{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1835\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026page=58","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1835\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026page=57","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1835\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026page=59","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1835\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026page=64"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":58,"next_page":59,"prev_page":57,"total_pages":64,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":570,"total_count":640,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115_c02","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_115_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115_c02","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_115_c02"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115_c02","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","parent_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_115"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_115"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Webb Family Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Webb Family Papers"],"text":["Webb Family Papers","Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard","title_ssm":["Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard"],"title_tesim":["Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1826-1870, undated"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1826/1870"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Webb Family Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":10,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":40,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open to researchers without restriction."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:48:25.933Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_115.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"Archon Finding Aid location","title_filing_ssi":"Webb Family","title_ssm":["Webb Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Webb Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1790-1975, undated","Date acquired: 12/00/1976"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1790-1975, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 12/00/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 155","/repositories/5/resources/115"],"text":["MG 155","/repositories/5/resources/115","Webb Family Papers","Norfolk (Va.)--History--19th century","Families--Virginia--History--18th century","Families--Virginia--History--19th century","Genealogy","Norfolk (Va.)--History--18th century","The collection is open to researchers without restriction.","The Webb Family Papers are divided into five series. The series are further divided into sub series. Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk, 1790-1823","Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard","Subseries A: Nash Legrand, Navy Agent Subseries B: George Loyall, Navy Agent Subseries C: Richard Astewood, Navy Agent Subseries D: Francis Mallory, Navy Agent Subseries E: Navy Agent's Office Subseries F: Gosport Navy Yard Subseries G: Commodore John W. Livingston, Commandant, United States Navy Yard, Subseries H: United States Navy Yard Subseries I: United States Naval Hospital, Subseries J: Other","Series III: The Webb Family","Subseries A: Miscellaneous Subseries B: Lewis Warrington Webb Subseries C: Photographs","Series IV: Business Papers; Genealogies; Magazines","Subseries A: Business Papers Subseries B: Genealogies Subseries C: Magazines","Series V: The Electricity Cost Commission","Subseries A: Organization of the ECC Subseries B: Dr. Lewis W. Webb, Chairman of the Committee on Utility; Dr. Ronald Carrier, Chairman of the ECC Subseries C: ECC Minutes Subseries D: ECC Committees Subseries E: ECC - Public Hearings Subseries F: Statements; Testimony; Resolutions; Position Papers Submitted to the ECC Subseries G: Information Utilized by the ECC Subseries H: VEPCO Subseries I: Electrical Utility Companies Subseries J: Power Companies' Annual Reports Subseries K: Newspaper Articles; Editorials Subseries L: Newsletters Subseries M: Final Report","The Webb Family Collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk, the Gosport Navy Yard, the Webb family, nineteenth-century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission. The documents were saved from destruction during the Civil War by Lewis Warrington Webb. He and his descendants contributed to and preserved the documents.","Lewis Warrington Webb, Bourough of Norfolk, Gosport Navy Yard","Lewis Warrington Webb was born on September 26, 1826. He was in the drug business before the Civil War. Webb was Collector of the Port of Norfolk when the war began. He maintained an office in the custom house. In April of 1861, war between the North and the South appeared to be imminent. The federal authorities realized that the Navy Yard could not be successfully defended. They ordered the evacuation and destruction of the ships, stores, equipment and records. Lewis Webb gathered many of the documents stored in the customs house and placed them in a trunk. The documents included late eighteenth and nineteenth century records of the Borough of Norfolk and records of the Gosport Navy Yard. Webb contributed documents to the collection until 1870.","After the Civil War, Webb served as a member of the military council, Auditor of Public Accounts, member of the Board of Police Commissioners, a member of the State Legislature and as the Deputy Collector of Customs in Norfolk. He supported the Republican party and was involved in state and national politics. Lewis Webb died on February 2, 1883.","The documents were passed down through the Webb family and stored in the different homes the family occupied. Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb, Jr., the grandson of Lewis Warrington Webb, loaned the documents to the Norfolk Historical Society for analysis. He donated the collection to the University on December 3, 1976.","The records of the Borough of Norfolk primarily involve the Common Council. The legislative power of the borough was vested in the Common Council. The Council was composed of sixteen members. The members could elect one of their number to be president. The committees were an important part of the government. The majority of laws were drafted by the committees at the direction of the Council. The Council had the right to collect taxes and to appropriate funds for construction and improvement of public buildings. The Council levied a tax on goods sold in the public market.","The records of the Navy Yard involve the years from 1829 to 1870. The primary documents in this section of the collection are the records of the Navy agents. The duties of the agents were directed by the Navy Commission Office in Washington. The Commission was an administrative body charged with the administration of naval material. The agents directed their requisition requests and submitted monthly expenditures to the Navy Commission Office.","The Navy agents worked on a commission basis. They were involved in securing supplies for the Navy and in the purchase of material for the con-struction and repair of ships and buildings at the yard. The agents acted as a liaison between the Navy and the civilian contractors. They placed advertisements in the Norfolk newspapers describing the Navy's specifications for materials and supplies. The agents inspected the quality of merchandise delivered to the yard. They paid the contractors for acceptable items. The agents supervised auctions of condemned government property.","Naval officers and seamen requested the agents to pay their dependents a monthly portion of their pay while they were away from home. The agents selected the modes of transportation and provided a travel allowance for men in transit.","The Navy agents received their funds from the Fourth Auditor's Office, United States Treasury Department. They submitted accounts and vouchers to the Fourth Auditor's Office each quarter.","The agents were generally prominent men. George Loyall was born in Norfolk on May 29, 1789. He graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1808. Loyall was a member of the House of Delegates from the Borough of Norfolk, 1817-1827. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1829. George Loyall was a member of Congress, 1831-1837. He was Navy agent of Norfolk from 1837-1861. Loyall resigned his position on April 17, 1861 because of his southern sympathies. His first wife Rebecca Tyler died in 1812 and his second wife Margaret Kelly died in 1855. George Loyall died on February 24, 1868. He is buried in Cedar Grove Cemetery in Norfolk.","Francis Mallory was born in 1805. He was appointed a midshipman in the Navy in 1822. He resigned from the service in 1826. Mallory practiced medicine in Norfolk for several years. He served in Congress from 1837 to 1843. Mallory was the first president of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad. He was appointed Navy Agent in 1850. Mallory's first wife Mary Shield died. He later married Mary Wright. Francis Mallory died in Norfolk on March 26, 1860.","Many of the letters sent to the Navy agents involved Commodore Lewis Warrington. He was born at Williamsburg, Virginia on November 3, 1782. He attended the College of William and Mary. Warrington was appointed midshipman in the Navy on January 6, 1800. He fought in the war with the Barbary pirates. Warrington performed distinguished service during the War of 1812. He was promoted to master commandant in 1813. Warrington was given the command of the USS Peacock. He engaged and defeated the British brig Epervier off Cape Canaveral on April 29, 1814. Warrington captured the cruiser Nautilus on June 30, 1815. He was a member of the Navy commission from 1826 to 1830 and again from 1840 to 1842. Warrington commanded at the Gosport Navy Yard from June, 1821 to December 1824 and again from May, 1831 to October, 1840. He was appointed Secretary of the Navy in 1844. Warrington was married to Margaret King. He died on October 12, 1851.","The Navy Yard was evacuated and burned by the Confederate Navy on May 10, 1862. The Union forces reoccupied the Navy Yard. The federal government designated the installation the United States Navy Yard. Commodore John Livingston was given the command of the Navy Yard. He was born on May 22, 1804. Livingston was Executive Officer of the USS Congress during the Mexican War. Early in the Civil War he commanded the USS Penquin, and later the USS Bienville, operating in the blockade of Wilmington and Hampton Roads. He was transferred to command the USS Cumberland. Livingston became ill and was forced to leave the vessel before it was sunk by the CSS Virginia. He assumed command of the Navy Yard on May 20, 1862. In November, 1864 he was transferred to command the Naval Station at Mound City, Illinois. He died in New York City on September 10, 1885.","The collection contains documents of several nineteenth-century merchants. William T. Fleet was one of the most successful businessmen operating in Norfolk. He was a grocer and commission merchant. Fleet was primarily a dealer in grain, flour and meal.","Lewis Warrington Webb, Jr.","Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb was born in Norfolk on March 1, 1910. He attended Virginia Polytechnic Institute receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in 1931 and his Master of Science degree in 1932. He became a licensed professional engineer in 1955. Webb completed post-graduate studies at the College of William and Mary, the United States Military Academy, and the University of North Carolina. He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Hampden-Sydney College in 1967.","Webb entered the education field in 1932 as an instructor of physics and mathematics at the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary. He was granted tenure in 1938. Webb was appointed Assistant Director of the college in 1942, received full professorship in 1944, and served as Director of the Defense and War Training Program from 1940 to 1944. He was appointed Director of the college in 1946 and held this position with the title being changed to Provost and in 1960 to President. When the school separated from William and Mary in 1962, Webb became the first president of the newly named Old Dominion College. He retained this position until his resignation in 1969. Dr. Webb's papers as President of O.D.U are also housed in Special Collections.","Dr. Webb returned to teaching, serving as Chairman of the Department of Physics and Geophysical Sciences from 1973-1974. He received many civic and educational awards. The title of President Emeritus was awarded to him upon his retirement in 1974.","Dr. Webb was married to the former Virginia F. Rice. They had two children, Dr. George Randolph Webb and Mary Lewis Webb (Mrs. Robert Ash). Dr. Webb died in 1984 and Virginia Rice Webb died in 2003.","Electricity Cost Commission","The governor established the Electricity Cost Commission on March 31, 1975. The Commission was organized in response to consumer concern about the high cost of electricity and the efficiency of the management of the power companies. The governor instructed the Commission to analyze the reasons for high electrical rates, the energy situation in Virginia and in other states, alternative sources of energy, and the projections of the power companies for future demand for energy. The Commission was instructed to publish its findings.","The Commission was composed of twenty-one members. They were divided into four committees. Each of the committees was assigned to analyze a specific problem. Dr. Webb was appointed by Governor Mills Godwin Jr. as Chairman of the Committee on Utility Management. The Commission held meetings each month in Richmond. Public hearings were held to allow people to express their views.","The Commission gathered information from diverse sources. They hired twelve consultants to conduct fourteen independent studies. The Commission utilized testimony from energy experts and federal agencies. Consumer groups, state officials, federal officials, and concerned individuals submitted testimony to the Commission. They examined company reports and annual reports of the electrical utility companies, energy newsletters and newspaper articles.","The collection, which was previously part of the University Archives and filed under RG 2-1B1, was transferred to Manuscripts on 9/22/2025.","The Webb Family Papers contain documents ranging from 1790-1975. The first series contains records of the Borough of Norfolk from 1790-1823. The documents include records of the Common Council, committee reports to the Council, payments for work performed for the Borough, applications of candidates for public office, Borough ordinances, apprentices' indentures, inquisitions and return of sales from the Public Market.","The second series contains records of the Gosport Navy Yard from 1829 to 1870. The papers contain the Navy agents' correspondence from contractors, seamen, the Navy Commission Office and the Fourth Auditor's Office. This series contains the correspondence of Captain Lewis Warrington and Commodore John Livingston. One of the most significant documents in the collection is the contract to raise the CSS Virginia from the Elizabeth River in 1870.","The third series consists of documents and photographs of the Webb family, including some of Lewis Warrington Webb's personal papers.","The fourth series ranges from 1809 to 1894 and contains miscellaneous business papers, genealogies of Bailey Gray and Elizeabeth Miles and issues of Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine from 1871.","The fifth series consists of Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb's records of the Electricity Cost Commission in 1975. They include information concerning the organization of the Commission minutes of the meetings, committees, public hearings, testimony, electrical utility companies, information utilized by the members of the Commission and the final report.","Some of the documents in this collection are photocopies of the originals.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Donated by Lewis W. Webb, Jr., the collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk (1790-1823), the Gosport Navy Yard (1829-1870), the Webb Family (1831-1883), 19th century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission (1975).","ODU Community Collections","Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)","Webb family","Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 155","/repositories/5/resources/115"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Webb Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Webb Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Webb Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Webb family"],"creator_ssim":["Webb family"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Webb family"],"creators_ssim":["Webb family"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Dr. Lewis W. Webb","Gift"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--19th century","Families--Virginia--History--18th century","Families--Virginia--History--19th century","Genealogy","Norfolk (Va.)--History--18th century"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--19th century","Families--Virginia--History--18th century","Families--Virginia--History--19th century","Genealogy","Norfolk (Va.)--History--18th century"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6.70 Linear Feet","11 Hollinger document cases, 1 oversize box boxes"],"extent_tesim":["6.70 Linear Feet","11 Hollinger document cases, 1 oversize box boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to researchers without restriction.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to researchers without restriction."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Webb Family Papers are divided into five series. The series are further divided into sub series. Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk, 1790-1823\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Nash Legrand, Navy Agent Subseries B: George Loyall, Navy Agent Subseries C: Richard Astewood, Navy Agent Subseries D: Francis Mallory, Navy Agent Subseries E: Navy Agent's Office Subseries F: Gosport Navy Yard Subseries G: Commodore John W. Livingston, Commandant, United States Navy Yard, Subseries H: United States Navy Yard Subseries I: United States Naval Hospital, Subseries J: Other\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III: The Webb Family\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Miscellaneous Subseries B: Lewis Warrington Webb Subseries C: Photographs\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV: Business Papers; Genealogies; Magazines\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Business Papers Subseries B: Genealogies Subseries C: Magazines\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries V: The Electricity Cost Commission\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Organization of the ECC Subseries B: Dr. Lewis W. Webb, Chairman of the Committee on Utility; Dr. Ronald Carrier, Chairman of the ECC Subseries C: ECC Minutes Subseries D: ECC Committees Subseries E: ECC - Public Hearings Subseries F: Statements; Testimony; Resolutions; Position Papers Submitted to the ECC Subseries G: Information Utilized by the ECC Subseries H: VEPCO Subseries I: Electrical Utility Companies Subseries J: Power Companies' Annual Reports Subseries K: Newspaper Articles; Editorials Subseries L: Newsletters Subseries M: Final Report\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Webb Family Papers are divided into five series. The series are further divided into sub series. Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk, 1790-1823","Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard","Subseries A: Nash Legrand, Navy Agent Subseries B: George Loyall, Navy Agent Subseries C: Richard Astewood, Navy Agent Subseries D: Francis Mallory, Navy Agent Subseries E: Navy Agent's Office Subseries F: Gosport Navy Yard Subseries G: Commodore John W. Livingston, Commandant, United States Navy Yard, Subseries H: United States Navy Yard Subseries I: United States Naval Hospital, Subseries J: Other","Series III: The Webb Family","Subseries A: Miscellaneous Subseries B: Lewis Warrington Webb Subseries C: Photographs","Series IV: Business Papers; Genealogies; Magazines","Subseries A: Business Papers Subseries B: Genealogies Subseries C: Magazines","Series V: The Electricity Cost Commission","Subseries A: Organization of the ECC Subseries B: Dr. Lewis W. Webb, Chairman of the Committee on Utility; Dr. Ronald Carrier, Chairman of the ECC Subseries C: ECC Minutes Subseries D: ECC Committees Subseries E: ECC - Public Hearings Subseries F: Statements; Testimony; Resolutions; Position Papers Submitted to the ECC Subseries G: Information Utilized by the ECC Subseries H: VEPCO Subseries I: Electrical Utility Companies Subseries J: Power Companies' Annual Reports Subseries K: Newspaper Articles; Editorials Subseries L: Newsletters Subseries M: Final Report"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Webb Family Collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk, the Gosport Navy Yard, the Webb family, nineteenth-century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission. The documents were saved from destruction during the Civil War by Lewis Warrington Webb. He and his descendants contributed to and preserved the documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eLewis Warrington Webb, Bourough of Norfolk, Gosport Navy Yard\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLewis Warrington Webb was born on September 26, 1826. He was in the drug business before the Civil War. Webb was Collector of the Port of Norfolk when the war began. He maintained an office in the custom house. In April of 1861, war between the North and the South appeared to be imminent. The federal authorities realized that the Navy Yard could not be successfully defended. They ordered the evacuation and destruction of the ships, stores, equipment and records. Lewis Webb gathered many of the documents stored in the customs house and placed them in a trunk. The documents included late eighteenth and nineteenth century records of the Borough of Norfolk and records of the Gosport Navy Yard. Webb contributed documents to the collection until 1870.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the Civil War, Webb served as a member of the military council, Auditor of Public Accounts, member of the Board of Police Commissioners, a member of the State Legislature and as the Deputy Collector of Customs in Norfolk. He supported the Republican party and was involved in state and national politics. Lewis Webb died on February 2, 1883.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe documents were passed down through the Webb family and stored in the different homes the family occupied. Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb, Jr., the grandson of Lewis Warrington Webb, loaned the documents to the Norfolk Historical Society for analysis. He donated the collection to the University on December 3, 1976.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Borough of Norfolk primarily involve the Common Council. The legislative power of the borough was vested in the Common Council. The Council was composed of sixteen members. The members could elect one of their number to be president. The committees were an important part of the government. The majority of laws were drafted by the committees at the direction of the Council. The Council had the right to collect taxes and to appropriate funds for construction and improvement of public buildings. The Council levied a tax on goods sold in the public market.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Navy Yard involve the years from 1829 to 1870. The primary documents in this section of the collection are the records of the Navy agents. The duties of the agents were directed by the Navy Commission Office in Washington. The Commission was an administrative body charged with the administration of naval material. The agents directed their requisition requests and submitted monthly expenditures to the Navy Commission Office.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Navy agents worked on a commission basis. They were involved in securing supplies for the Navy and in the purchase of material for the con-struction and repair of ships and buildings at the yard. The agents acted as a liaison between the Navy and the civilian contractors. They placed advertisements in the Norfolk newspapers describing the Navy's specifications for materials and supplies. The agents inspected the quality of merchandise delivered to the yard. They paid the contractors for acceptable items. The agents supervised auctions of condemned government property.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNaval officers and seamen requested the agents to pay their dependents a monthly portion of their pay while they were away from home. The agents selected the modes of transportation and provided a travel allowance for men in transit.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Navy agents received their funds from the Fourth Auditor's Office, United States Treasury Department. They submitted accounts and vouchers to the Fourth Auditor's Office each quarter.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe agents were generally prominent men. George Loyall was born in Norfolk on May 29, 1789. He graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1808. Loyall was a member of the House of Delegates from the Borough of Norfolk, 1817-1827. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1829. George Loyall was a member of Congress, 1831-1837. He was Navy agent of Norfolk from 1837-1861. Loyall resigned his position on April 17, 1861 because of his southern sympathies. His first wife Rebecca Tyler died in 1812 and his second wife Margaret Kelly died in 1855. George Loyall died on February 24, 1868. He is buried in Cedar Grove Cemetery in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Mallory was born in 1805. He was appointed a midshipman in the Navy in 1822. He resigned from the service in 1826. Mallory practiced medicine in Norfolk for several years. He served in Congress from 1837 to 1843. Mallory was the first president of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad. He was appointed Navy Agent in 1850. Mallory's first wife Mary Shield died. He later married Mary Wright. Francis Mallory died in Norfolk on March 26, 1860.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMany of the letters sent to the Navy agents involved Commodore Lewis Warrington. He was born at Williamsburg, Virginia on November 3, 1782. He attended the College of William and Mary. Warrington was appointed midshipman in the Navy on January 6, 1800. He fought in the war with the Barbary pirates. Warrington performed distinguished service during the War of 1812. He was promoted to master commandant in 1813. Warrington was given the command of the USS Peacock. He engaged and defeated the British brig Epervier off Cape Canaveral on April 29, 1814. Warrington captured the cruiser Nautilus on June 30, 1815. He was a member of the Navy commission from 1826 to 1830 and again from 1840 to 1842. Warrington commanded at the Gosport Navy Yard from June, 1821 to December 1824 and again from May, 1831 to October, 1840. He was appointed Secretary of the Navy in 1844. Warrington was married to Margaret King. He died on October 12, 1851.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Navy Yard was evacuated and burned by the Confederate Navy on May 10, 1862. The Union forces reoccupied the Navy Yard. The federal government designated the installation the United States Navy Yard. Commodore John Livingston was given the command of the Navy Yard. He was born on May 22, 1804. Livingston was Executive Officer of the USS Congress during the Mexican War. Early in the Civil War he commanded the USS Penquin, and later the USS Bienville, operating in the blockade of Wilmington and Hampton Roads. He was transferred to command the USS Cumberland. Livingston became ill and was forced to leave the vessel before it was sunk by the CSS Virginia. He assumed command of the Navy Yard on May 20, 1862. In November, 1864 he was transferred to command the Naval Station at Mound City, Illinois. He died in New York City on September 10, 1885.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains documents of several nineteenth-century merchants. William T. Fleet was one of the most successful businessmen operating in Norfolk. He was a grocer and commission merchant. Fleet was primarily a dealer in grain, flour and meal.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eLewis Warrington Webb, Jr.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. Lewis Warrington Webb was born in Norfolk on March 1, 1910. He attended Virginia Polytechnic Institute receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in 1931 and his Master of Science degree in 1932. He became a licensed professional engineer in 1955. Webb completed post-graduate studies at the College of William and Mary, the United States Military Academy, and the University of North Carolina. He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Hampden-Sydney College in 1967.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWebb entered the education field in 1932 as an instructor of physics and mathematics at the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary. He was granted tenure in 1938. Webb was appointed Assistant Director of the college in 1942, received full professorship in 1944, and served as Director of the Defense and War Training Program from 1940 to 1944. He was appointed Director of the college in 1946 and held this position with the title being changed to Provost and in 1960 to President. When the school separated from William and Mary in 1962, Webb became the first president of the newly named Old Dominion College. He retained this position until his resignation in 1969. Dr. Webb's papers as President of O.D.U are also housed in Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. Webb returned to teaching, serving as Chairman of the Department of Physics and Geophysical Sciences from 1973-1974. He received many civic and educational awards. The title of President Emeritus was awarded to him upon his retirement in 1974.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. Webb was married to the former Virginia F. Rice. They had two children, Dr. George Randolph Webb and Mary Lewis Webb (Mrs. Robert Ash). Dr. Webb died in 1984 and Virginia Rice Webb died in 2003.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eElectricity Cost Commission\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe governor established the Electricity Cost Commission on March 31, 1975. The Commission was organized in response to consumer concern about the high cost of electricity and the efficiency of the management of the power companies. The governor instructed the Commission to analyze the reasons for high electrical rates, the energy situation in Virginia and in other states, alternative sources of energy, and the projections of the power companies for future demand for energy. The Commission was instructed to publish its findings.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Commission was composed of twenty-one members. They were divided into four committees. Each of the committees was assigned to analyze a specific problem. Dr. Webb was appointed by Governor Mills Godwin Jr. as Chairman of the Committee on Utility Management. The Commission held meetings each month in Richmond. Public hearings were held to allow people to express their views.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Commission gathered information from diverse sources. They hired twelve consultants to conduct fourteen independent studies. The Commission utilized testimony from energy experts and federal agencies. Consumer groups, state officials, federal officials, and concerned individuals submitted testimony to the Commission. They examined company reports and annual reports of the electrical utility companies, energy newsletters and newspaper articles.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Webb Family Collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk, the Gosport Navy Yard, the Webb family, nineteenth-century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission. The documents were saved from destruction during the Civil War by Lewis Warrington Webb. He and his descendants contributed to and preserved the documents.","Lewis Warrington Webb, Bourough of Norfolk, Gosport Navy Yard","Lewis Warrington Webb was born on September 26, 1826. He was in the drug business before the Civil War. Webb was Collector of the Port of Norfolk when the war began. He maintained an office in the custom house. In April of 1861, war between the North and the South appeared to be imminent. The federal authorities realized that the Navy Yard could not be successfully defended. They ordered the evacuation and destruction of the ships, stores, equipment and records. Lewis Webb gathered many of the documents stored in the customs house and placed them in a trunk. The documents included late eighteenth and nineteenth century records of the Borough of Norfolk and records of the Gosport Navy Yard. Webb contributed documents to the collection until 1870.","After the Civil War, Webb served as a member of the military council, Auditor of Public Accounts, member of the Board of Police Commissioners, a member of the State Legislature and as the Deputy Collector of Customs in Norfolk. He supported the Republican party and was involved in state and national politics. Lewis Webb died on February 2, 1883.","The documents were passed down through the Webb family and stored in the different homes the family occupied. Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb, Jr., the grandson of Lewis Warrington Webb, loaned the documents to the Norfolk Historical Society for analysis. He donated the collection to the University on December 3, 1976.","The records of the Borough of Norfolk primarily involve the Common Council. The legislative power of the borough was vested in the Common Council. The Council was composed of sixteen members. The members could elect one of their number to be president. The committees were an important part of the government. The majority of laws were drafted by the committees at the direction of the Council. The Council had the right to collect taxes and to appropriate funds for construction and improvement of public buildings. The Council levied a tax on goods sold in the public market.","The records of the Navy Yard involve the years from 1829 to 1870. The primary documents in this section of the collection are the records of the Navy agents. The duties of the agents were directed by the Navy Commission Office in Washington. The Commission was an administrative body charged with the administration of naval material. The agents directed their requisition requests and submitted monthly expenditures to the Navy Commission Office.","The Navy agents worked on a commission basis. They were involved in securing supplies for the Navy and in the purchase of material for the con-struction and repair of ships and buildings at the yard. The agents acted as a liaison between the Navy and the civilian contractors. They placed advertisements in the Norfolk newspapers describing the Navy's specifications for materials and supplies. The agents inspected the quality of merchandise delivered to the yard. They paid the contractors for acceptable items. The agents supervised auctions of condemned government property.","Naval officers and seamen requested the agents to pay their dependents a monthly portion of their pay while they were away from home. The agents selected the modes of transportation and provided a travel allowance for men in transit.","The Navy agents received their funds from the Fourth Auditor's Office, United States Treasury Department. They submitted accounts and vouchers to the Fourth Auditor's Office each quarter.","The agents were generally prominent men. George Loyall was born in Norfolk on May 29, 1789. He graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1808. Loyall was a member of the House of Delegates from the Borough of Norfolk, 1817-1827. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1829. George Loyall was a member of Congress, 1831-1837. He was Navy agent of Norfolk from 1837-1861. Loyall resigned his position on April 17, 1861 because of his southern sympathies. His first wife Rebecca Tyler died in 1812 and his second wife Margaret Kelly died in 1855. George Loyall died on February 24, 1868. He is buried in Cedar Grove Cemetery in Norfolk.","Francis Mallory was born in 1805. He was appointed a midshipman in the Navy in 1822. He resigned from the service in 1826. Mallory practiced medicine in Norfolk for several years. He served in Congress from 1837 to 1843. Mallory was the first president of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad. He was appointed Navy Agent in 1850. Mallory's first wife Mary Shield died. He later married Mary Wright. Francis Mallory died in Norfolk on March 26, 1860.","Many of the letters sent to the Navy agents involved Commodore Lewis Warrington. He was born at Williamsburg, Virginia on November 3, 1782. He attended the College of William and Mary. Warrington was appointed midshipman in the Navy on January 6, 1800. He fought in the war with the Barbary pirates. Warrington performed distinguished service during the War of 1812. He was promoted to master commandant in 1813. Warrington was given the command of the USS Peacock. He engaged and defeated the British brig Epervier off Cape Canaveral on April 29, 1814. Warrington captured the cruiser Nautilus on June 30, 1815. He was a member of the Navy commission from 1826 to 1830 and again from 1840 to 1842. Warrington commanded at the Gosport Navy Yard from June, 1821 to December 1824 and again from May, 1831 to October, 1840. He was appointed Secretary of the Navy in 1844. Warrington was married to Margaret King. He died on October 12, 1851.","The Navy Yard was evacuated and burned by the Confederate Navy on May 10, 1862. The Union forces reoccupied the Navy Yard. The federal government designated the installation the United States Navy Yard. Commodore John Livingston was given the command of the Navy Yard. He was born on May 22, 1804. Livingston was Executive Officer of the USS Congress during the Mexican War. Early in the Civil War he commanded the USS Penquin, and later the USS Bienville, operating in the blockade of Wilmington and Hampton Roads. He was transferred to command the USS Cumberland. Livingston became ill and was forced to leave the vessel before it was sunk by the CSS Virginia. He assumed command of the Navy Yard on May 20, 1862. In November, 1864 he was transferred to command the Naval Station at Mound City, Illinois. He died in New York City on September 10, 1885.","The collection contains documents of several nineteenth-century merchants. William T. Fleet was one of the most successful businessmen operating in Norfolk. He was a grocer and commission merchant. Fleet was primarily a dealer in grain, flour and meal.","Lewis Warrington Webb, Jr.","Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb was born in Norfolk on March 1, 1910. He attended Virginia Polytechnic Institute receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in 1931 and his Master of Science degree in 1932. He became a licensed professional engineer in 1955. Webb completed post-graduate studies at the College of William and Mary, the United States Military Academy, and the University of North Carolina. He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Hampden-Sydney College in 1967.","Webb entered the education field in 1932 as an instructor of physics and mathematics at the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary. He was granted tenure in 1938. Webb was appointed Assistant Director of the college in 1942, received full professorship in 1944, and served as Director of the Defense and War Training Program from 1940 to 1944. He was appointed Director of the college in 1946 and held this position with the title being changed to Provost and in 1960 to President. When the school separated from William and Mary in 1962, Webb became the first president of the newly named Old Dominion College. He retained this position until his resignation in 1969. Dr. Webb's papers as President of O.D.U are also housed in Special Collections.","Dr. Webb returned to teaching, serving as Chairman of the Department of Physics and Geophysical Sciences from 1973-1974. He received many civic and educational awards. The title of President Emeritus was awarded to him upon his retirement in 1974.","Dr. Webb was married to the former Virginia F. Rice. They had two children, Dr. George Randolph Webb and Mary Lewis Webb (Mrs. Robert Ash). Dr. Webb died in 1984 and Virginia Rice Webb died in 2003.","Electricity Cost Commission","The governor established the Electricity Cost Commission on March 31, 1975. The Commission was organized in response to consumer concern about the high cost of electricity and the efficiency of the management of the power companies. The governor instructed the Commission to analyze the reasons for high electrical rates, the energy situation in Virginia and in other states, alternative sources of energy, and the projections of the power companies for future demand for energy. The Commission was instructed to publish its findings.","The Commission was composed of twenty-one members. They were divided into four committees. Each of the committees was assigned to analyze a specific problem. Dr. Webb was appointed by Governor Mills Godwin Jr. as Chairman of the Committee on Utility Management. The Commission held meetings each month in Richmond. Public hearings were held to allow people to express their views.","The Commission gathered information from diverse sources. They hired twelve consultants to conduct fourteen independent studies. The Commission utilized testimony from energy experts and federal agencies. Consumer groups, state officials, federal officials, and concerned individuals submitted testimony to the Commission. They examined company reports and annual reports of the electrical utility companies, energy newsletters and newspaper articles."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection, which was previously part of the University Archives and filed under RG 2-1B1, was transferred to Manuscripts on 9/22/2025.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["The collection, which was previously part of the University Archives and filed under RG 2-1B1, was transferred to Manuscripts on 9/22/2025."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Webb Family Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Webb Family Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Webb Family Papers contain documents ranging from 1790-1975. The first series contains records of the Borough of Norfolk from 1790-1823. The documents include records of the Common Council, committee reports to the Council, payments for work performed for the Borough, applications of candidates for public office, Borough ordinances, apprentices' indentures, inquisitions and return of sales from the Public Market.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second series contains records of the Gosport Navy Yard from 1829 to 1870. The papers contain the Navy agents' correspondence from contractors, seamen, the Navy Commission Office and the Fourth Auditor's Office. This series contains the correspondence of Captain Lewis Warrington and Commodore John Livingston. One of the most significant documents in the collection is the contract to raise the CSS Virginia from the Elizabeth River in 1870.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe third series consists of documents and photographs of the Webb family, including some of Lewis Warrington Webb's personal papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth series ranges from 1809 to 1894 and contains miscellaneous business papers, genealogies of Bailey Gray and Elizeabeth Miles and issues of Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine from 1871.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe fifth series consists of Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb's records of the Electricity Cost Commission in 1975. They include information concerning the organization of the Commission minutes of the meetings, committees, public hearings, testimony, electrical utility companies, information utilized by the members of the Commission and the final report.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSome of the documents in this collection are photocopies of the originals.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Webb Family Papers contain documents ranging from 1790-1975. The first series contains records of the Borough of Norfolk from 1790-1823. The documents include records of the Common Council, committee reports to the Council, payments for work performed for the Borough, applications of candidates for public office, Borough ordinances, apprentices' indentures, inquisitions and return of sales from the Public Market.","The second series contains records of the Gosport Navy Yard from 1829 to 1870. The papers contain the Navy agents' correspondence from contractors, seamen, the Navy Commission Office and the Fourth Auditor's Office. This series contains the correspondence of Captain Lewis Warrington and Commodore John Livingston. One of the most significant documents in the collection is the contract to raise the CSS Virginia from the Elizabeth River in 1870.","The third series consists of documents and photographs of the Webb family, including some of Lewis Warrington Webb's personal papers.","The fourth series ranges from 1809 to 1894 and contains miscellaneous business papers, genealogies of Bailey Gray and Elizeabeth Miles and issues of Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine from 1871.","The fifth series consists of Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb's records of the Electricity Cost Commission in 1975. They include information concerning the organization of the Commission minutes of the meetings, committees, public hearings, testimony, electrical utility companies, information utilized by the members of the Commission and the final report.","Some of the documents in this collection are photocopies of the originals."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_b9764cb57d58eee4f648081adf008445\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eDonated by Lewis W. Webb, Jr., the collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk (1790-1823), the Gosport Navy Yard (1829-1870), the Webb Family (1831-1883), 19th century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission (1975).\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Donated by Lewis W. Webb, Jr., the collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk (1790-1823), the Gosport Navy Yard (1829-1870), the Webb Family (1831-1883), 19th century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission (1975)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)","Webb family","Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)","Webb family","Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)"],"famname_ssim":["Webb family"],"persname_ssim":["Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":479,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:48:25.933Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_115_c02"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115_c02","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_3_resources_115_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115_c02","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_3_resources_115_c02"],"id":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115_c02","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","_root_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","parent_ssim":["vino_repositories_3_resources_115"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_3_resources_115"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Webb Family Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Webb Family Papers"],"text":["Webb Family Papers","Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard","title_ssm":["Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard"],"title_tesim":["Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1826-1870, undated"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1826/1870"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Webb Family Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":10,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":40,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open to researchers without restriction."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:46:15.368Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","_root_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_3_resources_115.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"Archon Finding Aid location","title_filing_ssi":"Webb Family","title_ssm":["Webb Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Webb Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1790-1975, undated","Date acquired: 12/00/1976"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1790-1975, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 12/00/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG 2-1B1","/repositories/3/resources/115"],"text":["RG 2-1B1","/repositories/3/resources/115","Webb Family Papers","Norfolk (Va.)--History--19th century","Families--Virginia--History--18th century","Families--Virginia--History--19th century","Genealogy","Norfolk (Va.)--History--18th century","The collection is open to researchers without restriction.","The Webb Family Papers are divided into five series. The series are further divided into sub series. Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk, 1790-1823","Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard","Subseries A: Nash Legrand, Navy Agent Subseries B: George Loyall, Navy Agent Subseries C: Richard Astewood, Navy Agent Subseries D: Francis Mallory, Navy Agent Subseries E: Navy Agent's Office Subseries F: Gosport Navy Yard Subseries G: Commodore John W. Livingston, Commandant, United States Navy Yard, Subseries H: United States Navy Yard Subseries I: United States Naval Hospital, Subseries J: Other","Series III: The Webb Family","Subseries A: Miscellaneous Subseries B: Lewis Warrington Webb Subseries C: Photographs","Series IV: Business Papers; Genealogies; Magazines","Subseries A: Business Papers Subseries B: Genealogies Subseries C: Magazines","Series V: The Electricity Cost Commission","Subseries A: Organization of the ECC Subseries B: Dr. Lewis W. Webb, Chairman of the Committee on Utility; Dr. Ronald Carrier, Chairman of the ECC Subseries C: ECC Minutes Subseries D: ECC Committees Subseries E: ECC - Public Hearings Subseries F: Statements; Testimony; Resolutions; Position Papers Submitted to the ECC Subseries G: Information Utilized by the ECC Subseries H: VEPCO Subseries I: Electrical Utility Companies Subseries J: Power Companies' Annual Reports Subseries K: Newspaper Articles; Editorials Subseries L: Newsletters Subseries M: Final Report","The Webb Family Papers contain documents ranging from 1790-1975. The first series contains records of the Borough of Norfolk from 1790-1823. The documents include records of the Common Council, committee reports to the Council, payments for work performed for the Borough, applications of candidates for public office, Borough ordinances, apprentices' indentures, inquisitions and return of sales from the Public Market.","The second series contains records of the Gosport Navy Yard from 1829 to 1870. The papers contain the Navy agents' correspondence from contractors, seamen, the Navy Commission Office and the Fourth Auditor's Office. This series contains the correspondence of Captain Lewis Warrington and Commodore John Livingston. One of the most significant documents in the collection is the contract to raise the CSS Virginia from the Elizabeth River in 1870.","The third series consists of documents and photographs of the Webb family, including some of Lewis Warrington Webb's personal papers.","The fourth series ranges from 1809 to 1894 and contains miscellaneous business papers, genealogies of Bailey Gray and Elizeabeth Miles and issues of Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine from 1871.","The fifth series consists of Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb's records of the Electricity Cost Commission in 1975. They include information concerning the organization of the Commission minutes of the meetings, committees, public hearings, testimony, electrical utility companies, information utilized by the members of the Commission and the final report.","Some of the documents in this collection are photocopies of the originals.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Donated by Lewis W. Webb, Jr., the collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk (1790-1823), the Gosport Navy Yard (1829-1870), the Webb Family (1831-1883), 19th century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission (1975).","ODU University Archives","Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)","Webb family","Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["RG 2-1B1","/repositories/3/resources/115"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Webb Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Webb Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Webb Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Webb family"],"creator_ssim":["Webb family"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Webb family"],"creators_ssim":["Webb family"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Dr. Lewis W. Webb","Gift"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--19th century","Families--Virginia--History--18th century","Families--Virginia--History--19th century","Genealogy","Norfolk (Va.)--History--18th century"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--19th century","Families--Virginia--History--18th century","Families--Virginia--History--19th century","Genealogy","Norfolk (Va.)--History--18th century"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6.70 Linear Feet","11 Hollinger document cases, 1 oversize box boxes"],"extent_tesim":["6.70 Linear Feet","11 Hollinger document cases, 1 oversize box boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to researchers without restriction.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to researchers without restriction."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Webb Family Papers are divided into five series. The series are further divided into sub series. Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk, 1790-1823\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Nash Legrand, Navy Agent Subseries B: George Loyall, Navy Agent Subseries C: Richard Astewood, Navy Agent Subseries D: Francis Mallory, Navy Agent Subseries E: Navy Agent's Office Subseries F: Gosport Navy Yard Subseries G: Commodore John W. Livingston, Commandant, United States Navy Yard, Subseries H: United States Navy Yard Subseries I: United States Naval Hospital, Subseries J: Other\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III: The Webb Family\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Miscellaneous Subseries B: Lewis Warrington Webb Subseries C: Photographs\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV: Business Papers; Genealogies; Magazines\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Business Papers Subseries B: Genealogies Subseries C: Magazines\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries V: The Electricity Cost Commission\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Organization of the ECC Subseries B: Dr. Lewis W. Webb, Chairman of the Committee on Utility; Dr. Ronald Carrier, Chairman of the ECC Subseries C: ECC Minutes Subseries D: ECC Committees Subseries E: ECC - Public Hearings Subseries F: Statements; Testimony; Resolutions; Position Papers Submitted to the ECC Subseries G: Information Utilized by the ECC Subseries H: VEPCO Subseries I: Electrical Utility Companies Subseries J: Power Companies' Annual Reports Subseries K: Newspaper Articles; Editorials Subseries L: Newsletters Subseries M: Final Report\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Webb Family Papers are divided into five series. The series are further divided into sub series. Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk, 1790-1823","Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard","Subseries A: Nash Legrand, Navy Agent Subseries B: George Loyall, Navy Agent Subseries C: Richard Astewood, Navy Agent Subseries D: Francis Mallory, Navy Agent Subseries E: Navy Agent's Office Subseries F: Gosport Navy Yard Subseries G: Commodore John W. Livingston, Commandant, United States Navy Yard, Subseries H: United States Navy Yard Subseries I: United States Naval Hospital, Subseries J: Other","Series III: The Webb Family","Subseries A: Miscellaneous Subseries B: Lewis Warrington Webb Subseries C: Photographs","Series IV: Business Papers; Genealogies; Magazines","Subseries A: Business Papers Subseries B: Genealogies Subseries C: Magazines","Series V: The Electricity Cost Commission","Subseries A: Organization of the ECC Subseries B: Dr. Lewis W. Webb, Chairman of the Committee on Utility; Dr. Ronald Carrier, Chairman of the ECC Subseries C: ECC Minutes Subseries D: ECC Committees Subseries E: ECC - Public Hearings Subseries F: Statements; Testimony; Resolutions; Position Papers Submitted to the ECC Subseries G: Information Utilized by the ECC Subseries H: VEPCO Subseries I: Electrical Utility Companies Subseries J: Power Companies' Annual Reports Subseries K: Newspaper Articles; Editorials Subseries L: Newsletters Subseries M: Final Report"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Webb Family Papers contain documents ranging from 1790-1975. The first series contains records of the Borough of Norfolk from 1790-1823. The documents include records of the Common Council, committee reports to the Council, payments for work performed for the Borough, applications of candidates for public office, Borough ordinances, apprentices' indentures, inquisitions and return of sales from the Public Market.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second series contains records of the Gosport Navy Yard from 1829 to 1870. The papers contain the Navy agents' correspondence from contractors, seamen, the Navy Commission Office and the Fourth Auditor's Office. This series contains the correspondence of Captain Lewis Warrington and Commodore John Livingston. One of the most significant documents in the collection is the contract to raise the CSS Virginia from the Elizabeth River in 1870.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe third series consists of documents and photographs of the Webb family, including some of Lewis Warrington Webb's personal papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth series ranges from 1809 to 1894 and contains miscellaneous business papers, genealogies of Bailey Gray and Elizeabeth Miles and issues of Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine from 1871.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe fifth series consists of Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb's records of the Electricity Cost Commission in 1975. They include information concerning the organization of the Commission minutes of the meetings, committees, public hearings, testimony, electrical utility companies, information utilized by the members of the Commission and the final report.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSome of the documents in this collection are photocopies of the originals.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Webb Family Papers contain documents ranging from 1790-1975. The first series contains records of the Borough of Norfolk from 1790-1823. The documents include records of the Common Council, committee reports to the Council, payments for work performed for the Borough, applications of candidates for public office, Borough ordinances, apprentices' indentures, inquisitions and return of sales from the Public Market.","The second series contains records of the Gosport Navy Yard from 1829 to 1870. The papers contain the Navy agents' correspondence from contractors, seamen, the Navy Commission Office and the Fourth Auditor's Office. This series contains the correspondence of Captain Lewis Warrington and Commodore John Livingston. One of the most significant documents in the collection is the contract to raise the CSS Virginia from the Elizabeth River in 1870.","The third series consists of documents and photographs of the Webb family, including some of Lewis Warrington Webb's personal papers.","The fourth series ranges from 1809 to 1894 and contains miscellaneous business papers, genealogies of Bailey Gray and Elizeabeth Miles and issues of Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine from 1871.","The fifth series consists of Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb's records of the Electricity Cost Commission in 1975. They include information concerning the organization of the Commission minutes of the meetings, committees, public hearings, testimony, electrical utility companies, information utilized by the members of the Commission and the final report.","Some of the documents in this collection are photocopies of the originals."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_b9764cb57d58eee4f648081adf008445\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eDonated by Lewis W. Webb, Jr., the collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk (1790-1823), the Gosport Navy Yard (1829-1870), the Webb Family (1831-1883), 19th century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission (1975).\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Donated by Lewis W. Webb, Jr., the collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk (1790-1823), the Gosport Navy Yard (1829-1870), the Webb Family (1831-1883), 19th century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission (1975)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)","Webb family","Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)"],"names_ssim":["ODU University Archives","Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)","Webb family","Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU University Archives","Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)"],"famname_ssim":["Webb family"],"persname_ssim":["Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":479,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:46:15.368Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_3_resources_115_c02"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series I. Jesse W. Lazear","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c01#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c01","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c01"],"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c01","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_1710"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_1710"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection"],"text":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear","announcements","articles","bills (legislative records)","biographies (documents)","booklets","books","certificates","charts (graphic documents)","clippings (information artifacts)","contracts","conveyances","death records","deeds","diaries","envelopes","Estate administration records","genealogical tables","genealogies (histories)","hair","ivory (tooth component)","journals (periodicals)","keys (hardware)","Legal documents","letters (correspondence)","magazines (periodicals)","medical records","microscope slide","microscopes","military records","newspapers","notes","oaths","obituaries","pamphlets","postcards","reports","reprints","speeches","telegrams","testimonials","Wills","box 1-6","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family."," In addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:","the diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe; correspondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents); genealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family; legal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds); military records relating to Jesse; certificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements; obituaries; copies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear; newspaper articles; a microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse; and a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse."],"title_filing_ssi":"Series I. Jesse W. Lazear","title_ssm":["Series I. Jesse W. Lazear"],"title_tesim":["Series I. Jesse W. Lazear"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["bulk 1863-1943"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1800-1956"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1800/1956, bulk 1863/1943"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series I. Jesse W. Lazear"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection"],"extent_ssm":["6 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["6 boxes"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":344,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no restrictions on user access to any of the materials in the collection except where noted in the container list."