{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1773\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1773\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=2","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1773\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=3"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":3,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":26,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_659","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Benjamin Kissam papers, 1755/1776","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_659#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Kissam, Benjamin, -1782","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_659#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThese manuscript volumes reveal a great deal about Benjamin Kissam's practice, and provide a window on the legal world in New York City on the eve of the American Revolution. The ledger was kept from 1755 to 1776, and contains accounts of clients, both individual and corporate, relatives, servants, and other lawyers. Although there is no mention of John Jay, this ledger was in use during the period of Jay's clerkship with Kissam. His clients ranged across the social spectrum, and he sometimes noted their places of residence or occupations. Since he kept thorough and detailed records for these accounts, the great number of blanks on the credit side suggests that many of them were never settled. Occasionally, he noted that he would never be paid for a certain account. In transactions involving family members and employees, he kept careful records of money spent or advanced and funds repaid.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_659#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_659","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_659","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_659","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_659","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_659.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/131341","title_ssm":["Benjamin Kissam papers"],"title_tesim":["Benjamin Kissam papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1755-1776"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1755-1776"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1755/1776"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Benjamin Kissam papers, 1755/1776"],"text":["Benjamin Kissam papers, 1755/1776","MSS.84.11","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/659","Practice of law -- New York (State) -- New York","Ledgers (account books)","Benjamin Kissam (1728 – 1782) was a prominent lawyer in New York City who trained prospective lawyers in his office on Golden Hill. From 1764 until 1768, one of his clerks was John Jay, who grew to admire and love his mentor. Kissam's wife was Catherine Rutgers, whose family owned a large amount of land in New York, and his brother Daniel was a judge in the Court of Common Pleas in Jamaica, New York. For a time, Benjamin was primarily responsible for the support of his younger brother Sammy, perhaps the Samuel Kissam who became a doctor and friend of Jay. Benjamin Kissam died in 1782.","These manuscript volumes reveal a great deal about Benjamin Kissam's practice, and provide a window on the legal world in New York City on the eve of the American Revolution. The ledger was kept from 1755 to 1776, and contains accounts of clients, both individual and corporate, relatives, servants, and other lawyers. Although there is no mention of John Jay, this ledger was in use during the period of Jay's clerkship with Kissam. His clients ranged across the social spectrum, and he sometimes noted their places of residence or occupations. Since he kept thorough and detailed records for these accounts, the great number of blanks on the credit side suggests that many of them were never settled. Occasionally, he noted that he would never be paid for a certain account. In transactions involving family members and employees, he kept careful records of money spent or advanced and funds repaid.","Under the name of James Duane, another prominent lawyer and later federal judge, Kissam wrote: \"N.B. Mr. Duane Composes Judgments for me and lets me take the fees to my own Use, and I the same to him, therefore the articles charged on the other side for Judgmts. composed by me are not to be charged to him.\" (p. 51).","Kissam represented the proprietors of the Kayoderosseras, a huge area of land formerly inhabited by the Mohawk. The Native Americans felt they had been treated unfairly when the land patent was granted to a number of colonists in the early eighteenth century. Kissam's ledger lists the services he performed for the proprietors in reaching a new settlement with the Mohawk in 1768.","The \"Supream Court Register\" contains information on the cases Kissam had before that court from 1768 to 1775 (the ledger indicates that he kept other registers for other jurisdictions during this period.). At the beginning of the entry for each case, he lists the names of the plaintiff and defendant, usually the name of the other attorney, and the means by which he got involved in the case. He then describes the actions taken in the case, and the dates as well as his costs and fees. If the case concerned a debt, he noted when and how it was repaid. Occasionally, he had the client sign a statement in the register saying that he would pay Kissam, or that he or she had received from Kissam the money recovered from the case.","Almost all of the cases in the register are civil, and debt is by far the most common type. There are also assumpsit cases, one involving a marriage promise; ejectment for lands in Cortlandt Manor and Oysterbay, as well as Westchester, Albany, Orange, Dutchess, Queens and Ulster Counties; trover and conversion; trespass; assault and battery; and slander.","For the few criminal cases, the entries are not too detailed. In 1772, Kissam represented first a man, and later a woman, who were accused by the Crown of receiving stolen goods. The man was convicted, but the woman was released because the attorney general could produce no witnesses.","In addition to providing details about Kissam's practice in the appeals court over this seven year period, the register provides the names of 22  other lawyers practicing there. These include James Duane, who is frequently named, and John Jay, a practicing attorney, who is named about a half dozen times. Kissam's notes about how he came to be involved in each case reveal his standing in the professional and social community. Some of his clients were from the wealthiest and most influential New York families, such as DeLancey, DePeyster, Livingston, Van Cortlandt, and Van Rensselaer. Captain Isaac Sears, whose name appears a number of times, was a ship owner and, like many of Kissam's clients and colleagues, a leader in the revolutionary cause.","Although it has been reported by Jay's biographers that Kissam was a loyalist, his political views are not evident in these volumes - even as the war was beginning. It is clear that he was well respected by many leaders of the revolution, such as Jay, Duane, and Sears, as well as Peter, Philip, and Robert Livingston, Abraham Ten Broeck and the Rutgers family.","Historical records of the practice of colonial lawyers are extremely rare, and so for that reason alone the Kissam ledger and register are valuable. These manuscripts are all the more important, however, because of Kissam's association with John Jay and other leaders in the revolutionary era, and because his clientele represented a wide range of colonial New Yorkers.","Arthur J. 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Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"creators_ssim":["Kissam, Benjamin, -1782","Sears, Isaac, 1730-1786","Duane, James, 1733-1797","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Professor Neill H. Alford. Jr. donated the ledger, docket book, and notes in 1984. The University of Virginia Arthur J. Morris Law Library acquired the estate queries document in April of 2018."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Practice of law -- New York (State) -- New York","Ledgers (account books)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Practice of law -- New York (State) -- New York","Ledgers (account books)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2 Volumes"],"extent_tesim":["2 Volumes"],"genreform_ssim":["Ledgers (account books)"],"date_range_isim":[1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Kissam (1728 – 1782) was a prominent lawyer in New York City who trained prospective lawyers in his office on Golden Hill. From 1764 until 1768, one of his clerks was John Jay, who grew to admire and love his mentor. Kissam's wife was Catherine Rutgers, whose family owned a large amount of land in New York, and his brother Daniel was a judge in the Court of Common Pleas in Jamaica, New York. For a time, Benjamin was primarily responsible for the support of his younger brother Sammy, perhaps the Samuel Kissam who became a doctor and friend of Jay. Benjamin Kissam died in 1782.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Benjamin Kissam (1728 – 1782) was a prominent lawyer in New York City who trained prospective lawyers in his office on Golden Hill. From 1764 until 1768, one of his clerks was John Jay, who grew to admire and love his mentor. Kissam's wife was Catherine Rutgers, whose family owned a large amount of land in New York, and his brother Daniel was a judge in the Court of Common Pleas in Jamaica, New York. For a time, Benjamin was primarily responsible for the support of his younger brother Sammy, perhaps the Samuel Kissam who became a doctor and friend of Jay. Benjamin Kissam died in 1782."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese manuscript volumes reveal a great deal about Benjamin Kissam's practice, and provide a window on the legal world in New York City on the eve of the American Revolution. The ledger was kept from 1755 to 1776, and contains accounts of clients, both individual and corporate, relatives, servants, and other lawyers. Although there is no mention of John Jay, this ledger was in use during the period of Jay's clerkship with Kissam. His clients ranged across the social spectrum, and he sometimes noted their places of residence or occupations. Since he kept thorough and detailed records for these accounts, the great number of blanks on the credit side suggests that many of them were never settled. Occasionally, he noted that he would never be paid for a certain account. In transactions involving family members and employees, he kept careful records of money spent or advanced and funds repaid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnder the name of James Duane, another prominent lawyer and later federal judge, Kissam wrote: \"N.B. Mr. Duane Composes Judgments for me and lets me take the fees to my own Use, and I the same to him, therefore the articles charged on the other side for Judgmts. composed by me are not to be charged to him.\" (p. 51).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKissam represented the proprietors of the Kayoderosseras, a huge area of land formerly inhabited by the Mohawk. The Native Americans felt they had been treated unfairly when the land patent was granted to a number of colonists in the early eighteenth century. Kissam's ledger lists the services he performed for the proprietors in reaching a new settlement with the Mohawk in 1768.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Supream Court Register\" contains information on the cases Kissam had before that court from 1768 to 1775 (the ledger indicates that he kept other registers for other jurisdictions during this period.). At the beginning of the entry for each case, he lists the names of the plaintiff and defendant, usually the name of the other attorney, and the means by which he got involved in the case. He then describes the actions taken in the case, and the dates as well as his costs and fees. If the case concerned a debt, he noted when and how it was repaid. Occasionally, he had the client sign a statement in the register saying that he would pay Kissam, or that he or she had received from Kissam the money recovered from the case.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlmost all of the cases in the register are civil, and debt is by far the most common type. There are also assumpsit cases, one involving a marriage promise; ejectment for lands in Cortlandt Manor and Oysterbay, as well as Westchester, Albany, Orange, Dutchess, Queens and Ulster Counties; trover and conversion; trespass; assault and battery; and slander.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor the few criminal cases, the entries are not too detailed. In 1772, Kissam represented first a man, and later a woman, who were accused by the Crown of receiving stolen goods. The man was convicted, but the woman was released because the attorney general could produce no witnesses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to providing details about Kissam's practice in the appeals court over this seven year period, the register provides the names of 22  other lawyers practicing there. These include James Duane, who is frequently named, and John Jay, a practicing attorney, who is named about a half dozen times. Kissam's notes about how he came to be involved in each case reveal his standing in the professional and social community. Some of his clients were from the wealthiest and most influential New York families, such as DeLancey, DePeyster, Livingston, Van Cortlandt, and Van Rensselaer. Captain Isaac Sears, whose name appears a number of times, was a ship owner and, like many of Kissam's clients and colleagues, a leader in the revolutionary cause.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough it has been reported by Jay's biographers that Kissam was a loyalist, his political views are not evident in these volumes - even as the war was beginning. It is clear that he was well respected by many leaders of the revolution, such as Jay, Duane, and Sears, as well as Peter, Philip, and Robert Livingston, Abraham Ten Broeck and the Rutgers family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHistorical records of the practice of colonial lawyers are extremely rare, and so for that reason alone the Kissam ledger and register are valuable. These manuscripts are all the more important, however, because of Kissam's association with John Jay and other leaders in the revolutionary era, and because his clientele represented a wide range of colonial New Yorkers.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These manuscript volumes reveal a great deal about Benjamin Kissam's practice, and provide a window on the legal world in New York City on the eve of the American Revolution. The ledger was kept from 1755 to 1776, and contains accounts of clients, both individual and corporate, relatives, servants, and other lawyers. Although there is no mention of John Jay, this ledger was in use during the period of Jay's clerkship with Kissam. His clients ranged across the social spectrum, and he sometimes noted their places of residence or occupations. Since he kept thorough and detailed records for these accounts, the great number of blanks on the credit side suggests that many of them were never settled. Occasionally, he noted that he would never be paid for a certain account. In transactions involving family members and employees, he kept careful records of money spent or advanced and funds repaid.","Under the name of James Duane, another prominent lawyer and later federal judge, Kissam wrote: \"N.B. Mr. Duane Composes Judgments for me and lets me take the fees to my own Use, and I the same to him, therefore the articles charged on the other side for Judgmts. composed by me are not to be charged to him.\" (p. 51).","Kissam represented the proprietors of the Kayoderosseras, a huge area of land formerly inhabited by the Mohawk. The Native Americans felt they had been treated unfairly when the land patent was granted to a number of colonists in the early eighteenth century. Kissam's ledger lists the services he performed for the proprietors in reaching a new settlement with the Mohawk in 1768.","The \"Supream Court Register\" contains information on the cases Kissam had before that court from 1768 to 1775 (the ledger indicates that he kept other registers for other jurisdictions during this period.). At the beginning of the entry for each case, he lists the names of the plaintiff and defendant, usually the name of the other attorney, and the means by which he got involved in the case. He then describes the actions taken in the case, and the dates as well as his costs and fees. If the case concerned a debt, he noted when and how it was repaid. Occasionally, he had the client sign a statement in the register saying that he would pay Kissam, or that he or she had received from Kissam the money recovered from the case.","Almost all of the cases in the register are civil, and debt is by far the most common type. There are also assumpsit cases, one involving a marriage promise; ejectment for lands in Cortlandt Manor and Oysterbay, as well as Westchester, Albany, Orange, Dutchess, Queens and Ulster Counties; trover and conversion; trespass; assault and battery; and slander.","For the few criminal cases, the entries are not too detailed. In 1772, Kissam represented first a man, and later a woman, who were accused by the Crown of receiving stolen goods. The man was convicted, but the woman was released because the attorney general could produce no witnesses.","In addition to providing details about Kissam's practice in the appeals court over this seven year period, the register provides the names of 22  other lawyers practicing there. These include James Duane, who is frequently named, and John Jay, a practicing attorney, who is named about a half dozen times. Kissam's notes about how he came to be involved in each case reveal his standing in the professional and social community. Some of his clients were from the wealthiest and most influential New York families, such as DeLancey, DePeyster, Livingston, Van Cortlandt, and Van Rensselaer. Captain Isaac Sears, whose name appears a number of times, was a ship owner and, like many of Kissam's clients and colleagues, a leader in the revolutionary cause.","Although it has been reported by Jay's biographers that Kissam was a loyalist, his political views are not evident in these volumes - even as the war was beginning. It is clear that he was well respected by many leaders of the revolution, such as Jay, Duane, and Sears, as well as Peter, Philip, and Robert Livingston, Abraham Ten Broeck and the Rutgers family.","Historical records of the practice of colonial lawyers are extremely rare, and so for that reason alone the Kissam ledger and register are valuable. These manuscripts are all the more important, however, because of Kissam's association with John Jay and other leaders in the revolutionary era, and because his clientele represented a wide range of colonial New Yorkers."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Kissam, Benjamin, -1782","Sears, Isaac, 1730-1786","Duane, James, 1733-1797","Jay, John, 1745-1829"],"names_coll_ssim":["Sears, Isaac, 1730-1786","Kissam, Benjamin, -1782","Duane, James, 1733-1797","Jay, John, 1745-1829"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. 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From 1764 until 1768, one of his clerks was John Jay, who grew to admire and love his mentor. Kissam's wife was Catherine Rutgers, whose family owned a large amount of land in New York, and his brother Daniel was a judge in the Court of Common Pleas in Jamaica, New York. For a time, Benjamin was primarily responsible for the support of his younger brother Sammy, perhaps the Samuel Kissam who became a doctor and friend of Jay. Benjamin Kissam died in 1782.","These manuscript volumes reveal a great deal about Benjamin Kissam's practice, and provide a window on the legal world in New York City on the eve of the American Revolution. The ledger was kept from 1755 to 1776, and contains accounts of clients, both individual and corporate, relatives, servants, and other lawyers. Although there is no mention of John Jay, this ledger was in use during the period of Jay's clerkship with Kissam. His clients ranged across the social spectrum, and he sometimes noted their places of residence or occupations. Since he kept thorough and detailed records for these accounts, the great number of blanks on the credit side suggests that many of them were never settled. Occasionally, he noted that he would never be paid for a certain account. In transactions involving family members and employees, he kept careful records of money spent or advanced and funds repaid.","Under the name of James Duane, another prominent lawyer and later federal judge, Kissam wrote: \"N.B. Mr. Duane Composes Judgments for me and lets me take the fees to my own Use, and I the same to him, therefore the articles charged on the other side for Judgmts. composed by me are not to be charged to him.