{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Rockbridge+County+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court.%0A\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Rockbridge+County+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court.%0A\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=2","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Rockbridge+County+%28Va.%29+Circuit+Court.%0A\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=2"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":2,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":16,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vi_vi02216","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n1861-1865","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02216#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02216#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865, consist of four letters written by Confederate servicemen. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02216#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi02216","ead_ssi":"vi_vi02216","_root_":"vi_vi02216","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi02216","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi02216.xml","title_ssm":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n1861-1865"],"title_tesim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n1861-1865"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1154869\n"],"text":["1154869\n","Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n1861-1865","Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864.","Soldiers.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","10 p.","There are no restrictions.\n","Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865, consist of four letters written by Confederate servicemen.\n","Letter, 1861, May 12, written by an unidentified soldier who served in Colonel Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's Stonewall Brigade. He was writing from Mountain Top near Harpers Ferry. The soldier wrote about the brigade's movements towards Harpers Ferry, their readiness to fight Federal troops, sleeping in leaky tents, personal matters, and a meeting between twenty members of the Maryland legislature and Stonewall Jackson. The writer did not know what was discussed at the meeting.\n","Letter, 1861 Oct. 31, written by John Miller, a Confederate officer, to an unidentified official. He was writing from the \"Top of Allegheny.\" In the letter, Miller addressed a rumour floating among his men that the allowance to their families had ended because they were now receiving pay. Miller informed the offical if the rumour was true to restore the allowance because no pay had been received.\n","Letter, 1862 May 16, written by Alg. S. Wade, a Confederate soldier, to Joseph G. Steele, Circuit Court Clerk of Rockbridge County. Wade wanted to Steele to assist him in being transferred (or discharged) so that he could accept an unknown position with Adolph Elhart. Wade believed that his request should be accepted stating that he had fulfilled his service time in the Confederate army and he has three brothers in the service. Wade adds a sarcastic remark writing that his brother Ben thinks that Jefferson Davis wants to wipe out the whole family.\n","Letter, 1864 March 5, written by E. M. Walden, a Confederate soldier, to his unidentified sister. Walden, who served in the 28th Georgia Regiment, was writing from his camp near Jacksonville, Florida. He informed his sister that he was doing well, the health and spirit of the regiment was good. Despite the fact the troops were living on cold corn bread and pickled pork, Wade wrote his sister that \"we can live on bread and whip the Yankees and Yankee Negroes.\" He informs his sister that they recently fought the Union forces and sent them in retreat to Jacksonville perhaps referring to the Battle of Olustee. Wade told his sister that he was sending her and someone named Margaret ten dollars each. He encouraged them to spend it soon or use them to purchase confederate bonds since the money will be worthless in April.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Jackson, Stonewall, 1824-1863.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1154869\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n1861-1865"],"collection_title_tesim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n1861-1865"],"collection_ssim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n1861-1865"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came in a transfer of court papers from Rockbridge County.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864.","Soldiers.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864.","Soldiers.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["10 p."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865, consist of four letters written by Confederate servicemen.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1861, May 12, written by an unidentified soldier who served in Colonel Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's Stonewall Brigade. He was writing from Mountain Top near Harpers Ferry. The soldier wrote about the brigade's movements towards Harpers Ferry, their readiness to fight Federal troops, sleeping in leaky tents, personal matters, and a meeting between twenty members of the Maryland legislature and Stonewall Jackson. The writer did not know what was discussed at the meeting.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1861 Oct. 31, written by John Miller, a Confederate officer, to an unidentified official. He was writing from the \"Top of Allegheny.\" In the letter, Miller addressed a rumour floating among his men that the allowance to their families had ended because they were now receiving pay. Miller informed the offical if the rumour was true to restore the allowance because no pay had been received.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1862 May 16, written by Alg. S. Wade, a Confederate soldier, to Joseph G. Steele, Circuit Court Clerk of Rockbridge County. Wade wanted to Steele to assist him in being transferred (or discharged) so that he could accept an unknown position with Adolph Elhart. Wade believed that his request should be accepted stating that he had fulfilled his service time in the Confederate army and he has three brothers in the service. Wade adds a sarcastic remark writing that his brother Ben thinks that Jefferson Davis wants to wipe out the whole family.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1864 March 5, written by E. M. Walden, a Confederate soldier, to his unidentified sister. Walden, who served in the 28th Georgia Regiment, was writing from his camp near Jacksonville, Florida. He informed his sister that he was doing well, the health and spirit of the regiment was good. Despite the fact the troops were living on cold corn bread and pickled pork, Wade wrote his sister that \"we can live on bread and whip the Yankees and Yankee Negroes.\" He informs his sister that they recently fought the Union forces and sent them in retreat to Jacksonville perhaps referring to the Battle of Olustee. Wade told his sister that he was sending her and someone named Margaret ten dollars each. He encouraged them to spend it soon or use them to purchase confederate bonds since the money will be worthless in April.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865, consist of four letters written by Confederate servicemen.\n","Letter, 1861, May 12, written by an unidentified soldier who served in Colonel Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's Stonewall Brigade. He was writing from Mountain Top near Harpers Ferry. The soldier wrote about the brigade's movements towards Harpers Ferry, their readiness to fight Federal troops, sleeping in leaky tents, personal matters, and a meeting between twenty members of the Maryland legislature and Stonewall Jackson. The writer did not know what was discussed at the meeting.\n","Letter, 1861 Oct. 31, written by John Miller, a Confederate officer, to an unidentified official. He was writing from the \"Top of Allegheny.\" In the letter, Miller addressed a rumour floating among his men that the allowance to their families had ended because they were now receiving pay. Miller informed the offical if the rumour was true to restore the allowance because no pay had been received.\n","Letter, 1862 May 16, written by Alg. S. Wade, a Confederate soldier, to Joseph G. Steele, Circuit Court Clerk of Rockbridge County. Wade wanted to Steele to assist him in being transferred (or discharged) so that he could accept an unknown position with Adolph Elhart. Wade believed that his request should be accepted stating that he had fulfilled his service time in the Confederate army and he has three brothers in the service. Wade adds a sarcastic remark writing that his brother Ben thinks that Jefferson Davis wants to wipe out the whole family.\n","Letter, 1864 March 5, written by E. M. Walden, a Confederate soldier, to his unidentified sister. Walden, who served in the 28th Georgia Regiment, was writing from his camp near Jacksonville, Florida. He informed his sister that he was doing well, the health and spirit of the regiment was good. Despite the fact the troops were living on cold corn bread and pickled pork, Wade wrote his sister that \"we can live on bread and whip the Yankees and Yankee Negroes.\" He informs his sister that they recently fought the Union forces and sent them in retreat to Jacksonville perhaps referring to the Battle of Olustee. Wade told his sister that he was sending her and someone named Margaret ten dollars each. He encouraged them to spend it soon or use them to purchase confederate bonds since the money will be worthless in April.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Jackson, Stonewall, 1824-1863."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) 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Civil War Era Correspondence, \n1861-1865","Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864.","Soldiers.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","10 p.","There are no restrictions.\n","Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865, consist of four letters written by Confederate servicemen.\n","Letter, 1861, May 12, written by an unidentified soldier who served in Colonel Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's Stonewall Brigade. He was writing from Mountain Top near Harpers Ferry. The soldier wrote about the brigade's movements towards Harpers Ferry, their readiness to fight Federal troops, sleeping in leaky tents, personal matters, and a meeting between twenty members of the Maryland legislature and Stonewall Jackson. The writer did not know what was discussed at the meeting.\n","Letter, 1861 Oct. 31, written by John Miller, a Confederate officer, to an unidentified official. He was writing from the \"Top of Allegheny.\" In the letter, Miller addressed a rumour floating among his men that the allowance to their families had ended because they were now receiving pay. Miller informed the offical if the rumour was true to restore the allowance because no pay had been received.\n","Letter, 1862 May 16, written by Alg. S. Wade, a Confederate soldier, to Joseph G. Steele, Circuit Court Clerk of Rockbridge County. Wade wanted to Steele to assist him in being transferred (or discharged) so that he could accept an unknown position with Adolph Elhart. Wade believed that his request should be accepted stating that he had fulfilled his service time in the Confederate army and he has three brothers in the service. Wade adds a sarcastic remark writing that his brother Ben thinks that Jefferson Davis wants to wipe out the whole family.\n","Letter, 1864 March 5, written by E. M. Walden, a Confederate soldier, to his unidentified sister. Walden, who served in the 28th Georgia Regiment, was writing from his camp near Jacksonville, Florida. He informed his sister that he was doing well, the health and spirit of the regiment was good. Despite the fact the troops were living on cold corn bread and pickled pork, Wade wrote his sister that \"we can live on bread and whip the Yankees and Yankee Negroes.\" He informs his sister that they recently fought the Union forces and sent them in retreat to Jacksonville perhaps referring to the Battle of Olustee. Wade told his sister that he was sending her and someone named Margaret ten dollars each. He encouraged them to spend it soon or use them to purchase confederate bonds since the money will be worthless in April.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Jackson, Stonewall, 1824-1863.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1154869\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n1861-1865"],"collection_title_tesim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n1861-1865"],"collection_ssim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n1861-1865"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came in a transfer of court papers from Rockbridge County.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864.","Soldiers.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864.","Soldiers.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["10 p."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865, consist of four letters written by Confederate servicemen.