{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Harrisonburg-Rockingham+Historical+Society\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1890\u0026view=list","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Harrisonburg-Rockingham+Historical+Society\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1890\u0026page=2\u0026view=list","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Harrisonburg-Rockingham+Historical+Society\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1890\u0026page=2\u0026view=list"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":2,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":12,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_248","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Acker Family Diaries","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_248#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Acker, Isaac, 1832-1908","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_248#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, consist of one Hollinger box and contains the personal diaries of Rockingham County residents Isaac Acker and his son David. The elder Acker's diaries span the years 1880-1906, while his son's cover 1889-1900. The diaries of both men are similar in that they discuss the day-to-day events in the lives of the Acker family. The collection is arranged in three series: Isaac Acker Diaries, David C. Acker Diaries, and Indices.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_248#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_248","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_248","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_248","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_248","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_248.xml","title_ssm":["Acker Family Diaries"],"title_tesim":["Acker Family Diaries"],"unitdate_ssm":["1880-1906"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1880-1906"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0095","/repositories/4/resources/248"],"text":["SC 0095","/repositories/4/resources/248","Acker Family Diaries","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Farmers -- Virginia -- Diaries","Agriculture -- Virginia -- History","Diaries","Weather diaries","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The collection is arranged in three series:","Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906 David C. Acker Diaries, 1889-1900 Indices","Couper, William.   History of the Shenandoah Valley:  Family and Personal Records, V.3 .  New York:  Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1952.","Wayland, John W.   Men of Mark and representative citizens of Harrisonburg and Rockingham County, Virginia.   Staunton, Va:  The McClure Company, Inc., 1943.","Both Isaac and David Acker were avid farmers, devoted to agriculture, with an interest in carpentry. Isaac (1832-1908), born near Broadway, served in the Confederate Army as an orderly sergeant in the 7th Virginia Cavalry under Generals Turner Ashby and Thomas L. Rosser. He married Sallie V. Shoup (nee Shirkey), widow of Captain J.C. Shoup on November 11, 1868. "," David C. Acker (1869-1959), son of Isaac, was influential in founding the Rockingham County Farm Bureau, where he served as president for many years. He also served as director of the Virginia Farm Bureau Federation and was a member of both the Agricultural Advisory Council of Rockingham County and the Agricultural Conference Board of Virginia. In addition, David was president of the First National Bank of Broadway and secretary-treasurer of the Rockingham Mutual Telephone and Telegraph Company. David married Martha M.B Sellers on April 6, 1906 and fathered three children with her.","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2050.","Acker Diaries, 1880-1959, Eastern Mennonite University Historical Library, Harrisonburg, Va. (Photocopies of original diaries held by JMU)","The Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, consist of one Hollinger box and contains the personal diaries of Rockingham County residents Isaac Acker and his son David. The elder Acker' s diaries span the years 1880-1906, while his son's cover 1889-1900. The diaries of both men are similar in that they discuss the day-to-day events in the lives of the Acker family. There is much overlap in the diaries as topics such as farming, weather, visiting, and daily chores appear frequently in both works. Other topics discussed in the diaries include weddings, funerals, church activities, and trips. The collection is arranged in three series: Isaac Acker Diaries, David C. Acker Diaries, and Indices. "," Series 1, Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906, comprises of brief entries describing daily family life, weather related observations, names of visitors, and work activities. There are numerous accounts of Isaac and his family going to the \"Babtist Church\" or the \"Creek Church\" on Sundays. "," Series 2, David C. Acker Diaries, 1889-1900, consists of short accounts on farming, family, weather descriptions, and general day-to-day activities. There are no diary entries between September 3, 1889 and May 15, 1890. "," Series 3, Indices, was compiled by local historian Agnes Kline and the Eastern Mennonite University Historical Library staff based on their copies of the diaries. The assistance of EMU is necessary to correlate entries from the index to the original diaries at JMU. The indices correspond to the Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906, and the David C. Acker Diaries, 1897-1903, some of which are owned by the EMU Historical Library.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, consist of one Hollinger box and contains the personal diaries of Rockingham County residents Isaac Acker and his son David. The elder Acker's diaries span the years 1880-1906, while his son's cover 1889-1900. The diaries of both men are similar in that they discuss the day-to-day events in the lives of the Acker family. The collection is arranged in three series: Isaac Acker Diaries, David C. 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For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection is on deposit by contract from the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Farmers -- Virginia -- Diaries","Agriculture -- Virginia -- History","Diaries","Weather diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Farmers -- Virginia -- Diaries","Agriculture -- Virginia -- History","Diaries","Weather diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.4 cubic feet 1 Hollinger box"],"extent_tesim":["0.4 cubic feet 1 Hollinger box"],"genreform_ssim":["Diaries","Weather diaries"],"date_range_isim":[1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in three series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIsaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eDavid C. Acker Diaries, 1889-1900\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIndices\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in three series:","Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906 David C. Acker Diaries, 1889-1900 Indices"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eCouper, William.  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHistory of the Shenandoah Valley:  Family and Personal Records, V.3\u003c/emph\u003e.  New York:  Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1952.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWayland, John W.  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eMen of Mark and representative citizens of Harrisonburg and Rockingham County, Virginia.\u003c/emph\u003e  Staunton, Va:  The McClure Company, Inc., 1943.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Couper, William.   History of the Shenandoah Valley:  Family and Personal Records, V.3 .  New York:  Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1952.","Wayland, John W.   Men of Mark and representative citizens of Harrisonburg and Rockingham County, Virginia.   Staunton, Va:  The McClure Company, Inc., 1943."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBoth Isaac and David Acker were avid farmers, devoted to agriculture, with an interest in carpentry. Isaac (1832-1908), born near Broadway, served in the Confederate Army as an orderly sergeant in the 7th Virginia Cavalry under Generals Turner Ashby and Thomas L. Rosser. He married Sallie V. Shoup (nee Shirkey), widow of Captain J.C. Shoup on November 11, 1868. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e David C. Acker (1869-1959), son of Isaac, was influential in founding the Rockingham County Farm Bureau, where he served as president for many years. He also served as director of the Virginia Farm Bureau Federation and was a member of both the Agricultural Advisory Council of Rockingham County and the Agricultural Conference Board of Virginia. In addition, David was president of the First National Bank of Broadway and secretary-treasurer of the Rockingham Mutual Telephone and Telegraph Company. David married Martha M.B Sellers on April 6, 1906 and fathered three children with her.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Both Isaac and David Acker were avid farmers, devoted to agriculture, with an interest in carpentry. Isaac (1832-1908), born near Broadway, served in the Confederate Army as an orderly sergeant in the 7th Virginia Cavalry under Generals Turner Ashby and Thomas L. Rosser. He married Sallie V. Shoup (nee Shirkey), widow of Captain J.C. Shoup on November 11, 1868. "," David C. Acker (1869-1959), son of Isaac, was influential in founding the Rockingham County Farm Bureau, where he served as president for many years. He also served as director of the Virginia Farm Bureau Federation and was a member of both the Agricultural Advisory Council of Rockingham County and the Agricultural Conference Board of Virginia. In addition, David was president of the First National Bank of Broadway and secretary-treasurer of the Rockingham Mutual Telephone and Telegraph Company. David married Martha M.B Sellers on April 6, 1906 and fathered three children with her."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, SC 0095, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, SC 0095, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2050.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2050."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAcker Diaries, 1880-1959, Eastern Mennonite University Historical Library, Harrisonburg, Va. (Photocopies of original diaries held by JMU)\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Acker Diaries, 1880-1959, Eastern Mennonite University Historical Library, Harrisonburg, Va. (Photocopies of original diaries held by JMU)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, consist of one Hollinger box and contains the personal diaries of Rockingham County residents Isaac Acker and his son David. The elder Acker' s diaries span the years 1880-1906, while his son's cover 1889-1900. The diaries of both men are similar in that they discuss the day-to-day events in the lives of the Acker family. There is much overlap in the diaries as topics such as farming, weather, visiting, and daily chores appear frequently in both works. Other topics discussed in the diaries include weddings, funerals, church activities, and trips. The collection is arranged in three series: Isaac Acker Diaries, David C. Acker Diaries, and Indices. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series 1, Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906, comprises of brief entries describing daily family life, weather related observations, names of visitors, and work activities. There are numerous accounts of Isaac and his family going to the \"Babtist Church\" or the \"Creek Church\" on Sundays. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series 2, David C. Acker Diaries, 1889-1900, consists of short accounts on farming, family, weather descriptions, and general day-to-day activities. There are no diary entries between September 3, 1889 and May 15, 1890. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series 3, Indices, was compiled by local historian Agnes Kline and the Eastern Mennonite University Historical Library staff based on their copies of the diaries. The assistance of EMU is necessary to correlate entries from the index to the original diaries at JMU. The indices correspond to the Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906, and the David C. Acker Diaries, 1897-1903, some of which are owned by the EMU Historical Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, consist of one Hollinger box and contains the personal diaries of Rockingham County residents Isaac Acker and his son David. The elder Acker' s diaries span the years 1880-1906, while his son's cover 1889-1900. The diaries of both men are similar in that they discuss the day-to-day events in the lives of the Acker family. There is much overlap in the diaries as topics such as farming, weather, visiting, and daily chores appear frequently in both works. Other topics discussed in the diaries include weddings, funerals, church activities, and trips. The collection is arranged in three series: Isaac Acker Diaries, David C. Acker Diaries, and Indices. "," Series 1, Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906, comprises of brief entries describing daily family life, weather related observations, names of visitors, and work activities. There are numerous accounts of Isaac and his family going to the \"Babtist Church\" or the \"Creek Church\" on Sundays. "," Series 2, David C. Acker Diaries, 1889-1900, consists of short accounts on farming, family, weather descriptions, and general day-to-day activities. There are no diary entries between September 3, 1889 and May 15, 1890. "," Series 3, Indices, was compiled by local historian Agnes Kline and the Eastern Mennonite University Historical Library staff based on their copies of the diaries. The assistance of EMU is necessary to correlate entries from the index to the original diaries at JMU. The indices correspond to the Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906, and the David C. Acker Diaries, 1897-1903, some of which are owned by the EMU Historical Library."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_6ae92f3c840c838f831d59d42a7cfe8a\"\u003eThe Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, consist of one Hollinger box and contains the personal diaries of Rockingham County residents Isaac Acker and his son David. The elder Acker's diaries span the years 1880-1906, while his son's cover 1889-1900. The diaries of both men are similar in that they discuss the day-to-day events in the lives of the Acker family. The collection is arranged in three series: Isaac Acker Diaries, David C. Acker Diaries, and Indices.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, consist of one Hollinger box and contains the personal diaries of Rockingham County residents Isaac Acker and his son David. The elder Acker's diaries span the years 1880-1906, while his son's cover 1889-1900. The diaries of both men are similar in that they discuss the day-to-day events in the lives of the Acker family. The collection is arranged in three series: Isaac Acker Diaries, David C. Acker Diaries, and Indices."],"names_coll_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Rockingham Cooperative","Acker family -- Diaries"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Rockingham Cooperative","Acker family -- Diaries","Acker, Isaac, 1832-1908","Acker, David C., 1869-1959"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Rockingham Cooperative"],"famname_ssim":["Acker family -- Diaries"],"persname_ssim":["Acker, Isaac, 1832-1908","Acker, David C., 1869-1959"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":11,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:22:06.237Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_248","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_248","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_248","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_248","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_248.xml","title_ssm":["Acker Family Diaries"],"title_tesim":["Acker Family Diaries"],"unitdate_ssm":["1880-1906"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1880-1906"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0095","/repositories/4/resources/248"],"text":["SC 0095","/repositories/4/resources/248","Acker Family Diaries","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Farmers -- Virginia -- Diaries","Agriculture -- Virginia -- History","Diaries","Weather diaries","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The collection is arranged in three series:","Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906 David C. Acker Diaries, 1889-1900 Indices","Couper, William.   History of the Shenandoah Valley:  Family and Personal Records, V.3 .  New York:  Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1952.","Wayland, John W.   Men of Mark and representative citizens of Harrisonburg and Rockingham County, Virginia.   Staunton, Va:  The McClure Company, Inc., 1943.","Both Isaac and David Acker were avid farmers, devoted to agriculture, with an interest in carpentry. Isaac (1832-1908), born near Broadway, served in the Confederate Army as an orderly sergeant in the 7th Virginia Cavalry under Generals Turner Ashby and Thomas L. Rosser. He married Sallie V. Shoup (nee Shirkey), widow of Captain J.C. Shoup on November 11, 1868. "," David C. Acker (1869-1959), son of Isaac, was influential in founding the Rockingham County Farm Bureau, where he served as president for many years. He also served as director of the Virginia Farm Bureau Federation and was a member of both the Agricultural Advisory Council of Rockingham County and the Agricultural Conference Board of Virginia. In addition, David was president of the First National Bank of Broadway and secretary-treasurer of the Rockingham Mutual Telephone and Telegraph Company. David married Martha M.B Sellers on April 6, 1906 and fathered three children with her.","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2050.","Acker Diaries, 1880-1959, Eastern Mennonite University Historical Library, Harrisonburg, Va. (Photocopies of original diaries held by JMU)","The Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, consist of one Hollinger box and contains the personal diaries of Rockingham County residents Isaac Acker and his son David. The elder Acker' s diaries span the years 1880-1906, while his son's cover 1889-1900. The diaries of both men are similar in that they discuss the day-to-day events in the lives of the Acker family. There is much overlap in the diaries as topics such as farming, weather, visiting, and daily chores appear frequently in both works. Other topics discussed in the diaries include weddings, funerals, church activities, and trips. The collection is arranged in three series: Isaac Acker Diaries, David C. Acker Diaries, and Indices. "," Series 1, Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906, comprises of brief entries describing daily family life, weather related observations, names of visitors, and work activities. There are numerous accounts of Isaac and his family going to the \"Babtist Church\" or the \"Creek Church\" on Sundays. "," Series 2, David C. Acker Diaries, 1889-1900, consists of short accounts on farming, family, weather descriptions, and general day-to-day activities. There are no diary entries between September 3, 1889 and May 15, 1890. "," Series 3, Indices, was compiled by local historian Agnes Kline and the Eastern Mennonite University Historical Library staff based on their copies of the diaries. The assistance of EMU is necessary to correlate entries from the index to the original diaries at JMU. The indices correspond to the Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906, and the David C. Acker Diaries, 1897-1903, some of which are owned by the EMU Historical Library.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, consist of one Hollinger box and contains the personal diaries of Rockingham County residents Isaac Acker and his son David. The elder Acker's diaries span the years 1880-1906, while his son's cover 1889-1900. The diaries of both men are similar in that they discuss the day-to-day events in the lives of the Acker family. The collection is arranged in three series: Isaac Acker Diaries, David C. Acker Diaries, and Indices.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Rockingham Cooperative","Acker family -- Diaries","Acker, Isaac, 1832-1908","Acker, David C., 1869-1959","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0095","/repositories/4/resources/248"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Acker Family Diaries"],"collection_title_tesim":["Acker Family Diaries"],"collection_ssim":["Acker Family Diaries"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. 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Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Social life and customs"],"creator_ssm":["Acker, Isaac, 1832-1908","Acker, David C., 1869-1959","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["Acker, Isaac, 1832-1908","Acker, David C., 1869-1959","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Acker, Isaac, 1832-1908","Acker, David C., 1869-1959"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["Acker, Isaac, 1832-1908","Acker, David C., 1869-1959","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Social life and customs"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection is on deposit by contract from the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Farmers -- Virginia -- Diaries","Agriculture -- Virginia -- History","Diaries","Weather diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Farmers -- Virginia -- Diaries","Agriculture -- Virginia -- History","Diaries","Weather diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.4 cubic feet 1 Hollinger box"],"extent_tesim":["0.4 cubic feet 1 Hollinger box"],"genreform_ssim":["Diaries","Weather diaries"],"date_range_isim":[1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in three series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIsaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eDavid C. Acker Diaries, 1889-1900\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIndices\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in three series:","Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906 David C. Acker Diaries, 1889-1900 Indices"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eCouper, William.  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHistory of the Shenandoah Valley:  Family and Personal Records, V.3\u003c/emph\u003e.  New York:  Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1952.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWayland, John W.  \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eMen of Mark and representative citizens of Harrisonburg and Rockingham County, Virginia.\u003c/emph\u003e  Staunton, Va:  The McClure Company, Inc., 1943.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Couper, William.   History of the Shenandoah Valley:  Family and Personal Records, V.3 .  New York:  Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1952.","Wayland, John W.   Men of Mark and representative citizens of Harrisonburg and Rockingham County, Virginia.   Staunton, Va:  The McClure Company, Inc., 1943."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBoth Isaac and David Acker were avid farmers, devoted to agriculture, with an interest in carpentry. Isaac (1832-1908), born near Broadway, served in the Confederate Army as an orderly sergeant in the 7th Virginia Cavalry under Generals Turner Ashby and Thomas L. Rosser. He married Sallie V. Shoup (nee Shirkey), widow of Captain J.C. Shoup on November 11, 1868. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e David C. Acker (1869-1959), son of Isaac, was influential in founding the Rockingham County Farm Bureau, where he served as president for many years. He also served as director of the Virginia Farm Bureau Federation and was a member of both the Agricultural Advisory Council of Rockingham County and the Agricultural Conference Board of Virginia. In addition, David was president of the First National Bank of Broadway and secretary-treasurer of the Rockingham Mutual Telephone and Telegraph Company. David married Martha M.B Sellers on April 6, 1906 and fathered three children with her.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Both Isaac and David Acker were avid farmers, devoted to agriculture, with an interest in carpentry. Isaac (1832-1908), born near Broadway, served in the Confederate Army as an orderly sergeant in the 7th Virginia Cavalry under Generals Turner Ashby and Thomas L. Rosser. He married Sallie V. Shoup (nee Shirkey), widow of Captain J.C. Shoup on November 11, 1868. "," David C. Acker (1869-1959), son of Isaac, was influential in founding the Rockingham County Farm Bureau, where he served as president for many years. He also served as director of the Virginia Farm Bureau Federation and was a member of both the Agricultural Advisory Council of Rockingham County and the Agricultural Conference Board of Virginia. In addition, David was president of the First National Bank of Broadway and secretary-treasurer of the Rockingham Mutual Telephone and Telegraph Company. David married Martha M.B Sellers on April 6, 1906 and fathered three children with her."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, SC 0095, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, SC 0095, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2050.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2050."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAcker Diaries, 1880-1959, Eastern Mennonite University Historical Library, Harrisonburg, Va. (Photocopies of original diaries held by JMU)\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Acker Diaries, 1880-1959, Eastern Mennonite University Historical Library, Harrisonburg, Va. (Photocopies of original diaries held by JMU)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, consist of one Hollinger box and contains the personal diaries of Rockingham County residents Isaac Acker and his son David. The elder Acker' s diaries span the years 1880-1906, while his son's cover 1889-1900. The diaries of both men are similar in that they discuss the day-to-day events in the lives of the Acker family. There is much overlap in the diaries as topics such as farming, weather, visiting, and daily chores appear frequently in both works. Other topics discussed in the diaries include weddings, funerals, church activities, and trips. The collection is arranged in three series: Isaac Acker Diaries, David C. Acker Diaries, and Indices. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series 1, Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906, comprises of brief entries describing daily family life, weather related observations, names of visitors, and work activities. There are numerous accounts of Isaac and his family going to the \"Babtist Church\" or the \"Creek Church\" on Sundays. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series 2, David C. Acker Diaries, 1889-1900, consists of short accounts on farming, family, weather descriptions, and general day-to-day activities. There are no diary entries between September 3, 1889 and May 15, 1890. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Series 3, Indices, was compiled by local historian Agnes Kline and the Eastern Mennonite University Historical Library staff based on their copies of the diaries. The assistance of EMU is necessary to correlate entries from the index to the original diaries at JMU. The indices correspond to the Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906, and the David C. Acker Diaries, 1897-1903, some of which are owned by the EMU Historical Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, consist of one Hollinger box and contains the personal diaries of Rockingham County residents Isaac Acker and his son David. The elder Acker' s diaries span the years 1880-1906, while his son's cover 1889-1900. The diaries of both men are similar in that they discuss the day-to-day events in the lives of the Acker family. There is much overlap in the diaries as topics such as farming, weather, visiting, and daily chores appear frequently in both works. Other topics discussed in the diaries include weddings, funerals, church activities, and trips. The collection is arranged in three series: Isaac Acker Diaries, David C. Acker Diaries, and Indices. "," Series 1, Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906, comprises of brief entries describing daily family life, weather related observations, names of visitors, and work activities. There are numerous accounts of Isaac and his family going to the \"Babtist Church\" or the \"Creek Church\" on Sundays. "," Series 2, David C. Acker Diaries, 1889-1900, consists of short accounts on farming, family, weather descriptions, and general day-to-day activities. There are no diary entries between September 3, 1889 and May 15, 1890. "," Series 3, Indices, was compiled by local historian Agnes Kline and the Eastern Mennonite University Historical Library staff based on their copies of the diaries. The assistance of EMU is necessary to correlate entries from the index to the original diaries at JMU. The indices correspond to the Isaac Acker Diaries, 1880-1906, and the David C. Acker Diaries, 1897-1903, some of which are owned by the EMU Historical Library."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_6ae92f3c840c838f831d59d42a7cfe8a\"\u003eThe Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, consist of one Hollinger box and contains the personal diaries of Rockingham County residents Isaac Acker and his son David. The elder Acker's diaries span the years 1880-1906, while his son's cover 1889-1900. The diaries of both men are similar in that they discuss the day-to-day events in the lives of the Acker family. The collection is arranged in three series: Isaac Acker Diaries, David C. Acker Diaries, and Indices.