\" (p. 51).","Kissam represented the proprietors of the Kayoderosseras, a huge area of land formerly inhabited by the Mohawk. The Native Americans felt they had been treated unfairly when the land patent was granted to a number of colonists in the early eighteenth century. Kissam's ledger lists the services he performed for the proprietors in reaching a new settlement with the Mohawk in 1768.","The \"Supream Court Register\" contains information on the cases Kissam had before that court from 1768 to 1775 (the ledger indicates that he kept other registers for other jurisdictions during this period.). At the beginning of the entry for each case, he lists the names of the plaintiff and defendant, usually the name of the other attorney, and the means by which he got involved in the case. He then describes the actions taken in the case, and the dates as well as his costs and fees. If the case concerned a debt, he noted when and how it was repaid. Occasionally, he had the client sign a statement in the register saying that he would pay Kissam, or that he or she had received from Kissam the money recovered from the case.","Almost all of the cases in the register are civil, and debt is by far the most common type. There are also assumpsit cases, one involving a marriage promise; ejectment for lands in Cortlandt Manor and Oysterbay, as well as Westchester, Albany, Orange, Dutchess, Queens and Ulster Counties; trover and conversion; trespass; assault and battery; and slander.","For the few criminal cases, the entries are not too detailed. In 1772, Kissam represented first a man, and later a woman, who were accused by the Crown of receiving stolen goods. The man was convicted, but the woman was released because the attorney general could produce no witnesses.","In addition to providing details about Kissam's practice in the appeals court over this seven year period, the register provides the names of 22  other lawyers practicing there. These include James Duane, who is frequently named, and John Jay, a practicing attorney, who is named about a half dozen times. Kissam's notes about how he came to be involved in each case reveal his standing in the professional and social community. Some of his clients were from the wealthiest and most influential New York families, such as DeLancey, DePeyster, Livingston, Van Cortlandt, and Van Rensselaer. Captain Isaac Sears, whose name appears a number of times, was a ship owner and, like many of Kissam's clients and colleagues, a leader in the revolutionary cause.","Although it has been reported by Jay's biographers that Kissam was a loyalist, his political views are not evident in these volumes - even as the war was beginning. It is clear that he was well respected by many leaders of the revolution, such as Jay, Duane, and Sears, as well as Peter, Philip, and Robert Livingston, Abraham Ten Broeck and the Rutgers family.","Historical records of the practice of colonial lawyers are extremely rare, and so for that reason alone the Kissam ledger and register are valuable. These manuscripts are all the more important, however, because of Kissam's association with John Jay and other leaders in the revolutionary era, and because his clientele represented a wide range of colonial New Yorkers.","Arthur J. 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Morris Law Library acquired the estate queries document in April of 2018."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Practice of law -- New York (State) -- New York","Ledgers (account books)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Practice of law -- New York (State) -- New York","Ledgers (account books)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2 Volumes"],"extent_tesim":["2 Volumes"],"genreform_ssim":["Ledgers (account books)"],"date_range_isim":[1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Kissam (1728 – 1782) was a prominent lawyer in New York City who trained prospective lawyers in his office on Golden Hill. From 1764 until 1768, one of his clerks was John Jay, who grew to admire and love his mentor. Kissam's wife was Catherine Rutgers, whose family owned a large amount of land in New York, and his brother Daniel was a judge in the Court of Common Pleas in Jamaica, New York. For a time, Benjamin was primarily responsible for the support of his younger brother Sammy, perhaps the Samuel Kissam who became a doctor and friend of Jay. Benjamin Kissam died in 1782.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Benjamin Kissam (1728 – 1782) was a prominent lawyer in New York City who trained prospective lawyers in his office on Golden Hill. From 1764 until 1768, one of his clerks was John Jay, who grew to admire and love his mentor. Kissam's wife was Catherine Rutgers, whose family owned a large amount of land in New York, and his brother Daniel was a judge in the Court of Common Pleas in Jamaica, New York. For a time, Benjamin was primarily responsible for the support of his younger brother Sammy, perhaps the Samuel Kissam who became a doctor and friend of Jay. Benjamin Kissam died in 1782."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese manuscript volumes reveal a great deal about Benjamin Kissam's practice, and provide a window on the legal world in New York City on the eve of the American Revolution. The ledger was kept from 1755 to 1776, and contains accounts of clients, both individual and corporate, relatives, servants, and other lawyers. Although there is no mention of John Jay, this ledger was in use during the period of Jay's clerkship with Kissam. His clients ranged across the social spectrum, and he sometimes noted their places of residence or occupations. Since he kept thorough and detailed records for these accounts, the great number of blanks on the credit side suggests that many of them were never settled. Occasionally, he noted that he would never be paid for a certain account. In transactions involving family members and employees, he kept careful records of money spent or advanced and funds repaid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnder the name of James Duane, another prominent lawyer and later federal judge, Kissam wrote: \"N.B. Mr. Duane Composes Judgments for me and lets me take the fees to my own Use, and I the same to him, therefore the articles charged on the other side for Judgmts. composed by me are not to be charged to him.\" (p. 51).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eKissam represented the proprietors of the Kayoderosseras, a huge area of land formerly inhabited by the Mohawk. The Native Americans felt they had been treated unfairly when the land patent was granted to a number of colonists in the early eighteenth century. Kissam's ledger lists the services he performed for the proprietors in reaching a new settlement with the Mohawk in 1768.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Supream Court Register\" contains information on the cases Kissam had before that court from 1768 to 1775 (the ledger indicates that he kept other registers for other jurisdictions during this period.). At the beginning of the entry for each case, he lists the names of the plaintiff and defendant, usually the name of the other attorney, and the means by which he got involved in the case. He then describes the actions taken in the case, and the dates as well as his costs and fees. If the case concerned a debt, he noted when and how it was repaid. Occasionally, he had the client sign a statement in the register saying that he would pay Kissam, or that he or she had received from Kissam the money recovered from the case.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlmost all of the cases in the register are civil, and debt is by far the most common type. There are also assumpsit cases, one involving a marriage promise; ejectment for lands in Cortlandt Manor and Oysterbay, as well as Westchester, Albany, Orange, Dutchess, Queens and Ulster Counties; trover and conversion; trespass; assault and battery; and slander.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor the few criminal cases, the entries are not too detailed. In 1772, Kissam represented first a man, and later a woman, who were accused by the Crown of receiving stolen goods. The man was convicted, but the woman was released because the attorney general could produce no witnesses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to providing details about Kissam's practice in the appeals court over this seven year period, the register provides the names of 22  other lawyers practicing there. These include James Duane, who is frequently named, and John Jay, a practicing attorney, who is named about a half dozen times. Kissam's notes about how he came to be involved in each case reveal his standing in the professional and social community. Some of his clients were from the wealthiest and most influential New York families, such as DeLancey, DePeyster, Livingston, Van Cortlandt, and Van Rensselaer. Captain Isaac Sears, whose name appears a number of times, was a ship owner and, like many of Kissam's clients and colleagues, a leader in the revolutionary cause.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough it has been reported by Jay's biographers that Kissam was a loyalist, his political views are not evident in these volumes - even as the war was beginning. It is clear that he was well respected by many leaders of the revolution, such as Jay, Duane, and Sears, as well as Peter, Philip, and Robert Livingston, Abraham Ten Broeck and the Rutgers family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHistorical records of the practice of colonial lawyers are extremely rare, and so for that reason alone the Kissam ledger and register are valuable. These manuscripts are all the more important, however, because of Kissam's association with John Jay and other leaders in the revolutionary era, and because his clientele represented a wide range of colonial New Yorkers.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These manuscript volumes reveal a great deal about Benjamin Kissam's practice, and provide a window on the legal world in New York City on the eve of the American Revolution. The ledger was kept from 1755 to 1776, and contains accounts of clients, both individual and corporate, relatives, servants, and other lawyers. Although there is no mention of John Jay, this ledger was in use during the period of Jay's clerkship with Kissam. His clients ranged across the social spectrum, and he sometimes noted their places of residence or occupations. Since he kept thorough and detailed records for these accounts, the great number of blanks on the credit side suggests that many of them were never settled. Occasionally, he noted that he would never be paid for a certain account. In transactions involving family members and employees, he kept careful records of money spent or advanced and funds repaid.","Under the name of James Duane, another prominent lawyer and later federal judge, Kissam wrote: \"N.B. Mr. Duane Composes Judgments for me and lets me take the fees to my own Use, and I the same to him, therefore the articles charged on the other side for Judgmts. composed by me are not to be charged to him.\" (p. 51).","Kissam represented the proprietors of the Kayoderosseras, a huge area of land formerly inhabited by the Mohawk. The Native Americans felt they had been treated unfairly when the land patent was granted to a number of colonists in the early eighteenth century. Kissam's ledger lists the services he performed for the proprietors in reaching a new settlement with the Mohawk in 1768.","The \"Supream Court Register\" contains information on the cases Kissam had before that court from 1768 to 1775 (the ledger indicates that he kept other registers for other jurisdictions during this period.). At the beginning of the entry for each case, he lists the names of the plaintiff and defendant, usually the name of the other attorney, and the means by which he got involved in the case. He then describes the actions taken in the case, and the dates as well as his costs and fees. If the case concerned a debt, he noted when and how it was repaid. Occasionally, he had the client sign a statement in the register saying that he would pay Kissam, or that he or she had received from Kissam the money recovered from the case.","Almost all of the cases in the register are civil, and debt is by far the most common type. There are also assumpsit cases, one involving a marriage promise; ejectment for lands in Cortlandt Manor and Oysterbay, as well as Westchester, Albany, Orange, Dutchess, Queens and Ulster Counties; trover and conversion; trespass; assault and battery; and slander.","For the few criminal cases, the entries are not too detailed. In 1772, Kissam represented first a man, and later a woman, who were accused by the Crown of receiving stolen goods. The man was convicted, but the woman was released because the attorney general could produce no witnesses.","In addition to providing details about Kissam's practice in the appeals court over this seven year period, the register provides the names of 22  other lawyers practicing there. These include James Duane, who is frequently named, and John Jay, a practicing attorney, who is named about a half dozen times. Kissam's notes about how he came to be involved in each case reveal his standing in the professional and social community. Some of his clients were from the wealthiest and most influential New York families, such as DeLancey, DePeyster, Livingston, Van Cortlandt, and Van Rensselaer. Captain Isaac Sears, whose name appears a number of times, was a ship owner and, like many of Kissam's clients and colleagues, a leader in the revolutionary cause.","Although it has been reported by Jay's biographers that Kissam was a loyalist, his political views are not evident in these volumes - even as the war was beginning. It is clear that he was well respected by many leaders of the revolution, such as Jay, Duane, and Sears, as well as Peter, Philip, and Robert Livingston, Abraham Ten Broeck and the Rutgers family.","Historical records of the practice of colonial lawyers are extremely rare, and so for that reason alone the Kissam ledger and register are valuable. These manuscripts are all the more important, however, because of Kissam's association with John Jay and other leaders in the revolutionary era, and because his clientele represented a wide range of colonial New Yorkers."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Kissam, Benjamin, -1782","Sears, Isaac, 1730-1786","Duane, James, 1733-1797","Jay, John, 1745-1829"],"names_coll_ssim":["Sears, Isaac, 1730-1786","Kissam, Benjamin, -1782","Duane, James, 1733-1797","Jay, John, 1745-1829"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Kissam, Benjamin, -1782","Sears, Isaac, 1730-1786","Duane, James, 1733-1797","Jay, John, 1745-1829"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":4,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-15T00:04:49.439Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_659"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1381","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers, 1770/1816","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1381#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eMemorial of Captain John Fenno Mansfield (1788-1812) in this Eulogium in calligraphy by Benjamin Owen Tyler. At Westpoint Tyler designed and accomplished this memorial dated November 20, 1816.Calligraphically and stylistically, the broadside bears all of the hallmarks of Tyler's penmanship and design such as floating cherubic heads. The Eulogium's most telling couplet states: \"Science and Taste, united, would have shed/ A living luster round his honored head.\"\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1381#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1381","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1381","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1381","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1381","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1381.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/151580","title_filing_ssi":"Tyler, Benjamin Owen calligraphy manuscript and Fenno family papers","title_ssm":["Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers"],"title_tesim":["Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1770, 1816"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1770, 1816"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1770/1816"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers, 1770/1816"],"text":["Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers, 1770/1816","MSS 16694","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1381","calligraphy (visual works)","The collection is open for research use.","Benjamin Owen Tyler (1789-aft. 1855) was born in Massachusetts and grew up in Vermont. He moved to New York City around 1814, where he taught penmanship and stenography and did ornamental writing for diplomas and other documents. In 1816, Tyler also taught penmanship at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He moved in January 1817, to Washington, D.C., where he taught handwriting and produced engraved portraits of famous Americans and created facsimiles of their letters. In 1818, he published what he considered the \"first correct copy\" of the Declaration of Independence. When he visited Monticello, he taught Thomas Jefferson's granddaughters how to improve their writing and \"make pens scientifically.\" In 1820, he opened a lottery office in Washington with branches in other northeastern cities and operated it for a decade. He left Washington in 1830 and lived \"in various parts of the United States and the Canadas,\" before returning briefly to Washington in 1834. When he returned, he offered some of his previous productions, as well as a few copies of his Declaration of Independence printing with facsimile signatures. He returned to the capital again in 1838, when he sold paintings and preserved paintings, drawings, and maps with a varnish invented by his wife. In 1840, Tyler created a pair of broadsides supporting the candidacy of Whig William Henry Harrison for president.","The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library of the University of Virginia provides background on the Tyler printing:","After the War of 1812, American nationalism created a renewed patriotism, and interest in the nation's founding. In 1818, Benjamin Owen Tyler produced the first facsimile of the Declaration - an elaborate, painstakingly hand-copied engraving.","The book which Tyler used to take orders for his facsimile survives, in the Albert H. Small Declaration of Independence Collection. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Quincy Adams, and other notables were among those who signed the book.","Source:\n2022 Seth Kaller, Inc. • Historical Documents • Legacy Collections","Captain John Fenno Mansfield commanded the Cincinnati Light Infantry in the War of 1812 at General Hull's surrender in Detroit, Michigan. Soon after, Mansfield was seized by a fever while crossing Lake Erie and died. John Fenno Mansfield likely attended West Point, and thus the possible connection with this tribute accomplished by Benjamin Owen Tyler, given Tyler's tenure at West Point.","For more information on Captain Mansfield see\nhttps://thetroyhistoricalsociety.org/obits/Western%20Spy/Capt%20John%20Fenno%20Mansfield.htm","Memorial of Captain John Fenno Mansfield (1788-1812) in this Eulogium in calligraphy by Benjamin Owen Tyler. At Westpoint Tyler designed and accomplished this memorial dated November 20, 1816.Calligraphically and stylistically, the broadside bears all of the hallmarks of Tyler's penmanship and design such as floating cherubic heads. The Eulogium's most telling couplet states: \"Science and Taste, united, would have shed/ A living luster round his honored head.