{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026page=16","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026page=15","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026page=17","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026page=26"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":16,"next_page":17,"prev_page":15,"total_pages":26,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":150,"total_count":255,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2449","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Map Collection, 1629/1991","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2449#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eIncludes for the most part published maps, 1629-[ongoing].\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2449#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2449","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2449","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2449","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2449","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_2449.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Map Collection","title_ssm":["Map Collection"],"title_tesim":["Map Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1629-1991"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1629-1991"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1629/1991"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Map Collection, 1629/1991"],"text":["Map Collection, 1629/1991","Mss. 1.06","/repositories/2/resources/2449","Africa, East--Maps","Antarctica--Maps","Asia--Maps","Burma--Maps","Caribbean--Maps","Central America--Maps","China--Maps","Egypt--Maps","India--Maps","Iran--Maps","Iraq--Maps","Israel--Maps","Japan--Maps","Kenya--Maps","Korea--Maps","Mexico--Maps","Philippines--Maps","Southeast Asia--Maps","Tanzania--Maps","Uganda--Maps","Collection is open to all researchers. 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New accessions received after March 2012 added by Special Collections Staff.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Joe Catanzaro, Special Collections Volunteer, March 2012-[ongoing]. New accessions received after March 2012 added by Special Collections Staff."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIncludes for the most part published maps, 1629-[ongoing].\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Maps are described individually and are best discovered using keyword searches (check \"include box list\"). When requesting maps, please indicate folder and item number.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The description of this collection is in process and is currently underway; new items are being added on an ongoing basis.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Includes for the most part published maps, 1629-[ongoing].","Maps are described individually and are best discovered using keyword searches (check \"include box list\"). When requesting maps, please indicate folder and item number.","The description of this collection is in process and is currently underway; new items are being added on an ongoing basis."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1205,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:01:31.393Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2449"}},{"id":"viur_repositories_4_resources_153_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Maps, 1572/1845","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viur_repositories_4_resources_153_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viur_repositories_4_resources_153_c01","ref_ssm":["viur_repositories_4_resources_153_c01"],"id":"viur_repositories_4_resources_153_c01","ead_ssi":"viur_repositories_4_resources_153","_root_":"viur_repositories_4_resources_153","_nest_parent_":"viur_repositories_4_resources_153","parent_ssi":"viur_repositories_4_resources_153","parent_ssim":["Historic Maps of Europe, 1572/1845"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viur_repositories_4_resources_153"],"title_filing_ssi":"Maps","title_ssm":["Maps"],"title_tesim":["Maps"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Maps, 1572/1845"],"text":["Maps, 1572/1845","Historic Maps of Europe, 1572/1845","Thomas Bassett","Richard Chiswell","John Sudbury","George Humble","Joan Blaeu","Johannes Blaeu","Willem Janszoon Blaeu","Timothy Pont","Johannes (Joan) Blaeu","Geraerd Coecke","Nicolaas ten Have","Johannes Janssonius","Bartholomaeo Sculteto Gorlitio","Gerhard Mercator","Abraham Ortelius","Hieronymo Bellarmato","Philip Appian","Iacobus Surhonius Montanus","Franciscus (Frans) Hogenberg","Frederik de Wit","Pierre Mortier","Nicolas Sanson","Guillaume Sanson","Guillame Sanson","Alexis Hubert Jaillot","Theodorus I Danckerts","Cornelis Danckerts","Gerard Valk","Gerard Mercator","Henricus Hondius","Ptolemy","Jodocus Hondius","Georg Braun","Frans Hogenberg","Richard William Seale","John Hinton","Henri Chatelain","Nicolas Gueudeville","L'Honore","Samuel Dunn","Robert Sayer","Emanuel Bowen","Jean Baptiste Nolin","John Cary","A. K. Johnston","W. Johnston","Matthäus Seutter","Gilles Robert de Vaugondy","Didier Robert de Vaugondy","Europe","Europe -- Maps","Early maps","Maps","55 maps in 5 sub-series, arranged by identifiable author(s)"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Historic Maps of Europe, 1572/1845"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Historic Maps of Europe, 1572/1845"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1572/1845"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1572 - 1845"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":1,"repository_ssim":["University of Richmond"],"collection_ssim":["Historic Maps of Europe, 1572/1845"],"extent_ssm":["55 Sheets 5 folders"],"extent_tesim":["55 Sheets 5 folders"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":5,"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Copyright restrictions may apply.  Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright.  Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"persname_ssim":["Thomas Bassett","Richard Chiswell","John Sudbury","George Humble","Joan Blaeu","Johannes Blaeu","Willem Janszoon Blaeu","Timothy Pont","Johannes (Joan) Blaeu","Geraerd Coecke","Nicolaas ten Have","Johannes Janssonius","Bartholomaeo Sculteto Gorlitio","Gerhard Mercator","Abraham Ortelius","Hieronymo Bellarmato","Philip Appian","Iacobus Surhonius Montanus","Franciscus (Frans) Hogenberg","Frederik de Wit","Pierre Mortier","Nicolas Sanson","Guillaume Sanson","Guillame Sanson","Alexis Hubert Jaillot","Theodorus I Danckerts","Cornelis Danckerts","Gerard Valk","Gerard Mercator","Henricus Hondius","Ptolemy","Jodocus Hondius","Georg Braun","Frans Hogenberg","Richard William Seale","John Hinton","Henri Chatelain","Nicolas Gueudeville","L'Honore","Samuel Dunn","Robert Sayer","Emanuel Bowen","Jean Baptiste Nolin","John Cary","A. K. Johnston","W. Johnston","Matthäus Seutter","Gilles Robert de Vaugondy","Didier Robert de Vaugondy"],"names_ssim":["Thomas Bassett","Richard Chiswell","John Sudbury","George Humble","Joan Blaeu","Johannes Blaeu","Willem Janszoon Blaeu","Timothy Pont","Johannes (Joan) Blaeu","Geraerd Coecke","Nicolaas ten Have","Johannes Janssonius","Bartholomaeo Sculteto Gorlitio","Gerhard Mercator","Abraham Ortelius","Hieronymo Bellarmato","Philip Appian","Iacobus Surhonius Montanus","Franciscus (Frans) Hogenberg","Frederik de Wit","Pierre Mortier","Nicolas Sanson","Guillaume Sanson","Guillame Sanson","Alexis Hubert Jaillot","Theodorus I Danckerts","Cornelis Danckerts","Gerard Valk","Gerard Mercator","Henricus Hondius","Ptolemy","Jodocus Hondius","Georg Braun","Frans Hogenberg","Richard William Seale","John Hinton","Henri Chatelain","Nicolas Gueudeville","L'Honore","Samuel Dunn","Robert Sayer","Emanuel Bowen","Jean Baptiste Nolin","John Cary","A. K. Johnston","W. Johnston","Matthäus Seutter","Gilles Robert de Vaugondy","Didier Robert de Vaugondy"],"geogname_ssim":["Europe"],"geogname_ssm":["Europe"],"places_ssim":["Europe"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Europe -- Maps","Early maps","Maps"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Europe -- Maps","Early maps","Maps"],"date_range_isim":[1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e55 maps in 5 sub-series, arranged by identifiable author(s)\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["55 maps in 5 sub-series, arranged by identifiable author(s)"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:00:05.988Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viur_repositories_4_resources_153","ead_ssi":"viur_repositories_4_resources_153","_root_":"viur_repositories_4_resources_153","_nest_parent_":"viur_repositories_4_resources_153","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/RICH/repositories_4_resources_153.xml","title_ssm":["Historic Maps of Europe"],"title_tesim":["Historic Maps of Europe"],"unitdate_ssm":["1572 - 1845"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1572 - 1845"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1572/1845"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Historic Maps of Europe, 1572/1845"],"text":["Historic Maps of Europe, 1572/1845","MS-77","/repositories/4/resources/153","Europe","Europe -- Maps","Maps","Early maps","Wills","No original order.  Maps are grouped by identifiable author(s).","A significant number of the maps are folio maps: originally part of, and subsequently removed from, atlases. Maps were created and/or published by various authors, including:","John Speed (1542 - 1629) English historian and cartographer.  