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Acker Family Diaries, 1880-1906, consist of one Hollinger box and contains the personal diaries of Rockingham County residents Isaac Acker and his son David. The elder Acker's diaries span the years 1880-1906, while his son's cover 1889-1900. The diaries of both men are similar in that they discuss the day-to-day events in the lives of the Acker family. The collection is arranged in three series: Isaac Acker Diaries, David C. Acker Diaries, and Indices."],"names_coll_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Rockingham Cooperative","Acker family -- Diaries"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Rockingham Cooperative","Acker family -- Diaries","Acker, Isaac, 1832-1908","Acker, David C., 1869-1959"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Rockingham Cooperative"],"famname_ssim":["Acker family -- Diaries"],"persname_ssim":["Acker, Isaac, 1832-1908","Acker, David C., 1869-1959"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":11,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:22:06.237Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_248"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_302","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Bowman Family Papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_302#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Bowman family","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_302#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Bowman Family Papers, 1765-1998, consisting of one box and one flat folder, contain various documents related to John Bowman, and his descendants David, Joseph, Alpheus, Solon, and others. These documents include deeds and indentures pertaining to land granted to John Bowman, as well as wills and financial records, and records pertaining to the construction of a new Rader's Church, 1878-1879.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_302#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_302","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_302","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_302","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_302","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_302.xml","title_ssm":["Bowman Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Bowman Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1765-1998"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1765-1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0159","/repositories/4/resources/302"],"text":["SC 0159","/repositories/4/resources/302","Bowman Family Papers","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Virginia -- Genealogy","Farmers -- Virginia -- Biography","Indentured servants -- Virginia","Naturalization -- United States","Agriculture -- Virginia -- History","Farm life -- Virginia -- History","Home economics -- Accounting","Farm management -- Sources","Trust indentures -- Virginia","Deeds -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History -- 18th century","Deeds -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History -- 19th century","Land titles -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Sources","Land titles -- Registration and transfer -- Virginia -- Sources","Real property -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Estates (Law) -- Virginia -- Sources","Wills -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Church buildings -- Virginia -- Sources","Indentures","Deeds","Wills","Financial Records","Family papers","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The collection is arranged topically.","Tyler, Lyon Gardner.  Men of Mark in Virginia: Ideals of American Life; a Collection of Biographies of the Leading Men of the State . Virginia, Men of Mark Publishing Company, 1906.","Wayland, John W.  A History of Shenandoah County, Virginia . Baltimore, Regional Publishing Company, 1980.","Stirewalt, Jerome Paul.  A Brief History of Rader's Lutheran Church Near Timberville, Virginia from May 20, 1765 to April 11, 1921 . Henkel's Lutheran Publication Establishment, 1922.","John Bowman Jr. was born on July 1, 1750 in Greenwich Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. He married Mary Magdalene Surface most likely in 1777. They had six children: Elizabeth, George, John, Barbara, Catherine, and Mary. George and John Bowman were the eldest and only sons of John and Mary. John Bowman Jr. died on March 7th, 1816, three days after compiling his last will and testament. This particular Bowman family is a branch of the prominent pioneering and military family of Rockingham County of the same name (descended from George Bowman who settled in the area in 1731). There are financial records in the collection indicating the sale of a significant tract of land to David Bowman (son of Solon Bowman) from the heirs of the prominent Isaac Bowman (son of George Bowman mentioned above). One such heir from the deed, Mattie S. Bowman, also penned a letter to David Bowman, found in the second series of the collection, confirming that she was his niece and that the Bowman's of this collection were related to the prominent Bowman family of the area. Another such heir mentioned was Alpheus M. Bowman, a very prominent and successful statesman and businessman in Virginia. Solon Bowman, to which some of the wills relate to, was born July 11, 1844 and was said to have been an active and pleasant man in the Rader's Lutheran Church Community, and was also a soldier in the Civil War, said to be \"gallant and brave.\"","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in 2017-2018.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 4019 .","This collection consists of three folders of deeds, indentures, financial records, wills and a few other miscellaneous documents from 1765-1998, relevant to John Bowman and his descendants David, Joseph, Alpheus, Solon, and others. The wills contained in the collection belong to John Bowman Jr. and his son John Bowman, as well as several others. The land treaties and financial records belong mostly to David Bowman, grandson of John Bowman Jr. John Bowman was issued a Land Office Exchange Treasury Warrant for 374 acres in a section of Rockingham County, VA called \"the forest\" in 1811. Some documents indicate connections with George Keezel and Charles E. Long. Six rolls of names and amounts record subscriptions for erecting a new Rader's Church in 1878-79. Most of the financial records correspond to sales of lands and deeds made to David and John Bowman, as well as records of money and notes given by various family members and acquaintances.","Folder 1, Deeds and Indentures, 1765-1893, undated, includes deeds and indentures relating to John and David Bowman, regarding mostly land sales throughout Rockingham County. Includes naturalization document for George Bauman.","Folder 2, Financial Records, 1871-1926, undated, includes lists of household property, 1888-1900 as well as notes, letters, and records on money exchanges and sales. ","Folder 3, Wills and Estate Records, contain wills and records pertaining to the settlement of Bowman and Long estates, 1816-1998, and undated.","Six subscription rolls of names and amounts for erecting a new church at or near Rader's Church","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Bowman Family Papers, 1765-1998, consisting of one box and one flat folder, contain various documents related to John Bowman, and his descendants David, Joseph, Alpheus, Solon, and others. These documents include deeds and indentures pertaining to land granted to John Bowman, as well as wills and financial records, and records pertaining to the construction of a new Rader's Church, 1878-1879.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Rader's Lutheran Church (Timberville, Va.)","Bowman family","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0159","/repositories/4/resources/302"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Bowman Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Bowman Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Bowman Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Virginia -- Genealogy"],"geogname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Virginia -- Genealogy"],"creator_ssm":["Bowman family","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["Bowman family","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Bowman family"],"creators_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Bowman family"],"places_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Virginia -- Genealogy"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Deposited by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society in April 1999."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Farmers -- Virginia -- Biography","Indentured servants -- Virginia","Naturalization -- United States","Agriculture -- Virginia -- History","Farm life -- Virginia -- History","Home economics -- Accounting","Farm management -- Sources","Trust indentures -- Virginia","Deeds -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History -- 18th century","Deeds -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History -- 19th century","Land titles -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Sources","Land titles -- Registration and transfer -- Virginia -- Sources","Real property -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Estates (Law) -- Virginia -- Sources","Wills -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Church buildings -- Virginia -- Sources","Indentures","Deeds","Wills","Financial Records","Family papers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Farmers -- Virginia -- Biography","Indentured servants -- Virginia","Naturalization -- United States","Agriculture -- Virginia -- History","Farm life -- Virginia -- History","Home economics -- Accounting","Farm management -- Sources","Trust indentures -- Virginia","Deeds -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History -- 18th century","Deeds -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History -- 19th century","Land titles -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Sources","Land titles -- Registration and transfer -- Virginia -- Sources","Real property -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Estates (Law) -- Virginia -- Sources","Wills -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Church buildings -- Virginia -- Sources","Indentures","Deeds","Wills","Financial Records","Family papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.36 cubic feet 3 folders, 1 flat file"],"extent_tesim":["0.36 cubic feet 3 folders, 1 flat file"],"genreform_ssim":["Indentures","Deeds","Wills","Financial Records","Family papers"],"date_range_isim":[1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged topically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged topically."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eTyler, Lyon Gardner. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eMen of Mark in Virginia: Ideals of American Life; a Collection of Biographies of the Leading Men of the State\u003c/emph\u003e. Virginia, Men of Mark Publishing Company, 1906.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWayland, John W. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eA History of Shenandoah County, Virginia\u003c/emph\u003e. Baltimore, Regional Publishing Company, 1980.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eStirewalt, Jerome Paul. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eA Brief History of Rader's Lutheran Church Near Timberville, Virginia from May 20, 1765 to April 11, 1921\u003c/emph\u003e. Henkel's Lutheran Publication Establishment, 1922.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Tyler, Lyon Gardner.  Men of Mark in Virginia: Ideals of American Life; a Collection of Biographies of the Leading Men of the State . Virginia, Men of Mark Publishing Company, 1906.","Wayland, John W.  A History of Shenandoah County, Virginia . Baltimore, Regional Publishing Company, 1980.","Stirewalt, Jerome Paul.  A Brief History of Rader's Lutheran Church Near Timberville, Virginia from May 20, 1765 to April 11, 1921 . Henkel's Lutheran Publication Establishment, 1922."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Bowman Jr. was born on July 1, 1750 in Greenwich Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. He married Mary Magdalene Surface most likely in 1777. They had six children: Elizabeth, George, John, Barbara, Catherine, and Mary. George and John Bowman were the eldest and only sons of John and Mary. John Bowman Jr. died on March 7th, 1816, three days after compiling his last will and testament. This particular Bowman family is a branch of the prominent pioneering and military family of Rockingham County of the same name (descended from George Bowman who settled in the area in 1731). There are financial records in the collection indicating the sale of a significant tract of land to David Bowman (son of Solon Bowman) from the heirs of the prominent Isaac Bowman (son of George Bowman mentioned above). One such heir from the deed, Mattie S. Bowman, also penned a letter to David Bowman, found in the second series of the collection, confirming that she was his niece and that the Bowman's of this collection were related to the prominent Bowman family of the area. Another such heir mentioned was Alpheus M. Bowman, a very prominent and successful statesman and businessman in Virginia. Solon Bowman, to which some of the wills relate to, was born July 11, 1844 and was said to have been an active and pleasant man in the Rader's Lutheran Church Community, and was also a soldier in the Civil War, said to be \"gallant and brave.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Bowman Jr. was born on July 1, 1750 in Greenwich Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. He married Mary Magdalene Surface most likely in 1777. They had six children: Elizabeth, George, John, Barbara, Catherine, and Mary. George and John Bowman were the eldest and only sons of John and Mary. John Bowman Jr. died on March 7th, 1816, three days after compiling his last will and testament. This particular Bowman family is a branch of the prominent pioneering and military family of Rockingham County of the same name (descended from George Bowman who settled in the area in 1731). There are financial records in the collection indicating the sale of a significant tract of land to David Bowman (son of Solon Bowman) from the heirs of the prominent Isaac Bowman (son of George Bowman mentioned above). One such heir from the deed, Mattie S. Bowman, also penned a letter to David Bowman, found in the second series of the collection, confirming that she was his niece and that the Bowman's of this collection were related to the prominent Bowman family of the area. Another such heir mentioned was Alpheus M. Bowman, a very prominent and successful statesman and businessman in Virginia. Solon Bowman, to which some of the wills relate to, was born July 11, 1844 and was said to have been an active and pleasant man in the Rader's Lutheran Church Community, and was also a soldier in the Civil War, said to be \"gallant and brave.\""],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Bowman Family Papers, 1765-1998, SC 0159, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Bowman Family Papers, 1765-1998, SC 0159, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in 2017-2018. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 4019\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in 2017-2018.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 4019 ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of three folders of deeds, indentures, financial records, wills and a few other miscellaneous documents from 1765-1998, relevant to John Bowman and his descendants David, Joseph, Alpheus, Solon, and others. The wills contained in the collection belong to John Bowman Jr. and his son John Bowman, as well as several others. The land treaties and financial records belong mostly to David Bowman, grandson of John Bowman Jr. John Bowman was issued a Land Office Exchange Treasury Warrant for 374 acres in a section of Rockingham County, VA called \"the forest\" in 1811. Some documents indicate connections with George Keezel and Charles E. Long. Six rolls of names and amounts record subscriptions for erecting a new Rader's Church in 1878-79. Most of the financial records correspond to sales of lands and deeds made to David and John Bowman, as well as records of money and notes given by various family members and acquaintances.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1, Deeds and Indentures, 1765-1893, undated, includes deeds and indentures relating to John and David Bowman, regarding mostly land sales throughout Rockingham County. Includes naturalization document for George Bauman.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2, Financial Records, 1871-1926, undated, includes lists of household property, 1888-1900 as well as notes, letters, and records on money exchanges and sales. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3, Wills and Estate Records, contain wills and records pertaining to the settlement of Bowman and Long estates, 1816-1998, and undated.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSix subscription rolls of names and amounts for erecting a new church at or near Rader's Church\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of three folders of deeds, indentures, financial records, wills and a few other miscellaneous documents from 1765-1998, relevant to John Bowman and his descendants David, Joseph, Alpheus, Solon, and others. The wills contained in the collection belong to John Bowman Jr. and his son John Bowman, as well as several others. The land treaties and financial records belong mostly to David Bowman, grandson of John Bowman Jr. John Bowman was issued a Land Office Exchange Treasury Warrant for 374 acres in a section of Rockingham County, VA called \"the forest\" in 1811. Some documents indicate connections with George Keezel and Charles E. Long. Six rolls of names and amounts record subscriptions for erecting a new Rader's Church in 1878-79. Most of the financial records correspond to sales of lands and deeds made to David and John Bowman, as well as records of money and notes given by various family members and acquaintances.","Folder 1, Deeds and Indentures, 1765-1893, undated, includes deeds and indentures relating to John and David Bowman, regarding mostly land sales throughout Rockingham County. Includes naturalization document for George Bauman.","Folder 2, Financial Records, 1871-1926, undated, includes lists of household property, 1888-1900 as well as notes, letters, and records on money exchanges and sales. ","Folder 3, Wills and Estate Records, contain wills and records pertaining to the settlement of Bowman and Long estates, 1816-1998, and undated.","Six subscription rolls of names and amounts for erecting a new church at or near Rader's Church"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5355757df061c0037e2ba6b6c6d6e734\"\u003eThe Bowman Family Papers, 1765-1998, consisting of one box and one flat folder, contain various documents related to John Bowman, and his descendants David, Joseph, Alpheus, Solon, and others. These documents include deeds and indentures pertaining to land granted to John Bowman, as well as wills and financial records, and records pertaining to the construction of a new Rader's Church, 1878-1879.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Bowman Family Papers, 1765-1998, consisting of one box and one flat folder, contain various documents related to John Bowman, and his descendants David, Joseph, Alpheus, Solon, and others. These documents include deeds and indentures pertaining to land granted to John Bowman, as well as wills and financial records, and records pertaining to the construction of a new Rader's Church, 1878-1879."],"names_coll_ssim":["Rader's Lutheran Church (Timberville, Va.)","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Rader's Lutheran Church (Timberville, Va.)","Bowman family"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Rader's Lutheran Church (Timberville, Va.)"],"famname_ssim":["Bowman family"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":4,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:18:16.308Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_302","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_302","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_302","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_302","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_302.xml","title_ssm":["Bowman Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Bowman Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1765-1998"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1765-1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0159","/repositories/4/resources/302"],"text":["SC 0159","/repositories/4/resources/302","Bowman Family Papers","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Virginia -- Genealogy","Farmers -- Virginia -- Biography","Indentured servants -- Virginia","Naturalization -- United States","Agriculture -- Virginia -- History","Farm life -- Virginia -- History","Home economics -- Accounting","Farm management -- Sources","Trust indentures -- Virginia","Deeds -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History -- 18th century","Deeds -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History -- 19th century","Land titles -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Sources","Land titles -- Registration and transfer -- Virginia -- Sources","Real property -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Estates (Law) -- Virginia -- Sources","Wills -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Church buildings -- Virginia -- Sources","Indentures","Deeds","Wills","Financial Records","Family papers","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The collection is arranged topically.","Tyler, Lyon Gardner.  Men of Mark in Virginia: Ideals of American Life; a Collection of Biographies of the Leading Men of the State . Virginia, Men of Mark Publishing Company, 1906.","Wayland, John W.  A History of Shenandoah County, Virginia . Baltimore, Regional Publishing Company, 1980.","Stirewalt, Jerome Paul.  A Brief History of Rader's Lutheran Church Near Timberville, Virginia from May 20, 1765 to April 11, 1921 . Henkel's Lutheran Publication Establishment, 1922.","John Bowman Jr. was born on July 1, 1750 in Greenwich Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. He married Mary Magdalene Surface most likely in 1777. They had six children: Elizabeth, George, John, Barbara, Catherine, and Mary. George and John Bowman were the eldest and only sons of John and Mary. John Bowman Jr. died on March 7th, 1816, three days after compiling his last will and testament. This particular Bowman family is a branch of the prominent pioneering and military family of Rockingham County of the same name (descended from George Bowman who settled in the area in 1731). There are financial records in the collection indicating the sale of a significant tract of land to David Bowman (son of Solon Bowman) from the heirs of the prominent Isaac Bowman (son of George Bowman mentioned above). One such heir from the deed, Mattie S. Bowman, also penned a letter to David Bowman, found in the second series of the collection, confirming that she was his niece and that the Bowman's of this collection were related to the prominent Bowman family of the area. Another such heir mentioned was Alpheus M. Bowman, a very prominent and successful statesman and businessman in Virginia. Solon Bowman, to which some of the wills relate to, was born July 11, 1844 and was said to have been an active and pleasant man in the Rader's Lutheran Church Community, and was also a soldier in the Civil War, said to be \"gallant and brave.\"","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in 2017-2018.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 4019 .","This collection consists of three folders of deeds, indentures, financial records, wills and a few other miscellaneous documents from 1765-1998, relevant to John Bowman and his descendants David, Joseph, Alpheus, Solon, and others. The wills contained in the collection belong to John Bowman Jr. and his son John Bowman, as well as several others. The land treaties and financial records belong mostly to David Bowman, grandson of John Bowman Jr. John Bowman was issued a Land Office Exchange Treasury Warrant for 374 acres in a section of Rockingham County, VA called \"the forest\" in 1811. Some documents indicate connections with George Keezel and Charles E. Long. Six rolls of names and amounts record subscriptions for erecting a new Rader's Church in 1878-79. Most of the financial records correspond to sales of lands and deeds made to David and John Bowman, as well as records of money and notes given by various family members and acquaintances.","Folder 1, Deeds and Indentures, 1765-1893, undated, includes deeds and indentures relating to John and David Bowman, regarding mostly land sales throughout Rockingham County. Includes naturalization document for George Bauman.","Folder 2, Financial Records, 1871-1926, undated, includes lists of household property, 1888-1900 as well as notes, letters, and records on money exchanges and sales. ","Folder 3, Wills and Estate Records, contain wills and records pertaining to the settlement of Bowman and Long estates, 1816-1998, and undated.","Six subscription rolls of names and amounts for erecting a new church at or near Rader's Church","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Bowman Family Papers, 1765-1998, consisting of one box and one flat folder, contain various documents related to John Bowman, and his descendants David, Joseph, Alpheus, Solon, and others. These documents include deeds and indentures pertaining to land granted to John Bowman, as well as wills and financial records, and records pertaining to the construction of a new Rader's Church, 1878-1879.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Rader's Lutheran Church (Timberville, Va.)","Bowman family","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0159","/repositories/4/resources/302"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Bowman Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Bowman Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Bowman Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Virginia -- Genealogy"],"geogname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Virginia -- Genealogy"],"creator_ssm":["Bowman family","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["Bowman family","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Bowman family"],"creators_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Bowman family"],"places_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Virginia -- Genealogy"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Deposited by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society in April 1999."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Farmers -- Virginia -- Biography","Indentured servants -- Virginia","Naturalization -- United States","Agriculture -- Virginia -- History","Farm life -- Virginia -- History","Home economics -- Accounting","Farm management -- Sources","Trust indentures -- Virginia","Deeds -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History -- 18th century","Deeds -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History -- 19th century","Land titles -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Sources","Land titles -- Registration and transfer -- Virginia -- Sources","Real property -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Estates (Law) -- Virginia -- Sources","Wills -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Church buildings -- Virginia -- Sources","Indentures","Deeds","Wills","Financial Records","Family papers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Farmers -- Virginia -- Biography","Indentured servants -- Virginia","Naturalization -- United States","Agriculture -- Virginia -- History","Farm life -- Virginia -- History","Home economics -- Accounting","Farm management -- Sources","Trust indentures -- Virginia","Deeds -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History -- 18th century","Deeds -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History -- 19th century","Land titles -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Sources","Land titles -- Registration and transfer -- Virginia -- Sources","Real property -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Estates (Law) -- Virginia -- Sources","Wills -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Church buildings -- Virginia -- Sources","Indentures","Deeds","Wills","Financial Records","Family papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.36 cubic feet 3 folders, 1 flat file"],"extent_tesim":["0.36 cubic feet 3 folders, 1 flat file"],"genreform_ssim":["Indentures","Deeds","Wills","Financial Records","Family papers"],"date_range_isim":[1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged topically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged topically."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eTyler, Lyon Gardner. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eMen of Mark in Virginia: Ideals of American Life; a Collection of Biographies of the Leading Men of the State\u003c/emph\u003e. Virginia, Men of Mark Publishing Company, 1906.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWayland, John W. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eA History of Shenandoah County, Virginia\u003c/emph\u003e. Baltimore, Regional Publishing Company, 1980.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eStirewalt, Jerome Paul. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eA Brief History of Rader's Lutheran Church Near Timberville, Virginia from May 20, 1765 to April 11, 1921\u003c/emph\u003e. Henkel's Lutheran Publication Establishment, 1922.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Tyler, Lyon Gardner.  Men of Mark in Virginia: Ideals of American Life; a Collection of Biographies of the Leading Men of the State . Virginia, Men of Mark Publishing Company, 1906.","Wayland, John W.  A History of Shenandoah County, Virginia . Baltimore, Regional Publishing Company, 1980.","Stirewalt, Jerome Paul.  A Brief History of Rader's Lutheran Church Near Timberville, Virginia from May 20, 1765 to April 11, 1921 . Henkel's Lutheran Publication Establishment, 1922."