\"","Mansfield commanded the Cincinnati Light Infantry in the War of 1812 at General Hull's surrender in Detroit, Michigan.  Soon after, Mansfield was seized by a fever while crossing Lake Erie and died.  John Fenno Mansfield likely attended West Point, and thus the possible connection with this tribute accomplished by Benjamin Owen Tyler, given Tyler's tenure at West Point.","Also included is a Fenno family bible, and a 2 page signed letter from Mary Mansfield, (1792-1825), sister of Grace T. Mansfield and Captain Fenno, written in St. Croix, W.[est] I.[ndies], 1800 to her uncle Jacob Whitmore in Middletown, Connecticut about the death of her brother.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers, 1770/1816"],"collection_ssim":["Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers, 1770/1816"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16694","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1381"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16694","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1381"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Ian Brabner by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 14 January 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["calligraphy (visual works)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["calligraphy (visual works)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.4 Cubic Feet 1 box and oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.4 Cubic Feet 1 box and oversize folder"],"physfacet_tesim":["Memorial calligraphic broadside by Tyler, Fenno family bible with family birth and death dates, and two page letter from Mary Mansfield about the death of her brother Captain John Fenno Mansfield in General Hull's army in the War of 1812, Detroit, Michigan."],"dimensions_tesim":["broadside 12x10 inches"],"genreform_ssim":["calligraphy (visual works)"],"date_range_isim":[1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Owen Tyler (1789-aft. 1855) was born in Massachusetts and grew up in Vermont. He moved to New York City around 1814, where he taught penmanship and stenography and did ornamental writing for diplomas and other documents. In 1816, Tyler also taught penmanship at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He moved in January 1817, to Washington, D.C., where he taught handwriting and produced engraved portraits of famous Americans and created facsimiles of their letters. In 1818, he published what he considered the \"first correct copy\" of the Declaration of Independence. When he visited Monticello, he taught Thomas Jefferson's granddaughters how to improve their writing and \"make pens scientifically.\" In 1820, he opened a lottery office in Washington with branches in other northeastern cities and operated it for a decade. He left Washington in 1830 and lived \"in various parts of the United States and the Canadas,\" before returning briefly to Washington in 1834. When he returned, he offered some of his previous productions, as well as a few copies of his Declaration of Independence printing with facsimile signatures. He returned to the capital again in 1838, when he sold paintings and preserved paintings, drawings, and maps with a varnish invented by his wife. In 1840, Tyler created a pair of broadsides supporting the candidacy of Whig William Henry Harrison for president.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library of the University of Virginia provides background on the Tyler printing:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the War of 1812, American nationalism created a renewed patriotism, and interest in the nation's founding. In 1818, Benjamin Owen Tyler produced the first facsimile of the Declaration - an elaborate, painstakingly hand-copied engraving.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe book which Tyler used to take orders for his facsimile survives, in the Albert H. Small Declaration of Independence Collection. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Quincy Adams, and other notables were among those who signed the book. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSource:\n2022 Seth Kaller, Inc. • Historical Documents • Legacy Collections \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCaptain John Fenno Mansfield commanded the Cincinnati Light Infantry in the War of 1812 at General Hull's surrender in Detroit, Michigan. Soon after, Mansfield was seized by a fever while crossing Lake Erie and died. John Fenno Mansfield likely attended West Point, and thus the possible connection with this tribute accomplished by Benjamin Owen Tyler, given Tyler's tenure at West Point. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor more information on Captain Mansfield see\nhttps://thetroyhistoricalsociety.org/obits/Western%20Spy/Capt%20John%20Fenno%20Mansfield.htm\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Benjamin Owen Tyler (1789-aft. 1855) was born in Massachusetts and grew up in Vermont. He moved to New York City around 1814, where he taught penmanship and stenography and did ornamental writing for diplomas and other documents. In 1816, Tyler also taught penmanship at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He moved in January 1817, to Washington, D.C., where he taught handwriting and produced engraved portraits of famous Americans and created facsimiles of their letters. In 1818, he published what he considered the \"first correct copy\" of the Declaration of Independence. When he visited Monticello, he taught Thomas Jefferson's granddaughters how to improve their writing and \"make pens scientifically.\" In 1820, he opened a lottery office in Washington with branches in other northeastern cities and operated it for a decade. He left Washington in 1830 and lived \"in various parts of the United States and the Canadas,\" before returning briefly to Washington in 1834. When he returned, he offered some of his previous productions, as well as a few copies of his Declaration of Independence printing with facsimile signatures. He returned to the capital again in 1838, when he sold paintings and preserved paintings, drawings, and maps with a varnish invented by his wife. In 1840, Tyler created a pair of broadsides supporting the candidacy of Whig William Henry Harrison for president.","The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library of the University of Virginia provides background on the Tyler printing:","After the War of 1812, American nationalism created a renewed patriotism, and interest in the nation's founding. In 1818, Benjamin Owen Tyler produced the first facsimile of the Declaration - an elaborate, painstakingly hand-copied engraving.","The book which Tyler used to take orders for his facsimile survives, in the Albert H. Small Declaration of Independence Collection. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Quincy Adams, and other notables were among those who signed the book.","Source:\n2022 Seth Kaller, Inc. • Historical Documents • Legacy Collections","Captain John Fenno Mansfield commanded the Cincinnati Light Infantry in the War of 1812 at General Hull's surrender in Detroit, Michigan. Soon after, Mansfield was seized by a fever while crossing Lake Erie and died. John Fenno Mansfield likely attended West Point, and thus the possible connection with this tribute accomplished by Benjamin Owen Tyler, given Tyler's tenure at West Point.","For more information on Captain Mansfield see\nhttps://thetroyhistoricalsociety.org/obits/Western%20Spy/Capt%20John%20Fenno%20Mansfield.htm"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16694,Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16694,Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMemorial of Captain John Fenno Mansfield (1788-1812) in this Eulogium in calligraphy by Benjamin Owen Tyler. At Westpoint Tyler designed and accomplished this memorial dated November 20, 1816.Calligraphically and stylistically, the broadside bears all of the hallmarks of Tyler's penmanship and design such as floating cherubic heads. The Eulogium's most telling couplet states: \"Science and Taste, united, would have shed/ A living luster round his honored head.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMansfield commanded the Cincinnati Light Infantry in the War of 1812 at General Hull's surrender in Detroit, Michigan.  Soon after, Mansfield was seized by a fever while crossing Lake Erie and died.  John Fenno Mansfield likely attended West Point, and thus the possible connection with this tribute accomplished by Benjamin Owen Tyler, given Tyler's tenure at West Point. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso included is a Fenno family bible, and a 2 page signed letter from Mary Mansfield, (1792-1825), sister of Grace T. Mansfield and Captain Fenno, written in St. Croix, W.[est] I.[ndies], 1800 to her uncle Jacob Whitmore in Middletown, Connecticut about the death of her brother. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Memorial of Captain John Fenno Mansfield (1788-1812) in this Eulogium in calligraphy by Benjamin Owen Tyler. At Westpoint Tyler designed and accomplished this memorial dated November 20, 1816.Calligraphically and stylistically, the broadside bears all of the hallmarks of Tyler's penmanship and design such as floating cherubic heads. The Eulogium's most telling couplet states: \"Science and Taste, united, would have shed/ A living luster round his honored head.\"","Mansfield commanded the Cincinnati Light Infantry in the War of 1812 at General Hull's surrender in Detroit, Michigan.  Soon after, Mansfield was seized by a fever while crossing Lake Erie and died.  John Fenno Mansfield likely attended West Point, and thus the possible connection with this tribute accomplished by Benjamin Owen Tyler, given Tyler's tenure at West Point.","Also included is a Fenno family bible, and a 2 page signed letter from Mary Mansfield, (1792-1825), sister of Grace T. Mansfield and Captain Fenno, written in St. Croix, W.[est] I.[ndies], 1800 to her uncle Jacob Whitmore in Middletown, Connecticut about the death of her brother."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:24.943Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1381","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1381","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1381","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1381","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1381.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/151580","title_filing_ssi":"Tyler, Benjamin Owen calligraphy manuscript and Fenno family papers","title_ssm":["Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers"],"title_tesim":["Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1770, 1816"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1770, 1816"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1770/1816"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers, 1770/1816"],"text":["Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers, 1770/1816","MSS 16694","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1381","calligraphy (visual works)","The collection is open for research use.","Benjamin Owen Tyler (1789-aft. 1855) was born in Massachusetts and grew up in Vermont. He moved to New York City around 1814, where he taught penmanship and stenography and did ornamental writing for diplomas and other documents. In 1816, Tyler also taught penmanship at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He moved in January 1817, to Washington, D.C., where he taught handwriting and produced engraved portraits of famous Americans and created facsimiles of their letters. In 1818, he published what he considered the \"first correct copy\" of the Declaration of Independence. When he visited Monticello, he taught Thomas Jefferson's granddaughters how to improve their writing and \"make pens scientifically.\" In 1820, he opened a lottery office in Washington with branches in other northeastern cities and operated it for a decade. He left Washington in 1830 and lived \"in various parts of the United States and the Canadas,\" before returning briefly to Washington in 1834. When he returned, he offered some of his previous productions, as well as a few copies of his Declaration of Independence printing with facsimile signatures. He returned to the capital again in 1838, when he sold paintings and preserved paintings, drawings, and maps with a varnish invented by his wife. In 1840, Tyler created a pair of broadsides supporting the candidacy of Whig William Henry Harrison for president.","The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library of the University of Virginia provides background on the Tyler printing:","After the War of 1812, American nationalism created a renewed patriotism, and interest in the nation's founding. In 1818, Benjamin Owen Tyler produced the first facsimile of the Declaration - an elaborate, painstakingly hand-copied engraving.","The book which Tyler used to take orders for his facsimile survives, in the Albert H. Small Declaration of Independence Collection. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Quincy Adams, and other notables were among those who signed the book.","Source:\n2022 Seth Kaller, Inc. • Historical Documents • Legacy Collections","Captain John Fenno Mansfield commanded the Cincinnati Light Infantry in the War of 1812 at General Hull's surrender in Detroit, Michigan. Soon after, Mansfield was seized by a fever while crossing Lake Erie and died. John Fenno Mansfield likely attended West Point, and thus the possible connection with this tribute accomplished by Benjamin Owen Tyler, given Tyler's tenure at West Point.","For more information on Captain Mansfield see\nhttps://thetroyhistoricalsociety.org/obits/Western%20Spy/Capt%20John%20Fenno%20Mansfield.htm","Memorial of Captain John Fenno Mansfield (1788-1812) in this Eulogium in calligraphy by Benjamin Owen Tyler. At Westpoint Tyler designed and accomplished this memorial dated November 20, 1816.Calligraphically and stylistically, the broadside bears all of the hallmarks of Tyler's penmanship and design such as floating cherubic heads. The Eulogium's most telling couplet states: \"Science and Taste, united, would have shed/ A living luster round his honored head.\"","Mansfield commanded the Cincinnati Light Infantry in the War of 1812 at General Hull's surrender in Detroit, Michigan.  Soon after, Mansfield was seized by a fever while crossing Lake Erie and died.  John Fenno Mansfield likely attended West Point, and thus the possible connection with this tribute accomplished by Benjamin Owen Tyler, given Tyler's tenure at West Point.","Also included is a Fenno family bible, and a 2 page signed letter from Mary Mansfield, (1792-1825), sister of Grace T. 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When he returned, he offered some of his previous productions, as well as a few copies of his Declaration of Independence printing with facsimile signatures. He returned to the capital again in 1838, when he sold paintings and preserved paintings, drawings, and maps with a varnish invented by his wife. In 1840, Tyler created a pair of broadsides supporting the candidacy of Whig William Henry Harrison for president.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library of the University of Virginia provides background on the Tyler printing:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the War of 1812, American nationalism created a renewed patriotism, and interest in the nation's founding. In 1818, Benjamin Owen Tyler produced the first facsimile of the Declaration - an elaborate, painstakingly hand-copied engraving.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe book which Tyler used to take orders for his facsimile survives, in the Albert H. 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John Fenno Mansfield likely attended West Point, and thus the possible connection with this tribute accomplished by Benjamin Owen Tyler, given Tyler's tenure at West Point. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor more information on Captain Mansfield see\nhttps://thetroyhistoricalsociety.org/obits/Western%20Spy/Capt%20John%20Fenno%20Mansfield.htm\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Benjamin Owen Tyler (1789-aft. 1855) was born in Massachusetts and grew up in Vermont. He moved to New York City around 1814, where he taught penmanship and stenography and did ornamental writing for diplomas and other documents. In 1816, Tyler also taught penmanship at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He moved in January 1817, to Washington, D.C., where he taught handwriting and produced engraved portraits of famous Americans and created facsimiles of their letters. In 1818, he published what he considered the \"first correct copy\" of the Declaration of Independence. When he visited Monticello, he taught Thomas Jefferson's granddaughters how to improve their writing and \"make pens scientifically.\" In 1820, he opened a lottery office in Washington with branches in other northeastern cities and operated it for a decade. He left Washington in 1830 and lived \"in various parts of the United States and the Canadas,\" before returning briefly to Washington in 1834. When he returned, he offered some of his previous productions, as well as a few copies of his Declaration of Independence printing with facsimile signatures. He returned to the capital again in 1838, when he sold paintings and preserved paintings, drawings, and maps with a varnish invented by his wife. In 1840, Tyler created a pair of broadsides supporting the candidacy of Whig William Henry Harrison for president.","The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library of the University of Virginia provides background on the Tyler printing:","After the War of 1812, American nationalism created a renewed patriotism, and interest in the nation's founding. In 1818, Benjamin Owen Tyler produced the first facsimile of the Declaration - an elaborate, painstakingly hand-copied engraving.","The book which Tyler used to take orders for his facsimile survives, in the Albert H. Small Declaration of Independence Collection. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Quincy Adams, and other notables were among those who signed the book.","Source:\n2022 Seth Kaller, Inc. • Historical Documents • Legacy Collections","Captain John Fenno Mansfield commanded the Cincinnati Light Infantry in the War of 1812 at General Hull's surrender in Detroit, Michigan. Soon after, Mansfield was seized by a fever while crossing Lake Erie and died. John Fenno Mansfield likely attended West Point, and thus the possible connection with this tribute accomplished by Benjamin Owen Tyler, given Tyler's tenure at West Point.","For more information on Captain Mansfield see\nhttps://thetroyhistoricalsociety.org/obits/Western%20Spy/Capt%20John%20Fenno%20Mansfield.htm"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16694,Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16694,Benjamin Owen Tyler calligraphic manuscript and Fenno family papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMemorial of Captain John Fenno Mansfield (1788-1812) in this Eulogium in calligraphy by Benjamin Owen Tyler. At Westpoint Tyler designed and accomplished this memorial dated November 20, 1816.Calligraphically and stylistically, the broadside bears all of the hallmarks of Tyler's penmanship and design such as floating cherubic heads. The Eulogium's most telling couplet states: \"Science and Taste, united, would have shed/ A living luster round his honored head.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMansfield commanded the Cincinnati Light Infantry in the War of 1812 at General Hull's surrender in Detroit, Michigan.  Soon after, Mansfield was seized by a fever while crossing Lake Erie and died.  John Fenno Mansfield likely attended West Point, and thus the possible connection with this tribute accomplished by Benjamin Owen Tyler, given Tyler's tenure at West Point. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso included is a Fenno family bible, and a 2 page signed letter from Mary Mansfield, (1792-1825), sister of Grace T. Mansfield and Captain Fenno, written in St. Croix, W.