Wardlaws became known as \"the black sisters\" for their practice of appearing always in black dresses and heavy veils. The sisters fell deeply into debt, local sentiment turned against them, and the school's reputation suffered. Montgomery Female College closed in 1908, and the Wardlaws left Christiansburg for New Jersey. (Within a year, the sisters would become implicated in events surrounding the mysterious death of Caroline Wardlaw Martin's daughter, Ocey.) The building formerly housing the Montgomery Female College operated under new owners as a boarding house and health resort for several years, then was sold to the Montgomery County School Board. In 1935, the building was demolished to make space for construction of a new Christiansburg High School. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative History"],"bioghist_tesim":["Founded as a companion to the Montgomery Male Academy, the Montgomery Collegiate Institute opened in Christiansburg Virginia on November 1, 1852. Under the auspices of the Montgomery Presbytery, the school was first located in what had been the old Presbyterian Church on Franklin Street. In 1860, the college moved into a new building, but it was used as a hospital during the American Civil War and the school endured harsh economic conditions. In 1870, Dr. Samuel K. Cox purchased the school (by then known as Montgomery Female Academy); though it retained its prestige, the school failed to regain its antebellum prosperity. The school was sold at public auction to Oceana S. Pollock, a teacher at the school, in 1876. ","With Pollock serving as principal, the school--by then known as Montgomery Female College--once again thrived. In 1887, Pollock deeded the college to Ebenezer T. and Anna Susan McDannold Baird but continued to serve as principal. The school closed for a year in 1890, then reopened under a series of principals. In 1903, Pollock's niece, Virginia Wardlaw was named principal of Montgomery Female College. She was soon joined on the staff by her older sisters, Mary Snead and Caroline Martin. Under the sisters' operation, the school declined and gained local notoriety as the scene of strange events. The Wardlaws became known as \"the black sisters\" for their practice of appearing always in black dresses and heavy veils. The sisters fell deeply into debt, local sentiment turned against them, and the school's reputation suffered. Montgomery Female College closed in 1908, and the Wardlaws left Christiansburg for New Jersey. (Within a year, the sisters would become implicated in events surrounding the mysterious death of Caroline Wardlaw Martin's daughter, Ocey.) The building formerly housing the Montgomery Female College operated under new owners as a boarding house and health resort for several years, then was sold to the Montgomery County School Board. In 1935, the building was demolished to make space for construction of a new Christiansburg High School. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Montgomery Female College Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Montgomery Female College Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Montgomery Female College Collection, Ms2009-013, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Montgomery Female College Collection, Ms2009-013, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement and description of the Montgomery Female College Collection commenced and was completed in January 2009. An additional item was integrated in or prior to 2016.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement and description of the Montgomery Female College Collection commenced and was completed in January 2009. An additional item was integrated in or prior to 2016."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVT Special Collections and University Archives also has the following related publications in the Rare Book Collection:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eAnnual announcement of the Montgomery female college : Christiansburg, Montgomery County, Va., for the collegiate year\u003c/title\u003e (Salem, Va.: W.A. \u0026amp; C.A. Griffith, 1877/1878). LD7251.C65 A2 Large Spec\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eZierold, Norman J., \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThree sisters in black\u003c/title\u003e (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968). HV6533 .N3 Z5 1968 Large Spec \u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["VT Special Collections and University Archives also has the following related publications in the Rare Book Collection:","Annual announcement of the Montgomery female college : Christiansburg, Montgomery County, Va., for the collegiate year  (Salem, Va.: W.A. \u0026 C.A. Griffith, 1877/1878). LD7251.C65 A2 Large Spec","Zierold, Norman J.,  Three sisters in black  (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968). HV6533 .N3 Z5 1968 Large Spec "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains five pieces of ephemera relating to Montgomery Female College in Christiansburg, Virginia. The collection includes a program for exercises of the \"Eureka Class,\" also listing the class' individual members. Also included is an 1892 program of entertainment including recitations, music and songs. Two undated certificates, awarded to Annie V. and Eugenia V. Sullivan for \"purity and correctness in the use of the English language\" are included as well (Eugenia V. Sullivan is listed elsewhere as a member of the class of 1886.). Finally, the 1875-1876 Annual Announcement is a catalog for the college with information on faculty, courses, and more.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains five pieces of ephemera relating to Montgomery Female College in Christiansburg, Virginia. The collection includes a program for exercises of the \"Eureka Class,\" also listing the class' individual members. Also included is an 1892 program of entertainment including recitations, music and songs. Two undated certificates, awarded to Annie V. and Eugenia V. Sullivan for \"purity and correctness in the use of the English language\" are included as well (Eugenia V. Sullivan is listed elsewhere as a member of the class of 1886.). Finally, the 1875-1876 Annual Announcement is a catalog for the college with information on faculty, courses, and more."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_985f529227d6641c78c346a9ec6c0f15\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection contains ephemera relating to Montgomery Female College in Christiansburg, Virginia, including programs and certificates.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection contains ephemera relating to Montgomery Female College in Christiansburg, Virginia, including programs and certificates."],"names_coll_ssim":["Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:08:19.125Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2432","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2432","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2432","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2432","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2432.