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1861, May 12, written by an unidentified soldier who served in Colonel Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's Stonewall Brigade. He was writing from Mountain Top near Harpers Ferry. The soldier wrote about the brigade's movements towards Harpers Ferry, their readiness to fight Federal troops, sleeping in leaky tents, personal matters, and a meeting between twenty members of the Maryland legislature and Stonewall Jackson. The writer did not know what was discussed at the meeting.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1861 Oct. 31, written by John Miller, a Confederate officer, to an unidentified official. He was writing from the \"Top of Allegheny.\" In the letter, Miller addressed a rumour floating among his men that the allowance to their families had ended because they were now receiving pay. Miller informed the offical if the rumour was true to restore the allowance because no pay had been received.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1862 May 16, written by Alg. S. Wade, a Confederate soldier, to Joseph G. Steele, Circuit Court Clerk of Rockbridge County. Wade wanted to Steele to assist him in being transferred (or discharged) so that he could accept an unknown position with Adolph Elhart. Wade believed that his request should be accepted stating that he had fulfilled his service time in the Confederate army and he has three brothers in the service. Wade adds a sarcastic remark writing that his brother Ben thinks that Jefferson Davis wants to wipe out the whole family.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1864 March 5, written by E. M. Walden, a Confederate soldier, to his unidentified sister. Walden, who served in the 28th Georgia Regiment, was writing from his camp near Jacksonville, Florida. He informed his sister that he was doing well, the health and spirit of the regiment was good. Despite the fact the troops were living on cold corn bread and pickled pork, Wade wrote his sister that \"we can live on bread and whip the Yankees and Yankee Negroes.\" He informs his sister that they recently fought the Union forces and sent them in retreat to Jacksonville perhaps referring to the Battle of Olustee. Wade told his sister that he was sending her and someone named Margaret ten dollars each. He encouraged them to spend it soon or use them to purchase confederate bonds since the money will be worthless in April.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865, consist of four letters written by Confederate servicemen.\n","Letter, 1861, May 12, written by an unidentified soldier who served in Colonel Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's Stonewall Brigade. He was writing from Mountain Top near Harpers Ferry. The soldier wrote about the brigade's movements towards Harpers Ferry, their readiness to fight Federal troops, sleeping in leaky tents, personal matters, and a meeting between twenty members of the Maryland legislature and Stonewall Jackson. The writer did not know what was discussed at the meeting.\n","Letter, 1861 Oct. 31, written by John Miller, a Confederate officer, to an unidentified official. He was writing from the \"Top of Allegheny.\" In the letter, Miller addressed a rumour floating among his men that the allowance to their families had ended because they were now receiving pay. Miller informed the offical if the rumour was true to restore the allowance because no pay had been received.\n","Letter, 1862 May 16, written by Alg. S. Wade, a Confederate soldier, to Joseph G. Steele, Circuit Court Clerk of Rockbridge County. Wade wanted to Steele to assist him in being transferred (or discharged) so that he could accept an unknown position with Adolph Elhart. Wade believed that his request should be accepted stating that he had fulfilled his service time in the Confederate army and he has three brothers in the service. Wade adds a sarcastic remark writing that his brother Ben thinks that Jefferson Davis wants to wipe out the whole family.\n","Letter, 1864 March 5, written by E. M. Walden, a Confederate soldier, to his unidentified sister. Walden, who served in the 28th Georgia Regiment, was writing from his camp near Jacksonville, Florida. He informed his sister that he was doing well, the health and spirit of the regiment was good. Despite the fact the troops were living on cold corn bread and pickled pork, Wade wrote his sister that \"we can live on bread and whip the Yankees and Yankee Negroes.\" He informs his sister that they recently fought the Union forces and sent them in retreat to Jacksonville perhaps referring to the Battle of Olustee. Wade told his sister that he was sending her and someone named Margaret ten dollars each. He encouraged them to spend it soon or use them to purchase confederate bonds since the money will be worthless in April.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Jackson, Stonewall, 1824-1863."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) 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Apprenticeship Indentures, 1840-1895, are bonds and contracts of apprenticeship given by the Overseers of the Poor, showing the names of master and apprentice, the trade to be taught, details of the contract, the amount of the bond and the names of sureties. Many of the apprentices bound out prior to 1866 were free African Americans. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi05170#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi05170","ead_ssi":"vi_vi05170","_root_":"vi_vi05170","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi05170","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi05170.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures\n1840-1895"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures\n1840-1895"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1156840\n"],"text":["1156840\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures\n1840-1895","African Americans--History.","Apprentices--Virginia--Rockbridge County.","Free African Americans--Virginia--Rockbridge County.","Indentures--Virginia--Rockbridge County.","Local government records--Virginia--Rockbridge County.",".20 cu.ft.","There are no restrictions.\n","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt Counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added in 1888. The county seat is the city of Lexington.\n","In 1780 the Virginia General Assembly replaced the Anglican vestries and churchwardens of the colonial period with elected bodies called Overseers of the Poor. The Overseers provided food, clothing, shelter, and medical treatment for the persons who were too poor to support themselves or too ill to provide for their basic needs. They also bound out children whose parents could not support them or who failed to educate or instruct them, as well as orphans to become apprentices. The boys learned a trade and the girls learned domestic skills.","Additional Rockbridge County Records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia.  Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1840-1895, are bonds and contracts of apprenticeship given by the Overseers of the Poor, showing the names of master and apprentice, the trade to be taught, details of the contract, the amount of the bond and the names of sureties. Many of the apprentices bound out prior to 1866 were free African Americans.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1156840\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures\n1840-1895"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures\n1840-1895"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures\n1840-1895"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court records from Rockbridge County.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans--History.","Apprentices--Virginia--Rockbridge County.","Free African Americans--Virginia--Rockbridge County.","Indentures--Virginia--Rockbridge County.","Local government records--Virginia--Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans--History.","Apprentices--Virginia--Rockbridge County.","Free African Americans--Virginia--Rockbridge County.","Indentures--Virginia--Rockbridge County.","Local government records--Virginia--Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":[".20 cu.ft."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt Counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added in 1888. The county seat is the city of Lexington.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1780 the Virginia General Assembly replaced the Anglican vestries and churchwardens of the colonial period with elected bodies called Overseers of the Poor. The Overseers provided food, clothing, shelter, and medical treatment for the persons who were too poor to support themselves or too ill to provide for their basic needs. They also bound out children whose parents could not support them or who failed to educate or instruct them, as well as orphans to become apprentices. The boys learned a trade and the girls learned domestic skills.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt Counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added in 1888. The county seat is the city of Lexington.\n","In 1780 the Virginia General Assembly replaced the Anglican vestries and churchwardens of the colonial period with elected bodies called Overseers of the Poor. The Overseers provided food, clothing, shelter, and medical treatment for the persons who were too poor to support themselves or too ill to provide for their basic needs. They also bound out children whose parents could not support them or who failed to educate or instruct them, as well as orphans to become apprentices. The boys learned a trade and the girls learned domestic skills."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1840-1895. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1840-1895. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockbridge County Records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia.  Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA249\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockbridge County Records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia.  Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\""],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1840-1895, are bonds and contracts of apprenticeship given by the Overseers of the Poor, showing the names of master and apprentice, the trade to be taught, details of the contract, the amount of the bond and the names of sureties. Many of the apprentices bound out prior to 1866 were free African Americans.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1840-1895, are bonds and contracts of apprenticeship given by the Overseers of the Poor, showing the names of master and apprentice, the trade to be taught, details of the contract, the amount of the bond and the names of sureties. Many of the apprentices bound out prior to 1866 were free African Americans.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T11:09:45.294Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi05170","ead_ssi":"vi_vi05170","_root_":"vi_vi05170","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi05170","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi05170.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures\n1840-1895"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures\n1840-1895"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1156840\n"],"text":["1156840\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures\n1840-1895","African Americans--History.","Apprentices--Virginia--Rockbridge County.","Free African Americans--Virginia--Rockbridge County.","Indentures--Virginia--Rockbridge County.","Local government records--Virginia--Rockbridge County.",".20 cu.ft.","There are no restrictions.\n","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt Counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added in 1888. The county seat is the city of Lexington.\n","In 1780 the Virginia General Assembly replaced the Anglican vestries and churchwardens of the colonial period with elected bodies called Overseers of the Poor. The Overseers provided food, clothing, shelter, and medical treatment for the persons who were too poor to support themselves or too ill to provide for their basic needs. They also bound out children whose parents could not support them or who failed to educate or instruct them, as well as orphans to become apprentices. The boys learned a trade and the girls learned domestic skills.","Additional Rockbridge County Records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia.  Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"","Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1840-1895, are bonds and contracts of apprenticeship given by the Overseers of the Poor, showing the names of master and apprentice, the trade to be taught, details of the contract, the amount of the bond and the names of sureties. Many of the apprentices bound out prior to 1866 were free African Americans.