[est] I.[ndies], 1800 to her uncle Jacob Whitmore in Middletown, Connecticut about the death of her brother. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Memorial of Captain John Fenno Mansfield (1788-1812) in this Eulogium in calligraphy by Benjamin Owen Tyler. At Westpoint Tyler designed and accomplished this memorial dated November 20, 1816.Calligraphically and stylistically, the broadside bears all of the hallmarks of Tyler's penmanship and design such as floating cherubic heads. The Eulogium's most telling couplet states: \"Science and Taste, united, would have shed/ A living luster round his honored head.\"","Mansfield commanded the Cincinnati Light Infantry in the War of 1812 at General Hull's surrender in Detroit, Michigan.  Soon after, Mansfield was seized by a fever while crossing Lake Erie and died.  John Fenno Mansfield likely attended West Point, and thus the possible connection with this tribute accomplished by Benjamin Owen Tyler, given Tyler's tenure at West Point.","Also included is a Fenno family bible, and a 2 page signed letter from Mary Mansfield, (1792-1825), sister of Grace T. Mansfield and Captain Fenno, written in St. Croix, W.[est] I.[ndies], 1800 to her uncle Jacob Whitmore in Middletown, Connecticut about the death of her brother."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:24.943Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1381"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_681","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Charles and Joseph Read commonplace book, 1765/1794","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_681#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Read, Charles W., 1713-1774","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_681#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a commonplace, or precedents, book in two hands, arranged alphabetically by subject from abatement to warrant. 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Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Kane Antiquarian Auction on 2 June 1991."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Law  -- New Jersey","Commonplace books"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Law  -- New Jersey","Commonplace books"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 items"],"extent_tesim":["1 items"],"genreform_ssim":["Commonplace books"],"date_range_isim":[1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Read was a lawyer, landowner, and ironmaster who attained prominence as a jurist and statesman in colonial New Jersey. He was born circa 1713 in Philadelphia, the son of Charles Read who served as mayor of Philadelphia from 1726 to 1727.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAround 1736, after a liberal education under private tutors, Read was sent to London and was subsequently appointed midshipman in the British Navy. Around 1739 he returned to America and became clerk of the city of Burlington, and shortly after was made collector of the port of Burlington. In 1749, he was appointed associate justice of the supreme court of New Jersey and for a brief period in 1764 he held the office of chief justice on appointment by Governor Franklin.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to affairs of state, he was engaged in many enterprises. His law practice was one of the best in the province. A land speculator on a large scale, he was party to more than one hundred recorded land transfers involving many thousands of acres in western New Jersey. He was interested in agriculture, and carried on experiments to improve farm practices. Around 1765 he took up the manufacture of iron from bog ore, setting in motion an important industry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCharles Read was a jurist, statesman, farmer, and manufacturer in colonial New Jersey.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Charles Read was a lawyer, landowner, and ironmaster who attained prominence as a jurist and statesman in colonial New Jersey. He was born circa 1713 in Philadelphia, the son of Charles Read who served as mayor of Philadelphia from 1726 to 1727.","Around 1736, after a liberal education under private tutors, Read was sent to London and was subsequently appointed midshipman in the British Navy. Around 1739 he returned to America and became clerk of the city of Burlington, and shortly after was made collector of the port of Burlington. In 1749, he was appointed associate justice of the supreme court of New Jersey and for a brief period in 1764 he held the office of chief justice on appointment by Governor Franklin.","In addition to affairs of state, he was engaged in many enterprises. His law practice was one of the best in the province. A land speculator on a large scale, he was party to more than one hundred recorded land transfers involving many thousands of acres in western New Jersey. He was interested in agriculture, and carried on experiments to improve farm practices. Around 1765 he took up the manufacture of iron from bog ore, setting in motion an important industry.","Charles Read was a jurist, statesman, farmer, and manufacturer in colonial New Jersey."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a commonplace, or precedents, book in two hands, arranged alphabetically by subject from abatement to warrant. Most precedents are British; however, New Jersey law of the 1790s is also cited. The volume begins with an inscription that indicates the volume was given by Charles Read to Joseph Read \"of Mount Holly.\"\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a commonplace, or precedents, book in two hands, arranged alphabetically by subject from abatement to warrant. Most precedents are British; however, New Jersey law of the 1790s is also cited. The volume begins with an inscription that indicates the volume was given by Charles Read to Joseph Read \"of Mount Holly.\""],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Read, Charles W., 1713-1774","Read, Joseph"],"names_coll_ssim":["Read, Charles W., 1713-1774","Read, Joseph"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Read, Charles W., 1713-1774","Read, Joseph"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:37.886Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_681"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_677","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Charles and Thomas Frankland record books, 1740/1811","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_677#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Frankland, Charles","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_677#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains two handwritten commonplace books compiled by two generations of lawyers in Bedale, Yorkshire, Charles and Thomas Frankland. Three of the functions of these volumes appear to be: to have available all information relevant to Frankland property (land, debtors, etc.); to have available a wide range of legal information, precedents, cases, forms of words, etc.; and to have available information about important clients and matters affecting the district (tithes, enclosure, etc.). The material includes:\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_677#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_677","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_677","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_677","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_677","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_677.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/131139","title_ssm":["Charles and Thomas Frankland record books"],"title_tesim":["Charles and Thomas Frankland record books"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1740 - 1811"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1740 - 1811"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1740/1811"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charles and Thomas Frankland record books, 1740/1811"],"text":["Charles and Thomas Frankland record books, 1740/1811","MSS.89.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/677","lawyers -- Great Britain","Yorkshire (England) -- History","Commonplace books","This collection contains two handwritten commonplace books compiled by two generations of lawyers in Bedale, Yorkshire, Charles and Thomas Frankland. Three of the functions of these volumes appear to be: to have available all information relevant to Frankland property (land, debtors, etc.); to have available a wide range of legal information, precedents, cases, forms of words, etc.; and to have available information about important clients and matters affecting the district (tithes, enclosure, etc.). The material includes:","a.      Copies of promissory notes, receipts, indentures, re: Frankland's property.","b.      Copies of correspondence concerning Frankland's affairs.","c.       Copies/models of numerous articles, affidavits, notices, legal precedents, cases, etc., including bail sheriff's warrant, articles for running a horse race, a warrant of attorney to acknowledge satisfaction generally, a release of dower, the clerk's oath, articles in making a cock match, form of discharge of a prisoner out of gaol, notes on \"Hue and Cry,\" \"Dower,\" \"Declarations,\" \"Prisoners,\" etc.","These books comprise more than 500 closely written pages and give full insight into the concerns and practice of an eighteenth-century solicitor.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Frankland, Charles","Frankland, Thomas","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charles and Thomas Frankland record books, 1740/1811"],"collection_ssim":["Charles and Thomas Frankland record books, 1740/1811"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.89.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/677"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.89.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/677"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Frankland, Charles"],"creator_ssim":["Frankland, Charles"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Frankland, Charles","Frankland, Thomas"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"creators_ssim":["Frankland, Charles","Frankland, Thomas","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Joe Luttrell in the fall of 1989."],"access_subjects_ssim":["lawyers -- Great Britain","Yorkshire (England) -- History","Commonplace books"],"access_subjects_ssm":["lawyers -- Great Britain","Yorkshire (England) -- History","Commonplace books"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2 Volumes"],"extent_tesim":["2 Volumes"],"genreform_ssim":["Commonplace books"],"date_range_isim":[1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains two handwritten commonplace books compiled by two generations of lawyers in Bedale, Yorkshire, Charles and Thomas Frankland. Three of the functions of these volumes appear to be: to have available all information relevant to Frankland property (land, debtors, etc.); to have available a wide range of legal information, precedents, cases, forms of words, etc.; and to have available information about important clients and matters affecting the district (tithes, enclosure, etc.). The material includes:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ea.      Copies of promissory notes, receipts, indentures, re: Frankland's property.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eb.      Copies of correspondence concerning Frankland's affairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ec.       Copies/models of numerous articles, affidavits, notices, legal precedents, cases, etc., including bail sheriff's warrant, articles for running a horse race, a warrant of attorney to acknowledge satisfaction generally, a release of dower, the clerk's oath, articles in making a cock match, form of discharge of a prisoner out of gaol, notes on \"Hue and Cry,\" \"Dower,\" \"Declarations,\" \"Prisoners,\" etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese books comprise more than 500 closely written pages and give full insight into the concerns and practice of an eighteenth-century solicitor.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains two handwritten commonplace books compiled by two generations of lawyers in Bedale, Yorkshire, Charles and Thomas Frankland. Three of the functions of these volumes appear to be: to have available all information relevant to Frankland property (land, debtors, etc.); to have available a wide range of legal information, precedents, cases, forms of words, etc.; and to have available information about important clients and matters affecting the district (tithes, enclosure, etc.). The material includes:","a.      Copies of promissory notes, receipts, indentures, re: Frankland's property.","b.      Copies of correspondence concerning Frankland's affairs.","c.       Copies/models of numerous articles, affidavits, notices, legal precedents, cases, etc., including bail sheriff's warrant, articles for running a horse race, a warrant of attorney to acknowledge satisfaction generally, a release of dower, the clerk's oath, articles in making a cock match, form of discharge of a prisoner out of gaol, notes on \"Hue and Cry,\" \"Dower,\" \"Declarations,\" \"Prisoners,\" etc.","These books comprise more than 500 closely written pages and give full insight into the concerns and practice of an eighteenth-century solicitor."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Frankland, Charles","Frankland, Thomas"],"names_coll_ssim":["Frankland, Charles","Frankland, Thomas"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Frankland, Charles","Frankland, Thomas"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:37.886Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_677","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_677","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_677","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_677","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_677.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/131139","title_ssm":["Charles and Thomas Frankland record books"],"title_tesim":["Charles and Thomas Frankland record books"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1740 - 1811"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1740 - 1811"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1740/1811"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charles and Thomas Frankland record books, 1740/1811"],"text":["Charles and Thomas Frankland record books, 1740/1811","MSS.89.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/677","lawyers -- Great Britain","Yorkshire (England) -- History","Commonplace books","This collection contains two handwritten commonplace books compiled by two generations of lawyers in Bedale, Yorkshire, Charles and Thomas Frankland. Three of the functions of these volumes appear to be: to have available all information relevant to Frankland property (land, debtors, etc.); to have available a wide range of legal information, precedents, cases, forms of words, etc.; and to have available information about important clients and matters affecting the district (tithes, enclosure, etc.). The material includes:","a.      Copies of promissory notes, receipts, indentures, re: Frankland's property.","b.      Copies of correspondence concerning Frankland's affairs.","c.       Copies/models of numerous articles, affidavits, notices, legal precedents, cases, etc., including bail sheriff's warrant, articles for running a horse race, a warrant of attorney to acknowledge satisfaction generally, a release of dower, the clerk's oath, articles in making a cock match, form of discharge of a prisoner out of gaol, notes on \"Hue and Cry,\" \"Dower,\" \"Declarations,\" \"Prisoners,\" etc.","These books comprise more than 500 closely written pages and give full insight into the concerns and practice of an eighteenth-century solicitor.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Frankland, Charles","Frankland, Thomas","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charles and Thomas Frankland record books, 1740/1811"],"collection_ssim":["Charles and Thomas Frankland record books, 1740/1811"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.89.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/677"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.89.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/677"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Frankland, Charles"],"creator_ssim":["Frankland, Charles"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Frankland, Charles","Frankland, Thomas"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"creators_ssim":["Frankland, Charles","Frankland, Thomas","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Joe Luttrell in the fall of 1989."],"access_subjects_ssim":["lawyers -- Great Britain","Yorkshire (England) -- History","Commonplace books"],"access_subjects_ssm":["lawyers -- Great Britain","Yorkshire (England) -- History","Commonplace books"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2 Volumes"],"extent_tesim":["2 Volumes"],"genreform_ssim":["Commonplace books"],"date_range_isim":[1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains two handwritten commonplace books compiled by two generations of lawyers in Bedale, Yorkshire, Charles and Thomas Frankland. Three of the functions of these volumes appear to be: to have available all information relevant to Frankland property (land, debtors, etc.); to have available a wide range of legal information, precedents, cases, forms of words, etc.; and to have available information about important clients and matters affecting the district (tithes, enclosure, etc.). The material includes:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ea.      Copies of promissory notes, receipts, indentures, re: Frankland's property.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eb.      Copies of correspondence concerning Frankland's affairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ec.       Copies/models of numerous articles, affidavits, notices, legal precedents, cases, etc., including bail sheriff's warrant, articles for running a horse race, a warrant of attorney to acknowledge satisfaction generally, a release of dower, the clerk's oath, articles in making a cock match, form of discharge of a prisoner out of gaol, notes on \"Hue and Cry,\" \"Dower,\" \"Declarations,\" \"Prisoners,\" etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese books comprise more than 500 closely written pages and give full insight into the concerns and practice of an eighteenth-century solicitor.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains two handwritten commonplace books compiled by two generations of lawyers in Bedale, Yorkshire, Charles and Thomas Frankland. Three of the functions of these volumes appear to be: to have available all information relevant to Frankland property (land, debtors, etc.); to have available a wide range of legal information, precedents, cases, forms of words, etc.; and to have available information about important clients and matters affecting the district (tithes, enclosure, etc.). The material includes:","a.      Copies of promissory notes, receipts, indentures, re: Frankland's property.","b.      Copies of correspondence concerning Frankland's affairs.","c.       Copies/models of numerous articles, affidavits, notices, legal precedents, cases, etc., including bail sheriff's warrant, articles for running a horse race, a warrant of attorney to acknowledge satisfaction generally, a release of dower, the clerk's oath, articles in making a cock match, form of discharge of a prisoner out of gaol, notes on \"Hue and Cry,\" \"Dower,\" \"Declarations,\" \"Prisoners,\" etc.","These books comprise more than 500 closely written pages and give full insight into the concerns and practice of an eighteenth-century solicitor."