Published Historie of Great Britaine (1611), Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine, and A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World (1627). These were the first British world atlases and have a landmark position in the history of cartography.","Abraham Ortelius (1527 - 1598) Born in Antwerp, appointed as Royal Cartographer to King Phillip II of Spain in 1575.  Best known for creating the first modern atlas, his Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, first published in 1570.","Johannes (Joan) Willemszoon Blaeu (1596-1673) Born Alkmaar, North Holland, Son of \nWillem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638), founder of the Blaeu firm.  Publishers of Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, sive, Atlas Novus and Atlas Maior (1662).","Johannes Janssonius (1588-1664) Born in Arnhem, Holland.  Also known as Jan Jansson, married into the Hondius family of cartographers in 1612.  In 1630s he published, with his brother-in-law Henricus Hondius, the 11 volume Atlas Major.  Published English Country Maps in 1646.","Jodocus Hondius (1563-1612) Born in Ghent.  Also known as Joost de Hondt.  Republished Gerard Mercator's Atlas in 1604.  Engraved the plates for John Speed's Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine.","Henricus II Hondius (1597-1651) Son of Jodocus Hondius.  Took over family business after death of Jodocus with his brother Jodocus II.","Theodore Danckerts (1663 - 1727) and Cornelius Danckerts III (1664 - 1717) Inherited family cartographic publishing firm from grandfather Cornelis Danckerts II and his brother Dancker Danckerts.","Nicolas Sanson (1600-1667) Born in Picardy, France.  Considered the \"Father of French Cartography.\"  King Louis XIII appointed him Geographe Ordinaire du Roi.  Well known maps and atlases include Amerique Septentrionale (1650), Le Nouveau Mexique et La Floride (1656), and La Canada ou Nouvelle France (1656).","Guillaume Sanson (1633 - 1703) Son of Nicolas.  Republished his father's maps and atlases.","Gerard Mercator (1512 - 1594) Born near Antwerp.  Studied under the Brothers of the Common Life, then at University of Louvain.  First world map 1538.  In 1541 produced first globe known to have rhumb lines.  1564 appointed as Court Cosmographer to Duke Wilhelm of Cleve, created the map projection that bears his name during this time.  Also known for his revised edition of Ptolemy's Geographia.","Frederick de Wit (1629 - 1706) Born in Gouda.  Worked under Willem Blaeu in Amsterdam.  In 1659 he published the first chart, a map of Denmark, he drew and engraved himself.  Published his world wall map and his best known atlas, Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula, the next year.  Dutch States General granted him a 15-year Privilege in 1689.","William Penn, Jr. (1681 - 1720) Son of William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania.  Born in Ireland, married Mary Jones in 1699, came to the colony in 1704.  Fell into various legal and financial troubles in the colonies and England.  Died of tuberculosis in Liège in 1720.","Processed by Matt Perelli, Processing \u0026 Reference Archivist, 2025.","Further maps can be found in MS-5, the Historic Maps and Government Documents Collection.","This collection consists of 55 maps and folio maps of various European localities spanning dates from 1572 to 1845. Also included is a single manuscript document: the last will and testament of John Graham with William Penn, Jr. as a witness signatory.","Copyright restrictions may apply.  Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright.  Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder.","This collection consists of 55 maps and folio maps of various European localities spanning dates from 1572 to 1845. Also included is a single manuscript document: the last will and testament of John Graham with William Penn, Jr. as a witness signatory.","University of Richmond","Blaeu","Hondius","Frederick de Wit","John Speed","Abraham Ortelius","Johannes (Joan) Willemszoon Blaeu","Willem Janszoon Blaeu","Johannes Janssonius","Jan Jansson","Henricus Hondius","Jodocus Hondius","Henricus II Hondius","Theodore Danckerts","Cornelius Danckerts III","Cornelis Danckerts II","Dancker Danckerts","Nicolas Sanson","Guillaume Sanson","Gerard Mercator","Willem Blaeu","William Penn, Jr. (1681 - 1720) Son of William Penn","William Penn, Jr.","Mary Jones","Thomas Bassett","Richard Chiswell","John Sudbury","George Humble","Joan Blaeu","Johannes Blaeu","Timothy Pont","Johannes (Joan) Blaeu","Geraerd Coecke","Nicolaas ten Have","Bartholomaeo Sculteto Gorlitio","Gerhard Mercator","Hieronymo Bellarmato","Philip Appian","Iacobus Surhonius Montanus","Franciscus (Frans) Hogenberg","Frederik de Wit","Pierre Mortier","Guillame Sanson","Alexis Hubert Jaillot","Theodorus I Danckerts","Cornelis Danckerts","Gerard Valk","Ptolemy","Georg Braun","Frans Hogenberg","Richard William Seale","John Hinton","Henri Chatelain","Nicolas Gueudeville","L'Honore","Samuel Dunn","Robert Sayer","Emanuel Bowen","Jean Baptiste Nolin","John Cary","A. K. Johnston","W. Johnston","Matthäus Seutter","Gilles Robert de Vaugondy","Didier Robert de Vaugondy","John Graham","James Reignor","William Glen Cross","Lord Cornbury","Thomas Byerly","Sir Richard Graham","John Willson","English\n      Latin\n      Dutch; Flemish\n      French\n      Italian\n      Spanish; Castilian"],"collection_title_tesim":["Historic Maps of Europe, 1572/1845"],"collection_ssim":["Historic Maps of Europe, 1572/1845"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS-77","/repositories/4/resources/153"],"unitid_tesim":["MS-77","/repositories/4/resources/153"],"repository_ssm":["University of Richmond"],"repository_ssim":["University of Richmond"],"geogname_ssm":["Europe"],"geogname_ssim":["Europe"],"places_ssim":["Europe"],"creator_persname_ssim":["John Speed","Abraham Ortelius","Johannes (Joan) Willemszoon Blaeu","Willem Janszoon Blaeu","Johannes Janssonius","Jan Jansson","Henricus Hondius","Jodocus Hondius","Henricus II Hondius","Theodore Danckerts","Cornelius Danckerts III","Cornelis Danckerts II","Dancker Danckerts","Nicolas Sanson","Guillaume Sanson","Gerard Mercator","Willem Blaeu","William Penn, Jr. (1681 - 1720) Son of William Penn","William Penn, Jr.","Mary Jones","Thomas Bassett","Richard Chiswell","John Sudbury","George Humble","Joan Blaeu","Johannes Blaeu","Timothy Pont","Johannes (Joan) Blaeu","Geraerd Coecke","Nicolaas ten Have","Bartholomaeo Sculteto Gorlitio","Gerhard Mercator","Hieronymo Bellarmato","Philip Appian","Iacobus Surhonius Montanus","Franciscus (Frans) Hogenberg","Frederik de Wit","Pierre Mortier","Guillame Sanson","Alexis Hubert Jaillot","Theodorus I Danckerts","Cornelis Danckerts","Gerard Valk","Ptolemy","Georg Braun","Frans Hogenberg","Richard William Seale","John Hinton","Henri Chatelain","Nicolas Gueudeville","L'Honore","Samuel Dunn","Robert Sayer","Emanuel Bowen","Jean Baptiste Nolin","John Cary","A. K. Johnston","W. Johnston","Matthäus Seutter","Gilles Robert de Vaugondy","Didier Robert de Vaugondy","John Graham","James Reignor","William Glen Cross","Lord Cornbury","Thomas Byerly","Sir Richard Graham","John Willson"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Richmond"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Blaeu","Hondius","Frederick de Wit"],"creators_ssim":["John Speed","Abraham Ortelius","Johannes (Joan) Willemszoon Blaeu","Willem Janszoon Blaeu","Johannes Janssonius","Jan Jansson","Henricus Hondius","Jodocus Hondius","Henricus II Hondius","Theodore Danckerts","Cornelius Danckerts III","Cornelis Danckerts II","Dancker Danckerts","Nicolas Sanson","Guillaume Sanson","Gerard Mercator","Willem Blaeu","William Penn, Jr. (1681 - 1720) Son of William Penn","William Penn, Jr.","Mary Jones","Thomas Bassett","Richard Chiswell","John Sudbury","George Humble","Joan Blaeu","Johannes Blaeu","Timothy Pont","Johannes (Joan) Blaeu","Geraerd Coecke","Nicolaas ten Have","Bartholomaeo Sculteto Gorlitio","Gerhard Mercator","Hieronymo Bellarmato","Philip Appian","Iacobus Surhonius Montanus","Franciscus (Frans) Hogenberg","Frederik de Wit","Pierre Mortier","Guillame Sanson","Alexis Hubert Jaillot","Theodorus I Danckerts","Cornelis Danckerts","Gerard Valk","Ptolemy","Georg Braun","Frans Hogenberg","Richard William Seale","John Hinton","Henri Chatelain","Nicolas Gueudeville","L'Honore","Samuel Dunn","Robert Sayer","Emanuel Bowen","Jean Baptiste Nolin","John Cary","A. K. Johnston","W. Johnston","Matthäus Seutter","Gilles Robert de Vaugondy","Didier Robert de Vaugondy","John Graham","James Reignor","William Glen Cross","Lord Cornbury","Thomas Byerly","Sir Richard Graham","John Willson","University of Richmond","Blaeu","Hondius","Frederick de Wit"],"access_terms_ssm":["Copyright restrictions may apply.  Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright.  Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Europe -- Maps","Maps","Early maps","Wills"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Europe -- Maps","Maps","Early maps","Wills"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["56 Sheets 6 folders"],"extent_tesim":["56 Sheets 6 folders"],"physfacet_tesim":["55 maps, 1 manuscript document"],"genreform_ssim":["Maps","Early maps","Wills"],"date_range_isim":[1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo original order.  Maps are grouped by identifiable author(s).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["No original order.  Maps are grouped by identifiable author(s)."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA significant number of the maps are folio maps: originally part of, and subsequently removed from, atlases. Maps were created and/or published by various authors, including:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eJohn Speed\u003c/persname\u003e (1542 - 1629) English historian and cartographer.  