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1156840\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures\n1840-1895"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures\n1840-1895"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures\n1840-1895"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) 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The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt Counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added in 1888. The county seat is the city of Lexington.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1780 the Virginia General Assembly replaced the Anglican vestries and churchwardens of the colonial period with elected bodies called Overseers of the Poor. The Overseers provided food, clothing, shelter, and medical treatment for the persons who were too poor to support themselves or too ill to provide for their basic needs. They also bound out children whose parents could not support them or who failed to educate or instruct them, as well as orphans to become apprentices. The boys learned a trade and the girls learned domestic skills.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt Counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added in 1888. The county seat is the city of Lexington.\n","In 1780 the Virginia General Assembly replaced the Anglican vestries and churchwardens of the colonial period with elected bodies called Overseers of the Poor. The Overseers provided food, clothing, shelter, and medical treatment for the persons who were too poor to support themselves or too ill to provide for their basic needs. They also bound out children whose parents could not support them or who failed to educate or instruct them, as well as orphans to become apprentices. The boys learned a trade and the girls learned domestic skills."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1840-1895. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1840-1895. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockbridge County Records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia.  Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA249\"\u003e\"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\"\u003c/extref\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockbridge County Records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia.  Consult  \"A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm.\""],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1840-1895, are bonds and contracts of apprenticeship given by the Overseers of the Poor, showing the names of master and apprentice, the trade to be taught, details of the contract, the amount of the bond and the names of sureties. Many of the apprentices bound out prior to 1866 were free African Americans.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Apprenticeship Indentures, 1840-1895, are bonds and contracts of apprenticeship given by the Overseers of the Poor, showing the names of master and apprentice, the trade to be taught, details of the contract, the amount of the bond and the names of sureties. Many of the apprentices bound out prior to 1866 were free African Americans.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T11:09:45.294Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi05170"}},{"id":"vi_vi02800","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n1925","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02800#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02800#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. This judgment consists of the papers related to the suit that Atha Sorrells brought against the clerk of Rockbridge circuit court after he denied her a marriage license to marry Robert Painter on the grounds that she was not a white person. The case contains her petition for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to declare her a white person and grant her a marriage license, an order appointing William Sorrells as her next friend since she was a minor, a memorandum opinion of Judge Henry W. Holt ordering the license to issue, witness subpoenas, depositions, and correspondence and evidence related to the case including a large family tree of the Clark family from whom Altha Sorrells descended. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02800#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi02800","ead_ssi":"vi_vi02800","_root_":"vi_vi02800","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi02800","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi02800.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n1925"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n1925"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1140744, 1164679\n"],"text":["1140744, 1164679\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n1925","African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage.","Interracial marriage. -- Law and legislation.","Monacan Indians.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Depositions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.",".15 cu. ft. (1 box) and 1 oversized folder","There are no restrictions.\n","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later. \n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored.  The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony.  The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia.  The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black.  The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception.  Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry.  This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics.  Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers.  From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n","A letter in the clerk's correspondence to Shields from Plecker dated 1925 May 9 stated that they should decline to appeal for fear that a higher court would uphold the decision and open the door for more people of Indian descent to be declared white rather than colored.  Other correspondence and newspaper clippings are also present.  See Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence [Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields], 1912-1943. Local government records, Rockbridge County Court Records.  The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925.  This judgment consists of the papers related to the suit that Atha Sorrells brought against the clerk of Rockbridge circuit court after he denied her a marriage license to marry Robert Painter on the grounds that she was not a white person.  The case contains her petition for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to declare her a white person and grant her a marriage license, an order appointing William Sorrells as her next friend since she was a minor, a memorandum opinion of Judge Henry W. Holt ordering the license to issue, witness subpoenas, depositions, and correspondence and evidence related to the case including a large family tree of the Clark family from whom Altha Sorrells descended.\n","Atha Sorrells's contention was that her family had some Native American ancestors not African American ancestors and that they had long been considered white or at least not negro.  Evidence in the form of a family tree, copies of federal land warrants and War of 1812 military service, a prior case of ancestor James Clarke who was declared in 1876 to be a white person in a similar case, and depositions to support her claim were submitted.  All of the depositions concern the family tree and family relationships, whether the Clark and Sorrells families had gone to to white or colored churches and schools, who these families associated and married with, and what the general opinion of the neighborhood was as to their color and the color of their ancestors.  Many questions centered on the families of the Irish Creek community in Rockbridge County, many of whom either claimed or were accused of some degree of Native American ancestry, probably Monacan.  Dr. Walter A. Plecker, then-registrar of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics, was one of the deponents for the defense.  The lawyer for Shields tried many times to ask deponents about additional families of the Irish Creek area and their ancestries but the judge continually disallowed such discussions.  Atha Sorrells won her case when the judge decided that her ancestry was Indian and not negro, and that she contained little enough Indian to be classified as a white person under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924.","Some correspondence filed at the end of the case discussed the possibility of an appeal of the decision.\n","Do not serve oversized genealogical chart (barcode 1164679).  Serve instead the inkjet print copy of the chart found in Personal Papers accession 35980.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court. ","Clark family.","Clarke family.","Sorrel family.","Sorrells family.","Puls family.","Pultz family.","Wood family.","Woods family.","Holt, Henry W.","Painter, Robert.","Plecker, Walter Ashby -- 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry -- 1852- .","Sorrells, Atha.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1140744, 1164679\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n1925"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n1925"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n1925"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in shipments of court papers from Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n","Photolab id number for inkjet print of genealogical chart 091374.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage.","Interracial marriage. -- Law and legislation.","Monacan Indians.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Depositions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage.","Interracial marriage. -- Law and legislation.","Monacan Indians.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Depositions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":[".15 cu. ft. (1 box) and 1 oversized folder"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored.  The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony.  The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia.  The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black.  The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception.  Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry.  This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics.  Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers.  From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later. \n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored.  The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony.  The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia.  The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black.  The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception.  Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry.  This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics.  Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers.  From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA letter in the clerk's correspondence to Shields from Plecker dated 1925 May 9 stated that they should decline to appeal for fear that a higher court would uphold the decision and open the door for more people of Indian descent to be declared white rather than colored.  Other correspondence and newspaper clippings are also present.  See Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence [Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields], 1912-1943. Local government records, Rockbridge County Court Records.  The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["A letter in the clerk's correspondence to Shields from Plecker dated 1925 May 9 stated that they should decline to appeal for fear that a higher court would uphold the decision and open the door for more people of Indian descent to be declared white rather than colored.  Other correspondence and newspaper clippings are also present.  See Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence [Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields], 1912-1943. Local government records, Rockbridge County Court Records.  The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925.  This judgment consists of the papers related to the suit that Atha Sorrells brought against the clerk of Rockbridge circuit court after he denied her a marriage license to marry Robert Painter on the grounds that she was not a white person.  The case contains her petition for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to declare her a white person and grant her a marriage license, an order appointing William Sorrells as her next friend since she was a minor, a memorandum opinion of Judge Henry W. Holt ordering the license to issue, witness subpoenas, depositions, and correspondence and evidence related to the case including a large family tree of the Clark family from whom Altha Sorrells descended.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAtha Sorrells's contention was that her family had some Native American ancestors not African American ancestors and that they had long been considered white or at least not negro.  Evidence in the form of a family tree, copies of federal land warrants and War of 1812 military service, a prior case of ancestor James Clarke who was declared in 1876 to be a white person in a similar case, and depositions to support her claim were submitted.  