{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Underwood+%26+Underwood\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Underwood+%26+Underwood\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":2,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_761.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"text":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761","United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans","World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.","In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to World War I, including the Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs, and other stereographic photographs can be found in the Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection.","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.","Public Domain. There are no known restrictions.","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.","R 71, C 2, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"collection_ssim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761"],"unitid_tesim":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"places_ssim":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"access_terms_ssm":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Max Rambod Rare Books in March 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs","Photographic prints"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBuffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNational Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNational Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/subjects/sh85148236\"\u003eWorld War I\u003c/a\u003e, including the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0502\"\u003eUnderwood \u0026amp; Underwood World War I press photographs\u003c/a\u003e, and other stereographic photographs can be found in the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0511\"\u003eRandolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to World War I, including the Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs, and other stereographic photographs can be found in the Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026amp; Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026amp; Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePublic Domain. There are no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d3fa1fe7c98076307fccc07df27c7ebd\"\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_fc5aacd7cedb4795a66a246dc221e394\"\u003eR 71, C 2, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["R 71, C 2, S 5"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. 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Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:55:51.434Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_761.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"text":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761","United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans","World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.","In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to World War I, including the Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs, and other stereographic photographs can be found in the Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection.","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.","Public Domain. There are no known restrictions.","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.","R 71, C 2, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. 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Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"access_terms_ssm":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Max Rambod Rare Books in March 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs","Photographic prints"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBuffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNational Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNational Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFirst conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/subjects/sh85148236\"\u003eWorld War I\u003c/a\u003e, including the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0502\"\u003eUnderwood \u0026amp; Underwood World War I press photographs\u003c/a\u003e, and other stereographic photographs can be found in the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0511\"\u003eRandolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to World War I, including the Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs, and other stereographic photographs can be found in the Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026amp; Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026amp; Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePublic Domain. There are no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d3fa1fe7c98076307fccc07df27c7ebd\"\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_fc5aacd7cedb4795a66a246dc221e394\"\u003eR 71, C 2, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["R 71, C 2, S 5"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"names_coll_ssim":["Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:55:51.434Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_640","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs, 1917/1918","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_640#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Underwood \u0026 Underwood","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_640#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Over one hundred photographs from the Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood photography agency of scenes from World War I in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and the United States, taken from 1917 - 1918. The majority of the photographs depict soldiers of various nationalities during and training for combat, as well as the war effort and civilian life in the United States.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_640#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_640","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_640","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_640","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_640","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_640.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs","title_ssm":["Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs"],"title_tesim":["Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["1917-1918"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1917-1918"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1917/1918"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs, 1917/1918"],"text":["Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs, 1917/1918","C0502","/repositories/2/resources/640","Photography","World War, 1914-1918","There are no access restrictions.","This collected was digitized by Mieko Palazzo and is available to view here: .","This collection is arranged chronologically.","\"Biographical/Historical[.]