Published \u003ctitle\u003eHistorie of Great Britaine\u003c/title\u003e (1611), \u003ctitle\u003eTheatre of the Empire of Great Britaine\u003c/title\u003e, and \u003ctitle\u003eA Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World\u003c/title\u003e (1627). These were the first British world atlases and have a landmark position in the history of cartography.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eAbraham Ortelius\u003c/persname\u003e (1527 - 1598) Born in \u003cgeogname\u003eAntwerp\u003c/geogname\u003e, appointed as Royal Cartographer to King Phillip II of Spain in 1575.  Best known for creating the first modern atlas, his \u003ctitle\u003eTheatrum Orbis Terrarum\u003c/title\u003e, first published in 1570.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eJohannes (Joan) Willemszoon Blaeu\u003c/persname\u003e (1596-1673) Born \u003cgeogname\u003eAlkmaar\u003c/geogname\u003e, North Holland, Son of \n\u003cpersname\u003eWillem Janszoon Blaeu\u003c/persname\u003e (1571-1638), founder of the \u003cfamname\u003eBlaeu\u003c/famname\u003e firm.  Publishers of \u003ctitle\u003eTheatrum Orbis Terrarum, sive, Atlas Novus\u003c/title\u003e and \u003ctitle\u003eAtlas Maior\u003c/title\u003e (1662).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eJohannes Janssonius\u003c/persname\u003e (1588-1664) Born in \u003cgeogname\u003eArnhem\u003c/geogname\u003e, Holland.  Also known as \u003cpersname\u003eJan Jansson\u003c/persname\u003e, married into the \u003cfamname\u003eHondius\u003c/famname\u003e family of cartographers in 1612.  In 1630s he published, with his brother-in-law \u003cpersname\u003eHenricus Hondius\u003c/persname\u003e, the 11 volume \u003ctitle\u003eAtlas Major\u003c/title\u003e.  Published \u003ctitle\u003eEnglish Country Maps\u003c/title\u003e in 1646.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eJodocus Hondius\u003c/persname\u003e (1563-1612) Born in \u003cgeogname\u003eGhent\u003c/geogname\u003e.  Also known as \u003cgeogname\u003eJoost de Hondt\u003c/geogname\u003e.  Republished Gerard Mercator's \u003ctitle\u003eAtlas\u003c/title\u003e in 1604.  Engraved the plates for John Speed's \u003ctitle\u003eTheatre of the Empire of Great Britaine\u003c/title\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eHenricus II Hondius\u003c/persname\u003e (1597-1651) Son of \u003cpersname\u003eJodocus Hondius\u003c/persname\u003e.  Took over family business after death of Jodocus with his brother Jodocus II.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eTheodore Danckerts\u003c/persname\u003e (1663 - 1727) and \u003cpersname\u003eCornelius Danckerts III\u003c/persname\u003e (1664 - 1717) Inherited family cartographic publishing firm from grandfather \u003cpersname\u003eCornelis Danckerts II\u003c/persname\u003e and his brother \u003cpersname\u003eDancker Danckerts\u003c/persname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eNicolas Sanson\u003c/persname\u003e (1600-1667) Born in \u003cgeogname\u003ePicardy\u003c/geogname\u003e, France.  Considered the \"Father of French Cartography.\"  King Louis XIII appointed him \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eGeographe Ordinaire du Roi\u003c/emph\u003e.  Well known maps and atlases include \u003ctitle\u003eAmerique Septentrionale\u003c/title\u003e (1650), \u003ctitle\u003eLe Nouveau Mexique et La Floride\u003c/title\u003e (1656), and \u003ctitle\u003eLa Canada ou Nouvelle France\u003c/title\u003e (1656).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eGuillaume Sanson\u003c/persname\u003e (1633 - 1703) Son of Nicolas.  Republished his father's maps and atlases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eGerard Mercator\u003c/persname\u003e (1512 - 1594) Born near \u003cgeogname\u003eAntwerp\u003c/geogname\u003e.  Studied under the Brothers of the Common Life, then at University of Louvain.  First world map 1538.  In 1541 produced first globe known to have rhumb lines.  1564 appointed as Court Cosmographer to Duke Wilhelm of Cleve, created the map projection that bears his name during this time.  Also known for his revised edition of Ptolemy's \u003ctitle\u003eGeographia\u003c/title\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cfamname\u003eFrederick de Wit\u003c/famname\u003e (1629 - 1706) Born in \u003cgeogname\u003eGouda\u003c/geogname\u003e.  Worked under \u003cpersname\u003eWillem Blaeu\u003c/persname\u003e in \u003cgeogname\u003eAmsterdam\u003c/geogname\u003e.  In 1659 he published the first chart, a map of \u003cgeogname\u003eDenmark\u003c/geogname\u003e, he drew and engraved himself.  Published his world wall map and his best known atlas, \u003ctitle\u003eNova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula\u003c/title\u003e, the next year.  Dutch States General granted him a 15-year Privilege in 1689.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Penn, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e (1681 - 1720) Son of William Penn\u003c/persname\u003e, founder of \u003cgeogname\u003ePennsylvania\u003c/geogname\u003e.  Born in \u003cgeogname\u003eIreland\u003c/geogname\u003e, married \u003cpersname\u003eMary Jones\u003c/persname\u003e in 1699, came to the colony in 1704.  Fell into various legal and financial troubles in the colonies and England.  Died of tuberculosis in \u003cgeogname\u003eLiège\u003c/geogname\u003e in 1720.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["A significant number of the maps are folio maps: originally part of, and subsequently removed from, atlases. Maps were created and/or published by various authors, including:","John Speed (1542 - 1629) English historian and cartographer.  Published Historie of Great Britaine (1611), Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine, and A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World (1627). These were the first British world atlases and have a landmark position in the history of cartography.","Abraham Ortelius (1527 - 1598) Born in Antwerp, appointed as Royal Cartographer to King Phillip II of Spain in 1575.  Best known for creating the first modern atlas, his Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, first published in 1570.","Johannes (Joan) Willemszoon Blaeu (1596-1673) Born Alkmaar, North Holland, Son of \nWillem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638), founder of the Blaeu firm.  Publishers of Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, sive, Atlas Novus and Atlas Maior (1662).","Johannes Janssonius (1588-1664) Born in Arnhem, Holland.  Also known as Jan Jansson, married into the Hondius family of cartographers in 1612.  In 1630s he published, with his brother-in-law Henricus Hondius, the 11 volume Atlas Major.  Published English Country Maps in 1646.","Jodocus Hondius (1563-1612) Born in Ghent.  Also known as Joost de Hondt.  Republished Gerard Mercator's Atlas in 1604.  Engraved the plates for John Speed's Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine.","Henricus II Hondius (1597-1651) Son of Jodocus Hondius.  Took over family business after death of Jodocus with his brother Jodocus II.","Theodore Danckerts (1663 - 1727) and Cornelius Danckerts III (1664 - 1717) Inherited family cartographic publishing firm from grandfather Cornelis Danckerts II and his brother Dancker Danckerts.","Nicolas Sanson (1600-1667) Born in Picardy, France.  Considered the \"Father of French Cartography.\"  King Louis XIII appointed him Geographe Ordinaire du Roi.  Well known maps and atlases include Amerique Septentrionale (1650), Le Nouveau Mexique et La Floride (1656), and La Canada ou Nouvelle France (1656).","Guillaume Sanson (1633 - 1703) Son of Nicolas.  Republished his father's maps and atlases.","Gerard Mercator (1512 - 1594) Born near Antwerp.  Studied under the Brothers of the Common Life, then at University of Louvain.  First world map 1538.  In 1541 produced first globe known to have rhumb lines.  1564 appointed as Court Cosmographer to Duke Wilhelm of Cleve, created the map projection that bears his name during this time.  Also known for his revised edition of Ptolemy's Geographia.","Frederick de Wit (1629 - 1706) Born in Gouda.  Worked under Willem Blaeu in Amsterdam.  In 1659 he published the first chart, a map of Denmark, he drew and engraved himself.  Published his world wall map and his best known atlas, Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula, the next year.  Dutch States General granted him a 15-year Privilege in 1689.","William Penn, Jr. (1681 - 1720) Son of William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania.  Born in Ireland, married Mary Jones in 1699, came to the colony in 1704.  Fell into various legal and financial troubles in the colonies and England.  Died of tuberculosis in Liège in 1720."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Box Number, Folder Number], MS-77, Historic Maps of Europe Collection, Book Arts, Archives, \u0026amp; Rare Books, Boatwright Memorial Library, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Box Number, Folder Number], MS-77, Historic Maps of Europe Collection, Book Arts, Archives, \u0026 Rare Books, Boatwright Memorial Library, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Matt Perelli, Processing \u0026amp; Reference Archivist, 2025.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Matt Perelli, Processing \u0026 Reference Archivist, 2025."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFurther maps can be found in MS-5, the Historic Maps and Government Documents Collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Further maps can be found in MS-5, the Historic Maps and Government Documents Collection."