All of the depositions concern the family tree and family relationships, whether the Clark and Sorrells families had gone to to white or colored churches and schools, who these families associated and married with, and what the general opinion of the neighborhood was as to their color and the color of their ancestors.  Many questions centered on the families of the Irish Creek community in Rockbridge County, many of whom either claimed or were accused of some degree of Native American ancestry, probably Monacan.  Dr. Walter A. Plecker, then-registrar of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics, was one of the deponents for the defense.  The lawyer for Shields tried many times to ask deponents about additional families of the Irish Creek area and their ancestries but the judge continually disallowed such discussions.  Atha Sorrells won her case when the judge decided that her ancestry was Indian and not negro, and that she contained little enough Indian to be classified as a white person under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome correspondence filed at the end of the case discussed the possibility of an appeal of the decision.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925.  This judgment consists of the papers related to the suit that Atha Sorrells brought against the clerk of Rockbridge circuit court after he denied her a marriage license to marry Robert Painter on the grounds that she was not a white person.  The case contains her petition for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to declare her a white person and grant her a marriage license, an order appointing William Sorrells as her next friend since she was a minor, a memorandum opinion of Judge Henry W. Holt ordering the license to issue, witness subpoenas, depositions, and correspondence and evidence related to the case including a large family tree of the Clark family from whom Altha Sorrells descended.\n","Atha Sorrells's contention was that her family had some Native American ancestors not African American ancestors and that they had long been considered white or at least not negro.  Evidence in the form of a family tree, copies of federal land warrants and War of 1812 military service, a prior case of ancestor James Clarke who was declared in 1876 to be a white person in a similar case, and depositions to support her claim were submitted.  All of the depositions concern the family tree and family relationships, whether the Clark and Sorrells families had gone to to white or colored churches and schools, who these families associated and married with, and what the general opinion of the neighborhood was as to their color and the color of their ancestors.  Many questions centered on the families of the Irish Creek community in Rockbridge County, many of whom either claimed or were accused of some degree of Native American ancestry, probably Monacan.  Dr. Walter A. Plecker, then-registrar of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics, was one of the deponents for the defense.  The lawyer for Shields tried many times to ask deponents about additional families of the Irish Creek area and their ancestries but the judge continually disallowed such discussions.  Atha Sorrells won her case when the judge decided that her ancestry was Indian and not negro, and that she contained little enough Indian to be classified as a white person under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924.","Some correspondence filed at the end of the case discussed the possibility of an appeal of the decision.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDo not serve oversized genealogical chart (barcode 1164679).  Serve instead the inkjet print copy of the chart found in Personal Papers accession 35980.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["Do not serve oversized genealogical chart (barcode 1164679).  Serve instead the inkjet print copy of the chart found in Personal Papers accession 35980.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court. ","Clark family.","Clarke family.","Sorrel family.","Sorrells family.","Puls family.","Pultz family.","Wood family.","Woods family.","Holt, Henry W.","Painter, Robert.","Plecker, Walter Ashby -- 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry -- 1852- .","Sorrells, Atha."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court. "],"famname_ssim":["Clark family.","Clarke family.","Sorrel family.","Sorrells family.","Puls family.","Pultz family.","Wood family.","Woods family."],"persname_ssim":["Holt, Henry W.","Painter, Robert.","Plecker, Walter Ashby -- 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry -- 1852- .","Sorrells, Atha."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T08:55:34.907Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi02800","ead_ssi":"vi_vi02800","_root_":"vi_vi02800","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi02800","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi02800.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n1925"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n1925"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1140744, 1164679\n"],"text":["1140744, 1164679\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n1925","African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage.","Interracial marriage. -- Law and legislation.","Monacan Indians.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Depositions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.",".15 cu. ft. (1 box) and 1 oversized folder","There are no restrictions.\n","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later. \n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored.  The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony.  The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia.  The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black.  The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception.  Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry.  This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics.  Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers.  From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n","A letter in the clerk's correspondence to Shields from Plecker dated 1925 May 9 stated that they should decline to appeal for fear that a higher court would uphold the decision and open the door for more people of Indian descent to be declared white rather than colored.  Other correspondence and newspaper clippings are also present.  See Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence [Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields], 1912-1943. Local government records, Rockbridge County Court Records.  The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925.  This judgment consists of the papers related to the suit that Atha Sorrells brought against the clerk of Rockbridge circuit court after he denied her a marriage license to marry Robert Painter on the grounds that she was not a white person.  The case contains her petition for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to declare her a white person and grant her a marriage license, an order appointing William Sorrells as her next friend since she was a minor, a memorandum opinion of Judge Henry W. Holt ordering the license to issue, witness subpoenas, depositions, and correspondence and evidence related to the case including a large family tree of the Clark family from whom Altha Sorrells descended.\n","Atha Sorrells's contention was that her family had some Native American ancestors not African American ancestors and that they had long been considered white or at least not negro.  Evidence in the form of a family tree, copies of federal land warrants and War of 1812 military service, a prior case of ancestor James Clarke who was declared in 1876 to be a white person in a similar case, and depositions to support her claim were submitted.  All of the depositions concern the family tree and family relationships, whether the Clark and Sorrells families had gone to to white or colored churches and schools, who these families associated and married with, and what the general opinion of the neighborhood was as to their color and the color of their ancestors.  Many questions centered on the families of the Irish Creek community in Rockbridge County, many of whom either claimed or were accused of some degree of Native American ancestry, probably Monacan.  Dr. Walter A. Plecker, then-registrar of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics, was one of the deponents for the defense.  The lawyer for Shields tried many times to ask deponents about additional families of the Irish Creek area and their ancestries but the judge continually disallowed such discussions.  Atha Sorrells won her case when the judge decided that her ancestry was Indian and not negro, and that she contained little enough Indian to be classified as a white person under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924.","Some correspondence filed at the end of the case discussed the possibility of an appeal of the decision.\n","Do not serve oversized genealogical chart (barcode 1164679).  Serve instead the inkjet print copy of the chart found in Personal Papers accession 35980.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court. ","Clark family.","Clarke family.","Sorrel family.","Sorrells family.","Puls family.","Pultz family.","Wood family.","Woods family.","Holt, Henry W.","Painter, Robert.","Plecker, Walter Ashby -- 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry -- 1852- .","Sorrells, Atha.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1140744, 1164679\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n1925"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n1925"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n1925"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in shipments of court papers from Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n","Photolab id number for inkjet print of genealogical chart 091374.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage.","Interracial marriage. -- Law and legislation.","Monacan Indians.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Depositions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage.","Interracial marriage. -- Law and legislation.","Monacan Indians.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Depositions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":[".15 cu. ft. (1 box) and 1 oversized folder"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored.  The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony.  The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia.  The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black.  The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception.  Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry.  This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics.  Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers.  From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later. \n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored.  The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony.  The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia.  The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black.  The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception.  Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry.  This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics.  Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers.  From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA letter in the clerk's correspondence to Shields from Plecker dated 1925 May 9 stated that they should decline to appeal for fear that a higher court would uphold the decision and open the door for more people of Indian descent to be declared white rather than colored.  Other correspondence and newspaper clippings are also present.  See Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence [Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields], 1912-1943. Local government records, Rockbridge County Court Records.  The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["A letter in the clerk's correspondence to Shields from Plecker dated 1925 May 9 stated that they should decline to appeal for fear that a higher court would uphold the decision and open the door for more people of Indian descent to be declared white rather than colored.  Other correspondence and newspaper clippings are also present.  See Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence [Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields], 1912-1943. Local government records, Rockbridge County Court Records.  The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925.  This judgment consists of the papers related to the suit that Atha Sorrells brought against the clerk of Rockbridge circuit court after he denied her a marriage license to marry Robert Painter on the grounds that she was not a white person.  The case contains her petition for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to declare her a white person and grant her a marriage license, an order appointing William Sorrells as her next friend since she was a minor, a memorandum opinion of Judge Henry W. Holt ordering the license to issue, witness subpoenas, depositions, and correspondence and evidence related to the case including a large family tree of the Clark family from whom Altha Sorrells descended.