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Bowman Jr. was born on July 1, 1750 in Greenwich Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. He married Mary Magdalene Surface most likely in 1777. They had six children: Elizabeth, George, John, Barbara, Catherine, and Mary. George and John Bowman were the eldest and only sons of John and Mary. John Bowman Jr. died on March 7th, 1816, three days after compiling his last will and testament. This particular Bowman family is a branch of the prominent pioneering and military family of Rockingham County of the same name (descended from George Bowman who settled in the area in 1731). There are financial records in the collection indicating the sale of a significant tract of land to David Bowman (son of Solon Bowman) from the heirs of the prominent Isaac Bowman (son of George Bowman mentioned above). One such heir from the deed, Mattie S. Bowman, also penned a letter to David Bowman, found in the second series of the collection, confirming that she was his niece and that the Bowman's of this collection were related to the prominent Bowman family of the area. Another such heir mentioned was Alpheus M. Bowman, a very prominent and successful statesman and businessman in Virginia. Solon Bowman, to which some of the wills relate to, was born July 11, 1844 and was said to have been an active and pleasant man in the Rader's Lutheran Church Community, and was also a soldier in the Civil War, said to be \"gallant and brave.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Bowman Jr. was born on July 1, 1750 in Greenwich Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. He married Mary Magdalene Surface most likely in 1777. They had six children: Elizabeth, George, John, Barbara, Catherine, and Mary. George and John Bowman were the eldest and only sons of John and Mary. John Bowman Jr. died on March 7th, 1816, three days after compiling his last will and testament. This particular Bowman family is a branch of the prominent pioneering and military family of Rockingham County of the same name (descended from George Bowman who settled in the area in 1731). There are financial records in the collection indicating the sale of a significant tract of land to David Bowman (son of Solon Bowman) from the heirs of the prominent Isaac Bowman (son of George Bowman mentioned above). One such heir from the deed, Mattie S. Bowman, also penned a letter to David Bowman, found in the second series of the collection, confirming that she was his niece and that the Bowman's of this collection were related to the prominent Bowman family of the area. Another such heir mentioned was Alpheus M. Bowman, a very prominent and successful statesman and businessman in Virginia. Solon Bowman, to which some of the wills relate to, was born July 11, 1844 and was said to have been an active and pleasant man in the Rader's Lutheran Church Community, and was also a soldier in the Civil War, said to be \"gallant and brave.\""],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Bowman Family Papers, 1765-1998, SC 0159, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Bowman Family Papers, 1765-1998, SC 0159, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in 2017-2018. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 4019\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in 2017-2018.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 4019 ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of three folders of deeds, indentures, financial records, wills and a few other miscellaneous documents from 1765-1998, relevant to John Bowman and his descendants David, Joseph, Alpheus, Solon, and others. The wills contained in the collection belong to John Bowman Jr. and his son John Bowman, as well as several others. The land treaties and financial records belong mostly to David Bowman, grandson of John Bowman Jr. John Bowman was issued a Land Office Exchange Treasury Warrant for 374 acres in a section of Rockingham County, VA called \"the forest\" in 1811. Some documents indicate connections with George Keezel and Charles E. Long. Six rolls of names and amounts record subscriptions for erecting a new Rader's Church in 1878-79. Most of the financial records correspond to sales of lands and deeds made to David and John Bowman, as well as records of money and notes given by various family members and acquaintances.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1, Deeds and Indentures, 1765-1893, undated, includes deeds and indentures relating to John and David Bowman, regarding mostly land sales throughout Rockingham County. Includes naturalization document for George Bauman.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2, Financial Records, 1871-1926, undated, includes lists of household property, 1888-1900 as well as notes, letters, and records on money exchanges and sales. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3, Wills and Estate Records, contain wills and records pertaining to the settlement of Bowman and Long estates, 1816-1998, and undated.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSix subscription rolls of names and amounts for erecting a new church at or near Rader's Church\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of three folders of deeds, indentures, financial records, wills and a few other miscellaneous documents from 1765-1998, relevant to John Bowman and his descendants David, Joseph, Alpheus, Solon, and others. The wills contained in the collection belong to John Bowman Jr. and his son John Bowman, as well as several others. The land treaties and financial records belong mostly to David Bowman, grandson of John Bowman Jr. John Bowman was issued a Land Office Exchange Treasury Warrant for 374 acres in a section of Rockingham County, VA called \"the forest\" in 1811. Some documents indicate connections with George Keezel and Charles E. Long. Six rolls of names and amounts record subscriptions for erecting a new Rader's Church in 1878-79. Most of the financial records correspond to sales of lands and deeds made to David and John Bowman, as well as records of money and notes given by various family members and acquaintances.","Folder 1, Deeds and Indentures, 1765-1893, undated, includes deeds and indentures relating to John and David Bowman, regarding mostly land sales throughout Rockingham County. Includes naturalization document for George Bauman.","Folder 2, Financial Records, 1871-1926, undated, includes lists of household property, 1888-1900 as well as notes, letters, and records on money exchanges and sales. ","Folder 3, Wills and Estate Records, contain wills and records pertaining to the settlement of Bowman and Long estates, 1816-1998, and undated.","Six subscription rolls of names and amounts for erecting a new church at or near Rader's Church"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5355757df061c0037e2ba6b6c6d6e734\"\u003eThe Bowman Family Papers, 1765-1998, consisting of one box and one flat folder, contain various documents related to John Bowman, and his descendants David, Joseph, Alpheus, Solon, and others. These documents include deeds and indentures pertaining to land granted to John Bowman, as well as wills and financial records, and records pertaining to the construction of a new Rader's Church, 1878-1879.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Bowman Family Papers, 1765-1998, consisting of one box and one flat folder, contain various documents related to John Bowman, and his descendants David, Joseph, Alpheus, Solon, and others. These documents include deeds and indentures pertaining to land granted to John Bowman, as well as wills and financial records, and records pertaining to the construction of a new Rader's Church, 1878-1879."],"names_coll_ssim":["Rader's Lutheran Church (Timberville, Va.)","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Rader's Lutheran Church (Timberville, Va.)","Bowman family"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Rader's Lutheran Church (Timberville, Va.)"],"famname_ssim":["Bowman family"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":4,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:18:16.308Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_302"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_241","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_241#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_241#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, consist of 273 items housed within two boxes, of correspondence received by O'Ferrall when he resided in Harrisonburg, Virginia, as well as a small amount of assorted legal, financial, and miscellaneous documents which are apparently unconnected with O'Ferrall or his family, but do illustrate some common financial and legal practices of the day.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_241#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_241","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_241","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_241","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_241","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_241.xml","title_ssm":["Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers"],"title_tesim":["Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1870-1893"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1870-1893"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0086","/repositories/4/resources/241"],"text":["SC 0086","/repositories/4/resources/241","Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","United States -- Politics and government -- 1865-1900","Statesmen -- Virginia -- Biography","Judges -- Virginia","Lawyers -- Virginia","Legislators -- Virginia","Elections -- Virginia","Practice of law -- Virginia","Letters (correspondence)","Postcards","Legal documents","Financial Records","Newspaper clippings","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Also available on microfilm, Reel 1489, at Special Collections of James Madison University and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.","The collection is arranged chronologically within three series:","Correspondence, 1870-1893 Legal and Financial, 1873-1877 Other, 1874-1879","Malone, Dumas, editor.  Dictionary of American Biography . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934, pp. 633-634. Ref E176.D56","Younger, Edward, editor.  The Governors of Virginia 1860-1978 . Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1982, pp. 135-141. F225.G77 1982","O'Ferrall, Charles T.  Forty Years of Active Service . New York and Washington: The Neale Publishing Company, 1904.","Charles Triplett O'Ferrall (October 21, 1840-September 22, 1905) was born in Frederick County, Virginia, and spent much of his youth residing in Morgan County, Virginia (now West Virginia). After his father's death when O'Ferrall was fifteen, he took over his father's position as clerk pro tempore of the circuit court in Morgan County. Two years later he was elected clerk of the county circuit court there, a position he held until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. O'Ferrall joined the 12th Virginia Cavalry (CSA), Winchester in 1861 as a private. By 1865, he was an acting colonel managing forces in the Shenandoah Valley and saw action at Second Manassas (1862) and Upperville (1863). He sustained eight injuries over the course of service. During his recuperation in Enterprise, Mississippi, he met Anna E. McLean, and they were married February 8, 1865. ","After the war, O'Ferrall and his wife briefly ran an inn in Staunton, Virginia. In 1868, O'Ferrall entered Washington College (now Washington and Lee) under Robert E. Lee and graduated with a law degree in August 1869. After moving to Harrisonburg, O'Ferrall was elected as a Democrat to the House of Delegates for two terms, 1871-1873. In 1874, he became judge of the Rockingham County Circuit Court, a position he held until 1880. In 1882, he won the Rockingham County Congressional election, and served five terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1893, Democratic Congressman O'Ferrall was elected Governor. He ran on a bimetallic currency ticket, one which would later ruin his political career. His first two years in office were notable for his liberal stance against lynching and his favorable economic policies. O'Ferrall's downfall came, however, in 1896, when he refused to endorse the free silver platform of fellow Democrat William Jennings Bryan. O'Ferrall retired to Chesterfield County after two more years in office, where he wrote his book  Forty Years of Active Service  in 1904. Charles O'Ferrall died a year later in Richmond.","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2015.","Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.","Virginia. Governor (1894-1898 : O'Ferrall). Executive papers of Governor Charles T. O'Ferrall, 1894-1897. Accession 43210. State government records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va.","Margaret Reed Collection, 1902-1914, SC 0093, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.","The Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, consist of 273 items in two boxes, and is arranged in three series: correspondence (1870-1893), legal and financial (1873-1877), and other (1874-1879). The items therein cover O'Ferrall's post-war life and career until the decade leading up to his death. ","Series 1: Correspondence, 1870-1893, includes letters and postcards to and from O'Ferrall related to his business matters and personal affairs. Many letters express sympathy for his wife's death in 1879. Also present is correspondence relating to the State Conservative Executive Committee, a group that supported O'Ferrall's bid for the House of Delegates and a group from which O'Ferrall elicited support in his gubernatorial campaign. Other items of note include letters from E. I. Armstrong, J. W. Bassore, Benjamin Milnes, Mrs. Charles O'Ferrall, Secretary of the Commonwealth James McDonald, Gilmore and Company with an enclosed advertisement and from Charles O'Ferrall to Fred W. M. Holliday.","Series 2: Legal and Financial, 1873-1877, includes legal documents related to O'Ferrall's various positions in law and government. Some items of note include bankruptcy notices, deeds, and the undated will of Mary Parrot.","Series 3: Other, 1874-1879, includes miscellaneous documents, newspaper clippings and an oversized broadside. Items of note include the report card of O'Ferrall's son Charles, an announcement about Dr. Moffett, a July 4, 1877 article from the  Staunton Spectator  entitled \"The Public Debt-General Mahone's Views\" and also one from a Washington D.C. paper discussing the Democratic policy in Virginia with \"An Early Convention, Payne and Lee, and an Aggressive Fight.\" Other documents include \"Mr. Alexander's reply to the last card of Col. Chas. T. O'Ferrall\", 15 June, 1893 (original encapsulated, with xeroxed copy), \"Remarks of Hon. Chas. T. O'Ferrall of Virginia on the life and character of Hon. William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, delivered in the House of Representatives,\" 6 February 1892, Washington, and an \"Address to the Democrats of Virginia: The Record of Hon. Charles T. O'Ferrall, and his claims upon the Democratic Gubernatorial Nomination.\"","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, consist of 273 items housed within two boxes, of correspondence received by O'Ferrall when he resided in Harrisonburg, Virginia, as well as a small amount of assorted legal, financial, and miscellaneous documents which are apparently unconnected with O'Ferrall or his family, but do illustrate some common financial and legal practices of the day.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections","O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905","O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905 -- Correspondence","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0086","/repositories/4/resources/241"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers"],"collection_ssim":["Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","United States -- Politics and government -- 1865-1900"],"geogname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","United States -- Politics and government -- 1865-1900"],"creator_ssm":["O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_persname_ssim":["O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","United States -- Politics and government -- 1865-1900"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The bulk of the collection was placed on deposit according to a contract with the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society. Three items are the property of Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia. These items are housed in folder 8 and are clearly marked as property of Special Collections. Their descriptions and titles are as follows: Editorial - \"To the Last Card of Col. Chas. T. O'Ferrall\" by William Alexander, Booklet - \"Remarks of Hon. Chas. T. O'Ferrall on the Life and Character of Hon. William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, of Virginia, Delivered in the House of Representatives, February 6, 1892,\" and Booklet - \"Address to the Democrats of Virginia. The Record of Hon. Charles T. O' Ferrall, and His Claims Upon the Democratic Gubernatorial Nomination.\""],"access_subjects_ssim":["Statesmen -- Virginia -- Biography","Judges -- Virginia","Lawyers -- Virginia","Legislators -- Virginia","Elections -- Virginia","Practice of law -- Virginia","Letters (correspondence)","Postcards","Legal documents","Financial Records","Newspaper clippings"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Statesmen -- Virginia -- Biography","Judges -- Virginia","Lawyers -- Virginia","Legislators -- Virginia","Elections -- Virginia","Practice of law -- Virginia","Letters (correspondence)","Postcards","Legal documents","Financial Records","Newspaper clippings"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.76 cubic feet 2 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.76 cubic feet 2 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Letters (correspondence)","Postcards","Legal documents","Financial Records","Newspaper clippings"],"date_range_isim":[1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlso available on microfilm, Reel 1489, at Special Collections of James Madison University and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternative Form Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["Also available on microfilm, Reel 1489, at Special Collections of James Madison University and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically within three series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eCorrespondence, 1870-1893\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eLegal and Financial, 1873-1877\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eOther, 1874-1879\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically within three series:","Correspondence, 1870-1893 Legal and Financial, 1873-1877 Other, 1874-1879"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eMalone, Dumas, editor. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eDictionary of American Biography\u003c/emph\u003e. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934, pp. 633-634. Ref E176.D56\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eYounger, Edward, editor. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Governors of Virginia 1860-1978\u003c/emph\u003e. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1982, pp. 135-141. F225.G77 1982\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eO'Ferrall, Charles T. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eForty Years of Active Service\u003c/emph\u003e. New York and Washington: The Neale Publishing Company, 1904.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Malone, Dumas, editor.  Dictionary of American Biography . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934, pp. 633-634. Ref E176.D56","Younger, Edward, editor.  The Governors of Virginia 1860-1978 . Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1982, pp. 135-141. F225.G77 1982","O'Ferrall, Charles T.  Forty Years of Active Service . New York and Washington: The Neale Publishing Company, 1904."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Triplett O'Ferrall (October 21, 1840-September 22, 1905) was born in Frederick County, Virginia, and spent much of his youth residing in Morgan County, Virginia (now West Virginia). After his father's death when O'Ferrall was fifteen, he took over his father's position as clerk pro tempore of the circuit court in Morgan County. Two years later he was elected clerk of the county circuit court there, a position he held until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. O'Ferrall joined the 12th Virginia Cavalry (CSA), Winchester in 1861 as a private. By 1865, he was an acting colonel managing forces in the Shenandoah Valley and saw action at Second Manassas (1862) and Upperville (1863). He sustained eight injuries over the course of service. During his recuperation in Enterprise, Mississippi, he met Anna E. McLean, and they were married February 8, 1865. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, O'Ferrall and his wife briefly ran an inn in Staunton, Virginia. In 1868, O'Ferrall entered Washington College (now Washington and Lee) under Robert E. Lee and graduated with a law degree in August 1869. After moving to Harrisonburg, O'Ferrall was elected as a Democrat to the House of Delegates for two terms, 1871-1873. In 1874, he became judge of the Rockingham County Circuit Court, a position he held until 1880. In 1882, he won the Rockingham County Congressional election, and served five terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1893, Democratic Congressman O'Ferrall was elected Governor. He ran on a bimetallic currency ticket, one which would later ruin his political career. His first two years in office were notable for his liberal stance against lynching and his favorable economic policies. O'Ferrall's downfall came, however, in 1896, when he refused to endorse the free silver platform of fellow Democrat William Jennings Bryan. O'Ferrall retired to Chesterfield County after two more years in office, where he wrote his book \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eForty Years of Active Service\u003c/emph\u003e in 1904. Charles O'Ferrall died a year later in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Charles Triplett O'Ferrall (October 21, 1840-September 22, 1905) was born in Frederick County, Virginia, and spent much of his youth residing in Morgan County, Virginia (now West Virginia). After his father's death when O'Ferrall was fifteen, he took over his father's position as clerk pro tempore of the circuit court in Morgan County. Two years later he was elected clerk of the county circuit court there, a position he held until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. O'Ferrall joined the 12th Virginia Cavalry (CSA), Winchester in 1861 as a private. By 1865, he was an acting colonel managing forces in the Shenandoah Valley and saw action at Second Manassas (1862) and Upperville (1863). He sustained eight injuries over the course of service. During his recuperation in Enterprise, Mississippi, he met Anna E. McLean, and they were married February 8, 1865. ","After the war, O'Ferrall and his wife briefly ran an inn in Staunton, Virginia. In 1868, O'Ferrall entered Washington College (now Washington and Lee) under Robert E. Lee and graduated with a law degree in August 1869. After moving to Harrisonburg, O'Ferrall was elected as a Democrat to the House of Delegates for two terms, 1871-1873. In 1874, he became judge of the Rockingham County Circuit Court, a position he held until 1880. In 1882, he won the Rockingham County Congressional election, and served five terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1893, Democratic Congressman O'Ferrall was elected Governor. He ran on a bimetallic currency ticket, one which would later ruin his political career. His first two years in office were notable for his liberal stance against lynching and his favorable economic policies. O'Ferrall's downfall came, however, in 1896, when he refused to endorse the free silver platform of fellow Democrat William Jennings Bryan. O'Ferrall retired to Chesterfield County after two more years in office, where he wrote his book  Forty Years of Active Service  in 1904. Charles O'Ferrall died a year later in Richmond."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], [box #, folder #], Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, SC 0086, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, on deposit from Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, Dayton, VA, housed in Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], [box #, folder #], Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, SC 0086, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, on deposit from Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, Dayton, VA, housed in Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2015.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2015."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eVirginia. Governor (1894-1898 : O'Ferrall). Executive papers of Governor Charles T. O'Ferrall, 1894-1897. Accession 43210. State government records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMargaret Reed Collection, 1902-1914, SC 0093, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.","Virginia. Governor (1894-1898 : O'Ferrall). Executive papers of Governor Charles T. O'Ferrall, 1894-1897. Accession 43210. State government records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va.","Margaret Reed Collection, 1902-1914, SC 0093, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, consist of 273 items in two boxes, and is arranged in three series: correspondence (1870-1893), legal and financial (1873-1877), and other (1874-1879). The items therein cover O'Ferrall's post-war life and career until the decade leading up to his death. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Correspondence, 1870-1893, includes letters and postcards to and from O'Ferrall related to his business matters and personal affairs. Many letters express sympathy for his wife's death in 1879. Also present is correspondence relating to the State Conservative Executive Committee, a group that supported O'Ferrall's bid for the House of Delegates and a group from which O'Ferrall elicited support in his gubernatorial campaign. Other items of note include letters from E. I. Armstrong, J. W. Bassore, Benjamin Milnes, Mrs. Charles O'Ferrall, Secretary of the Commonwealth James McDonald, Gilmore and Company with an enclosed advertisement and from Charles O'Ferrall to Fred W. M. Holliday.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Legal and Financial, 1873-1877, includes legal documents related to O'Ferrall's various positions in law and government. Some items of note include bankruptcy notices, deeds, and the undated will of Mary Parrot.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Other, 1874-1879, includes miscellaneous documents, newspaper clippings and an oversized broadside. Items of note include the report card of O'Ferrall's son Charles, an announcement about Dr. Moffett, a July 4, 1877 article from the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eStaunton Spectator\u003c/emph\u003e entitled \"The Public Debt-General Mahone's Views\" and also one from a Washington D.C. paper discussing the Democratic policy in Virginia with \"An Early Convention, Payne and Lee, and an Aggressive Fight.\" Other documents include \"Mr. Alexander's reply to the last card of Col. Chas. T. O'Ferrall\", 15 June, 1893 (original encapsulated, with xeroxed copy), \"Remarks of Hon. Chas. T. O'Ferrall of Virginia on the life and character of Hon. William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, delivered in the House of Representatives,\" 6 February 1892, Washington, and an \"Address to the Democrats of Virginia: The Record of Hon. Charles T. O'Ferrall, and his claims upon the Democratic Gubernatorial Nomination.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, consist of 273 items in two boxes, and is arranged in three series: correspondence (1870-1893), legal and financial (1873-1877), and other (1874-1879). The items therein cover O'Ferrall's post-war life and career until the decade leading up to his death. ","Series 1: Correspondence, 1870-1893, includes letters and postcards to and from O'Ferrall related to his business matters and personal affairs. Many letters express sympathy for his wife's death in 1879. Also present is correspondence relating to the State Conservative Executive Committee, a group that supported O'Ferrall's bid for the House of Delegates and a group from which O'Ferrall elicited support in his gubernatorial campaign. Other items of note include letters from E. I. Armstrong, J. W. Bassore, Benjamin Milnes, Mrs. Charles O'Ferrall, Secretary of the Commonwealth James McDonald, Gilmore and Company with an enclosed advertisement and from Charles O'Ferrall to Fred W. M. Holliday.","Series 2: Legal and Financial, 1873-1877, includes legal documents related to O'Ferrall's various positions in law and government. Some items of note include bankruptcy notices, deeds, and the undated will of Mary Parrot.","Series 3: Other, 1874-1879, includes miscellaneous documents, newspaper clippings and an oversized broadside. Items of note include the report card of O'Ferrall's son Charles, an announcement about Dr. Moffett, a July 4, 1877 article from the  Staunton Spectator  entitled \"The Public Debt-General Mahone's Views\" and also one from a Washington D.C. paper discussing the Democratic policy in Virginia with \"An Early Convention, Payne and Lee, and an Aggressive Fight.\" Other documents include \"Mr. Alexander's reply to the last card of Col. Chas. T. O'Ferrall\", 15 June, 1893 (original encapsulated, with xeroxed copy), \"Remarks of Hon. Chas. T. O'Ferrall of Virginia on the life and character of Hon. William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, delivered in the House of Representatives,\" 6 February 1892, Washington, and an \"Address to the Democrats of Virginia: The Record of Hon. Charles T. O'Ferrall, and his claims upon the Democratic Gubernatorial Nomination.\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ad058b72d8a35fb08ff163024ea57d4a\"\u003eThe Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, consist of 273 items housed within two boxes, of correspondence received by O'Ferrall when he resided in Harrisonburg, Virginia, as well as a small amount of assorted legal, financial, and miscellaneous documents which are apparently unconnected with O'Ferrall or his family, but do illustrate some common financial and legal practices of the day.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, consist of 273 items housed within two boxes, of correspondence received by O'Ferrall when he resided in Harrisonburg, Virginia, as well as a small amount of assorted legal, financial, and miscellaneous documents which are apparently unconnected with O'Ferrall or his family, but do illustrate some common financial and legal practices of the day."