\" Underwood \u0026 Underwood Glass Stereograph Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History. https://sova.si.edu/record/NMAH.AC.0143.","Royde-Smith, J. Graham and Showalter, Dennis E. \"World War I.\" Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed May 27, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I.","\"Underwood and Underwood[.]\" Broadway Photographs, accessed May 27, 2022. https://broadway.cas.sc.edu/content/underwood-and-underwood","Underwood and Underwood (also written as Underwood \u0026 Underwood) was a large American photography agency founded by brothers Elmer and Bert Underwood in 1882. Originally based in Ottawa, Kansas, they relocated the business first to Baltimore, Maryland, and eventually to New York City, New York in 1891. Known for their massively popular stereograph photography, the company eventually took up photojournalism and entertainment photography to great success.","World War I, or the Great War as it was known at the time, was an international conflict that lasted from 1914 - 1918. The war affected nearly all European countries, as well as the United States and many others across the globe. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, \"[t]he war was virtually unprecedented in the slaughter, carnage, and destruction it caused.\" At its essence a conflict between the \"Allies\" (France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the \"Central Powers\" (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey), World War I ended on November 11, 1918 when the armistice between Germany and the Allies took place. Over 40 million people died as casualties of the war.","The photographs in this collection are attached to small paper descriptions with adhesive. These paper descriptions are brittle and acidic, and are folded from the verso of the photograph to the recto.","Processing completed by Amanda Brent in June 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in June 2022.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other materials on World War I, including the .","Case Western Reserve University also holds  taken by Underwood and Underwood.","A number of other archival repositories, including the , , and , hold collections of Underwood and Underwood photography.","Content Warning: Some of the photographic descriptions include racist language.","Over one hundred photographs from the Underwood \u0026 Underwood photography agency of scenes from World War I in Europe, the United States, Asia, and the Middle East. All photographs were taken between 1917 - 1918. The majority of the photographs depict soldiers of various nationalities during and training for combat. Other photographs depict the war effort and recruitment of soldiers. Notably, there are a few photographs of soldiers of color, including Seminole soldiers training under the United States army and Indian soldiers training under Great Britain. A handful of photographs depict civilian life in the United States during the time period.","A derogatory term against Germans is used in the official description of this photograph.","Content Warning: Offensive language towards Middle Eastern people.","Content warning: The provided description of this photograph includes a racial slur. Please contact SCRC if you wish to access the full description.","Content warning: The provided description of this photograph includes a racial slur. Please contact SCRC if you wish to access the full description.","Content warning: The provided description of this photograph includes racially insensitive language towards Native Americans. Please contact SCRC if you wish to access the full description.","Public Domain. There are no known restrictions.","Over one hundred photographs from the Underwood \u0026 Underwood photography agency of scenes from World War I in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and the United States, taken from 1917 - 1918. The majority of the photographs depict soldiers of various nationalities during and training for combat, as well as the war effort and civilian life in the United States.","R 72, C 3, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs, 1917/1918"],"collection_ssim":["Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs, 1917/1918"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0502","/repositories/2/resources/640"],"unitid_tesim":["C0502","/repositories/2/resources/640"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Underwood \u0026 Underwood"],"creator_ssim":["Underwood \u0026 Underwood"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Underwood \u0026 Underwood"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Underwood \u0026 Underwood"],"access_terms_ssm":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased from Caroliniana Rare Books by Lynn Eaton in June 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Photography","World War, 1914-1918"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Photography","World War, 1914-1918"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Linear Feet 1 box, 101 photographs"],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Linear Feet 1 box, 101 photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1917,1918],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collected was digitized by Mieko Palazzo and is available to view here: \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood World War I press photographs\" href=\"https://images.gmu.edu/luna/servlet/GMU~60~60\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternative Form Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["This collected was digitized by Mieko Palazzo and is available to view here: ."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged chronologically."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Biographical/Historical[.]\" Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood Glass Stereograph Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History. https://sova.si.edu/record/NMAH.AC.0143.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRoyde-Smith, J. Graham and Showalter, Dennis E. \"World War I.\" Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed May 27, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Underwood and Underwood[.]\" Broadway Photographs, accessed May 27, 2022. https://broadway.cas.sc.edu/content/underwood-and-underwood\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"Biographical/Historical[.]\" Underwood \u0026 Underwood Glass Stereograph Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History. https://sova.si.edu/record/NMAH.AC.0143.","Royde-Smith, J. Graham and Showalter, Dennis E. \"World War I.\" Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed May 27, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I.","\"Underwood and Underwood[.]\" Broadway Photographs, accessed May 27, 2022. https://broadway.cas.sc.edu/content/underwood-and-underwood"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnderwood and Underwood (also written as Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood) was a large American photography agency founded by brothers Elmer and Bert Underwood in 1882. Originally based in Ottawa, Kansas, they relocated the business first to Baltimore, Maryland, and eventually to New York City, New York in 1891. Known for their massively popular stereograph photography, the company eventually took up photojournalism and entertainment photography to great success.