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAtha Sorrells's contention was that her family had some Native American ancestors not African American ancestors and that they had long been considered white or at least not negro.  Evidence in the form of a family tree, copies of federal land warrants and War of 1812 military service, a prior case of ancestor James Clarke who was declared in 1876 to be a white person in a similar case, and depositions to support her claim were submitted.  All of the depositions concern the family tree and family relationships, whether the Clark and Sorrells families had gone to to white or colored churches and schools, who these families associated and married with, and what the general opinion of the neighborhood was as to their color and the color of their ancestors.  Many questions centered on the families of the Irish Creek community in Rockbridge County, many of whom either claimed or were accused of some degree of Native American ancestry, probably Monacan.  Dr. Walter A. Plecker, then-registrar of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics, was one of the deponents for the defense.  The lawyer for Shields tried many times to ask deponents about additional families of the Irish Creek area and their ancestries but the judge continually disallowed such discussions.  Atha Sorrells won her case when the judge decided that her ancestry was Indian and not negro, and that she contained little enough Indian to be classified as a white person under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome correspondence filed at the end of the case discussed the possibility of an appeal of the decision.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925.  This judgment consists of the papers related to the suit that Atha Sorrells brought against the clerk of Rockbridge circuit court after he denied her a marriage license to marry Robert Painter on the grounds that she was not a white person.  The case contains her petition for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to declare her a white person and grant her a marriage license, an order appointing William Sorrells as her next friend since she was a minor, a memorandum opinion of Judge Henry W. Holt ordering the license to issue, witness subpoenas, depositions, and correspondence and evidence related to the case including a large family tree of the Clark family from whom Altha Sorrells descended.\n","Atha Sorrells's contention was that her family had some Native American ancestors not African American ancestors and that they had long been considered white or at least not negro.  Evidence in the form of a family tree, copies of federal land warrants and War of 1812 military service, a prior case of ancestor James Clarke who was declared in 1876 to be a white person in a similar case, and depositions to support her claim were submitted.  All of the depositions concern the family tree and family relationships, whether the Clark and Sorrells families had gone to to white or colored churches and schools, who these families associated and married with, and what the general opinion of the neighborhood was as to their color and the color of their ancestors.  Many questions centered on the families of the Irish Creek community in Rockbridge County, many of whom either claimed or were accused of some degree of Native American ancestry, probably Monacan.  Dr. Walter A. Plecker, then-registrar of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics, was one of the deponents for the defense.  The lawyer for Shields tried many times to ask deponents about additional families of the Irish Creek area and their ancestries but the judge continually disallowed such discussions.  Atha Sorrells won her case when the judge decided that her ancestry was Indian and not negro, and that she contained little enough Indian to be classified as a white person under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924.","Some correspondence filed at the end of the case discussed the possibility of an appeal of the decision.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDo not serve oversized genealogical chart (barcode 1164679).  Serve instead the inkjet print copy of the chart found in Personal Papers accession 35980.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["Do not serve oversized genealogical chart (barcode 1164679).  Serve instead the inkjet print copy of the chart found in Personal Papers accession 35980.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court. ","Clark family.","Clarke family.","Sorrel family.","Sorrells family.","Puls family.","Pultz family.","Wood family.","Woods family.","Holt, Henry W.","Painter, Robert.","Plecker, Walter Ashby -- 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry -- 1852- .","Sorrells, Atha."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court. "],"famname_ssim":["Clark family.","Clarke family.","Sorrel family.","Sorrells family.","Puls family.","Pultz family.","Wood family.","Woods family."],"persname_ssim":["Holt, Henry W.","Painter, Robert.","Plecker, Walter Ashby -- 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry -- 1852- .","Sorrells, Atha."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T08:55:34.907Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02800"}},{"id":"vi_vi04027","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n1912-1943","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04027#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04027#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943, consists principally of correspondence to the Rockbridge County clerk of the circuit court Abner Terry Shields from Walter Ashby Plecker, head of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. The correspondence includes Vital Statistics forms and instructions, Virginia Health Bulletins about enforcing the Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a letter to the attorney general asking for clarification of procedures required by the new Racial Integrity Act about issuing marriage licenses, pamphlets about eugenics issued by Plecker and the Bureau of Vital Statistics, lists of families that Plecker considered to be of questionable racial lineage including families of Amherst and Rockbridge counties, specific inquiries from Plecker about individuals he was seeking to prove were non-white, and newspaper articles about court cases challenging the Racial Integrity Law. References exist to the cases of Dorothy Johns and Atha Sorrells who separately challenged the Racial Integrity Law in 1924. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04027#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi04027","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04027","_root_":"vi_vi04027","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04027","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi04027.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n1912-1943"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n1912-1943"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1160754\n"],"text":["1160754\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n1912-1943","African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Indians of North America -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Miscegenation -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Public records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Pamphlets -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.",".33 cu. ft. (6 folders)","There are no restrictions.\n","Arranged chronologically.\n","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics. Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers. From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n","See also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943, consists principally of correspondence to the Rockbridge County clerk of the circuit court Abner Terry Shields from Walter Ashby Plecker, head of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. The correspondence includes Vital Statistics forms and instructions, Virginia Health Bulletins about enforcing the Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a letter to the attorney general asking for clarification of procedures required by the new Racial Integrity Act about issuing marriage licenses, pamphlets about eugenics issued by Plecker and the Bureau of Vital Statistics, lists of families that Plecker considered to be of questionable racial lineage including families of Amherst and Rockbridge counties, specific inquiries from Plecker about individuals he was seeking to prove were non-white, and newspaper articles about court cases challenging the Racial Integrity Law. References exist to the cases of Dorothy Johns and Atha Sorrells who separately challenged the Racial Integrity Law in 1924.\n","Plecker's obsession with racial integrity is well in evidence in this correspondence. Many of the letters and directives are to the clerk about specific individuals whom he felt were trying to pass as white but were in fact colored and he asks for evidence from the clerk to this end. Plecker also regularly sent out alerts to the clerk about entire family names that he considered suspect. He instructs that these families were not to be allowed to be listed as white in any record or to be treated as white in any way, including attendance at white schools. Evidence that people protested and resisted Plecker's campaign are clear in this correspondence as well.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Plecker, Walter Ashby, 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry, 1852- .","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1160754\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n1912-1943"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n1912-1943"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n1912-1943"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockbridge County.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Indians of North America -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Miscegenation -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Public records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Pamphlets -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Indians of North America -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Miscegenation -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Public records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Pamphlets -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":[".33 cu. ft. (6 folders)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged chronologically.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged chronologically.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics. Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers. From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics. Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers. From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943, consists principally of correspondence to the Rockbridge County clerk of the circuit court Abner Terry Shields from Walter Ashby Plecker, head of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. The correspondence includes Vital Statistics forms and instructions, Virginia Health Bulletins about enforcing the Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a letter to the attorney general asking for clarification of procedures required by the new Racial Integrity Act about issuing marriage licenses, pamphlets about eugenics issued by Plecker and the Bureau of Vital Statistics, lists of families that Plecker considered to be of questionable racial lineage including families of Amherst and Rockbridge counties, specific inquiries from Plecker about individuals he was seeking to prove were non-white, and newspaper articles about court cases challenging the Racial Integrity Law. References exist to the cases of Dorothy Johns and Atha Sorrells who separately challenged the Racial Integrity Law in 1924.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlecker's obsession with racial integrity is well in evidence in this correspondence. Many of the letters and directives are to the clerk about specific individuals whom he felt were trying to pass as white but were in fact colored and he asks for evidence from the clerk to this end. Plecker also regularly sent out alerts to the clerk about entire family names that he considered suspect. He instructs that these families were not to be allowed to be listed as white in any record or to be treated as white in any way, including attendance at white schools. Evidence that people protested and resisted Plecker's campaign are clear in this correspondence as well.