{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026page=1\u0026view=list"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":4,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vil_vil00005","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00005#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00005#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral history interview of Judge Philip Trompeter, Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court since 1983.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00005#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00005","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00005","_root_":"vil_vil00005","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00005","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00005.xml","title_ssm":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009 \n"],"title_tesim":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00022965\n"],"text":["00022965\n","Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009","Roanoke (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic courts -- Virginia -- History.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Juvenile courts -- Virginia -- History.","Mental health laws -- Virginia -- History.","Oral history interviews -- Virginia.","1 mini video cassette (DV camera) 2 hours, 17 min., sound, color; 1 transcript (51 p.).","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Judge Philip Trompeter (b. 1952), was appointed Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court Judge in 1983. Before that, he worked on revisions to the code on mental health issues. He was born and reared in Roanoke and attended New York University, where he earned a B.A. degree in 1974.  He earned a J.D. from the University of Richmond School of Law in 1977.    \n","In the interview of Judge Philip Trompeter, conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander October 9, 2009 (2 hours, 17 minutes), Trompeter talks about his early years in downtown Roanoke, where his parents operated a bakery; his parents, both of whom were first-generation Jewish immigrants to the U.S., and attending college at New York University and law school at the University of Richmond.  He discusses his experience working on revisions to mental health legislation in Virginia in the early 1980s, his appointment to the bench, and his experiences as a Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Roanoke.","Oral history interview  of Judge Philip Trompeter, Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court since 1983.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Trompeter, Philip, 1952-.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00022965\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009"],"collection_title_tesim":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009"],"collection_ssim":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Roanoke (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Roanoke (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"places_ssim":["Roanoke (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interview was created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission in 2009.   \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Domestic courts -- Virginia -- History.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Juvenile courts -- Virginia -- History.","Mental health laws -- Virginia -- History.","Oral history interviews -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Domestic courts -- Virginia -- History.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Juvenile courts -- Virginia -- History.","Mental health laws -- Virginia -- History.","Oral history interviews -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["1 mini video cassette (DV camera) 2 hours, 17 min., sound, color; 1 transcript (51 p.)."],"genreform_ssim":["Oral history interviews -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJudge Philip Trompeter (b. 1952), was appointed Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court Judge in 1983. Before that, he worked on revisions to the code on mental health issues. He was born and reared in Roanoke and attended New York University, where he earned a B.A. degree in 1974.  He earned a J.D. from the University of Richmond School of Law in 1977.    \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Judge Philip Trompeter (b. 1952), was appointed Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court Judge in 1983. Before that, he worked on revisions to the code on mental health issues. He was born and reared in Roanoke and attended New York University, where he earned a B.A. degree in 1974.  He earned a J.D. from the University of Richmond School of Law in 1977.    \n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Judge Philip Trompeter, conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander October 9, 2009 (2 hours, 17 minutes), Trompeter talks about his early years in downtown Roanoke, where his parents operated a bakery; his parents, both of whom were first-generation Jewish immigrants to the U.S., and attending college at New York University and law school at the University of Richmond.  He discusses his experience working on revisions to mental health legislation in Virginia in the early 1980s, his appointment to the bench, and his experiences as a Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Roanoke.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of Judge Philip Trompeter, conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander October 9, 2009 (2 hours, 17 minutes), Trompeter talks about his early years in downtown Roanoke, where his parents operated a bakery; his parents, both of whom were first-generation Jewish immigrants to the U.S., and attending college at New York University and law school at the University of Richmond.  He discusses his experience working on revisions to mental health legislation in Virginia in the early 1980s, his appointment to the bench, and his experiences as a Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Roanoke."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interview  of Judge Philip Trompeter, Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court since 1983.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interview  of Judge Philip Trompeter, Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court since 1983."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Trompeter, Philip, 1952-."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Trompeter, Philip, 1952-."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Trompeter, Philip, 1952-."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:38.949Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00005","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00005","_root_":"vil_vil00005","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00005","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00005.xml","title_ssm":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009 \n"],"title_tesim":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00022965\n"],"text":["00022965\n","Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009","Roanoke (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Domestic courts -- Virginia -- History.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Juvenile courts -- Virginia -- History.","Mental health laws -- Virginia -- History.","Oral history interviews -- Virginia.","1 mini video cassette (DV camera) 2 hours, 17 min., sound, color; 1 transcript (51 p.).","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Judge Philip Trompeter (b. 1952), was appointed Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court Judge in 1983. Before that, he worked on revisions to the code on mental health issues. He was born and reared in Roanoke and attended New York University, where he earned a B.A. degree in 1974.  He earned a J.D. from the University of Richmond School of Law in 1977.    \n","In the interview of Judge Philip Trompeter, conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander October 9, 2009 (2 hours, 17 minutes), Trompeter talks about his early years in downtown Roanoke, where his parents operated a bakery; his parents, both of whom were first-generation Jewish immigrants to the U.S., and attending college at New York University and law school at the University of Richmond.  He discusses his experience working on revisions to mental health legislation in Virginia in the early 1980s, his appointment to the bench, and his experiences as a Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Roanoke.","Oral history interview  of Judge Philip Trompeter, Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court since 1983.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Trompeter, Philip, 1952-.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00022965\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009"],"collection_title_tesim":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009"],"collection_ssim":["Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Roanoke (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Roanoke (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"places_ssim":["Roanoke (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interview was created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission in 2009.   \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Domestic courts -- Virginia -- History.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Juvenile courts -- Virginia -- History.","Mental health laws -- Virginia -- History.","Oral history interviews -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Domestic courts -- Virginia -- History.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Juvenile courts -- Virginia -- History.","Mental health laws -- Virginia -- History.","Oral history interviews -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["1 mini video cassette (DV camera) 2 hours, 17 min., sound, color; 1 transcript (51 p.)