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905 -- Correspondence","O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections","O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905","O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905 -- Correspondence"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections"],"persname_ssim":["O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905","O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905 -- Correspondence"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":14,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:20:27.499Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_241","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_241","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_241","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_241","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_241.xml","title_ssm":["Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers"],"title_tesim":["Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1870-1893"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1870-1893"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0086","/repositories/4/resources/241"],"text":["SC 0086","/repositories/4/resources/241","Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","United States -- Politics and government -- 1865-1900","Statesmen -- Virginia -- Biography","Judges -- Virginia","Lawyers -- Virginia","Legislators -- Virginia","Elections -- Virginia","Practice of law -- Virginia","Letters (correspondence)","Postcards","Legal documents","Financial Records","Newspaper clippings","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Also available on microfilm, Reel 1489, at Special Collections of James Madison University and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.","The collection is arranged chronologically within three series:","Correspondence, 1870-1893 Legal and Financial, 1873-1877 Other, 1874-1879","Malone, Dumas, editor.  Dictionary of American Biography . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934, pp. 633-634. Ref E176.D56","Younger, Edward, editor.  The Governors of Virginia 1860-1978 . Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1982, pp. 135-141. F225.G77 1982","O'Ferrall, Charles T.  Forty Years of Active Service . New York and Washington: The Neale Publishing Company, 1904.","Charles Triplett O'Ferrall (October 21, 1840-September 22, 1905) was born in Frederick County, Virginia, and spent much of his youth residing in Morgan County, Virginia (now West Virginia). After his father's death when O'Ferrall was fifteen, he took over his father's position as clerk pro tempore of the circuit court in Morgan County. Two years later he was elected clerk of the county circuit court there, a position he held until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. O'Ferrall joined the 12th Virginia Cavalry (CSA), Winchester in 1861 as a private. By 1865, he was an acting colonel managing forces in the Shenandoah Valley and saw action at Second Manassas (1862) and Upperville (1863). He sustained eight injuries over the course of service. During his recuperation in Enterprise, Mississippi, he met Anna E. McLean, and they were married February 8, 1865. ","After the war, O'Ferrall and his wife briefly ran an inn in Staunton, Virginia. In 1868, O'Ferrall entered Washington College (now Washington and Lee) under Robert E. Lee and graduated with a law degree in August 1869. After moving to Harrisonburg, O'Ferrall was elected as a Democrat to the House of Delegates for two terms, 1871-1873. In 1874, he became judge of the Rockingham County Circuit Court, a position he held until 1880. In 1882, he won the Rockingham County Congressional election, and served five terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1893, Democratic Congressman O'Ferrall was elected Governor. He ran on a bimetallic currency ticket, one which would later ruin his political career. His first two years in office were notable for his liberal stance against lynching and his favorable economic policies. O'Ferrall's downfall came, however, in 1896, when he refused to endorse the free silver platform of fellow Democrat William Jennings Bryan. O'Ferrall retired to Chesterfield County after two more years in office, where he wrote his book  Forty Years of Active Service  in 1904. Charles O'Ferrall died a year later in Richmond.","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2015.","Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.","Virginia. Governor (1894-1898 : O'Ferrall). Executive papers of Governor Charles T. O'Ferrall, 1894-1897. Accession 43210. State government records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va.","Margaret Reed Collection, 1902-1914, SC 0093, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.","The Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, consist of 273 items in two boxes, and is arranged in three series: correspondence (1870-1893), legal and financial (1873-1877), and other (1874-1879). The items therein cover O'Ferrall's post-war life and career until the decade leading up to his death. ","Series 1: Correspondence, 1870-1893, includes letters and postcards to and from O'Ferrall related to his business matters and personal affairs. Many letters express sympathy for his wife's death in 1879. Also present is correspondence relating to the State Conservative Executive Committee, a group that supported O'Ferrall's bid for the House of Delegates and a group from which O'Ferrall elicited support in his gubernatorial campaign. Other items of note include letters from E. I. Armstrong, J. W. Bassore, Benjamin Milnes, Mrs. Charles O'Ferrall, Secretary of the Commonwealth James McDonald, Gilmore and Company with an enclosed advertisement and from Charles O'Ferrall to Fred W. M. Holliday.","Series 2: Legal and Financial, 1873-1877, includes legal documents related to O'Ferrall's various positions in law and government. Some items of note include bankruptcy notices, deeds, and the undated will of Mary Parrot.","Series 3: Other, 1874-1879, includes miscellaneous documents, newspaper clippings and an oversized broadside. Items of note include the report card of O'Ferrall's son Charles, an announcement about Dr. Moffett, a July 4, 1877 article from the  Staunton Spectator  entitled \"The Public Debt-General Mahone's Views\" and also one from a Washington D.C. paper discussing the Democratic policy in Virginia with \"An Early Convention, Payne and Lee, and an Aggressive Fight.\" Other documents include \"Mr. Alexander's reply to the last card of Col. Chas. T. O'Ferrall\", 15 June, 1893 (original encapsulated, with xeroxed copy), \"Remarks of Hon. Chas. T. O'Ferrall of Virginia on the life and character of Hon. William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, delivered in the House of Representatives,\" 6 February 1892, Washington, and an \"Address to the Democrats of Virginia: The Record of Hon. Charles T. O'Ferrall, and his claims upon the Democratic Gubernatorial Nomination.\"","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, consist of 273 items housed within two boxes, of correspondence received by O'Ferrall when he resided in Harrisonburg, Virginia, as well as a small amount of assorted legal, financial, and miscellaneous documents which are apparently unconnected with O'Ferrall or his family, but do illustrate some common financial and legal practices of the day.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections","O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905","O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905 -- Correspondence","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0086","/repositories/4/resources/241"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers"],"collection_ssim":["Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","United States -- Politics and government -- 1865-1900"],"geogname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","United States -- Politics and government -- 1865-1900"],"creator_ssm":["O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_persname_ssim":["O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","United States -- Politics and government -- 1865-1900"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The bulk of the collection was placed on deposit according to a contract with the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society. Three items are the property of Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia. These items are housed in folder 8 and are clearly marked as property of Special Collections. Their descriptions and titles are as follows: Editorial - \"To the Last Card of Col. Chas. T. O'Ferrall\" by William Alexander, Booklet - \"Remarks of Hon. Chas. T. O'Ferrall on the Life and Character of Hon. William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, of Virginia, Delivered in the House of Representatives, February 6, 1892,\" and Booklet - \"Address to the Democrats of Virginia. The Record of Hon. Charles T. O' Ferrall, and His Claims Upon the Democratic Gubernatorial Nomination.\""],"access_subjects_ssim":["Statesmen -- Virginia -- Biography","Judges -- Virginia","Lawyers -- Virginia","Legislators -- Virginia","Elections -- Virginia","Practice of law -- Virginia","Letters (correspondence)","Postcards","Legal documents","Financial Records","Newspaper clippings"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Statesmen -- Virginia -- Biography","Judges -- Virginia","Lawyers -- Virginia","Legislators -- Virginia","Elections -- Virginia","Practice of law -- Virginia","Letters (correspondence)","Postcards","Legal documents","Financial Records","Newspaper clippings"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.76 cubic feet 2 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.76 cubic feet 2 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Letters (correspondence)","Postcards","Legal documents","Financial Records","Newspaper clippings"],"date_range_isim":[1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlso available on microfilm, Reel 1489, at Special Collections of James Madison University and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternative Form Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["Also available on microfilm, Reel 1489, at Special Collections of James Madison University and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically within three series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eCorrespondence, 1870-1893\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eLegal and Financial, 1873-1877\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eOther, 1874-1879\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically within three series:","Correspondence, 1870-1893 Legal and Financial, 1873-1877 Other, 1874-1879"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eMalone, Dumas, editor. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eDictionary of American Biography\u003c/emph\u003e. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934, pp. 633-634. Ref E176.D56\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eYounger, Edward, editor. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Governors of Virginia 1860-1978\u003c/emph\u003e. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1982, pp. 135-141. F225.G77 1982\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eO'Ferrall, Charles T. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eForty Years of Active Service\u003c/emph\u003e. New York and Washington: The Neale Publishing Company, 1904.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Malone, Dumas, editor.  Dictionary of American Biography . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934, pp. 633-634. Ref E176.D56","Younger, Edward, editor.  The Governors of Virginia 1860-1978 . Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1982, pp. 135-141. F225.G77 1982","O'Ferrall, Charles T.  Forty Years of Active Service . New York and Washington: The Neale Publishing Company, 1904."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Triplett O'Ferrall (October 21, 1840-September 22, 1905) was born in Frederick County, Virginia, and spent much of his youth residing in Morgan County, Virginia (now West Virginia). After his father's death when O'Ferrall was fifteen, he took over his father's position as clerk pro tempore of the circuit court in Morgan County. Two years later he was elected clerk of the county circuit court there, a position he held until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. O'Ferrall joined the 12th Virginia Cavalry (CSA), Winchester in 1861 as a private. By 1865, he was an acting colonel managing forces in the Shenandoah Valley and saw action at Second Manassas (1862) and Upperville (1863). He sustained eight injuries over the course of service. During his recuperation in Enterprise, Mississippi, he met Anna E. McLean, and they were married February 8, 1865. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, O'Ferrall and his wife briefly ran an inn in Staunton, Virginia. In 1868, O'Ferrall entered Washington College (now Washington and Lee) under Robert E. Lee and graduated with a law degree in August 1869. After moving to Harrisonburg, O'Ferrall was elected as a Democrat to the House of Delegates for two terms, 1871-1873. In 1874, he became judge of the Rockingham County Circuit Court, a position he held until 1880. In 1882, he won the Rockingham County Congressional election, and served five terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1893, Democratic Congressman O'Ferrall was elected Governor. He ran on a bimetallic currency ticket, one which would later ruin his political career. His first two years in office were notable for his liberal stance against lynching and his favorable economic policies. O'Ferrall's downfall came, however, in 1896, when he refused to endorse the free silver platform of fellow Democrat William Jennings Bryan. O'Ferrall retired to Chesterfield County after two more years in office, where he wrote his book \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eForty Years of Active Service\u003c/emph\u003e in 1904. Charles O'Ferrall died a year later in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Charles Triplett O'Ferrall (October 21, 1840-September 22, 1905) was born in Frederick County, Virginia, and spent much of his youth residing in Morgan County, Virginia (now West Virginia). After his father's death when O'Ferrall was fifteen, he took over his father's position as clerk pro tempore of the circuit court in Morgan County. Two years later he was elected clerk of the county circuit court there, a position he held until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. O'Ferrall joined the 12th Virginia Cavalry (CSA), Winchester in 1861 as a private. By 1865, he was an acting colonel managing forces in the Shenandoah Valley and saw action at Second Manassas (1862) and Upperville (1863). He sustained eight injuries over the course of service. During his recuperation in Enterprise, Mississippi, he met Anna E. McLean, and they were married February 8, 1865. ","After the war, O'Ferrall and his wife briefly ran an inn in Staunton, Virginia. In 1868, O'Ferrall entered Washington College (now Washington and Lee) under Robert E. Lee and graduated with a law degree in August 1869. After moving to Harrisonburg, O'Ferrall was elected as a Democrat to the House of Delegates for two terms, 1871-1873. In 1874, he became judge of the Rockingham County Circuit Court, a position he held until 1880. In 1882, he won the Rockingham County Congressional election, and served five terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1893, Democratic Congressman O'Ferrall was elected Governor. He ran on a bimetallic currency ticket, one which would later ruin his political career. His first two years in office were notable for his liberal stance against lynching and his favorable economic policies. O'Ferrall's downfall came, however, in 1896, when he refused to endorse the free silver platform of fellow Democrat William Jennings Bryan. O'Ferrall retired to Chesterfield County after two more years in office, where he wrote his book  Forty Years of Active Service  in 1904. Charles O'Ferrall died a year later in Richmond."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], [box #, folder #], Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, SC 0086, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, on deposit from Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, Dayton, VA, housed in Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], [box #, folder #], Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, SC 0086, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, on deposit from Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, Dayton, VA, housed in Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2015.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2015."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eVirginia. Governor (1894-1898 : O'Ferrall). Executive papers of Governor Charles T. O'Ferrall, 1894-1897. Accession 43210. State government records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMargaret Reed Collection, 1902-1914, SC 0093, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.","Virginia. Governor (1894-1898 : O'Ferrall). Executive papers of Governor Charles T. O'Ferrall, 1894-1897. Accession 43210. State government records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Va.","Margaret Reed Collection, 1902-1914, SC 0093, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, consist of 273 items in two boxes, and is arranged in three series: correspondence (1870-1893), legal and financial (1873-1877), and other (1874-1879). The items therein cover O'Ferrall's post-war life and career until the decade leading up to his death. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Correspondence, 1870-1893, includes letters and postcards to and from O'Ferrall related to his business matters and personal affairs. Many letters express sympathy for his wife's death in 1879. Also present is correspondence relating to the State Conservative Executive Committee, a group that supported O'Ferrall's bid for the House of Delegates and a group from which O'Ferrall elicited support in his gubernatorial campaign. Other items of note include letters from E. I. Armstrong, J. W. Bassore, Benjamin Milnes, Mrs. Charles O'Ferrall, Secretary of the Commonwealth James McDonald, Gilmore and Company with an enclosed advertisement and from Charles O'Ferrall to Fred W. M. Holliday.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Legal and Financial, 1873-1877, includes legal documents related to O'Ferrall's various positions in law and government. Some items of note include bankruptcy notices, deeds, and the undated will of Mary Parrot.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Other, 1874-1879, includes miscellaneous documents, newspaper clippings and an oversized broadside. Items of note include the report card of O'Ferrall's son Charles, an announcement about Dr. Moffett, a July 4, 1877 article from the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eStaunton Spectator\u003c/emph\u003e entitled \"The Public Debt-General Mahone's Views\" and also one from a Washington D.C. paper discussing the Democratic policy in Virginia with \"An Early Convention, Payne and Lee, and an Aggressive Fight.\" Other documents include \"Mr. Alexander's reply to the last card of Col. Chas. T. O'Ferrall\", 15 June, 1893 (original encapsulated, with xeroxed copy), \"Remarks of Hon. Chas. T. O'Ferrall of Virginia on the life and character of Hon. William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, delivered in the House of Representatives,\" 6 February 1892, Washington, and an \"Address to the Democrats of Virginia: The Record of Hon. Charles T. O'Ferrall, and his claims upon the Democratic Gubernatorial Nomination.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, consist of 273 items in two boxes, and is arranged in three series: correspondence (1870-1893), legal and financial (1873-1877), and other (1874-1879). The items therein cover O'Ferrall's post-war life and career until the decade leading up to his death. ","Series 1: Correspondence, 1870-1893, includes letters and postcards to and from O'Ferrall related to his business matters and personal affairs. Many letters express sympathy for his wife's death in 1879. Also present is correspondence relating to the State Conservative Executive Committee, a group that supported O'Ferrall's bid for the House of Delegates and a group from which O'Ferrall elicited support in his gubernatorial campaign. Other items of note include letters from E. I. Armstrong, J. W. Bassore, Benjamin Milnes, Mrs. Charles O'Ferrall, Secretary of the Commonwealth James McDonald, Gilmore and Company with an enclosed advertisement and from Charles O'Ferrall to Fred W. M. Holliday.","Series 2: Legal and Financial, 1873-1877, includes legal documents related to O'Ferrall's various positions in law and government. Some items of note include bankruptcy notices, deeds, and the undated will of Mary Parrot.","Series 3: Other, 1874-1879, includes miscellaneous documents, newspaper clippings and an oversized broadside. Items of note include the report card of O'Ferrall's son Charles, an announcement about Dr. Moffett, a July 4, 1877 article from the  Staunton Spectator  entitled \"The Public Debt-General Mahone's Views\" and also one from a Washington D.C. paper discussing the Democratic policy in Virginia with \"An Early Convention, Payne and Lee, and an Aggressive Fight.\" Other documents include \"Mr. Alexander's reply to the last card of Col. Chas. T. O'Ferrall\", 15 June, 1893 (original encapsulated, with xeroxed copy), \"Remarks of Hon. Chas. T. O'Ferrall of Virginia on the life and character of Hon. William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, delivered in the House of Representatives,\" 6 February 1892, Washington, and an \"Address to the Democrats of Virginia: The Record of Hon. Charles T. O'Ferrall, and his claims upon the Democratic Gubernatorial Nomination.\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ad058b72d8a35fb08ff163024ea57d4a\"\u003eThe Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, consist of 273 items housed within two boxes, of correspondence received by O'Ferrall when he resided in Harrisonburg, Virginia, as well as a small amount of assorted legal, financial, and miscellaneous documents which are apparently unconnected with O'Ferrall or his family, but do illustrate some common financial and legal practices of the day.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Charles Triplett O'Ferrall Papers, 1870-1893, consist of 273 items housed within two boxes, of correspondence received by O'Ferrall when he resided in Harrisonburg, Virginia, as well as a small amount of assorted legal, financial, and miscellaneous documents which are apparently unconnected with O'Ferrall or his family, but do illustrate some common financial and legal practices of the day."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905 -- Correspondence","O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections","O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905","O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905 -- Correspondence"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections"],"persname_ssim":["O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905","O'Ferrall, Charles T. (Charles Triplett), 1840-1905 -- Correspondence"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":14,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:20:27.499Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_241"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_280","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Civil War Miscellaneous Collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_280#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_280#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005 (bulk 1862-1928), consists of Civil War records and letters from soldiers from 1860-1926, as well as twentieth-century materials including newspaper clippings, research, and writing about local Civil War battles and events.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_280#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_280","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_280","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_280","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_280","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_280.xml","title_ssm":["Civil War Miscellaneous Collection"],"title_tesim":["Civil War Miscellaneous Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1860-2005","1862-1928"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1862-1928"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1860-2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0134","/repositories/4/resources/280"],"text":["SC 0134","/repositories/4/resources/280","Civil War Miscellaneous Collection","Camp Chase (Ohio) -- History","Confederate States of America -- History, Military","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African American troops","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Secret service, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Poetry","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Prisoners and prisons","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Registers","Virginia -- History, Local -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Spies -- United States -- Biography","Generals -- United States -- Biography","Presidents -- United States -- Public opinion","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Register","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Biography","Soldiers' monuments -- Virginia","Slavery -- United States -- Controversial literature","Southern Cross of Honor","Application forms","Pamphlets","Booklets","Letters (correspondence)","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The collection is arranged topically in four series with item level descriptions of folder contents.","Primary Source Materials, 1862-1926, 2005 Local Civil War History Documents, 1860-1978 Museums and Monuments, 1879-1965 Pamphlets and Booklets, 1909-1944","Civil War records within the collection were issued by government entities, including the Department of the Interior and the Treasury Department, along with various war offices. Notable individuals with papers represented in this collection include local Shenandoah Valley historian John W. Wayland (1872-1962 and Cassie Moncure Lyne (1875-1955) a Civil War writer and poet from Virginia.","When the collection was received from the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society in 1991, the materials consisted of one box of folders, mostly labeled \"Civil War,\" with no apparent arrangement. After review, three collections were established from the materials: Sons of Confederate Veterans Collection, 1896-1964, SC 0132; United Confederate Veterans Collection, 1893-1938, SC 0133; and Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005, SC 0134.","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 3050.","Sons of Confederate Veterans Collection, 1896-1964, SC 0132, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.","United Confederate Veterans Collection, 1893-1938, SC 0133, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.","The Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005 (bulk 1862-1928), consists of one box of materials related to the Civil War. This is an assembled collection, and the order of materials has been imposed by the archivist from the original unordered arrangement.","Civil War records included in the collection consist of muster rolls from the years 1862-1865, certificates of discharge and pension, lists of veterans, and lists of applicants and recipients of the Southern Cross of Honor from the years 1860-1926. Most of these records pertain to Confederate companies and individuals from Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, but there are also a few records related to companies and soldiers within the Union Army. Other materials include personal letters from Civil War soldiers giving views of camp life and activities in and around Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, writings by local historian John W. Wayland, twentieth century newspaper clippings relating to the Civil War, letters and poetry by Cassie Moncure Lyne, materials relating to Harrisonburg Civil War museums and monuments, and late nineteenth and early twentieth century bulletins and pamphlets about the Civil War. Please note that not all dates are inclusive.","Four Muster Rolls: Two from Union regiments in Illinois and New Hampshire; one from a Union convalescent regiment in Virginia; and one from Captain George A. Foster's company E, 20th regiment of U.S. Colored Infantry. Notes by Shenandoah Valley historian John Wayland on the muster roll of a company of Confederate infantry in the Virginia Militia.","Four letters from Civil War soldiers and one letter from a veteran relating details of his service and life after the Civil War. Project report titled \"Civil War Letters Collection.\"","Civil War records including an honorable discharge from the Union Army, a pay voucher for a black aide-de-camp in the Union Army, a special orders letter granting a leave of absence, a copy of a receipt from Adams Express Company, a letter from the Treasury Department denying a veteran's claim for pay, and a pension certificate from the Bureau of Pensions.","Records pertaining to Confederate Soldiers, including lists of Confederate companies organized in Rockingham County, rosters of ex-Confederate soldiers in Rockingham County, lists of applicants for the Southern Cross of Honor, records of recipients of the Southern Cross of Honor, and a list of veterans from the Linville District.","Writings on the Civil War by historian John Wayland, including descriptions of local battles, chronological lists of Civil War events concerning Harrisonburg and Rockingham County, and a drafts of various texts about the Civil War in Rockingham County.","Copies of twentieth-century newspaper clippings about Civil War events including an article with photos on Colonel John S. Mosby and Mosby's Rangers.","Letters to Cassie Moncure Lyne thanking her for sending copies of her poem \"The Rockingham Confederate Flag,\" from various individuals as well as the Library of Virginia, and the Virginia Historical Society. Notes, sketches, and papers relating to Ms. Lyne's desire to have a Confederate Monument erected in Court Square in Harrisonburg, Virginia, along with information about existing Confederate Monuments in Winchester and Richmond, Virginia. Copies of three poems written by Ms. Lyne.","Letters and documents pertaining to the Civil War Centennial Museum of Harrisonburg, Virginia, documenting the creation of a sign for the museum and relating to the Electric Map of the Stonewall Jackson Valley Campaign housed at the museum.","Bulletin of the Virginia State Library, 1927 \"Two Confederate Items,\" includes the \"Diary\" of Captain H. W. Wingfield of Hanover County, Virginia and the \"Reminiscences\" of Judge E. C. Moncure of Caroline County, Virginia. An Address by Abraham Lincoln delivered before the R.E. Lee Camp, No. 1, Confederate Veterans, 1909. Miss Rutherford's Scrapbook, \"Valuable Information About the South: History of Slavery—The South Did Not Fight to Hold Slaves,\" 1925. Various informational booklets about Camp Chase, Ohio, and the activities of various Civil War veterans groups.","\"Bell Boyd: Southern Spy of the Shenandoah\" by Laura Virginia Hale, undated. \"Constitution and By Laws of the Stonewall Brigade Band,\" 1900. \"Two Generals Kidnapped,\" An account of the capture of General George Cook and Benjamin Kelly by McNeill's Rangers, 1944. \"McNeill's Last Charge,\" An account of Captain John H. McNeill and his Rangers, 1944.","The location of some original letters is unknown.