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Montgomery Female College Collection","title_ssm":["Montgomery Female College Collection"],"title_tesim":["Montgomery Female College Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1875-1892, n.d."],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1875-1892, n.d."],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2009.013"],"text":["Ms.2009.013","Montgomery Female College Collection","Christiansburg (Va.)","Education, Secondary","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","Women -- History","The collection is open for research.","Some of this collection has been digitized and is available online.","The collection is arranged chronologically.","Founded as a companion to the Montgomery Male Academy, the Montgomery Collegiate Institute opened in Christiansburg Virginia on November 1, 1852. Under the auspices of the Montgomery Presbytery, the school was first located in what had been the old Presbyterian Church on Franklin Street. In 1860, the college moved into a new building, but it was used as a hospital during the American Civil War and the school endured harsh economic conditions. In 1870, Dr. Samuel K. Cox purchased the school (by then known as Montgomery Female Academy); though it retained its prestige, the school failed to regain its antebellum prosperity. The school was sold at public auction to Oceana S. Pollock, a teacher at the school, in 1876. ","With Pollock serving as principal, the school--by then known as Montgomery Female College--once again thrived. In 1887, Pollock deeded the college to Ebenezer T. and Anna Susan McDannold Baird but continued to serve as principal. The school closed for a year in 1890, then reopened under a series of principals. In 1903, Pollock's niece, Virginia Wardlaw was named principal of Montgomery Female College. She was soon joined on the staff by her older sisters, Mary Snead and Caroline Martin. Under the sisters' operation, the school declined and gained local notoriety as the scene of strange events. The Wardlaws became known as \"the black sisters\" for their practice of appearing always in black dresses and heavy veils. The sisters fell deeply into debt, local sentiment turned against them, and the school's reputation suffered. Montgomery Female College closed in 1908, and the Wardlaws left Christiansburg for New Jersey. (Within a year, the sisters would become implicated in events surrounding the mysterious death of Caroline Wardlaw Martin's daughter, Ocey.) The building formerly housing the Montgomery Female College operated under new owners as a boarding house and health resort for several years, then was sold to the Montgomery County School Board. In 1935, the building was demolished to make space for construction of a new Christiansburg High School. ","The guide to the Montgomery Female College Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement and description of the Montgomery Female College Collection commenced and was completed in January 2009. An additional item was integrated in or prior to 2016.","VT Special Collections and University Archives also has the following related publications in the Rare Book Collection:","Annual announcement of the Montgomery female college : Christiansburg, Montgomery County, Va., for the collegiate year  (Salem, Va.: W.A. \u0026 C.A. Griffith, 1877/1878). LD7251.C65 A2 Large Spec","Zierold, Norman J.,  Three sisters in black  (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968). HV6533 .N3 Z5 1968 Large Spec ","This collection contains five pieces of ephemera relating to Montgomery Female College in Christiansburg, Virginia. The collection includes a program for exercises of the \"Eureka Class,\" also listing the class' individual members. Also included is an 1892 program of entertainment including recitations, music and songs. Two undated certificates, awarded to Annie V. and Eugenia V. Sullivan for \"purity and correctness in the use of the English language\" are included as well (Eugenia V. Sullivan is listed elsewhere as a member of the class of 1886.). Finally, the 1875-1876 Annual Announcement is a catalog for the college with information on faculty, courses, and more.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The collection contains ephemera relating to Montgomery Female College in Christiansburg, Virginia, including programs and certificates.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2009.013"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Montgomery Female College Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Montgomery Female College Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Montgomery Female College Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Christiansburg (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Montgomery Female College Collection was purchased by Special Collections in 2008. An additional item was donated in 2014."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Education, Secondary","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","Women -- History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Education, Secondary","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","Women -- History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/Ms2009-013\"\u003eSome of this collection has been digitized and is available online.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Some of this collection has been digitized and is available online."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFounded as a companion to the Montgomery Male Academy, the Montgomery Collegiate Institute opened in Christiansburg Virginia on November 1, 1852. Under the auspices of the Montgomery Presbytery, the school was first located in what had been the old Presbyterian Church on Franklin Street. In 1860, the college moved into a new building, but it was used as a hospital during the American Civil War and the school endured harsh economic conditions. In 1870, Dr. Samuel K. Cox purchased the school (by then known as Montgomery Female Academy); though it retained its prestige, the school failed to regain its antebellum prosperity. The school was sold at public auction to Oceana S. Pollock, a teacher at the school, in 1876. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith Pollock serving as principal, the school--by then known as Montgomery Female College--once again thrived. In 1887, Pollock deeded the college to Ebenezer T. and Anna Susan McDannold Baird but continued to serve as principal. The school closed for a year in 1890, then reopened under a series of principals. In 1903, Pollock's niece, Virginia Wardlaw was named principal of Montgomery Female College. She was soon joined on the staff by her older sisters, Mary Snead and Caroline Martin. Under the sisters' operation, the school declined and gained local notoriety as the scene of strange events. The Wardlaws became known as \"the black sisters\" for their practice of appearing always in black dresses and heavy veils. The sisters fell deeply into debt, local sentiment turned against them, and the school's reputation suffered. Montgomery Female College closed in 1908, and the Wardlaws left Christiansburg for New Jersey. (Within a year, the sisters would become implicated in events surrounding the mysterious death of Caroline Wardlaw Martin's daughter, Ocey.) The building formerly housing the Montgomery Female College operated under new owners as a boarding house and health resort for several years, then was sold to the Montgomery County School Board. In 1935, the building was demolished to make space for construction of a new Christiansburg High School. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative History"],"bioghist_tesim":["Founded as a companion to the Montgomery Male Academy, the Montgomery Collegiate Institute opened in Christiansburg Virginia on November 1, 1852. Under the auspices of the Montgomery Presbytery, the school was first located in what had been the old Presbyterian Church on Franklin Street. In 1860, the college moved into a new building, but it was used as a hospital during the American Civil War and the school endured harsh economic conditions. In 1870, Dr. Samuel K. Cox purchased the school (by then known as Montgomery Female Academy); though it retained its prestige, the school failed to regain its antebellum prosperity. The school was sold at public auction to Oceana S. Pollock, a teacher at the school, in 1876. ","With Pollock serving as principal, the school--by then known as Montgomery Female College--once again thrived. In 1887, Pollock deeded the college to Ebenezer T. and Anna Susan McDannold Baird but continued to serve as principal. The school closed for a year in 1890, then reopened under a series of principals. In 1903, Pollock's niece, Virginia Wardlaw was named principal of Montgomery Female College. She was soon joined on the staff by her older sisters, Mary Snead and Caroline Martin. Under the sisters' operation, the school declined and gained local notoriety as the scene of strange events. The Wardlaws became known as \"the black sisters\" for their practice of appearing always in black dresses and heavy veils. The sisters fell deeply into debt, local sentiment turned against them, and the school's reputation suffered. Montgomery Female College closed in 1908, and the Wardlaws left Christiansburg for New Jersey. (Within a year, the sisters would become implicated in events surrounding the mysterious death of Caroline Wardlaw Martin's daughter, Ocey.) The building formerly housing the Montgomery Female College operated under new owners as a boarding house and health resort for several years, then was sold to the Montgomery County School Board. In 1935, the building was demolished to make space for construction of a new Christiansburg High School. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Montgomery Female College Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Montgomery Female College Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Montgomery Female College Collection, Ms2009-013, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Montgomery Female College Collection, Ms2009-013, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement and description of the Montgomery Female College Collection commenced and was completed in January 2009. An additional item was integrated in or prior to 2016.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement and description of the Montgomery Female College Collection commenced and was completed in January 2009. An additional item was integrated in or prior to 2016."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVT Special Collections and University Archives also has the following related publications in the Rare Book Collection:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eAnnual announcement of the Montgomery female college : Christiansburg, Montgomery County, Va., for the collegiate year\u003c/title\u003e (Salem, Va.: W.A. \u0026amp; C.A. Griffith, 1877/1878). LD7251.C65 A2 Large Spec\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eZierold, Norman J., \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThree sisters in black\u003c/title\u003e (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968). HV6533 .N3 Z5 1968 Large Spec \u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["VT Special Collections and University Archives also has the following related publications in the Rare Book Collection:","Annual announcement of the Montgomery female college : Christiansburg, Montgomery County, Va., for the collegiate year  (Salem, Va.: W.A. \u0026 C.A. Griffith, 1877/1878). LD7251.C65 A2 Large Spec","Zierold, Norman J.,  Three sisters in black  (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968). HV6533 .N3 Z5 1968 Large Spec "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains five pieces of ephemera relating to Montgomery Female College in Christiansburg, Virginia. The collection includes a program for exercises of the \"Eureka Class,\" also listing the class' individual members. Also included is an 1892 program of entertainment including recitations, music and songs. Two undated certificates, awarded to Annie V. and Eugenia V. Sullivan for \"purity and correctness in the use of the English language\" are included as well (Eugenia V. Sullivan is listed elsewhere as a member of the class of 1886.). Finally, the 1875-1876 Annual Announcement is a catalog for the college with information on faculty, courses, and more.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains five pieces of ephemera relating to Montgomery Female College in Christiansburg, Virginia. The collection includes a program for exercises of the \"Eureka Class,\" also listing the class' individual members. Also included is an 1892 program of entertainment including recitations, music and songs. Two undated certificates, awarded to Annie V. and Eugenia V. Sullivan for \"purity and correctness in the use of the English language\" are included as well (Eugenia V. Sullivan is listed elsewhere as a member of the class of 1886.). Finally, the 1875-1876 Annual Announcement is a catalog for the college with information on faculty, courses, and more."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_985f529227d6641c78c346a9ec6c0f15\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection contains ephemera relating to Montgomery Female College in Christiansburg, Virginia, including programs and certificates.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection contains ephemera relating to Montgomery Female College in Christiansburg, Virginia, including programs and certificates."],"names_coll_ssim":["Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Montgomery Female College (Christiansburg, Va.)"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in 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