."],"genreform_ssim":["Oral history interviews -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJudge Philip Trompeter (b. 1952), was appointed Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court Judge in 1983. Before that, he worked on revisions to the code on mental health issues. He was born and reared in Roanoke and attended New York University, where he earned a B.A. degree in 1974.  He earned a J.D. from the University of Richmond School of Law in 1977.    \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Judge Philip Trompeter (b. 1952), was appointed Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court Judge in 1983. Before that, he worked on revisions to the code on mental health issues. He was born and reared in Roanoke and attended New York University, where he earned a B.A. degree in 1974.  He earned a J.D. from the University of Richmond School of Law in 1977.    \n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Judge Philip Trompeter, conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander October 9, 2009 (2 hours, 17 minutes), Trompeter talks about his early years in downtown Roanoke, where his parents operated a bakery; his parents, both of whom were first-generation Jewish immigrants to the U.S., and attending college at New York University and law school at the University of Richmond.  He discusses his experience working on revisions to mental health legislation in Virginia in the early 1980s, his appointment to the bench, and his experiences as a Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Roanoke.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of Judge Philip Trompeter, conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander October 9, 2009 (2 hours, 17 minutes), Trompeter talks about his early years in downtown Roanoke, where his parents operated a bakery; his parents, both of whom were first-generation Jewish immigrants to the U.S., and attending college at New York University and law school at the University of Richmond.  He discusses his experience working on revisions to mental health legislation in Virginia in the early 1980s, his appointment to the bench, and his experiences as a Juvenile and Domestic Relations judge in Roanoke."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interview  of Judge Philip Trompeter, Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court since 1983.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interview  of Judge Philip Trompeter, Roanoke County Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court since 1983."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Trompeter, Philip, 1952-."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Trompeter, Philip, 1952-."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Trompeter, Philip, 1952-."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:38.949Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00005"}},{"id":"vil_vil00010","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00010#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00010#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eOral history interview of Allen L. Lucy by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, at Gloucester House, Gloucester Virginia, June 11, 2009; transcript available. In the interview, Lucy talks about his parents and siblings, growing up in the Barton Heights neighborhood of Richmond in the 1920s and 1930s, meeting his wife, and starting a family. He discusses his education in Richmond public schools, looking for work in Richmond during the Depression, and finding work at the City of Richmond Law and Equity Courts in 1935. He reflects on the atmosphere among the staff working at the Supreme Court of Virginia during the 1950s, when the court was deliberating a large number of civil rights cases, and discusses his thoughts about segregation and integration and his interactions with attorneys on both sides of the issue. He recalls one evening when he worked until the early hours of the morning in order to record a large number of petitions filed by civil rights attorney Oliver Hill. Toward the end of the interview, Lucy talks about the nature of his work as deputy clerk and clerk, his relationships with justices, and the pressures, for both the justices and the staff, of managing the caseload of the court and meeting deadlines. He emphasizes the sense of pride and gratitude he felt for having had the opportunity to work for the court and with the justices. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00010#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00010","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00010","_root_":"vil_vil00010","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00010","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00010.xml","title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009 \n"],"title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00021358 \n"],"text":["00021358 \n","Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009","Barton Heights (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Clerks of court -- Virginia -- Richmond -- 20th century.","Oral histories (document genres)-- Virginia.","1 mini video cassette (DV camera) 1 hour, 28 minutes, sound, color; and transcript (39 p.)","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Allen L. Lucy (b. 1917) was Deputy Clerk of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1952 to 1977 and Clerk from 1977 to 1984.  Before that, he was Deputy Clerk of the city of Richmond Law and Equity Courts.  He was born in Richmond, graduated from John Marshall High School in 1935, and from Smithfield-Massey Business College in Richmond 1936.","Oral history interview of Allen L. Lucy by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, at Gloucester House, Gloucester Virginia, June 11, 2009; transcript available.  In the interview, Lucy talks about his parents and siblings, growing up in the Barton Heights neighborhood of Richmond in the 1920s and 1930s, meeting his wife, and starting a family.  He discusses his education in Richmond public schools, looking for work in Richmond during the Depression, and finding work at the City of Richmond Law and Equity Courts in 1935.  He reflects on the atmosphere among the staff working at the Supreme Court of Virginia during the 1950s, when the court was deliberating a large number of civil rights cases, and discusses his thoughts about segregation and integration and his interactions with attorneys on both sides of the issue. He recalls one evening when he worked until the early hours of the morning in order to record a large number of petitions filed by civil rights attorney Oliver Hill. Toward the end of the interview, Lucy talks about the nature of his work as deputy clerk and clerk, his relationships with justices, and the pressures, for both the justices and the staff, of managing the caseload of the court and meeting deadlines.  He emphasizes the sense of pride and gratitude he felt for having had the opportunity to work for the court and with the justices.   \n","Virginia. Supreme Court -- 20th century.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Lucy, Allen Linwood, 1917-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00021358 \n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009"],"collection_title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009"],"collection_ssim":["Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Barton Heights (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Barton Heights (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"places_ssim":["Barton Heights (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interview was created by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission and transferred to the State Law Library in 2009.   \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Clerks of court -- Virginia -- Richmond -- 20th century.","Oral histories (document genres)-- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Clerks of court -- Virginia -- Richmond -- 20th century.","Oral histories (document genres)-- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["1 mini video cassette (DV camera) 1 hour, 28 minutes, sound, color; and transcript (39 p.)"],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genres)-- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAllen L. Lucy (b. 1917) was Deputy Clerk of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1952 to 1977 and Clerk from 1977 to 1984.  Before that, he was Deputy Clerk of the city of Richmond Law and Equity Courts.  He was born in Richmond, graduated from John Marshall High School in 1935, and from Smithfield-Massey Business College in Richmond 1936.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Allen L. Lucy (b. 1917) was Deputy Clerk of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1952 to 1977 and Clerk from 1977 to 1984.  Before that, he was Deputy Clerk of the city of Richmond Law and Equity Courts.  He was born in Richmond, graduated from John Marshall High School in 1935, and from Smithfield-Massey Business College in Richmond 1936."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOral history interview of Allen L. Lucy by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, at Gloucester House, Gloucester Virginia, June 11, 2009; transcript available.  In the interview, Lucy talks about his parents and siblings, growing up in the Barton Heights neighborhood of Richmond in the 1920s and 1930s, meeting his wife, and starting a family.  He discusses his education in Richmond public schools, looking for work in Richmond during the Depression, and finding work at the City of Richmond Law and Equity Courts in 1935.  He reflects on the atmosphere among the staff working at the Supreme Court of Virginia during the 1950s, when the court was deliberating a large number of civil rights cases, and discusses his thoughts about segregation and integration and his interactions with attorneys on both sides of the issue. He recalls one evening when he worked until the early hours of the morning in order to record a large number of petitions filed by civil rights attorney Oliver Hill. Toward the end of the interview, Lucy talks about the nature of his work as deputy clerk and clerk, his relationships with justices, and the pressures, for both the justices and the staff, of managing the caseload of the court and meeting deadlines.  