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu). Because of the fragility of some items, reproductions may be restricted for certain materials.","The Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005 (bulk 1862-1928), consists of Civil War records and letters from soldiers from 1860-1926, as well as twentieth-century materials including newspaper clippings, research, and writing about local Civil War battles and events.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","United States. Army. Infantry -- Subject","Confederate States of America. Army. McNeill Partisan Rangers","Confederate States of America. Army -- Biography","Boyd, Belle, 1844-1900","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Kelly, Benjamin Franklin, 1807-1891","Foster, George A.","McNeill, John Hanson, 1815-1864","Crook, George, 1829-1890","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0134","/repositories/4/resources/280"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Civil War Miscellaneous Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Civil War Miscellaneous Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Civil War Miscellaneous Collection"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Camp Chase (Ohio) -- History","Confederate States of America -- History, Military","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African American troops","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Secret service, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Poetry","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Prisoners and prisons","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Registers","Virginia -- History, Local -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"geogname_ssim":["Camp Chase (Ohio) -- History","Confederate States of America -- History, Military","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African American troops","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Secret service, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Poetry","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Prisoners and prisons","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Registers","Virginia -- History, Local -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"creator_ssm":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Camp Chase (Ohio) -- History","Confederate States of America -- History, Military","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African American troops","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Secret service, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Poetry","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Prisoners and prisons","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Registers","Virginia -- History, Local -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu). Because of the fragility of some items, reproductions may be restricted for certain materials."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection was deposited by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society in April 1991. A student paper based on letters from the collection was added in 2005."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Spies -- United States -- Biography","Generals -- United States -- Biography","Presidents -- United States -- Public opinion","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Register","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Biography","Soldiers' monuments -- Virginia","Slavery -- United States -- Controversial literature","Southern Cross of Honor","Application forms","Pamphlets","Booklets","Letters (correspondence)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Spies -- United States -- Biography","Generals -- United States -- Biography","Presidents -- United States -- Public opinion","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Register","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Biography","Soldiers' monuments -- Virginia","Slavery -- United States -- Controversial literature","Southern Cross of Honor","Application forms","Pamphlets","Booklets","Letters (correspondence)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.2 cubic feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.2 cubic feet 1 box"],"genreform_ssim":["Application forms","Pamphlets","Booklets","Letters (correspondence)"],"date_range_isim":[1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged topically in four series with item level descriptions of folder contents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePrimary Source Materials, 1862-1926, 2005\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eLocal Civil War History Documents, 1860-1978\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMuseums and Monuments, 1879-1965\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePamphlets and Booklets, 1909-1944\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged topically in four series with item level descriptions of folder contents.","Primary Source Materials, 1862-1926, 2005 Local Civil War History Documents, 1860-1978 Museums and Monuments, 1879-1965 Pamphlets and Booklets, 1909-1944"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCivil War records within the collection were issued by government entities, including the Department of the Interior and the Treasury Department, along with various war offices. Notable individuals with papers represented in this collection include local Shenandoah Valley historian John W. Wayland (1872-1962 and Cassie Moncure Lyne (1875-1955) a Civil War writer and poet from Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Civil War records within the collection were issued by government entities, including the Department of the Interior and the Treasury Department, along with various war offices. Notable individuals with papers represented in this collection include local Shenandoah Valley historian John W. Wayland (1872-1962 and Cassie Moncure Lyne (1875-1955) a Civil War writer and poet from Virginia."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhen the collection was received from the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society in 1991, the materials consisted of one box of folders, mostly labeled \"Civil War,\" with no apparent arrangement. After review, three collections were established from the materials: Sons of Confederate Veterans Collection, 1896-1964, SC 0132; United Confederate Veterans Collection, 1893-1938, SC 0133; and Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005, SC 0134.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["When the collection was received from the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society in 1991, the materials consisted of one box of folders, mostly labeled \"Civil War,\" with no apparent arrangement. After review, three collections were established from the materials: Sons of Confederate Veterans Collection, 1896-1964, SC 0132; United Confederate Veterans Collection, 1893-1938, SC 0133; and Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005, SC 0134."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-1965 (bulk 1862-1928), SC 0134, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-1965 (bulk 1862-1928), SC 0134, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 3050.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 3050."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSons of Confederate Veterans Collection, 1896-1964, SC 0132, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnited Confederate Veterans Collection, 1893-1938, SC 0133, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Sons of Confederate Veterans Collection, 1896-1964, SC 0132, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.","United Confederate Veterans Collection, 1893-1938, SC 0133, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005 (bulk 1862-1928), consists of one box of materials related to the Civil War. This is an assembled collection, and the order of materials has been imposed by the archivist from the original unordered arrangement.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCivil War records included in the collection consist of muster rolls from the years 1862-1865, certificates of discharge and pension, lists of veterans, and lists of applicants and recipients of the Southern Cross of Honor from the years 1860-1926. Most of these records pertain to Confederate companies and individuals from Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, but there are also a few records related to companies and soldiers within the Union Army. Other materials include personal letters from Civil War soldiers giving views of camp life and activities in and around Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, writings by local historian John W. Wayland, twentieth century newspaper clippings relating to the Civil War, letters and poetry by Cassie Moncure Lyne, materials relating to Harrisonburg Civil War museums and monuments, and late nineteenth and early twentieth century bulletins and pamphlets about the Civil War. Please note that not all dates are inclusive.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFour Muster Rolls: Two from Union regiments in Illinois and New Hampshire; one from a Union convalescent regiment in Virginia; and one from Captain George A. Foster's company E, 20th regiment of U.S. Colored Infantry. Notes by Shenandoah Valley historian John Wayland on the muster roll of a company of Confederate infantry in the Virginia Militia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFour letters from Civil War soldiers and one letter from a veteran relating details of his service and life after the Civil War. Project report titled \"Civil War Letters Collection.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCivil War records including an honorable discharge from the Union Army, a pay voucher for a black aide-de-camp in the Union Army, a special orders letter granting a leave of absence, a copy of a receipt from Adams Express Company, a letter from the Treasury Department denying a veteran's claim for pay, and a pension certificate from the Bureau of Pensions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords pertaining to Confederate Soldiers, including lists of Confederate companies organized in Rockingham County, rosters of ex-Confederate soldiers in Rockingham County, lists of applicants for the Southern Cross of Honor, records of recipients of the Southern Cross of Honor, and a list of veterans from the Linville District.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWritings on the Civil War by historian John Wayland, including descriptions of local battles, chronological lists of Civil War events concerning Harrisonburg and Rockingham County, and a drafts of various texts about the Civil War in Rockingham County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopies of twentieth-century newspaper clippings about Civil War events including an article with photos on Colonel John S. Mosby and Mosby's Rangers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters to Cassie Moncure Lyne thanking her for sending copies of her poem \"The Rockingham Confederate Flag,\" from various individuals as well as the Library of Virginia, and the Virginia Historical Society. Notes, sketches, and papers relating to Ms. Lyne's desire to have a Confederate Monument erected in Court Square in Harrisonburg, Virginia, along with information about existing Confederate Monuments in Winchester and Richmond, Virginia. Copies of three poems written by Ms. Lyne.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters and documents pertaining to the Civil War Centennial Museum of Harrisonburg, Virginia, documenting the creation of a sign for the museum and relating to the Electric Map of the Stonewall Jackson Valley Campaign housed at the museum.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBulletin of the Virginia State Library, 1927 \"Two Confederate Items,\" includes the \"Diary\" of Captain H. W. Wingfield of Hanover County, Virginia and the \"Reminiscences\" of Judge E. C. Moncure of Caroline County, Virginia. An Address by Abraham Lincoln delivered before the R.E. Lee Camp, No. 1, Confederate Veterans, 1909. Miss Rutherford's Scrapbook, \"Valuable Information About the South: History of Slavery—The South Did Not Fight to Hold Slaves,\" 1925. Various informational booklets about Camp Chase, Ohio, and the activities of various Civil War veterans groups.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Bell Boyd: Southern Spy of the Shenandoah\" by Laura Virginia Hale, undated. \"Constitution and By Laws of the Stonewall Brigade Band,\" 1900. \"Two Generals Kidnapped,\" An account of the capture of General George Cook and Benjamin Kelly by McNeill's Rangers, 1944. \"McNeill's Last Charge,\" An account of Captain John H. McNeill and his Rangers, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005 (bulk 1862-1928), consists of one box of materials related to the Civil War. This is an assembled collection, and the order of materials has been imposed by the archivist from the original unordered arrangement.","Civil War records included in the collection consist of muster rolls from the years 1862-1865, certificates of discharge and pension, lists of veterans, and lists of applicants and recipients of the Southern Cross of Honor from the years 1860-1926. Most of these records pertain to Confederate companies and individuals from Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, but there are also a few records related to companies and soldiers within the Union Army. Other materials include personal letters from Civil War soldiers giving views of camp life and activities in and around Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, writings by local historian John W. Wayland, twentieth century newspaper clippings relating to the Civil War, letters and poetry by Cassie Moncure Lyne, materials relating to Harrisonburg Civil War museums and monuments, and late nineteenth and early twentieth century bulletins and pamphlets about the Civil War. Please note that not all dates are inclusive.","Four Muster Rolls: Two from Union regiments in Illinois and New Hampshire; one from a Union convalescent regiment in Virginia; and one from Captain George A. Foster's company E, 20th regiment of U.S. Colored Infantry. Notes by Shenandoah Valley historian John Wayland on the muster roll of a company of Confederate infantry in the Virginia Militia.","Four letters from Civil War soldiers and one letter from a veteran relating details of his service and life after the Civil War. Project report titled \"Civil War Letters Collection.\"","Civil War records including an honorable discharge from the Union Army, a pay voucher for a black aide-de-camp in the Union Army, a special orders letter granting a leave of absence, a copy of a receipt from Adams Express Company, a letter from the Treasury Department denying a veteran's claim for pay, and a pension certificate from the Bureau of Pensions.","Records pertaining to Confederate Soldiers, including lists of Confederate companies organized in Rockingham County, rosters of ex-Confederate soldiers in Rockingham County, lists of applicants for the Southern Cross of Honor, records of recipients of the Southern Cross of Honor, and a list of veterans from the Linville District.","Writings on the Civil War by historian John Wayland, including descriptions of local battles, chronological lists of Civil War events concerning Harrisonburg and Rockingham County, and a drafts of various texts about the Civil War in Rockingham County.","Copies of twentieth-century newspaper clippings about Civil War events including an article with photos on Colonel John S. Mosby and Mosby's Rangers.","Letters to Cassie Moncure Lyne thanking her for sending copies of her poem \"The Rockingham Confederate Flag,\" from various individuals as well as the Library of Virginia, and the Virginia Historical Society. Notes, sketches, and papers relating to Ms. Lyne's desire to have a Confederate Monument erected in Court Square in Harrisonburg, Virginia, along with information about existing Confederate Monuments in Winchester and Richmond, Virginia. Copies of three poems written by Ms. Lyne.","Letters and documents pertaining to the Civil War Centennial Museum of Harrisonburg, Virginia, documenting the creation of a sign for the museum and relating to the Electric Map of the Stonewall Jackson Valley Campaign housed at the museum.","Bulletin of the Virginia State Library, 1927 \"Two Confederate Items,\" includes the \"Diary\" of Captain H. W. Wingfield of Hanover County, Virginia and the \"Reminiscences\" of Judge E. C. Moncure of Caroline County, Virginia. An Address by Abraham Lincoln delivered before the R.E. Lee Camp, No. 1, Confederate Veterans, 1909. Miss Rutherford's Scrapbook, \"Valuable Information About the South: History of Slavery—The South Did Not Fight to Hold Slaves,\" 1925. Various informational booklets about Camp Chase, Ohio, and the activities of various Civil War veterans groups.","\"Bell Boyd: Southern Spy of the Shenandoah\" by Laura Virginia Hale, undated. \"Constitution and By Laws of the Stonewall Brigade Band,\" 1900. \"Two Generals Kidnapped,\" An account of the capture of General George Cook and Benjamin Kelly by McNeill's Rangers, 1944. \"McNeill's Last Charge,\" An account of Captain John H. McNeill and his Rangers, 1944."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe location of some original letters is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Location of Originals:"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The location of some original letters is unknown."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu). Because of the fragility of some items, reproductions may be restricted for certain materials.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu). Because of the fragility of some items, reproductions may be restricted for certain materials."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8a7a4c110cd487ff08fc14e28cb6a28a\"\u003eThe Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005 (bulk 1862-1928), consists of Civil War records and letters from soldiers from 1860-1926, as well as twentieth-century materials including newspaper clippings, research, and writing about local Civil War battles and events.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005 (bulk 1862-1928), consists of Civil War records and letters from soldiers from 1860-1926, as well as twentieth-century materials including newspaper clippings, research, and writing about local Civil War battles and events."],"names_coll_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","United States. Army. Infantry -- Subject","Confederate States of America. Army. McNeill Partisan Rangers","Confederate States of America. Army -- Biography","Boyd, Belle, 1844-1900","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Kelly, Benjamin Franklin, 1807-1891","Foster, George A.","McNeill, John Hanson, 1815-1864","Crook, George, 1829-1890"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","United States. Army. Infantry -- Subject","Confederate States of America. Army. McNeill Partisan Rangers","Confederate States of America. Army -- Biography","Boyd, Belle, 1844-1900","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Kelly, Benjamin Franklin, 1807-1891","Foster, George A.","McNeill, John Hanson, 1815-1864","Crook, George, 1829-1890"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","United States. Army. Infantry -- Subject","Confederate States of America. Army. McNeill Partisan Rangers","Confederate States of America. Army -- Biography"],"persname_ssim":["Boyd, Belle, 1844-1900","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Kelly, Benjamin Franklin, 1807-1891","Foster, George A.","McNeill, John Hanson, 1815-1864","Crook, George, 1829-1890"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":14,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:23:39.142Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_280","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_280","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_280","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_280","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_280.xml","title_ssm":["Civil War Miscellaneous Collection"],"title_tesim":["Civil War Miscellaneous Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1860-2005","1862-1928"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1862-1928"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1860-2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0134","/repositories/4/resources/280"],"text":["SC 0134","/repositories/4/resources/280","Civil War Miscellaneous Collection","Camp Chase (Ohio) -- History","Confederate States of America -- History, Military","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African American troops","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Secret service, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Poetry","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Prisoners and prisons","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Registers","Virginia -- History, Local -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Spies -- United States -- Biography","Generals -- United States -- Biography","Presidents -- United States -- Public opinion","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Register","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Biography","Soldiers' monuments -- Virginia","Slavery -- United States -- Controversial literature","Southern Cross of Honor","Application forms","Pamphlets","Booklets","Letters (correspondence)","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The collection is arranged topically in four series with item level descriptions of folder contents.","Primary Source Materials, 1862-1926, 2005 Local Civil War History Documents, 1860-1978 Museums and Monuments, 1879-1965 Pamphlets and Booklets, 1909-1944","Civil War records within the collection were issued by government entities, including the Department of the Interior and the Treasury Department, along with various war offices. Notable individuals with papers represented in this collection include local Shenandoah Valley historian John W. Wayland (1872-1962 and Cassie Moncure Lyne (1875-1955) a Civil War writer and poet from Virginia.","When the collection was received from the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society in 1991, the materials consisted of one box of folders, mostly labeled \"Civil War,\" with no apparent arrangement. After review, three collections were established from the materials: Sons of Confederate Veterans Collection, 1896-1964, SC 0132; United Confederate Veterans Collection, 1893-1938, SC 0133; and Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005, SC 0134.","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 3050.","Sons of Confederate Veterans Collection, 1896-1964, SC 0132, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.","United Confederate Veterans Collection, 1893-1938, SC 0133, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.","The Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005 (bulk 1862-1928), consists of one box of materials related to the Civil War. This is an assembled collection, and the order of materials has been imposed by the archivist from the original unordered arrangement.","Civil War records included in the collection consist of muster rolls from the years 1862-1865, certificates of discharge and pension, lists of veterans, and lists of applicants and recipients of the Southern Cross of Honor from the years 1860-1926. Most of these records pertain to Confederate companies and individuals from Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, but there are also a few records related to companies and soldiers within the Union Army. Other materials include personal letters from Civil War soldiers giving views of camp life and activities in and around Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, writings by local historian John W. Wayland, twentieth century newspaper clippings relating to the Civil War, letters and poetry by Cassie Moncure Lyne, materials relating to Harrisonburg Civil War museums and monuments, and late nineteenth and early twentieth century bulletins and pamphlets about the Civil War. Please note that not all dates are inclusive.","Four Muster Rolls: Two from Union regiments in Illinois and New Hampshire; one from a Union convalescent regiment in Virginia; and one from Captain George A. Foster's company E, 20th regiment of U.S. Colored Infantry. Notes by Shenandoah Valley historian John Wayland on the muster roll of a company of Confederate infantry in the Virginia Militia.","Four letters from Civil War soldiers and one letter from a veteran relating details of his service and life after the Civil War. Project report titled \"Civil War Letters Collection.\"","Civil War records including an honorable discharge from the Union Army, a pay voucher for a black aide-de-camp in the Union Army, a special orders letter granting a leave of absence, a copy of a receipt from Adams Express Company, a letter from the Treasury Department denying a veteran's claim for pay, and a pension certificate from the Bureau of Pensions.","Records pertaining to Confederate Soldiers, including lists of Confederate companies organized in Rockingham County, rosters of ex-Confederate soldiers in Rockingham County, lists of applicants for the Southern Cross of Honor, records of recipients of the Southern Cross of Honor, and a list of veterans from the Linville District.","Writings on the Civil War by historian John Wayland, including descriptions of local battles, chronological lists of Civil War events concerning Harrisonburg and Rockingham County, and a drafts of various texts about the Civil War in Rockingham County.","Copies of twentieth-century newspaper clippings about Civil War events including an article with photos on Colonel John S. Mosby and Mosby's Rangers.","Letters to Cassie Moncure Lyne thanking her for sending copies of her poem \"The Rockingham Confederate Flag,\" from various individuals as well as the Library of Virginia, and the Virginia Historical Society. Notes, sketches, and papers relating to Ms. Lyne's desire to have a Confederate Monument erected in Court Square in Harrisonburg, Virginia, along with information about existing Confederate Monuments in Winchester and Richmond, Virginia. Copies of three poems written by Ms. Lyne.","Letters and documents pertaining to the Civil War Centennial Museum of Harrisonburg, Virginia, documenting the creation of a sign for the museum and relating to the Electric Map of the Stonewall Jackson Valley Campaign housed at the museum.","Bulletin of the Virginia State Library, 1927 \"Two Confederate Items,\" includes the \"Diary\" of Captain H. W. Wingfield of Hanover County, Virginia and the \"Reminiscences\" of Judge E. C. Moncure of Caroline County, Virginia. An Address by Abraham Lincoln delivered before the R.E. Lee Camp, No. 1, Confederate Veterans, 1909. Miss Rutherford's Scrapbook, \"Valuable Information About the South: History of Slavery—The South Did Not Fight to Hold Slaves,\" 1925. Various informational booklets about Camp Chase, Ohio, and the activities of various Civil War veterans groups.","\"Bell Boyd: Southern Spy of the Shenandoah\" by Laura Virginia Hale, undated. \"Constitution and By Laws of the Stonewall Brigade Band,\" 1900. \"Two Generals Kidnapped,\" An account of the capture of General George Cook and Benjamin Kelly by McNeill's Rangers, 1944. \"McNeill's Last Charge,\" An account of Captain John H. McNeill and his Rangers, 1944.","The location of some original letters is unknown.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu). Because of the fragility of some items, reproductions may be restricted for certain materials.","The Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005 (bulk 1862-1928), consists of Civil War records and letters from soldiers from 1860-1926, as well as twentieth-century materials including newspaper clippings, research, and writing about local Civil War battles and events.