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Copyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection."],"date_range_isim":[1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956],"access_subjects_ssim":["announcements","articles","bills (legislative records)","biographies (documents)","booklets","books","certificates","charts (graphic documents)","clippings (information artifacts)","contracts","conveyances","death records","deeds","diaries","envelopes","Estate administration records","genealogical tables","genealogies (histories)","hair","ivory (tooth component)","journals (periodicals)","keys (hardware)","Legal documents","letters (correspondence)","magazines (periodicals)","medical records","microscope slide","microscopes","military records","newspapers","notes","oaths","obituaries","pamphlets","postcards","reports","reprints","speeches","telegrams","testimonials","Wills"],"access_subjects_ssm":["announcements","articles","bills (legislative records)","biographies (documents)","booklets","books","certificates","charts (graphic documents)","clippings (information artifacts)","contracts","conveyances","death records","deeds","diaries","envelopes","Estate administration records","genealogical tables","genealogies (histories)","hair","ivory (tooth component)","journals (periodicals)","keys (hardware)","Legal documents","letters (correspondence)","magazines (periodicals)","medical records","microscope slide","microscopes","military records","newspapers","notes","oaths","obituaries","pamphlets","postcards","reports","reprints","speeches","telegrams","testimonials","Wills"],"containers_ssim":["box 1-6"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n  \u003citem\u003ethe diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe;\u003c/item\u003e\n  \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents);\u003c/item\u003e\n  \u003citem\u003egenealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family;\u003c/item\u003e\n  \u003citem\u003elegal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds);\u003c/item\u003e\n  \u003citem\u003emilitary records relating to Jesse;\u003c/item\u003e\n  \u003citem\u003ecertificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements;\u003c/item\u003e\n  \u003citem\u003eobituaries;\u003c/item\u003e\n  \u003citem\u003ecopies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n  \u003citem\u003enewspaper articles;\u003c/item\u003e\n  \u003citem\u003ea microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse;\u003c/item\u003e\n  \u003citem\u003eand a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse.\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003c/list\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Series I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family."," In addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:","the diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe; correspondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents); genealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family; legal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds); military records relating to Jesse; certificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements; obituaries; copies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear; newspaper articles; a microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse; and a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:55:29.350Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_7_resources_1710.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/202324","title_ssm":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection"],"title_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1800-circa 1998","bulk 1863-1974"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["bulk 1863-1974"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1800-circa 1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS.1","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1710"],"text":["MS.1","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1710","Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection","Human Experimentation","Military Medicine","Physicians","Public health","Tropical medicine","Yellow Fever","There are no restrictions on user access to any of the materials in the collection except where noted in the container list.","The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection is organized in 16 series:","I. Jesse W. Lazear II. Henry Rose Carter III. Walter Reed IV. Philip Showalter Hench V. Maps VI. Alphabetical files VII. Truby-Kean-Hench VIII. Miscellany IX. Photographs X. Photographic negatives XI. Reprints XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions XIII. Reed family additions XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions XV. Laura Wood XVI. Edward Hook additions","The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission (1900-1901) was a board of physicians that the U.S. government formed in order to determine how yellow fever was transmitted between hosts. Ultimately, the commission's experiments in Cuba proved that mosquitoes transmit yellow fever--a discovery that would spur successful campaigns to control and eradicate yellow fever throughout much of the globe."," When Major Walter Reed and Acting Assistant Surgeons James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse Lazear gathered on the porch of the Columbia Barracks Hospital in June of 1900, they became the fourth successive board of U.S. medical officers to grapple with the appalling plague that was yellow fever."," The persistence of this disease across the Cuban archipelago and its periodic re-emergence along the coastlines and great river drainages of the Americas was taking countless thousands of lives. Lack of precise knowledge as to its cause and transmission had augmented yellow fever's extraordinarily high mortality rate and had given rise to quarantine regulations which constituted substantial impediments to efficient regional trade. Endemic in the tropics, yellow fever imposed high humanitarian and economic costs upon the entire region. Specialists regarded Cuba as one of the principal foci of the disease, and the island consequently attracted considerable attention from the medical sciences."," In 1879, one year after a devastating epidemic swept up the Mississippi valley from New Orleans, Tulane University Professor Stanford E. Chaille led the first investigatory commission to Havana, Rio de Janeiro, and the West Indies. The Chaille Commission remained in Havana three months, and its members -- including George Miller Sternberg, who became Surgeon General of the Army, and Juan Guiteras, later Director of Public Health for Havana -- consulted with Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay. They concluded that the causal agent for yellow fever was possibly a living entity in the atmosphere, an assertion which set Finlay on the path to the mosquito theory he developed in 1881."," Louis Pasteur's foundational and highly successful work in modern immunology in 1880 and 1881 gave a renewed impetus to investigations aimed at discovering the \"yellow fever germ.\" Over the middle years of the 1880s several scientists advanced different theories, all readily refuted by bacteriological work Sternberg undertook in Brazil and Mexico in 1887 and again in Havana in 1888 and 1889. In 1897, Italian scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli argued that Bacillus icteroides was the culprit, and the following year a third scientific team sailed to Cuba for additional tests. Eugene Wasdin and Henry D. Geddings appeared to confirm Sanarelli's assertion, though Sternberg, by then Surgeon General, remained skeptical."," Despite Wasdin and Geddings' insistence, the B. icteroides theory garnered significant opposition. In fact, a few months before the third commission's report reached the public, Walter Reed and James Carroll -- Reed's assistant at the Columbian University (later George Washington University) bacteriology laboratories in Washington, D.C. -- published a thorough refutation of the icteroides proposal: the bacteria was not a unique cause of yellow fever, but a variety of the hog cholera bacillus, \"a secondary invader in yellow fever,\" Reed determined, unrelated to its etiology. [1] Dispute continued, however, and when Sternberg organized the fourth investigatory board, he charged Reed and his associates to settle the B. icteroides question once and for all, then to proceed with analysis of other blood cultures and intestinal flora from yellow fever cases."," Reed and Carroll had considerable experience in bacteriological analysis, and, Sternberg reasoned, might well be able to find the specific agent of the disease. Aristides Agramonte, a Cuban scientist who had worked in Reed's lab at the Columbian University in 1898, was also an accomplished bacteriologist; he had identified B. icteroides in tissue samples from cases other than yellow fever, providing further evidence opposed to Sanarelli's thesis. Jesse Lazear, a scientist from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, had joined the Army Medical Corps to study tropical diseases at their point of origin; he received orders for Cuba in February 1900. Lazear impressed Reed with his abilities when the two men became acquainted in March. No doubt with Reed's advice, Sternberg assembled a crack team -- all experienced in scientific research, but each with interests as diverse as their temperaments. The mix of talent and personalities generated spectacular results."," What causes yellow fever? This simple, even obvious question had dictated yellow fever research for over two decades, and so it guided Reed in organizing the work of the commission. Bacillus icteroides and other bacteriological sampling dominated their work for the first months. \"Reed and Carroll have been at that for a long time,\" Lazear wrote with some impatience to his wife on August 23, \". . . I would rather try to find the germ without bothering about Sanarelli.\" [2] Again and again, tests for the bacteria proved negative, and at the same time, perplexing cases of yellow fever were developing in the region. Agramonte and Reed investigated an epidemic at Pinar del Rio, 110 miles southwest of Havana; Lazear followed later to collect more specimens, and he also assessed the situation at Guanjay thirty miles southwest. To \"my very great surprise,\" Reed admitted, the specific circumstances of the appearance and development of these cases gave strong evidence against the widely-accepted notion that the excreta of patients spread the disease. The theory of fomites -- infection from contaminated clothing and bedding -- and indeed even infection from airborne particles seemed altogether untrue. \"At this stage of our investigation,\" Reed concluded, \". . . the time had arrived when the plan of our work should be radically changed.\" [3] The fundamental question underwent a subtle but critical transformation: from what causes yellow fever to what transmits it. A clear and accurate understanding of how the disease was spread would open a new avenue to its specific cause."," \"Personally, I feel that only can experimentation on human beings serve to clear the field for further effective work,\" Reed stated to Surgeon General Sternberg, who concurred. [4] Evidence gathering around them pointed strongly to an intermediate host, and the Commission resolved to test Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory -- then not generally accepted -- on human volunteers. Nine times from August 11 to August 25, 1900, mosquitoes landed on the arms of volunteers and proceeded to feed. Nine times the results were negative. On August 27, Lazear placed a mosquito on the doubting Dr. Carroll, and four days later on William J. Dean, a soldier designated XY in the \"Preliminary Note.\" [5] Both promptly developed yellow fever. Significantly, their mosquitoes had fed on cases within the initial three days of an attack and had been allowed to ripen for at least twelve days before the inoculations. Carroll vitiated the results of his experimental sickness by traveling off the post to Havana, a contaminated zone, even as Reed, ecstatic, wrote from Washington in a confidential letter: \"Did the Mosquito do it?\" [6] Dean's case seemed to prove it, since he claimed not to have left the garrison before becoming ill. Lazear also developed a case of yellow fever, almost certainly experimental in origin, though he never revealed the actual circumstances of his inoculation. His severe bout of fever took a fatal turn on September 25, 1900."," Nevertheless, these results could not have been more dramatic or convincing for the Commission. Reed quickly assembled a \"Preliminary Note,\" which he presented to the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis, Indiana, October 23, 1900. After initial consultations in Cuba with General Leonard Wood, military governor of the island, and with Surgeon General Sternberg in Washington, he returned to Cuba with authorization and funding to design and carry forward a fully defensible series of experiments. His aim was confirmation of the mosquito theory and invalidation of the long-held belief in fomites."," On open terrain beyond the precincts of Columbia Barracks -- the American military base just west of Havana near the adjacent suburban towns of Quemados and Marianao (also called Quemados de Marianao) -- Reed established the quarantined experimental station. Camp Lazear, as the Commission dedicated it, took form in the rolling fields of the Finca San Jose, on the farm of Dr. Ignacio Rojas, who leased the land to the Americans. Here Reed designed two small wood-frame buildings, each 14 by 20 feet, for the experimental work, and nearby raised a group of seven tents for the accommodation and support of the volunteers. The buildings faced each other across a small swale, about 80 yards apart, and stood 75 yards from the tent encampment. Building Number One, called the Infected Clothing Building, was a single room tightly constructed to contain as much foul air as possible. A small stove kept the temperature and humidity at tropical levels, and carefully attached screening secured the pair of doorways in a vestibule against intrusion by mosquitoes. Wooden blinds on two small sealed windows shielded the room from direct sun. Building Number Two, the Infected Mosquito Building, contained a principal room, divided into two sections by a floor-to-ceiling wire mesh screen. A door direct to the exterior let into one section, while a vestibule with a solid exterior door and pair of successive screened doors opened to the other, so configured to keep infected mosquitoes inside that section alone. The spare furnishings in both sections -- cots with bedding -- were steam sterilized. Windows exposed the entire room to the clean, steady ocean breezes and to sunlight. Like the doorways, they were carefully screened. A secondary room attached to the building but not communicating with the experimental spaces sheltered the small, heated laboratory where the Commission members raised and stored the mosquitoes to be used."," These two experimental buildings presented alternate environments -- one conspicuously clean and well ventilated, the other filthy and fetid. Contemporary theories of disease held that yellow fever developed in unclean conditions, and consequently much time and money had been devoted to sanitation projects. Workers steamed clothing, burned sulphur in ships' holds, and thoroughly scrubbed surfaces with disinfectant. In cases of severe epidemic, entire buildings presumed to be infected were set afire along with their contents. Thus the extraordinary -- and intentional -- paradox of the Commission's experimental regime: Reed expected yellow fever to develop not in the unsanitary environment, but in the one thought to be most healthful."," Camp Lazear went into quarantine the day of its completion, November 20, 1900, with a command of four immune and nine non-immune individuals, all save one U.S. Army personnel. Soon a group of recent Spanish immigrants to Cuba augmented the non-immune numbers, bringing the resident total to about twenty. Reed strictly controlled access to the camp and ordered regular temperature recording for each volunteer to eliminate any unanticipated source of infection and to identify the onset of any case of yellow fever as early as possible. As a result, non-immunes were barred from returning should they leave the precinct, and two of the Spaniards who developed intermittent fevers shortly after arrival were immediately transferred with their baggage to Columbia Barracks Hospital. The immune members of the detachment oversaw medical treatments and drove the teams of mules that pulled supply wagons and the ambulance. Experimentation did not begin until each volunteer had passed the incubation period for yellow fever in perfect health."," Reed took as much care with the design of the experimental protocol as he had with the configuration of the camp and its buildings. Each evening, the occupants of the infected clothing building unpacked trunks and boxes of bed linens and blankets, nightshirts and other clothing recently worn and soiled by cases from the wards of Columbia Barracks Hospital and Las Animas Hospital in Havana. These they shook out and spread around the room to permeate the atmosphere. The stench was overpowering. Yellow fever causes severe internal hemorrhaging, and its unfortunate victims often suffer from black vomit and other bloody discharges. One routine delivery proved so putrid the volunteers \"retreated from the house,\" Reed stated. \"They pluckily returned, however, within a short time, and spent the night as usual.\" [7] In two succeeding trials the protocol became progressively more daring , as the volunteers then wore the clothing and slept on the mattresses used by yellow fever patients, and finally put towels on their bedding smeared with blood drawn from cases in the early stages of an attack. Each morning, the volunteers carefully repacked the rank, encrusted materials into boxes and emerged to an adjacent tent where they spent the day quarantined from the rest of the company. Three trials of twenty days each involved seven men altogether, lead by Robert P. Cooke, a physician in the Army Medical Corps. None developed yellow fever."," The Commission's mosquito experiments proceeded in four series. First, Reed sought to demonstrate that mosquitoes of the variety Culex fasciata (later called Stegomyia fasciata , and later still Aedes aegypti ) could in fact transmit yellow fever, as Carlos J. Finlay had argued and the initial experiments at Camp Columbia strongly suggested. Here the Commission members simply applied infected mosquitoes contained in test tubes or jars to the skin of the initial volunteers. Success in these tests raised a number of questions, each one addressed in the subsequent series:","How could a building become infected? When does a mosquito develop the ability to transmit the disease? Over what length of time can a mosquito retain this capacity to infect?","The second series consequently employed the specialized \"Infected Mosquito Building\" to indicate how a structure could be considered infected with yellow fever. This experiment required two groups of volunteers, one to be inoculated and another to serve as controls. \"Loaded\" mosquitoes, as the men called them, were released into the screened section of Building Two -- on the side with the protected vestibule entry. One or more non-immune men then entered the opposite section of the room through the direct exterior door, and lay down on bunks adjacent to the wire mesh screen in the center of the room. Now the young man to be inoculated walked through the vestibule into the mosquito side of the room and proceeded to lie on a bunk adjacent to the wire screen separating him from the controls. The inoculation volunteer remained in the building for about twenty minutes -- enough time to suffer several mosquito bites -- he then exited to a quarantine tent outside. The controls spent the remainder of the evening and night in the uninfected side of the room, and indeed returned to sleep in the room for as many as eighteen more nights. As Reed stated, absence of yellow fever in the controls showed \"that the essential factor in the infection of a building with yellow fever is the presence therein of [infected] mosquitoes,\" and nothing more. [8] The degree of sanitation, so long considered critical, was utterly irrelevant."," The third series of mosquito experiments confirmed what Henry Rose Carter, of the U.S. Public Health Service, called the \"period of extrinsic incubation,\" [9] the length of time required for secondary cases of yellow fever to develop after an initial intrusion of the disease into a locality. In this series, a single volunteer underwent three successive inoculations by the same mosquitoes, each group of inoculations interrupted by a period of time equal in length to the typical incubation period of the disease in humans, about five days. In this manner, the volunteer's illness could be specifically attributed to a single inoculation group. The use of the same mosquitoes and the same volunteer concurrently demonstrated that no peculiar personal immunity was at play, since logic dictates that a person susceptible to yellow fever on day 17 of a mosquito's contamination -- as happened in the experiment -- could not have been immune to yellow fever on day 11 or day 4. It was thus only the mosquito's capacity to infect which changed, and that occurred no less than 11 days after contamination."," The duration of time over which these \"fully ripened\" mosquitoes remained infective comprised the fourth series of experiments. For this series the Commission kept alive a group of infected mosquitoes for as long as possible, and proceeded to inoculate three volunteers -- on the 39th, 51st, and 57th day after contamination. Each developed yellow fever. A fourth volunteer declined to be bitten on day 65, and the last two mosquitoes of the group, \"deprived of further opportunity to feed on human blood\" [10] expired on day 69 and day 71, clear evidence that even a sparsely populated region may retain the potential for new infections more than two months after the first appearance of the disease."," Although it went unrecorded in the published papers, Reed organized a supplemental experiment to test another species of mosquito. Culex pungens failed to transmit yellow fever to at least one volunteer and probably to a second. Reed's preliminary conclusions indicated that Culex fasciata was the only species capable of transmitting yellow fever. [11]"," A last experimental regime involved subcutaneous injections of blood from positive cases of yellow fever to presumed non-immunes. Reed devised these tests to confirm the presence of the yellow fever agent in the blood of a victim during the first days of an attack, and, more importantly, to settle the Bacillus icteroides question. The same blood cultures which produced yellow fever in four volunteers also failed to grow any B. icteroides , conclusively invalidating Sanarelli's claim."," Altogether, the mosquito inoculations and the blood injections produced fourteen cases of yellow fever. All made a full recovery."," Notwithstanding the decisive medical victory -- as Reed declared, \"aside from the antitoxin of Diptheria and Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, it will be regarded as the most important piece of work, scientifically, during the 19th century\" [12] -- success at Camp Lazear unfolded in its own time. Initially, Reed observed, \"the results obtained at this station were not encouraging.\" [13] The first inoculations of four volunteers over a period of two weeks proved disconcertingly negative each time. Then, on December 5, 1900, private John R. Kissinger presented his arm to the mosquitoes, and late in the evening on December 8, suffered the first chills of \"a well-marked attack of yellow fever.\" [14] Three more men in rapid succession fell victim to the insects -- Spanish volunteers Antonio Benigno, Nicanor Fernandez, and Vicente Presedo. The force of the conclusions was evident to everyone:"," \"It can readily be imagined,\" Reed empathetically and wryly described in his first presentation of the experiments, \"that the concurrence of 4 cases of yellow fever in our small command of 12 non-immunes within the space of 1 week, while giving rise to feelings of exultation in the hearts of the experimenters, in view of the vast importance attaching to these results, might inspire quite other sentiments in the bosoms of those who had previously consented to submit themselves to the mosquito's bite. In fact, several of our good-natured Spanish friends who had jokingly compared our mosquitoes to 'the little flies that buzzed harmlessly about their tables,' suddenly appeared to lose all interest in the progress of science, and, forgetting for the moment even their own personal aggrandizement, incontinently severed their connection with Camp Lazear. Personally, while lamenting to some extent their departure, I could not but feel that in placing themselves beyond our control they were exercising the soundest judgment.\""," \"In striking contrast,\" Reed continued, the anxiety of the fomites volunteers began to melt into relief. \"[T]he countenances of these men, which had before borne the serious aspect of those who were bravely facing an unseen foe, suddenly took on the glad expression of 'schoolboys let out for a holiday,' and from this time their contempt for 'fomites' could not find sufficient expression. Thus illustrating once more, gentlemen, the old adage that familiarity, even with fomites, may breed contempt.\" [15]"," The question of human experimentation was indeed a serious one -- unavoidable, in actuality, as Reed had stated the previous summer to Surgeon General Sternberg. When the Commission first considered a trial of Finlay's mosquito theory, Reed, Carroll, and Lazear agreed to experiment on themselves. Agramonte, a native Cuban, had acquired immunity as a child. Doubtless Finlay's experience of many unsuccessful inoculations communicated that positive results would not be forthcoming rapidly, so before the first series of inoculations began under Lazear's direction at Columbia Barracks, Reed left Cuba for Washington, where he completed a monumental report on typhoid fever among the army corps -- left unfinished by the sudden death of co-author Edward O. Shakespeare. Carroll and Lazear both sickened while Reed was in Washington, and Lazear, young and strong, had no reason to anticipate that his case would be fatal. Reed was shocked at Lazear's death, and because of his own age -- 49, a decade and a half older than Lazear and a dozen years older than Carroll -- he resolved not to inoculate himself when he returned to Cuba on October 4, 1900. The point had already been amply demonstrated, and only a rigidly controlled experimental regime would establish the necessary proof. Carroll, however, remained embittered about this for the remainder of his life, though he evidently never communicated his objections directly to Reed."," That initial series of mosquito inoculations was probably accomplished without formal documentation of informed consent. Indeed, the experiments may also have been carried forward without the full knowledge of the commanding officer of Camp Columbia, and Reed consequently shielded the identity of Private William J. Dean, the second positive experimental case, behind the pseudonym \"XY\" in the \"Preliminary Note.\" No such potentially troublesome problems arose for the experimental series at Camp Lazear; Reed obtained prior support from all of the appropriate authorities in the military and the administration, even including the Spanish Consul to Cuba. With the advice of the Commission and others, he drafted what is now one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents. The surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations, and were signed by volunteers Antonio Benigno and Vicente Presedo, and a third with the mark of Nicanor Fernandez, who was illiterate."," The documents take the form of a contract between individual volunteers and the Commission, represented by Reed. At least 25 years old, each volunteer explicitly consented to participate, and balanced the certainty of contracting yellow fever in the general population against the risks of developing an experimental case, followed by expert and timely medical care. The volunteers agreed to remain at Camp Lazear for the duration of the experiments, and as a reward for participation would receive $100 \"in American gold,\" with an additional hundred-dollar supplement for contracting yellow fever. These payments could be assigned to a survivor, and the volunteers agreed to forfeit any remuneration in cases of desertion."," For the American participants no consent documents appear to survive, though in contemporary letters Reed assured his correspondents that the Commission obtained written consent from all the volunteers. The record of expenses for Camp Lazear -- maintained by Reed's friend and colleague in the medical corps, Jefferson Randolph Kean -- indicates that the same schedule of payments for participation and sickness applied to the Americans as well. Volunteers who participated in the fomites tests and in addition the later series of blood injections and the single trial of an alternative species of mosquito also earned $100 each plus the $100 supplement if yellow fever developed. Two Americans declined these gratuities, as Kean termed them, Dr. Robert P. Cooke, of the fomites tests, and John J. Moran, who had recently received an honorable discharge from the service, and was the only American civilian to participate. His was the fourth case of yellow fever to develop from mosquito inoculation. Moran eventually settled in Cuba, where he managed the Havana offices of the Sun Oil Company, and late in life became a close friend of Philip S. Hench. Together the two men rediscovered the site of Camp Lazear in 1940 -- Building Number One still intact -- and successfully lobbied the Cuban government to memorialize there the work of Finlay and the American Commission in the conquest of yellow fever."," Reed informally commemorated his own experiences at Camp Lazear by commissioning a group photograph, evidently taken there shortly before he left Cuba in February 1901. A more important event occurred on the sixth of that month when Reed presented the results of the Camp Lazear yellow fever experiments to a great ovation at the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana. Three days later he set sail for the United States, and once landed, drafted the Congress paper as The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note , published immediately in the Journal of the American Medical Association . [16]"," Though his correspondence intimates a great appreciation for Cuba, Reed never returned to the warm, sunny shores of the island freed of a dreadful plague. Carroll stayed behind at Camp Lazear through February to complete the last experimental series officially bearing the imprimatur of the Yellow Fever Commission, and returned to Washington soon after March first. [17] The Medical Corps retained the lease on Camp Lazear against the possibility of continuing experiments another season, and Carroll, in fact, returned to Havana in August 1901 for a final experimental series, though he did not make use of Camp Lazear. This work involved at least three volunteers at Las Animas Hospital, Havana, who submitted to blood injections. Carroll's assignment aimed at a greater understanding of the yellow fever agent, and he proved that blood drawn from active cases of yellow fever remained virulent even after passing through fine bacteria filters. In addition, by heating contaminated blood which had previously caused cases of yellow fever, Carroll rendered it non-infective -- thereby establishing that this filterable entity, though sub-microscopic, was demonstrably present in the bloodstream. Carroll wrapped up the series in October and returned home to stay. [18] In Cuba, J. Randolph Kean made the last rental payments to Signore Rojas on October 9, 1901, and Camp Lazear, for more than a generation, slipped out of the realm of memory."," Sources:","[1] Walter Reed and James Carroll, Bacillus Icteroides and Bacillus Cholerae Suis -- A Preliminary Note , Medical News (29 April 1899), reprinted in: United States Senate Document No. 822, Yellow Fever, A Compilation of Various Publications (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 55. [2] Letter from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 23 August 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00341001. [3] Walter Reed, \"The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches,\" in United States Senate Document No. 822, Yellow Fever A Compilation of Various Publications (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 94. [4] Letter from Walter Reed to George M. Sternberg, 24 July 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02064001. [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear, The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note , Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association Indianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900. [6] Letter from Walter Reed to James Carroll, 7 September 1900, Edward Hook Additions to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: James Carroll Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 15312004. The originals of these letters remain in a private collection. [7] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note , Journal of the American Medical Association 36 (16 February 1901): 431-440, reprinted in: Senate Document No. 822, p. 84. [8] Walter Reed, The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches , in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99. [9] Henry Rose Carter, A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation , Medical Record 59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937. [10] Walter Reed, The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches , in Senate Document No. 822, p. 101. [11] Culex fasciata was reclassified shortly after the experiments as Stegomyia and later became Aedes aegypti. [12] Letter to from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 9 December 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02231001. [13] Walter Reed, The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches , in Senate Document No. 822, p. 97. [14] Walter Reed, The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches , in Senate Document No. 822, p. 98. [15] Walter Reed, The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches , in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99. [16] Please see note [7]. [17] The Commission reported these concluding experiments in: Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Experimental Yellow Fever , American Medicine II (6 July 1901) 1: 15-23. [18] Walter Reed, James Carroll, The Etiology of Yellow Fever (A Supplemental Note) , American Medicine III (22 February 1902) 8: 301-305.","Walter Reed (September 13, 1851 - November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who led the army's Yellow Fever Commission 1900 and 1901. Experiments conducted by the commission confirmed a theory that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes--a discovery that led to the control and eradication of this disease across much of the globe. Reed would receive much of the credit for the work of the commission because of his role as its leader, and, long after his death in 1902, he would be widely celebrated as a heroic figure in the fields of public health and medical research."," Reed spent his first days in a small house which served as the parsonage for a Methodist congregation in Gloucester County, Virginia, where his father was minister.  Lemuel Sutton Reed and Pharaba White Reed welcomed young Walter into the family on September 13, 1851;  he was the youngest of their five children.  The Reeds moved to other Virginia parishes during Walter's childhood, and just after the close of the Civil War, transferred to the town of Charlottesville.  That move in 1866 placed Walter in the orbit of the University of Virginia, which he entered a year later at age sixteen under the care of his older brother Christopher, also a student at the University.  Reed attended two year-long sessions, the second devoted entirely to the medical curriculum, and he completed an M.D. degree on July 1, 1869, as one of the youngest students to graduate in the history of the medical school."," At that time the School of Medicine at the University offered little opportunity for direct clinical experience, so Reed subsequently enrolled at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in Manhattan, New York.  There he obtained a second M.D. degree in 1870.  Reed interned at a number of hospitals in the New York metropolitan area, including the Infants' Hospital on Randall's Island and the Brooklyn City Hospital.  In 1873, he assumed the position of assistant sanitary officer for the Brooklyn Board of Health.  The large and diverse population of New York, with its many immigrant communities and dense, tenement housing, provided countless medical cases to treat and study;  these served to expose Reed to the vital importance of public health, and developed in him a lifelong interest in the field.  Yet the frenetic life of the great cities began to pall after a few years: \"Here the ever bustling day is crowded into the busy night; nor can we draw the line of separation between the two,\"[1] he wrote to Emilie Lawrence, of Murfreesboro, North Carolina, later to become Mrs. Walter Reed.  Their courtship letters reveal much of his maturing character, interests, and philosophy of life.  Increasing responsibilities with the Board of Health precluded opening a private practice, and Reed's youth proved a barrier in a culture given to offering respect more to the appearance of maturity than to its actual demonstration. Reed consequently resolved to join the Army Medical Corps, both for the professional opportunities it offered immediately and for the modest financial security it could provide to a young man without independent means.  He passed the qualifying examinations in January 1875 and proceeded to his first assignment at the military base on Willet's Point, New York Harbor."," Reed remained in the Medical Corps for the rest of his life, spending many years of the '70s, '80s, and early '90s at difficult postings in the American West.  The first of these -- to the Arizona Territory -- began in the late spring of 1876, and indeed hurried along his wedding to Emilie Lawrence, on April 25, shortly before his departure.  She joined him the following November, and bore two children at frontier posts, a son Walter Lawrence and a daughter Emilie, called Blossom."," Reed's other western assignments included forts in Nebraska, Dakota Territory, and Minnesota, with two eastern interludes at Baltimore, Maryland and another at Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama.  During the second of these tours in Baltimore -- over the 1890-1891 academic year -- Reed completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.  When he returned from his last western appointment in 1893, Reed joined the faculty of the Army Medical School in Washington, D.C., where he held the professorship of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy.  He also became curator of the Army Medical Museum and joined the faculty of the Columbian University in Washington (later the George Washington University).  In addition, Reed maintained close ties with professor William Welch and other leading lights in the scientific community he had come to know at Hopkins a few years earlier."," Beyond his teaching responsibilities for the Army and the Columbian University programs, Reed actively pursued medical research projects.  A bibliography of his publications finds entries from 1892 to the year of his untimely death a decade later, and the subjects he investigated range from erysipelas to cholera, typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever, among others.[2]   In 1896, a research trip to investigate an outbreak of smallpox took him to Key West, and there he developed a close friendship with Jefferson Randolph Kean, a fellow Virginian and colleague in the Medical Corps ten years his junior.  When Reed traveled to Cuba in 1899 to study typhoid in the army encampments of the U.S. forces, Kean was already there, and Kean was still in Cuba when Reed returned as the head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases including yellow fever.  Kean and his first wife Louise were great supporters of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work, and Kean in fact served as quartermaster for the famous series of experiments at Camp Lazear.  After the dramatic and conclusive success of those experiments, Kean actively -- though unsuccessfully -- promoted Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General."," Reed continued to speak and publish on yellow fever after his return from Cuba in 1901, receiving honorary degrees from Harvard and the University of Michigan in recognition of his seminal work.  In November 1902, Reed developed what had been for him recurring gastro-intestinal trouble.  This time, however, his appendix ruptured, and surgery came too late to save him from the peritonitis which developed.  He died on November 23, 1902, almost two years to the day from the opening of Camp Lazear and the stunning experimental victory there.  Kean remained a champion of his deceased friend's role in the conquest of yellow fever.  He organized the Walter Reed Memorial Association, to provide support for Reed's family and to build a suitable memorial, and was instrumental in lobbying the United States Congress to establish the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.  In 1929, Congress mandated the annual publication of the Roll in the Army Register , and struck a series Congressional Gold Medals saluting the Commission members and the young Americans who bravely suffered experimental yellow fever a generation before."," Sources:","[1] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence, 18 July 1874, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 01605001. [2] The bibliography of Reed's scientific papers may be found in: Howard Atwood Kelly, Walter Reed and Yellow Fever (New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1906), pp. 281-283. Kelly's complete biography of Reed is contained on this Web site.","Jesse William Lazear (May 2, 1866 - September 26, 1900) was a physician who was a member of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in 1900. Lazear's death from yellow fever at the outset of the commission's work in Cuba would lead to his elevation as a martyr for medical science in the eyes of many during the twentieth century."," \"I rather think I am on the track of the real germ,\" Jesse W. Lazear wrote his wife from Cuba on September 8, 1900.[1] Seventeen days later, the fulminating case of yellow fever Lazear had contracted just over a week after writing Mabel H. Lazear suddenly ended the young scientist's life. He was 34 years old. Unlike so many other yellow fever fatalities, however, this one would lead to a direct and highly successful assault on the disease itself. Yellow fever's ascendancy, endemic in Cuba, was about to be undermined."," Lazear had reported to Camp Columbia, Cuba in February 1900 for duty as an acting assistant surgeon with the U. S. Army Corps stationed on the island. Here he undertook bacteriological study of tropical diseases, particularly malaria and yellow fever, and in May he was named to the Army board charged with \"pursuing scientific investigations with reference to the infectious diseases prevalent on the island of Cuba.\"[2]"," These orders placed him officially in the company of Walter Reed, James Carroll, and Aristides Agramonte -- the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission -- though Lazear had already met Reed the preceding March on a project to evaluate the efficacy of electrozone, a disinfectant made from seawater collected off the Cuban coast. While Reed was in Cuba that March, Lazear discussed with him the recent discovery of British scientist Sir Ronald Ross concerning the mosquito vector for malaria. At Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he was first a medical resident and later in charge of the clinical laboratory, Lazear had followed Ross's accomplishments with great interest, and pursued field work and experimentation on the Anopheles mosquito with fellow Hopkins scientist William S. Thayer. Lazear was thus the only member of the Commission who had experience with mosquito work, and was consequently the most open to the possible verity of Cuban scientist Carlos Juan Finlay's theory of mosquito transmission for yellow fever."," The record is apparently silent as to when Lazear first visited Finlay. Certainly by late June Lazear was beginning to grow mosquito larvae acquired from Finlay's laboratory, the first specimens brought to him by Henry Rose Carter, of the United States Public Health Service.[3] Not long after arriving in Cuba Lazear met Carter, whose own observations on yellow fever strongly suggested an intermediate host in the spread of the disease. However, Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg, who organized the Yellow Fever Commission, first charged the board members to investigate the relationship of Bacillus icteroides to yellow fever -- proposed by the Italian Scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli as the actual cause of the disease. \"Dr. Reed had been in the old discussion over Sanarelli's bacillus and he still works on that subject,\" Lazear wrote his wife in July, \"I am not all interested in it but want to do work which may lead to the discovery of the real organism.\"[4] Soon he would have the opportunity. The relatively quick failure of the Bacillus icteroides inquiry opened the door to what became the ground-breaking mosquito work, and Lazear was well placed to begin."," The project started in earnest on August 1, 1900. In a small pocket notebook Lazear noted the preparatory work of raising and infecting mosquitoes, and subsequently recorded the series of eleven experimental inoculations made from the 11th to the 31st of August, the last two producing cases of full-blown yellow fever. These two positive cases developed from mosquitoes allowed to ripen over a period of 12 days, and this was Lazear's crucial discovery. The epidemiological pattern was thus entirely consistent with Carter's observations of a delay between the primary and secondary outbreaks of yellow fever in an epidemic, and, in addition, explained why Finlay's experiments had been largely unsuccessful -- he had not waited long enough before inoculating his subjects."," Although Lazear never directly admitted to experimenting on himself, when Reed reviewed Lazear's sketchy notations he evidently found entries strongly suggesting Lazear's case was not accidental, as officially reported. Unfortunately, the little notebook so crucial to the preparation of the Commission's famous initial paper, The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note [5], vanished from Reed's Washington office after his own untimely death in 1902. Still, Lazear's invaluable contribution to the Commission's victory was widely recognized and elicited tributes from many quarters: \"He was a splendid, brave fellow,\" Reed said of his young colleague, \" and I lament his loss more than words can tell; but his death was not in vain- His name will live in the history of those who have benefited humanity.\" [6] \"His death was a sacrifice to scientific research of the highest character,\" stated General Leonard Wood, military Governor of Cuba.[7] \"Your husband was a martyr in the noblest of causes,\" Dr. L. O. Howard wrote to Mabel Lazear, \"and I am proud to have known him. . . . His work contributed towards one of the greatest discoveries of the century, the results of which will be of invaluable benefit to mankind.\"[8] And so they were. Though Lazear's one-year-old son and newborn daughter never knew their father, they grew up in a world liberated -- almost in its entirety -- from the disease that killed him."," [1] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 8 September 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00344001."," Sources:","[2] Military Orders for Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse W. Lazear, 24 May 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number 02019001. [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1. [4] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 15 July 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00334001. [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear, The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note, Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association Indianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900. [6] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 6 October 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02135001. [7] Letter from Leonard Wood to the Adjutant-General, United States Army, November 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00375002. [8] Letter from Leland Ossian Howard to Mabel Houston Lazear, 7 February 1901, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00388001.","Henry Rose Carter (August 25, 1852 - September 14, 1925) was a prominent physician in the U.S. Public Health Service who was a leading authority in the transmission and control of tropical diseases, particularly yellow fever and malaria. During his long career as a sanitarian, Carter undertook campaigns to investigate and control the spread of tropical diseases in Cuba, the Panama Canal Zone, the Southeastern United States, and Peru."," Like Walter Reed and Jefferson Randolph Kean, Henry Rose Carter was a native Virginian and a graduate of the University of Virginia. Carter obtained a civil engineering degree from Virginia in 1873 and also undertook post-graduate work in mathematics and applied chemistry the next year. Subsequently, however, Carter's interests turned towards medicine, and he completed a medical degree at the University of Maryland in 1879. The same year Assistant Surgeon Carter joined the Marine Hospital Service -- later the United States Public Health Service -- and the young surgeon rose steadily through the ranks, ultimately attaining the position of Assistant Surgeon General in 1915."," Carter's initial assignments with the Hospital Service placed him at the center of the yellow fever maelstrom. In 1879 he was detailed to Memphis and other Southern cities, then in the throes of a second year of devastating epidemics. Here began, as his colleague T. H. D. Griffitts observed, Carter's \"lifelong interest in the epidemiology and control of yellow fever.\"[1] After several years of clinical practice in various Marine hospitals, Carter resumed a direct confrontation with yellow fever when his orders for duty with the Gulf Coast Maritime Quarantine assigned him to Ship Island, Mississippi, in 1888. Here and at subsequent quarantine station postings around the Gulf, he quietly championed a thorough review and rationalization of quarantine policies, with a view toward establishing uniform regulation, more thorough disinfection of vessels, and minimized interference with naval commerce. Crucial to the success of these activities was Carter's attention to the incubation period of yellow fever, which his on-site observations indicated to vary between 5 and 7 days. At the time the official literature stated with far less precision a variance of between 1 and 14 days; Carter's work consequently greatly increased the efficiency and effectiveness of quarantine operations."," Nevertheless, yellow fever continued to menace the temperate coastline of the United States, and Carter ably directed the Health Service's epidemiological control efforts in numerous threatened regions. In conjunction with this sanitary work for the 1898 season, Carter made detailed notes on the development of yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi. The isolation of these communities enabled him to identify more reliably the phenomenon of a delay between the initial cases of yellow fever in a locality and the subsequent appearance of secondary infection -- a delay two to four times longer than the incubation period of the disease in an infected person. Carter called this interval between the primary and secondary cases \"the period of extrinsic incubation,\" and he defined its \"usual limits . . . [as ranging] from ten to seventeen days.\"[2]"," Before he was able to publish his conclusions, Carter took the helm of the quarantine service in war-time Cuba. There, in 1900, he met U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission member Jesse Lazear. Carter had finally arranged for his paper's publication that year in the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal , and gave a draft to Lazear. \"If these dates are correct,\" Carter later recalled Lazear saying, \"it spells a living host.\"[3] The theory of mosquito transmission long advanced by Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay began to seem more likely. And indeed it was. The Commission's experiments in 1900-1901 irrefutably proved the mosquito vector and established the extrinsic incubation period at twelve days. Shortly after these successes Reed saluted Carter, \"I know of no one more competent to pass judgment on all that pertains to the subject of yellow fever. You must not forget that your own work in Mississippi did more to impress me with the importance of an intermediate host than everything else put to-gether.\"[4]"," Carter's long and distinguished sanitary career took him to the Panama Canal Zone in 1904, where he served as Chief Quarantine Officer and Chief of Hospitals for five years. He undertook detailed investigations and control measures of malaria in North Carolina and elsewhere in the South, and became a founder of the National Malaria Committee. With the support of the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board, he undertook additional investigation and control measures for yellow fever in Central and South America. His expertise recommended him to the Peruvian government, which named Carter Sanitary Advisor in 1920-1921. Health problems at the end of his life compelled Carter to withdraw from active fieldwork, though he remained a highly valued consultant to the Health Board and a much-beloved and respected teacher for a new generation of sanitarians. Carter closed his career researching and writing the manuscript that his daughter Laura Armistead Carter edited and published posthumously in 1931: Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin. [5]"," Sources:","[1] T. H. D. Griffitts, Henry Rose Carter: The Scientist and the Man , Southern Medical Journal 32 (August 1939) 8: 842. [2] Henry Rose Carter, A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation , Medical Record 59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937. [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1. [4] Letter from Walter Reed to Henry Rose Carter, 26 February 1901, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 02447001. [5] Carter, Henry Rose. Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin. Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1931.","Jefferson Randolph Kean (June 27, 1860 - September 4, 1950) was a U.S. Army physician who was a leading authority in sanitation, public health, and tropical diseases. Later in his career, Kean would become widely recognized for his role in organizing and administering medical services for the U.S. armed forces during World War I."," \"He possessed one of the keenest, most scholarly minds I've ever encountered,\" recalled Nobel Prize winner Philip S. Hench of Jefferson Randolph Kean. [1] Kean and Hench shared an abiding interest in the work of the United States Army Yellow Fever Commission -- Kean, as a contemporary and supporter, and Hench, as a scholar and scientist intent on accurate historical documentation. On the advice of yellow fever experiment volunteer John J. Moran, Hench first wrote Kean in 1939. From that initial contact developed a close friendship which would last for the remainder of their lives. Kean entrusted Hench not only with numerous period documents, including original letters, accounts, fever charts, and other items, but also with the freely-given counsel and insight of a trusted friend."," Like Walter Reed and Henry Rose Carter before him, Jefferson Randolph Kean was an alumnus of the University of Virginia, completing the medical program there in 1883. Kean joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1884, and after forty years in the service, retired with the rank of Colonel. Congress awarded him a promotion to Brigadier General, retired, in 1930. The early years of Kean's career passed in medical postings in the American West, and no doubt offered him experiences similar to those of Walter Reed, whom he met not on the frontier, but in Florida in 1896. Kean became an expert in tropical diseases and sanitation during his five-year assignment in the Florida tropics, an expertise which served him well over two terms of service later in Cuba. During the Spanish-American War and subsequent U. S. occupation of Cuba, Kean was Chief Surgeon for the Department of Havana, then Superintendent of the Department of Charities -- from 1898 to 1902. After a four-year interlude as an assistant to the Surgeon General in Washington, D.C., Kean again returned to Cuba as an advisor to the Department of Sanitation from 1906-1909."," Kean himself stated: \"Reed and I were good friends before the Yellow Fever Board came to Cuba in June 1900, and [Reed] located himself at Marianao, 8 miles S. W. of Havana,\" to be within the medical and administrative jurisdiction overseen by Kean. [2] The Chief Surgeon did indeed offer significant assistance, and was an early convert to Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory of transmission, which the Yellow Fever Board's experiments ultimately proved true in the late autumn and winter of 1900-1901. As early as October 13, 1900 -- after the Board's preliminary work, but before the final convincing demonstrations -- Kean issued \"Circular No. 8,\" concerning the latest scholarship on the mosquito vector for disease. [3] The circular contained a set of instructions for the entire command on mosquito eradication. Kean subsequently served as quartermaster and financial administrator for the famous series of yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear and, for the rest of his life, Kean remained a strong proponent of the Commission's conclusions. He worked tirelessly not only to apply them in the field, but also to accord proper public recognition to the Commission's work."," In addition to his career as a sanitarian, Kean organized the department of military relief of the American Red Cross, and during World War One served as Chief of the U. S. Ambulance Service with the French Army and Deputy Chief Surgeon of the American forces. France named him an Officier de la Légion d'Honneur in recognition for these services. Cuban authorities as well offered Kean recognition with the grand cross of the Order of Merit Carlos J. Finlay, and he received both a Distinguished Service Medal from the United States government and the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons. For a decade after his retirement from active duty, Kean edited this last organization's medical journal, The Military Surgeon , and served on the Surgeon General's editorial board for the multi-volume history of the medical department in World War One. A great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson, Kean also took a seat with the government commission established to build the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. He held charter membership in the Walter Reed Memorial Association, and remained active in its affairs until his death in 1950."," Sources:","[1] Telegram from Philip Showalter Hench and Mary Hench to Cornelia Knox Kean, September 5, 1950, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 06501173. [2] Letter from Jefferson Randolph Kean to Philip Showalter Hench, October 31, 1939, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 06282022. [3] Military Orders to Commanding Officers, October 15, 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02140001.","Philip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 - March 30, 1965) was a U.S. physician who in 1950 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his role in the discovery of the hormone cortisone. In addition to his medical research, Hench spent almost three decades of his life studying the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and became a leading authority in the subject."," Philip Showalter Hench was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Jacob Bixler Hench and Clara Showalter. After attending local schools, Hench entered Lafayette College and graduated from the school 1916 with a Bachelor of Arts. Hench completed his medical degree at the University of Pittsburgh in 1920, and subsequently entered a residency program at St. Francis Hospital, Pittsburgh. His association with the Mayo Clinic began in 1921 as a fellow at the institution. Two years later he would become an assistant at the clinic, and then, in 1926, he would be made the head of its Department of Rheumatic Diseases After pursuing post-graduate study in Germany in 1928-1929, Hench obtained a Masters of Science in Internal Medicine at the University of Minnesota in 1931, and a Doctor of Science degree from Lafayette College in 1940. Hench remained for the duration of his career at the Mayo Clinic, where his life-long passion for meticulous research and analysis brought him the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1950, which he shared with Edward C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein, for the discovery of cortisone."," The same persistence and determination present in his professional life is also evident in Hench's research on the U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's famous experiments. \"As a physician particularly interested in medical history,\" he stated to experiment volunteer John J. Moran in 1937, \"I have been long interested in the story of the yellow fever work in John J. Moran, Ralph C. Hutchison, Havana.\" [1] So began a remarkable odyssey. At the request of his friend Ralph Cooper Hutchison, then president of Washington and Jefferson College, Hench had written Moran to gather information for the dedication of the College's new chemistry building, named for Commission member and former Washington and Jefferson student Jesse W. Lazear. Hench also began a correspondence with another of the yellow fever experiment's original volunteers, John R. Kissinger. Moran's and Kissinger's recollections proved so intriguing that Hench initially offered to edit and publish them. However, in the course of his research Hench discovered that much general information on the topic was inaccurate. Conflicting assertions concerning the participants and unverified claims by medical and governmental authorities in the United States and Cuba -- often politically motivated -- clouded interpretation of the facts. \"May I suggest,\" Moran consequently urged in 1938, \"that a clearing up of the REED-FINLAY-CONQUEST-OF-YELLOW-FEVER, or an effort to do so, on your part, is a task far more pressing than publishing the Kissinger-Moran stories or memoirs.