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of 55 maps and folio maps of various European localities spanning dates from 1572 to 1845. Also included is a single manuscript document: the last will and testament of John Graham with William Penn, Jr. as a witness signatory.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of 55 maps and folio maps of various European localities spanning dates from 1572 to 1845. Also included is a single manuscript document: the last will and testament of John Graham with William Penn, Jr. as a witness signatory."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCopyright restrictions may apply.  Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright.  Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Copyright restrictions may apply.  Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright.  Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_fc161ed1483d443c8421ec4fece99ab7\" label=\"Summary/Abstract\"\u003eThis collection consists of 55 maps and folio maps of various European localities spanning dates from 1572 to 1845. Also included is a single manuscript document: the last will and testament of John Graham with William Penn, Jr. as a witness signatory.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection consists of 55 maps and folio maps of various European localities spanning dates from 1572 to 1845. Also included is a single manuscript document: the last will and testament of John Graham with William Penn, Jr. as a witness signatory."],"corpname_ssim":["University of Richmond"],"famname_ssim":["Blaeu","Hondius","Frederick de Wit"],"persname_ssim":["John Speed","Abraham Ortelius","Johannes (Joan) Willemszoon Blaeu","Willem Janszoon Blaeu","Johannes Janssonius","Jan Jansson","Henricus Hondius","Jodocus Hondius","Henricus II Hondius","Theodore Danckerts","Cornelius Danckerts III","Cornelis Danckerts II","Dancker Danckerts","Nicolas Sanson","Guillaume Sanson","Gerard Mercator","Willem Blaeu","William Penn, Jr. (1681 - 1720) Son of William Penn","William Penn, Jr.","Mary Jones","Thomas Bassett","Richard Chiswell","John Sudbury","George Humble","Joan Blaeu","Johannes Blaeu","Timothy Pont","Johannes (Joan) Blaeu","Geraerd Coecke","Nicolaas ten Have","Bartholomaeo Sculteto Gorlitio","Gerhard Mercator","Hieronymo Bellarmato","Philip Appian","Iacobus Surhonius Montanus","Franciscus (Frans) Hogenberg","Frederik de Wit","Pierre Mortier","Guillame Sanson","Alexis Hubert Jaillot","Theodorus I Danckerts","Cornelis Danckerts","Gerard Valk","Ptolemy","Georg Braun","Frans Hogenberg","Richard William Seale","John Hinton","Henri Chatelain","Nicolas Gueudeville","L'Honore","Samuel Dunn","Robert Sayer","Emanuel Bowen","Jean Baptiste Nolin","John Cary","A. K. Johnston","W. Johnston","Matthäus Seutter","Gilles Robert de Vaugondy","Didier Robert de Vaugondy","John Graham","James Reignor","William Glen Cross","Lord Cornbury","Thomas Byerly","Sir Richard Graham","John Willson"],"names_ssim":["University of Richmond","Blaeu","Hondius","Frederick de Wit","John Speed","Abraham Ortelius","Johannes (Joan) Willemszoon Blaeu","Willem Janszoon Blaeu","Johannes Janssonius","Jan Jansson","Henricus Hondius","Jodocus Hondius","Henricus II Hondius","Theodore Danckerts","Cornelius Danckerts III","Cornelis Danckerts II","Dancker Danckerts","Nicolas Sanson","Guillaume Sanson","Gerard Mercator","Willem Blaeu","William Penn, Jr. (1681 - 1720) Son of William Penn","William Penn, Jr.","Mary Jones","Thomas Bassett","Richard Chiswell","John Sudbury","George Humble","Joan Blaeu","Johannes Blaeu","Timothy Pont","Johannes (Joan) Blaeu","Geraerd Coecke","Nicolaas ten Have","Bartholomaeo Sculteto Gorlitio","Gerhard Mercator","Hieronymo Bellarmato","Philip Appian","Iacobus Surhonius Montanus","Franciscus (Frans) Hogenberg","Frederik de Wit","Pierre Mortier","Guillame Sanson","Alexis Hubert Jaillot","Theodorus I Danckerts","Cornelis Danckerts","Gerard Valk","Ptolemy","Georg Braun","Frans Hogenberg","Richard William Seale","John Hinton","Henri Chatelain","Nicolas Gueudeville","L'Honore","Samuel Dunn","Robert Sayer","Emanuel Bowen","Jean Baptiste Nolin","John Cary","A. K. Johnston","W. Johnston","Matthäus Seutter","Gilles Robert de Vaugondy","Didier Robert de Vaugondy","John Graham","James Reignor","William Glen Cross","Lord Cornbury","Thomas Byerly","Sir Richard Graham","John Willson"],"language_ssim":["English\n      Latin\n      Dutch; Flemish\n      French\n      Italian\n      Spanish; Castilian"],"total_component_count_is":63,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:00:05.988Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viur_repositories_4_resources_153_c01"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82_c01","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Map, Virginia and Maryland, 1675/1699","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82_c01","ref_ssm":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82_c01"],"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82_c01","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82","parent_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82","parent_ssim":["Historic map collection, 1675/1971"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82"],"title_filing_ssi":"Map, Virginia and Maryland","title_ssm":["Map, Virginia and Maryland"],"title_tesim":["Map, Virginia and Maryland"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Map, Virginia and Maryland, 1675/1699"],"text":["Map, Virginia and Maryland, 1675/1699","Historic map collection, 1675/1971","Closed Stacks","Drawer 38","Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Virginia","Maryland","Maps (documents)","Scales, \"Comon English Miles, Marine Miles\" and \"Statute English Miles\". Relief shown pictorially. Includes table depicting English Plantaions and Indian Plantations and Houses."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Historic map collection, 1675/1971"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Historic map collection, 1675/1971"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1675/1699"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1675-1699"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":1,"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Historic map collection, 1675/1971"],"extent_ssm":["1 Sheets"],"extent_tesim":["1 Sheets"],"physfacet_tesim":["hand colored"],"dimensions_tesim":["20 x 27 cm"],"containers_ssim":["Closed Stacks","Drawer 38"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"geogname_ssim":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Virginia","Maryland"],"geogname_ssm":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Virginia","Maryland"],"places_ssim":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Virginia","Maryland"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Maps (documents)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Maps (documents)"],"date_range_isim":[1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699],"materialspec_html_tesm":["\u003cmaterialspec id=\"aspace_55aecb57d5656703d9c9d23919987874\"\u003eScales, \"Comon English Miles, Marine Miles\" and \"Statute English Miles\". Relief shown pictorially. Includes table depicting English Plantaions and Indian Plantations and Houses.\u003c/materialspec\u003e"],"materialspec_tesim":["Scales, \"Comon English Miles, Marine Miles\" and \"Statute English Miles\". Relief shown pictorially. Includes table depicting English Plantaions and Indian Plantations and Houses."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:38:59.831Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_82.xml","title_ssm":["Historic map collection"],"title_tesim":["Historic map collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1675-1971"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1675-1971"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1675/1971"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Historic map collection, 1675/1971"],"text":["Historic map collection, 1675/1971","SC.HMPC","/repositories/3/resources/82","Maps (documents)","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","This collection is primarily arranged by size.","Items in this collection were acquired by gift and purchase from various sources. Materials are added to the collection as they are acquired.","This collection of historic maps date from \t1675-1971, and primarily relate to the Washington and Custis families, the Revolutionary War, and society life in antebellum Washington D.C. and Virginia. Includes matching editions of maps personally owned by George Washington.","Note: surveys created by George Washington are found in the George Washington Collection.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Thackara \u0026 Vallance","Moll, Herman, -1732","Robert de Vaugondy, Gilles, 1688-1766","Fry, Joshua, approximately 1700-1754","Jefferson, Peter, 1708-1757","Robert de Vaugondy, Didier, 1723-1786","Faden, William, 1749-1836","Sauthier, Claude Joseph","Ratzer, Bernard","Pelham, Henry, 1749-1806","Jukes, Francis, 1745-1812","Jefferys, Thomas, -1771","Sayer, Robert, 1725-1794","Soulés, François, 1748-1809","Morse, Jedidiah, 1761-1826","Stockdale, John, 1749?