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","United States. Army. Infantry -- Subject","Confederate States of America. Army. McNeill Partisan Rangers","Confederate States of America. Army -- Biography","Boyd, Belle, 1844-1900","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Kelly, Benjamin Franklin, 1807-1891","Foster, George A.","McNeill, John Hanson, 1815-1864","Crook, George, 1829-1890","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0134","/repositories/4/resources/280"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Civil War Miscellaneous Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Civil War Miscellaneous Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Civil War Miscellaneous Collection"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Camp Chase (Ohio) -- History","Confederate States of America -- History, Military","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African American troops","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Secret service, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Poetry","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Prisoners and prisons","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Registers","Virginia -- History, Local -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"geogname_ssim":["Camp Chase (Ohio) -- History","Confederate States of America -- History, Military","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African American troops","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Secret service, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Poetry","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Prisoners and prisons","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Registers","Virginia -- History, Local -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"creator_ssm":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Camp Chase (Ohio) -- History","Confederate States of America -- History, Military","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- African American troops","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Secret service, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Poetry","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Prisoners and prisons","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Regimental histories","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Registers","Virginia -- History, Local -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu). Because of the fragility of some items, reproductions may be restricted for certain materials."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection was deposited by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society in April 1991. A student paper based on letters from the collection was added in 2005."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Spies -- United States -- Biography","Generals -- United States -- Biography","Presidents -- United States -- Public opinion","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Register","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Biography","Soldiers' monuments -- Virginia","Slavery -- United States -- Controversial literature","Southern Cross of Honor","Application forms","Pamphlets","Booklets","Letters (correspondence)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Spies -- United States -- Biography","Generals -- United States -- Biography","Presidents -- United States -- Public opinion","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Register","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Biography","Soldiers' monuments -- Virginia","Slavery -- United States -- Controversial literature","Southern Cross of Honor","Application forms","Pamphlets","Booklets","Letters (correspondence)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.2 cubic feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.2 cubic feet 1 box"],"genreform_ssim":["Application forms","Pamphlets","Booklets","Letters (correspondence)"],"date_range_isim":[1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged topically in four series with item level descriptions of folder contents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePrimary Source Materials, 1862-1926, 2005\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eLocal Civil War History Documents, 1860-1978\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMuseums and Monuments, 1879-1965\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePamphlets and Booklets, 1909-1944\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged topically in four series with item level descriptions of folder contents.","Primary Source Materials, 1862-1926, 2005 Local Civil War History Documents, 1860-1978 Museums and Monuments, 1879-1965 Pamphlets and Booklets, 1909-1944"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCivil War records within the collection were issued by government entities, including the Department of the Interior and the Treasury Department, along with various war offices. 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After review, three collections were established from the materials: Sons of Confederate Veterans Collection, 1896-1964, SC 0132; United Confederate Veterans Collection, 1893-1938, SC 0133; and Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005, SC 0134.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["When the collection was received from the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society in 1991, the materials consisted of one box of folders, mostly labeled \"Civil War,\" with no apparent arrangement. After review, three collections were established from the materials: Sons of Confederate Veterans Collection, 1896-1964, SC 0132; United Confederate Veterans Collection, 1893-1938, SC 0133; and Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005, SC 0134."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-1965 (bulk 1862-1928), SC 0134, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-1965 (bulk 1862-1928), SC 0134, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 3050.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 3050."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSons of Confederate Veterans Collection, 1896-1964, SC 0132, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnited Confederate Veterans Collection, 1893-1938, SC 0133, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Sons of Confederate Veterans Collection, 1896-1964, SC 0132, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.","United Confederate Veterans Collection, 1893-1938, SC 0133, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005 (bulk 1862-1928), consists of one box of materials related to the Civil War. 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Wayland, twentieth century newspaper clippings relating to the Civil War, letters and poetry by Cassie Moncure Lyne, materials relating to Harrisonburg Civil War museums and monuments, and late nineteenth and early twentieth century bulletins and pamphlets about the Civil War. Please note that not all dates are inclusive.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFour Muster Rolls: Two from Union regiments in Illinois and New Hampshire; one from a Union convalescent regiment in Virginia; and one from Captain George A. Foster's company E, 20th regiment of U.S. Colored Infantry. Notes by Shenandoah Valley historian John Wayland on the muster roll of a company of Confederate infantry in the Virginia Militia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFour letters from Civil War soldiers and one letter from a veteran relating details of his service and life after the Civil War. Project report titled \"Civil War Letters Collection.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCivil War records including an honorable discharge from the Union Army, a pay voucher for a black aide-de-camp in the Union Army, a special orders letter granting a leave of absence, a copy of a receipt from Adams Express Company, a letter from the Treasury Department denying a veteran's claim for pay, and a pension certificate from the Bureau of Pensions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords pertaining to Confederate Soldiers, including lists of Confederate companies organized in Rockingham County, rosters of ex-Confederate soldiers in Rockingham County, lists of applicants for the Southern Cross of Honor, records of recipients of the Southern Cross of Honor, and a list of veterans from the Linville District.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWritings on the Civil War by historian John Wayland, including descriptions of local battles, chronological lists of Civil War events concerning Harrisonburg and Rockingham County, and a drafts of various texts about the Civil War in Rockingham County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopies of twentieth-century newspaper clippings about Civil War events including an article with photos on Colonel John S. 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Wingfield of Hanover County, Virginia and the \"Reminiscences\" of Judge E. C. Moncure of Caroline County, Virginia. An Address by Abraham Lincoln delivered before the R.E. Lee Camp, No. 1, Confederate Veterans, 1909. Miss Rutherford's Scrapbook, \"Valuable Information About the South: History of Slavery—The South Did Not Fight to Hold Slaves,\" 1925. Various informational booklets about Camp Chase, Ohio, and the activities of various Civil War veterans groups.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Bell Boyd: Southern Spy of the Shenandoah\" by Laura Virginia Hale, undated. \"Constitution and By Laws of the Stonewall Brigade Band,\" 1900. \"Two Generals Kidnapped,\" An account of the capture of General George Cook and Benjamin Kelly by McNeill's Rangers, 1944. \"McNeill's Last Charge,\" An account of Captain John H. McNeill and his Rangers, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005 (bulk 1862-1928), consists of one box of materials related to the Civil War. This is an assembled collection, and the order of materials has been imposed by the archivist from the original unordered arrangement.","Civil War records included in the collection consist of muster rolls from the years 1862-1865, certificates of discharge and pension, lists of veterans, and lists of applicants and recipients of the Southern Cross of Honor from the years 1860-1926. Most of these records pertain to Confederate companies and individuals from Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, but there are also a few records related to companies and soldiers within the Union Army. Other materials include personal letters from Civil War soldiers giving views of camp life and activities in and around Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, writings by local historian John W. Wayland, twentieth century newspaper clippings relating to the Civil War, letters and poetry by Cassie Moncure Lyne, materials relating to Harrisonburg Civil War museums and monuments, and late nineteenth and early twentieth century bulletins and pamphlets about the Civil War. Please note that not all dates are inclusive.","Four Muster Rolls: Two from Union regiments in Illinois and New Hampshire; one from a Union convalescent regiment in Virginia; and one from Captain George A. Foster's company E, 20th regiment of U.S. Colored Infantry. Notes by Shenandoah Valley historian John Wayland on the muster roll of a company of Confederate infantry in the Virginia Militia.","Four letters from Civil War soldiers and one letter from a veteran relating details of his service and life after the Civil War. Project report titled \"Civil War Letters Collection.\"","Civil War records including an honorable discharge from the Union Army, a pay voucher for a black aide-de-camp in the Union Army, a special orders letter granting a leave of absence, a copy of a receipt from Adams Express Company, a letter from the Treasury Department denying a veteran's claim for pay, and a pension certificate from the Bureau of Pensions.","Records pertaining to Confederate Soldiers, including lists of Confederate companies organized in Rockingham County, rosters of ex-Confederate soldiers in Rockingham County, lists of applicants for the Southern Cross of Honor, records of recipients of the Southern Cross of Honor, and a list of veterans from the Linville District.","Writings on the Civil War by historian John Wayland, including descriptions of local battles, chronological lists of Civil War events concerning Harrisonburg and Rockingham County, and a drafts of various texts about the Civil War in Rockingham County.","Copies of twentieth-century newspaper clippings about Civil War events including an article with photos on Colonel John S. Mosby and Mosby's Rangers.","Letters to Cassie Moncure Lyne thanking her for sending copies of her poem \"The Rockingham Confederate Flag,\" from various individuals as well as the Library of Virginia, and the Virginia Historical Society. Notes, sketches, and papers relating to Ms. Lyne's desire to have a Confederate Monument erected in Court Square in Harrisonburg, Virginia, along with information about existing Confederate Monuments in Winchester and Richmond, Virginia. Copies of three poems written by Ms. Lyne.","Letters and documents pertaining to the Civil War Centennial Museum of Harrisonburg, Virginia, documenting the creation of a sign for the museum and relating to the Electric Map of the Stonewall Jackson Valley Campaign housed at the museum.","Bulletin of the Virginia State Library, 1927 \"Two Confederate Items,\" includes the \"Diary\" of Captain H. W. Wingfield of Hanover County, Virginia and the \"Reminiscences\" of Judge E. C. Moncure of Caroline County, Virginia. An Address by Abraham Lincoln delivered before the R.E. Lee Camp, No. 1, Confederate Veterans, 1909. Miss Rutherford's Scrapbook, \"Valuable Information About the South: History of Slavery—The South Did Not Fight to Hold Slaves,\" 1925. Various informational booklets about Camp Chase, Ohio, and the activities of various Civil War veterans groups.","\"Bell Boyd: Southern Spy of the Shenandoah\" by Laura Virginia Hale, undated. \"Constitution and By Laws of the Stonewall Brigade Band,\" 1900. \"Two Generals Kidnapped,\" An account of the capture of General George Cook and Benjamin Kelly by McNeill's Rangers, 1944. \"McNeill's Last Charge,\" An account of Captain John H. McNeill and his Rangers, 1944."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe location of some original letters is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Location of Originals:"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The location of some original letters is unknown."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu). Because of the fragility of some items, reproductions may be restricted for certain materials.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu). Because of the fragility of some items, reproductions may be restricted for certain materials."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8a7a4c110cd487ff08fc14e28cb6a28a\"\u003eThe Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005 (bulk 1862-1928), consists of Civil War records and letters from soldiers from 1860-1926, as well as twentieth-century materials including newspaper clippings, research, and writing about local Civil War battles and events.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Civil War Miscellaneous Collection, 1860-2005 (bulk 1862-1928), consists of Civil War records and letters from soldiers from 1860-1926, as well as twentieth-century materials including newspaper clippings, research, and writing about local Civil War battles and events."],"names_coll_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","United States. Army. Infantry -- Subject","Confederate States of America. Army. McNeill Partisan Rangers","Confederate States of America. Army -- Biography","Boyd, Belle, 1844-1900","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Kelly, Benjamin Franklin, 1807-1891","Foster, George A.","McNeill, John Hanson, 1815-1864","Crook, George, 1829-1890"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","United States. Army. Infantry -- Subject","Confederate States of America. Army. McNeill Partisan Rangers","Confederate States of America. Army -- Biography","Boyd, Belle, 1844-1900","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Kelly, Benjamin Franklin, 1807-1891","Foster, George A.","McNeill, John Hanson, 1815-1864","Crook, George, 1829-1890"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","United States. Army. Infantry -- Subject","Confederate States of America. Army. McNeill Partisan Rangers","Confederate States of America. Army -- Biography"],"persname_ssim":["Boyd, Belle, 1844-1900","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Kelly, Benjamin Franklin, 1807-1891","Foster, George A.","McNeill, John Hanson, 1815-1864","Crook, George, 1829-1890"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":14,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:23:39.142Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_280"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_412#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_412#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"This collection consists of approximately 1,700 items, in six boxes and one flat folder, and covers the dates 1740-1950. The collection is comprised of a very wide variety of legal, governmental, business, school, and church records, as well as personal papers, all primarily from the Central Shenandoah Valley (Rockingham, Shenandoah, Augusta, and Page counties). Most are originals, but some facsimiles are included.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_412#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_412.xml","title_ssm":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection"],"title_tesim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1740-1950"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1740-1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0117","/repositories/4/resources/412"],"text":["SC 0117","/repositories/4/resources/412","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Religious life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Augusta County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History","Letters (correspondence)","Legal documents","Financial Records","Family papers","Receipts (financial records)","Summonses","Application forms","Voters' lists","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Most of the papers were received in no order. A few packets were labeled with family names. Documents are arranged chronologically within folders, except in the Miscellaneous folders of the Individual/Family series, where they are filed alphabetically. The collection is arranged in four series: 1. Legal/Governmental Documents; 2. Business/Institutional Documents; 3. Individual/Family Documents; 3.1. Individual Families; 4. Maps.","Legal/Governmental Documents Business/Institutional Documents Individual/Family Documents Maps","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2095 .","This collection consists of approximately 1,700 items, in six boxes and one flat folder, and covers the dates 1740-1950. The collection is comprised of a very wide variety of legal, governmental, business, school, and church records, as well as personal papers, all primarily from the Central Shenandoah Valley (Rockingham, Shenandoah, Augusta, and Page Counties). Most are originals, but some photocopies are included.","The Legal/Governmental Documents Series includes summonses, road documents, juror lists, delivery bonds, papers from the Sheriff's Office and the Circuit Courts of Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, CSA Telegraph Reports, postal accounts, and miscellaneous other official reports, claims, applications, etc.","The Business/Institutional Documents Series includes church histories and other church documents, school catalogs, slave purchase documents, records of Cootes' Store, and other miscellaneous business papers which are not related to families, such as the merger of the News Register Co. and Rockingham Publishing Co. Significantly the collection includes a complete issue of the Rockingham Weekly Register from April 26, 1828, that is not extant elsewhere.","The Individual/Family Documents Series contains deeds and indentures; letters; receipts; promissory notes and other financial papers, including those related to family businesses; certificates; and miscellaneous other documents. Of particular interest are the Harrison and Lincoln family folders, which include several noteworthy deeds; and the Winfield family folder, which includes several items relating to the Civil War.","Separate folders under each family or individual for which 5 or more relevant items are held.","Combined folders in one alphabetical sequence for four or less documents per name. See Cross Index for names.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","This collection consists of approximately 1,700 items, in six boxes and one flat folder, and covers the dates 1740-1950. The collection is comprised of a very wide variety of legal, governmental, business, school, and church records, as well as personal papers, all primarily from the Central Shenandoah Valley (Rockingham, Shenandoah, Augusta, and Page counties). Most are originals, but some facsimiles are included.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0117","/repositories/4/resources/412"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Religious life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Augusta County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Religious life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Augusta County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History"],"creator_ssm":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Religious life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Augusta County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was compiled from many boxes of miscellaneous papers placed on deposit at the library by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Letters (correspondence)","Legal documents","Financial Records","Family papers","Receipts (financial records)","Summonses","Application forms","Voters' lists"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Letters (correspondence)","Legal documents","Financial Records","Family papers","Receipts (financial records)","Summonses","Application forms","Voters' lists"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.0 cubic feet 6 boxes, 1 flat folder"],"extent_tesim":["3.0 cubic feet 6 boxes, 1 flat folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Letters (correspondence)","Legal documents","Financial Records","Family papers","Receipts (financial records)","Summonses","Application forms","Voters' lists"],"date_range_isim":[1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMost of the papers were received in no order. A few packets were labeled with family names. Documents are arranged chronologically within folders, except in the Miscellaneous folders of the Individual/Family series, where they are filed alphabetically. The collection is arranged in four series: 1. Legal/Governmental Documents; 2. Business/Institutional Documents; 3. Individual/Family Documents; 3.1. Individual Families; 4. Maps.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eLegal/Governmental Documents\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eBusiness/Institutional Documents\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIndividual/Family Documents\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMaps\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Most of the papers were received in no order. A few packets were labeled with family names. Documents are arranged chronologically within folders, except in the Miscellaneous folders of the Individual/Family series, where they are filed alphabetically. The collection is arranged in four series: 1. Legal/Governmental Documents; 2. Business/Institutional Documents; 3. Individual/Family Documents; 3.1. Individual Families; 4. Maps.","Legal/Governmental Documents Business/Institutional Documents Individual/Family Documents Maps"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], [box #, folder #], Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection, 1740-1950, SC 0117, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], [box #, folder #], Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection, 1740-1950, SC 0117, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2095\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2095 ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of approximately 1,700 items, in six boxes and one flat folder, and covers the dates 1740-1950. The collection is comprised of a very wide variety of legal, governmental, business, school, and church records, as well as personal papers, all primarily from the Central Shenandoah Valley (Rockingham, Shenandoah, Augusta, and Page Counties). Most are originals, but some photocopies are included.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Legal/Governmental Documents Series includes summonses, road documents, juror lists, delivery bonds, papers from the Sheriff's Office and the Circuit Courts of Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, CSA Telegraph Reports, postal accounts, and miscellaneous other official reports, claims, applications, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Business/Institutional Documents Series includes church histories and other church documents, school catalogs, slave purchase documents, records of Cootes' Store, and other miscellaneous business papers which are not related to families, such as the merger of the News Register Co. and Rockingham Publishing Co. Significantly the collection includes a complete issue of the Rockingham Weekly Register from April 26, 1828, that is not extant elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Individual/Family Documents Series contains deeds and indentures; letters; receipts; promissory notes and other financial papers, including those related to family businesses; certificates; and miscellaneous other documents. Of particular interest are the Harrison and Lincoln family folders, which include several noteworthy deeds; and the Winfield family folder, which includes several items relating to the Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeparate folders under each family or individual for which 5 or more relevant items are held.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCombined folders in one alphabetical sequence for four or less documents per name. See Cross Index for names.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of approximately 1,700 items, in six boxes and one flat folder, and covers the dates 1740-1950. The collection is comprised of a very wide variety of legal, governmental, business, school, and church records, as well as personal papers, all primarily from the Central Shenandoah Valley (Rockingham, Shenandoah, Augusta, and Page Counties). Most are originals, but some photocopies are included.","The Legal/Governmental Documents Series includes summonses, road documents, juror lists, delivery bonds, papers from the Sheriff's Office and the Circuit Courts of Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, CSA Telegraph Reports, postal accounts, and miscellaneous other official reports, claims, applications, etc.","The Business/Institutional Documents Series includes church histories and other church documents, school catalogs, slave purchase documents, records of Cootes' Store, and other miscellaneous business papers which are not related to families, such as the merger of the News Register Co. and Rockingham Publishing Co. Significantly the collection includes a complete issue of the Rockingham Weekly Register from April 26, 1828, that is not extant elsewhere.","The Individual/Family Documents Series contains deeds and indentures; letters; receipts; promissory notes and other financial papers, including those related to family businesses; certificates; and miscellaneous other documents. Of particular interest are the Harrison and Lincoln family folders, which include several noteworthy deeds; and the Winfield family folder, which includes several items relating to the Civil War.","Separate folders under each family or individual for which 5 or more relevant items are held.","Combined folders in one alphabetical sequence for four or less documents per name. See Cross Index for names."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8b0c0cf7d8d4e5e3173df401b85e0033\"\u003eThis collection consists of approximately 1,700 items, in six boxes and one flat folder, and covers the dates 1740-1950. The collection is comprised of a very wide variety of legal, governmental, business, school, and church records, as well as personal papers, all primarily from the Central Shenandoah Valley (Rockingham, Shenandoah, Augusta, and Page counties). Most are originals, but some facsimiles are included.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection consists of approximately 1,700 items, in six boxes and one flat folder, and covers the dates 1740-1950. The collection is comprised of a very wide variety of legal, governmental, business, school, and church records, as well as personal papers, all primarily from the Central Shenandoah Valley (Rockingham, Shenandoah, Augusta, and Page counties). Most are originals, but some facsimiles are included."],"names_coll_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":112,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:20:27.499Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_412.xml","title_ssm":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection"],"title_tesim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1740-1950"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1740-1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0117","/repositories/4/resources/412"],"text":["SC 0117","/repositories/4/resources/412","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Religious life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Augusta County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History","Letters (correspondence)","Legal documents","Financial Records","Family papers","Receipts (financial records)","Summonses","Application forms","Voters' lists","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Most of the papers were received in no order. A few packets were labeled with family names. Documents are arranged chronologically within folders, except in the Miscellaneous folders of the Individual/Family series, where they are filed alphabetically. The collection is arranged in four series: 1. Legal/Governmental Documents; 2. Business/Institutional Documents; 3. Individual/Family Documents; 3.1. Individual Families; 4. Maps.","Legal/Governmental Documents Business/Institutional Documents Individual/Family Documents Maps","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2095 .","This collection consists of approximately 1,700 items, in six boxes and one flat folder, and covers the dates 1740-1950. The collection is comprised of a very wide variety of legal, governmental, business, school, and church records, as well as personal papers, all primarily from the Central Shenandoah Valley (Rockingham, Shenandoah, Augusta, and Page Counties). Most are originals, but some photocopies are included.","The Legal/Governmental Documents Series includes summonses, road documents, juror lists, delivery bonds, papers from the Sheriff's Office and the Circuit Courts of Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, CSA Telegraph Reports, postal accounts, and miscellaneous other official reports, claims, applications, etc.","The Business/Institutional Documents Series includes church histories and other church documents, school catalogs, slave purchase documents, records of Cootes' Store, and other miscellaneous business papers which are not related to families, such as the merger of the News Register Co. and Rockingham Publishing Co. Significantly the collection includes a complete issue of the Rockingham Weekly Register from April 26, 1828, that is not extant elsewhere.","The Individual/Family Documents Series contains deeds and indentures; letters; receipts; promissory notes and other financial papers, including those related to family businesses; certificates; and miscellaneous other documents. Of particular interest are the Harrison and Lincoln family folders, which include several noteworthy deeds; and the Winfield family folder, which includes several items relating to the Civil War.","Separate folders under each family or individual for which 5 or more relevant items are held.","Combined folders in one alphabetical sequence for four or less documents per name. See Cross Index for names.