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943, consists principally of correspondence to the Rockbridge County clerk of the circuit court Abner Terry Shields from Walter Ashby Plecker, head of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. The correspondence includes Vital Statistics forms and instructions, Virginia Health Bulletins about enforcing the Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a letter to the attorney general asking for clarification of procedures required by the new Racial Integrity Act about issuing marriage licenses, pamphlets about eugenics issued by Plecker and the Bureau of Vital Statistics, lists of families that Plecker considered to be of questionable racial lineage including families of Amherst and Rockbridge counties, specific inquiries from Plecker about individuals he was seeking to prove were non-white, and newspaper articles about court cases challenging the Racial Integrity Law. References exist to the cases of Dorothy Johns and Atha Sorrells who separately challenged the Racial Integrity Law in 1924.\n","Plecker's obsession with racial integrity is well in evidence in this correspondence. Many of the letters and directives are to the clerk about specific individuals whom he felt were trying to pass as white but were in fact colored and he asks for evidence from the clerk to this end. Plecker also regularly sent out alerts to the clerk about entire family names that he considered suspect. He instructs that these families were not to be allowed to be listed as white in any record or to be treated as white in any way, including attendance at white schools. Evidence that people protested and resisted Plecker's campaign are clear in this correspondence as well.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). 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The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics. Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers. From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n","See also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943, consists principally of correspondence to the Rockbridge County clerk of the circuit court Abner Terry Shields from Walter Ashby Plecker, head of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. The correspondence includes Vital Statistics forms and instructions, Virginia Health Bulletins about enforcing the Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a letter to the attorney general asking for clarification of procedures required by the new Racial Integrity Act about issuing marriage licenses, pamphlets about eugenics issued by Plecker and the Bureau of Vital Statistics, lists of families that Plecker considered to be of questionable racial lineage including families of Amherst and Rockbridge counties, specific inquiries from Plecker about individuals he was seeking to prove were non-white, and newspaper articles about court cases challenging the Racial Integrity Law. References exist to the cases of Dorothy Johns and Atha Sorrells who separately challenged the Racial Integrity Law in 1924.\n","Plecker's obsession with racial integrity is well in evidence in this correspondence. Many of the letters and directives are to the clerk about specific individuals whom he felt were trying to pass as white but were in fact colored and he asks for evidence from the clerk to this end. Plecker also regularly sent out alerts to the clerk about entire family names that he considered suspect. He instructs that these families were not to be allowed to be listed as white in any record or to be treated as white in any way, including attendance at white schools. Evidence that people protested and resisted Plecker's campaign are clear in this correspondence as well.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Plecker, Walter Ashby, 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry, 1852- .","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1160754\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n1912-1943"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. 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(6 folders)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged chronologically.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged chronologically.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics. Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers. From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics. Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers. From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943, consists principally of correspondence to the Rockbridge County clerk of the circuit court Abner Terry Shields from Walter Ashby Plecker, head of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. The correspondence includes Vital Statistics forms and instructions, Virginia Health Bulletins about enforcing the Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a letter to the attorney general asking for clarification of procedures required by the new Racial Integrity Act about issuing marriage licenses, pamphlets about eugenics issued by Plecker and the Bureau of Vital Statistics, lists of families that Plecker considered to be of questionable racial lineage including families of Amherst and Rockbridge counties, specific inquiries from Plecker about individuals he was seeking to prove were non-white, and newspaper articles about court cases challenging the Racial Integrity Law. References exist to the cases of Dorothy Johns and Atha Sorrells who separately challenged the Racial Integrity Law in 1924.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlecker's obsession with racial integrity is well in evidence in this correspondence. Many of the letters and directives are to the clerk about specific individuals whom he felt were trying to pass as white but were in fact colored and he asks for evidence from the clerk to this end. Plecker also regularly sent out alerts to the clerk about entire family names that he considered suspect. He instructs that these families were not to be allowed to be listed as white in any record or to be treated as white in any way, including attendance at white schools. Evidence that people protested and resisted Plecker's campaign are clear in this correspondence as well.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943, consists principally of correspondence to the Rockbridge County clerk of the circuit court Abner Terry Shields from Walter Ashby Plecker, head of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. The correspondence includes Vital Statistics forms and instructions, Virginia Health Bulletins about enforcing the Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a letter to the attorney general asking for clarification of procedures required by the new Racial Integrity Act about issuing marriage licenses, pamphlets about eugenics issued by Plecker and the Bureau of Vital Statistics, lists of families that Plecker considered to be of questionable racial lineage including families of Amherst and Rockbridge counties, specific inquiries from Plecker about individuals he was seeking to prove were non-white, and newspaper articles about court cases challenging the Racial Integrity Law. References exist to the cases of Dorothy Johns and Atha Sorrells who separately challenged the Racial Integrity Law in 1924.\n","Plecker's obsession with racial integrity is well in evidence in this correspondence. Many of the letters and directives are to the clerk about specific individuals whom he felt were trying to pass as white but were in fact colored and he asks for evidence from the clerk to this end. Plecker also regularly sent out alerts to the clerk about entire family names that he considered suspect. He instructs that these families were not to be allowed to be listed as white in any record or to be treated as white in any way, including attendance at white schools. Evidence that people protested and resisted Plecker's campaign are clear in this correspondence as well.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). 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Fiduciary Records, 1780-1947, include miscellaneous records filed in a local court by trustees, administrators, executors, guardians, and committees that related to the performance of their duties managing a person's estate. These records typically include the following; bonds, appraisements, audits, inventories, accounts, estate divisions, settlements, dowery records, etc. Information related to enslaved people are commonly found in these records. \n","Bank letters Confirming Bond Securities Settlements, 1885; Dividend Checks, 1896; Vouchers of J. K. 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Fiduciary Records\n1780-1947"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Fiduciary Records\n1780-1947"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court records from Rockbridge County.\n"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["6.8 cu. ft and 4 boxes or volumes"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt Counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added in 1888. The county seat is the city of Lexington.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt Counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added in 1888. The county seat is the city of Lexington."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Fiduciary Records, 1780-1947. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Fiduciary Records, 1780-1947. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockbridge County records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia.  Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/\"\u003eA Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockbridge County records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia.  Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm .\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Fiduciary Records, 1780-1947, include miscellaneous records filed in a local court by trustees, administrators, executors, guardians, and committees that related to the performance of their duties managing a person's estate. These records typically include the following; bonds, appraisements, audits, inventories, accounts, estate divisions, settlements, dowery records, etc. Information related to enslaved people are commonly found in these records. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBank letters Confirming Bond Securities Settlements, 1885; Dividend Checks, 1896; Vouchers of J. K. Edmondson for the Bank of Lexington; 1895-1897; Vouchers of the 1st and 2nd Settlements of the Bank of Lexington, 1895-1897\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdministrator's Bond, 1906,1926; Counter-New Security in Fiduciary Matters, 1877-1898; Dower Assignments, 1817,1883,1885; Estate Accounts, 1874; Estate Divisions, 1812,1885,1898; Estate Papers, n.d., 1871-1898; Estate Sales, 1861; Guardian Accounts, 1877; Guardian Appointments, 1862-1947; Inheritance Receipts, 1912; Inventories, 1891; List of Heirs, 1885-1946; Miscellaneous Documents, 1818, 1869; Petitions to Appoint Administrators, 1834-1947; Settlement of Estates, n.d., 1926; Trustee Appointment, 1876-1914\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Fiduciary Records, 1780-1947, include miscellaneous records filed in a local court by trustees, administrators, executors, guardians, and committees that related to the performance of their duties managing a person's estate. These records typically include the following; bonds, appraisements, audits, inventories, accounts, estate divisions, settlements, dowery records, etc. Information related to enslaved people are commonly found in these records. \n","Bank letters Confirming Bond Securities Settlements, 1885; Dividend Checks, 1896; Vouchers of J. K. Edmondson for the Bank of Lexington; 1895-1897; Vouchers of the 1st and 2nd Settlements of the Bank of Lexington, 1895-1897\n","Administrator's Bond, 1906,1926; Counter-New Security in Fiduciary Matters, 1877-1898; Dower Assignments, 1817,1883,1885; Estate Accounts, 1874; Estate Divisions, 1812,1885,1898; Estate Papers, n.d., 1871-1898; Estate Sales, 1861; Guardian Accounts, 1877; Guardian Appointments, 1862-1947; Inheritance Receipts, 1912; Inventories, 1891; List of Heirs, 1885-1946; Miscellaneous Documents, 1818, 1869; Petitions to Appoint Administrators, 1834-1947; Settlement of Estates, n.d., 1926; Trustee Appointment, 1876-1914\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":2,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T08:42:32.798Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi05553","ead_ssi":"vi_vi05553","_root_":"vi_vi05553","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi05553","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi05553.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) 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The county seat is the city of Lexington.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt Counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added in 1888. The county seat is the city of Lexington."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Fiduciary Records, 1780-1947. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Fiduciary Records, 1780-1947. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional Rockbridge County records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia.  Consult \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/\"\u003eA Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm\u003c/extref\u003e.