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, or the Great War as it was known at the time, was an international conflict that lasted from 1914 - 1918. The war affected nearly all European countries, as well as the United States and many others across the globe. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, \"[t]he war was virtually unprecedented in the slaughter, carnage, and destruction it caused.\" At its essence a conflict between the \"Allies\" (France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the \"Central Powers\" (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey), World War I ended on November 11, 1918 when the armistice between Germany and the Allies took place. Over 40 million people died as casualties of the war.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Underwood and Underwood (also written as Underwood \u0026 Underwood) was a large American photography agency founded by brothers Elmer and Bert Underwood in 1882. Originally based in Ottawa, Kansas, they relocated the business first to Baltimore, Maryland, and eventually to New York City, New York in 1891. Known for their massively popular stereograph photography, the company eventually took up photojournalism and entertainment photography to great success.","World War I, or the Great War as it was known at the time, was an international conflict that lasted from 1914 - 1918. The war affected nearly all European countries, as well as the United States and many others across the globe. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, \"[t]he war was virtually unprecedented in the slaughter, carnage, and destruction it caused.\" At its essence a conflict between the \"Allies\" (France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the \"Central Powers\" (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey), World War I ended on November 11, 1918 when the armistice between Germany and the Allies took place. Over 40 million people died as casualties of the war."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe photographs in this collection are attached to small paper descriptions with adhesive. These paper descriptions are brittle and acidic, and are folded from the verso of the photograph to the recto.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["The photographs in this collection are attached to small paper descriptions with adhesive. These paper descriptions are brittle and acidic, and are folded from the verso of the photograph to the recto."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnderwood \u0026amp; Underwood World War I press photographs, C0502, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs, C0502, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Amanda Brent in June 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in June 2022.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Amanda Brent in June 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in June 2022."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other materials on World War I, including the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Gustav Klemp World War I German graphic materials collection\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0250\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCase Western Reserve University also holds \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"World War I photographs\" href=\"https://digital.case.edu/islandora/object/ksl%3Aunderwood\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e taken by Underwood and Underwood.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA number of other archival repositories, including the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Smithsonian Institution\" href=\"https://sova.si.edu/record/NMAH.AC.0143\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"University of California, Riverside\" href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8kw5n5r/entire_text/\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, and \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Brigham Young University\" href=\"http://archives.lib.byu.edu/agents/corporate_entities/1392\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, hold collections of Underwood and Underwood photography.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other materials on World War I, including the .","Case Western Reserve University also holds  taken by Underwood and Underwood.","A number of other archival repositories, including the , , and , hold collections of Underwood and Underwood photography."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent Warning: Some of the photographic descriptions include racist language.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOver one hundred photographs from the Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood photography agency of scenes from World War I in Europe, the United States, Asia, and the Middle East. All photographs were taken between 1917 - 1918. The majority of the photographs depict soldiers of various nationalities during and training for combat. Other photographs depict the war effort and recruitment of soldiers. Notably, there are a few photographs of soldiers of color, including Seminole soldiers training under the United States army and Indian soldiers training under Great Britain. A handful of photographs depict civilian life in the United States during the time period.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eA derogatory term against Germans is used in the official description of this photograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContent Warning: Offensive language towards Middle Eastern people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContent warning: The provided description of this photograph includes a racial slur. Please contact SCRC if you wish to access the full description.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContent warning: The provided description of this photograph includes a racial slur. Please contact SCRC if you wish to access the full description.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContent warning: The provided description of this photograph includes racially insensitive language towards Native Americans. Please contact SCRC if you wish to access the full description.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Content Warning: Some of the photographic descriptions include racist language.","Over one hundred photographs from the Underwood \u0026 Underwood photography agency of scenes from World War I in Europe, the United States, Asia, and the Middle East. All photographs were taken between 1917 - 1918. The majority of the photographs depict soldiers of various nationalities during and training for combat. Other photographs depict the war effort and recruitment of soldiers. 