-1814","Mutlow, I.","Lewis, Samuel","Smither, James","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Russell, John, active 1733-1795","Gillingham, W.","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Historic map collection, 1675/1971"],"collection_ssim":["Historic map collection, 1675/1971"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC.HMPC","/repositories/3/resources/82"],"unitid_tesim":["SC.HMPC","/repositories/3/resources/82"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Moll, Herman, -1732","Robert de Vaugondy, Gilles, 1688-1766","Fry, Joshua, approximately 1700-1754","Jefferson, Peter, 1708-1757","Robert de Vaugondy, Didier, 1723-1786","Faden, William, 1749-1836","Sauthier, Claude Joseph","Ratzer, Bernard","Pelham, Henry, 1749-1806","Jukes, Francis, 1745-1812","Jefferys, Thomas, -1771","Sayer, Robert, 1725-1794","Soulés, François, 1748-1809","Morse, Jedidiah, 1761-1826","Stockdale, John, 1749?-1814","Mutlow, I.","Lewis, Samuel","Smither, James","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Russell, John, active 1733-1795","Gillingham, W."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Thackara \u0026 Vallance"],"creators_ssim":["Moll, Herman, -1732","Robert de Vaugondy, Gilles, 1688-1766","Fry, Joshua, approximately 1700-1754","Jefferson, Peter, 1708-1757","Robert de Vaugondy, Didier, 1723-1786","Faden, William, 1749-1836","Sauthier, Claude Joseph","Ratzer, Bernard","Pelham, Henry, 1749-1806","Jukes, Francis, 1745-1812","Jefferys, Thomas, -1771","Sayer, Robert, 1725-1794","Soulés, François, 1748-1809","Morse, Jedidiah, 1761-1826","Stockdale, John, 1749?-1814","Mutlow, I.","Lewis, Samuel","Smither, James","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Russell, John, active 1733-1795","Gillingham, W.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Thackara \u0026 Vallance"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Maps (documents)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Maps (documents)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["22 Sheets"],"extent_tesim":["22 Sheets"],"genreform_ssim":["Maps (documents)"],"date_range_isim":[1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is primarily arranged by size.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is primarily arranged by size."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems in this collection were acquired by gift and purchase from various sources. Materials are added to the collection as they are acquired.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Items in this collection were acquired by gift and purchase from various sources. Materials are added to the collection as they are acquired."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Historic Map Collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernonn [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Historic Map Collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernonn [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of historic maps date from \t1675-1971, and primarily relate to the Washington and Custis families, the Revolutionary War, and society life in antebellum Washington D.C. and Virginia. Includes matching editions of maps personally owned by George Washington.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote: surveys created by George Washington are found in the George Washington Collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of historic maps date from \t1675-1971, and primarily relate to the Washington and Custis families, the Revolutionary War, and society life in antebellum Washington D.C. and Virginia. Includes matching editions of maps personally owned by George Washington.","Note: surveys created by George Washington are found in the George Washington Collection."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Thackara \u0026 Vallance"],"persname_ssim":["Moll, Herman, -1732","Robert de Vaugondy, Gilles, 1688-1766","Fry, Joshua, approximately 1700-1754","Jefferson, Peter, 1708-1757","Robert de Vaugondy, Didier, 1723-1786","Faden, William, 1749-1836","Sauthier, Claude Joseph","Ratzer, Bernard","Pelham, Henry, 1749-1806","Jukes, Francis, 1745-1812","Jefferys, Thomas, -1771","Sayer, Robert, 1725-1794","Soulés, François, 1748-1809","Morse, Jedidiah, 1761-1826","Stockdale, John, 1749?-1814","Mutlow, I.","Lewis, Samuel","Smither, James","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Russell, John, active 1733-1795","Gillingham, W."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Thackara \u0026 Vallance","Moll, Herman, -1732","Robert de Vaugondy, Gilles, 1688-1766","Fry, Joshua, approximately 1700-1754","Jefferson, Peter, 1708-1757","Robert de Vaugondy, Didier, 1723-1786","Faden, William, 1749-1836","Sauthier, Claude Joseph","Ratzer, Bernard","Pelham, Henry, 1749-1806","Jukes, Francis, 1745-1812","Jefferys, Thomas, -1771","Sayer, Robert, 1725-1794","Soulés, François, 1748-1809","Morse, Jedidiah, 1761-1826","Stockdale, John, 1749?-1814","Mutlow, I.","Lewis, Samuel","Smither, James","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Russell, John, active 1733-1795","Gillingham, W."],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":23,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:38:59.831Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_82_c01"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_161","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Margaret Forbes Brand, Compiler, Genealogies, 1500/1965","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_161#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"A compilation of genealogical and historical information of the Brokaw, Carmichael, Cole, Forbes, Rapalje, Swartwout, Van Ness, and Ward families, compiled by Margaret Forbes Brand.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_161#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_161","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_161","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_161","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_161","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_161.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/194916","title_ssm":["Margaret Forbes Brand, Compiler, Genealogies"],"title_tesim":["Margaret Forbes Brand, Compiler, Genealogies"],"unitdate_ssm":["ca. 1500-1965"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ca. 1500-1965"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1500/1965"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Margaret Forbes Brand, Compiler, Genealogies, 1500/1965"],"text":["Margaret Forbes Brand, Compiler, Genealogies, 1500/1965","A\u0026M 2323","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/161","No special access restriction applies.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","A compilation of genealogical and historical information of the Brokaw, Carmichael, Cole, Forbes, Rapalje, Swartwout, Van Ness, and Ward families, compiled by Margaret Forbes Brand.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. 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For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0 Linear Feet Summary: 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0 Linear Feet Summary: 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Margaret Forbes Brand, Compiler, Genealogies, A\u0026amp;M 2323, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Margaret Forbes Brand, Compiler, Genealogies, A\u0026M 2323, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_0bc12e8ea849ba34c0bc4c5a68be0f69\"\u003eA compilation of genealogical and historical information of the Brokaw, Carmichael, Cole, Forbes, Rapalje, Swartwout, Van Ness, and Ward families, compiled by Margaret Forbes Brand.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["A compilation of genealogical and historical information of the Brokaw, Carmichael, Cole, Forbes, Rapalje, Swartwout, Van Ness, and Ward families, compiled by Margaret Forbes Brand."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_c63c0ea62ca1d92c6d2e2aec55bc66c4\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. 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For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","A compilation of genealogical and historical information of the Brokaw, Carmichael, Cole, Forbes, Rapalje, Swartwout, Van Ness, and Ward families, compiled by Margaret Forbes Brand.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. 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For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0 Linear Feet Summary: 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0 Linear Feet Summary: 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Margaret Forbes Brand, Compiler, Genealogies, A\u0026amp;M 2323, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Margaret Forbes Brand, Compiler, Genealogies, A\u0026M 2323, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_0bc12e8ea849ba34c0bc4c5a68be0f69\"\u003eA compilation of genealogical and historical information of the Brokaw, Carmichael, Cole, Forbes, Rapalje, Swartwout, Van Ness, and Ward families, compiled by Margaret Forbes Brand.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["A compilation of genealogical and historical information of the Brokaw, Carmichael, Cole, Forbes, Rapalje, Swartwout, Van Ness, and Ward families, compiled by Margaret Forbes Brand."