\" [2] Hench resolved to document every aspect of the \"Conquest of Yellow-Fever\" and to write a much needed accurate and comprehensive history."," For the next two decades, Hench tirelessly combed through public archive collections and personal papers in the United States and Cuba. He met and interviewed surviving participants of the experiments and others associated with the project, as well as family members of the Yellow Fever Commission. He sought out physicians and scientists who had worked with the principal players or who had applied the results in the campaign to eradicate yellow fever. He identified and photographed sites associated with the yellow fever story, and he successfully petitioned politicians in the United States and Cuba to commemorate the work. In the process, Hench became the trusted friend and advisor of many of these same individuals, and they, in turn, presented him with much of the surviving original material for safekeeping."," In short, Hench came to be the world's expert on the yellow fever story and the steward of thousands of original letters and documents. His premature death at age 69 found him still hoping to uncover important missing evidence, his book unwritten. Hench's widow Mary Kahler Hench gave his yellow fever collection to the University of Virginia, Walter Reed's alma mater, and this extensive personal archive forms the most detailed and accurate record available on the Conquest of Yellow Fever."," Sources:","[1] Letter from Philip S. Hench to John J. Moran, 6 July 1937, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 03419001. [2] Letter from John J. Moran to Philip S. Hench, 30 October 1938, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 03476001.","Materials from the following series were initially deposited at the University of Virginia's Alderman Library. In 1982, they were moved to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library under the terms of a gift agreement that required the transferral of Mary K. Hench's donation to the library when adequate storage space for the collection could be found there.","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear Series II. Henry Rose Carter Series III. Walter Reed Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench Series V. Maps Series VI. Alphabetical files Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench Series VIII. Miscellany Series IX. Photographs Series X. Negatives Series XI. Reprints Series XIII. Reed family additions Series XV. Laura Wood","Materials from Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center (HAM/TMC) were initially deposited in the HAM/TMC and were a part of the Philip S. Hench papers. In 1991, the materials were transferred from HAM/TMC to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library after both repositories agreed that it would be more appropriate to include them in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection."," Materials from Series XVI. Edward Hook additions were transferred from the Papers of Dr. Edward Watson Hook, Jr. to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection around the late 1990s and early 2000s.","Processed by: Historical Collections Staff","Mary K. Hench's donation arrived in Charlottesville in a number of large crates which were packed much as the collection had been found in Philip Showalter Hench's home in Rochester, Minnesota. Some confusion about Dr. Hench's filing order had been created while the collection was packed for shipping, and thus the Manuscripts Department of the University of Virginia Library found it necessary to perform some sorting and arrangement to make the collection more accessible."," Around 1968, William Bennett Bean was hired by the University of Virginia as a visiting scholar in residence to begin work on a new biography of Walter Reed. Dr. Bean found that the order of the collection was not such that he could readily use it for biographical purposes. He employed a former assistant in the Manuscripts Department, sought and received permission to refile the collection, and had his assistant perform this task. The refiling of the collection had been finished by the fall of 1969, but Bean and his assistant had no time to prepare a finding aid."," In the fall of 1969 Donna L. Purvis of the Manuscripts Department staff began writing the first edition of the collection's finding aid. During this project, Mrs. Purvis found some problems with Dr. Bean's description and arrangement of the collection and felt that it was necessary to reprocess parts of it."," Around 1990 staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions to the collection donated by Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench."," Between 1999 and 2004, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library digitized a significant portion of the collection and made the digitized files available to users in an online exhibit. During this project, over 8,000 items from the collection were scanned, transcribed, and described at the item level. Metadata for the digitized items was recorded in XML files using the TEI 2 standard."," In 2001, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions that had been made to the collection since 1982, excepting the materials donated by P. Kahler Hench. Staff members also processed significant portions of Mary K. Hench's original donation that had not been described in the first edition of the collection finding aid. This work led to the development of a second edition finding aid that was coded in EAD and ingested into the Virginia Heritage database. This finding aid contained both new metadata and metadata that had been migrated from a Microsoft Access file."," In the 2000s the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed the materials in Series XV. Edward Hook additions."," In 2009, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed Box 154 of the collection."," In 2013, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library produced a third edition of the finding aid using EAD that merged collection description from four sources (the first edition finding aid, the second edition finding aid, the online exhibit, and the physical collection). When possible, metadata from the existing online exhibit's TEI files and metadata from the second edition finding aid were transformed with XSL and included in the EAD file. However, staff members sometimes found it necessary to create new metadata for the collection. The new finding aid was structured in such a way to facilitate the migration of the collection's digital files and metadata into the University of Virginia's digital repository and make it available to users via the library's online catalog.","The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audio cassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). All of these materials are arranged in 16 series: I. Jesse W. Lazear, II. Henry Rose Carter, III. Walter Reed, IV. Philip Showalter Hench, V. Maps, VI. Alphabetical files, VII. Truby-Kean-Hench, VIII. Miscellany, IX. Photographs, X. Photographic negatives, XI. Reprints, XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, XIII. Reed family additions, XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions, XV. Laura Wood, and XVI. Edward Hook additions."," Series I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family."," In addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:","the diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe; correspondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents); genealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family; legal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds); military records relating to Jesse; certificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements; obituaries; copies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear; newspaper articles; a microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse; and a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse.","Series II. Henry Rose Carter consists of materials relating to Henry Rose Carter that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1880 to 1932 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1883 to 1932. The series is particularly rich in materials that document Henry Rose Carter's professional activities in the last eleven years of his life (1914-1925). These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence with colleagues in the medical and scientific community including Rupert E. Blue, Hideyo Noguchi, Henry Hanson, Joseph A. LePrince, Frederick F. Russell, T.H.D. Griffitts, and Lunsford D. Fricks; scientific, medical, and government reports relating to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria in North America, South America, and Africa; journal articles concerning the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria; research notes written by Henry Rose Carter; and photographs of Henry Rose Carter at work and with professional colleagues.","Series II. also contains correspondence between Henry Rose Carter and members of his family that date from 1880 to 1925. The family members with whom Henry corresponds most frequently in this series are his mother, Emma Coleman Carter; his wife, Laura Eugenia Hook Carter; his daughter, Laura Armistead Carter; and his son, Henry Rose Carter, Jr. These letters are not only a rich source of information about Carter's personal views and family life, they also provide valuable insights into his professional activities such as his experiences aboard vessels and in ports while working for the U.S. Marine Hospital Service and his public health work in Cuba, Panama, and Peru."," In addition to the materials that were produced during Henry Rose Carter's lifetime, the Series II. contains materials that were produced between 1925 and 1940 (after Henry Rose Carter's death) including, but not limited to the following:","copies of obituaries for Henry Rose Carter; condolence letters for Henry Rose Carter's family after Henry's death; and the correspondence of Laura Armistead Carter relating to her father and other members of the Carter family.","Series III. Walter Reed consists of materials that document the life of Walter Reed as well as the work and legacy of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in the series date from 1806 to around 1955 with the bulk of the items dating from 1874 to 1936. The series is particularly rich in materials that document the professional and personal life of Walter Reed from 1874 to his death in 1902. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Walter Reed and members of his immediate family that cover a wide range of topics including Reed's courtship of Emilie Lawrence Reed, family life, Walter Reed's work in the Western United States, and Walter Reed's work in Cuba; military records relating to Walter Reed including military orders for Reed, Reed's performance reviews, and reports of Reed's work for army officials; Walter Reed's correspondence with professional colleagues including members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, military doctors, and medical researchers interested in the study of yellow fever; medical records (e.g. fever charts of experiment participants), military orders, administrative records, reports, and publications documenting the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba; articles announcing the death of Walter Reed; and the shoulder boards from Walter Reed's U.S. Army uniform.","In addition to the above items, Series III. contains materials that document campaigns, spanning from 1902 to 1937, to publicly honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","articles and editorials relating to efforts to memorialize and provide pensions for members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments; biographical sketches of members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants; records relating to the Walter Reed Memorial Association (e.g. correspondence, donor lists); copies of Congressional bills and resolutions to honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants; and letters, reviews, and other materials relating to the production of Sidney Coe Howard's play, Yellow Jack .","Finally, Series III. also consists of materials that document the history of yellow fever during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","items (e.g. correspondence, reports, reviews, and articles) relating to U.S. efforts to eradicate yellow fever in the Panama Canal Zone; materials (e.g. correspondence, reports, and articles) documenting early twentieth century efforts to eradicate yellow fever in Peru; scientific reports and publications related to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria; and newspaper articles describing various outbreaks of yellow fever epidemics.","Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench primarily consists of materials that Hench created or collected while researching the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in this series date from around 1850 to around 1865 with the bulk of the items dating from 1937 to 1960. Researchers who are studying the yellow fever experiments will be particularly interested in the materials (e.g. interviews, autobiographies) that document first-hand accounts of the events surrounding the experiments. Other researchers may be interested in items that document Hench's role in shaping public memory of the commission and its experiments. The materials in this series include, but are not limited to the following:","Hench's correspondence and interviews with participants in the yellow fever experiments and their families including: Emilie Lawrence Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom) Reed, Walter Lawrence Reed, John J. Moran, Albert E. Truby, Jefferson Randolph Kean, John H. Andrus, and John R. Kissinger; autobiographical accounts of the experiment's participants and their families; notes, reports, correspondence and other materials relating to Hench's search for the original site of Camp Lazear in Cuba; correspondence with Cuban government officials and members of the scientific community relating to Hench's campaign to build a Camp Lazear memorial; correspondence and other materials relating to ceremonies honoring Jesse W. Lazear at Washington and Jefferson College; newspaper articles, magazine articles, and other printed matter concerning the yellow fever experiments and its participants; drafts of speeches and presentations Hench gave on the history of the yellow fever experiments to various audiences; meeting minutes and other materials that document Hench's relationship with and participation in the Walter Reed Memorial Association; scripts for radio programs relating to the yellow fever experiments; notes, outlines, lists, correspondence, and other materials that document Hench's research about the yellow fever experiments and a book he had planned to write on the subject; and the gold medal that Congress posthumously awarded to Walter Reed for his work with yellow fever.","Series V. Maps primarily consists of maps and floor plans that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1899 to 1951. The maps and floor plans often include annotations and illustrate a wide range of locations including, but not limited to the following:","Havana and its environs; Cuba; sites associated with the yellow fever experiments; and military installations in the United States.","In addition to the maps and floor plans, Series V. also consists of a few newspaper and magazine clippings that contain information relating to the yellow fever experiments."," Series VI. Alphabetical files primarily consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1860 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from 1940 to 1956. All of these items have been arranged thematically into biographical files. Each file contains materials created by or relating to people who were either involved with the yellow fever experiments or aided Philip Showalter Hench in his research of the subject. These people include, but are not limited to: John J. Moran, Carlos E. Finlay, Laura Wood Roper, Mabel Lazear, Clara Maas, John R. Kissinger, Roger Post Ames, James C. Carroll, and Carlos J. Finlay. The files are arranged alphabetically by the last names of the individuals listed on the files and it is unclear whether the overall arrangement was made by Hench or by staff members at the University of Virginia. The biographical files contain a wide range of different materials that pertain to the individuals listed on the files. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the individuals; other correspondence; newspaper and magazine clippings; unpublished manuscripts; biographical and autobiographical accounts; transcripts of oral history interviews that were conducted by Philip Showalter Hench; and copies of medical charts for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments that shows the progression of the disease.","In addition to the materials that Hench created or collected during his lifetime, the biographical files in Series VI. also contain items that were added by staff at the University of Virginia Library during the late 1960s and early 1970s."," Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench primarily consists of materials relating to Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1879 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1900 to 1954. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence of Jefferson Randolph Kean dating from 1900 to 1950 that relates to his personal life, the yellow fever experiments, public health initiatives, his publications, the legacy of the yellow fever experiments, Kean's work in World War I, and other topics; Philip Showalter Hench's correspondence with people related to the yellow fever experiments, particularly Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean primarily from between 1940 and 1955; a scrapbook and other materials that relate to Truby's book, Memoir of Walter Reed: the Yellow Fever Episode ; and Philip Showalter Hench's interviews and questionnaires for Kean and Truby from the 1940s.","In addition to the materials relating to Kean and Truby, Series VII. also includes the following:","notes from Philip Showalter Hench's research of the yellow fever experiments; the recollections, autobiographies, and reports of other people involved with the yellow fever experiments including John Andrus and A.S. Pinto; articles and clippings related to the yellow fever experiments; a short biography of Lemuel S. Reed; and a sketch Philip Showalter Hench made of a proposed museum at the Camp Lazear site.","Series VIII. Miscellany consists of oversize and miscellaneous materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection that were, for various reasons, not included in any of the other series in the collection. Items in this series date from around 1849 to 1982 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1885 to 1974. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","informed consent agreements for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments; diplomas and certificates for Walter Reed and Jesse W. Lazear; copies and sketches of Dean Cornwell's painting, Conquerors of Yellow Fever ; artifacts, including a wooden board from Camp Lazear and a U.S. flag; copies of correspondence, reports, medical records, and military orders from the U.S. National Archives relating to the yellow fever experiments; manuscripts and related notes for published works and research relating to Walter Reed and the yellow fever experiments; correspondence of Philip Showalter Hench from circa 1940 to 1966; articles and clippings relating to the yellow fever experiments, the experiments' participants, and the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection; correspondence of Atcheson Laughlin Hench and members of the University of Virginia community relating to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection; items that document the provenance and custodial history of some materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection; photographs relating to Cuba and the yellow fever experiments; notes for photographs and photographic negatives housed in Series IX. and Series X. of this collection.","Series IX. Photographs consists primarily of photographs that Philip Showalter Hench created and collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from around 1870 to around 1960. The subjects shown in the photographs include, but are not limited to the following:","physicians, military personnel, nurses, and volunteers associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Jefferson Randolph Kean, and Aristides Agramonte; family members of people associated with the yellow fever experiments including their spouses, children, and grandchildren. Camp Lazear, Camp Columbia, and other locations in Cuba related to the yellow fever experiments between 1900 and 1960; the U.S.S. Maine and the Spanish-American War; aerial views of Havana, Cuba and its environs from the 1940s and 1950s; scenes of daily life in Cuba generally from between 1898 and 1960; the 1952 dedication of the Camp Lazear National Monument in Cuba; the creation and unveiling of Dean Cornwell's painting, Conquerors of Yellow Fever ; still scenes from the movies, Yellow Jack and Jezebel ; other events and works of art commemorating the work of the participants in the yellow fever experiments; documents and maps that Philip Showalter Hench copied for his research; and Philip Showalter Hench and his family.","Series IX. also includes a watercolor that was painted by Emilie Lawrence Reed."," Series X. Photographic negatives consists of a mix of original and copy negatives that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Although the original images recorded on the negatives date from between the 1860s and the 1960s, it appears that the negatives themselves were produced during a narrower time frame, most likely between 1930 and 1966."," The negatives in Series X. record images associated with the yellow fever experiments and many of them are related to photographic prints found in Series VIII. Where a match between a negative and a print from these series has been made, the negative number has been written on the folder of the print in the physical collection. Finally, the negatives are generally arranged in numerical order by identification numbers that were most likely assigned by Philip Showalter Hench."," Series XI. Reprints consists of reprints and photocopies of journal articles, book extracts, book reviews and other published works that were primarily collected by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from 1856 to 1971 and cover a wide range of topics related to the study and eradication of yellow fever, including, but not limited to the following:","the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work in Cuba; biographical accounts of various people who had an association with the yellow fever experiments; the research of people associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Aristides Agramonte, and James Carroll; scientific and medical research related to yellow fever and malaria; and events honoring the work of those involved with the yellow fever experiments.","Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1901 to around 1966. These materials were originally a part of the Philip S. Hench papers in the John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center at the Texas Medical Center Library, but they were transferred to the University of Virginia in 1991. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and people connected with the yellow fever experiments including John J. Moran and Walter Reed's children; newspaper clippings relating to the death or commemoration of individuals associated with the yellow fever experiments; photographs of the Camp Lazear Memorial, everyday scenes in Cuba, and John J. Moran; and journal articles, booklets, and other printed matter relating to the yellow fever experiments and its participants.","Series XIII. Reed family additions consists of materials relating to the yellow fever experiments that several different donors gave to the University of Virginia. Items in the series date from around 1850 to 1967 with the bulk of the items dating from 1868 to 1949. The largest portion of the series is comprised of correspondence written by Walter Reed and his family between 1877 and 1902 that provide insights into their relationships and personal lives."," In addition to the Reed family's correspondence, the series also contains other materials relating to the Reed family and the yellow fever experiments including, but not limited to the following:","a flag that was flown over Camp Lazear; newspaper clippings and articles relating to the yellow fever experiments; a chemistry notebook that was owned by Walter Reed; correspondence of and works by Philip Showalter Hench; an inventory of materials in Series XIII. and information about their accession into the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library; and materials from an exhibit on the yellow fever experiments that was hosted in Alderman Library at the University of Virginia.","Series XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions consists of original and photocopied materials that Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, donated to the University of Virginia in 1988 and 1989. Items in the series date from around 1860 to 1965 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1898 to 1965. Most of these items were collected or created by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. These items include the following:","the correspondence of experiment participants; correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the experiment participants; correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and families of the experiment participants; press clippings relating to the experiments and the experiment participants; oral history interviews conducted by Philip Showalter Hench; scientific articles related to the study of yellow fever; photographs of Havana, Camp Columbia, and Camp Lazear; genealogical tables and summaries for the family of Jesse W. Lazear; autobiographical accounts written by experiment participants; unpublished manuscripts; artifacts (e.g. a wooden board) from Camp Lazear; Philip Showalter Hench's research notes.","Series XIV. also contains correspondence and financial records that record the transfer of collection items from the Reed family to Philip Showalter Hench and later from the Hench family to the University of Virginia."," Series XV. Laura Wood primarily consists of Laura Wood's correspondence relating to her research for a Walter Reed biography that she wrote. The series also includes, but is not limited to the following materials:","photocopies of two letters written by Walter Reed; a journal article by George Sternberg; and a short work that Laura Wood wrote about Walter Reed entitled, Walter Reed and yellow Fever .","Items in Series XV. date from 1875 to 1946 with the bulk of the items dating from 1941 to 1946."," Series XVI. Edward Hook additions consists of copies of letters, articles, and photographs relating to the yellow fever experiments that had been collected by Edward W. Hook, Jr, a professor of medicine at the University of Virginia. The bulk of this series is comprised of copies of a small collection of James Carroll's correspondence. The original versions of Carroll's correspondence are not housed at the University of Virginia. In addition to the Carroll letters, this series also includes, but is not limited to the following:","photographs of Walter Reed and others related to the yellow fever experiments; copies of some of Theodore E. Woodward's works relating to James Carroll and yellow fever; and exhibition materials.","Items in Series XVI. date from around 1880 to around 1998 with the bulk of the items dating from 1898 to 1901.","Copyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection.","The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audiocassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). Most of the materials in the collection were collected or created by Nobel laureate Philip Showalter Hench while researching the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission.","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","Collection is predominantly in English; other materials in the collection are in Spanish, French, and Portuguese."],"unitid_tesim":["MS.1","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1710"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection"],"collection_ssim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["Copyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Materials from the following series were donated to the University of Virginia's Alderman Library in the fall of 1966 and the summer of 1970 by Philip Showalter Hench's widow, Mary Kahler Hench, with the approval of his estate:","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear Series II. Henry Rose Carter Series III. Walter Reed Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench Series V. Maps Series VI. Alphabetical files Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench Series VIII. Miscellany Series IX. Photographs Series X. Negatives Series XI. Reprints","Materials from Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center (HAM/TMC) were donated to the HAM/TMC by Philip Showalter Hench as a small part of a larger collection of materials."," Materials from Series XIII. Reed family additions were donated by various individuals to Alderman Library between 1947 and 1972. Box 139, Folder 1 contains a list that describes each of these donations in detail."," Materials from Series XIV. P. Kahler Hench were donated to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library by Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, in 1988 and 1989."," Materials from Series XV. Laura Wood were most likely donated to Alderman Library between 1972 and 1982."," Materials from Series XVI. Edward Hook additions were donated to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library as a part of the Papers of Dr. Edward Watson Hook, Jr."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Human Experimentation","Military Medicine","Physicians","Public health","Tropical medicine","Yellow Fever"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Human Experimentation","Military Medicine","Physicians","Public health","Tropical medicine","Yellow Fever"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["67 Linear Feet 154 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["67 Linear Feet 154 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on user access to any of the materials in the collection except where noted in the container list.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions on user access to any of the materials in the collection except where noted in the container list."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection is organized in 16 series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eI. Jesse W. Lazear\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eII. Henry Rose Carter\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIII. Walter Reed\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIV. Philip Showalter Hench\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eV. Maps\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eVI. Alphabetical files\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eVII. Truby-Kean-Hench\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eVIII. Miscellany\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIX. Photographs\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eX. Photographic negatives\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXI. Reprints\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXIII. Reed family additions\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXIV. P. Kahler Hench additions\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXV. Laura Wood\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXVI. Edward Hook additions\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization of the Collection"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection is organized in 16 series:","I. Jesse W. Lazear II. Henry Rose Carter III. Walter Reed IV. Philip Showalter Hench V. Maps VI. Alphabetical files VII. Truby-Kean-Hench VIII. Miscellany IX. Photographs X. Photographic negatives XI. Reprints XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions XIII. Reed family additions XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions XV. Laura Wood XVI. Edward Hook additions"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information for the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission","Biographical Information for Walter Reed","Biographical Information for Jesse W. Lazear","Biographical Information for Henry Rose Carter","Biographical Information for Jefferson Randolph Kean","Biographical Information for Philip Showalter Hench"],"bioghist_tesim":["The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission (1900-1901) was a board of physicians that the U.S. government formed in order to determine how yellow fever was transmitted between hosts. Ultimately, the commission's experiments in Cuba proved that mosquitoes transmit yellow fever--a discovery that would spur successful campaigns to control and eradicate yellow fever throughout much of the globe."," When Major Walter Reed and Acting Assistant Surgeons James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse Lazear gathered on the porch of the Columbia Barracks Hospital in June of 1900, they became the fourth successive board of U.S. medical officers to grapple with the appalling plague that was yellow fever."," The persistence of this disease across the Cuban archipelago and its periodic re-emergence along the coastlines and great river drainages of the Americas was taking countless thousands of lives. Lack of precise knowledge as to its cause and transmission had augmented yellow fever's extraordinarily high mortality rate and had given rise to quarantine regulations which constituted substantial impediments to efficient regional trade. Endemic in the tropics, yellow fever imposed high humanitarian and economic costs upon the entire region. Specialists regarded Cuba as one of the principal foci of the disease, and the island consequently attracted considerable attention from the medical sciences."," In 1879, one year after a devastating epidemic swept up the Mississippi valley from New Orleans, Tulane University Professor Stanford E. Chaille led the first investigatory commission to Havana, Rio de Janeiro, and the West Indies. The Chaille Commission remained in Havana three months, and its members -- including George Miller Sternberg, who became Surgeon General of the Army, and Juan Guiteras, later Director of Public Health for Havana -- consulted with Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay. They concluded that the causal agent for yellow fever was possibly a living entity in the atmosphere, an assertion which set Finlay on the path to the mosquito theory he developed in 1881."," Louis Pasteur's foundational and highly successful work in modern immunology in 1880 and 1881 gave a renewed impetus to investigations aimed at discovering the \"yellow fever germ.\" Over the middle years of the 1880s several scientists advanced different theories, all readily refuted by bacteriological work Sternberg undertook in Brazil and Mexico in 1887 and again in Havana in 1888 and 1889. In 1897, Italian scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli argued that Bacillus icteroides was the culprit, and the following year a third scientific team sailed to Cuba for additional tests. Eugene Wasdin and Henry D. Geddings appeared to confirm Sanarelli's assertion, though Sternberg, by then Surgeon General, remained skeptical."," Despite Wasdin and Geddings' insistence, the B. icteroides theory garnered significant opposition. In fact, a few months before the third commission's report reached the public, Walter Reed and James Carroll -- Reed's assistant at the Columbian University (later George Washington University) bacteriology laboratories in Washington, D.C. -- published a thorough refutation of the icteroides proposal: the bacteria was not a unique cause of yellow fever, but a variety of the hog cholera bacillus, \"a secondary invader in yellow fever,\" Reed determined, unrelated to its etiology. [1] Dispute continued, however, and when Sternberg organized the fourth investigatory board, he charged Reed and his associates to settle the B. icteroides question once and for all, then to proceed with analysis of other blood cultures and intestinal flora from yellow fever cases."," Reed and Carroll had considerable experience in bacteriological analysis, and, Sternberg reasoned, might well be able to find the specific agent of the disease. Aristides Agramonte, a Cuban scientist who had worked in Reed's lab at the Columbian University in 1898, was also an accomplished bacteriologist; he had identified B. icteroides in tissue samples from cases other than yellow fever, providing further evidence opposed to Sanarelli's thesis. Jesse Lazear, a scientist from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, had joined the Army Medical Corps to study tropical diseases at their point of origin; he received orders for Cuba in February 1900. Lazear impressed Reed with his abilities when the two men became acquainted in March. No doubt with Reed's advice, Sternberg assembled a crack team -- all experienced in scientific research, but each with interests as diverse as their temperaments. The mix of talent and personalities generated spectacular results."," What causes yellow fever? This simple, even obvious question had dictated yellow fever research for over two decades, and so it guided Reed in organizing the work of the commission. Bacillus icteroides and other bacteriological sampling dominated their work for the first months. \"Reed and Carroll have been at that for a long time,\" Lazear wrote with some impatience to his wife on August 23, \". . . I would rather try to find the germ without bothering about Sanarelli.\" [2] Again and again, tests for the bacteria proved negative, and at the same time, perplexing cases of yellow fever were developing in the region. Agramonte and Reed investigated an epidemic at Pinar del Rio, 110 miles southwest of Havana; Lazear followed later to collect more specimens, and he also assessed the situation at Guanjay thirty miles southwest. To \"my very great surprise,\" Reed admitted, the specific circumstances of the appearance and development of these cases gave strong evidence against the widely-accepted notion that the excreta of patients spread the disease. The theory of fomites -- infection from contaminated clothing and bedding -- and indeed even infection from airborne particles seemed altogether untrue. \"At this stage of our investigation,\" Reed concluded, \". . . the time had arrived when the plan of our work should be radically changed.\" [3] The fundamental question underwent a subtle but critical transformation: from what causes yellow fever to what transmits it. A clear and accurate understanding of how the disease was spread would open a new avenue to its specific cause."," \"Personally, I feel that only can experimentation on human beings serve to clear the field for further effective work,\" Reed stated to Surgeon General Sternberg, who concurred. [4] Evidence gathering around them pointed strongly to an intermediate host, and the Commission resolved to test Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory -- then not generally accepted -- on human volunteers. Nine times from August 11 to August 25, 1900, mosquitoes landed on the arms of volunteers and proceeded to feed. Nine times the results were negative. On August 27, Lazear placed a mosquito on the doubting Dr. Carroll, and four days later on William J. Dean, a soldier designated XY in the \"Preliminary Note.\" [5] Both promptly developed yellow fever. Significantly, their mosquitoes had fed on cases within the initial three days of an attack and had been allowed to ripen for at least twelve days before the inoculations. Carroll vitiated the results of his experimental sickness by traveling off the post to Havana, a contaminated zone, even as Reed, ecstatic, wrote from Washington in a confidential letter: \"Did the Mosquito do it?\" [6] Dean's case seemed to prove it, since he claimed not to have left the garrison before becoming ill. Lazear also developed a case of yellow fever, almost certainly experimental in origin, though he never revealed the actual circumstances of his inoculation. His severe bout of fever took a fatal turn on September 25, 1900."," Nevertheless, these results could not have been more dramatic or convincing for the Commission. Reed quickly assembled a \"Preliminary Note,\" which he presented to the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis, Indiana, October 23, 1900. After initial consultations in Cuba with General Leonard Wood, military governor of the island, and with Surgeon General Sternberg in Washington, he returned to Cuba with authorization and funding to design and carry forward a fully defensible series of experiments. His aim was confirmation of the mosquito theory and invalidation of the long-held belief in fomites."," On open terrain beyond the precincts of Columbia Barracks -- the American military base just west of Havana near the adjacent suburban towns of Quemados and Marianao (also called Quemados de Marianao) -- Reed established the quarantined experimental station. Camp Lazear, as the Commission dedicated it, took form in the rolling fields of the Finca San Jose, on the farm of Dr. Ignacio Rojas, who leased the land to the Americans. Here Reed designed two small wood-frame buildings, each 14 by 20 feet, for the experimental work, and nearby raised a group of seven tents for the accommodation and support of the volunteers. The buildings faced each other across a small swale, about 80 yards apart, and stood 75 yards from the tent encampment. Building Number One, called the Infected Clothing Building, was a single room tightly constructed to contain as much foul air as possible. A small stove kept the temperature and humidity at tropical levels, and carefully attached screening secured the pair of doorways in a vestibule against intrusion by mosquitoes. Wooden blinds on two small sealed windows shielded the room from direct sun. Building Number Two, the Infected Mosquito Building, contained a principal room, divided into two sections by a floor-to-ceiling wire mesh screen. A door direct to the exterior let into one section, while a vestibule with a solid exterior door and pair of successive screened doors opened to the other, so configured to keep infected mosquitoes inside that section alone. The spare furnishings in both sections -- cots with bedding -- were steam sterilized. Windows exposed the entire room to the clean, steady ocean breezes and to sunlight. Like the doorways, they were carefully screened. A secondary room attached to the building but not communicating with the experimental spaces sheltered the small, heated laboratory where the Commission members raised and stored the mosquitoes to be used."," These two experimental buildings presented alternate environments -- one conspicuously clean and well ventilated, the other filthy and fetid. Contemporary theories of disease held that yellow fever developed in unclean conditions, and consequently much time and money had been devoted to sanitation projects. Workers steamed clothing, burned sulphur in ships' holds, and thoroughly scrubbed surfaces with disinfectant. In cases of severe epidemic, entire buildings presumed to be infected were set afire along with their contents. Thus the extraordinary -- and intentional -- paradox of the Commission's experimental regime: Reed expected yellow fever to develop not in the unsanitary environment, but in the one thought to be most healthful."," Camp Lazear went into quarantine the day of its completion, November 20, 1900, with a command of four immune and nine non-immune individuals, all save one U.S. Army personnel. Soon a group of recent Spanish immigrants to Cuba augmented the non-immune numbers, bringing the resident total to about twenty. Reed strictly controlled access to the camp and ordered regular temperature recording for each volunteer to eliminate any unanticipated source of infection and to identify the onset of any case of yellow fever as early as possible. As a result, non-immunes were barred from returning should they leave the precinct, and two of the Spaniards who developed intermittent fevers shortly after arrival were immediately transferred with their baggage to Columbia Barracks Hospital. The immune members of the detachment oversaw medical treatments and drove the teams of mules that pulled supply wagons and the ambulance. Experimentation did not begin until each volunteer had passed the incubation period for yellow fever in perfect health."," Reed took as much care with the design of the experimental protocol as he had with the configuration of the camp and its buildings. Each evening, the occupants of the infected clothing building unpacked trunks and boxes of bed linens and blankets, nightshirts and other clothing recently worn and soiled by cases from the wards of Columbia Barracks Hospital and Las Animas Hospital in Havana. These they shook out and spread around the room to permeate the atmosphere. The stench was overpowering. Yellow fever causes severe internal hemorrhaging, and its unfortunate victims often suffer from black vomit and other bloody discharges. One routine delivery proved so putrid the volunteers \"retreated from the house,\" Reed stated. \"They pluckily returned, however, within a short time, and spent the night as usual.\" [7] In two succeeding trials the protocol became progressively more daring , as the volunteers then wore the clothing and slept on the mattresses used by yellow fever patients, and finally put towels on their bedding smeared with blood drawn from cases in the early stages of an attack. Each morning, the volunteers carefully repacked the rank, encrusted materials into boxes and emerged to an adjacent tent where they spent the day quarantined from the rest of the company. Three trials of twenty days each involved seven men altogether, lead by Robert P. Cooke, a physician in the Army Medical Corps. None developed yellow fever."," The Commission's mosquito experiments proceeded in four series. First, Reed sought to demonstrate that mosquitoes of the variety Culex fasciata (later called Stegomyia fasciata , and later still Aedes aegypti ) could in fact transmit yellow fever, as Carlos J. Finlay had argued and the initial experiments at Camp Columbia strongly suggested. Here the Commission members simply applied infected mosquitoes contained in test tubes or jars to the skin of the initial volunteers. Success in these tests raised a number of questions, each one addressed in the subsequent series:","How could a building become infected? When does a mosquito develop the ability to transmit the disease? Over what length of time can a mosquito retain this capacity to infect?","The second series consequently employed the specialized \"Infected Mosquito Building\" to indicate how a structure could be considered infected with yellow fever. This experiment required two groups of volunteers, one to be inoculated and another to serve as controls. \"Loaded\" mosquitoes, as the men called them, were released into the screened section of Building Two -- on the side with the protected vestibule entry. One or more non-immune men then entered the opposite section of the room through the direct exterior door, and lay down on bunks adjacent to the wire mesh screen in the center of the room. Now the young man to be inoculated walked through the vestibule into the mosquito side of the room and proceeded to lie on a bunk adjacent to the wire screen separating him from the controls. The inoculation volunteer remained in the building for about twenty minutes -- enough time to suffer several mosquito bites -- he then exited to a quarantine tent outside. The controls spent the remainder of the evening and night in the uninfected side of the room, and indeed returned to sleep in the room for as many as eighteen more nights. As Reed stated, absence of yellow fever in the controls showed \"that the essential factor in the infection of a building with yellow fever is the presence therein of [infected] mosquitoes,\" and nothing more. [8] The degree of sanitation, so long considered critical, was utterly irrelevant."," The third series of mosquito experiments confirmed what Henry Rose Carter, of the U.S. Public Health Service, called the \"period of extrinsic incubation,\" [9] the length of time required for secondary cases of yellow fever to develop after an initial intrusion of the disease into a locality. In this series, a single volunteer underwent three successive inoculations by the same mosquitoes, each group of inoculations interrupted by a period of time equal in length to the typical incubation period of the disease in humans, about five days. In this manner, the volunteer's illness could be specifically attributed to a single inoculation group. The use of the same mosquitoes and the same volunteer concurrently demonstrated that no peculiar personal immunity was at play, since logic dictates that a person susceptible to yellow fever on day 17 of a mosquito's contamination -- as happened in the experiment -- could not have been immune to yellow fever on day 11 or day 4. It was thus only the mosquito's capacity to infect which changed, and that occurred no less than 11 days after contamination."," The duration of time over which these \"fully ripened\" mosquitoes remained infective comprised the fourth series of experiments. For this series the Commission kept alive a group of infected mosquitoes for as long as possible, and proceeded to inoculate three volunteers -- on the 39th, 51st, and 57th day after contamination. Each developed yellow fever. A fourth volunteer declined to be bitten on day 65, and the last two mosquitoes of the group, \"deprived of further opportunity to feed on human blood\" [10] expired on day 69 and day 71, clear evidence that even a sparsely populated region may retain the potential for new infections more than two months after the first appearance of the disease."," Although it went unrecorded in the published papers, Reed organized a supplemental experiment to test another species of mosquito. Culex pungens failed to transmit yellow fever to at least one volunteer and probably to a second. Reed's preliminary conclusions indicated that Culex fasciata was the only species capable of transmitting yellow fever. [11]"," A last experimental regime involved subcutaneous injections of blood from positive cases of yellow fever to presumed non-immunes. Reed devised these tests to confirm the presence of the yellow fever agent in the blood of a victim during the first days of an attack, and, more importantly, to settle the Bacillus icteroides question. The same blood cultures which produced yellow fever in four volunteers also failed to grow any B. icteroides , conclusively invalidating Sanarelli's claim."," Altogether, the mosquito inoculations and the blood injections produced fourteen cases of yellow fever. All made a full recovery."," Notwithstanding the decisive medical victory -- as Reed declared, \"aside from the antitoxin of Diptheria and Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, it will be regarded as the most important piece of work, scientifically, during the 19th century\" [12] -- success at Camp Lazear unfolded in its own time. Initially, Reed observed, \"the results obtained at this station were not encouraging.\" [13] The first inoculations of four volunteers over a period of two weeks proved disconcertingly negative each time. Then, on December 5, 1900, private John R. Kissinger presented his arm to the mosquitoes, and late in the evening on December 8, suffered the first chills of \"a well-marked attack of yellow fever.\" [14] Three more men in rapid succession fell victim to the insects -- Spanish volunteers Antonio Benigno, Nicanor Fernandez, and Vicente Presedo. The force of the conclusions was evident to everyone:"," \"It can readily be imagined,\" Reed empathetically and wryly described in his first presentation of the experiments, \"that the concurrence of 4 cases of yellow fever in our small command of 12 non-immunes within the space of 1 week, while giving rise to feelings of exultation in the hearts of the experimenters, in view of the vast importance attaching to these results, might inspire quite other sentiments in the bosoms of those who had previously consented to submit themselves to the mosquito's bite. In fact, several of our good-natured Spanish friends who had jokingly compared our mosquitoes to 'the little flies that buzzed harmlessly about their tables,' suddenly appeared to lose all interest in the progress of science, and, forgetting for the moment even their own personal aggrandizement, incontinently severed their connection with Camp Lazear. Personally, while lamenting to some extent their departure, I could not but feel that in placing themselves beyond our control they were exercising the soundest judgment.\""," \"In striking contrast,\" Reed continued, the anxiety of the fomites volunteers began to melt into relief. \"[T]he countenances of these men, which had before borne the serious aspect of those who were bravely facing an unseen foe, suddenly took on the glad expression of 'schoolboys let out for a holiday,' and from this time their contempt for 'fomites' could not find sufficient expression. Thus illustrating once more, gentlemen, the old adage that familiarity, even with fomites, may breed contempt.\" [15]"," The question of human experimentation was indeed a serious one -- unavoidable, in actuality, as Reed had stated the previous summer to Surgeon General Sternberg. When the Commission first considered a trial of Finlay's mosquito theory, Reed, Carroll, and Lazear agreed to experiment on themselves. Agramonte, a native Cuban, had acquired immunity as a child. Doubtless Finlay's experience of many unsuccessful inoculations communicated that positive results would not be forthcoming rapidly, so before the first series of inoculations began under Lazear's direction at Columbia Barracks, Reed left Cuba for Washington, where he completed a monumental report on typhoid fever among the army corps -- left unfinished by the sudden death of co-author Edward O. Shakespeare. Carroll and Lazear both sickened while Reed was in Washington, and Lazear, young and strong, had no reason to anticipate that his case would be fatal. Reed was shocked at Lazear's death, and because of his own age -- 49, a decade and a half older than Lazear and a dozen years older than Carroll -- he resolved not to inoculate himself when he returned to Cuba on October 4, 1900. The point had already been amply demonstrated, and only a rigidly controlled experimental regime would establish the necessary proof. Carroll, however, remained embittered about this for the remainder of his life, though he evidently never communicated his objections directly to Reed."," That initial series of mosquito inoculations was probably accomplished without formal documentation of informed consent. Indeed, the experiments may also have been carried forward without the full knowledge of the commanding officer of Camp Columbia, and Reed consequently shielded the identity of Private William J. Dean, the second positive experimental case, behind the pseudonym \"XY\" in the \"Preliminary Note.\" No such potentially troublesome problems arose for the experimental series at Camp Lazear; Reed obtained prior support from all of the appropriate authorities in the military and the administration, even including the Spanish Consul to Cuba. With the advice of the Commission and others, he drafted what is now one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents. The surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations, and were signed by volunteers Antonio Benigno and Vicente Presedo, and a third with the mark of Nicanor Fernandez, who was illiterate."," The documents take the form of a contract between individual volunteers and the Commission, represented by Reed. At least 25 years old, each volunteer explicitly consented to participate, and balanced the certainty of contracting yellow fever in the general population against the risks of developing an experimental case, followed by expert and timely medical care. The volunteers agreed to remain at Camp Lazear for the duration of the experiments, and as a reward for participation would receive $100 \"in American gold,\" with an additional hundred-dollar supplement for contracting yellow fever. These payments could be assigned to a survivor, and the volunteers agreed to forfeit any remuneration in cases of desertion."," For the American participants no consent documents appear to survive, though in contemporary letters Reed assured his correspondents that the Commission obtained written consent from all the volunteers. The record of expenses for Camp Lazear -- maintained by Reed's friend and colleague in the medical corps, Jefferson Randolph Kean -- indicates that the same schedule of payments for participation and sickness applied to the Americans as well. Volunteers who participated in the fomites tests and in addition the later series of blood injections and the single trial of an alternative species of mosquito also earned $100 each plus the $100 supplement if yellow fever developed. Two Americans declined these gratuities, as Kean termed them, Dr. Robert P. Cooke, of the fomites tests, and John J. Moran, who had recently received an honorable discharge from the service, and was the only American civilian to participate. His was the fourth case of yellow fever to develop from mosquito inoculation. Moran eventually settled in Cuba, where he managed the Havana offices of the Sun Oil Company, and late in life became a close friend of Philip S. Hench. Together the two men rediscovered the site of Camp Lazear in 1940 -- Building Number One still intact -- and successfully lobbied the Cuban government to memorialize there the work of Finlay and the American Commission in the conquest of yellow fever."," Reed informally commemorated his own experiences at Camp Lazear by commissioning a group photograph, evidently taken there shortly before he left Cuba in February 1901. A more important event occurred on the sixth of that month when Reed presented the results of the Camp Lazear yellow fever experiments to a great ovation at the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana. Three days later he set sail for the United States, and once landed, drafted the Congress paper as The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note , published immediately in the Journal of the American Medical Association . [16]"," Though his correspondence intimates a great appreciation for Cuba, Reed never returned to the warm, sunny shores of the island freed of a dreadful plague. Carroll stayed behind at Camp Lazear through February to complete the last experimental series officially bearing the imprimatur of the Yellow Fever Commission, and returned to Washington soon after March first. [17] The Medical Corps retained the lease on Camp Lazear against the possibility of continuing experiments another season, and Carroll, in fact, returned to Havana in August 1901 for a final experimental series, though he did not make use of Camp Lazear. This work involved at least three volunteers at Las Animas Hospital, Havana, who submitted to blood injections. Carroll's assignment aimed at a greater understanding of the yellow fever agent, and he proved that blood drawn from active cases of yellow fever remained virulent even after passing through fine bacteria filters. In addition, by heating contaminated blood which had previously caused cases of yellow fever, Carroll rendered it non-infective -- thereby establishing that this filterable entity, though sub-microscopic, was demonstrably present in the bloodstream. Carroll wrapped up the series in October and returned home to stay. [18] In Cuba, J. Randolph Kean made the last rental payments to Signore Rojas on October 9, 1901, and Camp Lazear, for more than a generation, slipped out of the realm of memory."," Sources:","[1] Walter Reed and James Carroll, Bacillus Icteroides and Bacillus Cholerae Suis -- A Preliminary Note , Medical News (29 April 1899), reprinted in: United States Senate Document No. 822, Yellow Fever, A Compilation of Various Publications (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 55. [2] Letter from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 23 August 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00341001. [3] Walter Reed, \"The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches,\" in United States Senate Document No. 822, Yellow Fever A Compilation of Various Publications (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 94. [4] Letter from Walter Reed to George M. Sternberg, 24 July 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02064001. [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear, The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note , Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association Indianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900. [6] Letter from Walter Reed to James Carroll, 7 September 1900, Edward Hook Additions to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: James Carroll Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 15312004. The originals of these letters remain in a private collection. [7] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note , Journal of the American Medical Association 36 (16 February 1901): 431-440, reprinted in: Senate Document No. 822, p. 84. [8] Walter Reed, The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches , in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99. [9] Henry Rose Carter, A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation , Medical Record 59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937. [10] Walter Reed, The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches , in Senate Document No. 822, p. 101. [11] Culex fasciata was reclassified shortly after the experiments as Stegomyia and later became Aedes aegypti. [12] Letter to from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 9 December 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02231001. [13] Walter Reed, The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches , in Senate Document No. 822, p. 97. [14] Walter Reed, The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches , in Senate Document No. 822, p. 98. [15] Walter Reed, The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches , in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99. [16] Please see note [7]. [17] The Commission reported these concluding experiments in: Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Experimental Yellow Fever , American Medicine II (6 July 1901) 1: 15-23. [18] Walter Reed, James Carroll, The Etiology of Yellow Fever (A Supplemental Note) , American Medicine III (22 February 1902) 8: 301-305.","Walter Reed (September 13, 1851 - November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who led the army's Yellow Fever Commission 1900 and 1901. Experiments conducted by the commission confirmed a theory that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes--a discovery that led to the control and eradication of this disease across much of the globe. Reed would receive much of the credit for the work of the commission because of his role as its leader, and, long after his death in 1902, he would be widely celebrated as a heroic figure in the fields of public health and medical research."," Reed spent his first days in a small house which served as the parsonage for a Methodist congregation in Gloucester County, Virginia, where his father was minister.  