He emphasizes the sense of pride and gratitude he felt for having had the opportunity to work for the court and with the justices.   \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Oral history interview of Allen L. Lucy by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, at Gloucester House, Gloucester Virginia, June 11, 2009; transcript available.  In the interview, Lucy talks about his parents and siblings, growing up in the Barton Heights neighborhood of Richmond in the 1920s and 1930s, meeting his wife, and starting a family.  He discusses his education in Richmond public schools, looking for work in Richmond during the Depression, and finding work at the City of Richmond Law and Equity Courts in 1935.  He reflects on the atmosphere among the staff working at the Supreme Court of Virginia during the 1950s, when the court was deliberating a large number of civil rights cases, and discusses his thoughts about segregation and integration and his interactions with attorneys on both sides of the issue. He recalls one evening when he worked until the early hours of the morning in order to record a large number of petitions filed by civil rights attorney Oliver Hill. Toward the end of the interview, Lucy talks about the nature of his work as deputy clerk and clerk, his relationships with justices, and the pressures, for both the justices and the staff, of managing the caseload of the court and meeting deadlines.  He emphasizes the sense of pride and gratitude he felt for having had the opportunity to work for the court and with the justices.   \n"],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court -- 20th century.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Lucy, Allen Linwood, 1917-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-."],"names_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court -- 20th century.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Lucy, Allen Linwood, 1917-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court -- 20th century.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Lucy, Allen Linwood, 1917-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:38.949Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00010","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00010","_root_":"vil_vil00010","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00010","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00010.xml","title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009 \n"],"title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00021358 \n"],"text":["00021358 \n","Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009","Barton Heights (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Clerks of court -- Virginia -- Richmond -- 20th century.","Oral histories (document genres)-- Virginia.","1 mini video cassette (DV camera) 1 hour, 28 minutes, sound, color; and transcript (39 p.)","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Allen L. Lucy (b. 1917) was Deputy Clerk of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1952 to 1977 and Clerk from 1977 to 1984.  Before that, he was Deputy Clerk of the city of Richmond Law and Equity Courts.  He was born in Richmond, graduated from John Marshall High School in 1935, and from Smithfield-Massey Business College in Richmond 1936.","Oral history interview of Allen L. Lucy by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, at Gloucester House, Gloucester Virginia, June 11, 2009; transcript available.  In the interview, Lucy talks about his parents and siblings, growing up in the Barton Heights neighborhood of Richmond in the 1920s and 1930s, meeting his wife, and starting a family.  He discusses his education in Richmond public schools, looking for work in Richmond during the Depression, and finding work at the City of Richmond Law and Equity Courts in 1935.  He reflects on the atmosphere among the staff working at the Supreme Court of Virginia during the 1950s, when the court was deliberating a large number of civil rights cases, and discusses his thoughts about segregation and integration and his interactions with attorneys on both sides of the issue. He recalls one evening when he worked until the early hours of the morning in order to record a large number of petitions filed by civil rights attorney Oliver Hill. Toward the end of the interview, Lucy talks about the nature of his work as deputy clerk and clerk, his relationships with justices, and the pressures, for both the justices and the staff, of managing the caseload of the court and meeting deadlines.  He emphasizes the sense of pride and gratitude he felt for having had the opportunity to work for the court and with the justices.   \n","Virginia. Supreme Court -- 20th century.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Lucy, Allen Linwood, 1917-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00021358 \n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009"],"collection_title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009"],"collection_ssim":["Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Barton Heights (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Barton Heights (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"places_ssim":["Barton Heights (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interview was created by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission and transferred to the State Law Library in 2009.   \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Clerks of court -- Virginia -- Richmond -- 20th century.","Oral histories (document genres)-- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Clerks of court -- Virginia -- Richmond -- 20th century.","Oral histories (document genres)-- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["1 mini video cassette (DV camera) 1 hour, 28 minutes, sound, color; and transcript (39 p.)"],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genres)-- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAllen L. Lucy (b. 1917) was Deputy Clerk of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1952 to 1977 and Clerk from 1977 to 1984.  Before that, he was Deputy Clerk of the city of Richmond Law and Equity Courts.  He was born in Richmond, graduated from John Marshall High School in 1935, and from Smithfield-Massey Business College in Richmond 1936.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Allen L. Lucy (b. 1917) was Deputy Clerk of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1952 to 1977 and Clerk from 1977 to 1984.  Before that, he was Deputy Clerk of the city of Richmond Law and Equity Courts.  He was born in Richmond, graduated from John Marshall High School in 1935, and from Smithfield-Massey Business College in Richmond 1936."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOral history interview of Allen L. Lucy by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, at Gloucester House, Gloucester Virginia, June 11, 2009; transcript available.  In the interview, Lucy talks about his parents and siblings, growing up in the Barton Heights neighborhood of Richmond in the 1920s and 1930s, meeting his wife, and starting a family.  He discusses his education in Richmond public schools, looking for work in Richmond during the Depression, and finding work at the City of Richmond Law and Equity Courts in 1935.  He reflects on the atmosphere among the staff working at the Supreme Court of Virginia during the 1950s, when the court was deliberating a large number of civil rights cases, and discusses his thoughts about segregation and integration and his interactions with attorneys on both sides of the issue. He recalls one evening when he worked until the early hours of the morning in order to record a large number of petitions filed by civil rights attorney Oliver Hill. Toward the end of the interview, Lucy talks about the nature of his work as deputy clerk and clerk, his relationships with justices, and the pressures, for both the justices and the staff, of managing the caseload of the court and meeting deadlines.  He emphasizes the sense of pride and gratitude he felt for having had the opportunity to work for the court and with the justices.   \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Oral history interview of Allen L. Lucy by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, at Gloucester House, Gloucester Virginia, June 11, 2009; transcript available.  In the interview, Lucy talks about his parents and siblings, growing up in the Barton Heights neighborhood of Richmond in the 1920s and 1930s, meeting his wife, and starting a family.  He discusses his education in Richmond public schools, looking for work in Richmond during the Depression, and finding work at the City of Richmond Law and Equity Courts in 1935.  He reflects on the atmosphere among the staff working at the Supreme Court of Virginia during the 1950s, when the court was deliberating a large number of civil rights cases, and discusses his thoughts about segregation and integration and his interactions with attorneys on both sides of the issue. He recalls one evening when he worked until the early hours of the morning in order to record a large number of petitions filed by civil rights attorney Oliver Hill. Toward the end of the interview, Lucy talks about the nature of his work as deputy clerk and clerk, his relationships with justices, and the pressures, for both the justices and the staff, of managing the caseload of the court and meeting deadlines.  He emphasizes the sense of pride and gratitude he felt for having had the opportunity to work for the court and with the justices.   \n"],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court -- 20th century.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Lucy, Allen Linwood, 1917-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-."],"names_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court -- 20th century.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Lucy, Allen Linwood, 1917-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court -- 20th century.