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There are no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_be839e64d3070033d49508014a8786c3\"\u003eOver one hundred photographs from the Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood photography agency of scenes from World War I in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and the United States, taken from 1917 - 1918. The majority of the photographs depict soldiers of various nationalities during and training for combat, as well as the war effort and civilian life in the United States.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Over one hundred photographs from the Underwood \u0026 Underwood photography agency of scenes from World War I in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and the United States, taken from 1917 - 1918. The majority of the photographs depict soldiers of various nationalities during and training for combat, as well as the war effort and civilian life in the United States."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_7a4155491086c2eb144693f6e21c0412\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 5"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Underwood \u0026 Underwood"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Underwood \u0026 Underwood"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":99,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:55:37.302Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_640","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_640","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_640","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_640","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_640.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs","title_ssm":["Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs"],"title_tesim":["Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["1917-1918"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1917-1918"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1917/1918"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs, 1917/1918"],"text":["Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs, 1917/1918","C0502","/repositories/2/resources/640","Photography","World War, 1914-1918","There are no access restrictions.","This collected was digitized by Mieko Palazzo and is available to view here: .","This collection is arranged chronologically.","\"Biographical/Historical[.]\" Underwood \u0026 Underwood Glass Stereograph Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History. https://sova.si.edu/record/NMAH.AC.0143.","Royde-Smith, J. Graham and Showalter, Dennis E. \"World War I.\" Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed May 27, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I.","\"Underwood and Underwood[.]\" Broadway Photographs, accessed May 27, 2022. https://broadway.cas.sc.edu/content/underwood-and-underwood","Underwood and Underwood (also written as Underwood \u0026 Underwood) was a large American photography agency founded by brothers Elmer and Bert Underwood in 1882. Originally based in Ottawa, Kansas, they relocated the business first to Baltimore, Maryland, and eventually to New York City, New York in 1891. Known for their massively popular stereograph photography, the company eventually took up photojournalism and entertainment photography to great success.","World War I, or the Great War as it was known at the time, was an international conflict that lasted from 1914 - 1918. The war affected nearly all European countries, as well as the United States and many others across the globe. 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Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in June 2022.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other materials on World War I, including the .","Case Western Reserve University also holds  taken by Underwood and Underwood.","A number of other archival repositories, including the , , and , hold collections of Underwood and Underwood photography.","Content Warning: Some of the photographic descriptions include racist language.","Over one hundred photographs from the Underwood \u0026 Underwood photography agency of scenes from World War I in Europe, the United States, Asia, and the Middle East. All photographs were taken between 1917 - 1918. The majority of the photographs depict soldiers of various nationalities during and training for combat. Other photographs depict the war effort and recruitment of soldiers. 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There are no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased from Caroliniana Rare Books by Lynn Eaton in June 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Photography","World War, 1914-1918"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Photography","World War, 1914-1918"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Linear Feet 1 box, 101 photographs"],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Linear Feet 1 box, 101 photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1917,1918],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collected was digitized by Mieko Palazzo and is available to view here: \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood World War I press photographs\" href=\"https://images.gmu.edu/luna/servlet/GMU~60~60\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternative Form Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["This collected was digitized by Mieko Palazzo and is available to view here: ."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged chronologically."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Biographical/Historical[.]\" Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood Glass Stereograph Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History. https://sova.si.edu/record/NMAH.AC.0143.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRoyde-Smith, J. Graham and Showalter, Dennis E. \"World War I.\" Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed May 27, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Underwood and Underwood[.]\" Broadway Photographs, accessed May 27, 2022. https://broadway.cas.sc.edu/content/underwood-and-underwood\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"Biographical/Historical[.]\" Underwood \u0026 Underwood Glass Stereograph Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History. https://sova.si.edu/record/NMAH.AC.0143.","Royde-Smith, J. Graham and Showalter, Dennis E. \"World War I.\" Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed May 27, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I.","\"Underwood and Underwood[.]\" Broadway Photographs, accessed May 27, 2022. https://broadway.cas.sc.edu/content/underwood-and-underwood"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnderwood and Underwood (also written as Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood) was a large American photography agency founded by brothers Elmer and Bert Underwood in 1882. Originally based in Ottawa, Kansas, they relocated the business first to Baltimore, Maryland, and eventually to New York City, New York in 1891. Known for their massively popular stereograph photography, the company eventually took up photojournalism and entertainment photography to great success.