Lemuel Sutton Reed and Pharaba White Reed welcomed young Walter into the family on September 13, 1851;  he was the youngest of their five children.  The Reeds moved to other Virginia parishes during Walter's childhood, and just after the close of the Civil War, transferred to the town of Charlottesville.  That move in 1866 placed Walter in the orbit of the University of Virginia, which he entered a year later at age sixteen under the care of his older brother Christopher, also a student at the University.  Reed attended two year-long sessions, the second devoted entirely to the medical curriculum, and he completed an M.D. degree on July 1, 1869, as one of the youngest students to graduate in the history of the medical school."," At that time the School of Medicine at the University offered little opportunity for direct clinical experience, so Reed subsequently enrolled at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in Manhattan, New York.  There he obtained a second M.D. degree in 1870.  Reed interned at a number of hospitals in the New York metropolitan area, including the Infants' Hospital on Randall's Island and the Brooklyn City Hospital.  In 1873, he assumed the position of assistant sanitary officer for the Brooklyn Board of Health.  The large and diverse population of New York, with its many immigrant communities and dense, tenement housing, provided countless medical cases to treat and study;  these served to expose Reed to the vital importance of public health, and developed in him a lifelong interest in the field.  Yet the frenetic life of the great cities began to pall after a few years: \"Here the ever bustling day is crowded into the busy night; nor can we draw the line of separation between the two,\"[1] he wrote to Emilie Lawrence, of Murfreesboro, North Carolina, later to become Mrs. Walter Reed.  Their courtship letters reveal much of his maturing character, interests, and philosophy of life.  Increasing responsibilities with the Board of Health precluded opening a private practice, and Reed's youth proved a barrier in a culture given to offering respect more to the appearance of maturity than to its actual demonstration. Reed consequently resolved to join the Army Medical Corps, both for the professional opportunities it offered immediately and for the modest financial security it could provide to a young man without independent means.  He passed the qualifying examinations in January 1875 and proceeded to his first assignment at the military base on Willet's Point, New York Harbor."," Reed remained in the Medical Corps for the rest of his life, spending many years of the '70s, '80s, and early '90s at difficult postings in the American West.  The first of these -- to the Arizona Territory -- began in the late spring of 1876, and indeed hurried along his wedding to Emilie Lawrence, on April 25, shortly before his departure.  She joined him the following November, and bore two children at frontier posts, a son Walter Lawrence and a daughter Emilie, called Blossom."," Reed's other western assignments included forts in Nebraska, Dakota Territory, and Minnesota, with two eastern interludes at Baltimore, Maryland and another at Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama.  During the second of these tours in Baltimore -- over the 1890-1891 academic year -- Reed completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.  When he returned from his last western appointment in 1893, Reed joined the faculty of the Army Medical School in Washington, D.C., where he held the professorship of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy.  He also became curator of the Army Medical Museum and joined the faculty of the Columbian University in Washington (later the George Washington University).  In addition, Reed maintained close ties with professor William Welch and other leading lights in the scientific community he had come to know at Hopkins a few years earlier."," Beyond his teaching responsibilities for the Army and the Columbian University programs, Reed actively pursued medical research projects.  A bibliography of his publications finds entries from 1892 to the year of his untimely death a decade later, and the subjects he investigated range from erysipelas to cholera, typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever, among others.[2]   In 1896, a research trip to investigate an outbreak of smallpox took him to Key West, and there he developed a close friendship with Jefferson Randolph Kean, a fellow Virginian and colleague in the Medical Corps ten years his junior.  When Reed traveled to Cuba in 1899 to study typhoid in the army encampments of the U.S. forces, Kean was already there, and Kean was still in Cuba when Reed returned as the head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases including yellow fever.  Kean and his first wife Louise were great supporters of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work, and Kean in fact served as quartermaster for the famous series of experiments at Camp Lazear.  After the dramatic and conclusive success of those experiments, Kean actively -- though unsuccessfully -- promoted Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General."," Reed continued to speak and publish on yellow fever after his return from Cuba in 1901, receiving honorary degrees from Harvard and the University of Michigan in recognition of his seminal work.  In November 1902, Reed developed what had been for him recurring gastro-intestinal trouble.  This time, however, his appendix ruptured, and surgery came too late to save him from the peritonitis which developed.  He died on November 23, 1902, almost two years to the day from the opening of Camp Lazear and the stunning experimental victory there.  Kean remained a champion of his deceased friend's role in the conquest of yellow fever.  He organized the Walter Reed Memorial Association, to provide support for Reed's family and to build a suitable memorial, and was instrumental in lobbying the United States Congress to establish the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.  In 1929, Congress mandated the annual publication of the Roll in the Army Register , and struck a series Congressional Gold Medals saluting the Commission members and the young Americans who bravely suffered experimental yellow fever a generation before."," Sources:","[1] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence, 18 July 1874, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 01605001. [2] The bibliography of Reed's scientific papers may be found in: Howard Atwood Kelly, Walter Reed and Yellow Fever (New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1906), pp. 281-283. Kelly's complete biography of Reed is contained on this Web site.","Jesse William Lazear (May 2, 1866 - September 26, 1900) was a physician who was a member of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in 1900. Lazear's death from yellow fever at the outset of the commission's work in Cuba would lead to his elevation as a martyr for medical science in the eyes of many during the twentieth century."," \"I rather think I am on the track of the real germ,\" Jesse W. Lazear wrote his wife from Cuba on September 8, 1900.[1] Seventeen days later, the fulminating case of yellow fever Lazear had contracted just over a week after writing Mabel H. Lazear suddenly ended the young scientist's life. He was 34 years old. Unlike so many other yellow fever fatalities, however, this one would lead to a direct and highly successful assault on the disease itself. Yellow fever's ascendancy, endemic in Cuba, was about to be undermined."," Lazear had reported to Camp Columbia, Cuba in February 1900 for duty as an acting assistant surgeon with the U. S. Army Corps stationed on the island. Here he undertook bacteriological study of tropical diseases, particularly malaria and yellow fever, and in May he was named to the Army board charged with \"pursuing scientific investigations with reference to the infectious diseases prevalent on the island of Cuba.\"[2]"," These orders placed him officially in the company of Walter Reed, James Carroll, and Aristides Agramonte -- the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission -- though Lazear had already met Reed the preceding March on a project to evaluate the efficacy of electrozone, a disinfectant made from seawater collected off the Cuban coast. While Reed was in Cuba that March, Lazear discussed with him the recent discovery of British scientist Sir Ronald Ross concerning the mosquito vector for malaria. At Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he was first a medical resident and later in charge of the clinical laboratory, Lazear had followed Ross's accomplishments with great interest, and pursued field work and experimentation on the Anopheles mosquito with fellow Hopkins scientist William S. Thayer. Lazear was thus the only member of the Commission who had experience with mosquito work, and was consequently the most open to the possible verity of Cuban scientist Carlos Juan Finlay's theory of mosquito transmission for yellow fever."," The record is apparently silent as to when Lazear first visited Finlay. Certainly by late June Lazear was beginning to grow mosquito larvae acquired from Finlay's laboratory, the first specimens brought to him by Henry Rose Carter, of the United States Public Health Service.[3] Not long after arriving in Cuba Lazear met Carter, whose own observations on yellow fever strongly suggested an intermediate host in the spread of the disease. However, Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg, who organized the Yellow Fever Commission, first charged the board members to investigate the relationship of Bacillus icteroides to yellow fever -- proposed by the Italian Scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli as the actual cause of the disease. \"Dr. Reed had been in the old discussion over Sanarelli's bacillus and he still works on that subject,\" Lazear wrote his wife in July, \"I am not all interested in it but want to do work which may lead to the discovery of the real organism.\"[4] Soon he would have the opportunity. The relatively quick failure of the Bacillus icteroides inquiry opened the door to what became the ground-breaking mosquito work, and Lazear was well placed to begin."," The project started in earnest on August 1, 1900. In a small pocket notebook Lazear noted the preparatory work of raising and infecting mosquitoes, and subsequently recorded the series of eleven experimental inoculations made from the 11th to the 31st of August, the last two producing cases of full-blown yellow fever. These two positive cases developed from mosquitoes allowed to ripen over a period of 12 days, and this was Lazear's crucial discovery. The epidemiological pattern was thus entirely consistent with Carter's observations of a delay between the primary and secondary outbreaks of yellow fever in an epidemic, and, in addition, explained why Finlay's experiments had been largely unsuccessful -- he had not waited long enough before inoculating his subjects."," Although Lazear never directly admitted to experimenting on himself, when Reed reviewed Lazear's sketchy notations he evidently found entries strongly suggesting Lazear's case was not accidental, as officially reported. Unfortunately, the little notebook so crucial to the preparation of the Commission's famous initial paper, The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note [5], vanished from Reed's Washington office after his own untimely death in 1902. Still, Lazear's invaluable contribution to the Commission's victory was widely recognized and elicited tributes from many quarters: \"He was a splendid, brave fellow,\" Reed said of his young colleague, \" and I lament his loss more than words can tell; but his death was not in vain- His name will live in the history of those who have benefited humanity.\" [6] \"His death was a sacrifice to scientific research of the highest character,\" stated General Leonard Wood, military Governor of Cuba.[7] \"Your husband was a martyr in the noblest of causes,\" Dr. L. O. Howard wrote to Mabel Lazear, \"and I am proud to have known him. . . . His work contributed towards one of the greatest discoveries of the century, the results of which will be of invaluable benefit to mankind.\"[8] And so they were. Though Lazear's one-year-old son and newborn daughter never knew their father, they grew up in a world liberated -- almost in its entirety -- from the disease that killed him."," [1] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 8 September 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00344001."," Sources:","[2] Military Orders for Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse W. Lazear, 24 May 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number 02019001. [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1. [4] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 15 July 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00334001. [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear, The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note, Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association Indianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900. [6] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 6 October 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02135001. [7] Letter from Leonard Wood to the Adjutant-General, United States Army, November 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00375002. [8] Letter from Leland Ossian Howard to Mabel Houston Lazear, 7 February 1901, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00388001.","Henry Rose Carter (August 25, 1852 - September 14, 1925) was a prominent physician in the U.S. Public Health Service who was a leading authority in the transmission and control of tropical diseases, particularly yellow fever and malaria. During his long career as a sanitarian, Carter undertook campaigns to investigate and control the spread of tropical diseases in Cuba, the Panama Canal Zone, the Southeastern United States, and Peru."," Like Walter Reed and Jefferson Randolph Kean, Henry Rose Carter was a native Virginian and a graduate of the University of Virginia. Carter obtained a civil engineering degree from Virginia in 1873 and also undertook post-graduate work in mathematics and applied chemistry the next year. Subsequently, however, Carter's interests turned towards medicine, and he completed a medical degree at the University of Maryland in 1879. The same year Assistant Surgeon Carter joined the Marine Hospital Service -- later the United States Public Health Service -- and the young surgeon rose steadily through the ranks, ultimately attaining the position of Assistant Surgeon General in 1915."," Carter's initial assignments with the Hospital Service placed him at the center of the yellow fever maelstrom. In 1879 he was detailed to Memphis and other Southern cities, then in the throes of a second year of devastating epidemics. Here began, as his colleague T. H. D. Griffitts observed, Carter's \"lifelong interest in the epidemiology and control of yellow fever.\"[1] After several years of clinical practice in various Marine hospitals, Carter resumed a direct confrontation with yellow fever when his orders for duty with the Gulf Coast Maritime Quarantine assigned him to Ship Island, Mississippi, in 1888. Here and at subsequent quarantine station postings around the Gulf, he quietly championed a thorough review and rationalization of quarantine policies, with a view toward establishing uniform regulation, more thorough disinfection of vessels, and minimized interference with naval commerce. Crucial to the success of these activities was Carter's attention to the incubation period of yellow fever, which his on-site observations indicated to vary between 5 and 7 days. At the time the official literature stated with far less precision a variance of between 1 and 14 days; Carter's work consequently greatly increased the efficiency and effectiveness of quarantine operations."," Nevertheless, yellow fever continued to menace the temperate coastline of the United States, and Carter ably directed the Health Service's epidemiological control efforts in numerous threatened regions. In conjunction with this sanitary work for the 1898 season, Carter made detailed notes on the development of yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi. The isolation of these communities enabled him to identify more reliably the phenomenon of a delay between the initial cases of yellow fever in a locality and the subsequent appearance of secondary infection -- a delay two to four times longer than the incubation period of the disease in an infected person. Carter called this interval between the primary and secondary cases \"the period of extrinsic incubation,\" and he defined its \"usual limits . . . [as ranging] from ten to seventeen days.\"[2]"," Before he was able to publish his conclusions, Carter took the helm of the quarantine service in war-time Cuba. There, in 1900, he met U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission member Jesse Lazear. Carter had finally arranged for his paper's publication that year in the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal , and gave a draft to Lazear. \"If these dates are correct,\" Carter later recalled Lazear saying, \"it spells a living host.\"[3] The theory of mosquito transmission long advanced by Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay began to seem more likely. And indeed it was. The Commission's experiments in 1900-1901 irrefutably proved the mosquito vector and established the extrinsic incubation period at twelve days. Shortly after these successes Reed saluted Carter, \"I know of no one more competent to pass judgment on all that pertains to the subject of yellow fever. You must not forget that your own work in Mississippi did more to impress me with the importance of an intermediate host than everything else put to-gether.\"[4]"," Carter's long and distinguished sanitary career took him to the Panama Canal Zone in 1904, where he served as Chief Quarantine Officer and Chief of Hospitals for five years. He undertook detailed investigations and control measures of malaria in North Carolina and elsewhere in the South, and became a founder of the National Malaria Committee. With the support of the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board, he undertook additional investigation and control measures for yellow fever in Central and South America. His expertise recommended him to the Peruvian government, which named Carter Sanitary Advisor in 1920-1921. Health problems at the end of his life compelled Carter to withdraw from active fieldwork, though he remained a highly valued consultant to the Health Board and a much-beloved and respected teacher for a new generation of sanitarians. Carter closed his career researching and writing the manuscript that his daughter Laura Armistead Carter edited and published posthumously in 1931: Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin. [5]"," Sources:","[1] T. H. D. Griffitts, Henry Rose Carter: The Scientist and the Man , Southern Medical Journal 32 (August 1939) 8: 842. [2] Henry Rose Carter, A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation , Medical Record 59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937. [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1. [4] Letter from Walter Reed to Henry Rose Carter, 26 February 1901, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 02447001. [5] Carter, Henry Rose. Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin. Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1931.","Jefferson Randolph Kean (June 27, 1860 - September 4, 1950) was a U.S. Army physician who was a leading authority in sanitation, public health, and tropical diseases. Later in his career, Kean would become widely recognized for his role in organizing and administering medical services for the U.S. armed forces during World War I."," \"He possessed one of the keenest, most scholarly minds I've ever encountered,\" recalled Nobel Prize winner Philip S. Hench of Jefferson Randolph Kean. [1] Kean and Hench shared an abiding interest in the work of the United States Army Yellow Fever Commission -- Kean, as a contemporary and supporter, and Hench, as a scholar and scientist intent on accurate historical documentation. On the advice of yellow fever experiment volunteer John J. Moran, Hench first wrote Kean in 1939. From that initial contact developed a close friendship which would last for the remainder of their lives. Kean entrusted Hench not only with numerous period documents, including original letters, accounts, fever charts, and other items, but also with the freely-given counsel and insight of a trusted friend."," Like Walter Reed and Henry Rose Carter before him, Jefferson Randolph Kean was an alumnus of the University of Virginia, completing the medical program there in 1883. Kean joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1884, and after forty years in the service, retired with the rank of Colonel. Congress awarded him a promotion to Brigadier General, retired, in 1930. The early years of Kean's career passed in medical postings in the American West, and no doubt offered him experiences similar to those of Walter Reed, whom he met not on the frontier, but in Florida in 1896. Kean became an expert in tropical diseases and sanitation during his five-year assignment in the Florida tropics, an expertise which served him well over two terms of service later in Cuba. During the Spanish-American War and subsequent U. S. occupation of Cuba, Kean was Chief Surgeon for the Department of Havana, then Superintendent of the Department of Charities -- from 1898 to 1902. After a four-year interlude as an assistant to the Surgeon General in Washington, D.C., Kean again returned to Cuba as an advisor to the Department of Sanitation from 1906-1909."," Kean himself stated: \"Reed and I were good friends before the Yellow Fever Board came to Cuba in June 1900, and [Reed] located himself at Marianao, 8 miles S. W. of Havana,\" to be within the medical and administrative jurisdiction overseen by Kean. [2] The Chief Surgeon did indeed offer significant assistance, and was an early convert to Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory of transmission, which the Yellow Fever Board's experiments ultimately proved true in the late autumn and winter of 1900-1901. As early as October 13, 1900 -- after the Board's preliminary work, but before the final convincing demonstrations -- Kean issued \"Circular No. 8,\" concerning the latest scholarship on the mosquito vector for disease. [3] The circular contained a set of instructions for the entire command on mosquito eradication. Kean subsequently served as quartermaster and financial administrator for the famous series of yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear and, for the rest of his life, Kean remained a strong proponent of the Commission's conclusions. He worked tirelessly not only to apply them in the field, but also to accord proper public recognition to the Commission's work."," In addition to his career as a sanitarian, Kean organized the department of military relief of the American Red Cross, and during World War One served as Chief of the U. S. Ambulance Service with the French Army and Deputy Chief Surgeon of the American forces. France named him an Officier de la Légion d'Honneur in recognition for these services. Cuban authorities as well offered Kean recognition with the grand cross of the Order of Merit Carlos J. Finlay, and he received both a Distinguished Service Medal from the United States government and the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons. For a decade after his retirement from active duty, Kean edited this last organization's medical journal, The Military Surgeon , and served on the Surgeon General's editorial board for the multi-volume history of the medical department in World War One. A great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson, Kean also took a seat with the government commission established to build the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. He held charter membership in the Walter Reed Memorial Association, and remained active in its affairs until his death in 1950."," Sources:","[1] Telegram from Philip Showalter Hench and Mary Hench to Cornelia Knox Kean, September 5, 1950, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 06501173. [2] Letter from Jefferson Randolph Kean to Philip Showalter Hench, October 31, 1939, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 06282022. [3] Military Orders to Commanding Officers, October 15, 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02140001.","Philip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 - March 30, 1965) was a U.S. physician who in 1950 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his role in the discovery of the hormone cortisone. In addition to his medical research, Hench spent almost three decades of his life studying the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and became a leading authority in the subject."," Philip Showalter Hench was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Jacob Bixler Hench and Clara Showalter. After attending local schools, Hench entered Lafayette College and graduated from the school 1916 with a Bachelor of Arts. Hench completed his medical degree at the University of Pittsburgh in 1920, and subsequently entered a residency program at St. Francis Hospital, Pittsburgh. His association with the Mayo Clinic began in 1921 as a fellow at the institution. Two years later he would become an assistant at the clinic, and then, in 1926, he would be made the head of its Department of Rheumatic Diseases After pursuing post-graduate study in Germany in 1928-1929, Hench obtained a Masters of Science in Internal Medicine at the University of Minnesota in 1931, and a Doctor of Science degree from Lafayette College in 1940. Hench remained for the duration of his career at the Mayo Clinic, where his life-long passion for meticulous research and analysis brought him the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1950, which he shared with Edward C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein, for the discovery of cortisone."," The same persistence and determination present in his professional life is also evident in Hench's research on the U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's famous experiments. \"As a physician particularly interested in medical history,\" he stated to experiment volunteer John J. Moran in 1937, \"I have been long interested in the story of the yellow fever work in John J. Moran, Ralph C. Hutchison, Havana.\" [1] So began a remarkable odyssey. At the request of his friend Ralph Cooper Hutchison, then president of Washington and Jefferson College, Hench had written Moran to gather information for the dedication of the College's new chemistry building, named for Commission member and former Washington and Jefferson student Jesse W. Lazear. Hench also began a correspondence with another of the yellow fever experiment's original volunteers, John R. Kissinger. Moran's and Kissinger's recollections proved so intriguing that Hench initially offered to edit and publish them. However, in the course of his research Hench discovered that much general information on the topic was inaccurate. Conflicting assertions concerning the participants and unverified claims by medical and governmental authorities in the United States and Cuba -- often politically motivated -- clouded interpretation of the facts. \"May I suggest,\" Moran consequently urged in 1938, \"that a clearing up of the REED-FINLAY-CONQUEST-OF-YELLOW-FEVER, or an effort to do so, on your part, is a task far more pressing than publishing the Kissinger-Moran stories or memoirs.\" [2] Hench resolved to document every aspect of the \"Conquest of Yellow-Fever\" and to write a much needed accurate and comprehensive history."," For the next two decades, Hench tirelessly combed through public archive collections and personal papers in the United States and Cuba. He met and interviewed surviving participants of the experiments and others associated with the project, as well as family members of the Yellow Fever Commission. He sought out physicians and scientists who had worked with the principal players or who had applied the results in the campaign to eradicate yellow fever. He identified and photographed sites associated with the yellow fever story, and he successfully petitioned politicians in the United States and Cuba to commemorate the work. In the process, Hench became the trusted friend and advisor of many of these same individuals, and they, in turn, presented him with much of the surviving original material for safekeeping."," In short, Hench came to be the world's expert on the yellow fever story and the steward of thousands of original letters and documents. His premature death at age 69 found him still hoping to uncover important missing evidence, his book unwritten. Hench's widow Mary Kahler Hench gave his yellow fever collection to the University of Virginia, Walter Reed's alma mater, and this extensive personal archive forms the most detailed and accurate record available on the Conquest of Yellow Fever."," Sources:","[1] Letter from Philip S. Hench to John J. Moran, 6 July 1937, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 03419001. [2] Letter from John J. Moran to Philip S. Hench, 30 October 1938, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 03476001."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials from the following series were initially deposited at the University of Virginia's Alderman Library. In 1982, they were moved to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library under the terms of a gift agreement that required the transferral of Mary K. Hench's donation to the library when adequate storage space for the collection could be found there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries I. Jesse W. Lazear\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries II. Henry Rose Carter\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries III. Walter Reed\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries IV. Philip Showalter Hench\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries V. Maps\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries VI. Alphabetical files\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries VIII. Miscellany\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries IX. Photographs\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries X. Negatives\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries XI. Reprints\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries XIII. Reed family additions\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries XV. Laura Wood\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterials from Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center (HAM/TMC) were initially deposited in the HAM/TMC and were a part of the Philip S. Hench papers. In 1991, the materials were transferred from HAM/TMC to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library after both repositories agreed that it would be more appropriate to include them in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Materials from Series XVI. Edward Hook additions were transferred from the Papers of Dr. Edward Watson Hook, Jr. to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection around the late 1990s and early 2000s.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Materials from the following series were initially deposited at the University of Virginia's Alderman Library. In 1982, they were moved to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library under the terms of a gift agreement that required the transferral of Mary K. Hench's donation to the library when adequate storage space for the collection could be found there.","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear Series II. Henry Rose Carter Series III. Walter Reed Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench Series V. Maps Series VI. Alphabetical files Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench Series VIII. Miscellany Series IX. Photographs Series X. Negatives Series XI. Reprints Series XIII. Reed family additions Series XV. Laura Wood","Materials from Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center (HAM/TMC) were initially deposited in the HAM/TMC and were a part of the Philip S. Hench papers. In 1991, the materials were transferred from HAM/TMC to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library after both repositories agreed that it would be more appropriate to include them in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection."," Materials from Series XVI. Edward Hook additions were transferred from the Papers of Dr. Edward Watson Hook, Jr. to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection around the late 1990s and early 2000s."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003clist type=\"deflist\"\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eProcessed by:\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eHistorical Collections Staff\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Processed by: Historical Collections Staff"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhilip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, 1800-1998, MS-1, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Historical Collections and Services, University of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, 1800-1998, MS-1, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Historical Collections and Services, University of Virginia"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMary K. Hench's donation arrived in Charlottesville in a number of large crates which were packed much as the collection had been found in Philip Showalter Hench's home in Rochester, Minnesota. Some confusion about Dr. Hench's filing order had been created while the collection was packed for shipping, and thus the Manuscripts Department of the University of Virginia Library found it necessary to perform some sorting and arrangement to make the collection more accessible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Around 1968, William Bennett Bean was hired by the University of Virginia as a visiting scholar in residence to begin work on a new biography of Walter Reed. Dr. Bean found that the order of the collection was not such that he could readily use it for biographical purposes. He employed a former assistant in the Manuscripts Department, sought and received permission to refile the collection, and had his assistant perform this task. The refiling of the collection had been finished by the fall of 1969, but Bean and his assistant had no time to prepare a finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In the fall of 1969 Donna L. Purvis of the Manuscripts Department staff began writing the first edition of the collection's finding aid. During this project, Mrs. Purvis found some problems with Dr. Bean's description and arrangement of the collection and felt that it was necessary to reprocess parts of it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Around 1990 staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions to the collection donated by Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Between 1999 and 2004, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library digitized a significant portion of the collection and made the digitized files available to users in an online exhibit. During this project, over 8,000 items from the collection were scanned, transcribed, and described at the item level. Metadata for the digitized items was recorded in XML files using the TEI 2 standard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In 2001, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions that had been made to the collection since 1982, excepting the materials donated by P. Kahler Hench. Staff members also processed significant portions of Mary K. Hench's original donation that had not been described in the first edition of the collection finding aid. This work led to the development of a second edition finding aid that was coded in EAD and ingested into the Virginia Heritage database. This finding aid contained both new metadata and metadata that had been migrated from a Microsoft Access file.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In the 2000s the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed the materials in Series XV. Edward Hook additions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In 2009, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed Box 154 of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In 2013, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library produced a third edition of the finding aid using EAD that merged collection description from four sources (the first edition finding aid, the second edition finding aid, the online exhibit, and the physical collection). When possible, metadata from the existing online exhibit's TEI files and metadata from the second edition finding aid were transformed with XSL and included in the EAD file. However, staff members sometimes found it necessary to create new metadata for the collection. The new finding aid was structured in such a way to facilitate the migration of the collection's digital files and metadata into the University of Virginia's digital repository and make it available to users via the library's online catalog.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing History"],"processinfo_tesim":["Mary K. Hench's donation arrived in Charlottesville in a number of large crates which were packed much as the collection had been found in Philip Showalter Hench's home in Rochester, Minnesota. Some confusion about Dr. Hench's filing order had been created while the collection was packed for shipping, and thus the Manuscripts Department of the University of Virginia Library found it necessary to perform some sorting and arrangement to make the collection more accessible."," Around 1968, William Bennett Bean was hired by the University of Virginia as a visiting scholar in residence to begin work on a new biography of Walter Reed. Dr. Bean found that the order of the collection was not such that he could readily use it for biographical purposes. He employed a former assistant in the Manuscripts Department, sought and received permission to refile the collection, and had his assistant perform this task. The refiling of the collection had been finished by the fall of 1969, but Bean and his assistant had no time to prepare a finding aid."," In the fall of 1969 Donna L. Purvis of the Manuscripts Department staff began writing the first edition of the collection's finding aid. During this project, Mrs. Purvis found some problems with Dr. Bean's description and arrangement of the collection and felt that it was necessary to reprocess parts of it."," Around 1990 staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions to the collection donated by Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench."," Between 1999 and 2004, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library digitized a significant portion of the collection and made the digitized files available to users in an online exhibit. During this project, over 8,000 items from the collection were scanned, transcribed, and described at the item level. Metadata for the digitized items was recorded in XML files using the TEI 2 standard."," In 2001, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions that had been made to the collection since 1982, excepting the materials donated by P. Kahler Hench. Staff members also processed significant portions of Mary K. Hench's original donation that had not been described in the first edition of the collection finding aid. This work led to the development of a second edition finding aid that was coded in EAD and ingested into the Virginia Heritage database. This finding aid contained both new metadata and metadata that had been migrated from a Microsoft Access file."," In the 2000s the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed the materials in Series XV. Edward Hook additions."," In 2009, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed Box 154 of the collection."," In 2013, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library produced a third edition of the finding aid using EAD that merged collection description from four sources (the first edition finding aid, the second edition finding aid, the online exhibit, and the physical collection). When possible, metadata from the existing online exhibit's TEI files and metadata from the second edition finding aid were transformed with XSL and included in the EAD file. However, staff members sometimes found it necessary to create new metadata for the collection. The new finding aid was structured in such a way to facilitate the migration of the collection's digital files and metadata into the University of Virginia's digital repository and make it available to users via the library's online catalog."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audio cassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). All of these materials are arranged in 16 series: I. Jesse W. Lazear, II. Henry Rose Carter, III. Walter Reed, IV. Philip Showalter Hench, V. Maps, VI. Alphabetical files, VII. Truby-Kean-Hench, VIII. Miscellany, IX. Photographs, X. Photographic negatives, XI. Reprints, XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, XIII. Reed family additions, XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions, XV. Laura Wood, and XVI. Edward Hook additions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e In addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents);\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003egenealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003elegal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds);\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emilitary records relating to Jesse;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecertificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eobituaries;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper articles;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. Henry Rose Carter consists of materials relating to Henry Rose Carter that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1880 to 1932 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1883 to 1932. The series is particularly rich in materials that document Henry Rose Carter's professional activities in the last eleven years of his life (1914-1925). These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence with colleagues in the medical and scientific community including Rupert E. Blue, Hideyo Noguchi, Henry Hanson, Joseph A. LePrince, Frederick F. Russell, T.H.D. Griffitts, and Lunsford D. Fricks;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escientific, medical, and government reports relating to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria in North America, South America, and Africa;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ejournal articles concerning the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eresearch notes written by Henry Rose Carter;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand photographs of Henry Rose Carter at work and with professional colleagues.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. also contains correspondence between Henry Rose Carter and members of his family that date from 1880 to 1925. The family members with whom Henry corresponds most frequently in this series are his mother, Emma Coleman Carter; his wife, Laura Eugenia Hook Carter; his daughter, Laura Armistead Carter; and his son, Henry Rose Carter, Jr. These letters are not only a rich source of information about Carter's personal views and family life, they also provide valuable insights into his professional activities such as his experiences aboard vessels and in ports while working for the U.S. Marine Hospital Service and his public health work in Cuba, Panama, and Peru.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e In addition to the materials that were produced during Henry Rose Carter's lifetime, the Series II. contains materials that were produced between 1925 and 1940 (after Henry Rose Carter's death) including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of obituaries for Henry Rose Carter;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003econdolence letters for Henry Rose Carter's family after Henry's death;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand the correspondence of Laura Armistead Carter relating to her father and other members of the Carter family.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III. Walter Reed consists of materials that document the life of Walter Reed as well as the work and legacy of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in the series date from 1806 to around 1955 with the bulk of the items dating from 1874 to 1936. The series is particularly rich in materials that document the professional and personal life of Walter Reed from 1874 to his death in 1902. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Walter Reed and members of his immediate family that cover a wide range of topics including Reed's courtship of Emilie Lawrence Reed, family life, Walter Reed's work in the Western United States, and Walter Reed's work in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emilitary records relating to Walter Reed including military orders for Reed, Reed's performance reviews, and reports of Reed's work for army officials;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eWalter Reed's correspondence with professional colleagues including members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, military doctors, and medical researchers interested in the study of yellow fever;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emedical records (e.g. fever charts of experiment participants), military orders, administrative records, reports, and publications documenting the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003earticles announcing the death of Walter Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand the shoulder boards from Walter Reed's U.S. Army uniform.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the above items, Series III. contains materials that document campaigns, spanning from 1902 to 1937, to publicly honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003earticles and editorials relating to efforts to memorialize and provide pensions for members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ebiographical sketches of members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003erecords relating to the Walter Reed Memorial Association (e.g. correspondence, donor lists);\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of Congressional bills and resolutions to honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand letters, reviews, and other materials relating to the production of Sidney Coe Howard's play,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Jack\u003c/title\u003e.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFinally, Series III. also consists of materials that document the history of yellow fever during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eitems (e.g. correspondence, reports, reviews, and articles) relating to U.S. efforts to eradicate yellow fever in the Panama Canal Zone;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ematerials (e.g. correspondence, reports, and articles) documenting early twentieth century efforts to eradicate yellow fever in Peru;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escientific reports and publications related to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand newspaper articles describing various outbreaks of yellow fever epidemics.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV. Philip Showalter Hench primarily consists of materials that Hench created or collected while researching the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in this series date from around 1850 to around 1865 with the bulk of the items dating from 1937 to 1960. Researchers who are studying the yellow fever experiments will be particularly interested in the materials (e.g. interviews, autobiographies) that document first-hand accounts of the events surrounding the experiments. Other researchers may be interested in items that document Hench's role in shaping public memory of the commission and its experiments. The materials in this series include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHench's correspondence and interviews with participants in the yellow fever experiments and their families including: Emilie Lawrence Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom) Reed, Walter Lawrence Reed, John J. Moran, Albert E. Truby, Jefferson Randolph Kean, John H. Andrus, and John R. Kissinger;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eautobiographical accounts of the experiment's participants and their families;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enotes, reports, correspondence and other materials relating to Hench's search for the original site of Camp Lazear in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence with Cuban government officials and members of the scientific community relating to Hench's campaign to build a Camp Lazear memorial;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence and other materials relating to ceremonies honoring Jesse W. Lazear at Washington and Jefferson College;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper articles, magazine articles, and other printed matter concerning the yellow fever experiments and its participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003edrafts of speeches and presentations Hench gave on the history of the yellow fever experiments to various audiences;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emeeting minutes and other materials that document Hench's relationship with and participation in the Walter Reed Memorial Association;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escripts for radio programs relating to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enotes, outlines, lists, correspondence, and other materials that document Hench's research about the yellow fever experiments and a book he had planned to write on the subject;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand the gold medal that Congress posthumously awarded to Walter Reed for his work with yellow fever.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries V. Maps primarily consists of maps and floor plans that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1899 to 1951. The maps and floor plans often include annotations and illustrate a wide range of locations including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHavana and its environs;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eCuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003esites associated with the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand military installations in the United States.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the maps and floor plans, Series V. also consists of a few newspaper and magazine clippings that contain information relating to the yellow fever experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series VI. Alphabetical files primarily consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1860 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from 1940 to 1956. All of these items have been arranged thematically into biographical files. Each file contains materials created by or relating to people who were either involved with the yellow fever experiments or aided Philip Showalter Hench in his research of the subject. These people include, but are not limited to: John J. Moran, Carlos E. Finlay, Laura Wood Roper, Mabel Lazear, Clara Maas, John R. Kissinger, Roger Post Ames, James C. Carroll, and Carlos J. Finlay. The files are arranged alphabetically by the last names of the individuals listed on the files and it is unclear whether the overall arrangement was made by Hench or by staff members at the University of Virginia. The biographical files contain a wide range of different materials that pertain to the individuals listed on the files. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the individuals;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eother correspondence;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper and magazine clippings;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eunpublished manuscripts;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ebiographical and autobiographical accounts;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003etranscripts of oral history interviews that were conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand copies of medical charts for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments that shows the progression of the disease.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the materials that Hench created or collected during his lifetime, the biographical files in Series VI. also contain items that were added by staff at the University of Virginia Library during the late 1960s and early 1970s.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench primarily consists of materials relating to Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1879 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1900 to 1954. These items include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of Jefferson Randolph Kean dating from 1900 to 1950 that relates to his personal life, the yellow fever experiments, public health initiatives, his publications, the legacy of the yellow fever experiments, Kean's work in World War I, and other topics;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePhilip Showalter Hench's correspondence with people related to the yellow fever experiments, particularly Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean primarily from between 1940 and 1955;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea scrapbook and other materials that relate to Truby's book,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMemoir of Walter Reed: the Yellow Fever Episode\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand Philip Showalter Hench's interviews and questionnaires for Kean and Truby from the 1940s.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the materials relating to Kean and Truby, Series VII. also includes the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enotes from Philip Showalter Hench's research of the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe recollections, autobiographies, and reports of other people involved with the yellow fever experiments including John Andrus and A.S. Pinto;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003earticles and clippings related to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea short biography of Lemuel S. Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand a sketch Philip Showalter Hench made of a proposed museum at the Camp Lazear site.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Miscellany consists of oversize and miscellaneous materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection that were, for various reasons, not included in any of the other series in the collection. Items in this series date from around 1849 to 1982 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1885 to 1974. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003einformed consent agreements for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ediplomas and certificates for Walter Reed and Jesse W. Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies and sketches of Dean Cornwell's painting,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConquerors of Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eartifacts, including a wooden board from Camp Lazear and a U.S. flag;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of correspondence, reports, medical records, and military orders from the U.S. National Archives relating to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emanuscripts and related notes for published works and research relating to Walter Reed and the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of Philip Showalter Hench from circa 1940 to 1966;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003earticles and clippings relating to the yellow fever experiments, the experiments' participants, and the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of Atcheson Laughlin Hench and members of the University of Virginia community relating to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eitems that document the provenance and custodial history of some materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotographs relating to Cuba and the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enotes for photographs and photographic negatives housed in Series IX. and Series X. of this collection.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IX. Photographs consists primarily of photographs that Philip Showalter Hench created and collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from around 1870 to around 1960. The subjects shown in the photographs include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephysicians, military personnel, nurses, and volunteers associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Jefferson Randolph Kean, and Aristides Agramonte;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003efamily members of people associated with the yellow fever experiments including their spouses, children, and grandchildren.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eCamp Lazear, Camp Columbia, and other locations in Cuba related to the yellow fever experiments between 1900 and 1960;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe U.S.S.\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eMaine\u003c/emph\u003eand the Spanish-American War;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eaerial views of Havana, Cuba and its environs from the 1940s and 1950s;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escenes of daily life in Cuba generally from between 1898 and 1960;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe 1952 dedication of the Camp Lazear National Monument in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe creation and unveiling of Dean Cornwell's painting,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConquerors of Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003estill scenes from the movies,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Jack\u003c/title\u003eand\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJezebel\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eother events and works of art commemorating the work of the participants in the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003edocuments and maps that Philip Showalter Hench copied for his research;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand Philip Showalter Hench and his family.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IX. also includes a watercolor that was painted by Emilie Lawrence Reed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series X. Photographic negatives consists of a mix of original and copy negatives that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Although the original images recorded on the negatives date from between the 1860s and the 1960s, it appears that the negatives themselves were produced during a narrower time frame, most likely between 1930 and 1966.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The negatives in Series X. record images associated with the yellow fever experiments and many of them are related to photographic prints found in Series VIII. Where a match between a negative and a print from these series has been made, the negative number has been written on the folder of the print in the physical collection. Finally, the negatives are generally arranged in numerical order by identification numbers that were most likely assigned by Philip Showalter Hench.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series XI. Reprints consists of reprints and photocopies of journal articles, book extracts, book reviews and other published works that were primarily collected by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from 1856 to 1971 and cover a wide range of topics related to the study and eradication of yellow fever, including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ebiographical accounts of various people who had an association with the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe research of people associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Aristides Agramonte, and James Carroll;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escientific and medical research related to yellow fever and malaria;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand events honoring the work of those involved with the yellow fever experiments.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1901 to around 1966. These materials were originally a part of the Philip S. Hench papers in the John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center at the Texas Medical Center Library, but they were transferred to the University of Virginia in 1991. These items include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and people connected with the yellow fever experiments including John J. Moran and Walter Reed's children;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper clippings relating to the death or commemoration of individuals associated with the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotographs of the Camp Lazear Memorial, everyday scenes in Cuba, and John J. Moran;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand journal articles, booklets, and other printed matter relating to the yellow fever experiments and its participants.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIII. Reed family additions consists of materials relating to the yellow fever experiments that several different donors gave to the University of Virginia. Items in the series date from around 1850 to 1967 with the bulk of the items dating from 1868 to 1949. The largest portion of the series is comprised of correspondence written by Walter Reed and his family between 1877 and 1902 that provide insights into their relationships and personal lives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e In addition to the Reed family's correspondence, the series also contains other materials relating to the Reed family and the yellow fever experiments including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea flag that was flown over Camp Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper clippings and articles relating to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea chemistry notebook that was owned by Walter Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of and works by Philip Showalter Hench;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ean inventory of materials in Series XIII. and information about their accession into the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand materials from an exhibit on the yellow fever experiments that was hosted in Alderman Library at the University of Virginia.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions consists of original and photocopied materials that Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, donated to the University of Virginia in 1988 and 1989. Items in the series date from around 1860 to 1965 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1898 to 1965. Most of these items were collected or created by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. These items include the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe correspondence of experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and families of the experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003epress clippings relating to the experiments and the experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eoral history interviews conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escientific articles related to the study of yellow fever;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotographs of Havana, Camp Columbia, and Camp Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003egenealogical tables and summaries for the family of Jesse W. Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eautobiographical accounts written by experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eunpublished manuscripts;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eartifacts (e.g. a wooden board) from Camp Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePhilip Showalter Hench's research notes.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIV. also contains correspondence and financial records that record the transfer of collection items from the Reed family to Philip Showalter Hench and later from the Hench family to the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series XV. Laura Wood primarily consists of Laura Wood's correspondence relating to her research for a Walter Reed biography that she wrote. The series also includes, but is not limited to the following materials:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotocopies of two letters written by Walter Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea journal article by George Sternberg;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand a short work that Laura Wood wrote about Walter Reed entitled,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eWalter Reed and yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItems in Series XV. date from 1875 to 1946 with the bulk of the items dating from 1941 to 1946.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series XVI. Edward Hook additions consists of copies of letters, articles, and photographs relating to the yellow fever experiments that had been collected by Edward W. Hook, Jr, a professor of medicine at the University of Virginia. The bulk of this series is comprised of copies of a small collection of James Carroll's correspondence. The original versions of Carroll's correspondence are not housed at the University of Virginia. In addition to the Carroll letters, this series also includes, but is not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotographs of Walter Reed and others related to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of some of Theodore E. Woodward's works relating to James Carroll and yellow fever;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand exhibition materials.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItems in Series XVI. date from around 1880 to around 1998 with the bulk of the items dating from 1898 to 1901.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audio cassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). All of these materials are arranged in 16 series: I. Jesse W. Lazear, II. Henry Rose Carter, III. Walter Reed, IV. Philip Showalter Hench, V. Maps, VI. Alphabetical files, VII. Truby-Kean-Hench, VIII. Miscellany, IX. Photographs, X. Photographic negatives, XI. Reprints, XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, XIII. Reed family additions, XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions, XV. Laura Wood, and XVI. Edward Hook additions."," Series I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family."," In addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:","the diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe; correspondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents); genealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family; legal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds); military records relating to Jesse; certificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements; obituaries; copies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear; newspaper articles; a microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse; and a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse.","Series II. Henry Rose Carter consists of materials relating to Henry Rose Carter that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1880 to 1932 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1883 to 1932. The series is particularly rich in materials that document Henry Rose Carter's professional activities in the last eleven years of his life (1914-1925). These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence with colleagues in the medical and scientific community including Rupert E. Blue, Hideyo Noguchi, Henry Hanson, Joseph A. LePrince, Frederick F. Russell, T.H.D. Griffitts, and Lunsford D. Fricks; scientific, medical, and government reports relating to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria in North America, South America, and Africa; journal articles concerning the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria; research notes written by Henry Rose Carter; and photographs of Henry Rose Carter at work and with professional colleagues.","Series II. also contains correspondence between Henry Rose Carter and members of his family that date from 1880 to 1925. The family members with whom Henry corresponds most frequently in this series are his mother, Emma Coleman Carter; his wife, Laura Eugenia Hook Carter; his daughter, Laura Armistead Carter; and his son, Henry Rose Carter, Jr. These letters are not only a rich source of information about Carter's personal views and family life, they also provide valuable insights into his professional activities such as his experiences aboard vessels and in ports while working for the U.S. Marine Hospital Service and his public health work in Cuba, Panama, and Peru."," In addition to the materials that were produced during Henry Rose Carter's lifetime, the Series II. contains materials that were produced between 1925 and 1940 (after Henry Rose Carter's death) including, but not limited to the following:","copies of obituaries for Henry Rose Carter; condolence letters for Henry Rose Carter's family after Henry's death; and the correspondence of Laura Armistead Carter relating to her father and other members of the Carter family.","Series III. Walter Reed consists of materials that document the life of Walter Reed as well as the work and legacy of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in the series date from 1806 to around 1955 with the bulk of the items dating from 1874 to 1936. The series is particularly rich in materials that document the professional and personal life of Walter Reed from 1874 to his death in 1902. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Walter Reed and members of his immediate family that cover a wide range of topics including Reed's courtship of Emilie Lawrence Reed, family life, Walter Reed's work in the Western United States, and Walter Reed's work in Cuba; military records relating to Walter Reed including military orders for Reed, Reed's performance reviews, and reports of Reed's work for army officials; Walter Reed's correspondence with professional colleagues including members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, military doctors, and medical researchers interested in the study of yellow fever; medical records (e.g. fever charts of experiment participants), military orders, administrative records, reports, and publications documenting the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba; articles announcing the death of Walter Reed; and the shoulder boards from Walter Reed's U.S. Army uniform.","In addition to the above items, Series III. contains materials that document campaigns, spanning from 1902 to 1937, to publicly honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","articles and editorials relating to efforts to memorialize and provide pensions for members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments; biographical sketches of members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants; records relating to the Walter Reed Memorial Association (e.g. correspondence, donor lists); copies of Congressional bills and resolutions to honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants; and letters, reviews, and other materials relating to the production of Sidney Coe Howard's play, Yellow Jack .","Finally, Series III. also consists of materials that document the history of yellow fever during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","items (e.g. correspondence, reports, reviews, and articles) relating to U.S. efforts to eradicate yellow fever in the Panama Canal Zone; materials (e.g. correspondence, reports, and articles) documenting early twentieth century efforts to eradicate yellow fever in Peru; scientific reports and publications related to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria; and newspaper articles describing various outbreaks of yellow fever epidemics.","Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench primarily consists of materials that Hench created or collected while researching the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in this series date from around 1850 to around 1865 with the bulk of the items dating from 1937 to 1960. Researchers who are studying the yellow fever experiments will be particularly interested in the materials (e.g. interviews, autobiographies) that document first-hand accounts of the events surrounding the experiments. Other researchers may be interested in items that document Hench's role in shaping public memory of the commission and its experiments. The materials in this series include, but are not limited to the following:","Hench's correspondence and interviews with participants in the yellow fever experiments and their families including: Emilie Lawrence Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom) Reed, Walter Lawrence Reed, John J. Moran, Albert E. Truby, Jefferson Randolph Kean, John H. Andrus, and John R. Kissinger; autobiographical accounts of the experiment's participants and their families; notes, reports, correspondence and other materials relating to Hench's search for the original site of Camp Lazear in Cuba; correspondence with Cuban government officials and members of the scientific community relating to Hench's campaign to build a Camp Lazear memorial; correspondence and other materials relating to ceremonies honoring Jesse W. Lazear at Washington and Jefferson College; newspaper articles, magazine articles, and other printed matter concerning the yellow fever experiments and its participants; drafts of speeches and presentations Hench gave on the history of the yellow fever experiments to various audiences; meeting minutes and other materials that document Hench's relationship with and participation in the Walter Reed Memorial Association; scripts for radio programs relating to the yellow fever experiments; notes, outlines, lists, correspondence, and other materials that document Hench's research about the yellow fever experiments and a book he had planned to write on the subject; and the gold medal that Congress posthumously awarded to Walter Reed for his work with yellow fever.","Series V. Maps primarily consists of maps and floor plans that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1899 to 1951. The maps and floor plans often include annotations and illustrate a wide range of locations including, but not limited to the following:","Havana and its environs; Cuba; sites associated with the yellow fever experiments; and military installations in the United States.","In addition to the maps and floor plans, Series V. also consists of a few newspaper and magazine clippings that contain information relating to the yellow fever experiments."," Series VI. Alphabetical files primarily consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1860 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from 1940 to 1956. All of these items have been arranged thematically into biographical files. Each file contains materials created by or relating to people who were either involved with the yellow fever experiments or aided Philip Showalter Hench in his research of the subject. These people include, but are not limited to: John J. Moran, Carlos E. Finlay, Laura Wood Roper, Mabel Lazear, Clara Maas, John R. Kissinger, Roger Post Ames, James C. Carroll, and Carlos J. Finlay. The files are arranged alphabetically by the last names of the individuals listed on the files and it is unclear whether the overall arrangement was made by Hench or by staff members at the University of Virginia. The biographical files contain a wide range of different materials that pertain to the individuals listed on the files. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the individuals; other correspondence; newspaper and magazine clippings; unpublished manuscripts; biographical and autobiographical accounts; transcripts of oral history interviews that were conducted by Philip Showalter Hench; and copies of medical charts for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments that shows the progression of the disease.","In addition to the materials that Hench created or collected during his lifetime, the biographical files in Series VI. also contain items that were added by staff at the University of Virginia Library during the late 1960s and early 1970s."," Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench primarily consists of materials relating to Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1879 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1900 to 1954. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence of Jefferson Randolph Kean dating from 1900 to 1950 that relates to his personal life, the yellow fever experiments, public health initiatives, his publications, the legacy of the yellow fever experiments, Kean's work in World War I, and other topics; Philip Showalter Hench's correspondence with people related to the yellow fever experiments, particularly Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean primarily from between 1940 and 1955; a scrapbook and other materials that relate to Truby's book, Memoir of Walter Reed: the Yellow Fever Episode ; and Philip Showalter Hench's interviews and questionnaires for Kean and Truby from the 1940s.","In addition to the materials relating to Kean and Truby, Series VII. also includes the following:","notes from Philip Showalter Hench's research of the yellow fever experiments; the recollections, autobiographies, and reports of other people involved with the yellow fever experiments including John Andrus and A.S. Pinto; articles and clippings related to the yellow fever experiments; a short biography of Lemuel S. Reed; and a sketch Philip Showalter Hench made of a proposed museum at the Camp Lazear site.","Series VIII. Miscellany consists of oversize and miscellaneous materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection that were, for various reasons, not included in any of the other series in the collection. Items in this series date from around 1849 to 1982 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1885 to 1974. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","informed consent agreements for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments; diplomas and certificates for Walter Reed and Jesse W. Lazear; copies and sketches of Dean Cornwell's painting, Conquerors of Yellow Fever ; artifacts, including a wooden board from Camp Lazear and a U.S. flag; copies of correspondence, reports, medical records, and military orders from the U.S. National Archives relating to the yellow fever experiments; manuscripts and related notes for published works and research relating to Walter Reed and the yellow fever experiments; correspondence of Philip Showalter Hench from circa 1940 to 1966; articles and clippings relating to the yellow fever experiments, the experiments' participants, and the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection; correspondence of Atcheson Laughlin Hench and members of the University of Virginia community relating to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection; items that document the provenance and custodial history of some materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection; photographs relating to Cuba and the yellow fever experiments; notes for photographs and photographic negatives housed in Series IX. and Series X. of this collection.","Series IX. Photographs consists primarily of photographs that Philip Showalter Hench created and collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from around 1870 to around 1960. The subjects shown in the photographs include, but are not limited to the following:","physicians, military personnel, nurses, and volunteers associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Jefferson Randolph Kean, and Aristides Agramonte; family members of people associated with the yellow fever experiments including their spouses, children, and grandchildren. Camp Lazear, Camp Columbia, and other locations in Cuba related to the yellow fever experiments between 1900 and 1960; the U.S.S. Maine and the Spanish-American War; aerial views of Havana, Cuba and its environs from the 1940s and 1950s; scenes of daily life in Cuba generally from between 1898 and 1960; the 1952 dedication of the Camp Lazear National Monument in Cuba; the creation and unveiling of Dean Cornwell's painting, Conquerors of Yellow Fever ; still scenes from the movies, Yellow Jack and Jezebel ; other events and works of art commemorating the work of the participants in the yellow fever experiments; documents and maps that Philip Showalter Hench copied for his research; and Philip Showalter Hench and his family.","Series IX. also includes a watercolor that was painted by Emilie Lawrence Reed."," Series X. Photographic negatives consists of a mix of original and copy negatives that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Although the original images recorded on the negatives date from between the 1860s and the 1960s, it appears that the negatives themselves were produced during a narrower time frame, most likely between 1930 and 1966."," The negatives in Series X. record images associated with the yellow fever experiments and many of them are related to photographic prints found in Series VIII. Where a match between a negative and a print from these series has been made, the negative number has been written on the folder of the print in the physical collection. Finally, the negatives are generally arranged in numerical order by identification numbers that were most likely assigned by Philip Showalter Hench."," Series XI. Reprints consists of reprints and photocopies of journal articles, book extracts, book reviews and other published works that were primarily collected by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from 1856 to 1971 and cover a wide range of topics related to the study and eradication of yellow fever, including, but not limited to the following:","the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work in Cuba; biographical accounts of various people who had an association with the yellow fever experiments; the research of people associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Aristides Agramonte, and James Carroll; scientific and medical research related to yellow fever and malaria; and events honoring the work of those involved with the yellow fever experiments.","Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1901 to around 1966. These materials were originally a part of the Philip S. Hench papers in the John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center at the Texas Medical Center Library, but they were transferred to the University of Virginia in 1991. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and people connected with the yellow fever experiments including John J. Moran and Walter Reed's children; newspaper clippings relating to the death or commemoration of individuals associated with the yellow fever experiments; photographs of the Camp Lazear Memorial, everyday scenes in Cuba, and John J. Moran; and journal articles, booklets, and other printed matter relating to the yellow fever experiments and its participants.","Series XIII. Reed family additions consists of materials relating to the yellow fever experiments that several different donors gave to the University of Virginia. Items in the series date from around 1850 to 1967 with the bulk of the items dating from 1868 to 1949. The largest portion of the series is comprised of correspondence written by Walter Reed and his family between 1877 and 1902 that provide insights into their relationships and personal lives."," In addition to the Reed family's correspondence, the series also contains other materials relating to the Reed family and the yellow fever experiments including, but not limited to the following:","a flag that was flown over Camp Lazear; newspaper clippings and articles relating to the yellow fever experiments; a chemistry notebook that was owned by Walter Reed; correspondence of and works by Philip Showalter Hench; an inventory of materials in Series XIII. and information about their accession into the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library; and materials from an exhibit on the yellow fever experiments that was hosted in Alderman Library at the University of Virginia.","Series XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions consists of original and photocopied materials that Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, donated to the University of Virginia in 1988 and 1989. Items in the series date from around 1860 to 1965 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1898 to 1965. Most of these items were collected or created by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. These items include the following:","the correspondence of experiment participants; correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the experiment participants; correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and families of the experiment participants; press clippings relating to the experiments and the experiment participants; oral history interviews conducted by Philip Showalter Hench; scientific articles related to the study of yellow fever; photographs of Havana, Camp Columbia, and Camp Lazear; genealogical tables and summaries for the family of Jesse W. Lazear; autobiographical accounts written by experiment participants; unpublished manuscripts; artifacts (e.g. a wooden board) from Camp Lazear; Philip Showalter Hench's research notes.","Series XIV. also contains correspondence and financial records that record the transfer of collection items from the Reed family to Philip Showalter Hench and later from the Hench family to the University of Virginia."," Series XV. Laura Wood primarily consists of Laura Wood's correspondence relating to her research for a Walter Reed biography that she wrote. The series also includes, but is not limited to the following materials:","photocopies of two letters written by Walter Reed; a journal article by George Sternberg; and a short work that Laura Wood wrote about Walter Reed entitled, Walter Reed and yellow Fever .","Items in Series XV. date from 1875 to 1946 with the bulk of the items dating from 1941 to 1946."," Series XVI. Edward Hook additions consists of copies of letters, articles, and photographs relating to the yellow fever experiments that had been collected by Edward W. Hook, Jr, a professor of medicine at the University of Virginia. The bulk of this series is comprised of copies of a small collection of James Carroll's correspondence. The original versions of Carroll's correspondence are not housed at the University of Virginia. In addition to the Carroll letters, this series also includes, but is not limited to the following:","photographs of Walter Reed and others related to the yellow fever experiments; copies of some of Theodore E. Woodward's works relating to James Carroll and yellow fever; and exhibition materials.","Items in Series XVI. date from around 1880 to around 1998 with the bulk of the items dating from 1898 to 1901."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCopyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Copyright Status"],"userestrict_tesim":["Copyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_98fe81a152b4be0b7388b1814ffaf4bd\"\u003eThe Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audiocassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). Most of the materials in the collection were collected or created by Nobel laureate Philip Showalter Hench while researching the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audiocassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). Most of the materials in the collection were collected or created by Nobel laureate Philip Showalter Hench while researching the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission."],"names_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"language_ssim":["Collection is predominantly in English; other materials in the collection are in Spanish, French, and Portuguese."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":10452,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:55:29.350Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission (1900-1901) was a board of physicians that the U.S. government formed in order to determine how yellow fever was transmitted between hosts. Ultimately, the commission's experiments in Cuba proved that mosquitoes transmit yellow fever--a discovery that would spur successful campaigns to control and eradicate yellow fever throughout much of the globe.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e When Major Walter Reed and Acting Assistant Surgeons James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse Lazear gathered on the porch of the Columbia Barracks Hospital in June of 1900, they became the fourth successive board of U.S. medical officers to grapple with the appalling plague that was yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The persistence of this disease across the Cuban archipelago and its periodic re-emergence along the coastlines and great river drainages of the Americas was taking countless thousands of lives. Lack of precise knowledge as to its cause and transmission had augmented yellow fever's extraordinarily high mortality rate and had given rise to quarantine regulations which constituted substantial impediments to efficient regional trade. Endemic in the tropics, yellow fever imposed high humanitarian and economic costs upon the entire region. Specialists regarded Cuba as one of the principal foci of the disease, and the island consequently attracted considerable attention from the medical sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e In 1879, one year after a devastating epidemic swept up the Mississippi valley from New Orleans, Tulane University Professor Stanford E. Chaille led the first investigatory commission to Havana, Rio de Janeiro, and the West Indies. The Chaille Commission remained in Havana three months, and its members -- including George Miller Sternberg, who became Surgeon General of the Army, and Juan Guiteras, later Director of Public Health for Havana -- consulted with Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay. They concluded that the causal agent for yellow fever was possibly a living entity in the atmosphere, an assertion which set Finlay on the path to the mosquito theory he developed in 1881.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Louis Pasteur's foundational and highly successful work in modern immunology in 1880 and 1881 gave a renewed impetus to investigations aimed at discovering the \"yellow fever germ.\" Over the middle years of the 1880s several scientists advanced different theories, all readily refuted by bacteriological work Sternberg undertook in Brazil and Mexico in 1887 and again in Havana in 1888 and 1889. In 1897, Italian scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli argued that\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003ewas the culprit, and the following year a third scientific team sailed to Cuba for additional tests. Eugene Wasdin and Henry D. Geddings appeared to confirm Sanarelli's assertion, though Sternberg, by then Surgeon General, remained skeptical.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Despite Wasdin and Geddings' insistence, the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003etheory garnered significant opposition. In fact, a few months before the third commission's report reached the public, Walter Reed and James Carroll -- Reed's assistant at the Columbian University (later George Washington University) bacteriology laboratories in Washington, D.C. -- published a thorough refutation of the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eicteroides\u003c/emph\u003eproposal: the bacteria was not a unique cause of yellow fever, but a variety of the hog cholera bacillus, \"a secondary invader in yellow fever,\" Reed determined, unrelated to its etiology. [1] Dispute continued, however, and when Sternberg organized the fourth investigatory board, he charged Reed and his associates to settle the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003equestion once and for all, then to proceed with analysis of other blood cultures and intestinal flora from yellow fever cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Reed and Carroll had considerable experience in bacteriological analysis, and, Sternberg reasoned, might well be able to find the specific agent of the disease. Aristides Agramonte, a Cuban scientist who had worked in Reed's lab at the Columbian University in 1898, was also an accomplished bacteriologist; he had identified\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003ein tissue samples from cases other than yellow fever, providing further evidence opposed to Sanarelli's thesis. Jesse Lazear, a scientist from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, had joined the Army Medical Corps to study tropical diseases at their point of origin; he received orders for Cuba in February 1900. Lazear impressed Reed with his abilities when the two men became acquainted in March. No doubt with Reed's advice, Sternberg assembled a crack team -- all experienced in scientific research, but each with interests as diverse as their temperaments. The mix of talent and personalities generated spectacular results.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e What causes yellow fever? This simple, even obvious question had dictated yellow fever research for over two decades, and so it guided Reed in organizing the work of the commission.\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003eand other bacteriological sampling dominated their work for the first months. \"Reed and Carroll have been at that for a long time,\" Lazear wrote with some impatience to his wife on August 23, \". . . I would rather try to find the germ without bothering about Sanarelli.\" [2] Again and again, tests for the bacteria proved negative, and at the same time, perplexing cases of yellow fever were developing in the region. Agramonte and Reed investigated an epidemic at Pinar del Rio, 110 miles southwest of Havana; Lazear followed later to collect more specimens, and he also assessed the situation at Guanjay thirty miles southwest. To \"my very great surprise,\" Reed admitted, the specific circumstances of the appearance and development of these cases gave strong evidence against the widely-accepted notion that the excreta of patients spread the disease. The theory of fomites -- infection from contaminated clothing and bedding -- and indeed even infection from airborne particles seemed altogether untrue. \"At this stage of our investigation,\" Reed concluded, \". . . the time had arrived when the plan of our work should be radically changed.\" [3] The fundamental question underwent a subtle but critical transformation: from what causes yellow fever to what transmits it. A clear and accurate understanding of how the disease was spread would open a new avenue to its specific cause.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e \"Personally, I feel that only can experimentation on human beings serve to clear the field for further effective work,\" Reed stated to Surgeon General Sternberg, who concurred. [4] Evidence gathering around them pointed strongly to an intermediate host, and the Commission resolved to test Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory -- then not generally accepted -- on human volunteers. Nine times from August 11 to August 25, 1900, mosquitoes landed on the arms of volunteers and proceeded to feed. Nine times the results were negative. On August 27, Lazear placed a mosquito on the doubting Dr. Carroll, and four days later on William J. Dean, a soldier designated XY in the \"Preliminary Note.\" [5] Both promptly developed yellow fever. Significantly, their mosquitoes had fed on cases within the initial three days of an attack and had been allowed to ripen for at least twelve days before the inoculations. Carroll vitiated the results of his experimental sickness by traveling off the post to Havana, a contaminated zone, even as Reed, ecstatic, wrote from Washington in a confidential letter: \"Did the Mosquito do it?\" [6] Dean's case seemed to prove it, since he claimed not to have left the garrison before becoming ill. Lazear also developed a case of yellow fever, almost certainly experimental in origin, though he never revealed the actual circumstances of his inoculation. His severe bout of fever took a fatal turn on September 25, 1900.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Nevertheless, these results could not have been more dramatic or convincing for the Commission. Reed quickly assembled a \"Preliminary Note,\" which he presented to the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis, Indiana, October 23, 1900. After initial consultations in Cuba with General Leonard Wood, military governor of the island, and with Surgeon General Sternberg in Washington, he returned to Cuba with authorization and funding to design and carry forward a fully defensible series of experiments. His aim was confirmation of the mosquito theory and invalidation of the long-held belief in fomites.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e On open terrain beyond the precincts of Columbia Barracks -- the American military base just west of Havana near the adjacent suburban towns of Quemados and Marianao (also called Quemados de Marianao) -- Reed established the quarantined experimental station. Camp Lazear, as the Commission dedicated it, took form in the rolling fields of the Finca San Jose, on the farm of Dr. Ignacio Rojas, who leased the land to the Americans. Here Reed designed two small wood-frame buildings, each 14 by 20 feet, for the experimental work, and nearby raised a group of seven tents for the accommodation and support of the volunteers. The buildings faced each other across a small swale, about 80 yards apart, and stood 75 yards from the tent encampment. Building Number One, called the Infected Clothing Building, was a single room tightly constructed to contain as much foul air as possible. A small stove kept the temperature and humidity at tropical levels, and carefully attached screening secured the pair of doorways in a vestibule against intrusion by mosquitoes. Wooden blinds on two small sealed windows shielded the room from direct sun. Building Number Two, the Infected Mosquito Building, contained a principal room, divided into two sections by a floor-to-ceiling wire mesh screen. A door direct to the exterior let into one section, while a vestibule with a solid exterior door and pair of successive screened doors opened to the other, so configured to keep infected mosquitoes inside that section alone. The spare furnishings in both sections -- cots with bedding -- were steam sterilized. Windows exposed the entire room to the clean, steady ocean breezes and to sunlight. Like the doorways, they were carefully screened. A secondary room attached to the building but not communicating with the experimental spaces sheltered the small, heated laboratory where the Commission members raised and stored the mosquitoes to be used.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e These two experimental buildings presented alternate environments -- one conspicuously clean and well ventilated, the other filthy and fetid. Contemporary theories of disease held that yellow fever developed in unclean conditions, and consequently much time and money had been devoted to sanitation projects. Workers steamed clothing, burned sulphur in ships' holds, and thoroughly scrubbed surfaces with disinfectant. In cases of severe epidemic, entire buildings presumed to be infected were set afire along with their contents. Thus the extraordinary -- and intentional -- paradox of the Commission's experimental regime: Reed expected yellow fever to develop not in the unsanitary environment, but in the one thought to be most healthful.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Camp Lazear went into quarantine the day of its completion, November 20, 1900, with a command of four immune and nine non-immune individuals, all save one U.S. Army personnel. Soon a group of recent Spanish immigrants to Cuba augmented the non-immune numbers, bringing the resident total to about twenty. Reed strictly controlled access to the camp and ordered regular temperature recording for each volunteer to eliminate any unanticipated source of infection and to identify the onset of any case of yellow fever as early as possible. As a result, non-immunes were barred from returning should they leave the precinct, and two of the Spaniards who developed intermittent fevers shortly after arrival were immediately transferred with their baggage to Columbia Barracks Hospital. The immune members of the detachment oversaw medical treatments and drove the teams of mules that pulled supply wagons and the ambulance. Experimentation did not begin until each volunteer had passed the incubation period for yellow fever in perfect health.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Reed took as much care with the design of the experimental protocol as he had with the configuration of the camp and its buildings. Each evening, the occupants of the infected clothing building unpacked trunks and boxes of bed linens and blankets, nightshirts and other clothing recently worn and soiled by cases from the wards of Columbia Barracks Hospital and Las Animas Hospital in Havana. These they shook out and spread around the room to permeate the atmosphere. The stench was overpowering. Yellow fever causes severe internal hemorrhaging, and its unfortunate victims often suffer from black vomit and other bloody discharges. One routine delivery proved so putrid the volunteers \"retreated from the house,\" Reed stated. \"They pluckily returned, however, within a short time, and spent the night as usual.\" [7] In two succeeding trials the protocol became progressively more daring , as the volunteers then wore the clothing and slept on the mattresses used by yellow fever patients, and finally put towels on their bedding smeared with blood drawn from cases in the early stages of an attack. Each morning, the volunteers carefully repacked the rank, encrusted materials into boxes and emerged to an adjacent tent where they spent the day quarantined from the rest of the company. Three trials of twenty days each involved seven men altogether, lead by Robert P. Cooke, a physician in the Army Medical Corps. None developed yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The Commission's mosquito experiments proceeded in four series. First, Reed sought to demonstrate that mosquitoes of the variety\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex fasciata\u003c/emph\u003e(later called\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eStegomyia fasciata\u003c/emph\u003e, and later still\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/emph\u003e) could in fact transmit yellow fever, as Carlos J. Finlay had argued and the initial experiments at Camp Columbia strongly suggested. Here the Commission members simply applied infected mosquitoes contained in test tubes or jars to the skin of the initial volunteers. Success in these tests raised a number of questions, each one addressed in the subsequent series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHow could a building become infected?\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eWhen does a mosquito develop the ability to transmit the disease?\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eOver what length of time can a mosquito retain this capacity to infect?\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second series consequently employed the specialized \"Infected Mosquito Building\" to indicate how a structure could be considered infected with yellow fever. This experiment required two groups of volunteers, one to be inoculated and another to serve as controls. \"Loaded\" mosquitoes, as the men called them, were released into the screened section of Building Two -- on the side with the protected vestibule entry. One or more non-immune men then entered the opposite section of the room through the direct exterior door, and lay down on bunks adjacent to the wire mesh screen in the center of the room. Now the young man to be inoculated walked through the vestibule into the mosquito side of the room and proceeded to lie on a bunk adjacent to the wire screen separating him from the controls. The inoculation volunteer remained in the building for about twenty minutes -- enough time to suffer several mosquito bites -- he then exited to a quarantine tent outside. The controls spent the remainder of the evening and night in the uninfected side of the room, and indeed returned to sleep in the room for as many as eighteen more nights. As Reed stated, absence of yellow fever in the controls showed \"that the essential factor in the infection of a building with yellow fever is the presence therein of [infected] mosquitoes,\" and nothing more. [8] The degree of sanitation, so long considered critical, was utterly irrelevant.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The third series of mosquito experiments confirmed what Henry Rose Carter, of the U.S. Public Health Service, called the \"period of extrinsic incubation,\" [9] the length of time required for secondary cases of yellow fever to develop after an initial intrusion of the disease into a locality. In this series, a single volunteer underwent three successive inoculations by the same mosquitoes, each group of inoculations interrupted by a period of time equal in length to the typical incubation period of the disease in humans, about five days. In this manner, the volunteer's illness could be specifically attributed to a single inoculation group. The use of the same mosquitoes and the same volunteer concurrently demonstrated that no peculiar personal immunity was at play, since logic dictates that a person susceptible to yellow fever on day 17 of a mosquito's contamination -- as happened in the experiment -- could not have been immune to yellow fever on day 11 or day 4. It was thus only the mosquito's capacity to infect which changed, and that occurred no less than 11 days after contamination.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The duration of time over which these \"fully ripened\" mosquitoes remained infective comprised the fourth series of experiments. For this series the Commission kept alive a group of infected mosquitoes for as long as possible, and proceeded to inoculate three volunteers -- on the 39th, 51st, and 57th day after contamination. Each developed yellow fever. A fourth volunteer declined to be bitten on day 65, and the last two mosquitoes of the group, \"deprived of further opportunity to feed on human blood\" [10] expired on day 69 and day 71, clear evidence that even a sparsely populated region may retain the potential for new infections more than two months after the first appearance of the disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Although it went unrecorded in the published papers, Reed organized a supplemental experiment to test another species of mosquito.\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex pungens\u003c/emph\u003efailed to transmit yellow fever to at least one volunteer and probably to a second. Reed's preliminary conclusions indicated that\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex fasciata\u003c/emph\u003ewas the only species capable of transmitting yellow fever. [11]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e A last experimental regime involved subcutaneous injections of blood from positive cases of yellow fever to presumed non-immunes. Reed devised these tests to confirm the presence of the yellow fever agent in the blood of a victim during the first days of an attack, and, more importantly, to settle the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003equestion. The same blood cultures which produced yellow fever in four volunteers also failed to grow any\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003e, conclusively invalidating Sanarelli's claim.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Altogether, the mosquito inoculations and the blood injections produced fourteen cases of yellow fever. All made a full recovery.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Notwithstanding the decisive medical victory -- as Reed declared, \"aside from the antitoxin of Diptheria and Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, it will be regarded as the most important piece of work, scientifically, during the 19th century\" [12] -- success at Camp Lazear unfolded in its own time. Initially, Reed observed, \"the results obtained at this station were not encouraging.\" [13] The first inoculations of four volunteers over a period of two weeks proved disconcertingly negative each time. Then, on December 5, 1900, private John R. Kissinger presented his arm to the mosquitoes, and late in the evening on December 8, suffered the first chills of \"a well-marked attack of yellow fever.\" [14] Three more men in rapid succession fell victim to the insects -- Spanish volunteers Antonio Benigno, Nicanor Fernandez, and Vicente Presedo. The force of the conclusions was evident to everyone:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e \"It can readily be imagined,\" Reed empathetically and wryly described in his first presentation of the experiments, \"that the concurrence of 4 cases of yellow fever in our small command of 12 non-immunes within the space of 1 week, while giving rise to feelings of exultation in the hearts of the experimenters, in view of the vast importance attaching to these results, might inspire quite other sentiments in the bosoms of those who had previously consented to submit themselves to the mosquito's bite. In fact, several of our good-natured Spanish friends who had jokingly compared our mosquitoes to 'the little flies that buzzed harmlessly about their tables,' suddenly appeared to lose all interest in the progress of science, and, forgetting for the moment even their own personal aggrandizement, incontinently severed their connection with Camp Lazear. Personally, while lamenting to some extent their departure, I could not but feel that in placing themselves beyond our control they were exercising the soundest judgment.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e \"In striking contrast,\" Reed continued, the anxiety of the fomites volunteers began to melt into relief. \"[T]he countenances of these men, which had before borne the serious aspect of those who were bravely facing an unseen foe, suddenly took on the glad expression of 'schoolboys let out for a holiday,' and from this time their contempt for 'fomites' could not find sufficient expression. Thus illustrating once more, gentlemen, the old adage that familiarity, even with fomites, may breed contempt.\" [15]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The question of human experimentation was indeed a serious one -- unavoidable, in actuality, as Reed had stated the previous summer to Surgeon General Sternberg. When the Commission first considered a trial of Finlay's mosquito theory, Reed, Carroll, and Lazear agreed to experiment on themselves. Agramonte, a native Cuban, had acquired immunity as a child. Doubtless Finlay's experience of many unsuccessful inoculations communicated that positive results would not be forthcoming rapidly, so before the first series of inoculations began under Lazear's direction at Columbia Barracks, Reed left Cuba for Washington, where he completed a monumental report on typhoid fever among the army corps -- left unfinished by the sudden death of co-author Edward O. Shakespeare. Carroll and Lazear both sickened while Reed was in Washington, and Lazear, young and strong, had no reason to anticipate that his case would be fatal. Reed was shocked at Lazear's death, and because of his own age -- 49, a decade and a half older than Lazear and a dozen years older than Carroll -- he resolved not to inoculate himself when he returned to Cuba on October 4, 1900. The point had already been amply demonstrated, and only a rigidly controlled experimental regime would establish the necessary proof. Carroll, however, remained embittered about this for the remainder of his life, though he evidently never communicated his objections directly to Reed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e That initial series of mosquito inoculations was probably accomplished without formal documentation of informed consent. Indeed, the experiments may also have been carried forward without the full knowledge of the commanding officer of Camp Columbia, and Reed consequently shielded the identity of Private William J. Dean, the second positive experimental case, behind the pseudonym \"XY\" in the \"Preliminary Note.\" No such potentially troublesome problems arose for the experimental series at Camp Lazear; Reed obtained prior support from all of the appropriate authorities in the military and the administration, even including the Spanish Consul to Cuba. With the advice of the Commission and others, he drafted what is now one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents. The surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations, and were signed by volunteers Antonio Benigno and Vicente Presedo, and a third with the mark of Nicanor Fernandez, who was illiterate.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The documents take the form of a contract between individual volunteers and the Commission, represented by Reed. At least 25 years old, each volunteer explicitly consented to participate, and balanced the certainty of contracting yellow fever in the general population against the risks of developing an experimental case, followed by expert and timely medical care. The volunteers agreed to remain at Camp Lazear for the duration of the experiments, and as a reward for participation would receive $100 \"in American gold,\" with an additional hundred-dollar supplement for contracting yellow fever. These payments could be assigned to a survivor, and the volunteers agreed to forfeit any remuneration in cases of desertion.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e For the American participants no consent documents appear to survive, though in contemporary letters Reed assured his correspondents that the Commission obtained written consent from all the volunteers. The record of expenses for Camp Lazear -- maintained by Reed's friend and colleague in the medical corps, Jefferson Randolph Kean -- indicates that the same schedule of payments for participation and sickness applied to the Americans as well. Volunteers who participated in the fomites tests and in addition the later series of blood injections and the single trial of an alternative species of mosquito also earned $100 each plus the $100 supplement if yellow fever developed. Two Americans declined these gratuities, as Kean termed them, Dr. Robert P. Cooke, of the fomites tests, and John J. Moran, who had recently received an honorable discharge from the service, and was the only American civilian to participate. His was the fourth case of yellow fever to develop from mosquito inoculation. Moran eventually settled in Cuba, where he managed the Havana offices of the Sun Oil Company, and late in life became a close friend of Philip S. Hench. Together the two men rediscovered the site of Camp Lazear in 1940 -- Building Number One still intact -- and successfully lobbied the Cuban government to memorialize there the work of Finlay and the American Commission in the conquest of yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Reed informally commemorated his own experiences at Camp Lazear by commissioning a group photograph, evidently taken there shortly before he left Cuba in February 1901. A more important event occurred on the sixth of that month when Reed presented the results of the Camp Lazear yellow fever experiments to a great ovation at the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana. Three days later he set sail for the United States, and once landed, drafted the Congress paper as\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note\u003c/title\u003e, published immediately in the\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJournal of the American Medical Association\u003c/title\u003e. [16]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Though his correspondence intimates a great appreciation for Cuba, Reed never returned to the warm, sunny shores of the island freed of a dreadful plague. Carroll stayed behind at Camp Lazear through February to complete the last experimental series officially bearing the imprimatur of the Yellow Fever Commission, and returned to Washington soon after March first. [17] The Medical Corps retained the lease on Camp Lazear against the possibility of continuing experiments another season, and Carroll, in fact, returned to Havana in August 1901 for a final experimental series, though he did not make use of Camp Lazear. This work involved at least three volunteers at Las Animas Hospital, Havana, who submitted to blood injections. Carroll's assignment aimed at a greater understanding of the yellow fever agent, and he proved that blood drawn from active cases of yellow fever remained virulent even after passing through fine bacteria filters. In addition, by heating contaminated blood which had previously caused cases of yellow fever, Carroll rendered it non-infective -- thereby establishing that this filterable entity, though sub-microscopic, was demonstrably present in the bloodstream. Carroll wrapped up the series in October and returned home to stay. [18] In Cuba, J. Randolph Kean made the last rental payments to Signore Rojas on October 9, 1901, and Camp Lazear, for more than a generation, slipped out of the realm of memory.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] Walter Reed and James Carroll,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eBacillus Icteroides and Bacillus Cholerae Suis -- A Preliminary Note\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMedical News\u003c/title\u003e(29 April 1899), reprinted in: United States Senate Document No. 822,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever, A Compilation of Various Publications\u003c/title\u003e(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 55.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Letter from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 23 August 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00341001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[3] Walter Reed, \"The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches,\" in United States Senate Document No. 822,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever A Compilation of Various Publications\u003c/title\u003e(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 94.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[4] Letter from Walter Reed to George M. Sternberg, 24 July 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02064001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eProceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association\u003c/title\u003eIndianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[6] Letter from Walter Reed to James Carroll, 7 September 1900, Edward Hook Additions to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: James Carroll Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 15312004. The originals of these letters remain in a private collection.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[7] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJournal of the American Medical Association\u003c/title\u003e36 (16 February 1901): 431-440, reprinted in: Senate Document No. 822, p. 84.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[8] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[9] Henry Rose Carter,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eA Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMedical Record\u003c/title\u003e59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[10] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 101.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[11]\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex fasciata\u003c/emph\u003ewas reclassified shortly after the experiments as\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eStegomyia\u003c/emph\u003eand later became\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAedes aegypti.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[12] Letter to from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 9 December 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02231001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[13] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 97.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[14] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 98.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[15] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[16] Please see note [7].\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[17] The Commission reported these concluding experiments in: Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eExperimental Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eAmerican Medicine\u003c/title\u003eII (6 July 1901) 1: 15-23.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[18] Walter Reed, James Carroll,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever (A Supplemental Note)\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eAmerican Medicine\u003c/title\u003eIII (22 February 1902) 8: 301-305.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter Reed (September 13, 1851 - November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who led the army's Yellow Fever Commission 1900 and 1901. Experiments conducted by the commission confirmed a theory that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes--a discovery that led to the control and eradication of this disease across much of the globe. Reed would receive much of the credit for the work of the commission because of his role as its leader, and, long after his death in 1902, he would be widely celebrated as a heroic figure in the fields of public health and medical research.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Reed spent his first days in a small house which served as the parsonage for a Methodist congregation in Gloucester County, Virginia, where his father was minister.  Lemuel Sutton Reed and Pharaba White Reed welcomed young Walter into the family on September 13, 1851;  he was the youngest of their five children.  The Reeds moved to other Virginia parishes during Walter's childhood, and just after the close of the Civil War, transferred to the town of Charlottesville.  That move in 1866 placed Walter in the orbit of the University of Virginia, which he entered a year later at age sixteen under the care of his older brother Christopher, also a student at the University.  Reed attended two year-long sessions, the second devoted entirely to the medical curriculum, and he completed an M.D. degree on July 1, 1869, as one of the youngest students to graduate in the history of the medical school.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e At that time the School of Medicine at the University offered little opportunity for direct clinical experience, so Reed subsequently enrolled at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in Manhattan, New York.  There he obtained a second M.D. degree in 1870.  Reed interned at a number of hospitals in the New York metropolitan area, including the Infants' Hospital on Randall's Island and the Brooklyn City Hospital.  In 1873, he assumed the position of assistant sanitary officer for the Brooklyn Board of Health.  The large and diverse population of New York, with its many immigrant communities and dense, tenement housing, provided countless medical cases to treat and study;  these served to expose Reed to the vital importance of public health, and developed in him a lifelong interest in the field.  Yet the frenetic life of the great cities began to pall after a few years: \"Here the ever bustling day is crowded into the busy night; nor can we draw the line of separation between the two,\"[1] he wrote to Emilie Lawrence, of Murfreesboro, North Carolina, later to become Mrs. Walter Reed.  Their courtship letters reveal much of his maturing character, interests, and philosophy of life.  Increasing responsibilities with the Board of Health precluded opening a private practice, and Reed's youth proved a barrier in a culture given to offering respect more to the appearance of maturity than to its actual demonstration. Reed consequently resolved to join the Army Medical Corps, both for the professional opportunities it offered immediately and for the modest financial security it could provide to a young man without independent means.  He passed the qualifying examinations in January 1875 and proceeded to his first assignment at the military base on Willet's Point, New York Harbor.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Reed remained in the Medical Corps for the rest of his life, spending many years of the '70s, '80s, and early '90s at difficult postings in the American West.  The first of these -- to the Arizona Territory -- began in the late spring of 1876, and indeed hurried along his wedding to Emilie Lawrence, on April 25, shortly before his departure.  She joined him the following November, and bore two children at frontier posts, a son Walter Lawrence and a daughter Emilie, called Blossom.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Reed's other western assignments included forts in Nebraska, Dakota Territory, and Minnesota, with two eastern interludes at Baltimore, Maryland and another at Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama.  During the second of these tours in Baltimore -- over the 1890-1891 academic year -- Reed completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.  When he returned from his last western appointment in 1893, Reed joined the faculty of the Army Medical School in Washington, D.C., where he held the professorship of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy.  He also became curator of the Army Medical Museum and joined the faculty of the Columbian University in Washington (later the George Washington University).  In addition, Reed maintained close ties with professor William Welch and other leading lights in the scientific community he had come to know at Hopkins a few years earlier.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Beyond his teaching responsibilities for the Army and the Columbian University programs, Reed actively pursued medical research projects.  A bibliography of his publications finds entries from 1892 to the year of his untimely death a decade later, and the subjects he investigated range from erysipelas to cholera, typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever, among others.[2]   In 1896, a research trip to investigate an outbreak of smallpox took him to Key West, and there he developed a close friendship with Jefferson Randolph Kean, a fellow Virginian and colleague in the Medical Corps ten years his junior.  When Reed traveled to Cuba in 1899 to study typhoid in the army encampments of the U.S. forces, Kean was already there, and Kean was still in Cuba when Reed returned as the head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases including yellow fever.  Kean and his first wife Louise were great supporters of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work, and Kean in fact served as quartermaster for the famous series of experiments at Camp Lazear.  