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Additional Rockbridge County records can be found on microfilm at the Library of Virginia.  Consult  A Guide to Virginia County and City Records on Microfilm .\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Fiduciary Records, 1780-1947, include miscellaneous records filed in a local court by trustees, administrators, executors, guardians, and committees that related to the performance of their duties managing a person's estate. 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Freedman's Contract, 1865 Aug. 2. Rockbridge County (Va.) Freedman's Contract, 1865 Aug. 2. The contract documents an agreement between James K. Edmonson and Levi Cunningham, late the property of Samuel McCorkle of Rockbridge County. Cunningham agrees to provide labor and services and faithful service to Edmonson until December 25, 1865, for eight dollars a month. He also agrees to provide his own clothing. \n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) 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Freedman's Contract, 1865 Aug. 2. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Freedman's Contract, 1865 Aug. 2. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, 23219.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Freedman's Contract, 1865 Aug. 2. Rockbridge County (Va.) Freedman's Contract, 1865 Aug. 2. The contract documents an agreement between James K. Edmonson and Levi Cunningham, late the property of Samuel McCorkle of Rockbridge County. Cunningham agrees to provide labor and services and faithful service to Edmonson until December 25, 1865, for eight dollars a month. He also agrees to provide his own clothing. \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Freedman's Contract, 1865 Aug. 2. Rockbridge County (Va.) Freedman's Contract, 1865 Aug. 2. The contract documents an agreement between James K. Edmonson and Levi Cunningham, late the property of Samuel McCorkle of Rockbridge County. Cunningham agrees to provide labor and services and faithful service to Edmonson until December 25, 1865, for eight dollars a month. He also agrees to provide his own clothing. \n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court"],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) 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This judgment consists of the petition of James Clark (alternately spelled Clarke in the documents) for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to issue him a previously denied marriage license to marry Cerinda Robison, a whtie woman, on the grounds that he is a black man. Clark claims to be of mixed blood and less than the one fourth minimum negro or Indian blood that the law required. Included is a letter from the clerk of court of Amherst County to whom Moore had written to inquire about Clark's racial background and ancestry. Clark was successful in getting the court to order the clerk issue him a marriage license. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04030#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi04030","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04030","_root_":"vi_vi04030","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04030","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi04030.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, \n1876 December"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, \n1876 December"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1140710\n"],"text":["1140710\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, \n1876 December","African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Law and legislation.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","1 folder","There are no restrictions.\n","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. 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Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, 1876 December. This judgment consists of the petition of James Clark (alternately spelled Clarke in the documents) for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to issue him a previously denied marriage license to marry Cerinda Robison, a whtie woman, on the grounds that he is a black man. Clark claims to be of mixed blood and less than the one fourth minimum negro or Indian blood that the law required. Included is a letter from the clerk of court of Amherst County to whom Moore had written to inquire about Clark's racial background and ancestry. Clark was successful in getting the court to order the clerk issue him a marriage license.\n","Clark was an ancestor of Atha Sorrells of Rockbridge who in 1924 also sued for a writ of mandamus after denied a marriage license under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 that greatly narrowed racial definitions in Virginia.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Clark family","Clarke family","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1140710\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, \n1876 December"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, \n1876 December"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, \n1876 December"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) 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The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnti-miscegenation laws banning interracial marriage between whites and non-whites were first enacted in Virginia in 1691. As early as 1792, a person was legally a mulatto if they had one fourth or greater part of negro blood. The 1866 law decreed that every person having one-fourth or more Negro blood shall be deemed a colored person, and every person not a colored person having one-fourth or more Indian blood shall be deemed an Indian. In 1924, the Racial Integrity Law changed this to the so-called one drop rule that held that the term white shall apply only to the person who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian, but persons who have one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian, and no other non-Caucasic blood shall be deemed white persons. 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In 1924, the Racial Integrity Law changed this to the so-called one drop rule that held that the term white shall apply only to the person who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian, but persons who have one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian, and no other non-Caucasic blood shall be deemed white persons. Every other combination was to be negro or colored.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J.P. Moore, Clerk of Court, 1876 December. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J.P. Moore, Clerk of Court, 1876 December. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, 1876 December. This judgment consists of the petition of James Clark (alternately spelled Clarke in the documents) for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to issue him a previously denied marriage license to marry Cerinda Robison, a whtie woman, on the grounds that he is a black man. Clark claims to be of mixed blood and less than the one fourth minimum negro or Indian blood that the law required. Included is a letter from the clerk of court of Amherst County to whom Moore had written to inquire about Clark's racial background and ancestry. Clark was successful in getting the court to order the clerk issue him a marriage license.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClark was an ancestor of Atha Sorrells of Rockbridge who in 1924 also sued for a writ of mandamus after denied a marriage license under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 that greatly narrowed racial definitions in Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, 1876 December. This judgment consists of the petition of James Clark (alternately spelled Clarke in the documents) for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to issue him a previously denied marriage license to marry Cerinda Robison, a whtie woman, on the grounds that he is a black man. Clark claims to be of mixed blood and less than the one fourth minimum negro or Indian blood that the law required. Included is a letter from the clerk of court of Amherst County to whom Moore had written to inquire about Clark's racial background and ancestry. Clark was successful in getting the court to order the clerk issue him a marriage license.\n","Clark was an ancestor of Atha Sorrells of Rockbridge who in 1924 also sued for a writ of mandamus after denied a marriage license under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 that greatly narrowed racial definitions in Virginia.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Shelf Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Clark family","Clarke family"],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). 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This judgment consists of the petition of James Clark (alternately spelled Clarke in the documents) for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to issue him a previously denied marriage license to marry Cerinda Robison, a whtie woman, on the grounds that he is a black man. Clark claims to be of mixed blood and less than the one fourth minimum negro or Indian blood that the law required. Included is a letter from the clerk of court of Amherst County to whom Moore had written to inquire about Clark's racial background and ancestry. Clark was successful in getting the court to order the clerk issue him a marriage license.\n","Clark was an ancestor of Atha Sorrells of Rockbridge who in 1924 also sued for a writ of mandamus after denied a marriage license under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 that greatly narrowed racial definitions in Virginia.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.). 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In 1924, the Racial Integrity Law changed this to the so-called one drop rule that held that the term white shall apply only to the person who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian, but persons who have one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian, and no other non-Caucasic blood shall be deemed white persons. Every other combination was to be negro or colored.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J.P. Moore, Clerk of Court, 1876 December. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J.P. Moore, Clerk of Court, 1876 December. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, 1876 December. This judgment consists of the petition of James Clark (alternately spelled Clarke in the documents) for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to issue him a previously denied marriage license to marry Cerinda Robison, a whtie woman, on the grounds that he is a black man. Clark claims to be of mixed blood and less than the one fourth minimum negro or Indian blood that the law required. Included is a letter from the clerk of court of Amherst County to whom Moore had written to inquire about Clark's racial background and ancestry. Clark was successful in getting the court to order the clerk issue him a marriage license.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClark was an ancestor of Atha Sorrells of Rockbridge who in 1924 also sued for a writ of mandamus after denied a marriage license under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 that greatly narrowed racial definitions in Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, 1876 December. This judgment consists of the petition of James Clark (alternately spelled Clarke in the documents) for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to issue him a previously denied marriage license to marry Cerinda Robison, a whtie woman, on the grounds that he is a black man. Clark claims to be of mixed blood and less than the one fourth minimum negro or Indian blood that the law required. Included is a letter from the clerk of court of Amherst County to whom Moore had written to inquire about Clark's racial background and ancestry. Clark was successful in getting the court to order the clerk issue him a marriage license.\n","Clark was an ancestor of Atha Sorrells of Rockbridge who in 1924 also sued for a writ of mandamus after denied a marriage license under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 that greatly narrowed racial definitions in Virginia.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Shelf Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Clark family","Clarke family"],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court."],"famname_ssim":["Clark family","Clarke family"],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T10:30:50.328Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04030"}},{"id":"vi_vi04029","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n1924 September","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04029#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04029#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, 1924 September. This judgment consists of the petition of James Connor, a white man, and Dorothy Johns, a free issue or triple mixed blood (white, Indian and negro) woman, to the court to issue a writ of mandamus to the clerk of court. Shields had refused to issue them a marriage license under the provisions of the 1924 Racial Integrity Act. Also included in a witness summons for Silas Coleman of Amherst County. The verdict is not recorded on the court papers but Mr. Connors and Miss Johns were not successful in their request. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04029#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi04029","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04029","_root_":"vi_vi04029","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04029","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi04029.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n1924 September"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n1924 September"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1140743\n"],"text":["1140743\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n1924 September","African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Law and legislation.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","1 folder","There are no restrictions.\n","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","See also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n","See also Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence [Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields], 1912-1943. Local government records, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.  Some correspondence in this collection directly concerns the Johns case.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, 1924 September. This judgment consists of the petition of James Connor, a white man, and Dorothy Johns, a free issue or triple mixed blood (white, Indian and negro) woman, to the court to issue a writ of mandamus to the clerk of court. Shields had refused to issue them a marriage license under the provisions of the 1924 Racial Integrity Act. Also included in a witness summons for Silas Coleman of Amherst County. The verdict is not recorded on the court papers but Mr. Connors and Miss Johns were not successful in their request.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Shields, Abner Terry, 1852- .","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1140743\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n1924 September"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n1924 September"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n1924 September"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in shipments of court papers from Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Law and legislation.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Law and legislation.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["1 folder"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, 1924 September. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, 1924 September. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence [Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields], 1912-1943. Local government records, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.  Some correspondence in this collection directly concerns the Johns case.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n","See also Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence [Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields], 1912-1943. Local government records, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.  Some correspondence in this collection directly concerns the Johns case.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, 1924 September. This judgment consists of the petition of James Connor, a white man, and Dorothy Johns, a free issue or triple mixed blood (white, Indian and negro) woman, to the court to issue a writ of mandamus to the clerk of court. Shields had refused to issue them a marriage license under the provisions of the 1924 Racial Integrity Act. Also included in a witness summons for Silas Coleman of Amherst County. The verdict is not recorded on the court papers but Mr. Connors and Miss Johns were not successful in their request.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, 1924 September. This judgment consists of the petition of James Connor, a white man, and Dorothy Johns, a free issue or triple mixed blood (white, Indian and negro) woman, to the court to issue a writ of mandamus to the clerk of court. Shields had refused to issue them a marriage license under the provisions of the 1924 Racial Integrity Act. Also included in a witness summons for Silas Coleman of Amherst County. The verdict is not recorded on the court papers but Mr. Connors and Miss Johns were not successful in their request.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Shields, Abner Terry, 1852- ."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"persname_ssim":["Shields, Abner Terry, 1852- ."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T10:54:58.209Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi04029","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04029","_root_":"vi_vi04029","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04029","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi04029.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n1924 September"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n1924 September"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1140743\n"],"text":["1140743\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n1924 September","African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Law and legislation.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","1 folder","There are no restrictions.\n","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","See also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n","See also Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence [Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields], 1912-1943. Local government records, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.  Some correspondence in this collection directly concerns the Johns case.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, 1924 September. This judgment consists of the petition of James Connor, a white man, and Dorothy Johns, a free issue or triple mixed blood (white, Indian and negro) woman, to the court to issue a writ of mandamus to the clerk of court. Shields had refused to issue them a marriage license under the provisions of the 1924 Racial Integrity Act. Also included in a witness summons for Silas Coleman of Amherst County. The verdict is not recorded on the court papers but Mr. Connors and Miss Johns were not successful in their request.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Shields, Abner Terry, 1852- .","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1140743\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n1924 September"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n1924 September"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n1924 September"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in shipments of court papers from Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Law and legislation.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Law and legislation.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["1 folder"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions\n"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, 1924 September. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, 1924 September. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee also Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence [Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields], 1912-1943. Local government records, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.  Some correspondence in this collection directly concerns the Johns case.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material\n"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. Local government records collection, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.\n","See also Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence [Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields], 1912-1943. Local government records, Rockbridge County Court Records. The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va. 23219.  Some correspondence in this collection directly concerns the Johns case.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, 1924 September. This judgment consists of the petition of James Connor, a white man, and Dorothy Johns, a free issue or triple mixed blood (white, Indian and negro) woman, to the court to issue a writ of mandamus to the clerk of court. Shields had refused to issue them a marriage license under the provisions of the 1924 Racial Integrity Act. Also included in a witness summons for Silas Coleman of Amherst County. The verdict is not recorded on the court papers but Mr. Connors and Miss Johns were not successful in their request.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, 1924 September. This judgment consists of the petition of James Connor, a white man, and Dorothy Johns, a free issue or triple mixed blood (white, Indian and negro) woman, to the court to issue a writ of mandamus to the clerk of court. Shields had refused to issue them a marriage license under the provisions of the 1924 Racial Integrity Act. Also included in a witness summons for Silas Coleman of Amherst County. The verdict is not recorded on the court papers but Mr. Connors and Miss Johns were not successful in their request.\n"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Shields, Abner Terry, 1852- ."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"persname_ssim":["Shields, Abner Terry, 1852- ."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T10:54:58.209Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04029"}},{"id":"vi_vi03249","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockbridge County (Va.) Judgments, \n1778-1934","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03249#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03249#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Judgments, 1778-1934, consist of judgments, commonwealth causes, and petitions. Judgments are civil cases in which justice was administered on the strictly formulated rules of common law. The majority of cases in this record series relate to matters of debt. Commonwealth causes are criminal court cases and consist primarily of warrants, summons, indictments, and verdicts handed down by grand juries and other legal authorities in order to prosecute individuals who violated the penal code. Petitions are formal written applications to a court requesting judicial action on a certain matter. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03249#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi03249","ead_ssi":"vi_vi03249","_root_":"vi_vi03249","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi03249","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi03249.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Judgments, \n1778-1934"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Judgments, \n1778-1934"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1140602-1140639, 1140641-1140743, 1140745, 1160557, 1168875, 1172174, 1174761, 1174762\n"],"text":["1140602-1140639, 1140641-1140743, 1140745, 1160557, 1168875, 1172174, 1174761, 1174762\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Judgments, \n1778-1934","Civil procedure -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Crime -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Debt -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Decisions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Indictments -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Judicial records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Petitions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Warrants (law) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","141 cu. ft. (143 boxes)","There are no restrictions.\n","Judgments are organized chronologically by ended date, year then month. Commonwealth causes and petitions are filed following the judgments for each year.\n","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Judgments, 1778-1934, consist of judgments, commonwealth causes, and petitions. Judgments are civil cases in which justice was administered on the strictly formulated rules of common law. The majority of cases in this record series relate to matters of debt. Commonwealth causes are criminal court cases and consist primarily of warrants, summons, indictments, and verdicts handed down by grand juries and other legal authorities in order to prosecute individuals who violated the penal code. Petitions are formal written applications to a court requesting judicial action on a certain matter.\n","There are no restrictions.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Rockbridge County (Va.) County Court.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1140602-1140639, 1140641-1140743, 1140745, 1160557, 1168875, 1172174, 1174761, 1174762\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Judgments, \n1778-1934"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Judgments, \n1778-1934"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Judgments, \n1778-1934"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) 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