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Frankland, Charles","Frankland, Thomas"],"names_coll_ssim":["Frankland, Charles","Frankland, Thomas"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Frankland, Charles","Frankland, Thomas"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:37.886Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_677"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_498","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Christian S. Hutter miscellany, 1602/1945","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_498#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Hutter, Christian Sixtus, 1891-1957","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_498#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis autograph and miscellany collection created by Christian Sixtus Hutter consists of miscellaneous material ranging from circa 1602 to 1945 and includes autographs, correspondence, government documents, financial and legal documents, military documents, and telegrams, chiefly from the United States and Great Britain, but also including some material from continental Europe. While most of the collection is in the English language, there are a number of documents in French, German, Spanish, and Dutch. This material was formerly stored in the Hutter cabinets when Special Collections was located in Alderman Library, and consists of material which could not be matched with known Hutter accession numbers. Autographs include those of royalty, such as George I, George III, and George IV; theologians, ministers, and religious leaders; nobility, chiefly English; jurists, lawyers, and judges; family correspondence; and public officials.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_498#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_498","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_498","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_498","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_498","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_498.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/436","title_filing_ssi":"Hutter, Christian S., miscellany","title_ssm":["Christian S. Hutter miscellany"],"title_tesim":["Christian S. Hutter miscellany"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1602-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1602-1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1602/1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Christian S. Hutter miscellany, 1602/1945"],"text":["Christian S. Hutter miscellany, 1602/1945","MSS 15511","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/498","Great Britain -- Kings and rulers--Autographs","Louisiana -- New Orleans","Autographs -- Collectors and collecting","lawyers","Slavery--United States--History--19th Century","authors","public officers","religious leaders","There are three series in the Christian S. Hutter miscellany collection. The first series consists of correspondence and autographs, arranged alphabetically by the last name of the correspondent or person named in each document. The second series contains financial, military and legal documents. These are arranged chronologically within each folder(s) for each of the geographic areas represented, chiefly areas within the United States. The last series consists of volumes and miscellany, such as envelopes, single autographs, illustrations, telegrams, a few receipts from express companies, and miscellaneous writings.","Christian Sixtus Hutter, Jr. (1891-1957), Lynchburg, Virginia, a former law student at the University of Virginia, was an autograph collector who placed much of his collection at the University of Virginia and opened it for research use. Most of these items remained in his possession and control while housed in the library.  Hutter owned Poplar Forest until 1946, when it was sold to James Watts, a fellow Lynchburg lawyer.\nHutter was born to Christian S. Hutter, Sr.(1862-1947), who owned a business in Lynchburg, and Ernestine Booker Hutter (1866-1943). Both of his parents were born in Virginia and resided at Poplar Forest after their marriage in 1886.","His siblings were Claudine Hutter (1886-1972), James Booker Hutter (1888-1960), Edward W. Hutter (1894-1959), Ernestine Hutter MacDonald (1896-1974), Emily Cobbs Hutter Stewart (1898-1985), Caroline Hutter Williams (1900-1995), Beverly Scott Hutter (1903-1991), Quintus Hutter (1905-1974), and Malcolm Hutter (1910-1970). In 1917, Christian S. Hutter married Eleanor Fairfax Butman.","This autograph and miscellany collection created by Christian Sixtus Hutter consists of miscellaneous material ranging from circa 1602 to 1945 and includes autographs, correspondence, government documents, financial and legal documents, military documents, and telegrams, chiefly from the United States and Great Britain, but also including some material from continental Europe. While most of the collection is in the English language, there are a number of documents in French, German, Spanish, and Dutch. This material was formerly stored in the Hutter cabinets when Special Collections was located in Alderman Library, and consists of material which could not be matched with known Hutter accession numbers. Autographs include those of royalty, such as George I, George III, and George IV; theologians, ministers, and religious leaders; nobility, chiefly English; jurists, lawyers, and judges; family correspondence; and public officials.","This collection is open for research use.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Pugh family","Lintner family","Upton family","Morris family","Hutter, Christian Sixtus, 1891-1957","Denman, Thomas Denman, Baron, 1779-1854","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Christian S. Hutter miscellany, 1602/1945"],"collection_ssim":["Christian S. 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Hutter miscellany collection. The first series consists of correspondence and autographs, arranged alphabetically by the last name of the correspondent or person named in each document. The second series contains financial, military and legal documents. These are arranged chronologically within each folder(s) for each of the geographic areas represented, chiefly areas within the United States. The last series consists of volumes and miscellany, such as envelopes, single autographs, illustrations, telegrams, a few receipts from express companies, and miscellaneous writings.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["There are three series in the Christian S. Hutter miscellany collection. The first series consists of correspondence and autographs, arranged alphabetically by the last name of the correspondent or person named in each document. The second series contains financial, military and legal documents. These are arranged chronologically within each folder(s) for each of the geographic areas represented, chiefly areas within the United States. The last series consists of volumes and miscellany, such as envelopes, single autographs, illustrations, telegrams, a few receipts from express companies, and miscellaneous writings."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChristian Sixtus Hutter, Jr. (1891-1957), Lynchburg, Virginia, a former law student at the University of Virginia, was an autograph collector who placed much of his collection at the University of Virginia and opened it for research use. Most of these items remained in his possession and control while housed in the library.  Hutter owned Poplar Forest until 1946, when it was sold to James Watts, a fellow Lynchburg lawyer.\nHutter was born to Christian S. Hutter, Sr.(1862-1947), who owned a business in Lynchburg, and Ernestine Booker Hutter (1866-1943). 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Hutter owned Poplar Forest until 1946, when it was sold to James Watts, a fellow Lynchburg lawyer.\nHutter was born to Christian S. Hutter, Sr.(1862-1947), who owned a business in Lynchburg, and Ernestine Booker Hutter (1866-1943). Both of his parents were born in Virginia and resided at Poplar Forest after their marriage in 1886.","His siblings were Claudine Hutter (1886-1972), James Booker Hutter (1888-1960), Edward W. Hutter (1894-1959), Ernestine Hutter MacDonald (1896-1974), Emily Cobbs Hutter Stewart (1898-1985), Caroline Hutter Williams (1900-1995), Beverly Scott Hutter (1903-1991), Quintus Hutter (1905-1974), and Malcolm Hutter (1910-1970). In 1917, Christian S. Hutter married Eleanor Fairfax Butman."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChristian S. Hutter miscellany, circa 1602-1945, MSS 15511, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Christian S. Hutter miscellany, circa 1602-1945, MSS 15511, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis autograph and miscellany collection created by Christian Sixtus Hutter consists of miscellaneous material ranging from circa 1602 to 1945 and includes autographs, correspondence, government documents, financial and legal documents, military documents, and telegrams, chiefly from the United States and Great Britain, but also including some material from continental Europe. While most of the collection is in the English language, there are a number of documents in French, German, Spanish, and Dutch. This material was formerly stored in the Hutter cabinets when Special Collections was located in Alderman Library, and consists of material which could not be matched with known Hutter accession numbers. Autographs include those of royalty, such as George I, George III, and George IV; theologians, ministers, and religious leaders; nobility, chiefly English; jurists, lawyers, and judges; family correspondence; and public officials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This autograph and miscellany collection created by Christian Sixtus Hutter consists of miscellaneous material ranging from circa 1602 to 1945 and includes autographs, correspondence, government documents, financial and legal documents, military documents, and telegrams, chiefly from the United States and Great Britain, but also including some material from continental Europe. While most of the collection is in the English language, there are a number of documents in French, German, Spanish, and Dutch. This material was formerly stored in the Hutter cabinets when Special Collections was located in Alderman Library, and consists of material which could not be matched with known Hutter accession numbers. Autographs include those of royalty, such as George I, George III, and George IV; theologians, ministers, and religious leaders; nobility, chiefly English; jurists, lawyers, and judges; family correspondence; and public officials."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"famname_ssim":["Pugh family","Lintner family","Upton family","Morris family"],"names_coll_ssim":["Pugh family","Lintner family","Upton family","Morris family","Denman, Thomas Denman, Baron, 1779-1854"],"persname_ssim":["Hutter, Christian Sixtus, 1891-1957","Denman, Thomas Denman, Baron, 1779-1854"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Pugh family","Lintner family","Upton family","Morris family","Hutter, Christian Sixtus, 1891-1957","Denman, Thomas Denman, Baron, 1779-1854"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":73,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_498","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_498","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_498","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_498","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_498.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/436","title_filing_ssi":"Hutter, Christian S., miscellany","title_ssm":["Christian S. 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Both of his parents were born in Virginia and resided at Poplar Forest after their marriage in 1886.","His siblings were Claudine Hutter (1886-1972), James Booker Hutter (1888-1960), Edward W. Hutter (1894-1959), Ernestine Hutter MacDonald (1896-1974), Emily Cobbs Hutter Stewart (1898-1985), Caroline Hutter Williams (1900-1995), Beverly Scott Hutter (1903-1991), Quintus Hutter (1905-1974), and Malcolm Hutter (1910-1970). In 1917, Christian S. Hutter married Eleanor Fairfax Butman.","This autograph and miscellany collection created by Christian Sixtus Hutter consists of miscellaneous material ranging from circa 1602 to 1945 and includes autographs, correspondence, government documents, financial and legal documents, military documents, and telegrams, chiefly from the United States and Great Britain, but also including some material from continental Europe. While most of the collection is in the English language, there are a number of documents in French, German, Spanish, and Dutch. This material was formerly stored in the Hutter cabinets when Special Collections was located in Alderman Library, and consists of material which could not be matched with known Hutter accession numbers. Autographs include those of royalty, such as George I, George III, and George IV; theologians, ministers, and religious leaders; nobility, chiefly English; jurists, lawyers, and judges; family correspondence; and public officials.","This collection is open for research use.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Pugh family","Lintner family","Upton family","Morris family","Hutter, Christian Sixtus, 1891-1957","Denman, Thomas Denman, Baron, 1779-1854","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Christian S. Hutter miscellany, 1602/1945"],"collection_ssim":["Christian S. 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Hutter owned Poplar Forest until 1946, when it was sold to James Watts, a fellow Lynchburg lawyer.\nHutter was born to Christian S. Hutter, Sr.(1862-1947), who owned a business in Lynchburg, and Ernestine Booker Hutter (1866-1943). Both of his parents were born in Virginia and resided at Poplar Forest after their marriage in 1886.","His siblings were Claudine Hutter (1886-1972), James Booker Hutter (1888-1960), Edward W. Hutter (1894-1959), Ernestine Hutter MacDonald (1896-1974), Emily Cobbs Hutter Stewart (1898-1985), Caroline Hutter Williams (1900-1995), Beverly Scott Hutter (1903-1991), Quintus Hutter (1905-1974), and Malcolm Hutter (1910-1970). In 1917, Christian S. Hutter married Eleanor Fairfax Butman."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChristian S. Hutter miscellany, circa 1602-1945, MSS 15511, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Christian S. 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manuscript prayer book in three parts. The cover has elaborate gilt borders, and the spine has gilt compartments and lettering, with marbled endpapers. The first and largest section, Explications des Cérémonies de l'Église avec les Prières, contains prayers keyed to specific moments of the Mass, accompanied by twelve colored vignette illustrations. The two shorter appended sections are \"Les Sept Psaulmes de la Pentience\" (Seven Penitential Psalms), and \"Les Litanies des S.ts\" (Litanies of the Saints), both of which have titles written in gold ink on a blue wash background, similarly within the blue and red borders of the first part, but with initial letters gilt on a blue wash. The half-title includes a note by one of the manuscript's owners, A. [Arthur] Dinaux (1795–1864), on the book's provenance. The note explains the contents of the book and notes a former owner had written on a flyleaf that it \"qu'il provenait de l'oncle germain de M .Aubrey le 14 février 1765(?). C'est la seule date qu'on découvre dans ce manuscrit.\" The flyleaf is no longer present with this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1906#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1906","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1906","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1906","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1906","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1906.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/241245","title_filing_ssi":"Explications des Ceremonies de l'Eglise avec les Prieres","title_ssm":["Explications des Ceremonies de l'Eglise avec les Prieres"],"title_tesim":["Explications des Ceremonies de l'Eglise avec les Prieres"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1765-1861"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c.1765-1861"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1765/1861"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Explications des Ceremonies de l'Eglise avec les Prieres, 1765/1861"],"text":["Explications des Ceremonies de l'Eglise avec les Prieres, 1765/1861","MSS.16953","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1906","Catholic Church -- Prayers and devotions","Illuminated manuscripts","Good","This collection has been minimally processed and is open for research.","Arthur Martin Dinaux (8 September 1795 – 15 May 1864) was a French journalist, historian, and antiquarian. He was born in Valenciennes and died in Montataire at the age of 68. In 1822, Dinaux proposed an excavation at the village of Famars, near Valenciennes, which yielded a find of more than 30,000 Roman silver medals. His principal scholarly output was a four-volume regional survey of the medieval trouvères of northern France and the Low Countries: Les trouvères cambrésiens (1836), Les trouvères de la Flandre et du Tournaisis (1839), Les trouvères artésiens (1843), and Les trouvères : brabançons, hainuyers, liégeois et namurois (1863). A further work, Les sociétés badines, bachiques, littéraires et chantantes, leur histoire et leurs travaux, was edited by Pierre Gustave Brunet and published posthumously in 1867.","References","Dinaux, Arthur. Les trouvères cambrésiens. Getty Research Institute. https://primo.getty.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=GRI\u0026tab=all_gri\u0026docid=GETTY_ALMA21142268280001551\u0026context=L.","\"Dinaux, Arthur (1795–1864).\" ReadAnyBook. Accessed April 27, 2026. https://lib.readanybook.com/en/author/dinaux-arthur-1795-1864-165502.","This collection contains a contemporary red morocco-bound calligraphic manuscript prayer book in three parts. The cover has elaborate gilt borders, and the spine has gilt compartments and lettering, with marbled endpapers. The first and largest section, Explications des Cérémonies de l'Église avec les Prières, contains prayers keyed to specific moments of the Mass, accompanied by twelve colored vignette illustrations. The two shorter appended sections are \"Les Sept Psaulmes de la Pentience\" (Seven Penitential Psalms), and \"Les Litanies des S.ts\" (Litanies of the Saints),  both of which have titles written in gold ink on a blue wash background, similarly within the blue and red borders of the first part, but with initial letters gilt on a blue wash. The half-title includes a note by one of the manuscript's owners, A. [Arthur] Dinaux (1795–1864), on the book's provenance. The note explains the contents of the book and notes a former owner had written on a flyleaf that it \"qu'il provenait de l'oncle germain de M .Aubrey le 14 février 1765(?). C'est la seule date qu'on découvre dans ce manuscrit.\" The flyleaf is no longer present with this manuscript.","The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.  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NoC-US: No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Amanda Hall by the Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia on 4 March 2026."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Catholic Church -- Prayers and devotions","Illuminated manuscripts"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Catholic Church -- Prayers and devotions","Illuminated manuscripts"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-size file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-size file folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Illuminated manuscripts"],"date_range_isim":[1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection has been minimally processed and is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection has been minimally processed and is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArthur Martin Dinaux (8 September 1795 – 15 May 1864) was a French journalist, historian, and antiquarian. 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His principal scholarly output was a four-volume regional survey of the medieval trouvères of northern France and the Low Countries: Les trouvères cambrésiens (1836), Les trouvères de la Flandre et du Tournaisis (1839), Les trouvères artésiens (1843), and Les trouvères : brabançons, hainuyers, liégeois et namurois (1863). A further work, Les sociétés badines, bachiques, littéraires et chantantes, leur histoire et leurs travaux, was edited by Pierre Gustave Brunet and published posthumously in 1867.","References","Dinaux, Arthur. Les trouvères cambrésiens. Getty Research Institute. https://primo.getty.