After the dramatic and conclusive success of those experiments, Kean actively -- though unsuccessfully -- promoted Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Reed continued to speak and publish on yellow fever after his return from Cuba in 1901, receiving honorary degrees from Harvard and the University of Michigan in recognition of his seminal work.  In November 1902, Reed developed what had been for him recurring gastro-intestinal trouble.  This time, however, his appendix ruptured, and surgery came too late to save him from the peritonitis which developed.  He died on November 23, 1902, almost two years to the day from the opening of Camp Lazear and the stunning experimental victory there.  Kean remained a champion of his deceased friend's role in the conquest of yellow fever.  He organized the Walter Reed Memorial Association, to provide support for Reed's family and to build a suitable memorial, and was instrumental in lobbying the United States Congress to establish the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.  In 1929, Congress mandated the annual publication of the Roll in the\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eArmy Register\u003c/title\u003e, and struck a series Congressional Gold Medals saluting the Commission members and the young Americans who bravely suffered experimental yellow fever a generation before.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence, 18 July 1874, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 01605001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] The bibliography of Reed's scientific papers may be found in: Howard Atwood Kelly,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eWalter Reed and Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e(New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1906), pp. 281-283. Kelly's complete biography of Reed is contained on this Web site.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJesse William Lazear (May 2, 1866 - September 26, 1900) was a physician who was a member of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in 1900. Lazear's death from yellow fever at the outset of the commission's work in Cuba would lead to his elevation as a martyr for medical science in the eyes of many during the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e \"I rather think I am on the track of the real germ,\" Jesse W. Lazear wrote his wife from Cuba on September 8, 1900.[1] Seventeen days later, the fulminating case of yellow fever Lazear had contracted just over a week after writing Mabel H. Lazear suddenly ended the young scientist's life. He was 34 years old. Unlike so many other yellow fever fatalities, however, this one would lead to a direct and highly successful assault on the disease itself. Yellow fever's ascendancy, endemic in Cuba, was about to be undermined.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Lazear had reported to Camp Columbia, Cuba in February 1900 for duty as an acting assistant surgeon with the U. S. Army Corps stationed on the island. Here he undertook bacteriological study of tropical diseases, particularly malaria and yellow fever, and in May he was named to the Army board charged with \"pursuing scientific investigations with reference to the infectious diseases prevalent on the island of Cuba.\"[2]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e These orders placed him officially in the company of Walter Reed, James Carroll, and Aristides Agramonte -- the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission -- though Lazear had already met Reed the preceding March on a project to evaluate the efficacy of electrozone, a disinfectant made from seawater collected off the Cuban coast. While Reed was in Cuba that March, Lazear discussed with him the recent discovery of British scientist Sir Ronald Ross concerning the mosquito vector for malaria. At Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he was first a medical resident and later in charge of the clinical laboratory, Lazear had followed Ross's accomplishments with great interest, and pursued field work and experimentation on the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAnopheles\u003c/emph\u003emosquito with fellow Hopkins scientist William S. Thayer. Lazear was thus the only member of the Commission who had experience with mosquito work, and was consequently the most open to the possible verity of Cuban scientist Carlos Juan Finlay's theory of mosquito transmission for yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The record is apparently silent as to when Lazear first visited Finlay. Certainly by late June Lazear was beginning to grow mosquito larvae acquired from Finlay's laboratory, the first specimens brought to him by Henry Rose Carter, of the United States Public Health Service.[3] Not long after arriving in Cuba Lazear met Carter, whose own observations on yellow fever strongly suggested an intermediate host in the spread of the disease. However, Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg, who organized the Yellow Fever Commission, first charged the board members to investigate the relationship of\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003eto yellow fever -- proposed by the Italian Scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli as the actual cause of the disease. \"Dr. Reed had been in the old discussion over Sanarelli's bacillus and he still works on that subject,\" Lazear wrote his wife in July, \"I am not all interested in it but want to do work which may lead to the discovery of the real organism.\"[4] Soon he would have the opportunity. The relatively quick failure of the Bacillus icteroides inquiry opened the door to what became the ground-breaking mosquito work, and Lazear was well placed to begin.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The project started in earnest on August 1, 1900. In a small pocket notebook Lazear noted the preparatory work of raising and infecting mosquitoes, and subsequently recorded the series of eleven experimental inoculations made from the 11th to the 31st of August, the last two producing cases of full-blown yellow fever. These two positive cases developed from mosquitoes allowed to ripen over a period of 12 days, and this was Lazear's crucial discovery. The epidemiological pattern was thus entirely consistent with Carter's observations of a delay between the primary and secondary outbreaks of yellow fever in an epidemic, and, in addition, explained why Finlay's experiments had been largely unsuccessful -- he had not waited long enough before inoculating his subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Although Lazear never directly admitted to experimenting on himself, when Reed reviewed Lazear's sketchy notations he evidently found entries strongly suggesting Lazear's case was not accidental, as officially reported. Unfortunately, the little notebook so crucial to the preparation of the Commission's famous initial paper,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note\u003c/title\u003e[5], vanished from Reed's Washington office after his own untimely death in 1902. Still, Lazear's invaluable contribution to the Commission's victory was widely recognized and elicited tributes from many quarters: \"He was a splendid, brave fellow,\" Reed said of his young colleague, \" and I lament his loss more than words can tell; but his death was not in vain- His name will live in the history of those who have benefited humanity.\" [6] \"His death was a sacrifice to scientific research of the highest character,\" stated General Leonard Wood, military Governor of Cuba.[7] \"Your husband was a martyr in the noblest of causes,\" Dr. L. O. Howard wrote to Mabel Lazear, \"and I am proud to have known him. . . . His work contributed towards one of the greatest discoveries of the century, the results of which will be of invaluable benefit to mankind.\"[8] And so they were. Though Lazear's one-year-old son and newborn daughter never knew their father, they grew up in a world liberated -- almost in its entirety -- from the disease that killed him.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e [1] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 8 September 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00344001.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Military Orders for Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse W. Lazear, 24 May 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number 02019001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[4] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 15 July 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00334001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note,\u003c/title\u003e \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eProceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association Indianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[6] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 6 October 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02135001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[7] Letter from Leonard Wood to the Adjutant-General, United States Army, November 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00375002.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[8] Letter from Leland Ossian Howard to Mabel Houston Lazear, 7 February 1901, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00388001.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry Rose Carter (August 25, 1852 - September 14, 1925) was a prominent physician in the U.S. Public Health Service who was a leading authority in the transmission and control of tropical diseases, particularly yellow fever and malaria. During his long career as a sanitarian, Carter undertook campaigns to investigate and control the spread of tropical diseases in Cuba, the Panama Canal Zone, the Southeastern United States, and Peru.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Like Walter Reed and Jefferson Randolph Kean, Henry Rose Carter was a native Virginian and a graduate of the University of Virginia. Carter obtained a civil engineering degree from Virginia in 1873 and also undertook post-graduate work in mathematics and applied chemistry the next year. Subsequently, however, Carter's interests turned towards medicine, and he completed a medical degree at the University of Maryland in 1879. The same year Assistant Surgeon Carter joined the Marine Hospital Service -- later the United States Public Health Service -- and the young surgeon rose steadily through the ranks, ultimately attaining the position of Assistant Surgeon General in 1915.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Carter's initial assignments with the Hospital Service placed him at the center of the yellow fever maelstrom. In 1879 he was detailed to Memphis and other Southern cities, then in the throes of a second year of devastating epidemics. Here began, as his colleague T. H. D. Griffitts observed, Carter's \"lifelong interest in the epidemiology and control of yellow fever.\"[1] After several years of clinical practice in various Marine hospitals, Carter resumed a direct confrontation with yellow fever when his orders for duty with the Gulf Coast Maritime Quarantine assigned him to Ship Island, Mississippi, in 1888. Here and at subsequent quarantine station postings around the Gulf, he quietly championed a thorough review and rationalization of quarantine policies, with a view toward establishing uniform regulation, more thorough disinfection of vessels, and minimized interference with naval commerce. Crucial to the success of these activities was Carter's attention to the incubation period of yellow fever, which his on-site observations indicated to vary between 5 and 7 days. At the time the official literature stated with far less precision a variance of between 1 and 14 days; Carter's work consequently greatly increased the efficiency and effectiveness of quarantine operations.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Nevertheless, yellow fever continued to menace the temperate coastline of the United States, and Carter ably directed the Health Service's epidemiological control efforts in numerous threatened regions. In conjunction with this sanitary work for the 1898 season, Carter made detailed notes on the development of yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi. The isolation of these communities enabled him to identify more reliably the phenomenon of a delay between the initial cases of yellow fever in a locality and the subsequent appearance of secondary infection -- a delay two to four times longer than the incubation period of the disease in an infected person. Carter called this interval between the primary and secondary cases \"the period of extrinsic incubation,\" and he defined its \"usual limits . . . [as ranging] from ten to seventeen days.\"[2]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Before he was able to publish his conclusions, Carter took the helm of the quarantine service in war-time Cuba. There, in 1900, he met U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission member Jesse Lazear. Carter had finally arranged for his paper's publication that year in the\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eNew Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, and gave a draft to Lazear. \"If these dates are correct,\" Carter later recalled Lazear saying, \"it spells a living host.\"[3] The theory of mosquito transmission long advanced by Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay began to seem more likely. And indeed it was. The Commission's experiments in 1900-1901 irrefutably proved the mosquito vector and established the extrinsic incubation period at twelve days. Shortly after these successes Reed saluted Carter, \"I know of no one more competent to pass judgment on all that pertains to the subject of yellow fever. You must not forget that your own work in Mississippi did more to impress me with the importance of an intermediate host than everything else put to-gether.\"[4]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Carter's long and distinguished sanitary career took him to the Panama Canal Zone in 1904, where he served as Chief Quarantine Officer and Chief of Hospitals for five years. He undertook detailed investigations and control measures of malaria in North Carolina and elsewhere in the South, and became a founder of the National Malaria Committee. With the support of the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board, he undertook additional investigation and control measures for yellow fever in Central and South America. His expertise recommended him to the Peruvian government, which named Carter Sanitary Advisor in 1920-1921. Health problems at the end of his life compelled Carter to withdraw from active fieldwork, though he remained a highly valued consultant to the Health Board and a much-beloved and respected teacher for a new generation of sanitarians. Carter closed his career researching and writing the manuscript that his daughter Laura Armistead Carter edited and published posthumously in 1931:\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.\u003c/title\u003e[5]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] T. H. D. Griffitts,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eHenry Rose Carter: The Scientist and the Man\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eSouthern Medical Journal\u003c/title\u003e32 (August 1939) 8: 842.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Henry Rose Carter,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eA Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMedical Record\u003c/title\u003e59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[4] Letter from Walter Reed to Henry Rose Carter, 26 February 1901, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 02447001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[5] Carter, Henry Rose.\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.\u003c/title\u003eBaltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1931.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJefferson Randolph Kean (June 27, 1860 - September 4, 1950) was a U.S. Army physician who was a leading authority in sanitation, public health, and tropical diseases. Later in his career, Kean would become widely recognized for his role in organizing and administering medical services for the U.S. armed forces during World War I.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e \"He possessed one of the keenest, most scholarly minds I've ever encountered,\" recalled Nobel Prize winner Philip S. Hench of Jefferson Randolph Kean. [1] Kean and Hench shared an abiding interest in the work of the United States Army Yellow Fever Commission -- Kean, as a contemporary and supporter, and Hench, as a scholar and scientist intent on accurate historical documentation. On the advice of yellow fever experiment volunteer John J. Moran, Hench first wrote Kean in 1939. From that initial contact developed a close friendship which would last for the remainder of their lives. Kean entrusted Hench not only with numerous period documents, including original letters, accounts, fever charts, and other items, but also with the freely-given counsel and insight of a trusted friend.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Like Walter Reed and Henry Rose Carter before him, Jefferson Randolph Kean was an alumnus of the University of Virginia, completing the medical program there in 1883. Kean joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1884, and after forty years in the service, retired with the rank of Colonel. Congress awarded him a promotion to Brigadier General, retired, in 1930. The early years of Kean's career passed in medical postings in the American West, and no doubt offered him experiences similar to those of Walter Reed, whom he met not on the frontier, but in Florida in 1896. Kean became an expert in tropical diseases and sanitation during his five-year assignment in the Florida tropics, an expertise which served him well over two terms of service later in Cuba. During the Spanish-American War and subsequent U. S. occupation of Cuba, Kean was Chief Surgeon for the Department of Havana, then Superintendent of the Department of Charities -- from 1898 to 1902. After a four-year interlude as an assistant to the Surgeon General in Washington, D.C., Kean again returned to Cuba as an advisor to the Department of Sanitation from 1906-1909.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Kean himself stated: \"Reed and I were good friends before the Yellow Fever Board came to Cuba in June 1900, and [Reed] located himself at Marianao, 8 miles S. W. of Havana,\" to be within the medical and administrative jurisdiction overseen by Kean. [2] The Chief Surgeon did indeed offer significant assistance, and was an early convert to Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory of transmission, which the Yellow Fever Board's experiments ultimately proved true in the late autumn and winter of 1900-1901. As early as October 13, 1900 -- after the Board's preliminary work, but before the final convincing demonstrations -- Kean issued \"Circular No. 8,\" concerning the latest scholarship on the mosquito vector for disease. [3] The circular contained a set of instructions for the entire command on mosquito eradication. Kean subsequently served as quartermaster and financial administrator for the famous series of yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear and, for the rest of his life, Kean remained a strong proponent of the Commission's conclusions. He worked tirelessly not only to apply them in the field, but also to accord proper public recognition to the Commission's work.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e In addition to his career as a sanitarian, Kean organized the department of military relief of the American Red Cross, and during World War One served as Chief of the U. S. Ambulance Service with the French Army and Deputy Chief Surgeon of the American forces. France named him an Officier de la Légion d'Honneur in recognition for these services. Cuban authorities as well offered Kean recognition with the grand cross of the Order of Merit Carlos J. Finlay, and he received both a Distinguished Service Medal from the United States government and the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons. For a decade after his retirement from active duty, Kean edited this last organization's medical journal,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Military Surgeon\u003c/title\u003e, and served on the Surgeon General's editorial board for the multi-volume history of the medical department in World War One. A great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson, Kean also took a seat with the government commission established to build the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. He held charter membership in the Walter Reed Memorial Association, and remained active in its affairs until his death in 1950.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] Telegram from Philip Showalter Hench and Mary Hench to Cornelia Knox Kean, September 5, 1950, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 06501173.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Letter from Jefferson Randolph Kean to Philip Showalter Hench, October 31, 1939, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 06282022.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[3] Military Orders to Commanding Officers, October 15, 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02140001.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhilip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 - March 30, 1965) was a U.S. physician who in 1950 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his role in the discovery of the hormone cortisone. In addition to his medical research, Hench spent almost three decades of his life studying the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and became a leading authority in the subject.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Philip Showalter Hench was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Jacob Bixler Hench and Clara Showalter. After attending local schools, Hench entered Lafayette College and graduated from the school 1916 with a Bachelor of Arts. Hench completed his medical degree at the University of Pittsburgh in 1920, and subsequently entered a residency program at St. Francis Hospital, Pittsburgh. His association with the Mayo Clinic began in 1921 as a fellow at the institution. Two years later he would become an assistant at the clinic, and then, in 1926, he would be made the head of its Department of Rheumatic Diseases After pursuing post-graduate study in Germany in 1928-1929, Hench obtained a Masters of Science in Internal Medicine at the University of Minnesota in 1931, and a Doctor of Science degree from Lafayette College in 1940. Hench remained for the duration of his career at the Mayo Clinic, where his life-long passion for meticulous research and analysis brought him the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1950, which he shared with Edward C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein, for the discovery of cortisone.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The same persistence and determination present in his professional life is also evident in Hench's research on the U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's famous experiments. \"As a physician particularly interested in medical history,\" he stated to experiment volunteer John J. Moran in 1937, \"I have been long interested in the story of the yellow fever work in John J. Moran, Ralph C. Hutchison, Havana.\" [1] So began a remarkable odyssey. At the request of his friend Ralph Cooper Hutchison, then president of Washington and Jefferson College, Hench had written Moran to gather information for the dedication of the College's new chemistry building, named for Commission member and former Washington and Jefferson student Jesse W. Lazear. Hench also began a correspondence with another of the yellow fever experiment's original volunteers, John R. Kissinger. Moran's and Kissinger's recollections proved so intriguing that Hench initially offered to edit and publish them. However, in the course of his research Hench discovered that much general information on the topic was inaccurate. Conflicting assertions concerning the participants and unverified claims by medical and governmental authorities in the United States and Cuba -- often politically motivated -- clouded interpretation of the facts. \"May I suggest,\" Moran consequently urged in 1938, \"that a clearing up of the REED-FINLAY-CONQUEST-OF-YELLOW-FEVER, or an effort to do so, on your part, is a task far more pressing than publishing the Kissinger-Moran stories or memoirs.\" [2] Hench resolved to document every aspect of the \"Conquest of Yellow-Fever\" and to write a much needed accurate and comprehensive history.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e For the next two decades, Hench tirelessly combed through public archive collections and personal papers in the United States and Cuba. He met and interviewed surviving participants of the experiments and others associated with the project, as well as family members of the Yellow Fever Commission. He sought out physicians and scientists who had worked with the principal players or who had applied the results in the campaign to eradicate yellow fever. He identified and photographed sites associated with the yellow fever story, and he successfully petitioned politicians in the United States and Cuba to commemorate the work. In the process, Hench became the trusted friend and advisor of many of these same individuals, and they, in turn, presented him with much of the surviving original material for safekeeping.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e In short, Hench came to be the world's expert on the yellow fever story and the steward of thousands of original letters and documents. His premature death at age 69 found him still hoping to uncover important missing evidence, his book unwritten. Hench's widow Mary Kahler Hench gave his yellow fever collection to the University of Virginia, Walter Reed's alma mater, and this extensive personal archive forms the most detailed and accurate record available on the Conquest of Yellow Fever.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] Letter from Philip S. Hench to John J. Moran, 6 July 1937, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 03419001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Letter from John J. Moran to Philip S. Hench, 30 October 1938, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 03476001.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c01"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10028_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series I. letters","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_10028_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10028_c01","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_10028_c01"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10028_c01","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10028","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10028","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10028","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_10028","parent_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_10028"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_10028"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Walker Family papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Walker Family papers"],"text":["Walker Family papers","Series I. letters"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series I. letters","title_ssm":["Series I. letters"],"title_tesim":["Series I. letters"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1817-1873"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1817/1873"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series I. letters"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Walker Family papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":15,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. 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We strive for transparency in making these materials available for teaching and research, but we do not endorse the attitudes, prejudices or behaviors found within them.","William \u0026 Mary Libraries' perspective on harmful content and language aligns with the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and university libraries around the world."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWalker Family papers, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Walker Family papers, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains letters and photographs of the Walker family. The Walker family were Quakers in Virginia and Pennsylvania. Materials include 14 letters signed to and from Rebecca Jane Walker and her family from 1817 to 1833 regarding Lucretia Mott. Each letter is accompanied by a full annotated transcription.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains letters and photographs of the Walker family. The Walker family were Quakers in Virginia and Pennsylvania. Materials include 14 letters signed to and from Rebecca Jane Walker and her family from 1817 to 1833 regarding Lucretia Mott. Each letter is accompanied by a full annotated transcription."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":16,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:07:02.994Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_10028_c01"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series I. Montgomery County Records","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403_c01","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403_c01"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403_c01","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403","parent_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Charles W. Crush Collection"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Charles W. Crush Collection"],"text":["Charles W. Crush Collection","Series I. Montgomery County Records"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series I. Montgomery County Records","title_ssm":["Series I. Montgomery County Records"],"title_tesim":["Series I. Montgomery County Records"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1796-1886"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1796/1886"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series I. Montgomery County Records"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Charles W. Crush Collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":8,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:40:22.389Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1403.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Crush, Charles W., Papers","title_ssm":["Charles W. Crush Collection"],"title_tesim":["Charles W. Crush Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1796-1978"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1796-1978"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1984.180"],"text":["Ms.1984.180","Charles W. Crush Collection","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Civil War","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","The collection is open to research.","I. Montgomery County Records, 1796-1886, n.d. This series contains early tax records, including lists of tithables, delinquencies and insolvents compiled by commissioners of revenue and deputy sheriffs James and John Hoge, Thomas Henry, James Barnett, James Rayburn and William Rutlage. The series also contains a number of early records relating to the county court's payments on accounts and claims, most notably for work done on the courthouse and jail. From the latter nineteenth century, the series contains a tax receipt book from the Blacksburg district (dated 1884) and a small set of records from the county's overseer of the poor, including recommendations for assistance signed by overseer George W. L. Kabrick and account statements from local businesses. Materials are arranged by type, then chronologically.","II. Altizer Family Papers, 1900-1937 The Altizer Family Papers consist of three letters: two written by E. Wesley Altizer from Middlecreek, Illinois to relatives in Virginia (1900), and one written by Jacob Altizer of Christiansburg to Lila Altizer of Roanoke (1937). The letters are arranged chronologically.","III. Sullivan Family Papers, 1872-1895, n.d. This series contains papers of Christiansburg's Sullivan family and consists largely of receipts and tax records. Mentioned within the papers are Arthur O., C. W., Eugenia V., Mary Maude, Thomas E. and William Sullivan. Arranged chronologically. (For more on the Sullivans, see Ms56-001 - Sullivan Family Papers.)","IV. Politics, 1921-1936, n.d. This series contains correspondence and printed materials relating to both local and statewide campaigns. Included are numerous items (correspondence and printed material) concerning Clifton A. Woodrum's 1922 congressional campaign, sample ballots and Democratic Party printed matter. Arranged chronologically.","V. Military, 1918-1946, n.d. The Military series includes materials relating mostly to local involvement in the Civil War and both world wars. The Civil War materials include typescript rosters for local units and correspondence, forms and notes relating to grave markers of Confederate veterans. World War I items include a list of Montgomery County veterans, as well as official records and rosters of Company A, 314th Machine Gun Battalion (with which Crush and many other Southwest Virginia men served). Also filed here are printed materials regarding the American Legion, founded by World War I veterans. World War II materials include a list (with accompanying materials) of Montgomery Countians killed in the war and papers of Company 161, Virginia Reserve Militia. The series is arranged sequentially by war, then chronologically.","VI. Local History, 1880-1970, n.d This series contains various materials relating to the history of Christiansburg and Montgomery County. Included are typescript and printed articles (written by Crush and others) on early Montgomery County history, a file of printed materials regarding the Lee Highway opening celebration (1926) and the roadway's historic background, and records of the steering committee for Christiansburg's 150th anniversary celebration (1957). Materials are loosely arranged by historical time period, with a file of newsclippings relating to various local history topics and periods completing the series.","VII. General Materials, 1886-1978, n.d. This small set of materials includes an invitation to an 1886 Athenaean Literary Society event at King College (Bristol, Tennessee), a photograph of Christiansburg's Montgomery Male Academy, correspondence--mostly regarding army extension courses taken by Crush--and newsclippings related to Judge and Mrs. Crush and others. Arranged chronologically.","Charles Wade Crush, Montgomery County judge, historian and civic leader, was born in Christiansburg, Virginia, around 1894; he earned his degree in law from Washington and Lee University in 1913. He later attended the University of Texas and practiced law in Texas for a short time before returning to Christiansburg. During World War II, Crush served with the 314th Machine Gun Battalion. (Crush's interest in military affairs would continue throughout his life, serving as commander of the Virginia Department of the American Legion and as an officer in Company 161 of the Virginia Reserve Militia.) From 1923 to 1935, Crush served as commonwealth's attorney. He later served as Christiansburg postmaster for 10 years and as judge of the county court from 1948 until his retirement in 1963. Crush died on March 18, 1970.","Judge Crush maintained an interest in local history and civic matters throughout his career. He wrote numerous articles on Montgomery County history for the county newspaper and served as chairman of the Montgomery County Jamestown Festival Committee in 1957. As a director of the Montgomery County branch of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, Crush was instrumental in the preservation of Smithfield Plantation. His interest in local history culminated in the publication of his book, The Montgomery County Story, 1776-1957; and is represented in the posthumous work Montgomery County, Virginia: the First Hundred Years (1982). Through the American Legion, Crush is also credited with the founding of Virginia Boys' State.","Crush's wife, Eliza Clay Allen Crush, was born in Bland County, Virginia, in 1898. She attended Virginia Tech, and later passed the Virginia bar exam. Like Judge Crush, Mrs. Crush also maintained an active interest in local affairs. She served as the Christiansburg correspondent for the Roanoke Times for 25 years and is credited with founding Girls' State at Radford College (now Radford University). She served as acting Christiansburg postmaster during World War II and as assistant Christiansburg postmaster for six years prior to her death in 1966.","The guide to the Charles W. Crush Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Crush Collection commenced and was completed in November 2002.","This collection contains county records, correspondence and printed materials collected by Judge Charles W. Crush relating to the history of Christiansburg and Montgomery County. The Crush collection is divided among the following series: County Records, Altizer Family Papers, Sullivan Family Papers, Politics, Military, Local History, and General Materials.","The County Records series contains tax records dating back to the late eighteenth century, a few scattered court records from the early nineteenth century, and records of the Montgomery County overseer of the poor from the late nineteenth century. The Altizer Family Papers consist of a three items of personal correspondence, while the Sullivan Family Papers contain receipts and tax records from the latter nineteenth century. The collection also contains a small file of materials relating to state and local politics during the 1920s and 1930s. Crush's involvement in recording and preserving local history is revealed in both the Military and Local History series, the former containing rosters and notes on local units, the latter including typescripts and printed materials on a variety of subjects relating to early Montgomery County history. A small set of general materials includes personal papers, ephemera and a photograph of Montgomery Male Academy.","Several books were transferred from the collection to the Rare Book Collection.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This is a collection of materials related to various aspects of the history of Montgomery County, Virginia, including early county records, papers of the Altizer and Sullivan families, materials related to twentieth-century county politics and the county's role in the Civil War and World Wars I and II. Also includes writings and subject files on topics in local history and a small set of general materials.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Crush, Charles W., 1894(?)-1970","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1984.180"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charles W. Crush Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charles W. Crush Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Charles W. Crush Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Crush, Charles W., 1894(?)-1970"],"creator_ssim":["Crush, Charles W., 1894(?)-1970"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Crush, Charles W., 1894(?)-1970"],"creators_ssim":["Crush, Charles W., 1894(?)-1970"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Charles W. Crush Collection was purchased by Special Collections and University Archives in 1984."],"access_subjects_ssim":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Civil War","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Civil War","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet 2 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet 2 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eI. Montgomery County Records, 1796-1886, n.d. This series contains early tax records, including lists of tithables, delinquencies and insolvents compiled by commissioners of revenue and deputy sheriffs James and John Hoge, Thomas Henry, James Barnett, James Rayburn and William Rutlage. The series also contains a number of early records relating to the county court's payments on accounts and claims, most notably for work done on the courthouse and jail. From the latter nineteenth century, the series contains a tax receipt book from the Blacksburg district (dated 1884) and a small set of records from the county's overseer of the poor, including recommendations for assistance signed by overseer George W. L. Kabrick and account statements from local businesses. Materials are arranged by type, then chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eII. Altizer Family Papers, 1900-1937 The Altizer Family Papers consist of three letters: two written by E. Wesley Altizer from Middlecreek, Illinois to relatives in Virginia (1900), and one written by Jacob Altizer of Christiansburg to Lila Altizer of Roanoke (1937). The letters are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIII. Sullivan Family Papers, 1872-1895, n.d. This series contains papers of Christiansburg's Sullivan family and consists largely of receipts and tax records. Mentioned within the papers are Arthur O., C. W., Eugenia V., Mary Maude, Thomas E. and William Sullivan. Arranged chronologically. (For more on the Sullivans, see Ms56-001 - Sullivan Family Papers.)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIV. Politics, 1921-1936, n.d. This series contains correspondence and printed materials relating to both local and statewide campaigns. Included are numerous items (correspondence and printed material) concerning Clifton A. Woodrum's 1922 congressional campaign, sample ballots and Democratic Party printed matter. Arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eV. Military, 1918-1946, n.d. The Military series includes materials relating mostly to local involvement in the Civil War and both world wars. The Civil War materials include typescript rosters for local units and correspondence, forms and notes relating to grave markers of Confederate veterans. World War I items include a list of Montgomery County veterans, as well as official records and rosters of Company A, 314th Machine Gun Battalion (with which Crush and many other Southwest Virginia men served). Also filed here are printed materials regarding the American Legion, founded by World War I veterans. World War II materials include a list (with accompanying materials) of Montgomery Countians killed in the war and papers of Company 161, Virginia Reserve Militia. The series is arranged sequentially by war, then chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eVI. Local History, 1880-1970, n.d This series contains various materials relating to the history of Christiansburg and Montgomery County. Included are typescript and printed articles (written by Crush and others) on early Montgomery County history, a file of printed materials regarding the Lee Highway opening celebration (1926) and the roadway's historic background, and records of the steering committee for Christiansburg's 150th anniversary celebration (1957). Materials are loosely arranged by historical time period, with a file of newsclippings relating to various local history topics and periods completing the series.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eVII. General Materials, 1886-1978, n.d. This small set of materials includes an invitation to an 1886 Athenaean Literary Society event at King College (Bristol, Tennessee), a photograph of Christiansburg's Montgomery Male Academy, correspondence--mostly regarding army extension courses taken by Crush--and newsclippings related to Judge and Mrs. Crush and others. Arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["I. Montgomery County Records, 1796-1886, n.d. This series contains early tax records, including lists of tithables, delinquencies and insolvents compiled by commissioners of revenue and deputy sheriffs James and John Hoge, Thomas Henry, James Barnett, James Rayburn and William Rutlage. The series also contains a number of early records relating to the county court's payments on accounts and claims, most notably for work done on the courthouse and jail. From the latter nineteenth century, the series contains a tax receipt book from the Blacksburg district (dated 1884) and a small set of records from the county's overseer of the poor, including recommendations for assistance signed by overseer George W. L. Kabrick and account statements from local businesses. Materials are arranged by type, then chronologically.","II. Altizer Family Papers, 1900-1937 The Altizer Family Papers consist of three letters: two written by E. Wesley Altizer from Middlecreek, Illinois to relatives in Virginia (1900), and one written by Jacob Altizer of Christiansburg to Lila Altizer of Roanoke (1937). The letters are arranged chronologically.","III. Sullivan Family Papers, 1872-1895, n.d. This series contains papers of Christiansburg's Sullivan family and consists largely of receipts and tax records. Mentioned within the papers are Arthur O., C. W., Eugenia V., Mary Maude, Thomas E. and William Sullivan. Arranged chronologically. (For more on the Sullivans, see Ms56-001 - Sullivan Family Papers.)","IV. Politics, 1921-1936, n.d. This series contains correspondence and printed materials relating to both local and statewide campaigns. Included are numerous items (correspondence and printed material) concerning Clifton A. Woodrum's 1922 congressional campaign, sample ballots and Democratic Party printed matter. Arranged chronologically.","V. Military, 1918-1946, n.d. The Military series includes materials relating mostly to local involvement in the Civil War and both world wars. The Civil War materials include typescript rosters for local units and correspondence, forms and notes relating to grave markers of Confederate veterans. World War I items include a list of Montgomery County veterans, as well as official records and rosters of Company A, 314th Machine Gun Battalion (with which Crush and many other Southwest Virginia men served). Also filed here are printed materials regarding the American Legion, founded by World War I veterans. World War II materials include a list (with accompanying materials) of Montgomery Countians killed in the war and papers of Company 161, Virginia Reserve Militia. The series is arranged sequentially by war, then chronologically.","VI. Local History, 1880-1970, n.d This series contains various materials relating to the history of Christiansburg and Montgomery County. Included are typescript and printed articles (written by Crush and others) on early Montgomery County history, a file of printed materials regarding the Lee Highway opening celebration (1926) and the roadway's historic background, and records of the steering committee for Christiansburg's 150th anniversary celebration (1957). Materials are loosely arranged by historical time period, with a file of newsclippings relating to various local history topics and periods completing the series.","VII. General Materials, 1886-1978, n.d. This small set of materials includes an invitation to an 1886 Athenaean Literary Society event at King College (Bristol, Tennessee), a photograph of Christiansburg's Montgomery Male Academy, correspondence--mostly regarding army extension courses taken by Crush--and newsclippings related to Judge and Mrs. Crush and others. Arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Wade Crush, Montgomery County judge, historian and civic leader, was born in Christiansburg, Virginia, around 1894; he earned his degree in law from Washington and Lee University in 1913. He later attended the University of Texas and practiced law in Texas for a short time before returning to Christiansburg. During World War II, Crush served with the 314th Machine Gun Battalion. (Crush's interest in military affairs would continue throughout his life, serving as commander of the Virginia Department of the American Legion and as an officer in Company 161 of the Virginia Reserve Militia.) From 1923 to 1935, Crush served as commonwealth's attorney. He later served as Christiansburg postmaster for 10 years and as judge of the county court from 1948 until his retirement in 1963. Crush died on March 18, 1970.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJudge Crush maintained an interest in local history and civic matters throughout his career. He wrote numerous articles on Montgomery County history for the county newspaper and served as chairman of the Montgomery County Jamestown Festival Committee in 1957. As a director of the Montgomery County branch of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, Crush was instrumental in the preservation of Smithfield Plantation. His interest in local history culminated in the publication of his book, The Montgomery County Story, 1776-1957; and is represented in the posthumous work Montgomery County, Virginia: the First Hundred Years (1982). Through the American Legion, Crush is also credited with the founding of Virginia Boys' State.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCrush's wife, Eliza Clay Allen Crush, was born in Bland County, Virginia, in 1898. She attended Virginia Tech, and later passed the Virginia bar exam. Like Judge Crush, Mrs. Crush also maintained an active interest in local affairs. She served as the Christiansburg correspondent for the Roanoke Times for 25 years and is credited with founding Girls' State at Radford College (now Radford University). She served as acting Christiansburg postmaster during World War II and as assistant Christiansburg postmaster for six years prior to her death in 1966.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Charles Wade Crush, Montgomery County judge, historian and civic leader, was born in Christiansburg, Virginia, around 1894; he earned his degree in law from Washington and Lee University in 1913. He later attended the University of Texas and practiced law in Texas for a short time before returning to Christiansburg. During World War II, Crush served with the 314th Machine Gun Battalion. (Crush's interest in military affairs would continue throughout his life, serving as commander of the Virginia Department of the American Legion and as an officer in Company 161 of the Virginia Reserve Militia.) From 1923 to 1935, Crush served as commonwealth's attorney. He later served as Christiansburg postmaster for 10 years and as judge of the county court from 1948 until his retirement in 1963. Crush died on March 18, 1970.","Judge Crush maintained an interest in local history and civic matters throughout his career. He wrote numerous articles on Montgomery County history for the county newspaper and served as chairman of the Montgomery County Jamestown Festival Committee in 1957. As a director of the Montgomery County branch of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, Crush was instrumental in the preservation of Smithfield Plantation. His interest in local history culminated in the publication of his book, The Montgomery County Story, 1776-1957; and is represented in the posthumous work Montgomery County, Virginia: the First Hundred Years (1982). Through the American Legion, Crush is also credited with the founding of Virginia Boys' State.","Crush's wife, Eliza Clay Allen Crush, was born in Bland County, Virginia, in 1898. She attended Virginia Tech, and later passed the Virginia bar exam. Like Judge Crush, Mrs. Crush also maintained an active interest in local affairs. She served as the Christiansburg correspondent for the Roanoke Times for 25 years and is credited with founding Girls' State at Radford College (now Radford University). She served as acting Christiansburg postmaster during World War II and as assistant Christiansburg postmaster for six years prior to her death in 1966."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Charles W. Crush Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Charles W. Crush Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Charles W. Crush Collection, Ms1984-180, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Charles W. Crush Collection, Ms1984-180, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Crush Collection commenced and was completed in November 2002.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Crush Collection commenced and was completed in November 2002."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains county records, correspondence and printed materials collected by Judge Charles W. Crush relating to the history of Christiansburg and Montgomery County. The Crush collection is divided among the following series: County Records, Altizer Family Papers, Sullivan Family Papers, Politics, Military, Local History, and General Materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe County Records series contains tax records dating back to the late eighteenth century, a few scattered court records from the early nineteenth century, and records of the Montgomery County overseer of the poor from the late nineteenth century. The Altizer Family Papers consist of a three items of personal correspondence, while the Sullivan Family Papers contain receipts and tax records from the latter nineteenth century. The collection also contains a small file of materials relating to state and local politics during the 1920s and 1930s. Crush's involvement in recording and preserving local history is revealed in both the Military and Local History series, the former containing rosters and notes on local units, the latter including typescripts and printed materials on a variety of subjects relating to early Montgomery County history. A small set of general materials includes personal papers, ephemera and a photograph of Montgomery Male Academy.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains county records, correspondence and printed materials collected by Judge Charles W. Crush relating to the history of Christiansburg and Montgomery County. The Crush collection is divided among the following series: County Records, Altizer Family Papers, Sullivan Family Papers, Politics, Military, Local History, and General Materials.","The County Records series contains tax records dating back to the late eighteenth century, a few scattered court records from the early nineteenth century, and records of the Montgomery County overseer of the poor from the late nineteenth century. The Altizer Family Papers consist of a three items of personal correspondence, while the Sullivan Family Papers contain receipts and tax records from the latter nineteenth century. The collection also contains a small file of materials relating to state and local politics during the 1920s and 1930s. Crush's involvement in recording and preserving local history is revealed in both the Military and Local History series, the former containing rosters and notes on local units, the latter including typescripts and printed materials on a variety of subjects relating to early Montgomery County history. A small set of general materials includes personal papers, ephemera and a photograph of Montgomery Male Academy."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeveral books were transferred from the collection to the Rare Book Collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Several books were transferred from the collection to the Rare Book Collection."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5a18a243c9481432964d7622a928b16e\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis is a collection of materials related to various aspects of the history of Montgomery County, Virginia, including early county records, papers of the Altizer and Sullivan families, materials related to twentieth-century county politics and the county's role in the Civil War and World Wars I and II. Also includes writings and subject files on topics in local history and a small set of general materials.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This is a collection of materials related to various aspects of the history of Montgomery County, Virginia, including early county records, papers of the Altizer and Sullivan families, materials related to twentieth-century county politics and the county's role in the Civil War and World Wars I and II. Also includes writings and subject files on topics in local history and a small set of general materials."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Crush, Charles W., 1894(?)-1970"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Crush, Charles W., 1894(?)-1970"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":36,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:40:22.389Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1403_c01"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_103_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series I: Personal Papers","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_103_c01#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis series includes personal correspondence; \"Letters to the Editor\"; miscellaneous material re. Judaism, Christianity, and their relationship; speeches and material for speeches; Literary materials for and copies of The Galaxy; papers relating to George Viett, Norfolk poet-author. Oversized memorabilia are stored in the dropfront box.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_103_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_103_c01","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_103_c01"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_103_c01","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_103","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_103","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_103","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_103","parent_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_103"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_103"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Benjamin A. Banks Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Benjamin A. Banks Papers"],"text":["Benjamin A. Banks Papers","Series I: Personal Papers","This series includes personal correspondence; \"Letters to the Editor\"; miscellaneous material re. Judaism, Christianity, and their relationship; speeches and material for speeches; Literary materials for and copies of The Galaxy; papers relating to George Viett, Norfolk poet-author. Oversized memorabilia are stored in the dropfront box."],"title_filing_ssi":"Series I: Personal Papers","title_ssm":["Series I: Personal Papers"],"title_tesim":["Series I: Personal Papers"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1820-1974, undated"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1820/1974"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series I: Personal Papers"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Benjamin A. Banks Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":10,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis series includes personal correspondence; \"Letters to the Editor\"; miscellaneous material re. Judaism, Christianity, and their relationship; speeches and material for speeches; Literary materials for and copies of The Galaxy; papers relating to George Viett, Norfolk poet-author. Oversized memorabilia are stored in the dropfront box.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This series includes personal correspondence; \"Letters to the Editor\"; miscellaneous material re. Judaism, Christianity, and their relationship; speeches and material for speeches; Literary materials for and copies of The Galaxy; papers relating to George Viett, Norfolk poet-author. Oversized memorabilia are stored in the dropfront box."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:40:26.566Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_103","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_103","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_103","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_103","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_103.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/103","title_filing_ssi":"Banks, Benjamin A.","title_ssm":["Benjamin A. Banks Papers"],"title_tesim":["Benjamin A. Banks Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1855-1974","Date acquired: 05/18/1976"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1855-1974"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 05/18/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 6","/repositories/5/resources/103"],"text":["MG 6","/repositories/5/resources/103","Benjamin A. Banks Papers","Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Legislators--Virginia--Hampton Roads","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Lawyers--Virginia--Norfolk","Publishers and publishing","Virginia--Politics and government--1865-1950","The collection is open to researchers without restrictions.","The materials are arranged chronologically and are organized into six series: Series I: Personal Papers; Series II: Political Papers; Series III: Scrapbooks; Series IV: Photographs; Series V: Books; and Series VI: Memorabilia.","Benjamin A. Banks (original family name Bonk) was born, according to his own testimony, on May 18, 1884, in Baltimore, Maryland. Soon after his father's death his family moved to Norfolk, Virginia, where they had relatives living. Banks received his only formal education in Norfolk's public schools. He then studied law on his own and was admitted to the Virginia Bar in November 1909. He continued to practice law until his death on April 27, 1974.","From 1908 through 1913, Banks served as editor and publisher of The Galaxy, a literary magazine which he hoped would enjoy critical and financial success not only in Norfolk but throughout the South. His colleague in this unsuccessful effort was local poet George Viett, who remained Banks' close friend until his death in 1943. Banks' first forays into the political arena in Norfolk were quite successful. He served on the Norfolk Board of Alderman from 1908 to 1911 at which point he resigned to take up the seat he had recently won in the Virginia House of Delegates. Banks did not run for reelection however, and all his subsequent attempts to return to public office: Virginia State Senate (1923); Commonwealth's Attorney for Norfolk (1925); House of Delegates (1933, 1937) ended in defeat. Nonetheless, he played an active role in Norfolk's Democratic politics from the 1900's through the 1940's. He participated in most local election campaigns and was frequently called on to make radio speeches on behalf of the candidates. For example, he successfully supported Norman Hamilton against Colgate Darden for Congress in 1936 and then aided Darden to defeat Hamilton in 1938. Banks was elected Norfolk chairman of the Virginia Liberal League in 1918 and, in 1937, he helped found the Citizen's Democratic League, a group that supported candidates against the dominant local Democratic organization, with only limited success, until its demise in the early 1940's. Banks was also an active campaigner for Democratic presidential candidates from Woodrow Wilson to George McGovern. He was particularly active in the Roosevelt clubs that developed in the 1930's.","Banks was a prominent member of the Norfolk Jewish community and was especially interested in promoting better understanding among Christians and Jews. He worked toward this goal in many letters written to local newspapers, especially in his annual Christmas \"epistles.\" His numerous letters to the editors of the leading Norfolk and Richmond newspapers dealt with many topics, more often with political issues - local, state, and national. Their range-from Prohibition and the Ku Klux Klan to Vietnam and Watergate - symbolize the length of his concerns with political issues. Bank's letters also won him plaudits from many members of the Tidewater community and from political figures throughout the entire Commonwealth of Virginia.","Note written by James F. Walsh","The papers of Benjamin Banks include letters to the editor, speeches, and literary materials. Political papers span Banks' political career (1908-1913) and his continuing involvement in political issues through the 1940's. Also included in the collection are scrapbooks of newspaper clippings, photographs, memorabilia, and Manuals of the Senate and House of Delegates of Virginia.