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Lucy, Allen Linwood, 1917-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:38.949Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00010"}},{"id":"vil_vil00011","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00011#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00011#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral history interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1976 to 2005. The interview was conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. The interview was conducted May 14, 2010, at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Va., and on May 21, 2010, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond. Transcript available.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00011#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00011","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00011","_root_":"vil_vil00011","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00011","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00011.xml","title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010 \n"],"title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00021358 \n"],"text":["00021358 \n","Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010","4 mini-DVs (5 hours 2 minutes, sound, color; 2 transcript (139 pages).","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Robert N. Baldwin was Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from January 1, 1976, until his retirement March 31, 2005. He was Assistant Executive Secretary from 1974 to 1975.  Baldwin succeeded Hubert Bennett, the first person to hold the position of Executive Secretary, who served from 1952 to 1975. During his tenure, Baldwin oversaw the implementation of statewide administration of local courts in Virginia, the implementation of uniform practice and procedures, and technology automation. Baldwin joined the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Virginia, as Executive Vice-President and General Counsel in April 2005.","Robert Baldwin was born and reared in Roanoke, Virginia. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Richmond and a law degree from the University of Richmond School of Law.  He served two years in the army in northern Virginia and taught law at the University of Richmond for two years before he became Assistant Executive Secretary in 1974.","In the May 14, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Baldwin talks about his parents, growing up in Roanoke Virginia, and attending college and law school at the University of Virginia. He discusses being in the ROTC program and working for the army in northern Virginia for two years, starting a family, and teaching on the faculty at the University of Richmond for two years, and being recruited for the position of Assistant Executive Secretary. Baldwin talks about the I'Anson Commission, which proposed a reorganization of the Virginia court system, the transition from Hubert Bennett, Executive Secretary from 1952 to 1975, to his appointment January 1, 1976. He discusses his working relationship with Chief Justice Harry L. Carrico, his management style, planning for administrative changes, the implementation of automation technology and uniform practice and procedures in courts across the state.  In the second part of the first interview, Baldwin discusses working with the Committee on District Courts, the Courts of Justice Committee, and Speaker of the House of Delegates A.L. Philpott, on legislative initiatives for the judiciary;  in particular; the establishment of the Court of Appeals in 1985; working with the National Center for State Courts, the origins of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, and a study by the Commission on the Future of the Court System, 1987-1989.   \n","In the May 21, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Baldwin begins by talking about changes in the court system during his tenure, particularly increasing diversity and training to raise  awareness among staff and judges of racial and gender biases. He talks about the creation of a gender bias taskforce, working on sentencing guidelines, and elaborates more on the Commission on the Future of the Courts System, chaired by University of Virginia president Robert O'Neill, and unsuccessful efforts to create a family court in Virginia. He discusses the growth of the field of mediation, development of Alternative Dispute Resolution services, Judicial Planning and research and planning for the court system, the Conference of State Court Administrators and the Conference of Chief Justices.  In the second part of this interview, Baldwin talks more about his working relationships with Justice Carrico and Justice Leroy Hassell, who became Chief Justice in 2003. He reflects on Hassell's more hands-on administrative style and his approach to working with the legislature.  Baldwin also talks about outreach and education initiatives during Chief Justice Hassell's tenure, including the Journey to Justice K-12 education program.  Toward the end of the interview, Baldwin reflects on his decision to retire, and going to work at the National Center for State Courts, and his thoughts about his accomplishments and disappointments as Executive Secretary.    \n","Oral history interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1976 to 2005. The interview was conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. The interview was conducted May 14, 2010, at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Va., and on May 21, 2010, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond. Transcript available.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00021358 \n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010"],"collection_title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010"],"collection_ssim":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interview was created by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission and transferred to the State Law Library in 2010.    \n"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["4 mini-DVs (5 hours 2 minutes, sound, color; 2 transcript (139 pages)."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert N. Baldwin was Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from January 1, 1976, until his retirement March 31, 2005. He was Assistant Executive Secretary from 1974 to 1975.  Baldwin succeeded Hubert Bennett, the first person to hold the position of Executive Secretary, who served from 1952 to 1975. During his tenure, Baldwin oversaw the implementation of statewide administration of local courts in Virginia, the implementation of uniform practice and procedures, and technology automation. Baldwin joined the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Virginia, as Executive Vice-President and General Counsel in April 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert Baldwin was born and reared in Roanoke, Virginia. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Richmond and a law degree from the University of Richmond School of Law.  He served two years in the army in northern Virginia and taught law at the University of Richmond for two years before he became Assistant Executive Secretary in 1974.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Robert N. Baldwin was Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from January 1, 1976, until his retirement March 31, 2005. He was Assistant Executive Secretary from 1974 to 1975.  Baldwin succeeded Hubert Bennett, the first person to hold the position of Executive Secretary, who served from 1952 to 1975. During his tenure, Baldwin oversaw the implementation of statewide administration of local courts in Virginia, the implementation of uniform practice and procedures, and technology automation. Baldwin joined the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Virginia, as Executive Vice-President and General Counsel in April 2005.","Robert Baldwin was born and reared in Roanoke, Virginia. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Richmond and a law degree from the University of Richmond School of Law.  He served two years in the army in northern Virginia and taught law at the University of Richmond for two years before he became Assistant Executive Secretary in 1974."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the May 14, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Baldwin talks about his parents, growing up in Roanoke Virginia, and attending college and law school at the University of Virginia. He discusses being in the ROTC program and working for the army in northern Virginia for two years, starting a family, and teaching on the faculty at the University of Richmond for two years, and being recruited for the position of Assistant Executive Secretary. Baldwin talks about the I'Anson Commission, which proposed a reorganization of the Virginia court system, the transition from Hubert Bennett, Executive Secretary from 1952 to 1975, to his appointment January 1, 1976. He discusses his working relationship with Chief Justice Harry L. Carrico, his management style, planning for administrative changes, the implementation of automation technology and uniform practice and procedures in courts across the state.  In the second part of the first interview, Baldwin discusses working with the Committee on District Courts, the Courts of Justice Committee, and Speaker of the House of Delegates A.L. Philpott, on legislative initiatives for the judiciary;  in particular; the establishment of the Court of Appeals in 1985; working with the National Center for State Courts, the origins of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, and a study by the Commission on the Future of the Court System, 1987-1989.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the May 21, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Baldwin begins by talking about changes in the court system during his tenure, particularly increasing diversity and training to raise  awareness among staff and judges of racial and gender biases. He talks about the creation of a gender bias taskforce, working on sentencing guidelines, and elaborates more on the Commission on the Future of the Courts System, chaired by University of Virginia president Robert O'Neill, and unsuccessful efforts to create a family court in Virginia. He discusses the growth of the field of mediation, development of Alternative Dispute Resolution services, Judicial Planning and research and planning for the court system, the Conference of State Court Administrators and the Conference of Chief Justices.  