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","This collection consists of approximately 1,700 items, in six boxes and one flat folder, and covers the dates 1740-1950. The collection is comprised of a very wide variety of legal, governmental, business, school, and church records, as well as personal papers, all primarily from the Central Shenandoah Valley (Rockingham, Shenandoah, Augusta, and Page counties). Most are originals, but some facsimiles are included.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0117","/repositories/4/resources/412"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Religious life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Augusta County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Religious life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Augusta County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History"],"creator_ssm":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Religious life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Genealogy","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Augusta County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Page County (Va.) -- History","Augusta County (Va.) -- History"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was compiled from many boxes of miscellaneous papers placed on deposit at the library by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Letters (correspondence)","Legal documents","Financial Records","Family papers","Receipts (financial records)","Summonses","Application forms","Voters' lists"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Letters (correspondence)","Legal documents","Financial Records","Family papers","Receipts (financial records)","Summonses","Application forms","Voters' lists"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.0 cubic feet 6 boxes, 1 flat folder"],"extent_tesim":["3.0 cubic feet 6 boxes, 1 flat folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Letters (correspondence)","Legal documents","Financial Records","Family papers","Receipts (financial records)","Summonses","Application forms","Voters' lists"],"date_range_isim":[1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMost of the papers were received in no order. A few packets were labeled with family names. Documents are arranged chronologically within folders, except in the Miscellaneous folders of the Individual/Family series, where they are filed alphabetically. The collection is arranged in four series: 1. Legal/Governmental Documents; 2. Business/Institutional Documents; 3. Individual/Family Documents; 3.1. Individual Families; 4. Maps.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eLegal/Governmental Documents\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eBusiness/Institutional Documents\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIndividual/Family Documents\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMaps\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Most of the papers were received in no order. A few packets were labeled with family names. Documents are arranged chronologically within folders, except in the Miscellaneous folders of the Individual/Family series, where they are filed alphabetically. The collection is arranged in four series: 1. Legal/Governmental Documents; 2. Business/Institutional Documents; 3. Individual/Family Documents; 3.1. Individual Families; 4. Maps.","Legal/Governmental Documents Business/Institutional Documents Individual/Family Documents Maps"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], [box #, folder #], Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection, 1740-1950, SC 0117, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], [box #, folder #], Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection, 1740-1950, SC 0117, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2095\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2095 ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of approximately 1,700 items, in six boxes and one flat folder, and covers the dates 1740-1950. The collection is comprised of a very wide variety of legal, governmental, business, school, and church records, as well as personal papers, all primarily from the Central Shenandoah Valley (Rockingham, Shenandoah, Augusta, and Page Counties). Most are originals, but some photocopies are included.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Legal/Governmental Documents Series includes summonses, road documents, juror lists, delivery bonds, papers from the Sheriff's Office and the Circuit Courts of Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, CSA Telegraph Reports, postal accounts, and miscellaneous other official reports, claims, applications, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Business/Institutional Documents Series includes church histories and other church documents, school catalogs, slave purchase documents, records of Cootes' Store, and other miscellaneous business papers which are not related to families, such as the merger of the News Register Co. and Rockingham Publishing Co. Significantly the collection includes a complete issue of the Rockingham Weekly Register from April 26, 1828, that is not extant elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Individual/Family Documents Series contains deeds and indentures; letters; receipts; promissory notes and other financial papers, including those related to family businesses; certificates; and miscellaneous other documents. Of particular interest are the Harrison and Lincoln family folders, which include several noteworthy deeds; and the Winfield family folder, which includes several items relating to the Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeparate folders under each family or individual for which 5 or more relevant items are held.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCombined folders in one alphabetical sequence for four or less documents per name. See Cross Index for names.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of approximately 1,700 items, in six boxes and one flat folder, and covers the dates 1740-1950. The collection is comprised of a very wide variety of legal, governmental, business, school, and church records, as well as personal papers, all primarily from the Central Shenandoah Valley (Rockingham, Shenandoah, Augusta, and Page Counties). Most are originals, but some photocopies are included.","The Legal/Governmental Documents Series includes summonses, road documents, juror lists, delivery bonds, papers from the Sheriff's Office and the Circuit Courts of Rockingham and Shenandoah Counties, CSA Telegraph Reports, postal accounts, and miscellaneous other official reports, claims, applications, etc.","The Business/Institutional Documents Series includes church histories and other church documents, school catalogs, slave purchase documents, records of Cootes' Store, and other miscellaneous business papers which are not related to families, such as the merger of the News Register Co. and Rockingham Publishing Co. Significantly the collection includes a complete issue of the Rockingham Weekly Register from April 26, 1828, that is not extant elsewhere.","The Individual/Family Documents Series contains deeds and indentures; letters; receipts; promissory notes and other financial papers, including those related to family businesses; certificates; and miscellaneous other documents. Of particular interest are the Harrison and Lincoln family folders, which include several noteworthy deeds; and the Winfield family folder, which includes several items relating to the Civil War.","Separate folders under each family or individual for which 5 or more relevant items are held.","Combined folders in one alphabetical sequence for four or less documents per name. See Cross Index for names."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8b0c0cf7d8d4e5e3173df401b85e0033\"\u003eThis collection consists of approximately 1,700 items, in six boxes and one flat folder, and covers the dates 1740-1950. The collection is comprised of a very wide variety of legal, governmental, business, school, and church records, as well as personal papers, all primarily from the Central Shenandoah Valley (Rockingham, Shenandoah, Augusta, and Page counties). Most are originals, but some facsimiles are included.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection consists of approximately 1,700 items, in six boxes and one flat folder, and covers the dates 1740-1950. The collection is comprised of a very wide variety of legal, governmental, business, school, and church records, as well as personal papers, all primarily from the Central Shenandoah Valley (Rockingham, Shenandoah, Augusta, and Page counties). Most are originals, but some facsimiles are included."],"names_coll_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":112,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:20:27.499Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_412"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_398","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Henkel Family Papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_398#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Henkel family","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_398#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Henkel Family Papers consists of two Hollinger boxes and one oversize box, and spans a period from 1783 to 1916. The bulk of the collection consists of letters, religious documents, and newspapers and advertisements published by the Henkel Press of New Market, Virginia. Also included are some Henkel family history materials and business documents, and miscellaneous secular materials.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_398#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_398","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_398","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_398","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_398","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_398.xml","title_ssm":["Henkel Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Henkel Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1783-1916"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1783-1916"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0099","/repositories/4/resources/398"],"text":["SC 0099","/repositories/4/resources/398","Henkel Family Papers","Virginia -- History","New Market (Va.) -- History","New Market (Va.) -- Genealogy","New Market (Va.) -- Imprints","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Church history -- 19th century","Clergy -- Virginia","Printers -- Virginia","Printers -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Printing -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","German imprints -- Virginia -- New Market","Religious literature -- Publication and distribution -- Virginia","Religious literature, German -- Publication and distribution -- Virginia","Lutheran Church -- Virginia","Family papers","Genealogies (histories)","Advertisements","Newspapers","Publications (documents)","Collection is open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Excerpts of this collection have been digitized and are made available upon request.","Poem about slavery, written by a slave - Unknown Author, undated (English) Report of the Transactions of the Second Evangelical Lutheran Conference held in Zion's Church, Sulivan County Tennessee, October 22, 1821 (English) Henkel manuscript: Woodstock Virginia, January 26, 1829 (English) Henkel Press Song Book, undated (German) Minutes of the Proceedings of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the State of Virginia, 1833 (English) Short Excerpt of the Transactions of the Synod of the Lutheran Ministry, held in the state of North Carolina in the year of our Lord, 1817 (German)","Partial organization by a previous researcher was maintained. The collection is arranged in five series:","Correspondence, 1806-1892 Religious Documents, 1783-1897 Secular Documents, 1790-1910 Family History Henkel Press Publications, 1806-1891","Edmonds, Albert Sydney. \"The Henkels, Early Printers in New Market, Virginia,\" William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd series, v. 18, 1938.","Scheer, George F. \"First Printing Press in the Valley of Virginia,\" Publishers' Weekly. Vol. 150, November 23, 1946.","Finck, Rev. William J.  A Chronological Life of Paul Henkel . New Market, 1937. Photocopy of original typescript made by Richard R. Renalds, Timberville, VA., 1986.","The Henkel Press began as a crude printing press in the living room of Paul Henkel's house in New Market, Virginia, in 1806. Eventually, it published more Lutheran material than any other press in the country, and earned fame for its excellent children's books. Although the press began printing in German for the large Shenandoah Valley German community, it also published in English at an early date.","A schoolbook on mathematics was withdrawn by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society on May 16, 2000. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2065.","The Henkel Collection consists of two Hollinger boxes and one flat box, and spans a period from 1783 to 1916. The bulk of the collection consists of letters, religious documents, and newspapers and advertisements published by the Henkel Press. Also included are some Henkel family history materials and business documents, and miscellaneous secular materials. ","Many of the older letters in the Letters Series are in German while later ones are primarily in English. They demonstrate the dedication of the Henkel family to their faith as well as their activities within the Synod. ","Also in the collection (Secular Documents Series) are several handwritten school books, some with fraktur.","The Henkel Press Publications Series (including the Oversize Series) contains a large part of the collection, and includes handwritten drafts for advertisements to be printed, pamphlets, issues of Virginische Volksberichterand Westliche Correspondenz, and a formula for the ink used in printing.","Mostly to Paul, Ambrose, and Socrates Henkel in German. Includes 1816 German diary with reference to Pt. Pleasant.","German \u0026 English. Numerous letters from North Carolina","Notes by J. Salyards; 1846 brochure on The New-Market Academy; unsigned poem; 2 copies 1875 Henkel pub. of review of \"Idothea;\" several items relating to Salyards Memorial Association","April 12, 1806 (partial copy); February 6, 1808; September 19, 1812; June 28, August 2, 1822","Prayers, organization of service, responsive readings","Most are titled and dated. Several in German. Includes Henkel list of subscribers for preaching, 1841-1852.","Fragments of religious songbooks, some with notations","Includes Henkel Press Song Book, undated (German).","Words to songs; includes ballad about St. Clair's defeat by Indians. Some probably not printed by Henkel Press","Writings from Bible; writings on religious ideas; treatise to Solomon from David Henkle, Lincolnton, NC, 1826","Rockingham County licenses, some with notes that Ambrose or other Henkels performed ceremony","Includes book of misc. accounts with members of Whitehaven congregation, 1813; mss. on worship services by 4 Valley Lutheran churches, called by Rev. Nischmucker in Woodstock Jan. 1828; minutes of church meeting, 1855; printed proceedings of extra session, Luth. Tennessee Synod, 1864","Four texts, one addressed to \"Fellow Citizens of Shenandoah.\" Subjects are political \u0026 social concerns, include intemperance","Promises to pay, subscription orders, receipts, post office oath, a ledger book","Handwritten horse advertisements, announcements of tannery shops; German and English","St. Martin Luther's kleiner Katechismus. . . 1829 (58 cop.). Verhandlungen, Bericht der Verrichtungen, Auszug, or Report. . . evangelical Luthern Conference (North Carolina). . . 1812; 1814; 1816; 1817 (2 cop.). Verrichtung der Special-Conferenze der Evang. Luth. . . in Virginia. . . 1806; 1807; 1808; 1809; 1815; 1831. Kurze Nachricht, Report, Bericht, or Minutes. . . Evang. Luth. Tennessee Synod. . . 1820, 1821, 1828, 1830, 1833, 1891","Handwritten drafts and printed advertisements","Includes sales and school notices, incl. one for S. Henkel's New Market Female Seminary; broadside advertising a \"living quanacos;\" price-setting resolution of Shenandoah Cty. carpenters, 1816; church raffle tickets","Contains Rooster and Lion Henkel sheets, as well the following non-Henkel publications: 16 July 1782 issue of Philadelphische Correspondenz; unidentified sheet from 16 July 1808 German newspaper; 17 Jan. 1815 issue of Der Volksfreund (Lancaster PA); an 1824 election broadside in German; \u0026 1889 pamphlet Die Vekehrung (Allentown, PA)","December 23, 30, 1807; January 6, 20, 27; February 3, 17; March 2, 9, 16, 30, 1808","April 6, 13, 27 (partial copy); May 4, 11, 18, 25; June 8, 15, 22, 29; July 6, 13, 20, 27; August 10 (partial copy), 17, 31, 1808","September 7; October 5 (1 1/2 copies), 12 (1 1/2 copies), 19 (partial copy), 26; November 2, 16 (2 copies), 23, 30; December 7, 14, 1808","January 4, 11, 18 (partial); February 1, 8 (partial), 15, 22 (2 copies); March 1, 15, 22; April 12, 19, 26; May 10, 24, 31; June 14, 1809","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Henkel Family Papers consists of two Hollinger boxes and one oversize box, and spans a period from 1783 to 1916. The bulk of the collection consists of letters, religious documents, and newspapers and advertisements published by the Henkel Press of New Market, Virginia. Also included are some Henkel family history materials and business documents, and miscellaneous secular materials.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Henkel family","Henkel family -- Correspondence","Henkel, Ambrose, 1786-1870 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Paul, 1754-1825 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Socrates, Rev., 1823-1901 -- Correspondence","Salyards, Joseph, 1808-1885 -- Correspondence","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0099","/repositories/4/resources/398"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Henkel Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Henkel Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Henkel Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- History","New Market (Va.) -- History","New Market (Va.) -- Genealogy","New Market (Va.) -- Imprints","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Church history -- 19th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- History","New Market (Va.) -- History","New Market (Va.) -- Genealogy","New Market (Va.) -- Imprints","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Church history -- 19th century"],"creator_ssm":["Henkel family","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["Henkel family","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Henkel family"],"creators_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Henkel family"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- History","New Market (Va.) -- History","New Market (Va.) -- Genealogy","New Market (Va.) -- Imprints","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Church history -- 19th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Placed on deposit at Carrier Library through the November 1985 contract with the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Clergy -- Virginia","Printers -- Virginia","Printers -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Printing -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","German imprints -- Virginia -- New Market","Religious literature -- Publication and distribution -- Virginia","Religious literature, German -- Publication and distribution -- Virginia","Lutheran Church -- Virginia","Family papers","Genealogies (histories)","Advertisements","Newspapers","Publications (documents)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Clergy -- Virginia","Printers -- Virginia","Printers -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Printing -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","German imprints -- Virginia -- New Market","Religious literature -- Publication and distribution -- Virginia","Religious literature, German -- Publication and distribution -- Virginia","Lutheran Church -- Virginia","Family papers","Genealogies (histories)","Advertisements","Newspapers","Publications (documents)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.44  cubic feet 3 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["2.44  cubic feet 3 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Family papers","Genealogies (histories)","Advertisements","Newspapers","Publications (documents)"],"date_range_isim":[1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eExcerpts of this collection have been digitized and are made available upon request.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"upperalpha\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePoem about slavery, written by a slave - Unknown Author, undated (English)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eReport of the Transactions of the Second Evangelical Lutheran Conference held in Zion's Church, Sulivan County Tennessee, October 22, 1821 (English)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHenkel manuscript: Woodstock Virginia, January 26, 1829 (English)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHenkel Press Song Book, undated (German)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMinutes of the Proceedings of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the State of Virginia, 1833 (English)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eShort Excerpt of the Transactions of the Synod of the Lutheran Ministry, held in the state of North Carolina in the year of our Lord, 1817 (German)\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternate Formats"],"altformavail_tesim":["Excerpts of this collection have been digitized and are made available upon request.","Poem about slavery, written by a slave - Unknown Author, undated (English) Report of the Transactions of the Second Evangelical Lutheran Conference held in Zion's Church, Sulivan County Tennessee, October 22, 1821 (English) Henkel manuscript: Woodstock Virginia, January 26, 1829 (English) Henkel Press Song Book, undated (German) Minutes of the Proceedings of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the State of Virginia, 1833 (English) Short Excerpt of the Transactions of the Synod of the Lutheran Ministry, held in the state of North Carolina in the year of our Lord, 1817 (German)"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePartial organization by a previous researcher was maintained. The collection is arranged in five series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eCorrespondence, 1806-1892\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eReligious Documents, 1783-1897\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSecular Documents, 1790-1910\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eFamily History\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHenkel Press Publications, 1806-1891\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Partial organization by a previous researcher was maintained. The collection is arranged in five series:","Correspondence, 1806-1892 Religious Documents, 1783-1897 Secular Documents, 1790-1910 Family History Henkel Press Publications, 1806-1891"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eEdmonds, Albert Sydney. \"The Henkels, Early Printers in New Market, Virginia,\" William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd series, v. 18, 1938.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eScheer, George F. \"First Printing Press in the Valley of Virginia,\" Publishers' Weekly. Vol. 150, November 23, 1946.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eFinck, Rev. William J. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eA Chronological Life of Paul Henkel\u003c/emph\u003e. New Market, 1937. Photocopy of original typescript made by Richard R. Renalds, Timberville, VA., 1986.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Edmonds, Albert Sydney. \"The Henkels, Early Printers in New Market, Virginia,\" William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd series, v. 18, 1938.","Scheer, George F. \"First Printing Press in the Valley of Virginia,\" Publishers' Weekly. Vol. 150, November 23, 1946.","Finck, Rev. William J.  A Chronological Life of Paul Henkel . New Market, 1937. Photocopy of original typescript made by Richard R. Renalds, Timberville, VA., 1986."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Henkel Press began as a crude printing press in the living room of Paul Henkel's house in New Market, Virginia, in 1806. Eventually, it published more Lutheran material than any other press in the country, and earned fame for its excellent children's books. Although the press began printing in German for the large Shenandoah Valley German community, it also published in English at an early date.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Henkel Press began as a crude printing press in the living room of Paul Henkel's house in New Market, Virginia, in 1806. Eventually, it published more Lutheran material than any other press in the country, and earned fame for its excellent children's books. Although the press began printing in German for the large Shenandoah Valley German community, it also published in English at an early date."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Henkel Family Papers, SC 0099, Special Collections, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Henkel Family Papers, SC 0099, Special Collections, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA schoolbook on mathematics was withdrawn by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society on May 16, 2000. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2065.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["A schoolbook on mathematics was withdrawn by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society on May 16, 2000. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2065."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Henkel Collection consists of two Hollinger boxes and one flat box, and spans a period from 1783 to 1916. The bulk of the collection consists of letters, religious documents, and newspapers and advertisements published by the Henkel Press. Also included are some Henkel family history materials and business documents, and miscellaneous secular materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMany of the older letters in the Letters Series are in German while later ones are primarily in English. They demonstrate the dedication of the Henkel family to their faith as well as their activities within the Synod. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlso in the collection (Secular Documents Series) are several handwritten school books, some with fraktur.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Henkel Press Publications Series (including the Oversize Series) contains a large part of the collection, and includes handwritten drafts for advertisements to be printed, pamphlets, issues of Virginische Volksberichterand Westliche Correspondenz, and a formula for the ink used in printing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMostly to Paul, Ambrose, and Socrates Henkel in German. Includes 1816 German diary with reference to Pt. Pleasant.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman \u0026amp; English. Numerous letters from North Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNotes by J. Salyards; 1846 brochure on The New-Market Academy; unsigned poem; 2 copies 1875 Henkel pub. of review of \"Idothea;\" several items relating to Salyards Memorial Association\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApril 12, 1806 (partial copy); February 6, 1808; September 19, 1812; June 28, August 2, 1822\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrayers, organization of service, responsive readings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMost are titled and dated. Several in German. Includes Henkel list of subscribers for preaching, 1841-1852.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFragments of religious songbooks, some with notations\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes Henkel Press Song Book, undated (German).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWords to songs; includes ballad about St. Clair's defeat by Indians. Some probably not printed by Henkel Press\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWritings from Bible; writings on religious ideas; treatise to Solomon from David Henkle, Lincolnton, NC, 1826\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County licenses, some with notes that Ambrose or other Henkels performed ceremony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes book of misc. accounts with members of Whitehaven congregation, 1813; mss. on worship services by 4 Valley Lutheran churches, called by Rev. Nischmucker in Woodstock Jan. 1828; minutes of church meeting, 1855; printed proceedings of extra session, Luth. Tennessee Synod, 1864\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFour texts, one addressed to \"Fellow Citizens of Shenandoah.\" Subjects are political \u0026amp; social concerns, include intemperance\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePromises to pay, subscription orders, receipts, post office oath, a ledger book\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHandwritten horse advertisements, announcements of tannery shops; German and English\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSt. Martin Luther's kleiner Katechismus. . . 