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Lawyer and prominent member of the Norfolk Jewish community. Served on the Norfolk Board of Aldermen (1908-1911) and in the Virginia House of Delegates (1911-1913). Active in local, state and national politics. Includes personal and political correspondence, scrapbooks, letters to the editor, and photographs.","ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly","Banks, Benjamin A. (1884-1974)","English Yiddish"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 6","/repositories/5/resources/103"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Benjamin A. Banks Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Benjamin A. 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Banks (original family name Bonk) was born, according to his own testimony, on May 18, 1884, in Baltimore, Maryland. Soon after his father's death his family moved to Norfolk, Virginia, where they had relatives living. Banks received his only formal education in Norfolk's public schools. He then studied law on his own and was admitted to the Virginia Bar in November 1909. He continued to practice law until his death on April 27, 1974.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrom 1908 through 1913, Banks served as editor and publisher of The Galaxy, a literary magazine which he hoped would enjoy critical and financial success not only in Norfolk but throughout the South. His colleague in this unsuccessful effort was local poet George Viett, who remained Banks' close friend until his death in 1943. Banks' first forays into the political arena in Norfolk were quite successful. He served on the Norfolk Board of Alderman from 1908 to 1911 at which point he resigned to take up the seat he had recently won in the Virginia House of Delegates. Banks did not run for reelection however, and all his subsequent attempts to return to public office: Virginia State Senate (1923); Commonwealth's Attorney for Norfolk (1925); House of Delegates (1933, 1937) ended in defeat. Nonetheless, he played an active role in Norfolk's Democratic politics from the 1900's through the 1940's. He participated in most local election campaigns and was frequently called on to make radio speeches on behalf of the candidates. For example, he successfully supported Norman Hamilton against Colgate Darden for Congress in 1936 and then aided Darden to defeat Hamilton in 1938. Banks was elected Norfolk chairman of the Virginia Liberal League in 1918 and, in 1937, he helped found the Citizen's Democratic League, a group that supported candidates against the dominant local Democratic organization, with only limited success, until its demise in the early 1940's. Banks was also an active campaigner for Democratic presidential candidates from Woodrow Wilson to George McGovern. He was particularly active in the Roosevelt clubs that developed in the 1930's.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBanks was a prominent member of the Norfolk Jewish community and was especially interested in promoting better understanding among Christians and Jews. He worked toward this goal in many letters written to local newspapers, especially in his annual Christmas \"epistles.\" His numerous letters to the editors of the leading Norfolk and Richmond newspapers dealt with many topics, more often with political issues - local, state, and national. Their range-from Prohibition and the Ku Klux Klan to Vietnam and Watergate - symbolize the length of his concerns with political issues. Bank's letters also won him plaudits from many members of the Tidewater community and from political figures throughout the entire Commonwealth of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by James F. Walsh\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Benjamin A. Banks (original family name Bonk) was born, according to his own testimony, on May 18, 1884, in Baltimore, Maryland. Soon after his father's death his family moved to Norfolk, Virginia, where they had relatives living. Banks received his only formal education in Norfolk's public schools. He then studied law on his own and was admitted to the Virginia Bar in November 1909. He continued to practice law until his death on April 27, 1974.","From 1908 through 1913, Banks served as editor and publisher of The Galaxy, a literary magazine which he hoped would enjoy critical and financial success not only in Norfolk but throughout the South. His colleague in this unsuccessful effort was local poet George Viett, who remained Banks' close friend until his death in 1943. Banks' first forays into the political arena in Norfolk were quite successful. He served on the Norfolk Board of Alderman from 1908 to 1911 at which point he resigned to take up the seat he had recently won in the Virginia House of Delegates. Banks did not run for reelection however, and all his subsequent attempts to return to public office: Virginia State Senate (1923); Commonwealth's Attorney for Norfolk (1925); House of Delegates (1933, 1937) ended in defeat. Nonetheless, he played an active role in Norfolk's Democratic politics from the 1900's through the 1940's. He participated in most local election campaigns and was frequently called on to make radio speeches on behalf of the candidates. For example, he successfully supported Norman Hamilton against Colgate Darden for Congress in 1936 and then aided Darden to defeat Hamilton in 1938. Banks was elected Norfolk chairman of the Virginia Liberal League in 1918 and, in 1937, he helped found the Citizen's Democratic League, a group that supported candidates against the dominant local Democratic organization, with only limited success, until its demise in the early 1940's. Banks was also an active campaigner for Democratic presidential candidates from Woodrow Wilson to George McGovern. He was particularly active in the Roosevelt clubs that developed in the 1930's.","Banks was a prominent member of the Norfolk Jewish community and was especially interested in promoting better understanding among Christians and Jews. He worked toward this goal in many letters written to local newspapers, especially in his annual Christmas \"epistles.\" His numerous letters to the editors of the leading Norfolk and Richmond newspapers dealt with many topics, more often with political issues - local, state, and national. Their range-from Prohibition and the Ku Klux Klan to Vietnam and Watergate - symbolize the length of his concerns with political issues. Bank's letters also won him plaudits from many members of the Tidewater community and from political figures throughout the entire Commonwealth of Virginia.","Note written by James F. Walsh"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Benjamin A. Banks Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Benjamin A. Banks Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of Benjamin Banks include letters to the editor, speeches, and literary materials. Political papers span Banks' political career (1908-1913) and his continuing involvement in political issues through the 1940's. Also included in the collection are scrapbooks of newspaper clippings, photographs, memorabilia, and Manuals of the Senate and House of Delegates of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of Benjamin Banks include letters to the editor, speeches, and literary materials. Political papers span Banks' political career (1908-1913) and his continuing involvement in political issues through the 1940's. Also included in the collection are scrapbooks of newspaper clippings, photographs, memorabilia, and Manuals of the Senate and House of Delegates of Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_db8b6bbda8dc93780c6c66436b6855d9\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eLawyer and prominent member of the Norfolk Jewish community. Served on the Norfolk Board of Aldermen (1908-1911) and in the Virginia House of Delegates (1911-1913). Active in local, state and national politics. Includes personal and political correspondence, scrapbooks, letters to the editor, and photographs.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Lawyer and prominent member of the Norfolk Jewish community. Served on the Norfolk Board of Aldermen (1908-1911) and in the Virginia House of Delegates (1911-1913). Active in local, state and national politics. Includes personal and political correspondence, scrapbooks, letters to the editor, and photographs."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly","Banks, Benjamin A. (1884-1974)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly","Banks, Benjamin A. (1884-1974)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Virginia. General Assembly"],"persname_ssim":["Banks, Benjamin A. 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Railroads and Associated Companies,","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631_c01","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631_c01"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631_c01","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631","parent_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Wayne Perkins Collection,"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Wayne Perkins Collection,"],"text":["Wayne Perkins Collection,","Series I. Railroads and Associated Companies,"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series I. Railroads and Associated Companies, ","title_ssm":["Series I. Railroads and Associated Companies, "],"title_tesim":["Series I. Railroads and Associated Companies, "],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1835-1986"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1835/1986"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series I. Railroads and Associated Companies,"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Wayne Perkins Collection,"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":33,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish material from Wayne Perkins Collection must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech. Photographs in Series IV which are attributed to a specific photographer may not be published without permission of the holder of rights to the image."],"date_range_isim":[1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:43:23.515Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2631.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Perkins, Wayne Collection","title_ssm":["Wayne Perkins Collection,"],"title_tesim":["Wayne Perkins Collection,"],"unitdate_ssm":["1835-1996"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1835-1996"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2010.078"],"text":["Ms.2010.078","Wayne Perkins Collection,","Railroad","2.6 cu. ft. 8 boxes, 1 oversize folder","Collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged in four series:","Series I. Railroads and Associated Companies, 1835-1986. This series contains materials acquired by Perkins through his general interest in railroad history. The materials have no clear focus, though Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway materials comprise a large portion of the series. Included are a wide array of materials, including train passes, timetables, printed materials, business forms, legislative acts, train orders, company histories, ephemera and memorabilia. Of particular interest, perhaps, are an 1835 invitation to the opening of the Norwich and Worcester Railroad and an 1840 letter from the Bank Stock Railroad asking an unidentified minister to promote the railroad in his sermons. Also included in this series is a collection of dinner menus from several railroads, printed materials relating to the rail industry, and a set of souvenir buttons bearing railroad logos. This series is arranged alphabetically by business name, then by document type.","Series II. Individuals, Families and Businesses, 1881-1953. This series contains the papers of various people and companies apparently not directly connected to railroads but accumulated by Perkins in the course of pursuing his hobby. Included among the many disparate materials in the series are expense account records of F. W. Hawks, a cartographer working in Ohio. Also within the series are several pieces of correspondence between Robert L. Humphrey of Galax, Virginia and his sisters Mamie and Belle, together with some other Humphrey family-related papers. Also prevalent within the series are a number of bills of lading issued to G. W. Plumer, a Massachusetts merchant, and a set of telegrams between members of the Snidow-Dixon family in West Virginia and Southwest Virginia. A few freight bills issued to General G. C. Wharton may also be found in this series. Arranged alphabetically by surname.","Series III. Personal Papers, 1957-1996. Included in this small series are materials that relate to Perkins' personal life, though most of them are also connected to his hobbies. The series contains a folder relating to various railroad enthusiast organizations of which Perkins was a member and a folder relating to model railroading, including instructions, advertising matter, and other printed material. A very small selection of personal materials completes the collection and includes letters and ephemera, with some items relating to a George Wythe High School class of 1966 reunion. Arranged by subject matter. ","Series IV. Photographs and Postcards, 1887-1987. This series contains images collected and created by Perkins and is devoted almost entirely to railroad-related subjects, including locomotives and other rolling stock; structures; and scenery. The series is divided into two subseries: ","Subseries A. Photographs, 1887-1976. While a few of the images in this subseries seem to have been created by Perkins, and the creator of others is unknown, most of the photos are attributed to others. Included among these are significant collections from photographers C. W. Jernstrom and Harold K. Vollrath. As with the materials in Series I, the photos span subjects throughout North America, though there is a focus on the Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway. Included at the end of the photographs is a set of promotional photos for the Bendix-Feragen automobile frame-straightening system and a machine-pen autographed photo of Charles A. Lindbergh with his mother and the \"Spirit of St. Louis.\" The railroad images are arranged by name of photographer, then by subject. Non-railroad images are grouped at the end of the subseries. ","Subseries B. Postcards, [1906?]-1987. This subseries contains postcards collected by Perkins. While some have never been used, several of the older postcards include names and messages. Included at the end of the subseries are postcards depicting World War II-era combat aircraft and scenes from the southwestern United States. Railroad images are arranged alphabetically by company name, with non-railroad items grouped at the end of the subseries.","Merrill Wayne Perkins, the son of Eli W. and Ethel Fielder Perkins, was born in Wythe County, Virginia in 1947. He married Elizabeth Williams and graduated with a degree in pharmacy from Virginia Commmonwealth University in 1971. He returned to Wythe County, working as a pharmacist in Wytheville. Among his personal activities, Perkins maintained memberships in the Wythe County Historical Society and the Train Collectors Association. Wayne Perkins died in Winston-Salem, North Carolina in 2004.","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Wayne Perkins Collection commenced in October 2010 and was completed in December 2010. ","The materials in this collection were part of a larger collection, which had been purchased in two accruals. The first accrual, purchased in 2008, was ultimately divided among several collections. Materials that were determined to relate specifically to the Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway, its predecessors and affiliates were processed as the Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway and Associated Companies Collection (Ms2009-037). The personal and working papers of Chapman J. French, a civil engineer employed by the company, were easily distinguishable and were processed as the Chapman J. French Papers (Ms2009-034). Materials that did not relate in any way to the N\u0026W were separated into the following individual collections:","Mine Hill \u0026 Schuylkill Haven Railroad Stock Certificates (Ms2009-035) New River Mineral Company Stock Certificate (Ms2009-036) Philadelphia \u0026 Reading Railroad Receipts (Ms2009-038) Raleigh Coal \u0026 Coke Company Rail Spur Drawing (Ms2009-039) Reed Island Iron Company Receipts (Ms2009-040) Rock Island Lines Insurance Booklet (Ms2009-041) Sullivan Railroad Company Stock Certificate (Ms2009-042) Tennessee, Alabama \u0026 Georgia Railroad Annual Report (Ms2009-043) Tennessee, Alabama \u0026 Georgia Railway Annual Report (Ms2009-044) Thomas Wood and Company Freight Records (Ms2009-045) Virginia Iron, Coal and Coke Company Receipts (Ms2009-046)","Much of the 2009 accrual was likewise divided between the Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway and Associated Companies Collection and the Chapman J. French Papers. In examining the second accrual, however, it became clear that the materials had been accumulated by a single collector, and so materials that were unrelated to the N\u0026W (together with materials that related to the N\u0026W but were not company records) were processed as the Wayne Perkins Collection.","This collection contains materials--mostly railroad-related--compiled by Wayne Perkins, a Wytheville, Virginia pharmacist and railroad enthusiast. The collection contains a wide array of materials--including business records, memorabilia and photographs--relating to a number of North American railroads. Significant among the materials are several items relating to early 19th-century railroads.  The collection concentrates largely on the Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway, including ephemera produced by the company and materials produced by others about the company. The collection also includes assorted papers relating to various individuals and families (most from southwestern Virginia), apparently accumulated by Perkins in the course of collecting railroad materials. Also included are files relating to Perkins' involvement with various railroad enthusiast organizations, his model train hobby, and assorted personal papers.","The following books were removed from the collection to be cataloged for the Rare Book Collection:","Burns, Robert E. and Stuart T. Saunders.  The Inseparable Partnership: Education and Industry.  New York: Newcomen Society, 1966.","Pettengill, Samuel Barrett.  What Henry Ford Taught America.  New York: America's Future, 1947.","The following map was removed from the collection and added to the Historical Maps Collection:","\"Map of Roanoke County, Virginia, Compiled from Actual Surveys, Land Maps, and Data furnished by the Appalachian Electric Power Co., Virginia State Highway Dept., Norfolk \u0026 Western R.R., Virginian Railway\"   [C. B. Malcolm?], 1942. ","Permission to publish material from Wayne Perkins Collection must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.  Photographs in Series IV which are attributed to a specific photographer may not be published without permission of the holder of rights to the image.","Collection of records, memorabilia, and photographs relating to a number of North American railroads but concentrating mostly the Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway. Also includes papers of various Southwest Virginia families and a small set of personal papers.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2010.078"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wayne Perkins Collection,"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wayne Perkins Collection,"],"collection_ssim":["Wayne Perkins Collection,"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish material from Wayne Perkins Collection must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.  Photographs in Series IV which are attributed to a specific photographer may not be published without permission of the holder of rights to the image."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Wayne Perkins Collection was purchased by Special Collections in 2009."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Railroad"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Railroad"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["2.6 cu. ft. 8 boxes, 1 oversize folder"],"extent_ssm":["2.6 Cubic Feet 8 boxes; 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["2.6 Cubic Feet 8 boxes; 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in four series:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Railroads and Associated Companies, 1835-1986. This series contains materials acquired by Perkins through his general interest in railroad history. The materials have no clear focus, though Norfolk \u0026amp; Western Railway materials comprise a large portion of the series. Included are a wide array of materials, including train passes, timetables, printed materials, business forms, legislative acts, train orders, company histories, ephemera and memorabilia. Of particular interest, perhaps, are an 1835 invitation to the opening of the Norwich and Worcester Railroad and an 1840 letter from the Bank Stock Railroad asking an unidentified minister to promote the railroad in his sermons. Also included in this series is a collection of dinner menus from several railroads, printed materials relating to the rail industry, and a set of souvenir buttons bearing railroad logos. This series is arranged alphabetically by business name, then by document type.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. Individuals, Families and Businesses, 1881-1953. This series contains the papers of various people and companies apparently not directly connected to railroads but accumulated by Perkins in the course of pursuing his hobby. Included among the many disparate materials in the series are expense account records of F. W. Hawks, a cartographer working in Ohio. Also within the series are several pieces of correspondence between Robert L. Humphrey of Galax, Virginia and his sisters Mamie and Belle, together with some other Humphrey family-related papers. Also prevalent within the series are a number of bills of lading issued to G. W. Plumer, a Massachusetts merchant, and a set of telegrams between members of the Snidow-Dixon family in West Virginia and Southwest Virginia. A few freight bills issued to General G. C. Wharton may also be found in this series. Arranged alphabetically by surname.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III. Personal Papers, 1957-1996. Included in this small series are materials that relate to Perkins' personal life, though most of them are also connected to his hobbies. The series contains a folder relating to various railroad enthusiast organizations of which Perkins was a member and a folder relating to model railroading, including instructions, advertising matter, and other printed material. A very small selection of personal materials completes the collection and includes letters and ephemera, with some items relating to a George Wythe High School class of 1966 reunion. Arranged by subject matter. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV. Photographs and Postcards, 1887-1987. This series contains images collected and created by Perkins and is devoted almost entirely to railroad-related subjects, including locomotives and other rolling stock; structures; and scenery. The series is divided into two subseries: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A. Photographs, 1887-1976. While a few of the images in this subseries seem to have been created by Perkins, and the creator of others is unknown, most of the photos are attributed to others. Included among these are significant collections from photographers C. W. Jernstrom and Harold K. Vollrath. As with the materials in Series I, the photos span subjects throughout North America, though there is a focus on the Norfolk \u0026amp; Western Railway. Included at the end of the photographs is a set of promotional photos for the Bendix-Feragen automobile frame-straightening system and a machine-pen autographed photo of Charles A. Lindbergh with his mother and the \"Spirit of St. Louis.\" The railroad images are arranged by name of photographer, then by subject. Non-railroad images are grouped at the end of the subseries. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries B. Postcards, [1906?]-1987. This subseries contains postcards collected by Perkins. While some have never been used, several of the older postcards include names and messages. Included at the end of the subseries are postcards depicting World War II-era combat aircraft and scenes from the southwestern United States. Railroad images are arranged alphabetically by company name, with non-railroad items grouped at the end of the subseries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in four series:","Series I. Railroads and Associated Companies, 1835-1986. This series contains materials acquired by Perkins through his general interest in railroad history. The materials have no clear focus, though Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway materials comprise a large portion of the series. Included are a wide array of materials, including train passes, timetables, printed materials, business forms, legislative acts, train orders, company histories, ephemera and memorabilia. Of particular interest, perhaps, are an 1835 invitation to the opening of the Norwich and Worcester Railroad and an 1840 letter from the Bank Stock Railroad asking an unidentified minister to promote the railroad in his sermons. Also included in this series is a collection of dinner menus from several railroads, printed materials relating to the rail industry, and a set of souvenir buttons bearing railroad logos. This series is arranged alphabetically by business name, then by document type.","Series II. Individuals, Families and Businesses, 1881-1953. This series contains the papers of various people and companies apparently not directly connected to railroads but accumulated by Perkins in the course of pursuing his hobby. Included among the many disparate materials in the series are expense account records of F. W. Hawks, a cartographer working in Ohio. Also within the series are several pieces of correspondence between Robert L. Humphrey of Galax, Virginia and his sisters Mamie and Belle, together with some other Humphrey family-related papers. Also prevalent within the series are a number of bills of lading issued to G. W. Plumer, a Massachusetts merchant, and a set of telegrams between members of the Snidow-Dixon family in West Virginia and Southwest Virginia. A few freight bills issued to General G. C. Wharton may also be found in this series. Arranged alphabetically by surname.","Series III. Personal Papers, 1957-1996. Included in this small series are materials that relate to Perkins' personal life, though most of them are also connected to his hobbies. The series contains a folder relating to various railroad enthusiast organizations of which Perkins was a member and a folder relating to model railroading, including instructions, advertising matter, and other printed material. A very small selection of personal materials completes the collection and includes letters and ephemera, with some items relating to a George Wythe High School class of 1966 reunion. Arranged by subject matter. ","Series IV. Photographs and Postcards, 1887-1987. This series contains images collected and created by Perkins and is devoted almost entirely to railroad-related subjects, including locomotives and other rolling stock; structures; and scenery. The series is divided into two subseries: ","Subseries A. Photographs, 1887-1976. While a few of the images in this subseries seem to have been created by Perkins, and the creator of others is unknown, most of the photos are attributed to others. Included among these are significant collections from photographers C. W. Jernstrom and Harold K. Vollrath. As with the materials in Series I, the photos span subjects throughout North America, though there is a focus on the Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway. Included at the end of the photographs is a set of promotional photos for the Bendix-Feragen automobile frame-straightening system and a machine-pen autographed photo of Charles A. Lindbergh with his mother and the \"Spirit of St. Louis.\" The railroad images are arranged by name of photographer, then by subject. Non-railroad images are grouped at the end of the subseries. ","Subseries B. Postcards, [1906?]-1987. This subseries contains postcards collected by Perkins. While some have never been used, several of the older postcards include names and messages. Included at the end of the subseries are postcards depicting World War II-era combat aircraft and scenes from the southwestern United States. Railroad images are arranged alphabetically by company name, with non-railroad items grouped at the end of the subseries."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMerrill Wayne Perkins, the son of Eli W. and Ethel Fielder Perkins, was born in Wythe County, Virginia in 1947. He married Elizabeth Williams and graduated with a degree in pharmacy from Virginia Commmonwealth University in 1971. He returned to Wythe County, working as a pharmacist in Wytheville. Among his personal activities, Perkins maintained memberships in the Wythe County Historical Society and the Train Collectors Association. Wayne Perkins died in Winston-Salem, North Carolina in 2004.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Merrill Wayne Perkins, the son of Eli W. and Ethel Fielder Perkins, was born in Wythe County, Virginia in 1947. He married Elizabeth Williams and graduated with a degree in pharmacy from Virginia Commmonwealth University in 1971. He returned to Wythe County, working as a pharmacist in Wytheville. Among his personal activities, Perkins maintained memberships in the Wythe County Historical Society and the Train Collectors Association. Wayne Perkins died in Winston-Salem, North Carolina in 2004."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: Wayne Perkins Collection, Ms2010-078, Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: Wayne Perkins Collection, Ms2010-078, Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Wayne Perkins Collection commenced in October 2010 and was completed in December 2010. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this collection were part of a larger collection, which had been purchased in two accruals. The first accrual, purchased in 2008, was ultimately divided among several collections. Materials that were determined to relate specifically to the Norfolk \u0026amp; Western Railway, its predecessors and affiliates were processed as the Norfolk \u0026amp; Western Railway and Associated Companies Collection (Ms2009-037). The personal and working papers of Chapman J. French, a civil engineer employed by the company, were easily distinguishable and were processed as the Chapman J. French Papers (Ms2009-034). Materials that did not relate in any way to the N\u0026amp;W were separated into the following individual collections:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003clist\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eMine Hill \u0026amp; Schuylkill Haven Railroad Stock Certificates (Ms2009-035)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eNew River Mineral Company Stock Certificate (Ms2009-036)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003ePhiladelphia \u0026amp; Reading Railroad Receipts (Ms2009-038)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eRaleigh Coal \u0026amp; Coke Company Rail Spur Drawing (Ms2009-039)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eReed Island Iron Company Receipts (Ms2009-040)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eRock Island Lines Insurance Booklet (Ms2009-041)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSullivan Railroad Company Stock Certificate (Ms2009-042)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eTennessee, Alabama \u0026amp; Georgia Railroad Annual Report (Ms2009-043)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eTennessee, Alabama \u0026amp; Georgia Railway Annual Report (Ms2009-044)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eThomas Wood and Company Freight Records (Ms2009-045)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eVirginia Iron, Coal and Coke Company Receipts (Ms2009-046)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMuch of the 2009 accrual was likewise divided between the Norfolk \u0026amp; Western Railway and Associated Companies Collection and the Chapman J. French Papers. In examining the second accrual, however, it became clear that the materials had been accumulated by a single collector, and so materials that were unrelated to the N\u0026amp;W (together with materials that related to the N\u0026amp;W but were not company records) were processed as the Wayne Perkins Collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Wayne Perkins Collection commenced in October 2010 and was completed in December 2010. ","The materials in this collection were part of a larger collection, which had been purchased in two accruals. The first accrual, purchased in 2008, was ultimately divided among several collections. Materials that were determined to relate specifically to the Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway, its predecessors and affiliates were processed as the Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway and Associated Companies Collection (Ms2009-037). The personal and working papers of Chapman J. French, a civil engineer employed by the company, were easily distinguishable and were processed as the Chapman J. French Papers (Ms2009-034). Materials that did not relate in any way to the N\u0026W were separated into the following individual collections:","Mine Hill \u0026 Schuylkill Haven Railroad Stock Certificates (Ms2009-035) New River Mineral Company Stock Certificate (Ms2009-036) Philadelphia \u0026 Reading Railroad Receipts (Ms2009-038) Raleigh Coal \u0026 Coke Company Rail Spur Drawing (Ms2009-039) Reed Island Iron Company Receipts (Ms2009-040) Rock Island Lines Insurance Booklet (Ms2009-041) Sullivan Railroad Company Stock Certificate (Ms2009-042) Tennessee, Alabama \u0026 Georgia Railroad Annual Report (Ms2009-043) Tennessee, Alabama \u0026 Georgia Railway Annual Report (Ms2009-044) Thomas Wood and Company Freight Records (Ms2009-045) Virginia Iron, Coal and Coke Company Receipts (Ms2009-046)","Much of the 2009 accrual was likewise divided between the Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway and Associated Companies Collection and the Chapman J. French Papers. In examining the second accrual, however, it became clear that the materials had been accumulated by a single collector, and so materials that were unrelated to the N\u0026W (together with materials that related to the N\u0026W but were not company records) were processed as the Wayne Perkins Collection."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains materials--mostly railroad-related--compiled by Wayne Perkins, a Wytheville, Virginia pharmacist and railroad enthusiast. The collection contains a wide array of materials--including business records, memorabilia and photographs--relating to a number of North American railroads. Significant among the materials are several items relating to early 19th-century railroads.  The collection concentrates largely on the Norfolk \u0026amp; Western Railway, including ephemera produced by the company and materials produced by others about the company. The collection also includes assorted papers relating to various individuals and families (most from southwestern Virginia), apparently accumulated by Perkins in the course of collecting railroad materials. Also included are files relating to Perkins' involvement with various railroad enthusiast organizations, his model train hobby, and assorted personal papers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains materials--mostly railroad-related--compiled by Wayne Perkins, a Wytheville, Virginia pharmacist and railroad enthusiast. The collection contains a wide array of materials--including business records, memorabilia and photographs--relating to a number of North American railroads. Significant among the materials are several items relating to early 19th-century railroads.  The collection concentrates largely on the Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway, including ephemera produced by the company and materials produced by others about the company. The collection also includes assorted papers relating to various individuals and families (most from southwestern Virginia), apparently accumulated by Perkins in the course of collecting railroad materials. Also included are files relating to Perkins' involvement with various railroad enthusiast organizations, his model train hobby, and assorted personal papers."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe following books were removed from the collection to be cataloged for the Rare Book Collection:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBurns, Robert E. and Stuart T. Saunders. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Inseparable Partnership: Education and Industry.\u003c/title\u003e New York: Newcomen Society, 1966.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePettengill, Samuel Barrett. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eWhat Henry Ford Taught America.\u003c/title\u003e New York: America's Future, 1947.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe following map was removed from the collection and added to the Historical Maps Collection:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Map of Roanoke County, Virginia, Compiled from Actual Surveys, Land Maps, and Data furnished by the Appalachian Electric Power Co., Virginia State Highway Dept., Norfolk \u0026amp; Western R.R., Virginian Railway\"   [C. B. Malcolm?], 1942. \u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The following books were removed from the collection to be cataloged for the Rare Book Collection:","Burns, Robert E. and Stuart T. Saunders.  The Inseparable Partnership: Education and Industry.  New York: Newcomen Society, 1966.","Pettengill, Samuel Barrett.  What Henry Ford Taught America.  New York: America's Future, 1947.","The following map was removed from the collection and added to the Historical Maps Collection:","\"Map of Roanoke County, Virginia, Compiled from Actual Surveys, Land Maps, and Data furnished by the Appalachian Electric Power Co., Virginia State Highway Dept., Norfolk \u0026 Western R.R., Virginian Railway\"   [C. B. Malcolm?], 1942. "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish material from Wayne Perkins Collection must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003ePhotographs in Series IV which are attributed to a specific photographer may not be published without permission of the holder of rights to the image.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish material from Wayne Perkins Collection must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.  Photographs in Series IV which are attributed to a specific photographer may not be published without permission of the holder of rights to the image."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_04d1b283efadadc5af7999a6b400aae6\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eCollection of records, memorabilia, and photographs relating to a number of North American railroads but concentrating mostly the Norfolk \u0026amp; Western Railway. Also includes papers of various Southwest Virginia families and a small set of personal papers.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Collection of records, memorabilia, and photographs relating to a number of North American railroads but concentrating mostly the Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway. Also includes papers of various Southwest Virginia families and a small set of personal papers."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"total_component_count_is":843,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:43:23.515Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2631_c01"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_115_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115_c01","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_115_c01"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115_c01","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","parent_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_115"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_115"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Webb Family Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Webb Family Papers"],"text":["Webb Family Papers","Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk","title_ssm":["Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk"],"title_tesim":["Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1790-1860"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1790/1860"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Webb Family Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":2,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open to researchers without restriction."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:48:25.933Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_115","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_115.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"Archon Finding Aid location","title_filing_ssi":"Webb Family","title_ssm":["Webb Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Webb Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1790-1975, undated","Date acquired: 12/00/1976"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1790-1975, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 12/00/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 155","/repositories/5/resources/115"],"text":["MG 155","/repositories/5/resources/115","Webb Family Papers","Norfolk (Va.)--History--19th century","Families--Virginia--History--18th century","Families--Virginia--History--19th century","Genealogy","Norfolk (Va.)--History--18th century","The collection is open to researchers without restriction.","The Webb Family Papers are divided into five series. The series are further divided into sub series. Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk, 1790-1823","Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard","Subseries A: Nash Legrand, Navy Agent Subseries B: George Loyall, Navy Agent Subseries C: Richard Astewood, Navy Agent Subseries D: Francis Mallory, Navy Agent Subseries E: Navy Agent's Office Subseries F: Gosport Navy Yard Subseries G: Commodore John W. Livingston, Commandant, United States Navy Yard, Subseries H: United States Navy Yard Subseries I: United States Naval Hospital, Subseries J: Other","Series III: The Webb Family","Subseries A: Miscellaneous Subseries B: Lewis Warrington Webb Subseries C: Photographs","Series IV: Business Papers; Genealogies; Magazines","Subseries A: Business Papers Subseries B: Genealogies Subseries C: Magazines","Series V: The Electricity Cost Commission","Subseries A: Organization of the ECC Subseries B: Dr. Lewis W. Webb, Chairman of the Committee on Utility; Dr. Ronald Carrier, Chairman of the ECC Subseries C: ECC Minutes Subseries D: ECC Committees Subseries E: ECC - Public Hearings Subseries F: Statements; Testimony; Resolutions; Position Papers Submitted to the ECC Subseries G: Information Utilized by the ECC Subseries H: VEPCO Subseries I: Electrical Utility Companies Subseries J: Power Companies' Annual Reports Subseries K: Newspaper Articles; Editorials Subseries L: Newsletters Subseries M: Final Report","The Webb Family Collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk, the Gosport Navy Yard, the Webb family, nineteenth-century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission. The documents were saved from destruction during the Civil War by Lewis Warrington Webb. He and his descendants contributed to and preserved the documents.","Lewis Warrington Webb, Bourough of Norfolk, Gosport Navy Yard","Lewis Warrington Webb was born on September 26, 1826. He was in the drug business before the Civil War. Webb was Collector of the Port of Norfolk when the war began. He maintained an office in the custom house. In April of 1861, war between the North and the South appeared to be imminent. The federal authorities realized that the Navy Yard could not be successfully defended. They ordered the evacuation and destruction of the ships, stores, equipment and records. Lewis Webb gathered many of the documents stored in the customs house and placed them in a trunk. The documents included late eighteenth and nineteenth century records of the Borough of Norfolk and records of the Gosport Navy Yard. Webb contributed documents to the collection until 1870.","After the Civil War, Webb served as a member of the military council, Auditor of Public Accounts, member of the Board of Police Commissioners, a member of the State Legislature and as the Deputy Collector of Customs in Norfolk. He supported the Republican party and was involved in state and national politics. Lewis Webb died on February 2, 1883.","The documents were passed down through the Webb family and stored in the different homes the family occupied. Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb, Jr., the grandson of Lewis Warrington Webb, loaned the documents to the Norfolk Historical Society for analysis. He donated the collection to the University on December 3, 1976.","The records of the Borough of Norfolk primarily involve the Common Council. The legislative power of the borough was vested in the Common Council. The Council was composed of sixteen members. The members could elect one of their number to be president. The committees were an important part of the government. The majority of laws were drafted by the committees at the direction of the Council. The Council had the right to collect taxes and to appropriate funds for construction and improvement of public buildings. The Council levied a tax on goods sold in the public market.","The records of the Navy Yard involve the years from 1829 to 1870. The primary documents in this section of the collection are the records of the Navy agents. The duties of the agents were directed by the Navy Commission Office in Washington. The Commission was an administrative body charged with the administration of naval material. The agents directed their requisition requests and submitted monthly expenditures to the Navy Commission Office.","The Navy agents worked on a commission basis. They were involved in securing supplies for the Navy and in the purchase of material for the con-struction and repair of ships and buildings at the yard. The agents acted as a liaison between the Navy and the civilian contractors. They placed advertisements in the Norfolk newspapers describing the Navy's specifications for materials and supplies. The agents inspected the quality of merchandise delivered to the yard. They paid the contractors for acceptable items. The agents supervised auctions of condemned government property.","Naval officers and seamen requested the agents to pay their dependents a monthly portion of their pay while they were away from home. The agents selected the modes of transportation and provided a travel allowance for men in transit.","The Navy agents received their funds from the Fourth Auditor's Office, United States Treasury Department. They submitted accounts and vouchers to the Fourth Auditor's Office each quarter.","The agents were generally prominent men. George Loyall was born in Norfolk on May 29, 1789. He graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1808. Loyall was a member of the House of Delegates from the Borough of Norfolk, 1817-1827. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1829. George Loyall was a member of Congress, 1831-1837. He was Navy agent of Norfolk from 1837-1861. Loyall resigned his position on April 17, 1861 because of his southern sympathies. His first wife Rebecca Tyler died in 1812 and his second wife Margaret Kelly died in 1855. George Loyall died on February 24, 1868. He is buried in Cedar Grove Cemetery in Norfolk.","Francis Mallory was born in 1805. He was appointed a midshipman in the Navy in 1822. He resigned from the service in 1826. Mallory practiced medicine in Norfolk for several years. He served in Congress from 1837 to 1843. Mallory was the first president of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad. He was appointed Navy Agent in 1850. Mallory's first wife Mary Shield died. He later married Mary Wright. Francis Mallory died in Norfolk on March 26, 1860.","Many of the letters sent to the Navy agents involved Commodore Lewis Warrington. He was born at Williamsburg, Virginia on November 3, 1782. He attended the College of William and Mary. Warrington was appointed midshipman in the Navy on January 6, 1800. He fought in the war with the Barbary pirates. Warrington performed distinguished service during the War of 1812. He was promoted to master commandant in 1813. Warrington was given the command of the USS Peacock. He engaged and defeated the British brig Epervier off Cape Canaveral on April 29, 1814. Warrington captured the cruiser Nautilus on June 30, 1815. He was a member of the Navy commission from 1826 to 1830 and again from 1840 to 1842. Warrington commanded at the Gosport Navy Yard from June, 1821 to December 1824 and again from May, 1831 to October, 1840. He was appointed Secretary of the Navy in 1844. Warrington was married to Margaret King. He died on October 12, 1851.","The Navy Yard was evacuated and burned by the Confederate Navy on May 10, 1862. The Union forces reoccupied the Navy Yard. The federal government designated the installation the United States Navy Yard. Commodore John Livingston was given the command of the Navy Yard. He was born on May 22, 1804. Livingston was Executive Officer of the USS Congress during the Mexican War. Early in the Civil War he commanded the USS Penquin, and later the USS Bienville, operating in the blockade of Wilmington and Hampton Roads. He was transferred to command the USS Cumberland. Livingston became ill and was forced to leave the vessel before it was sunk by the CSS Virginia. He assumed command of the Navy Yard on May 20, 1862. In November, 1864 he was transferred to command the Naval Station at Mound City, Illinois. He died in New York City on September 10, 1885.","The collection contains documents of several nineteenth-century merchants. William T. Fleet was one of the most successful businessmen operating in Norfolk. He was a grocer and commission merchant. Fleet was primarily a dealer in grain, flour and meal.","Lewis Warrington Webb, Jr.","Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb was born in Norfolk on March 1, 1910. He attended Virginia Polytechnic Institute receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in 1931 and his Master of Science degree in 1932. He became a licensed professional engineer in 1955. Webb completed post-graduate studies at the College of William and Mary, the United States Military Academy, and the University of North Carolina. He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Hampden-Sydney College in 1967.","Webb entered the education field in 1932 as an instructor of physics and mathematics at the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary. He was granted tenure in 1938. Webb was appointed Assistant Director of the college in 1942, received full professorship in 1944, and served as Director of the Defense and War Training Program from 1940 to 1944. He was appointed Director of the college in 1946 and held this position with the title being changed to Provost and in 1960 to President. When the school separated from William and Mary in 1962, Webb became the first president of the newly named Old Dominion College. He retained this position until his resignation in 1969. Dr. Webb's papers as President of O.D.U are also housed in Special Collections.","Dr. Webb returned to teaching, serving as Chairman of the Department of Physics and Geophysical Sciences from 1973-1974. He received many civic and educational awards. The title of President Emeritus was awarded to him upon his retirement in 1974.","Dr. Webb was married to the former Virginia F. Rice. They had two children, Dr. George Randolph Webb and Mary Lewis Webb (Mrs. Robert Ash). Dr. Webb died in 1984 and Virginia Rice Webb died in 2003.","Electricity Cost Commission","The governor established the Electricity Cost Commission on March 31, 1975. The Commission was organized in response to consumer concern about the high cost of electricity and the efficiency of the management of the power companies. The governor instructed the Commission to analyze the reasons for high electrical rates, the energy situation in Virginia and in other states, alternative sources of energy, and the projections of the power companies for future demand for energy. The Commission was instructed to publish its findings.","The Commission was composed of twenty-one members. They were divided into four committees. Each of the committees was assigned to analyze a specific problem. Dr. Webb was appointed by Governor Mills Godwin Jr. as Chairman of the Committee on Utility Management. The Commission held meetings each month in Richmond. Public hearings were held to allow people to express their views.","The Commission gathered information from diverse sources. They hired twelve consultants to conduct fourteen independent studies. The Commission utilized testimony from energy experts and federal agencies. Consumer groups, state officials, federal officials, and concerned individuals submitted testimony to the Commission. They examined company reports and annual reports of the electrical utility companies, energy newsletters and newspaper articles.","The collection, which was previously part of the University Archives and filed under RG 2-1B1, was transferred to Manuscripts on 9/22/2025.","The Webb Family Papers contain documents ranging from 1790-1975. The first series contains records of the Borough of Norfolk from 1790-1823. The documents include records of the Common Council, committee reports to the Council, payments for work performed for the Borough, applications of candidates for public office, Borough ordinances, apprentices' indentures, inquisitions and return of sales from the Public Market.","The second series contains records of the Gosport Navy Yard from 1829 to 1870. The papers contain the Navy agents' correspondence from contractors, seamen, the Navy Commission Office and the Fourth Auditor's Office. This series contains the correspondence of Captain Lewis Warrington and Commodore John Livingston. One of the most significant documents in the collection is the contract to raise the CSS Virginia from the Elizabeth River in 1870.","The third series consists of documents and photographs of the Webb family, including some of Lewis Warrington Webb's personal papers.","The fourth series ranges from 1809 to 1894 and contains miscellaneous business papers, genealogies of Bailey Gray and Elizeabeth Miles and issues of Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine from 1871.","The fifth series consists of Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb's records of the Electricity Cost Commission in 1975. They include information concerning the organization of the Commission minutes of the meetings, committees, public hearings, testimony, electrical utility companies, information utilized by the members of the Commission and the final report.","Some of the documents in this collection are photocopies of the originals.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Donated by Lewis W. Webb, Jr., the collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk (1790-1823), the Gosport Navy Yard (1829-1870), the Webb Family (1831-1883), 19th century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission (1975).","ODU Community Collections","Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)","Webb family","Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 155","/repositories/5/resources/115"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Webb Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Webb Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Webb Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Webb family"],"creator_ssim":["Webb family"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Webb family"],"creators_ssim":["Webb family"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Dr. Lewis W. Webb","Gift"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--19th century","Families--Virginia--History--18th century","Families--Virginia--History--19th century","Genealogy","Norfolk (Va.)--History--18th century"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--19th century","Families--Virginia--History--18th century","Families--Virginia--History--19th century","Genealogy","Norfolk (Va.)--History--18th century"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6.70 Linear Feet","11 Hollinger document cases, 1 oversize box boxes"],"extent_tesim":["6.70 Linear Feet","11 Hollinger document cases, 1 oversize box boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to researchers without restriction.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to researchers without restriction."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Webb Family Papers are divided into five series. The series are further divided into sub series. Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk, 1790-1823\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Nash Legrand, Navy Agent Subseries B: George Loyall, Navy Agent Subseries C: Richard Astewood, Navy Agent Subseries D: Francis Mallory, Navy Agent Subseries E: Navy Agent's Office Subseries F: Gosport Navy Yard Subseries G: Commodore John W. Livingston, Commandant, United States Navy Yard, Subseries H: United States Navy Yard Subseries I: United States Naval Hospital, Subseries J: Other\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III: The Webb Family\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Miscellaneous Subseries B: Lewis Warrington Webb Subseries C: Photographs\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV: Business Papers; Genealogies; Magazines\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Business Papers Subseries B: Genealogies Subseries C: Magazines\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries V: The Electricity Cost Commission\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Organization of the ECC Subseries B: Dr. Lewis W. Webb, Chairman of the Committee on Utility; Dr. Ronald Carrier, Chairman of the ECC Subseries C: ECC Minutes Subseries D: ECC Committees Subseries E: ECC - Public Hearings Subseries F: Statements; Testimony; Resolutions; Position Papers Submitted to the ECC Subseries G: Information Utilized by the ECC Subseries H: VEPCO Subseries I: Electrical Utility Companies Subseries J: Power Companies' Annual Reports Subseries K: Newspaper Articles; Editorials Subseries L: Newsletters Subseries M: Final Report\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Webb Family Papers are divided into five series. The series are further divided into sub series. Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk, 1790-1823","Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard","Subseries A: Nash Legrand, Navy Agent Subseries B: George Loyall, Navy Agent Subseries C: Richard Astewood, Navy Agent Subseries D: Francis Mallory, Navy Agent Subseries E: Navy Agent's Office Subseries F: Gosport Navy Yard Subseries G: Commodore John W. Livingston, Commandant, United States Navy Yard, Subseries H: United States Navy Yard Subseries I: United States Naval Hospital, Subseries J: Other","Series III: The Webb Family","Subseries A: Miscellaneous Subseries B: Lewis Warrington Webb Subseries C: Photographs","Series IV: Business Papers; Genealogies; Magazines","Subseries A: Business Papers Subseries B: Genealogies Subseries C: Magazines","Series V: The Electricity Cost Commission","Subseries A: Organization of the ECC Subseries B: Dr. Lewis W. Webb, Chairman of the Committee on Utility; Dr. Ronald Carrier, Chairman of the ECC Subseries C: ECC Minutes Subseries D: ECC Committees Subseries E: ECC - Public Hearings Subseries F: Statements; Testimony; Resolutions; Position Papers Submitted to the ECC Subseries G: Information Utilized by the ECC Subseries H: VEPCO Subseries I: Electrical Utility Companies Subseries J: Power Companies' Annual Reports Subseries K: Newspaper Articles; Editorials Subseries L: Newsletters Subseries M: Final Report"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Webb Family Collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk, the Gosport Navy Yard, the Webb family, nineteenth-century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission. The documents were saved from destruction during the Civil War by Lewis Warrington Webb. He and his descendants contributed to and preserved the documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eLewis Warrington Webb, Bourough of Norfolk, Gosport Navy Yard\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLewis Warrington Webb was born on September 26, 1826. He was in the drug business before the Civil War. Webb was Collector of the Port of Norfolk when the war began. He maintained an office in the custom house. In April of 1861, war between the North and the South appeared to be imminent. The federal authorities realized that the Navy Yard could not be successfully defended. They ordered the evacuation and destruction of the ships, stores, equipment and records. Lewis Webb gathered many of the documents stored in the customs house and placed them in a trunk. The documents included late eighteenth and nineteenth century records of the Borough of Norfolk and records of the Gosport Navy Yard. Webb contributed documents to the collection until 1870.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the Civil War, Webb served as a member of the military council, Auditor of Public Accounts, member of the Board of Police Commissioners, a member of the State Legislature and as the Deputy Collector of Customs in Norfolk. He supported the Republican party and was involved in state and national politics. Lewis Webb died on February 2, 1883.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe documents were passed down through the Webb family and stored in the different homes the family occupied. Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb, Jr., the grandson of Lewis Warrington Webb, loaned the documents to the Norfolk Historical Society for analysis. He donated the collection to the University on December 3, 1976.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Borough of Norfolk primarily involve the Common Council. The legislative power of the borough was vested in the Common Council. The Council was composed of sixteen members. The members could elect one of their number to be president. The committees were an important part of the government. The majority of laws were drafted by the committees at the direction of the Council. The Council had the right to collect taxes and to appropriate funds for construction and improvement of public buildings. The Council levied a tax on goods sold in the public market.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Navy Yard involve the years from 1829 to 1870. The primary documents in this section of the collection are the records of the Navy agents. The duties of the agents were directed by the Navy Commission Office in Washington. The Commission was an administrative body charged with the administration of naval material. The agents directed their requisition requests and submitted monthly expenditures to the Navy Commission Office.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Navy agents worked on a commission basis. They were involved in securing supplies for the Navy and in the purchase of material for the con-struction and repair of ships and buildings at the yard. The agents acted as a liaison between the Navy and the civilian contractors. They placed advertisements in the Norfolk newspapers describing the Navy's specifications for materials and supplies. The agents inspected the quality of merchandise delivered to the yard. They paid the contractors for acceptable items. The agents supervised auctions of condemned government property.