In the second part of this interview, Baldwin talks more about his working relationships with Justice Carrico and Justice Leroy Hassell, who became Chief Justice in 2003. He reflects on Hassell's more hands-on administrative style and his approach to working with the legislature.  Baldwin also talks about outreach and education initiatives during Chief Justice Hassell's tenure, including the Journey to Justice K-12 education program.  Toward the end of the interview, Baldwin reflects on his decision to retire, and going to work at the National Center for State Courts, and his thoughts about his accomplishments and disappointments as Executive Secretary.    \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the May 14, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Baldwin talks about his parents, growing up in Roanoke Virginia, and attending college and law school at the University of Virginia. He discusses being in the ROTC program and working for the army in northern Virginia for two years, starting a family, and teaching on the faculty at the University of Richmond for two years, and being recruited for the position of Assistant Executive Secretary. Baldwin talks about the I'Anson Commission, which proposed a reorganization of the Virginia court system, the transition from Hubert Bennett, Executive Secretary from 1952 to 1975, to his appointment January 1, 1976. He discusses his working relationship with Chief Justice Harry L. Carrico, his management style, planning for administrative changes, the implementation of automation technology and uniform practice and procedures in courts across the state.  In the second part of the first interview, Baldwin discusses working with the Committee on District Courts, the Courts of Justice Committee, and Speaker of the House of Delegates A.L. Philpott, on legislative initiatives for the judiciary;  in particular; the establishment of the Court of Appeals in 1985; working with the National Center for State Courts, the origins of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, and a study by the Commission on the Future of the Court System, 1987-1989.   \n","In the May 21, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Baldwin begins by talking about changes in the court system during his tenure, particularly increasing diversity and training to raise  awareness among staff and judges of racial and gender biases. He talks about the creation of a gender bias taskforce, working on sentencing guidelines, and elaborates more on the Commission on the Future of the Courts System, chaired by University of Virginia president Robert O'Neill, and unsuccessful efforts to create a family court in Virginia. He discusses the growth of the field of mediation, development of Alternative Dispute Resolution services, Judicial Planning and research and planning for the court system, the Conference of State Court Administrators and the Conference of Chief Justices.  In the second part of this interview, Baldwin talks more about his working relationships with Justice Carrico and Justice Leroy Hassell, who became Chief Justice in 2003. He reflects on Hassell's more hands-on administrative style and his approach to working with the legislature.  Baldwin also talks about outreach and education initiatives during Chief Justice Hassell's tenure, including the Journey to Justice K-12 education program.  Toward the end of the interview, Baldwin reflects on his decision to retire, and going to work at the National Center for State Courts, and his thoughts about his accomplishments and disappointments as Executive Secretary.    \n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1976 to 2005. The interview was conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. The interview was conducted May 14, 2010, at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Va., and on May 21, 2010, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond. Transcript available.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1976 to 2005. The interview was conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. The interview was conducted May 14, 2010, at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Va., and on May 21, 2010, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond. Transcript available."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:35.427Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00011","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00011","_root_":"vil_vil00011","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00011","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00011.xml","title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010 \n"],"title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00021358 \n"],"text":["00021358 \n","Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010","4 mini-DVs (5 hours 2 minutes, sound, color; 2 transcript (139 pages).","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Robert N. Baldwin was Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from January 1, 1976, until his retirement March 31, 2005. He was Assistant Executive Secretary from 1974 to 1975.  Baldwin succeeded Hubert Bennett, the first person to hold the position of Executive Secretary, who served from 1952 to 1975. During his tenure, Baldwin oversaw the implementation of statewide administration of local courts in Virginia, the implementation of uniform practice and procedures, and technology automation. Baldwin joined the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Virginia, as Executive Vice-President and General Counsel in April 2005.","Robert Baldwin was born and reared in Roanoke, Virginia. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Richmond and a law degree from the University of Richmond School of Law.  He served two years in the army in northern Virginia and taught law at the University of Richmond for two years before he became Assistant Executive Secretary in 1974.","In the May 14, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Baldwin talks about his parents, growing up in Roanoke Virginia, and attending college and law school at the University of Virginia. He discusses being in the ROTC program and working for the army in northern Virginia for two years, starting a family, and teaching on the faculty at the University of Richmond for two years, and being recruited for the position of Assistant Executive Secretary. Baldwin talks about the I'Anson Commission, which proposed a reorganization of the Virginia court system, the transition from Hubert Bennett, Executive Secretary from 1952 to 1975, to his appointment January 1, 1976. He discusses his working relationship with Chief Justice Harry L. Carrico, his management style, planning for administrative changes, the implementation of automation technology and uniform practice and procedures in courts across the state.  In the second part of the first interview, Baldwin discusses working with the Committee on District Courts, the Courts of Justice Committee, and Speaker of the House of Delegates A.L. Philpott, on legislative initiatives for the judiciary;  in particular; the establishment of the Court of Appeals in 1985; working with the National Center for State Courts, the origins of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, and a study by the Commission on the Future of the Court System, 1987-1989.   \n","In the May 21, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Baldwin begins by talking about changes in the court system during his tenure, particularly increasing diversity and training to raise  awareness among staff and judges of racial and gender biases. He talks about the creation of a gender bias taskforce, working on sentencing guidelines, and elaborates more on the Commission on the Future of the Courts System, chaired by University of Virginia president Robert O'Neill, and unsuccessful efforts to create a family court in Virginia. He discusses the growth of the field of mediation, development of Alternative Dispute Resolution services, Judicial Planning and research and planning for the court system, the Conference of State Court Administrators and the Conference of Chief Justices.  In the second part of this interview, Baldwin talks more about his working relationships with Justice Carrico and Justice Leroy Hassell, who became Chief Justice in 2003. He reflects on Hassell's more hands-on administrative style and his approach to working with the legislature.  Baldwin also talks about outreach and education initiatives during Chief Justice Hassell's tenure, including the Journey to Justice K-12 education program.  Toward the end of the interview, Baldwin reflects on his decision to retire, and going to work at the National Center for State Courts, and his thoughts about his accomplishments and disappointments as Executive Secretary.    \n","Oral history interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1976 to 2005. The interview was conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. The interview was conducted May 14, 2010, at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Va., and on May 21, 2010, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond. Transcript available.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00021358 \n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010"],"collection_title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010"],"collection_ssim":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interview was created by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission and transferred to the State Law Library in 2010.    \n"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["4 mini-DVs (5 hours 2 minutes, sound, color; 2 transcript (139 pages)."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert N. Baldwin was Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from January 1, 1976, until his retirement March 31, 2005. He was Assistant Executive Secretary from 1974 to 1975.  