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=GRI\u0026tab=all_gri\u0026docid=GETTY_ALMA21142268280001551\u0026context=L.","\"Dinaux, Arthur (1795–1864).\" ReadAnyBook. Accessed April 27, 2026. https://lib.readanybook.com/en/author/dinaux-arthur-1795-1864-165502."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16953, Explications des Ceremonies de l'Eglise avec les Prieres, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16953, Explications des Ceremonies de l'Eglise avec les Prieres, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a contemporary red morocco-bound calligraphic manuscript prayer book in three parts. The cover has elaborate gilt borders, and the spine has gilt compartments and lettering, with marbled endpapers. The first and largest section, Explications des Cérémonies de l'Église avec les Prières, contains prayers keyed to specific moments of the Mass, accompanied by twelve colored vignette illustrations. The two shorter appended sections are \"Les Sept Psaulmes de la Pentience\" (Seven Penitential Psalms), and \"Les Litanies des S.ts\" (Litanies of the Saints),  both of which have titles written in gold ink on a blue wash background, similarly within the blue and red borders of the first part, but with initial letters gilt on a blue wash. The half-title includes a note by one of the manuscript's owners, A. [Arthur] Dinaux (1795–1864), on the book's provenance. The note explains the contents of the book and notes a former owner had written on a flyleaf that it \"qu'il provenait de l'oncle germain de M .Aubrey le 14 février 1765(?). C'est la seule date qu'on découvre dans ce manuscrit.\" The flyleaf is no longer present with this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a contemporary red morocco-bound calligraphic manuscript prayer book in three parts. The cover has elaborate gilt borders, and the spine has gilt compartments and lettering, with marbled endpapers. The first and largest section, Explications des Cérémonies de l'Église avec les Prières, contains prayers keyed to specific moments of the Mass, accompanied by twelve colored vignette illustrations. The two shorter appended sections are \"Les Sept Psaulmes de la Pentience\" (Seven Penitential Psalms), and \"Les Litanies des S.ts\" (Litanies of the Saints),  both of which have titles written in gold ink on a blue wash background, similarly within the blue and red borders of the first part, but with initial letters gilt on a blue wash. The half-title includes a note by one of the manuscript's owners, A. [Arthur] Dinaux (1795–1864), on the book's provenance. The note explains the contents of the book and notes a former owner had written on a flyleaf that it \"qu'il provenait de l'oncle germain de M .Aubrey le 14 février 1765(?). C'est la seule date qu'on découvre dans ce manuscrit.\" The flyleaf is no longer present with this manuscript."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.  NoC-US: No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.  NoC-US: No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Amanda Hall Rare Books"],"names_coll_ssim":["Amanda Hall Rare Books","Dinaux, Arthur, 1795-1864"],"persname_ssim":["Dinaux, Arthur, 1795-1864"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Amanda Hall Rare Books","Dinaux, Arthur, 1795-1864"],"language_ssim":["French"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:58.310Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1906","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1906","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1906","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1906","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1906.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/241245","title_filing_ssi":"Explications des Ceremonies de l'Eglise avec les Prieres","title_ssm":["Explications des Ceremonies de l'Eglise avec les Prieres"],"title_tesim":["Explications des Ceremonies de l'Eglise avec les Prieres"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1765-1861"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c.1765-1861"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1765/1861"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Explications des Ceremonies de l'Eglise avec les Prieres, 1765/1861"],"text":["Explications des Ceremonies de l'Eglise avec les Prieres, 1765/1861","MSS.16953","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1906","Catholic Church -- Prayers and devotions","Illuminated manuscripts","Good","This collection has been minimally processed and is open for research.","Arthur Martin Dinaux (8 September 1795 – 15 May 1864) was a French journalist, historian, and antiquarian. 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Accessed April 27, 2026. https://lib.readanybook.com/en/author/dinaux-arthur-1795-1864-165502.","This collection contains a contemporary red morocco-bound calligraphic manuscript prayer book in three parts. The cover has elaborate gilt borders, and the spine has gilt compartments and lettering, with marbled endpapers. The first and largest section, Explications des Cérémonies de l'Église avec les Prières, contains prayers keyed to specific moments of the Mass, accompanied by twelve colored vignette illustrations. The two shorter appended sections are \"Les Sept Psaulmes de la Pentience\" (Seven Penitential Psalms), and \"Les Litanies des S.ts\" (Litanies of the Saints),  both of which have titles written in gold ink on a blue wash background, similarly within the blue and red borders of the first part, but with initial letters gilt on a blue wash. The half-title includes a note by one of the manuscript's owners, A. [Arthur] Dinaux (1795–1864), on the book's provenance. The note explains the contents of the book and notes a former owner had written on a flyleaf that it \"qu'il provenait de l'oncle germain de M .Aubrey le 14 février 1765(?). C'est la seule date qu'on découvre dans ce manuscrit.\" The flyleaf is no longer present with this manuscript.","The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.  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NoC-US: No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Amanda Hall by the Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia on 4 March 2026."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Catholic Church -- Prayers and devotions","Illuminated manuscripts"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Catholic Church -- Prayers and devotions","Illuminated manuscripts"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-size file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-size file folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Illuminated manuscripts"],"date_range_isim":[1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection has been minimally processed and is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection has been minimally processed and is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArthur Martin Dinaux (8 September 1795 – 15 May 1864) was a French journalist, historian, and antiquarian. He was born in Valenciennes and died in Montataire at the age of 68. In 1822, Dinaux proposed an excavation at the village of Famars, near Valenciennes, which yielded a find of more than 30,000 Roman silver medals. His principal scholarly output was a four-volume regional survey of the medieval trouvères of northern France and the Low Countries: Les trouvères cambrésiens (1836), Les trouvères de la Flandre et du Tournaisis (1839), Les trouvères artésiens (1843), and Les trouvères : brabançons, hainuyers, liégeois et namurois (1863). A further work, Les sociétés badines, bachiques, littéraires et chantantes, leur histoire et leurs travaux, was edited by Pierre Gustave Brunet and published posthumously in 1867. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReferences \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDinaux, Arthur. Les trouvères cambrésiens. Getty Research Institute. https://primo.getty.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=GRI\u0026amp;tab=all_gri\u0026amp;docid=GETTY_ALMA21142268280001551\u0026amp;context=L. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Dinaux, Arthur (1795–1864).\" ReadAnyBook. Accessed April 27, 2026. https://lib.readanybook.com/en/author/dinaux-arthur-1795-1864-165502. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Arthur Martin Dinaux (8 September 1795 – 15 May 1864) was a French journalist, historian, and antiquarian. He was born in Valenciennes and died in Montataire at the age of 68. In 1822, Dinaux proposed an excavation at the village of Famars, near Valenciennes, which yielded a find of more than 30,000 Roman silver medals. His principal scholarly output was a four-volume regional survey of the medieval trouvères of northern France and the Low Countries: Les trouvères cambrésiens (1836), Les trouvères de la Flandre et du Tournaisis (1839), Les trouvères artésiens (1843), and Les trouvères : brabançons, hainuyers, liégeois et namurois (1863). A further work, Les sociétés badines, bachiques, littéraires et chantantes, leur histoire et leurs travaux, was edited by Pierre Gustave Brunet and published posthumously in 1867.","References","Dinaux, Arthur. Les trouvères cambrésiens. Getty Research Institute. https://primo.getty.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=GRI\u0026tab=all_gri\u0026docid=GETTY_ALMA21142268280001551\u0026context=L.","\"Dinaux, Arthur (1795–1864).\" ReadAnyBook. Accessed April 27, 2026. https://lib.readanybook.com/en/author/dinaux-arthur-1795-1864-165502."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16953, Explications des Ceremonies de l'Eglise avec les Prieres, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16953, Explications des Ceremonies de l'Eglise avec les Prieres, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a contemporary red morocco-bound calligraphic manuscript prayer book in three parts. The cover has elaborate gilt borders, and the spine has gilt compartments and lettering, with marbled endpapers. The first and largest section, Explications des Cérémonies de l'Église avec les Prières, contains prayers keyed to specific moments of the Mass, accompanied by twelve colored vignette illustrations. The two shorter appended sections are \"Les Sept Psaulmes de la Pentience\" (Seven Penitential Psalms), and \"Les Litanies des S.ts\" (Litanies of the Saints),  both of which have titles written in gold ink on a blue wash background, similarly within the blue and red borders of the first part, but with initial letters gilt on a blue wash. The half-title includes a note by one of the manuscript's owners, A. [Arthur] Dinaux (1795–1864), on the book's provenance. The note explains the contents of the book and notes a former owner had written on a flyleaf that it \"qu'il provenait de l'oncle germain de M .Aubrey le 14 février 1765(?). C'est la seule date qu'on découvre dans ce manuscrit.\" The flyleaf is no longer present with this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a contemporary red morocco-bound calligraphic manuscript prayer book in three parts. The cover has elaborate gilt borders, and the spine has gilt compartments and lettering, with marbled endpapers. The first and largest section, Explications des Cérémonies de l'Église avec les Prières, contains prayers keyed to specific moments of the Mass, accompanied by twelve colored vignette illustrations. The two shorter appended sections are \"Les Sept Psaulmes de la Pentience\" (Seven Penitential Psalms), and \"Les Litanies des S.ts\" (Litanies of the Saints),  both of which have titles written in gold ink on a blue wash background, similarly within the blue and red borders of the first part, but with initial letters gilt on a blue wash. The half-title includes a note by one of the manuscript's owners, A. [Arthur] Dinaux (1795–1864), on the book's provenance. The note explains the contents of the book and notes a former owner had written on a flyleaf that it \"qu'il provenait de l'oncle germain de M .Aubrey le 14 février 1765(?). C'est la seule date qu'on découvre dans ce manuscrit.\" The flyleaf is no longer present with this manuscript."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.  NoC-US: No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.  NoC-US: No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Amanda Hall Rare Books"],"names_coll_ssim":["Amanda Hall Rare Books","Dinaux, Arthur, 1795-1864"],"persname_ssim":["Dinaux, Arthur, 1795-1864"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Amanda Hall Rare Books","Dinaux, Arthur, 1795-1864"],"language_ssim":["French"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:58.310Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1906"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_4","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Holmes family papers, 1766/1928","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_4#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_4","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_4","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_4","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_4","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_4.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/4","title_ssm":["Holmes family papers"],"title_tesim":["Holmes family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1908-1975; 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Cotter Rare Books","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1570#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single leather-bound illustrated manuscript for Deaf persons to confess their sins. They could identify their sins by the illustrations and ask to be absolved. Called a Confessory, it was made in Flanders or the Netherlands roughly between 1770 and 1790.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1570#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1570.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/191436","title_filing_ssi":"Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf","title_ssm":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for Deaf People"],"title_tesim":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for Deaf People"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1770-1790"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c.1770-1790"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1770/1790"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for Deaf People, 1770/1790"],"text":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for Deaf People, 1770/1790","MSS 16803","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1570","Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Deaf culture","Fair. The vellum cover has contracted over time and is rigid and difficult to close.","The collection is open for research use.","Throughout the days of the early church and into the Middle Ages, the Deaf and hearing impaired were thought doomed to Hell, since it was believed they could not receive the uttered Word of God and related sacraments, including confession, confirmation, and the Eucharist.","Around 1520, Martin Luther, although he showed controversial views on this subject, argued that the Deaf were also God's children. He said, \"the physical defect of hearing was no barrier to the Word of God; nor was infancy any barrier. All were spiritually 'deaf' until God's Spirit spoke to them; but \"to the Word of God nothing is deaf\" if only the inward 'ears' are willing to hear.\" In 1571 an edict was issued, at the Council of Besancon, that allowed Deaf people access to the essential sacraments.","Even then, deeply rooted local beliefs backed by regional coutumiers still held sway, and sacramental equality for the Deaf was still elusive. Deaf people have faced discrimination and marginalization throughout much of human history. For many years, people viewed them as intellectually and socially inferior to their hearing counterparts, and subjected them to cruel and inhumane treatment.","St Paul's maxim that 'faith comes by hearing' was a constant refrain of preachers, particularly those who saw sermons as 'the ordinary means of salvation' and who worried about people who would not properly listen to sermons, whether through wilfulness, ignorance or 'dullness' of spirit. There was a popular belief in early modern Europe that Paul's maxim effectively damned deaf people. As one contemporary put it: 'If faith comes by hearing … there can be no saving knowledge' for deaf people, and 'the consequence is undeniable, since no man can be saved without faith'.","As a result, deafness and hearing loss were often presented as the most crippling of physical impairments. Preaching in Elizabethan England, Henry Smith argued that while blindness or muteness was a divine punishment, deafness came from the devil. These assumptions have fed into histories of deafness, with one historian arguing that Paul's maxim was 'disastrous' for deaf people in pre-modern Europe.","The seventeenth-century Dutch writer Anton Deusing attacked Paul's assertion that 'faith comes by hearing', writing that 'this is indeed a very hard saying that dismays the soul … [since] those that are born deaf are no more guilty of neglecting their salvation than infants'.","Deusing's views were shared by many, prompting clergy from different confessions across Europe to explore how to accommodate prelingually deaf people in collective worship. The question of how deaf people could be saved was, however, a particularly urgent problem in Reformed Churches, which put sermons at the heart of worship, including the Church of England. As a result, English preachers in the pulpit used standardized rhetorical gestures of the hands, body and sometimes face, to make their sermons more accessible and more effective. Not only did this help people with hearing loss to follow the sermon; it also promoted manual sign language as an articulate form of communication.","In the 1670's the Franciscan divine Christopher Leutbrewer designed a confessory book of 700 printed sins allowing a Deaf person to communicate their sin to a confessor.","Charles-Michel de L'Epee, and Henri Daniel Guyot (founders of the earliest schools for Deaf children) advocated for the hearing impaired and inspired a new type of biblio-confessory which comprised of narrative illustrations of sins. These were always manuscripts and no printed exemplars have survived.","Today, Deaf culture is a vibrant and diverse community that spans the globe. Deaf people have their own unique language, customs, and traditions, and are proud of their identity and heritage. From Deaf artists and musicians to Deaf athletes and entrepreneurs, Deaf individuals continue to make important contributions to society and to shape the world around them.","Despite these gains, however, there is still much work to be done to fully recognize and honor the contributions of the Deaf community. Deaf History Month, which is celebrated every March, provides an important opportunity to raise awareness and educate the public about the history, culture, and achievements of the Deaf community.","Sources:\nIndependent Living Institute website.Promoting the self-determination of people with disabilities  Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles2005b.html","Oates, Rosamund. \"Speaking in Hands: Early Modern Preaching and Signed Languages for the Deaf.