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_c63c0ea62ca1d92c6d2e2aec55bc66c4\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"famname_ssim":["Cole family - Genealogy","Van Ness family - Genealogy","Swartout family - Genealogy","Brandt family","Broucard family - Genealogy","Rapalje family - Genealogy","Ward family","Carmicheal family - Genealogy","Forbes family - Genealogy"],"names_coll_ssim":["Cole family - Genealogy","Van Ness family - Genealogy","Swartout family - Genealogy","Brandt family","Broucard family - Genealogy","Rapalje family - Genealogy","Ward family","Carmicheal family - Genealogy","Forbes family - Genealogy"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Cole family - Genealogy","Van Ness family - Genealogy","Swartout family - Genealogy","Brandt family","Broucard family - Genealogy","Rapalje family - Genealogy","Ward family","Carmicheal family - Genealogy","Forbes family - Genealogy"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:07:49.367Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_161"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c31_c09","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Mary II, Queen of England, 1662/1694","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c31_c09#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c31_c09","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c31_c09"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c31_c09","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c31","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c31","parent_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Mad-Nau"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01","viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c31"],"title_filing_ssi":"Mary II, Queen of England","title_ssm":["Mary II, Queen of England"],"title_tesim":["Mary II, Queen of England"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mary II, Queen of England, 1662/1694"],"text":["Mary II, Queen of England, 1662/1694","Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Mad-Nau","Box 6","Folder 2"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Mad-Nau"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Mad-Nau"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1662/1694"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1662-1694"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":343,"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"containers_ssim":["Box 6","Folder 2"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. 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collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of Item], Mining Industry, RHS Coll. 0088, Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA. In some cases the citation format may vary. Please contact Special Collections' staff to verify the appropriate format.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of Item], Mining Industry, RHS Coll. 0088, Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA. In some cases the citation format may vary. Please contact Special Collections' staff to verify the appropriate format."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Rockbridge County News","Richmond Times-Dispatch","Rockbridge Company (Rockbridge County, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Brady, Douglas Ellinipsico, Jr."],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Rockbridge County News","Richmond Times-Dispatch","Rockbridge Company (Rockbridge County, Va.)","Brady, Douglas Ellinipsico, Jr."],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":14,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:37:50.581Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1058"}},{"id":"viu_viu00917_c02_c441","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Miscellaneous correspondence\n \"Ce-Co\", 1094/1903","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c02_c441#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c02_c441","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00917_c02_c441"],"id":"viu_viu00917_c02_c441","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c02","parent_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Miscellaneous correspondence\n                  \"Ce-Co\"","title_ssm":["Miscellaneous correspondence\n \"Ce-Co\""],"title_tesim":["Miscellaneous correspondence\n \"Ce-Co\""],"normalized_title_ssm":["Miscellaneous correspondence\n \"Ce-Co\", 1094/1903"],"text":["Miscellaneous correspondence\n \"Ce-Co\", 1094/1903","Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records","box Box 40"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1094/1903"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1900, 1903, (Feb. -Dec. 1094)"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":625,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"containers_ssim":["box Box 40"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"date_range_isim":[1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#440","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:56:23.128Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00917","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00917.xml","title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"text":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","662","95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes","Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections.","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.","The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         To Mr. George Wickes \n            Supt. of Mines \n            Kay Moor, Virginia \n            Dear George, \n            Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.Signed, \n            Ed D. Wickes Supt. of MinesLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         Manufacturers Recorddated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.","The Low Moor Iron Company ceased operations in 1930;\n            what happened to the records of the company in the years\n            immediately following is not known, but in 1939, the Green\n            Bookman, a Charlottesville bookshop, sold the records to\n            the University of Virginia Library.","The records arrived at the receiving room door of the\n            new Alderman Library on October 16, 1939, in a trailer\n            truck whose load was estimated to weigh about fourteen\n            tons. As the manuscripts staff dug around in the piles of\n            over 1200 account books, and countless boxes of papers they\n            realized that the company had saved almost all of its\n            papers including checks, invoices, vouchers, and receipts,\n            and certain of these records were destroyed as their\n            information was recorded in other records. Once the bulk of\n            the collection had been reduced, the remaining records were\n            transferred to the stack area of the Division of Rare Books\n            and Manuscripts.","By 1958, little storage space remained in Alderman\n            Library, and the Rare Books and Manuscripts Division was\n            especially crowded because of the rapid growth of its\n            collections. After an examination of its storage areas, the\n            division's staff decided to move the Low Moor records to\n            the attic of one of the student dormitories. The collection\n            had had little use chiefly because there was no finding\n            aid. There seemed little likelihood of extensive researcher\n            use until the collection could be processed.","In preparation for the move, the old letter boxes in\n            which much of the collection had arrived in the Library\n            were discarded. The records from each box were placed\n            between sheets of the heavy gray cardboard used to protect\n            unbound newspapers in the Library's stacks, and the spine\n            labels of the old letter boxes were copied onto the\n            cardboard. The resulting bundles were wrapped with brown\n            Kraft paper and tied up with string. The bundles were\n            numbered. Whatever original order the letter boxes may have\n            had was lost by the time they arrived in the Library, and\n            after the bundling, removal to a dormitory attic, and\n            subsequent return to the Library in 1976, all vestiges of\n            the original order were lost.","The bundles remained in the dormitory attic for almost\n            twenty years. Occasional visits were made by the division\n            staff to check on their condition, and on very rare\n            occasions, a researcher was brave enough to ask to be shown\n            the collection. Once the researcher saw the imposing amount\n            of material and the conditions in the attic, interest in\n            using the collection invariably died.","In late 1976 a grant from the National Endowment for the\n            Humanities was obtained to allow the Library to process the\n            Low Moor Iron Company papers, and the papers of Edward L.\n            Stone and the Borderland Coal Company, another large\n            collection of records stored in the same dormitory attic.\n            All of these records and papers were moved back to the\n            Library where the bundles were cleaned and opened. The\n            contents of each were placed in a Hollinger storage box,\n            and all notes on the paper wrappings and on the gray\n            cardboard sheets were recorded.","The more than 1200 bound accounting records of the Low\n            Moor Iron Company were surveyed by the grant project staff.\n            The contents of each volume were noted on a mimeographed\n            form, and later typed on 3 x 5\" cards to create a\n            readily-accessible file for the Manuscripts Reading Room.