Baldwin succeeded Hubert Bennett, the first person to hold the position of Executive Secretary, who served from 1952 to 1975. During his tenure, Baldwin oversaw the implementation of statewide administration of local courts in Virginia, the implementation of uniform practice and procedures, and technology automation. Baldwin joined the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Virginia, as Executive Vice-President and General Counsel in April 2005.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert Baldwin was born and reared in Roanoke, Virginia. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Richmond and a law degree from the University of Richmond School of Law.  He served two years in the army in northern Virginia and taught law at the University of Richmond for two years before he became Assistant Executive Secretary in 1974.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Robert N. Baldwin was Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from January 1, 1976, until his retirement March 31, 2005. He was Assistant Executive Secretary from 1974 to 1975.  Baldwin succeeded Hubert Bennett, the first person to hold the position of Executive Secretary, who served from 1952 to 1975. During his tenure, Baldwin oversaw the implementation of statewide administration of local courts in Virginia, the implementation of uniform practice and procedures, and technology automation. Baldwin joined the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Virginia, as Executive Vice-President and General Counsel in April 2005.","Robert Baldwin was born and reared in Roanoke, Virginia. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Richmond and a law degree from the University of Richmond School of Law.  He served two years in the army in northern Virginia and taught law at the University of Richmond for two years before he became Assistant Executive Secretary in 1974."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the May 14, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Baldwin talks about his parents, growing up in Roanoke Virginia, and attending college and law school at the University of Virginia. He discusses being in the ROTC program and working for the army in northern Virginia for two years, starting a family, and teaching on the faculty at the University of Richmond for two years, and being recruited for the position of Assistant Executive Secretary. Baldwin talks about the I'Anson Commission, which proposed a reorganization of the Virginia court system, the transition from Hubert Bennett, Executive Secretary from 1952 to 1975, to his appointment January 1, 1976. He discusses his working relationship with Chief Justice Harry L. Carrico, his management style, planning for administrative changes, the implementation of automation technology and uniform practice and procedures in courts across the state.  In the second part of the first interview, Baldwin discusses working with the Committee on District Courts, the Courts of Justice Committee, and Speaker of the House of Delegates A.L. Philpott, on legislative initiatives for the judiciary;  in particular; the establishment of the Court of Appeals in 1985; working with the National Center for State Courts, the origins of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, and a study by the Commission on the Future of the Court System, 1987-1989.   \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the May 21, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Baldwin begins by talking about changes in the court system during his tenure, particularly increasing diversity and training to raise  awareness among staff and judges of racial and gender biases. He talks about the creation of a gender bias taskforce, working on sentencing guidelines, and elaborates more on the Commission on the Future of the Courts System, chaired by University of Virginia president Robert O'Neill, and unsuccessful efforts to create a family court in Virginia. He discusses the growth of the field of mediation, development of Alternative Dispute Resolution services, Judicial Planning and research and planning for the court system, the Conference of State Court Administrators and the Conference of Chief Justices.  In the second part of this interview, Baldwin talks more about his working relationships with Justice Carrico and Justice Leroy Hassell, who became Chief Justice in 2003. He reflects on Hassell's more hands-on administrative style and his approach to working with the legislature.  Baldwin also talks about outreach and education initiatives during Chief Justice Hassell's tenure, including the Journey to Justice K-12 education program.  Toward the end of the interview, Baldwin reflects on his decision to retire, and going to work at the National Center for State Courts, and his thoughts about his accomplishments and disappointments as Executive Secretary.    \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the May 14, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Baldwin talks about his parents, growing up in Roanoke Virginia, and attending college and law school at the University of Virginia. He discusses being in the ROTC program and working for the army in northern Virginia for two years, starting a family, and teaching on the faculty at the University of Richmond for two years, and being recruited for the position of Assistant Executive Secretary. Baldwin talks about the I'Anson Commission, which proposed a reorganization of the Virginia court system, the transition from Hubert Bennett, Executive Secretary from 1952 to 1975, to his appointment January 1, 1976. He discusses his working relationship with Chief Justice Harry L. Carrico, his management style, planning for administrative changes, the implementation of automation technology and uniform practice and procedures in courts across the state.  In the second part of the first interview, Baldwin discusses working with the Committee on District Courts, the Courts of Justice Committee, and Speaker of the House of Delegates A.L. Philpott, on legislative initiatives for the judiciary;  in particular; the establishment of the Court of Appeals in 1985; working with the National Center for State Courts, the origins of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, and a study by the Commission on the Future of the Court System, 1987-1989.   \n","In the May 21, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Baldwin begins by talking about changes in the court system during his tenure, particularly increasing diversity and training to raise  awareness among staff and judges of racial and gender biases. He talks about the creation of a gender bias taskforce, working on sentencing guidelines, and elaborates more on the Commission on the Future of the Courts System, chaired by University of Virginia president Robert O'Neill, and unsuccessful efforts to create a family court in Virginia. He discusses the growth of the field of mediation, development of Alternative Dispute Resolution services, Judicial Planning and research and planning for the court system, the Conference of State Court Administrators and the Conference of Chief Justices.  In the second part of this interview, Baldwin talks more about his working relationships with Justice Carrico and Justice Leroy Hassell, who became Chief Justice in 2003. He reflects on Hassell's more hands-on administrative style and his approach to working with the legislature.  Baldwin also talks about outreach and education initiatives during Chief Justice Hassell's tenure, including the Journey to Justice K-12 education program.  Toward the end of the interview, Baldwin reflects on his decision to retire, and going to work at the National Center for State Courts, and his thoughts about his accomplishments and disappointments as Executive Secretary.    \n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1976 to 2005. The interview was conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. The interview was conducted May 14, 2010, at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Va., and on May 21, 2010, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond. Transcript available.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1976 to 2005. The interview was conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. The interview was conducted May 14, 2010, at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Va., and on May 21, 2010, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond. Transcript available."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:35.427Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00011"}},{"id":"vil_vil00007","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00007","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00007","_root_":"vil_vil00007","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00007","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00007.xml","title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"text":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n","William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n","The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.","In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n","Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"collection_title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"collection_ssim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission in 2008 and 2009.  \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)"],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n"],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cnote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/note\u003e"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026amp; Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:35.427Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00007","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00007","_root_":"vil_vil00007","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00007","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00007.xml","title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009 \n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"text":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n","William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n","The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.","In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n","Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["00018756, 00018862, 00019961\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"collection_title_tesim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"collection_ssim":["William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission in 2008 and 2009.  \n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","African American lawyers -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["7 mini video cassettes (DV camera) 8 hours, 49 min., sound, color; 3 transcripts (196 p.)"],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHenry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","William T. Coleman, Jr. (b. 1920) was a distinguished lawyer and a lead strategist for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. He was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and director of the executive committee of the NAACP national legal committee. Coleman served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation from 1975 to 1977 and was the second African American to hold a Cabinet position.","Henry L. Marsh, III (b. 1933) is a civil rights lawyer and politician.  He joined with Samuel Tucker to form the law firm Tucker and Marsh in Richmond in 1961; in 1965, they were joined by attorney Oliver Hill to form the firm Hill, Tucker, and Marsh.  As an attorney, Marsh focused on employment discrimination and school segregation cases.  Marsh was elected mayor of Richmond in 1977 and Virginia State Senator in 1991.  He was the first African American elected mayor of Richmond. Marsh served in the army from 1959 to 1961.","William T. Mason, Jr. (b. 1926), was a civil rights attorney in Norfolk who worked with civil rights attorney Oliver Hill in the 1950s and was appointed by Robert Kennedy to the U.S. Attorney's office for the eastern district of Virginia.  Mason was one of the first African American lawyers appointed to a U.S. Attorney's office in the South.    \n"],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cnote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/note\u003e"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The William T. Mason, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Coleman, Jr. oral history videos and transcripts may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026amp; Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of civil rights attorney William T. Mason, Jr., conducted March 5, 2008, and March 12, 2008 (4 hours, 56 minutes), Mason talks about his parents’ background in Trinidad and Pennsylvania, his childhood in Norfolk and New York City, and his education at Virginia Union University, Colby College, and Howard University Law School. He discusses his father’s work as an insurance salesman and real estate broker in Norfolk, his mother’s career as a social worker, and his mother’s volunteer work to improve housing and education in segregated Norfolk. In discussing his father’s career, he talks about discrimination in lending and the development of the L and J subdivision in Virginia Beach. While discussing his mother’s career, he talks about the community they enjoyed in New York City, his mother’s work in the National Council of Negro Women in New York and Virginia, her work organizing the Women’s Interracial Council in Norfolk, her efforts to bring attention to the housing shortage in Norfolk after World War II, and her work to support students when the Norfolk schools were closed due to massive resistance. Mason also discusses the work of civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and others in the Norfolk area during the 1940s. Toward the end of the interview, Mason discusses the context of his appointment to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia and his work there, which included school desegregation cases. He concludes the interview by talking about attorneys Leonard W. Holt, E.A. Dawley, and Joseph A. Jordan, civil rights litigation in Norfolk during the 1970s and 1980s, and his relationship with Norfolk State University president Lyman Beecher Brooks.","In the first interview of State Senator Henry Marsh, conducted September 8, 2008 (55 minutes), the senator discusses his parents' roots in Newport News and North Carolina, his early childhood in Richmond and Smithfield, Virginia, attending segregated schools in Isle of Wight County and Richmond, his siblings, and his children. He talks about the influence of teachers and early work experiences: Marsh was a newspaper carrier and worked in a restaurant in Richmond; he attended Maggie Walker High School, where he edited the school newspaper and became involved in the school’s NAACP chapter; and he became involved in student government at Virginia Union University. He relates the experience of protesting massive resistance in January 1956 and witnessing Oliver Hill’s forceful denunciation of it to the all-white Virginia legislature. Marsh discusses attending law school at Howard University and the influence of Charles Houston and other students on his development as a civil rights attorney. He discusses at length his early career as a civil rights lawyer in Richmond, particularly his work on 55 school desegregation and busing cases, his early years at the Tucker \u0026 Marsh law firm, and his involvement in the lengthy court battle over the desegregation of Norfolk schools.","In the second interview, conducted October 8, 2008 (1 hour, 5 minutes), Marsh continues to describe his work as a civil rights attorney and elaborates in more detail on his work in the Norfolk schools case and other cases in the Tidewater area. He talks about his relationship with U.S. district court judge Walter E. Hoffman, school desegregation cases in Giles County, Portsmouth, and Nansemond County. He also discusses opposition he faced from African Americans in Portsmouth and Norfolk who did not want to integrate black schools, and opposition he faced from NAACP leader Ben Chavis and Norfolk civil rights lawyer Jim Jordan. Marsh talks about his decision to become involved in politics in Richmond, testifying in congressional hearings on whether Virginia should be included in the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1964, running into Senator Edward Kennedy and providing him with evidence of continuing voter discrimination in Virginia, and his work litigating employee discrimination cases, particularly a class-action tobacco workers case. He also talks about his partner S.W. Tucker and Tucker’s influence on him as a mentor and a teacher. He relates the experience of seeing Chicago attorney Bob Ming defend Tucker in a Greensville County trial, in which Tucker was charged with unethical conduct. Marsh also mentions his disagreement with Oliver Hill over whether to endorse Lewis Powell’s nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, his professional involvement in the National Caucus of Elected Officials and the U.S. Conference of Mayors, his early support of Jimmy Carter, and efforts to restrict sprawl and preserve historic districts in Richmond when he was mayor of Richmond. The interview closes with a discussion of Marsh’s decision to run for the state senate and his career there.","In the interview of William T. Coleman, Jr., conducted January 30, 2009 (1 hour 29 minutes), Coleman discusses his parents’ roots in Baltimore, Maryland, the history of his mother’s family (Mason), his youth in suburban Philadelphia, and discrimination he experienced there, and attending the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University Law School. He talks about his experiences in World War II training as a pilot in Mississippi and Texas, attending Harvard University business school while he was in the army, and defending African American pilots who were denied access to the officers’ club at Freeman Field in Seymour, Indiana in 1945. Coleman describes his experiences clerking for Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, and for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. He discusses his work as a lawyer in New York City and Philadelphia, and on the Brown v. Board of Education and Little Rock school desegregation cases. He also discusses his work on the Eisenhower Committee on Government Employment Policy, formed to expand employment of African Americans in federal government, his work as General Counsel on the Warren Commission that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy, his accomplishments as Secretary of Transportation, and advising President Ford on the Boston school busing case. Coleman also mentions his relationships with civil rights advocates Thurgood Marshall, Charles H. Houston, William H. Hastie; Elliott L. Richardson, who also clerked with Justice Frankfurter; and President Lyndon Johnson.       \n"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available).\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews of three attorneys who worked on school desegregation and other civil rights cases in Virginia and elsewhere in the mid-twentieth century. Oral history interviews were conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. Interviews were conducted with the following: retired U.S. Secretary of Transportation William T. Coleman, Jr. (transcript available), Virginia State Senator Henry L. Marsh, III (transcript available), and retired U.S. Attorney William T. Mason, Jr. (transcript available)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission."],"persname_ssim":["Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","Mason, William T., 1926-.","Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Richardson, Elliott L., 1920-1999.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:31:35.427Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00007"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia","value":"Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+State+Law+Library%2C+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009","value":"Judge Philip Trompeter Oral History Interview,   \n 2009","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Judge+Philip+Trompeter+Oral+History+Interview%2C+++%0A+2009\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009","value":"Oral History Interview of Allen L. Lucy, Clerk (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,     \n June 11, 2009","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Oral+History+Interview+of+Allen+L.