\" Past and Present. Oxford Academic.Volume 256, Issue 1, August 2022, Pages 49–85 Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://academic.oup.com/past/article/256/1/49/6414569","Community Services for the Deaf website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.csd.org/stories/rich-heritage-of-deaf-people/","This collection is related ViU-2023-0078 Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by Deaf-Mutes]","This collection contains a single leather-bound illustrated manuscript for Deaf persons to confess their sins. They could identify their sins by the illustrations and ask to be absolved. Called a Confessory, it was made in Flanders or the Netherlands roughly between 1770 and 1790.","No title or author is present on the binding or internal board pages. The book is composed of ninety-two leaves, with ten leaves left blank. It appears to be a model book, with two sets of drawings made by different hands.","The first set contains thirty-six drawings featuring simple scenes, with a young man as the subject, completed in pen and ink, with pale washes of black and grey. Latin captions are underneath each image.","The second series has forty-six drawings, with a woman as the subject, in iron-gall ink and colored with gouache and watercolor. Most of the images have captions in Dutch.","These manuscript books were for the Deaf community. Sins represented in this book include gambling, drinking, \"muttering\" to one's parents, being distracted in church, petty theft, fighting, being late to service, missing confession, inappropriate libido, and wishing one's parents dead. Deaf students would have used this book to make and bind their own copies, most likely at a school for the Deaf in Flanders or the Netherlands.","The survival of manuscripts like this one is a testament to the devotional challenges faced by Deaf persons and the efforts to include them in the Church. It is valuable to have a manuscript that relates to Deaf persons as they have been marginalized thorughout history.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. Cotter Rare Books","Latin\n      Dutch; Flemish"],"collection_title_tesim":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for Deaf People, 1770/1790"],"collection_ssim":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for Deaf People, 1770/1790"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16803","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1570"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16803","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1570"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"creator_ssim":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from W. S. Cotter Rare Books from Daniela Kromp of Munich, who acquired the manuscript from Libraire-Katz-Moorthammers of Paris for the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 6 April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Deaf culture"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Deaf culture"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\": \"Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf, c.1770-1790\", \"href\": \"https://iiifman.lib.virginia.edu/pid/tsb:107590\"}"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair. The vellum cover has contracted over time and is rigid and difficult to close."],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"date_range_isim":[1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThroughout the days of the early church and into the Middle Ages, the Deaf and hearing impaired were thought doomed to Hell, since it was believed they could not receive the uttered Word of God and related sacraments, including confession, confirmation, and the Eucharist. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAround 1520, Martin Luther, although he showed controversial views on this subject, argued that the Deaf were also God's children. He said, \"the physical defect of hearing was no barrier to the Word of God; nor was infancy any barrier. All were spiritually 'deaf' until God's Spirit spoke to them; but \"to the Word of God nothing is deaf\" if only the inward 'ears' are willing to hear.\" In 1571 an edict was issued, at the Council of Besancon, that allowed Deaf people access to the essential sacraments.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEven then, deeply rooted local beliefs backed by regional coutumiers still held sway, and sacramental equality for the Deaf was still elusive. Deaf people have faced discrimination and marginalization throughout much of human history. For many years, people viewed them as intellectually and socially inferior to their hearing counterparts, and subjected them to cruel and inhumane treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSt Paul's maxim that 'faith comes by hearing' was a constant refrain of preachers, particularly those who saw sermons as 'the ordinary means of salvation' and who worried about people who would not properly listen to sermons, whether through wilfulness, ignorance or 'dullness' of spirit. There was a popular belief in early modern Europe that Paul's maxim effectively damned deaf people. As one contemporary put it: 'If faith comes by hearing … there can be no saving knowledge' for deaf people, and 'the consequence is undeniable, since no man can be saved without faith'. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs a result, deafness and hearing loss were often presented as the most crippling of physical impairments. Preaching in Elizabethan England, Henry Smith argued that while blindness or muteness was a divine punishment, deafness came from the devil. These assumptions have fed into histories of deafness, with one historian arguing that Paul's maxim was 'disastrous' for deaf people in pre-modern Europe. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe seventeenth-century Dutch writer Anton Deusing attacked Paul's assertion that 'faith comes by hearing', writing that 'this is indeed a very hard saying that dismays the soul … [since] those that are born deaf are no more guilty of neglecting their salvation than infants'.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDeusing's views were shared by many, prompting clergy from different confessions across Europe to explore how to accommodate prelingually deaf people in collective worship. The question of how deaf people could be saved was, however, a particularly urgent problem in Reformed Churches, which put sermons at the heart of worship, including the Church of England. As a result, English preachers in the pulpit used standardized rhetorical gestures of the hands, body and sometimes face, to make their sermons more accessible and more effective. Not only did this help people with hearing loss to follow the sermon; it also promoted manual sign language as an articulate form of communication.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the 1670's the Franciscan divine Christopher Leutbrewer designed a confessory book of 700 printed sins allowing a Deaf person to communicate their sin to a confessor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCharles-Michel de L'Epee, and Henri Daniel Guyot (founders of the earliest schools for Deaf children) advocated for the hearing impaired and inspired a new type of biblio-confessory which comprised of narrative illustrations of sins. These were always manuscripts and no printed exemplars have survived.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eToday, Deaf culture is a vibrant and diverse community that spans the globe. Deaf people have their own unique language, customs, and traditions, and are proud of their identity and heritage. From Deaf artists and musicians to Deaf athletes and entrepreneurs, Deaf individuals continue to make important contributions to society and to shape the world around them. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDespite these gains, however, there is still much work to be done to fully recognize and honor the contributions of the Deaf community. Deaf History Month, which is celebrated every March, provides an important opportunity to raise awareness and educate the public about the history, culture, and achievements of the Deaf community.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSources:\nIndependent Living Institute website.Promoting the self-determination of people with disabilities  Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles2005b.html\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOates, Rosamund. \"Speaking in Hands: Early Modern Preaching and Signed Languages for the Deaf.\" Past and Present. Oxford Academic.Volume 256, Issue 1, August 2022, Pages 49–85 Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://academic.oup.com/past/article/256/1/49/6414569\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCommunity Services for the Deaf website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.csd.org/stories/rich-heritage-of-deaf-people/\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Throughout the days of the early church and into the Middle Ages, the Deaf and hearing impaired were thought doomed to Hell, since it was believed they could not receive the uttered Word of God and related sacraments, including confession, confirmation, and the Eucharist.","Around 1520, Martin Luther, although he showed controversial views on this subject, argued that the Deaf were also God's children. He said, \"the physical defect of hearing was no barrier to the Word of God; nor was infancy any barrier. All were spiritually 'deaf' until God's Spirit spoke to them; but \"to the Word of God nothing is deaf\" if only the inward 'ears' are willing to hear.\" In 1571 an edict was issued, at the Council of Besancon, that allowed Deaf people access to the essential sacraments.","Even then, deeply rooted local beliefs backed by regional coutumiers still held sway, and sacramental equality for the Deaf was still elusive. Deaf people have faced discrimination and marginalization throughout much of human history. For many years, people viewed them as intellectually and socially inferior to their hearing counterparts, and subjected them to cruel and inhumane treatment.","St Paul's maxim that 'faith comes by hearing' was a constant refrain of preachers, particularly those who saw sermons as 'the ordinary means of salvation' and who worried about people who would not properly listen to sermons, whether through wilfulness, ignorance or 'dullness' of spirit. There was a popular belief in early modern Europe that Paul's maxim effectively damned deaf people. As one contemporary put it: 'If faith comes by hearing … there can be no saving knowledge' for deaf people, and 'the consequence is undeniable, since no man can be saved without faith'.","As a result, deafness and hearing loss were often presented as the most crippling of physical impairments. Preaching in Elizabethan England, Henry Smith argued that while blindness or muteness was a divine punishment, deafness came from the devil. These assumptions have fed into histories of deafness, with one historian arguing that Paul's maxim was 'disastrous' for deaf people in pre-modern Europe.","The seventeenth-century Dutch writer Anton Deusing attacked Paul's assertion that 'faith comes by hearing', writing that 'this is indeed a very hard saying that dismays the soul … [since] those that are born deaf are no more guilty of neglecting their salvation than infants'.","Deusing's views were shared by many, prompting clergy from different confessions across Europe to explore how to accommodate prelingually deaf people in collective worship. The question of how deaf people could be saved was, however, a particularly urgent problem in Reformed Churches, which put sermons at the heart of worship, including the Church of England. As a result, English preachers in the pulpit used standardized rhetorical gestures of the hands, body and sometimes face, to make their sermons more accessible and more effective. Not only did this help people with hearing loss to follow the sermon; it also promoted manual sign language as an articulate form of communication.","In the 1670's the Franciscan divine Christopher Leutbrewer designed a confessory book of 700 printed sins allowing a Deaf person to communicate their sin to a confessor.","Charles-Michel de L'Epee, and Henri Daniel Guyot (founders of the earliest schools for Deaf children) advocated for the hearing impaired and inspired a new type of biblio-confessory which comprised of narrative illustrations of sins. These were always manuscripts and no printed exemplars have survived.","Today, Deaf culture is a vibrant and diverse community that spans the globe. Deaf people have their own unique language, customs, and traditions, and are proud of their identity and heritage. From Deaf artists and musicians to Deaf athletes and entrepreneurs, Deaf individuals continue to make important contributions to society and to shape the world around them.","Despite these gains, however, there is still much work to be done to fully recognize and honor the contributions of the Deaf community. Deaf History Month, which is celebrated every March, provides an important opportunity to raise awareness and educate the public about the history, culture, and achievements of the Deaf community.","Sources:\nIndependent Living Institute website.Promoting the self-determination of people with disabilities  Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles2005b.html","Oates, Rosamund. \"Speaking in Hands: Early Modern Preaching and Signed Languages for the Deaf.\" Past and Present. Oxford Academic.Volume 256, Issue 1, August 2022, Pages 49–85 Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://academic.oup.com/past/article/256/1/49/6414569","Community Services for the Deaf website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.csd.org/stories/rich-heritage-of-deaf-people/"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16803, Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16803, Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is related ViU-2023-0078 Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by Deaf-Mutes]\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["This collection is related ViU-2023-0078 Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by Deaf-Mutes]"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single leather-bound illustrated manuscript for Deaf persons to confess their sins. They could identify their sins by the illustrations and ask to be absolved. Called a Confessory, it was made in Flanders or the Netherlands roughly between 1770 and 1790.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNo title or author is present on the binding or internal board pages. The book is composed of ninety-two leaves, with ten leaves left blank. It appears to be a model book, with two sets of drawings made by different hands. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first set contains thirty-six drawings featuring simple scenes, with a young man as the subject, completed in pen and ink, with pale washes of black and grey. Latin captions are underneath each image.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second series has forty-six drawings, with a woman as the subject, in iron-gall ink and colored with gouache and watercolor. Most of the images have captions in Dutch. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese manuscript books were for the Deaf community. Sins represented in this book include gambling, drinking, \"muttering\" to one's parents, being distracted in church, petty theft, fighting, being late to service, missing confession, inappropriate libido, and wishing one's parents dead. Deaf students would have used this book to make and bind their own copies, most likely at a school for the Deaf in Flanders or the Netherlands. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe survival of manuscripts like this one is a testament to the devotional challenges faced by Deaf persons and the efforts to include them in the Church. It is valuable to have a manuscript that relates to Deaf persons as they have been marginalized thorughout history.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a single leather-bound illustrated manuscript for Deaf persons to confess their sins. They could identify their sins by the illustrations and ask to be absolved. Called a Confessory, it was made in Flanders or the Netherlands roughly between 1770 and 1790.","No title or author is present on the binding or internal board pages. The book is composed of ninety-two leaves, with ten leaves left blank. It appears to be a model book, with two sets of drawings made by different hands.","The first set contains thirty-six drawings featuring simple scenes, with a young man as the subject, completed in pen and ink, with pale washes of black and grey. Latin captions are underneath each image.","The second series has forty-six drawings, with a woman as the subject, in iron-gall ink and colored with gouache and watercolor. Most of the images have captions in Dutch.","These manuscript books were for the Deaf community. Sins represented in this book include gambling, drinking, \"muttering\" to one's parents, being distracted in church, petty theft, fighting, being late to service, missing confession, inappropriate libido, and wishing one's parents dead. Deaf students would have used this book to make and bind their own copies, most likely at a school for the Deaf in Flanders or the Netherlands.","The survival of manuscripts like this one is a testament to the devotional challenges faced by Deaf persons and the efforts to include them in the Church. It is valuable to have a manuscript that relates to Deaf persons as they have been marginalized thorughout history."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"names_coll_ssim":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"language_ssim":["Latin\n      Dutch; Flemish"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":1,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:38.700Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1570","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1570.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/191436","title_filing_ssi":"Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf","title_ssm":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for Deaf People"],"title_tesim":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for Deaf People"],"unitdate_ssm":["c.1770-1790"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c.1770-1790"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1770/1790"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for Deaf People, 1770/1790"],"text":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for Deaf People, 1770/1790","MSS 16803","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1570","Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Deaf culture","Fair. The vellum cover has contracted over time and is rigid and difficult to close.","The collection is open for research use.","Throughout the days of the early church and into the Middle Ages, the Deaf and hearing impaired were thought doomed to Hell, since it was believed they could not receive the uttered Word of God and related sacraments, including confession, confirmation, and the Eucharist.","Around 1520, Martin Luther, although he showed controversial views on this subject, argued that the Deaf were also God's children. He said, \"the physical defect of hearing was no barrier to the Word of God; nor was infancy any barrier. All were spiritually 'deaf' until God's Spirit spoke to them; but \"to the Word of God nothing is deaf\" if only the inward 'ears' are willing to hear.