\n            This information was also typed on pages to be added to\n            this guide.","The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["662"],"unitid_tesim":["662"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Green Bookman in\n            1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAs noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eSome consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eCoal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026amp; O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026amp; O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo Mr. George Wickes \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eSupt. of Mines \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eKay Moor, Virginia \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDear George, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eTony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSigned, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEd D. Wickes Supt. of Mines\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhen America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhy did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eManufacturers Record\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003edated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company Personnel:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eExecutive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eFactory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         To Mr. George Wickes \n            Supt. of Mines \n            Kay Moor, Virginia \n            Dear George, \n            Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.Signed, \n            Ed D. Wickes Supt. of MinesLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         Manufacturers Recorddated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company ceased operations in 1930;\n            what happened to the records of the company in the years\n            immediately following is not known, but in 1939, the Green\n            Bookman, a Charlottesville bookshop, sold the records to\n            the University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eThe records arrived at the receiving room door of the\n            new Alderman Library on October 16, 1939, in a trailer\n            truck whose load was estimated to weigh about fourteen\n            tons. As the manuscripts staff dug around in the piles of\n            over 1200 account books, and countless boxes of papers they\n            realized that the company had saved almost all of its\n            papers including checks, invoices, vouchers, and receipts,\n            and certain of these records were destroyed as their\n            information was recorded in other records. Once the bulk of\n            the collection had been reduced, the remaining records were\n            transferred to the stack area of the Division of Rare Books\n            and Manuscripts.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company ceased operations in 1930;\n            what happened to the records of the company in the years\n            immediately following is not known, but in 1939, the Green\n            Bookman, a Charlottesville bookshop, sold the records to\n            the University of Virginia Library.","The records arrived at the receiving room door of the\n            new Alderman Library on October 16, 1939, in a trailer\n            truck whose load was estimated to weigh about fourteen\n            tons. As the manuscripts staff dug around in the piles of\n            over 1200 account books, and countless boxes of papers they\n            realized that the company had saved almost all of its\n            papers including checks, invoices, vouchers, and receipts,\n            and certain of these records were destroyed as their\n            information was recorded in other records. Once the bulk of\n            the collection had been reduced, the remaining records were\n            transferred to the stack area of the Division of Rare Books\n            and Manuscripts."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome 1200 bound accounting record books of the Low Moor\n            Iron Company came into the custody of the Library with the\n            loose papers. When the project staff investigated these\n            volumes in the dormitory attic where they were stored, they\n            found that the volumes had been shelved by size rather than\n            by series. Thus, a letterbook may stand next to a stock\n            report book for a furnace, which is, in turn, next to a\n            store account book for the Kay Moor Mines' store. No series\n            are shelved in order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eMembers of the project staff surveyed the volumes,\n            completing for each volume two copies of a mimeographed\n            survey form, and assigning to each volume a number. One\n            copy of the survey report form was placed in the volume,\n            and the second was returned to the Library.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eFrom the survey report forms, 3 x 5 inch index\n            cards--with a carbon copy of each--were typed. One set of\n            index cards has been kept in order by the numbers assigned\n            to the volumes as they stand on the shelves. This provides\n            a shelf list for the use of the library staff. The other\n            set of cards was sorted into categories as a finding aid.\n            On the list that follows, the researcher will find a number\n            of major headings such as \"Accounts,\" \"Inventories,\"\n            \"Letter Books,\" and \"Shipments-Outgoing.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eInsofar as it has been possible to determine from the\n            data on the survey report forms, the volumes have been\n            assigned to categories. Most of the major categories, or\n            headings, have sub-headings. Within those sub-headings, the\n            volumes have been arranged chronologically. The\n            investigators realize that after careful study of some of\n            these volumes, they will be revealed as belonging to other\n            categories than those in which they have initially been\n            placed. The card index will allow such movement.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eAvailable in the Manuscripts/Archives Reading Room in\n            the Library is the sorted card index file. There is a card\n            for every volume in this file whereas, on the pages that\n            follow, volumes have been summarized under the headings and\n            sub-headings. In each case, the number of volumes has been\n            given in the summarized list; the date ranges given are\n            inclusive in most cases, and do not reveal the many gaps in\n            sequences unless the number of volumes is small and the\n            date range wide. Occasional remarks about the content of\n            volumes have been supplied if the contents are not obvious\n            from the heading or sub-heading.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to examine any of these volumes will\n            have to use the card index file in order to be able to give\n            to the staff the volume number assigned to the individual\n            volumes that are to be inspected.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Other Finding Aid"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["Some 1200 bound accounting record books of the Low Moor\n            Iron Company came into the custody of the Library with the\n            loose papers. When the project staff investigated these\n            volumes in the dormitory attic where they were stored, they\n            found that the volumes had been shelved by size rather than\n            by series. Thus, a letterbook may stand next to a stock\n            report book for a furnace, which is, in turn, next to a\n            store account book for the Kay Moor Mines' store. No series\n            are shelved in order.","Members of the project staff surveyed the volumes,\n            completing for each volume two copies of a mimeographed\n            survey form, and assigning to each volume a number. One\n            copy of the survey report form was placed in the volume,\n            and the second was returned to the Library.","From the survey report forms, 3 x 5 inch index\n            cards--with a carbon copy of each--were typed. One set of\n            index cards has been kept in order by the numbers assigned\n            to the volumes as they stand on the shelves. This provides\n            a shelf list for the use of the library staff. The other\n            set of cards was sorted into categories as a finding aid.\n            On the list that follows, the researcher will find a number\n            of major headings such as \"Accounts,\" \"Inventories,\"\n            \"Letter Books,\" and \"Shipments-Outgoing.\"","Insofar as it has been possible to determine from the\n            data on the survey report forms, the volumes have been\n            assigned to categories. Most of the major categories, or\n            headings, have sub-headings. Within those sub-headings, the\n            volumes have been arranged chronologically. The\n            investigators realize that after careful study of some of\n            these volumes, they will be revealed as belonging to other\n            categories than those in which they have initially been\n            placed. The card index will allow such movement.","Available in the Manuscripts/Archives Reading Room in\n            the Library is the sorted card index file. There is a card\n            for every volume in this file whereas, on the pages that\n            follow, volumes have been summarized under the headings and\n            sub-headings. In each case, the number of volumes has been\n            given in the summarized list; the date ranges given are\n            inclusive in most cases, and do not reveal the many gaps in\n            sequences unless the number of volumes is small and the\n            date range wide. Occasional remarks about the content of\n            volumes have been supplied if the contents are not obvious\n            from the heading or sub-heading.","Researchers wishing to examine any of these volumes will\n            have to use the card index file in order to be able to give\n            to the staff the volume number assigned to the individual\n            volumes that are to be inspected."