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNaval officers and seamen requested the agents to pay their dependents a monthly portion of their pay while they were away from home. The agents selected the modes of transportation and provided a travel allowance for men in transit.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Navy agents received their funds from the Fourth Auditor's Office, United States Treasury Department. They submitted accounts and vouchers to the Fourth Auditor's Office each quarter.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe agents were generally prominent men. George Loyall was born in Norfolk on May 29, 1789. He graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1808. Loyall was a member of the House of Delegates from the Borough of Norfolk, 1817-1827. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1829. George Loyall was a member of Congress, 1831-1837. He was Navy agent of Norfolk from 1837-1861. Loyall resigned his position on April 17, 1861 because of his southern sympathies. His first wife Rebecca Tyler died in 1812 and his second wife Margaret Kelly died in 1855. George Loyall died on February 24, 1868. He is buried in Cedar Grove Cemetery in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Mallory was born in 1805. He was appointed a midshipman in the Navy in 1822. He resigned from the service in 1826. Mallory practiced medicine in Norfolk for several years. He served in Congress from 1837 to 1843. Mallory was the first president of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad. He was appointed Navy Agent in 1850. Mallory's first wife Mary Shield died. He later married Mary Wright. Francis Mallory died in Norfolk on March 26, 1860.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMany of the letters sent to the Navy agents involved Commodore Lewis Warrington. He was born at Williamsburg, Virginia on November 3, 1782. He attended the College of William and Mary. Warrington was appointed midshipman in the Navy on January 6, 1800. He fought in the war with the Barbary pirates. Warrington performed distinguished service during the War of 1812. He was promoted to master commandant in 1813. Warrington was given the command of the USS Peacock. He engaged and defeated the British brig Epervier off Cape Canaveral on April 29, 1814. Warrington captured the cruiser Nautilus on June 30, 1815. He was a member of the Navy commission from 1826 to 1830 and again from 1840 to 1842. Warrington commanded at the Gosport Navy Yard from June, 1821 to December 1824 and again from May, 1831 to October, 1840. He was appointed Secretary of the Navy in 1844. Warrington was married to Margaret King. He died on October 12, 1851.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Navy Yard was evacuated and burned by the Confederate Navy on May 10, 1862. The Union forces reoccupied the Navy Yard. The federal government designated the installation the United States Navy Yard. Commodore John Livingston was given the command of the Navy Yard. He was born on May 22, 1804. Livingston was Executive Officer of the USS Congress during the Mexican War. Early in the Civil War he commanded the USS Penquin, and later the USS Bienville, operating in the blockade of Wilmington and Hampton Roads. He was transferred to command the USS Cumberland. Livingston became ill and was forced to leave the vessel before it was sunk by the CSS Virginia. He assumed command of the Navy Yard on May 20, 1862. In November, 1864 he was transferred to command the Naval Station at Mound City, Illinois. He died in New York City on September 10, 1885.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains documents of several nineteenth-century merchants. William T. Fleet was one of the most successful businessmen operating in Norfolk. He was a grocer and commission merchant. Fleet was primarily a dealer in grain, flour and meal.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eLewis Warrington Webb, Jr.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. Lewis Warrington Webb was born in Norfolk on March 1, 1910. He attended Virginia Polytechnic Institute receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in 1931 and his Master of Science degree in 1932. He became a licensed professional engineer in 1955. Webb completed post-graduate studies at the College of William and Mary, the United States Military Academy, and the University of North Carolina. He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Hampden-Sydney College in 1967.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWebb entered the education field in 1932 as an instructor of physics and mathematics at the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary. He was granted tenure in 1938. Webb was appointed Assistant Director of the college in 1942, received full professorship in 1944, and served as Director of the Defense and War Training Program from 1940 to 1944. He was appointed Director of the college in 1946 and held this position with the title being changed to Provost and in 1960 to President. When the school separated from William and Mary in 1962, Webb became the first president of the newly named Old Dominion College. He retained this position until his resignation in 1969. Dr. Webb's papers as President of O.D.U are also housed in Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. Webb returned to teaching, serving as Chairman of the Department of Physics and Geophysical Sciences from 1973-1974. He received many civic and educational awards. The title of President Emeritus was awarded to him upon his retirement in 1974.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDr. Webb was married to the former Virginia F. Rice. They had two children, Dr. George Randolph Webb and Mary Lewis Webb (Mrs. Robert Ash). Dr. Webb died in 1984 and Virginia Rice Webb died in 2003.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eElectricity Cost Commission\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe governor established the Electricity Cost Commission on March 31, 1975. The Commission was organized in response to consumer concern about the high cost of electricity and the efficiency of the management of the power companies. The governor instructed the Commission to analyze the reasons for high electrical rates, the energy situation in Virginia and in other states, alternative sources of energy, and the projections of the power companies for future demand for energy. The Commission was instructed to publish its findings.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Commission was composed of twenty-one members. They were divided into four committees. Each of the committees was assigned to analyze a specific problem. Dr. Webb was appointed by Governor Mills Godwin Jr. as Chairman of the Committee on Utility Management. The Commission held meetings each month in Richmond. Public hearings were held to allow people to express their views.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Commission gathered information from diverse sources. They hired twelve consultants to conduct fourteen independent studies. The Commission utilized testimony from energy experts and federal agencies. Consumer groups, state officials, federal officials, and concerned individuals submitted testimony to the Commission. They examined company reports and annual reports of the electrical utility companies, energy newsletters and newspaper articles.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Webb Family Collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk, the Gosport Navy Yard, the Webb family, nineteenth-century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission. The documents were saved from destruction during the Civil War by Lewis Warrington Webb. He and his descendants contributed to and preserved the documents.","Lewis Warrington Webb, Bourough of Norfolk, Gosport Navy Yard","Lewis Warrington Webb was born on September 26, 1826. He was in the drug business before the Civil War. Webb was Collector of the Port of Norfolk when the war began. He maintained an office in the custom house. In April of 1861, war between the North and the South appeared to be imminent. The federal authorities realized that the Navy Yard could not be successfully defended. They ordered the evacuation and destruction of the ships, stores, equipment and records. Lewis Webb gathered many of the documents stored in the customs house and placed them in a trunk. The documents included late eighteenth and nineteenth century records of the Borough of Norfolk and records of the Gosport Navy Yard. Webb contributed documents to the collection until 1870.","After the Civil War, Webb served as a member of the military council, Auditor of Public Accounts, member of the Board of Police Commissioners, a member of the State Legislature and as the Deputy Collector of Customs in Norfolk. He supported the Republican party and was involved in state and national politics. Lewis Webb died on February 2, 1883.","The documents were passed down through the Webb family and stored in the different homes the family occupied. Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb, Jr., the grandson of Lewis Warrington Webb, loaned the documents to the Norfolk Historical Society for analysis. He donated the collection to the University on December 3, 1976.","The records of the Borough of Norfolk primarily involve the Common Council. The legislative power of the borough was vested in the Common Council. The Council was composed of sixteen members. The members could elect one of their number to be president. The committees were an important part of the government. The majority of laws were drafted by the committees at the direction of the Council. The Council had the right to collect taxes and to appropriate funds for construction and improvement of public buildings. The Council levied a tax on goods sold in the public market.","The records of the Navy Yard involve the years from 1829 to 1870. The primary documents in this section of the collection are the records of the Navy agents. The duties of the agents were directed by the Navy Commission Office in Washington. The Commission was an administrative body charged with the administration of naval material. The agents directed their requisition requests and submitted monthly expenditures to the Navy Commission Office.","The Navy agents worked on a commission basis. They were involved in securing supplies for the Navy and in the purchase of material for the con-struction and repair of ships and buildings at the yard. The agents acted as a liaison between the Navy and the civilian contractors. They placed advertisements in the Norfolk newspapers describing the Navy's specifications for materials and supplies. The agents inspected the quality of merchandise delivered to the yard. They paid the contractors for acceptable items. The agents supervised auctions of condemned government property.","Naval officers and seamen requested the agents to pay their dependents a monthly portion of their pay while they were away from home. The agents selected the modes of transportation and provided a travel allowance for men in transit.","The Navy agents received their funds from the Fourth Auditor's Office, United States Treasury Department. They submitted accounts and vouchers to the Fourth Auditor's Office each quarter.","The agents were generally prominent men. George Loyall was born in Norfolk on May 29, 1789. He graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1808. Loyall was a member of the House of Delegates from the Borough of Norfolk, 1817-1827. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1829. George Loyall was a member of Congress, 1831-1837. He was Navy agent of Norfolk from 1837-1861. Loyall resigned his position on April 17, 1861 because of his southern sympathies. His first wife Rebecca Tyler died in 1812 and his second wife Margaret Kelly died in 1855. George Loyall died on February 24, 1868. He is buried in Cedar Grove Cemetery in Norfolk.","Francis Mallory was born in 1805. He was appointed a midshipman in the Navy in 1822. He resigned from the service in 1826. Mallory practiced medicine in Norfolk for several years. He served in Congress from 1837 to 1843. Mallory was the first president of the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad. He was appointed Navy Agent in 1850. Mallory's first wife Mary Shield died. He later married Mary Wright. Francis Mallory died in Norfolk on March 26, 1860.","Many of the letters sent to the Navy agents involved Commodore Lewis Warrington. He was born at Williamsburg, Virginia on November 3, 1782. He attended the College of William and Mary. Warrington was appointed midshipman in the Navy on January 6, 1800. He fought in the war with the Barbary pirates. Warrington performed distinguished service during the War of 1812. He was promoted to master commandant in 1813. Warrington was given the command of the USS Peacock. He engaged and defeated the British brig Epervier off Cape Canaveral on April 29, 1814. Warrington captured the cruiser Nautilus on June 30, 1815. He was a member of the Navy commission from 1826 to 1830 and again from 1840 to 1842. Warrington commanded at the Gosport Navy Yard from June, 1821 to December 1824 and again from May, 1831 to October, 1840. He was appointed Secretary of the Navy in 1844. Warrington was married to Margaret King. He died on October 12, 1851.","The Navy Yard was evacuated and burned by the Confederate Navy on May 10, 1862. The Union forces reoccupied the Navy Yard. The federal government designated the installation the United States Navy Yard. Commodore John Livingston was given the command of the Navy Yard. He was born on May 22, 1804. Livingston was Executive Officer of the USS Congress during the Mexican War. Early in the Civil War he commanded the USS Penquin, and later the USS Bienville, operating in the blockade of Wilmington and Hampton Roads. He was transferred to command the USS Cumberland. Livingston became ill and was forced to leave the vessel before it was sunk by the CSS Virginia. He assumed command of the Navy Yard on May 20, 1862. In November, 1864 he was transferred to command the Naval Station at Mound City, Illinois. He died in New York City on September 10, 1885.","The collection contains documents of several nineteenth-century merchants. William T. Fleet was one of the most successful businessmen operating in Norfolk. He was a grocer and commission merchant. Fleet was primarily a dealer in grain, flour and meal.","Lewis Warrington Webb, Jr.","Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb was born in Norfolk on March 1, 1910. He attended Virginia Polytechnic Institute receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in 1931 and his Master of Science degree in 1932. He became a licensed professional engineer in 1955. Webb completed post-graduate studies at the College of William and Mary, the United States Military Academy, and the University of North Carolina. He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Hampden-Sydney College in 1967.","Webb entered the education field in 1932 as an instructor of physics and mathematics at the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary. He was granted tenure in 1938. Webb was appointed Assistant Director of the college in 1942, received full professorship in 1944, and served as Director of the Defense and War Training Program from 1940 to 1944. He was appointed Director of the college in 1946 and held this position with the title being changed to Provost and in 1960 to President. When the school separated from William and Mary in 1962, Webb became the first president of the newly named Old Dominion College. He retained this position until his resignation in 1969. Dr. Webb's papers as President of O.D.U are also housed in Special Collections.","Dr. Webb returned to teaching, serving as Chairman of the Department of Physics and Geophysical Sciences from 1973-1974. He received many civic and educational awards. The title of President Emeritus was awarded to him upon his retirement in 1974.","Dr. Webb was married to the former Virginia F. Rice. They had two children, Dr. George Randolph Webb and Mary Lewis Webb (Mrs. Robert Ash). Dr. Webb died in 1984 and Virginia Rice Webb died in 2003.","Electricity Cost Commission","The governor established the Electricity Cost Commission on March 31, 1975. The Commission was organized in response to consumer concern about the high cost of electricity and the efficiency of the management of the power companies. The governor instructed the Commission to analyze the reasons for high electrical rates, the energy situation in Virginia and in other states, alternative sources of energy, and the projections of the power companies for future demand for energy. The Commission was instructed to publish its findings.","The Commission was composed of twenty-one members. They were divided into four committees. Each of the committees was assigned to analyze a specific problem. Dr. Webb was appointed by Governor Mills Godwin Jr. as Chairman of the Committee on Utility Management. The Commission held meetings each month in Richmond. Public hearings were held to allow people to express their views.","The Commission gathered information from diverse sources. They hired twelve consultants to conduct fourteen independent studies. The Commission utilized testimony from energy experts and federal agencies. Consumer groups, state officials, federal officials, and concerned individuals submitted testimony to the Commission. They examined company reports and annual reports of the electrical utility companies, energy newsletters and newspaper articles."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection, which was previously part of the University Archives and filed under RG 2-1B1, was transferred to Manuscripts on 9/22/2025.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["The collection, which was previously part of the University Archives and filed under RG 2-1B1, was transferred to Manuscripts on 9/22/2025."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Webb Family Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Webb Family Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Webb Family Papers contain documents ranging from 1790-1975. The first series contains records of the Borough of Norfolk from 1790-1823. The documents include records of the Common Council, committee reports to the Council, payments for work performed for the Borough, applications of candidates for public office, Borough ordinances, apprentices' indentures, inquisitions and return of sales from the Public Market.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second series contains records of the Gosport Navy Yard from 1829 to 1870. The papers contain the Navy agents' correspondence from contractors, seamen, the Navy Commission Office and the Fourth Auditor's Office. This series contains the correspondence of Captain Lewis Warrington and Commodore John Livingston. One of the most significant documents in the collection is the contract to raise the CSS Virginia from the Elizabeth River in 1870.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe third series consists of documents and photographs of the Webb family, including some of Lewis Warrington Webb's personal papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth series ranges from 1809 to 1894 and contains miscellaneous business papers, genealogies of Bailey Gray and Elizeabeth Miles and issues of Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine from 1871.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe fifth series consists of Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb's records of the Electricity Cost Commission in 1975. They include information concerning the organization of the Commission minutes of the meetings, committees, public hearings, testimony, electrical utility companies, information utilized by the members of the Commission and the final report.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSome of the documents in this collection are photocopies of the originals.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Webb Family Papers contain documents ranging from 1790-1975. The first series contains records of the Borough of Norfolk from 1790-1823. The documents include records of the Common Council, committee reports to the Council, payments for work performed for the Borough, applications of candidates for public office, Borough ordinances, apprentices' indentures, inquisitions and return of sales from the Public Market.","The second series contains records of the Gosport Navy Yard from 1829 to 1870. The papers contain the Navy agents' correspondence from contractors, seamen, the Navy Commission Office and the Fourth Auditor's Office. This series contains the correspondence of Captain Lewis Warrington and Commodore John Livingston. One of the most significant documents in the collection is the contract to raise the CSS Virginia from the Elizabeth River in 1870.","The third series consists of documents and photographs of the Webb family, including some of Lewis Warrington Webb's personal papers.","The fourth series ranges from 1809 to 1894 and contains miscellaneous business papers, genealogies of Bailey Gray and Elizeabeth Miles and issues of Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine from 1871.","The fifth series consists of Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb's records of the Electricity Cost Commission in 1975. They include information concerning the organization of the Commission minutes of the meetings, committees, public hearings, testimony, electrical utility companies, information utilized by the members of the Commission and the final report.","Some of the documents in this collection are photocopies of the originals."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_b9764cb57d58eee4f648081adf008445\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eDonated by Lewis W. Webb, Jr., the collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk (1790-1823), the Gosport Navy Yard (1829-1870), the Webb Family (1831-1883), 19th century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission (1975).\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Donated by Lewis W. Webb, Jr., the collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk (1790-1823), the Gosport Navy Yard (1829-1870), the Webb Family (1831-1883), 19th century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission (1975)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)","Webb family","Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)","Webb family","Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)"],"famname_ssim":["Webb family"],"persname_ssim":["Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":479,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:48:25.933Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_115_c01"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_3_resources_115_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115_c01","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_3_resources_115_c01"],"id":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115_c01","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","_root_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","parent_ssim":["vino_repositories_3_resources_115"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_3_resources_115"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Webb Family Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Webb Family Papers"],"text":["Webb Family Papers","Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk","title_ssm":["Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk"],"title_tesim":["Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1790-1860"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1790/1860"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Webb Family Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":2,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open to researchers without restriction."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:46:15.368Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","_root_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_115","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_3_resources_115.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"Archon Finding Aid location","title_filing_ssi":"Webb Family","title_ssm":["Webb Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Webb Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1790-1975, undated","Date acquired: 12/00/1976"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1790-1975, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 12/00/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG 2-1B1","/repositories/3/resources/115"],"text":["RG 2-1B1","/repositories/3/resources/115","Webb Family Papers","Norfolk (Va.)--History--19th century","Families--Virginia--History--18th century","Families--Virginia--History--19th century","Genealogy","Norfolk (Va.)--History--18th century","The collection is open to researchers without restriction.","The Webb Family Papers are divided into five series. The series are further divided into sub series. Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk, 1790-1823","Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard","Subseries A: Nash Legrand, Navy Agent Subseries B: George Loyall, Navy Agent Subseries C: Richard Astewood, Navy Agent Subseries D: Francis Mallory, Navy Agent Subseries E: Navy Agent's Office Subseries F: Gosport Navy Yard Subseries G: Commodore John W. Livingston, Commandant, United States Navy Yard, Subseries H: United States Navy Yard Subseries I: United States Naval Hospital, Subseries J: Other","Series III: The Webb Family","Subseries A: Miscellaneous Subseries B: Lewis Warrington Webb Subseries C: Photographs","Series IV: Business Papers; Genealogies; Magazines","Subseries A: Business Papers Subseries B: Genealogies Subseries C: Magazines","Series V: The Electricity Cost Commission","Subseries A: Organization of the ECC Subseries B: Dr. Lewis W. Webb, Chairman of the Committee on Utility; Dr. Ronald Carrier, Chairman of the ECC Subseries C: ECC Minutes Subseries D: ECC Committees Subseries E: ECC - Public Hearings Subseries F: Statements; Testimony; Resolutions; Position Papers Submitted to the ECC Subseries G: Information Utilized by the ECC Subseries H: VEPCO Subseries I: Electrical Utility Companies Subseries J: Power Companies' Annual Reports Subseries K: Newspaper Articles; Editorials Subseries L: Newsletters Subseries M: Final Report","The Webb Family Papers contain documents ranging from 1790-1975. The first series contains records of the Borough of Norfolk from 1790-1823. The documents include records of the Common Council, committee reports to the Council, payments for work performed for the Borough, applications of candidates for public office, Borough ordinances, apprentices' indentures, inquisitions and return of sales from the Public Market.","The second series contains records of the Gosport Navy Yard from 1829 to 1870. The papers contain the Navy agents' correspondence from contractors, seamen, the Navy Commission Office and the Fourth Auditor's Office. This series contains the correspondence of Captain Lewis Warrington and Commodore John Livingston. One of the most significant documents in the collection is the contract to raise the CSS Virginia from the Elizabeth River in 1870.","The third series consists of documents and photographs of the Webb family, including some of Lewis Warrington Webb's personal papers.","The fourth series ranges from 1809 to 1894 and contains miscellaneous business papers, genealogies of Bailey Gray and Elizeabeth Miles and issues of Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine from 1871.","The fifth series consists of Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb's records of the Electricity Cost Commission in 1975. They include information concerning the organization of the Commission minutes of the meetings, committees, public hearings, testimony, electrical utility companies, information utilized by the members of the Commission and the final report.","Some of the documents in this collection are photocopies of the originals.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Donated by Lewis W. Webb, Jr., the collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk (1790-1823), the Gosport Navy Yard (1829-1870), the Webb Family (1831-1883), 19th century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission (1975).","ODU University Archives","Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)","Webb family","Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["RG 2-1B1","/repositories/3/resources/115"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Webb Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Webb Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Webb Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Webb family"],"creator_ssim":["Webb family"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Webb family"],"creators_ssim":["Webb family"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Dr. Lewis W. Webb","Gift"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--19th century","Families--Virginia--History--18th century","Families--Virginia--History--19th century","Genealogy","Norfolk (Va.)--History--18th century"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--19th century","Families--Virginia--History--18th century","Families--Virginia--History--19th century","Genealogy","Norfolk (Va.)--History--18th century"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6.70 Linear Feet","11 Hollinger document cases, 1 oversize box boxes"],"extent_tesim":["6.70 Linear Feet","11 Hollinger document cases, 1 oversize box boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to researchers without restriction.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to researchers without restriction."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Webb Family Papers are divided into five series. The series are further divided into sub series. Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk, 1790-1823\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Nash Legrand, Navy Agent Subseries B: George Loyall, Navy Agent Subseries C: Richard Astewood, Navy Agent Subseries D: Francis Mallory, Navy Agent Subseries E: Navy Agent's Office Subseries F: Gosport Navy Yard Subseries G: Commodore John W. Livingston, Commandant, United States Navy Yard, Subseries H: United States Navy Yard Subseries I: United States Naval Hospital, Subseries J: Other\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III: The Webb Family\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Miscellaneous Subseries B: Lewis Warrington Webb Subseries C: Photographs\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV: Business Papers; Genealogies; Magazines\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Business Papers Subseries B: Genealogies Subseries C: Magazines\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries V: The Electricity Cost Commission\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries A: Organization of the ECC Subseries B: Dr. Lewis W. Webb, Chairman of the Committee on Utility; Dr. Ronald Carrier, Chairman of the ECC Subseries C: ECC Minutes Subseries D: ECC Committees Subseries E: ECC - Public Hearings Subseries F: Statements; Testimony; Resolutions; Position Papers Submitted to the ECC Subseries G: Information Utilized by the ECC Subseries H: VEPCO Subseries I: Electrical Utility Companies Subseries J: Power Companies' Annual Reports Subseries K: Newspaper Articles; Editorials Subseries L: Newsletters Subseries M: Final Report\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Webb Family Papers are divided into five series. The series are further divided into sub series. Series I: Records of the Borough of Norfolk, 1790-1823","Series II: United States Navy, Gosport Navy Yard","Subseries A: Nash Legrand, Navy Agent Subseries B: George Loyall, Navy Agent Subseries C: Richard Astewood, Navy Agent Subseries D: Francis Mallory, Navy Agent Subseries E: Navy Agent's Office Subseries F: Gosport Navy Yard Subseries G: Commodore John W. Livingston, Commandant, United States Navy Yard, Subseries H: United States Navy Yard Subseries I: United States Naval Hospital, Subseries J: Other","Series III: The Webb Family","Subseries A: Miscellaneous Subseries B: Lewis Warrington Webb Subseries C: Photographs","Series IV: Business Papers; Genealogies; Magazines","Subseries A: Business Papers Subseries B: Genealogies Subseries C: Magazines","Series V: The Electricity Cost Commission","Subseries A: Organization of the ECC Subseries B: Dr. Lewis W. Webb, Chairman of the Committee on Utility; Dr. Ronald Carrier, Chairman of the ECC Subseries C: ECC Minutes Subseries D: ECC Committees Subseries E: ECC - Public Hearings Subseries F: Statements; Testimony; Resolutions; Position Papers Submitted to the ECC Subseries G: Information Utilized by the ECC Subseries H: VEPCO Subseries I: Electrical Utility Companies Subseries J: Power Companies' Annual Reports Subseries K: Newspaper Articles; Editorials Subseries L: Newsletters Subseries M: Final Report"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Webb Family Papers contain documents ranging from 1790-1975. The first series contains records of the Borough of Norfolk from 1790-1823. The documents include records of the Common Council, committee reports to the Council, payments for work performed for the Borough, applications of candidates for public office, Borough ordinances, apprentices' indentures, inquisitions and return of sales from the Public Market.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second series contains records of the Gosport Navy Yard from 1829 to 1870. The papers contain the Navy agents' correspondence from contractors, seamen, the Navy Commission Office and the Fourth Auditor's Office. This series contains the correspondence of Captain Lewis Warrington and Commodore John Livingston. One of the most significant documents in the collection is the contract to raise the CSS Virginia from the Elizabeth River in 1870.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe third series consists of documents and photographs of the Webb family, including some of Lewis Warrington Webb's personal papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth series ranges from 1809 to 1894 and contains miscellaneous business papers, genealogies of Bailey Gray and Elizeabeth Miles and issues of Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine from 1871.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe fifth series consists of Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb's records of the Electricity Cost Commission in 1975. They include information concerning the organization of the Commission minutes of the meetings, committees, public hearings, testimony, electrical utility companies, information utilized by the members of the Commission and the final report.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSome of the documents in this collection are photocopies of the originals.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Webb Family Papers contain documents ranging from 1790-1975. The first series contains records of the Borough of Norfolk from 1790-1823. The documents include records of the Common Council, committee reports to the Council, payments for work performed for the Borough, applications of candidates for public office, Borough ordinances, apprentices' indentures, inquisitions and return of sales from the Public Market.","The second series contains records of the Gosport Navy Yard from 1829 to 1870. The papers contain the Navy agents' correspondence from contractors, seamen, the Navy Commission Office and the Fourth Auditor's Office. This series contains the correspondence of Captain Lewis Warrington and Commodore John Livingston. One of the most significant documents in the collection is the contract to raise the CSS Virginia from the Elizabeth River in 1870.","The third series consists of documents and photographs of the Webb family, including some of Lewis Warrington Webb's personal papers.","The fourth series ranges from 1809 to 1894 and contains miscellaneous business papers, genealogies of Bailey Gray and Elizeabeth Miles and issues of Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine from 1871.","The fifth series consists of Dr. Lewis Warrington Webb's records of the Electricity Cost Commission in 1975. They include information concerning the organization of the Commission minutes of the meetings, committees, public hearings, testimony, electrical utility companies, information utilized by the members of the Commission and the final report.","Some of the documents in this collection are photocopies of the originals."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_b9764cb57d58eee4f648081adf008445\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eDonated by Lewis W. Webb, Jr., the collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk (1790-1823), the Gosport Navy Yard (1829-1870), the Webb Family (1831-1883), 19th century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission (1975).\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Donated by Lewis W. Webb, Jr., the collection contains documents from the early records of the Borough of Norfolk (1790-1823), the Gosport Navy Yard (1829-1870), the Webb Family (1831-1883), 19th century commercial ventures, and the Electricity Cost Commission (1975)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)","Webb family","Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)"],"names_ssim":["ODU University Archives","Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)","Webb family","Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU University Archives","Gosport Navy Yard (U.S.)","United States. Navy","Electricity Cost Commission (Va.)"],"famname_ssim":["Webb family"],"persname_ssim":["Webb, Lewis Warrington (1826-1883)","Warrington, L. (Lewis) (1782-1851)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":479,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:46:15.368Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_3_resources_115_c01"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series I. Ridgely and Related Families,","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948_c01","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948_c01"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948_c01","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948","parent_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection,"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection,"],"text":["Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection,","Series I. Ridgely and Related Families,"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series I. Ridgely and Related Families, ","title_ssm":["Series I. Ridgely and Related Families, "],"title_tesim":["Series I. Ridgely and Related Families, "],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1777-1984"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1777/1984"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series I. Ridgely and Related Families,"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection,"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":55,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:45:53.335Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1948.xml","title_filing_ssi":"McPherson, Pauline Kirtley Collection","title_ssm":["Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection,"],"title_tesim":["Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection,"],"unitdate_ssm":["1777-1992"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1777-1992"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1993.017"],"text":["Ms.1993.017","Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection,","Hampton National Historic Site (Md.)","Ridgely family","Collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged in two series:","Series I. Ridgely and Related Families, 1777-1984. This series contains materials relating to several generations of the Ridgely family, longtime owners of Hampton Mansion. The series contains materials created by family members (including correspondence, diaries, genealogical records, and financial documents) as well as later research materials and correspondence about them. Many of the materials in this series seem to have been compiled by genealogist and writer Helen West Stewart Ridgely, wife of Captain John Ridgely. Among the non-Ridgely related material, the series concentrates heavily on Helen Stewart Ridgely's ancestral lines: the Stewarts, Sampsons, and Moultons. In addition to files on the immediate family, the series also contains information on related lines. Among the notable or unusual items in the series in addition to the materials described above, the series contains expense books and a published memoir of Leonice Marston Sampson Moulton, together with a photograph of Cedarmere, home of Moulton's longtime friend William Cullen Bryant; the diaries of Helen West Stewart Ridgely and her daughter Helen; Ridgely household expense books maintained by Helen West Ridgely; a lock of hair from a member of the Stewart family; and an Armistice Day poem written by John Russell Mackey and inscribed to Sarah Stewart in 1927. A folder at the end of the series for other related families includes a notebook containing genealogical information on many of the Ridgelys and others. The series is arranged alphabetically by subject name. (A single file, however, may contain information on several different individuals, including spouses and descendants.)","Series II. Hampton House, 1903-1992. The focus in this series is on the latter-day administration of Hampton Mansion as a museum and national historic site. The series includes such items as printed materials, correspondence, and research notes relating to the house, its gardens, outbuildings, history, architecture, furnishings, events, and restoration efforts. Among the materials are guides, cookbooks issued by the staff, reports on the home's history, and information for and about docents and hostesses. Also included in the series are notebooks from the early 20th century chronicling guests and activities at the mansion while it was still owned by the Ridgely family. At the end of the series are a few folders relating to other historic sites in the surrounding area. Among these is a small album of scenes from nearby Loch Raven, featuring photographs by Osborne I. Yellott. Apart from these few folders, the series is arranged alphabetically by subject.","Completed by Captain Charles Ridgely Jr. in 1790, following seven years of construction, Hampton Mansion (or Hampton House) was considered at the time to be the largest private home in America and continues to be a noted example of  Georgian architecture. The mansion, located north of Towson (Baltimore County), Maryland, continued to be home to the Ridgely family until 1947, when it was acquired by a private foundation and opened to the public as a museum administered by the Society for the Preservation of Maryland Antiquities. In 1979, the mansion and grounds were acquired by the National Park Service, which manages the estate as Hampton National Historic Site.","Founder of the Ridgely family of Hampton, Colonel Charles Ridgely Jr. (1702-1772), son of Charles and Deborah Dorsey Ridgely, was born in Prince George's County, Maryland. In 1734, he moved to Baltimore, County, Maryland, where he engaged in agriculture, mercantile business, and iron-forging. Known as \"Charles the Merchant,\" Ridgely married Rachel Howard and the couple would have seven children, five of whom survived to adulthood: John, Pleasance, Achsah, Charles III, and Rachel. Like his father, Captain Charles Ridgely III (1733-1790) engaged in agriculture and iron-forging. In 1790, Ridgely (also known as \"Charles the Builder\") completed construction of Hampton Mansion, which would continue to be home to his family for nearly 200 years. ","As Charles Ridgely III and his wife, Rebecca Dorsey, had no children, the mansion was bequeathed to Ridgely's nephew, Charles Ridgely Carnan (1760-1829), on the condition that he adopt Ridgely as his surname. As heir of Hampton, Carnan/Ridgely expanded the size of the plantation, including its various agricultural, mining, milling, and mercantile interests. Carnan/Ridgely served as Baltimore County delegate in the Maryland House of Delegates (1790-1795), state senator (1796-1800) and as Maryland's governor (1815-1818). He and wife Priscilla Dorsey would have 14 children, and the ownership of Hampton and part of the surrounding estate was passed to their son, John Carnan Ridgely.","Born in 1790, John Carnan Ridgely continued to operate the Hampton plantation. In 1828, he married Eliza Eichelberger (daughter of Nichalas Greenbury Ridgely), a distant cousin, and the couple would have five children: Eliza, Charles, Priscilla, Nicholas, and Julia. Upon John Ridgely's death, their son Charles (1830-1872) and his wife Margaretta Sophia Howard Ridgely, would become owners of Hampton.","Charles and Margaretta Ridgely's son, John Ridgely, the fifth \"master of of Hampton,\" was born in 1851. He married Helen West Stewart (1854-1929), a genealogist, antiquarian and writer. Together, the couple managed Hampton, bringing many updates to the mansion. Their son, John (1882-1959), became the last Ridgely to reside in the mansion. After graduating from the University of Maryland School of Law, he moved to St. Louis, where he worked for the Maryland Casualty Company. Later, Ridgely returned to Hampton but found it impossible to maintain the estate, which he sold in 1947.","Pauline Kirtley was born ca. 1902 in Maryland, the daughter of George and Beatrice Kirtley. From 1955 to 1972, she served as resident curator of Hampton House Museum. Pauline Kirtley married David L. McPherson, and the couple had two children. ","The guide to the Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection commenced in October, 2013 and was completed in January, 2014.","This collection contains materials relating to the Hampton Mansion (or Hampton House) in Towson, Maryland, and the home's longtime owners, the Ridgely family. Materials on the family include not only original letters, diaries, personal memorabilia, and financial records, but also research notes and correspondence about the family. Materials on the mansion include printed materials, administrative documents and correspondence, research notes, and early 20th-century guestbooks.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection contains materials relating to Hampton Mansion (aka Hampton House) and its longtime owners, the Ridgely family, including correspondence, diaries, financial documents, printed material, administrative documents, and reports, all collected by Pauline Kirtley McPherson, who served as the mansion's resident curator from 1957 to 1972.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","McPherson, Pauline Kirtley","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1993.017"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection,"],"collection_title_tesim":["Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection,"],"collection_ssim":["Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection,"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Hampton National Historic Site (Md.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Hampton National Historic Site (Md.)"],"creator_ssm":["McPherson, Pauline Kirtley"],"creator_ssim":["McPherson, Pauline Kirtley"],"creator_persname_ssim":["McPherson, Pauline Kirtley"],"creators_ssim":["McPherson, Pauline Kirtley"],"places_ssim":["Hampton National Historic Site (Md.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection was donated to Special Collections in 1993."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Ridgely family"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Ridgely family"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.7 Cubic Feet 6 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["2.7 Cubic Feet 6 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in two series:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Ridgely and Related Families, 1777-1984. This series contains materials relating to several generations of the Ridgely family, longtime owners of Hampton Mansion. The series contains materials created by family members (including correspondence, diaries, genealogical records, and financial documents) as well as later research materials and correspondence about them. Many of the materials in this series seem to have been compiled by genealogist and writer Helen West Stewart Ridgely, wife of Captain John Ridgely. Among the non-Ridgely related material, the series concentrates heavily on Helen Stewart Ridgely's ancestral lines: the Stewarts, Sampsons, and Moultons. In addition to files on the immediate family, the series also contains information on related lines. Among the notable or unusual items in the series in addition to the materials described above, the series contains expense books and a published memoir of Leonice Marston Sampson Moulton, together with a photograph of Cedarmere, home of Moulton's longtime friend William Cullen Bryant; the diaries of Helen West Stewart Ridgely and her daughter Helen; Ridgely household expense books maintained by Helen West Ridgely; a lock of hair from a member of the Stewart family; and an Armistice Day poem written by John Russell Mackey and inscribed to Sarah Stewart in 1927. A folder at the end of the series for other related families includes a notebook containing genealogical information on many of the Ridgelys and others. The series is arranged alphabetically by subject name. (A single file, however, may contain information on several different individuals, including spouses and descendants.)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. Hampton House, 1903-1992. The focus in this series is on the latter-day administration of Hampton Mansion as a museum and national historic site. The series includes such items as printed materials, correspondence, and research notes relating to the house, its gardens, outbuildings, history, architecture, furnishings, events, and restoration efforts. Among the materials are guides, cookbooks issued by the staff, reports on the home's history, and information for and about docents and hostesses. Also included in the series are notebooks from the early 20th century chronicling guests and activities at the mansion while it was still owned by the Ridgely family. At the end of the series are a few folders relating to other historic sites in the surrounding area. Among these is a small album of scenes from nearby Loch Raven, featuring photographs by Osborne I. Yellott. Apart from these few folders, the series is arranged alphabetically by subject.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in two series:","Series I. Ridgely and Related Families, 1777-1984. This series contains materials relating to several generations of the Ridgely family, longtime owners of Hampton Mansion. The series contains materials created by family members (including correspondence, diaries, genealogical records, and financial documents) as well as later research materials and correspondence about them. Many of the materials in this series seem to have been compiled by genealogist and writer Helen West Stewart Ridgely, wife of Captain John Ridgely. Among the non-Ridgely related material, the series concentrates heavily on Helen Stewart Ridgely's ancestral lines: the Stewarts, Sampsons, and Moultons. In addition to files on the immediate family, the series also contains information on related lines. Among the notable or unusual items in the series in addition to the materials described above, the series contains expense books and a published memoir of Leonice Marston Sampson Moulton, together with a photograph of Cedarmere, home of Moulton's longtime friend William Cullen Bryant; the diaries of Helen West Stewart Ridgely and her daughter Helen; Ridgely household expense books maintained by Helen West Ridgely; a lock of hair from a member of the Stewart family; and an Armistice Day poem written by John Russell Mackey and inscribed to Sarah Stewart in 1927. A folder at the end of the series for other related families includes a notebook containing genealogical information on many of the Ridgelys and others. The series is arranged alphabetically by subject name. (A single file, however, may contain information on several different individuals, including spouses and descendants.)","Series II. Hampton House, 1903-1992. The focus in this series is on the latter-day administration of Hampton Mansion as a museum and national historic site. The series includes such items as printed materials, correspondence, and research notes relating to the house, its gardens, outbuildings, history, architecture, furnishings, events, and restoration efforts. Among the materials are guides, cookbooks issued by the staff, reports on the home's history, and information for and about docents and hostesses. Also included in the series are notebooks from the early 20th century chronicling guests and activities at the mansion while it was still owned by the Ridgely family. At the end of the series are a few folders relating to other historic sites in the surrounding area. Among these is a small album of scenes from nearby Loch Raven, featuring photographs by Osborne I. Yellott. Apart from these few folders, the series is arranged alphabetically by subject."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCompleted by Captain Charles Ridgely Jr. in 1790, following seven years of construction, Hampton Mansion (or Hampton House) was considered at the time to be the largest private home in America and continues to be a noted example of  Georgian architecture. The mansion, located north of Towson (Baltimore County), Maryland, continued to be home to the Ridgely family until 1947, when it was acquired by a private foundation and opened to the public as a museum administered by the Society for the Preservation of Maryland Antiquities. In 1979, the mansion and grounds were acquired by the National Park Service, which manages the estate as Hampton National Historic Site.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFounder of the Ridgely family of Hampton, Colonel Charles Ridgely Jr. (1702-1772), son of Charles and Deborah Dorsey Ridgely, was born in Prince George's County, Maryland. In 1734, he moved to Baltimore, County, Maryland, where he engaged in agriculture, mercantile business, and iron-forging. Known as \"Charles the Merchant,\" Ridgely married Rachel Howard and the couple would have seven children, five of whom survived to adulthood: John, Pleasance, Achsah, Charles III, and Rachel. Like his father, Captain Charles Ridgely III (1733-1790) engaged in agriculture and iron-forging. In 1790, Ridgely (also known as \"Charles the Builder\") completed construction of Hampton Mansion, which would continue to be home to his family for nearly 200 years. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs Charles Ridgely III and his wife, Rebecca Dorsey, had no children, the mansion was bequeathed to Ridgely's nephew, Charles Ridgely Carnan (1760-1829), on the condition that he adopt Ridgely as his surname. As heir of Hampton, Carnan/Ridgely expanded the size of the plantation, including its various agricultural, mining, milling, and mercantile interests. Carnan/Ridgely served as Baltimore County delegate in the Maryland House of Delegates (1790-1795), state senator (1796-1800) and as Maryland's governor (1815-1818). He and wife Priscilla Dorsey would have 14 children, and the ownership of Hampton and part of the surrounding estate was passed to their son, John Carnan Ridgely.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBorn in 1790, John Carnan Ridgely continued to operate the Hampton plantation. In 1828, he married Eliza Eichelberger (daughter of Nichalas Greenbury Ridgely), a distant cousin, and the couple would have five children: Eliza, Charles, Priscilla, Nicholas, and Julia. Upon John Ridgely's death, their son Charles (1830-1872) and his wife Margaretta Sophia Howard Ridgely, would become owners of Hampton.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCharles and Margaretta Ridgely's son, John Ridgely, the fifth \"master of of Hampton,\" was born in 1851. He married Helen West Stewart (1854-1929), a genealogist, antiquarian and writer. Together, the couple managed Hampton, bringing many updates to the mansion. Their son, John (1882-1959), became the last Ridgely to reside in the mansion. After graduating from the University of Maryland School of Law, he moved to St. Louis, where he worked for the Maryland Casualty Company. Later, Ridgely returned to Hampton but found it impossible to maintain the estate, which he sold in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePauline Kirtley was born ca. 1902 in Maryland, the daughter of George and Beatrice Kirtley. From 1955 to 1972, she served as resident curator of Hampton House Museum. Pauline Kirtley married David L. McPherson, and the couple had two children. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Completed by Captain Charles Ridgely Jr. in 1790, following seven years of construction, Hampton Mansion (or Hampton House) was considered at the time to be the largest private home in America and continues to be a noted example of  Georgian architecture. The mansion, located north of Towson (Baltimore County), Maryland, continued to be home to the Ridgely family until 1947, when it was acquired by a private foundation and opened to the public as a museum administered by the Society for the Preservation of Maryland Antiquities. In 1979, the mansion and grounds were acquired by the National Park Service, which manages the estate as Hampton National Historic Site.","Founder of the Ridgely family of Hampton, Colonel Charles Ridgely Jr. (1702-1772), son of Charles and Deborah Dorsey Ridgely, was born in Prince George's County, Maryland. In 1734, he moved to Baltimore, County, Maryland, where he engaged in agriculture, mercantile business, and iron-forging. Known as \"Charles the Merchant,\" Ridgely married Rachel Howard and the couple would have seven children, five of whom survived to adulthood: John, Pleasance, Achsah, Charles III, and Rachel. Like his father, Captain Charles Ridgely III (1733-1790) engaged in agriculture and iron-forging. In 1790, Ridgely (also known as \"Charles the Builder\") completed construction of Hampton Mansion, which would continue to be home to his family for nearly 200 years. ","As Charles Ridgely III and his wife, Rebecca Dorsey, had no children, the mansion was bequeathed to Ridgely's nephew, Charles Ridgely Carnan (1760-1829), on the condition that he adopt Ridgely as his surname. As heir of Hampton, Carnan/Ridgely expanded the size of the plantation, including its various agricultural, mining, milling, and mercantile interests. Carnan/Ridgely served as Baltimore County delegate in the Maryland House of Delegates (1790-1795), state senator (1796-1800) and as Maryland's governor (1815-1818). He and wife Priscilla Dorsey would have 14 children, and the ownership of Hampton and part of the surrounding estate was passed to their son, John Carnan Ridgely.","Born in 1790, John Carnan Ridgely continued to operate the Hampton plantation. In 1828, he married Eliza Eichelberger (daughter of Nichalas Greenbury Ridgely), a distant cousin, and the couple would have five children: Eliza, Charles, Priscilla, Nicholas, and Julia. Upon John Ridgely's death, their son Charles (1830-1872) and his wife Margaretta Sophia Howard Ridgely, would become owners of Hampton.","Charles and Margaretta Ridgely's son, John Ridgely, the fifth \"master of of Hampton,\" was born in 1851. He married Helen West Stewart (1854-1929), a genealogist, antiquarian and writer. Together, the couple managed Hampton, bringing many updates to the mansion. Their son, John (1882-1959), became the last Ridgely to reside in the mansion. After graduating from the University of Maryland School of Law, he moved to St. Louis, where he worked for the Maryland Casualty Company. Later, Ridgely returned to Hampton but found it impossible to maintain the estate, which he sold in 1947.","Pauline Kirtley was born ca. 1902 in Maryland, the daughter of George and Beatrice Kirtley. From 1955 to 1972, she served as resident curator of Hampton House Museum. Pauline Kirtley married David L. McPherson, and the couple had two children. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection, Ms1993-017, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection, Ms1993-017, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection commenced in October, 2013 and was completed in January, 2014.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Pauline Kirtley McPherson Collection commenced in October, 2013 and was completed in January, 2014."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains materials relating to the Hampton Mansion (or Hampton House) in Towson, Maryland, and the home's longtime owners, the Ridgely family. Materials on the family include not only original letters, diaries, personal memorabilia, and financial records, but also research notes and correspondence about the family. Materials on the mansion include printed materials, administrative documents and correspondence, research notes, and early 20th-century guestbooks.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains materials relating to the Hampton Mansion (or Hampton House) in Towson, Maryland, and the home's longtime owners, the Ridgely family. Materials on the family include not only original letters, diaries, personal memorabilia, and financial records, but also research notes and correspondence about the family. Materials on the mansion include printed materials, administrative documents and correspondence, research notes, and early 20th-century guestbooks."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_e7cf1ee91f0b25c0435ea0dbeae598af\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection contains materials relating to Hampton Mansion (aka Hampton House) and its longtime owners, the Ridgely family, including correspondence, diaries, financial documents, printed material, administrative documents, and reports, all collected by Pauline Kirtley McPherson, who served as the mansion's resident curator from 1957 to 1972.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains materials relating to Hampton Mansion (aka Hampton House) and its longtime owners, the Ridgely family, including correspondence, diaries, financial documents, printed material, administrative documents, and reports, all collected by Pauline Kirtley McPherson, who served as the mansion's resident curator from 1957 to 1972."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","McPherson, Pauline Kirtley"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"names_coll_ssim":["McPherson, Pauline Kirtley"],"persname_ssim":["McPherson, Pauline Kirtley"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":84,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:45:53.335Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1948_c01"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Library","value":"Alexandria Library","hits":28},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1835\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and Mary","hits":214},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1835\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=College+of+William+and+Mary"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University","value":"George Mason University","hits":17},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1835\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Hampden-Sydney College","value":"Hampden-Sydney College","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1835\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Hampden-Sydney+College"}},{"attributes":{"label":"James Madison University","value":"James Madison University","hits":36},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1835\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=James+Madison+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Old Dominion University","value":"Old Dominion University","hits":33},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1835\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","value":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount 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