\" In 1571 an edict was issued, at the Council of Besancon, that allowed Deaf people access to the essential sacraments.","Even then, deeply rooted local beliefs backed by regional coutumiers still held sway, and sacramental equality for the Deaf was still elusive. Deaf people have faced discrimination and marginalization throughout much of human history. For many years, people viewed them as intellectually and socially inferior to their hearing counterparts, and subjected them to cruel and inhumane treatment.","St Paul's maxim that 'faith comes by hearing' was a constant refrain of preachers, particularly those who saw sermons as 'the ordinary means of salvation' and who worried about people who would not properly listen to sermons, whether through wilfulness, ignorance or 'dullness' of spirit. There was a popular belief in early modern Europe that Paul's maxim effectively damned deaf people. As one contemporary put it: 'If faith comes by hearing … there can be no saving knowledge' for deaf people, and 'the consequence is undeniable, since no man can be saved without faith'.","As a result, deafness and hearing loss were often presented as the most crippling of physical impairments. Preaching in Elizabethan England, Henry Smith argued that while blindness or muteness was a divine punishment, deafness came from the devil. These assumptions have fed into histories of deafness, with one historian arguing that Paul's maxim was 'disastrous' for deaf people in pre-modern Europe.","The seventeenth-century Dutch writer Anton Deusing attacked Paul's assertion that 'faith comes by hearing', writing that 'this is indeed a very hard saying that dismays the soul … [since] those that are born deaf are no more guilty of neglecting their salvation than infants'.","Deusing's views were shared by many, prompting clergy from different confessions across Europe to explore how to accommodate prelingually deaf people in collective worship. The question of how deaf people could be saved was, however, a particularly urgent problem in Reformed Churches, which put sermons at the heart of worship, including the Church of England. As a result, English preachers in the pulpit used standardized rhetorical gestures of the hands, body and sometimes face, to make their sermons more accessible and more effective. Not only did this help people with hearing loss to follow the sermon; it also promoted manual sign language as an articulate form of communication.","In the 1670's the Franciscan divine Christopher Leutbrewer designed a confessory book of 700 printed sins allowing a Deaf person to communicate their sin to a confessor.","Charles-Michel de L'Epee, and Henri Daniel Guyot (founders of the earliest schools for Deaf children) advocated for the hearing impaired and inspired a new type of biblio-confessory which comprised of narrative illustrations of sins. These were always manuscripts and no printed exemplars have survived.","Today, Deaf culture is a vibrant and diverse community that spans the globe. Deaf people have their own unique language, customs, and traditions, and are proud of their identity and heritage. From Deaf artists and musicians to Deaf athletes and entrepreneurs, Deaf individuals continue to make important contributions to society and to shape the world around them.","Despite these gains, however, there is still much work to be done to fully recognize and honor the contributions of the Deaf community. Deaf History Month, which is celebrated every March, provides an important opportunity to raise awareness and educate the public about the history, culture, and achievements of the Deaf community.","Sources:\nIndependent Living Institute website.Promoting the self-determination of people with disabilities  Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles2005b.html","Oates, Rosamund. \"Speaking in Hands: Early Modern Preaching and Signed Languages for the Deaf.\" Past and Present. Oxford Academic.Volume 256, Issue 1, August 2022, Pages 49–85 Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://academic.oup.com/past/article/256/1/49/6414569","Community Services for the Deaf website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.csd.org/stories/rich-heritage-of-deaf-people/","This collection is related ViU-2023-0078 Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by Deaf-Mutes]","This collection contains a single leather-bound illustrated manuscript for Deaf persons to confess their sins. They could identify their sins by the illustrations and ask to be absolved. Called a Confessory, it was made in Flanders or the Netherlands roughly between 1770 and 1790.","No title or author is present on the binding or internal board pages. The book is composed of ninety-two leaves, with ten leaves left blank. It appears to be a model book, with two sets of drawings made by different hands.","The first set contains thirty-six drawings featuring simple scenes, with a young man as the subject, completed in pen and ink, with pale washes of black and grey. Latin captions are underneath each image.","The second series has forty-six drawings, with a woman as the subject, in iron-gall ink and colored with gouache and watercolor. Most of the images have captions in Dutch.","These manuscript books were for the Deaf community. Sins represented in this book include gambling, drinking, \"muttering\" to one's parents, being distracted in church, petty theft, fighting, being late to service, missing confession, inappropriate libido, and wishing one's parents dead. Deaf students would have used this book to make and bind their own copies, most likely at a school for the Deaf in Flanders or the Netherlands.","The survival of manuscripts like this one is a testament to the devotional challenges faced by Deaf persons and the efforts to include them in the Church. It is valuable to have a manuscript that relates to Deaf persons as they have been marginalized thorughout history.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. Cotter Rare Books","Latin\n      Dutch; Flemish"],"collection_title_tesim":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for Deaf People, 1770/1790"],"collection_ssim":["Illustrated Manuscript Confessory for Deaf People, 1770/1790"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16803","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1570"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16803","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1570"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"creator_ssim":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from W. S. Cotter Rare Books from Daniela Kromp of Munich, who acquired the manuscript from Libraire-Katz-Moorthammers of Paris for the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 6 April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Deaf culture"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Religious education","Church work with the deaf --  Catholic Church","Deaf culture"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\": \"Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf, c.1770-1790\", \"href\": \"https://iiifman.lib.virginia.edu/pid/tsb:107590\"}"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair. The vellum cover has contracted over time and is rigid and difficult to close."],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"date_range_isim":[1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThroughout the days of the early church and into the Middle Ages, the Deaf and hearing impaired were thought doomed to Hell, since it was believed they could not receive the uttered Word of God and related sacraments, including confession, confirmation, and the Eucharist. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAround 1520, Martin Luther, although he showed controversial views on this subject, argued that the Deaf were also God's children. He said, \"the physical defect of hearing was no barrier to the Word of God; nor was infancy any barrier. All were spiritually 'deaf' until God's Spirit spoke to them; but \"to the Word of God nothing is deaf\" if only the inward 'ears' are willing to hear.\" In 1571 an edict was issued, at the Council of Besancon, that allowed Deaf people access to the essential sacraments.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEven then, deeply rooted local beliefs backed by regional coutumiers still held sway, and sacramental equality for the Deaf was still elusive. Deaf people have faced discrimination and marginalization throughout much of human history. For many years, people viewed them as intellectually and socially inferior to their hearing counterparts, and subjected them to cruel and inhumane treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSt Paul's maxim that 'faith comes by hearing' was a constant refrain of preachers, particularly those who saw sermons as 'the ordinary means of salvation' and who worried about people who would not properly listen to sermons, whether through wilfulness, ignorance or 'dullness' of spirit. There was a popular belief in early modern Europe that Paul's maxim effectively damned deaf people. As one contemporary put it: 'If faith comes by hearing … there can be no saving knowledge' for deaf people, and 'the consequence is undeniable, since no man can be saved without faith'. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs a result, deafness and hearing loss were often presented as the most crippling of physical impairments. Preaching in Elizabethan England, Henry Smith argued that while blindness or muteness was a divine punishment, deafness came from the devil. These assumptions have fed into histories of deafness, with one historian arguing that Paul's maxim was 'disastrous' for deaf people in pre-modern Europe. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe seventeenth-century Dutch writer Anton Deusing attacked Paul's assertion that 'faith comes by hearing', writing that 'this is indeed a very hard saying that dismays the soul … [since] those that are born deaf are no more guilty of neglecting their salvation than infants'.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDeusing's views were shared by many, prompting clergy from different confessions across Europe to explore how to accommodate prelingually deaf people in collective worship. The question of how deaf people could be saved was, however, a particularly urgent problem in Reformed Churches, which put sermons at the heart of worship, including the Church of England. As a result, English preachers in the pulpit used standardized rhetorical gestures of the hands, body and sometimes face, to make their sermons more accessible and more effective. Not only did this help people with hearing loss to follow the sermon; it also promoted manual sign language as an articulate form of communication.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the 1670's the Franciscan divine Christopher Leutbrewer designed a confessory book of 700 printed sins allowing a Deaf person to communicate their sin to a confessor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCharles-Michel de L'Epee, and Henri Daniel Guyot (founders of the earliest schools for Deaf children) advocated for the hearing impaired and inspired a new type of biblio-confessory which comprised of narrative illustrations of sins. These were always manuscripts and no printed exemplars have survived.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eToday, Deaf culture is a vibrant and diverse community that spans the globe. Deaf people have their own unique language, customs, and traditions, and are proud of their identity and heritage. From Deaf artists and musicians to Deaf athletes and entrepreneurs, Deaf individuals continue to make important contributions to society and to shape the world around them. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDespite these gains, however, there is still much work to be done to fully recognize and honor the contributions of the Deaf community. Deaf History Month, which is celebrated every March, provides an important opportunity to raise awareness and educate the public about the history, culture, and achievements of the Deaf community.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSources:\nIndependent Living Institute website.Promoting the self-determination of people with disabilities  Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles2005b.html\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOates, Rosamund. \"Speaking in Hands: Early Modern Preaching and Signed Languages for the Deaf.\" Past and Present. Oxford Academic.Volume 256, Issue 1, August 2022, Pages 49–85 Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://academic.oup.com/past/article/256/1/49/6414569\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCommunity Services for the Deaf website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.csd.org/stories/rich-heritage-of-deaf-people/\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Throughout the days of the early church and into the Middle Ages, the Deaf and hearing impaired were thought doomed to Hell, since it was believed they could not receive the uttered Word of God and related sacraments, including confession, confirmation, and the Eucharist.","Around 1520, Martin Luther, although he showed controversial views on this subject, argued that the Deaf were also God's children. He said, \"the physical defect of hearing was no barrier to the Word of God; nor was infancy any barrier. All were spiritually 'deaf' until God's Spirit spoke to them; but \"to the Word of God nothing is deaf\" if only the inward 'ears' are willing to hear.\" In 1571 an edict was issued, at the Council of Besancon, that allowed Deaf people access to the essential sacraments.","Even then, deeply rooted local beliefs backed by regional coutumiers still held sway, and sacramental equality for the Deaf was still elusive. Deaf people have faced discrimination and marginalization throughout much of human history. For many years, people viewed them as intellectually and socially inferior to their hearing counterparts, and subjected them to cruel and inhumane treatment.","St Paul's maxim that 'faith comes by hearing' was a constant refrain of preachers, particularly those who saw sermons as 'the ordinary means of salvation' and who worried about people who would not properly listen to sermons, whether through wilfulness, ignorance or 'dullness' of spirit. There was a popular belief in early modern Europe that Paul's maxim effectively damned deaf people. As one contemporary put it: 'If faith comes by hearing … there can be no saving knowledge' for deaf people, and 'the consequence is undeniable, since no man can be saved without faith'.","As a result, deafness and hearing loss were often presented as the most crippling of physical impairments. Preaching in Elizabethan England, Henry Smith argued that while blindness or muteness was a divine punishment, deafness came from the devil. These assumptions have fed into histories of deafness, with one historian arguing that Paul's maxim was 'disastrous' for deaf people in pre-modern Europe.","The seventeenth-century Dutch writer Anton Deusing attacked Paul's assertion that 'faith comes by hearing', writing that 'this is indeed a very hard saying that dismays the soul … [since] those that are born deaf are no more guilty of neglecting their salvation than infants'.","Deusing's views were shared by many, prompting clergy from different confessions across Europe to explore how to accommodate prelingually deaf people in collective worship. The question of how deaf people could be saved was, however, a particularly urgent problem in Reformed Churches, which put sermons at the heart of worship, including the Church of England. As a result, English preachers in the pulpit used standardized rhetorical gestures of the hands, body and sometimes face, to make their sermons more accessible and more effective. Not only did this help people with hearing loss to follow the sermon; it also promoted manual sign language as an articulate form of communication.","In the 1670's the Franciscan divine Christopher Leutbrewer designed a confessory book of 700 printed sins allowing a Deaf person to communicate their sin to a confessor.","Charles-Michel de L'Epee, and Henri Daniel Guyot (founders of the earliest schools for Deaf children) advocated for the hearing impaired and inspired a new type of biblio-confessory which comprised of narrative illustrations of sins. These were always manuscripts and no printed exemplars have survived.","Today, Deaf culture is a vibrant and diverse community that spans the globe. Deaf people have their own unique language, customs, and traditions, and are proud of their identity and heritage. From Deaf artists and musicians to Deaf athletes and entrepreneurs, Deaf individuals continue to make important contributions to society and to shape the world around them.","Despite these gains, however, there is still much work to be done to fully recognize and honor the contributions of the Deaf community. Deaf History Month, which is celebrated every March, provides an important opportunity to raise awareness and educate the public about the history, culture, and achievements of the Deaf community.","Sources:\nIndependent Living Institute website.Promoting the self-determination of people with disabilities  Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles2005b.html","Oates, Rosamund. \"Speaking in Hands: Early Modern Preaching and Signed Languages for the Deaf.\" Past and Present. Oxford Academic.Volume 256, Issue 1, August 2022, Pages 49–85 Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://academic.oup.com/past/article/256/1/49/6414569","Community Services for the Deaf website. Accessed 7/24/23\nhttps://www.csd.org/stories/rich-heritage-of-deaf-people/"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16803, Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16803, Illustrated Manuscript of Confessions for the Deaf, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is related ViU-2023-0078 Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by Deaf-Mutes]\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["This collection is related ViU-2023-0078 Emblemi sulla Dottrina Cristiana ad uso de' Sordo-Muti [Emblems on Christian Doctrine for use by Deaf-Mutes]"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single leather-bound illustrated manuscript for Deaf persons to confess their sins. They could identify their sins by the illustrations and ask to be absolved. Called a Confessory, it was made in Flanders or the Netherlands roughly between 1770 and 1790.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNo title or author is present on the binding or internal board pages. The book is composed of ninety-two leaves, with ten leaves left blank. It appears to be a model book, with two sets of drawings made by different hands. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first set contains thirty-six drawings featuring simple scenes, with a young man as the subject, completed in pen and ink, with pale washes of black and grey. Latin captions are underneath each image.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second series has forty-six drawings, with a woman as the subject, in iron-gall ink and colored with gouache and watercolor. Most of the images have captions in Dutch. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese manuscript books were for the Deaf community. Sins represented in this book include gambling, drinking, \"muttering\" to one's parents, being distracted in church, petty theft, fighting, being late to service, missing confession, inappropriate libido, and wishing one's parents dead. Deaf students would have used this book to make and bind their own copies, most likely at a school for the Deaf in Flanders or the Netherlands. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe survival of manuscripts like this one is a testament to the devotional challenges faced by Deaf persons and the efforts to include them in the Church. It is valuable to have a manuscript that relates to Deaf persons as they have been marginalized thorughout history.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a single leather-bound illustrated manuscript for Deaf persons to confess their sins. They could identify their sins by the illustrations and ask to be absolved. Called a Confessory, it was made in Flanders or the Netherlands roughly between 1770 and 1790.","No title or author is present on the binding or internal board pages. The book is composed of ninety-two leaves, with ten leaves left blank. It appears to be a model book, with two sets of drawings made by different hands.","The first set contains thirty-six drawings featuring simple scenes, with a young man as the subject, completed in pen and ink, with pale washes of black and grey. Latin captions are underneath each image.","The second series has forty-six drawings, with a woman as the subject, in iron-gall ink and colored with gouache and watercolor. Most of the images have captions in Dutch.","These manuscript books were for the Deaf community. Sins represented in this book include gambling, drinking, \"muttering\" to one's parents, being distracted in church, petty theft, fighting, being late to service, missing confession, inappropriate libido, and wishing one's parents dead. Deaf students would have used this book to make and bind their own copies, most likely at a school for the Deaf in Flanders or the Netherlands.","The survival of manuscripts like this one is a testament to the devotional challenges faced by Deaf persons and the efforts to include them in the Church. It is valuable to have a manuscript that relates to Deaf persons as they have been marginalized thorughout history."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"names_coll_ssim":["W.S. Cotter Rare Books"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","W.S. 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