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I, or the Great War as it was known at the time, was an international conflict that lasted from 1914 - 1918. The war affected nearly all European countries, as well as the United States and many others across the globe. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, \"[t]he war was virtually unprecedented in the slaughter, carnage, and destruction it caused.\" At its essence a conflict between the \"Allies\" (France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the \"Central Powers\" (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey), World War I ended on November 11, 1918 when the armistice between Germany and the Allies took place. Over 40 million people died as casualties of the war.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Underwood and Underwood (also written as Underwood \u0026 Underwood) was a large American photography agency founded by brothers Elmer and Bert Underwood in 1882. Originally based in Ottawa, Kansas, they relocated the business first to Baltimore, Maryland, and eventually to New York City, New York in 1891. 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These paper descriptions are brittle and acidic, and are folded from the verso of the photograph to the recto.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["The photographs in this collection are attached to small paper descriptions with adhesive. These paper descriptions are brittle and acidic, and are folded from the verso of the photograph to the recto."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnderwood \u0026amp; Underwood World War I press photographs, C0502, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs, C0502, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Amanda Brent in June 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in June 2022.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Amanda Brent in June 2022. Finding aid completed by Amanda Brent in June 2022."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other materials on World War I, including the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Gustav Klemp World War I German graphic materials collection\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0250\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCase Western Reserve University also holds \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"World War I photographs\" href=\"https://digital.case.edu/islandora/object/ksl%3Aunderwood\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e taken by Underwood and Underwood.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA number of other archival repositories, including the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Smithsonian Institution\" href=\"https://sova.si.edu/record/NMAH.AC.0143\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"University of California, Riverside\" href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8kw5n5r/entire_text/\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, and \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Brigham Young University\" href=\"http://archives.lib.byu.edu/agents/corporate_entities/1392\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, hold collections of Underwood and Underwood photography.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other materials on World War I, including the .","Case Western Reserve University also holds  taken by Underwood and Underwood.","A number of other archival repositories, including the , , and , hold collections of Underwood and Underwood photography."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent Warning: Some of the photographic descriptions include racist language.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOver one hundred photographs from the Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood photography agency of scenes from World War I in Europe, the United States, Asia, and the Middle East. All photographs were taken between 1917 - 1918. The majority of the photographs depict soldiers of various nationalities during and training for combat. Other photographs depict the war effort and recruitment of soldiers. Notably, there are a few photographs of soldiers of color, including Seminole soldiers training under the United States army and Indian soldiers training under Great Britain. A handful of photographs depict civilian life in the United States during the time period.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eA derogatory term against Germans is used in the official description of this photograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContent Warning: Offensive language towards Middle Eastern people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContent warning: The provided description of this photograph includes a racial slur. Please contact SCRC if you wish to access the full description.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContent warning: The provided description of this photograph includes a racial slur. Please contact SCRC if you wish to access the full description.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContent warning: The provided description of this photograph includes racially insensitive language towards Native Americans. Please contact SCRC if you wish to access the full description.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Content Warning: Some of the photographic descriptions include racist language.","Over one hundred photographs from the Underwood \u0026 Underwood photography agency of scenes from World War I in Europe, the United States, Asia, and the Middle East. All photographs were taken between 1917 - 1918. The majority of the photographs depict soldiers of various nationalities during and training for combat. Other photographs depict the war effort and recruitment of soldiers. 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There are no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_be839e64d3070033d49508014a8786c3\"\u003eOver one hundred photographs from the Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood photography agency of scenes from World War I in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and the United States, taken from 1917 - 1918. The majority of the photographs depict soldiers of various nationalities during and training for combat, as well as the war effort and civilian life in the United States.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Over one hundred photographs from the Underwood \u0026 Underwood photography agency of scenes from World War I in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and the United States, taken from 1917 - 1918. The majority of the photographs depict soldiers of various nationalities during and training for combat, as well as the war effort and civilian life in the United States."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_7a4155491086c2eb144693f6e21c0412\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 5"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Underwood \u0026 Underwood"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. 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