+Lucy%2C+Clerk+%28retired%29+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia%2C+++++%0A+June+11%2C+2009\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010","value":"Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia,       \n May 14 and 21, 2010","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Oral+History+Interview+of+Robert+N.+Baldwin%2C+Executive+Secretary+%28retired%29+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia%2C+++++++%0A+May+14+and+21%2C+2010\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009","value":"William T. Coleman, Jr., Henry L. Marsh, III, and William T. Mason, Jr. oral history interviews,   \n 2008-2009","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=William+T.+Coleman%2C+Jr.%2C+Henry+L.+Marsh%2C+III%2C+and+William+T.+Mason%2C+Jr.+oral+history+interviews%2C+++%0A+2008-2009\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/collection_ssim.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"creator_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Creator","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n","value":"Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission.\n","hits":4},"links":{"remove":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/creator_ssim.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"names_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Names","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","value":"Coleman, William Thaddeus, 1920-.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Coleman%2C+William+Thaddeus%2C+1920-.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","value":"Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Frankfurter%2C+Felix%2C+1882-1965.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","value":"Goodrich, Herbert Funk, 1889-1962.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Goodrich%2C+Herbert+Funk%2C+1889-1962.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","value":"Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Hill%2C+Oliver+White%2C+1907-2007.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","value":"Hoffman, Walter Edward, 1907-1996.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Hoffman%2C+Walter+Edward%2C+1907-1996.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","value":"Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Johnson%2C+Lyndon+B.+%28Lyndon+Baines%29%2C+1908-1973.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Lucy, Allen Linwood, 1917-.","value":"Lucy, Allen Linwood, 1917-.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Lucy%2C+Allen+Linwood%2C+1917-.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","value":"Marsh, Henry L., 1933-.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Marsh%2C+Henry+L.%2C+1933-.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","value":"Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Marshall%2C+Thurgood%2C+1908-1993.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Mason, William T., 1926-.","value":"Mason, William T., 1926-.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Mason%2C+William+T.%2C+1926-.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","value":"Ming, William Robert, 1911-1973.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Ming%2C+William+Robert%2C+1911-1973.\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/names_ssim.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"geogname_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Places","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Barton Heights (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","value":"Barton Heights (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Barton+Heights+%28Va.%29+--+History+--+20th+century.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","value":"Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Norfolk+%28Va.%29+--+History+--+20th+century.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","value":"Richmond (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Richmond+%28Va.%29+--+History+--+20th+century.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Roanoke (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","value":"Roanoke (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Roanoke+%28Va.%29+--+History+--+20th+century.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","value":"Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+--+History+--+20th+century.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century.","value":"Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+--+Politics+and+government+--+20th+century.\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/geogname_ssim.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access_subjects_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Subjects","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","value":"African American civil rights workers -- Interviews.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+civil+rights+workers+--+Interviews.\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African American lawyers -- Interviews.","value":"African American lawyers -- Interviews.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+American+lawyers+--+Interviews.\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","value":"Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Civil+rights+--+United+States+--+History+--+20th+century.\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Clerks of court -- Virginia -- Richmond -- 20th century.","value":"Clerks of court -- Virginia -- Richmond -- 20th century.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Clerks+of+court+--+Virginia+--+Richmond+--+20th+century.\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Domestic courts -- Virginia -- History.","value":"Domestic courts -- Virginia -- History.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Domestic+courts+--+Virginia+--+History.\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","value":"Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Judges+--+Virginia+--+interviews.\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Juvenile courts -- Virginia -- History.","value":"Juvenile courts -- Virginia -- History.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Juvenile+courts+--+Virginia+--+History.\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Massive resistance.","value":"Massive resistance.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Massive+resistance.\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Mental health laws -- Virginia -- History.","value":"Mental health laws -- Virginia -- History.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Mental+health+laws+--+Virginia+--+History.\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","value":"Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Minorities+--+Civil+rights+--+Virginia.\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","value":"Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Oral+histories+%28document+genre%29+--+Virginia.\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access_subjects_ssim.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"level_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Level","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Collection","value":"Collection","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/level_ssim.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"all_fields","attributes":{"label":"All Fields"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026search_field=all_fields\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"keyword","attributes":{"label":"Keyword"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026search_field=keyword\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"name","attributes":{"label":"Name"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026search_field=name\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"place","attributes":{"label":"Place"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026search_field=place\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"subject","attributes":{"label":"Subject"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026search_field=subject\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"title","attributes":{"label":"Title"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026search_field=title\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"container","attributes":{"label":"Container"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026search_field=container\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"identifier","attributes":{"label":"Identifier"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026search_field=identifier\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"score desc, title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"relevance"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026sort=score+desc%2C+title_sort+asc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"date (ascending)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026sort=date_sort+asc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"date (descending)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026sort=date_sort+desc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"creator (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026sort=creator_sort+asc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"creator (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026sort=creator_sort+desc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"title (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026sort=title_sort+asc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"title (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Supreme+Court+of+Virginia+Historical+Commission.%0A\u0026sort=title_sort+desc\u0026view=list"}}]}