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers of the Low Moor Iron Company, Accession #662,\n            Special Collections, University of Virginia Library,\n            Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company, Accession #662,\n            Special Collections, University of Virginia Library,\n            Charlottesville, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBy 1958, little storage space remained in Alderman\n            Library, and the Rare Books and Manuscripts Division was\n            especially crowded because of the rapid growth of its\n            collections. After an examination of its storage areas, the\n            division's staff decided to move the Low Moor records to\n            the attic of one of the student dormitories. The collection\n            had had little use chiefly because there was no finding\n            aid. There seemed little likelihood of extensive researcher\n            use until the collection could be processed.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eIn preparation for the move, the old letter boxes in\n            which much of the collection had arrived in the Library\n            were discarded. The records from each box were placed\n            between sheets of the heavy gray cardboard used to protect\n            unbound newspapers in the Library's stacks, and the spine\n            labels of the old letter boxes were copied onto the\n            cardboard. The resulting bundles were wrapped with brown\n            Kraft paper and tied up with string. The bundles were\n            numbered. Whatever original order the letter boxes may have\n            had was lost by the time they arrived in the Library, and\n            after the bundling, removal to a dormitory attic, and\n            subsequent return to the Library in 1976, all vestiges of\n            the original order were lost.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eThe bundles remained in the dormitory attic for almost\n            twenty years. Occasional visits were made by the division\n            staff to check on their condition, and on very rare\n            occasions, a researcher was brave enough to ask to be shown\n            the collection. Once the researcher saw the imposing amount\n            of material and the conditions in the attic, interest in\n            using the collection invariably died.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eIn late 1976 a grant from the National Endowment for the\n            Humanities was obtained to allow the Library to process the\n            Low Moor Iron Company papers, and the papers of Edward L.\n            Stone and the Borderland Coal Company, another large\n            collection of records stored in the same dormitory attic.\n            All of these records and papers were moved back to the\n            Library where the bundles were cleaned and opened. The\n            contents of each were placed in a Hollinger storage box,\n            and all notes on the paper wrappings and on the gray\n            cardboard sheets were recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eThe more than 1200 bound accounting records of the Low\n            Moor Iron Company were surveyed by the grant project staff.\n            The contents of each volume were noted on a mimeographed\n            form, and later typed on 3 x 5\" cards to create a\n            readily-accessible file for the Manuscripts Reading Room.\n            This information was also typed on pages to be added to\n            this guide.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["By 1958, little storage space remained in Alderman\n            Library, and the Rare Books and Manuscripts Division was\n            especially crowded because of the rapid growth of its\n            collections. After an examination of its storage areas, the\n            division's staff decided to move the Low Moor records to\n            the attic of one of the student dormitories. The collection\n            had had little use chiefly because there was no finding\n            aid. There seemed little likelihood of extensive researcher\n            use until the collection could be processed.","In preparation for the move, the old letter boxes in\n            which much of the collection had arrived in the Library\n            were discarded. The records from each box were placed\n            between sheets of the heavy gray cardboard used to protect\n            unbound newspapers in the Library's stacks, and the spine\n            labels of the old letter boxes were copied onto the\n            cardboard. The resulting bundles were wrapped with brown\n            Kraft paper and tied up with string. The bundles were\n            numbered. Whatever original order the letter boxes may have\n            had was lost by the time they arrived in the Library, and\n            after the bundling, removal to a dormitory attic, and\n            subsequent return to the Library in 1976, all vestiges of\n            the original order were lost.","The bundles remained in the dormitory attic for almost\n            twenty years. Occasional visits were made by the division\n            staff to check on their condition, and on very rare\n            occasions, a researcher was brave enough to ask to be shown\n            the collection. Once the researcher saw the imposing amount\n            of material and the conditions in the attic, interest in\n            using the collection invariably died.","In late 1976 a grant from the National Endowment for the\n            Humanities was obtained to allow the Library to process the\n            Low Moor Iron Company papers, and the papers of Edward L.\n            Stone and the Borderland Coal Company, another large\n            collection of records stored in the same dormitory attic.\n            All of these records and papers were moved back to the\n            Library where the bundles were cleaned and opened. The\n            contents of each were placed in a Hollinger storage box,\n            and all notes on the paper wrappings and on the gray\n            cardboard sheets were recorded.","The more than 1200 bound accounting records of the Low\n            Moor Iron Company were surveyed by the grant project staff.\n            The contents of each volume were noted on a mimeographed\n            form, and later typed on 3 x 5\" cards to create a\n            readily-accessible file for the Manuscripts Reading Room.\n            This information was also typed on pages to be added to\n            this guide."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThis material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1879,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:56:23.128Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c02_c441"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and Mary","hits":126},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=College+of+William+and+Mary"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University","value":"George Mason University","hits":21},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Old Dominion University","value":"Old Dominion University","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Shenandoah County Library","value":"Shenandoah County Library","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Shenandoah+County+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","value":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","hits":14},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=The+George+Washington+Presidential+Library+at+Mount+Vernon"}},{"attributes":{"label":"University of Richmond","value":"University of Richmond","hits":7},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Richmond"}},{"attributes":{"label":"University of Virginia, Music Library","value":"University of Virginia, Music Library","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Music+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","value":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","hits":33},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library","value":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Commonwealth+University%2C+Cabell+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","value":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","hits":6},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library","value":"Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Washington+and+Lee+University%2C+Leyburn+Library"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"17th and 18th century British periodicals, 1600/1800","value":"17th and 18th century British periodicals, 1600/1800","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=17th+and+18th+century+British+periodicals%2C+1600%2F1800\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1692"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. E. Dick Howard papers, 1928/2017","value":"A. E. 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