1829 (58 cop.). Verhandlungen, Bericht der Verrichtungen, Auszug, or Report. . . evangelical Luthern Conference (North Carolina). . . 1812; 1814; 1816; 1817 (2 cop.). Verrichtung der Special-Conferenze der Evang. Luth. . . in Virginia. . . 1806; 1807; 1808; 1809; 1815; 1831. Kurze Nachricht, Report, Bericht, or Minutes. . . Evang. Luth. Tennessee Synod. . . 1820, 1821, 1828, 1830, 1833, 1891\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHandwritten drafts and printed advertisements\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes sales and school notices, incl. one for S. Henkel's New Market Female Seminary; broadside advertising a \"living quanacos;\" price-setting resolution of Shenandoah Cty. carpenters, 1816; church raffle tickets\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains Rooster and Lion Henkel sheets, as well the following non-Henkel publications: 16 July 1782 issue of Philadelphische Correspondenz; unidentified sheet from 16 July 1808 German newspaper; 17 Jan. 1815 issue of Der Volksfreund (Lancaster PA); an 1824 election broadside in German; \u0026amp; 1889 pamphlet Die Vekehrung (Allentown, PA)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDecember 23, 30, 1807; January 6, 20, 27; February 3, 17; March 2, 9, 16, 30, 1808\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApril 6, 13, 27 (partial copy); May 4, 11, 18, 25; June 8, 15, 22, 29; July 6, 13, 20, 27; August 10 (partial copy), 17, 31, 1808\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 7; October 5 (1 1/2 copies), 12 (1 1/2 copies), 19 (partial copy), 26; November 2, 16 (2 copies), 23, 30; December 7, 14, 1808\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 4, 11, 18 (partial); February 1, 8 (partial), 15, 22 (2 copies); March 1, 15, 22; April 12, 19, 26; May 10, 24, 31; June 14, 1809\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Henkel Collection consists of two Hollinger boxes and one flat box, and spans a period from 1783 to 1916. The bulk of the collection consists of letters, religious documents, and newspapers and advertisements published by the Henkel Press. Also included are some Henkel family history materials and business documents, and miscellaneous secular materials. ","Many of the older letters in the Letters Series are in German while later ones are primarily in English. They demonstrate the dedication of the Henkel family to their faith as well as their activities within the Synod. ","Also in the collection (Secular Documents Series) are several handwritten school books, some with fraktur.","The Henkel Press Publications Series (including the Oversize Series) contains a large part of the collection, and includes handwritten drafts for advertisements to be printed, pamphlets, issues of Virginische Volksberichterand Westliche Correspondenz, and a formula for the ink used in printing.","Mostly to Paul, Ambrose, and Socrates Henkel in German. Includes 1816 German diary with reference to Pt. Pleasant.","German \u0026 English. Numerous letters from North Carolina","Notes by J. Salyards; 1846 brochure on The New-Market Academy; unsigned poem; 2 copies 1875 Henkel pub. of review of \"Idothea;\" several items relating to Salyards Memorial Association","April 12, 1806 (partial copy); February 6, 1808; September 19, 1812; June 28, August 2, 1822","Prayers, organization of service, responsive readings","Most are titled and dated. Several in German. Includes Henkel list of subscribers for preaching, 1841-1852.","Fragments of religious songbooks, some with notations","Includes Henkel Press Song Book, undated (German).","Words to songs; includes ballad about St. Clair's defeat by Indians. Some probably not printed by Henkel Press","Writings from Bible; writings on religious ideas; treatise to Solomon from David Henkle, Lincolnton, NC, 1826","Rockingham County licenses, some with notes that Ambrose or other Henkels performed ceremony","Includes book of misc. accounts with members of Whitehaven congregation, 1813; mss. on worship services by 4 Valley Lutheran churches, called by Rev. Nischmucker in Woodstock Jan. 1828; minutes of church meeting, 1855; printed proceedings of extra session, Luth. Tennessee Synod, 1864","Four texts, one addressed to \"Fellow Citizens of Shenandoah.\" Subjects are political \u0026 social concerns, include intemperance","Promises to pay, subscription orders, receipts, post office oath, a ledger book","Handwritten horse advertisements, announcements of tannery shops; German and English","St. Martin Luther's kleiner Katechismus. . . 1829 (58 cop.). Verhandlungen, Bericht der Verrichtungen, Auszug, or Report. . . evangelical Luthern Conference (North Carolina). . . 1812; 1814; 1816; 1817 (2 cop.). Verrichtung der Special-Conferenze der Evang. Luth. . . in Virginia. . . 1806; 1807; 1808; 1809; 1815; 1831. Kurze Nachricht, Report, Bericht, or Minutes. . . Evang. Luth. Tennessee Synod. . . 1820, 1821, 1828, 1830, 1833, 1891","Handwritten drafts and printed advertisements","Includes sales and school notices, incl. one for S. Henkel's New Market Female Seminary; broadside advertising a \"living quanacos;\" price-setting resolution of Shenandoah Cty. carpenters, 1816; church raffle tickets","Contains Rooster and Lion Henkel sheets, as well the following non-Henkel publications: 16 July 1782 issue of Philadelphische Correspondenz; unidentified sheet from 16 July 1808 German newspaper; 17 Jan. 1815 issue of Der Volksfreund (Lancaster PA); an 1824 election broadside in German; \u0026 1889 pamphlet Die Vekehrung (Allentown, PA)","December 23, 30, 1807; January 6, 20, 27; February 3, 17; March 2, 9, 16, 30, 1808","April 6, 13, 27 (partial copy); May 4, 11, 18, 25; June 8, 15, 22, 29; July 6, 13, 20, 27; August 10 (partial copy), 17, 31, 1808","September 7; October 5 (1 1/2 copies), 12 (1 1/2 copies), 19 (partial copy), 26; November 2, 16 (2 copies), 23, 30; December 7, 14, 1808","January 4, 11, 18 (partial); February 1, 8 (partial), 15, 22 (2 copies); March 1, 15, 22; April 12, 19, 26; May 10, 24, 31; June 14, 1809"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_6f189c4d73215aa7b681cb65400f2d90\"\u003eThe Henkel Family Papers consists of two Hollinger boxes and one oversize box, and spans a period from 1783 to 1916. The bulk of the collection consists of letters, religious documents, and newspapers and advertisements published by the Henkel Press of New Market, Virginia. Also included are some Henkel family history materials and business documents, and miscellaneous secular materials.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Henkel Family Papers consists of two Hollinger boxes and one oversize box, and spans a period from 1783 to 1916. The bulk of the collection consists of letters, religious documents, and newspapers and advertisements published by the Henkel Press of New Market, Virginia. Also included are some Henkel family history materials and business documents, and miscellaneous secular materials."],"names_coll_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Henkel family -- Correspondence","Henkel, Ambrose, 1786-1870 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Paul, 1754-1825 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Socrates, Rev., 1823-1901 -- Correspondence","Salyards, Joseph, 1808-1885 -- Correspondence"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Henkel family","Henkel family -- Correspondence","Henkel, Ambrose, 1786-1870 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Paul, 1754-1825 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Socrates, Rev., 1823-1901 -- Correspondence","Salyards, Joseph, 1808-1885 -- Correspondence"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"famname_ssim":["Henkel family","Henkel family -- Correspondence"],"persname_ssim":["Henkel, Ambrose, 1786-1870 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Paul, 1754-1825 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Socrates, Rev., 1823-1901 -- Correspondence","Salyards, Joseph, 1808-1885 -- Correspondence"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":38,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:25:29.210Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_398","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_398","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_398","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_398","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_398.xml","title_ssm":["Henkel Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Henkel Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1783-1916"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1783-1916"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0099","/repositories/4/resources/398"],"text":["SC 0099","/repositories/4/resources/398","Henkel Family Papers","Virginia -- History","New Market (Va.) -- History","New Market (Va.) -- Genealogy","New Market (Va.) -- Imprints","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Church history -- 19th century","Clergy -- Virginia","Printers -- Virginia","Printers -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Printing -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","German imprints -- Virginia -- New Market","Religious literature -- Publication and distribution -- Virginia","Religious literature, German -- Publication and distribution -- Virginia","Lutheran Church -- Virginia","Family papers","Genealogies (histories)","Advertisements","Newspapers","Publications (documents)","Collection is open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Excerpts of this collection have been digitized and are made available upon request.","Poem about slavery, written by a slave - Unknown Author, undated (English) Report of the Transactions of the Second Evangelical Lutheran Conference held in Zion's Church, Sulivan County Tennessee, October 22, 1821 (English) Henkel manuscript: Woodstock Virginia, January 26, 1829 (English) Henkel Press Song Book, undated (German) Minutes of the Proceedings of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the State of Virginia, 1833 (English) Short Excerpt of the Transactions of the Synod of the Lutheran Ministry, held in the state of North Carolina in the year of our Lord, 1817 (German)","Partial organization by a previous researcher was maintained. The collection is arranged in five series:","Correspondence, 1806-1892 Religious Documents, 1783-1897 Secular Documents, 1790-1910 Family History Henkel Press Publications, 1806-1891","Edmonds, Albert Sydney. \"The Henkels, Early Printers in New Market, Virginia,\" William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd series, v. 18, 1938.","Scheer, George F. \"First Printing Press in the Valley of Virginia,\" Publishers' Weekly. Vol. 150, November 23, 1946.","Finck, Rev. William J.  A Chronological Life of Paul Henkel . New Market, 1937. Photocopy of original typescript made by Richard R. Renalds, Timberville, VA., 1986.","The Henkel Press began as a crude printing press in the living room of Paul Henkel's house in New Market, Virginia, in 1806. Eventually, it published more Lutheran material than any other press in the country, and earned fame for its excellent children's books. Although the press began printing in German for the large Shenandoah Valley German community, it also published in English at an early date.","A schoolbook on mathematics was withdrawn by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society on May 16, 2000. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2065.","The Henkel Collection consists of two Hollinger boxes and one flat box, and spans a period from 1783 to 1916. The bulk of the collection consists of letters, religious documents, and newspapers and advertisements published by the Henkel Press. Also included are some Henkel family history materials and business documents, and miscellaneous secular materials. ","Many of the older letters in the Letters Series are in German while later ones are primarily in English. They demonstrate the dedication of the Henkel family to their faith as well as their activities within the Synod. ","Also in the collection (Secular Documents Series) are several handwritten school books, some with fraktur.","The Henkel Press Publications Series (including the Oversize Series) contains a large part of the collection, and includes handwritten drafts for advertisements to be printed, pamphlets, issues of Virginische Volksberichterand Westliche Correspondenz, and a formula for the ink used in printing.","Mostly to Paul, Ambrose, and Socrates Henkel in German. Includes 1816 German diary with reference to Pt. Pleasant.","German \u0026 English. Numerous letters from North Carolina","Notes by J. Salyards; 1846 brochure on The New-Market Academy; unsigned poem; 2 copies 1875 Henkel pub. of review of \"Idothea;\" several items relating to Salyards Memorial Association","April 12, 1806 (partial copy); February 6, 1808; September 19, 1812; June 28, August 2, 1822","Prayers, organization of service, responsive readings","Most are titled and dated. Several in German. Includes Henkel list of subscribers for preaching, 1841-1852.","Fragments of religious songbooks, some with notations","Includes Henkel Press Song Book, undated (German).","Words to songs; includes ballad about St. Clair's defeat by Indians. Some probably not printed by Henkel Press","Writings from Bible; writings on religious ideas; treatise to Solomon from David Henkle, Lincolnton, NC, 1826","Rockingham County licenses, some with notes that Ambrose or other Henkels performed ceremony","Includes book of misc. accounts with members of Whitehaven congregation, 1813; mss. on worship services by 4 Valley Lutheran churches, called by Rev. Nischmucker in Woodstock Jan. 1828; minutes of church meeting, 1855; printed proceedings of extra session, Luth. Tennessee Synod, 1864","Four texts, one addressed to \"Fellow Citizens of Shenandoah.\" Subjects are political \u0026 social concerns, include intemperance","Promises to pay, subscription orders, receipts, post office oath, a ledger book","Handwritten horse advertisements, announcements of tannery shops; German and English","St. Martin Luther's kleiner Katechismus. . . 1829 (58 cop.). Verhandlungen, Bericht der Verrichtungen, Auszug, or Report. . . evangelical Luthern Conference (North Carolina). . . 1812; 1814; 1816; 1817 (2 cop.). Verrichtung der Special-Conferenze der Evang. Luth. . . in Virginia. . . 1806; 1807; 1808; 1809; 1815; 1831. Kurze Nachricht, Report, Bericht, or Minutes. . . Evang. Luth. Tennessee Synod. . . 1820, 1821, 1828, 1830, 1833, 1891","Handwritten drafts and printed advertisements","Includes sales and school notices, incl. one for S. Henkel's New Market Female Seminary; broadside advertising a \"living quanacos;\" price-setting resolution of Shenandoah Cty. carpenters, 1816; church raffle tickets","Contains Rooster and Lion Henkel sheets, as well the following non-Henkel publications: 16 July 1782 issue of Philadelphische Correspondenz; unidentified sheet from 16 July 1808 German newspaper; 17 Jan. 1815 issue of Der Volksfreund (Lancaster PA); an 1824 election broadside in German; \u0026 1889 pamphlet Die Vekehrung (Allentown, PA)","December 23, 30, 1807; January 6, 20, 27; February 3, 17; March 2, 9, 16, 30, 1808","April 6, 13, 27 (partial copy); May 4, 11, 18, 25; June 8, 15, 22, 29; July 6, 13, 20, 27; August 10 (partial copy), 17, 31, 1808","September 7; October 5 (1 1/2 copies), 12 (1 1/2 copies), 19 (partial copy), 26; November 2, 16 (2 copies), 23, 30; December 7, 14, 1808","January 4, 11, 18 (partial); February 1, 8 (partial), 15, 22 (2 copies); March 1, 15, 22; April 12, 19, 26; May 10, 24, 31; June 14, 1809","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Henkel Family Papers consists of two Hollinger boxes and one oversize box, and spans a period from 1783 to 1916. The bulk of the collection consists of letters, religious documents, and newspapers and advertisements published by the Henkel Press of New Market, Virginia. Also included are some Henkel family history materials and business documents, and miscellaneous secular materials.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Henkel family","Henkel family -- Correspondence","Henkel, Ambrose, 1786-1870 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Paul, 1754-1825 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Socrates, Rev., 1823-1901 -- Correspondence","Salyards, Joseph, 1808-1885 -- Correspondence","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0099","/repositories/4/resources/398"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Henkel Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Henkel Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Henkel Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- History","New Market (Va.) -- History","New Market (Va.) -- Genealogy","New Market (Va.) -- Imprints","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Church history -- 19th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- History","New Market (Va.) -- History","New Market (Va.) -- Genealogy","New Market (Va.) -- Imprints","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Church history -- 19th century"],"creator_ssm":["Henkel family","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["Henkel family","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Henkel family"],"creators_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Henkel family"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- History","New Market (Va.) -- History","New Market (Va.) -- Genealogy","New Market (Va.) -- Imprints","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Social life and customs","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- Church history -- 19th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Placed on deposit at Carrier Library through the November 1985 contract with the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Clergy -- Virginia","Printers -- Virginia","Printers -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Printing -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","German imprints -- Virginia -- New Market","Religious literature -- Publication and distribution -- Virginia","Religious literature, German -- Publication and distribution -- Virginia","Lutheran Church -- Virginia","Family papers","Genealogies (histories)","Advertisements","Newspapers","Publications (documents)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Clergy -- Virginia","Printers -- Virginia","Printers -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","Printing -- Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","German imprints -- Virginia -- New Market","Religious literature -- Publication and distribution -- Virginia","Religious literature, German -- Publication and distribution -- Virginia","Lutheran Church -- Virginia","Family papers","Genealogies (histories)","Advertisements","Newspapers","Publications (documents)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.44  cubic feet 3 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["2.44  cubic feet 3 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Family papers","Genealogies (histories)","Advertisements","Newspapers","Publications (documents)"],"date_range_isim":[1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eExcerpts of this collection have been digitized and are made available upon request.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"upperalpha\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePoem about slavery, written by a slave - Unknown Author, undated (English)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eReport of the Transactions of the Second Evangelical Lutheran Conference held in Zion's Church, Sulivan County Tennessee, October 22, 1821 (English)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHenkel manuscript: Woodstock Virginia, January 26, 1829 (English)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHenkel Press Song Book, undated (German)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMinutes of the Proceedings of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the State of Virginia, 1833 (English)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eShort Excerpt of the Transactions of the Synod of the Lutheran Ministry, held in the state of North Carolina in the year of our Lord, 1817 (German)\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternate Formats"],"altformavail_tesim":["Excerpts of this collection have been digitized and are made available upon request.","Poem about slavery, written by a slave - Unknown Author, undated (English) Report of the Transactions of the Second Evangelical Lutheran Conference held in Zion's Church, Sulivan County Tennessee, October 22, 1821 (English) Henkel manuscript: Woodstock Virginia, January 26, 1829 (English) Henkel Press Song Book, undated (German) Minutes of the Proceedings of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the State of Virginia, 1833 (English) Short Excerpt of the Transactions of the Synod of the Lutheran Ministry, held in the state of North Carolina in the year of our Lord, 1817 (German)"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePartial organization by a previous researcher was maintained. The collection is arranged in five series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eCorrespondence, 1806-1892\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eReligious Documents, 1783-1897\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSecular Documents, 1790-1910\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eFamily History\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHenkel Press Publications, 1806-1891\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Partial organization by a previous researcher was maintained. The collection is arranged in five series:","Correspondence, 1806-1892 Religious Documents, 1783-1897 Secular Documents, 1790-1910 Family History Henkel Press Publications, 1806-1891"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eEdmonds, Albert Sydney. \"The Henkels, Early Printers in New Market, Virginia,\" William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd series, v. 18, 1938.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eScheer, George F. \"First Printing Press in the Valley of Virginia,\" Publishers' Weekly. Vol. 150, November 23, 1946.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eFinck, Rev. William J. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eA Chronological Life of Paul Henkel\u003c/emph\u003e. New Market, 1937. Photocopy of original typescript made by Richard R. Renalds, Timberville, VA., 1986.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Edmonds, Albert Sydney. \"The Henkels, Early Printers in New Market, Virginia,\" William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd series, v. 18, 1938.","Scheer, George F. \"First Printing Press in the Valley of Virginia,\" Publishers' Weekly. Vol. 150, November 23, 1946.","Finck, Rev. William J.  A Chronological Life of Paul Henkel . New Market, 1937. Photocopy of original typescript made by Richard R. Renalds, Timberville, VA., 1986."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Henkel Press began as a crude printing press in the living room of Paul Henkel's house in New Market, Virginia, in 1806. Eventually, it published more Lutheran material than any other press in the country, and earned fame for its excellent children's books. Although the press began printing in German for the large Shenandoah Valley German community, it also published in English at an early date.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Henkel Press began as a crude printing press in the living room of Paul Henkel's house in New Market, Virginia, in 1806. Eventually, it published more Lutheran material than any other press in the country, and earned fame for its excellent children's books. Although the press began printing in German for the large Shenandoah Valley German community, it also published in English at an early date."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Henkel Family Papers, SC 0099, Special Collections, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Henkel Family Papers, SC 0099, Special Collections, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA schoolbook on mathematics was withdrawn by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society on May 16, 2000. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2065.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["A schoolbook on mathematics was withdrawn by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society on May 16, 2000. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2065."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Henkel Collection consists of two Hollinger boxes and one flat box, and spans a period from 1783 to 1916. The bulk of the collection consists of letters, religious documents, and newspapers and advertisements published by the Henkel Press. Also included are some Henkel family history materials and business documents, and miscellaneous secular materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMany of the older letters in the Letters Series are in German while later ones are primarily in English. They demonstrate the dedication of the Henkel family to their faith as well as their activities within the Synod. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlso in the collection (Secular Documents Series) are several handwritten school books, some with fraktur.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Henkel Press Publications Series (including the Oversize Series) contains a large part of the collection, and includes handwritten drafts for advertisements to be printed, pamphlets, issues of Virginische Volksberichterand Westliche Correspondenz, and a formula for the ink used in printing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMostly to Paul, Ambrose, and Socrates Henkel in German. Includes 1816 German diary with reference to Pt. Pleasant.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGerman \u0026amp; English. Numerous letters from North Carolina\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNotes by J. Salyards; 1846 brochure on The New-Market Academy; unsigned poem; 2 copies 1875 Henkel pub. of review of \"Idothea;\" several items relating to Salyards Memorial Association\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApril 12, 1806 (partial copy); February 6, 1808; September 19, 1812; June 28, August 2, 1822\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrayers, organization of service, responsive readings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMost are titled and dated. Several in German. Includes Henkel list of subscribers for preaching, 1841-1852.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFragments of religious songbooks, some with notations\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes Henkel Press Song Book, undated (German).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWords to songs; includes ballad about St. Clair's defeat by Indians. Some probably not printed by Henkel Press\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWritings from Bible; writings on religious ideas; treatise to Solomon from David Henkle, Lincolnton, NC, 1826\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRockingham County licenses, some with notes that Ambrose or other Henkels performed ceremony\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes book of misc. accounts with members of Whitehaven congregation, 1813; mss. on worship services by 4 Valley Lutheran churches, called by Rev. Nischmucker in Woodstock Jan. 1828; minutes of church meeting, 1855; printed proceedings of extra session, Luth. Tennessee Synod, 1864\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFour texts, one addressed to \"Fellow Citizens of Shenandoah.\" Subjects are political \u0026amp; social concerns, include intemperance\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePromises to pay, subscription orders, receipts, post office oath, a ledger book\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHandwritten horse advertisements, announcements of tannery shops; German and English\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSt. Martin Luther's kleiner Katechismus. . . 1829 (58 cop.). Verhandlungen, Bericht der Verrichtungen, Auszug, or Report. . . evangelical Luthern Conference (North Carolina). . . 1812; 1814; 1816; 1817 (2 cop.). Verrichtung der Special-Conferenze der Evang. Luth. . . in Virginia. . . 1806; 1807; 1808; 1809; 1815; 1831. Kurze Nachricht, Report, Bericht, or Minutes. . . Evang. Luth. Tennessee Synod. . . 1820, 1821, 1828, 1830, 1833, 1891\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHandwritten drafts and printed advertisements\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes sales and school notices, incl. one for S. Henkel's New Market Female Seminary; broadside advertising a \"living quanacos;\" price-setting resolution of Shenandoah Cty. carpenters, 1816; church raffle tickets\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains Rooster and Lion Henkel sheets, as well the following non-Henkel publications: 16 July 1782 issue of Philadelphische Correspondenz; unidentified sheet from 16 July 1808 German newspaper; 17 Jan. 1815 issue of Der Volksfreund (Lancaster PA); an 1824 election broadside in German; \u0026amp; 1889 pamphlet Die Vekehrung (Allentown, PA)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDecember 23, 30, 1807; January 6, 20, 27; February 3, 17; March 2, 9, 16, 30, 1808\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApril 6, 13, 27 (partial copy); May 4, 11, 18, 25; June 8, 15, 22, 29; July 6, 13, 20, 27; August 10 (partial copy), 17, 31, 1808\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 7; October 5 (1 1/2 copies), 12 (1 1/2 copies), 19 (partial copy), 26; November 2, 16 (2 copies), 23, 30; December 7, 14, 1808\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 4, 11, 18 (partial); February 1, 8 (partial), 15, 22 (2 copies); March 1, 15, 22; April 12, 19, 26; May 10, 24, 31; June 14, 1809\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Henkel Collection consists of two Hollinger boxes and one flat box, and spans a period from 1783 to 1916. The bulk of the collection consists of letters, religious documents, and newspapers and advertisements published by the Henkel Press. Also included are some Henkel family history materials and business documents, and miscellaneous secular materials. ","Many of the older letters in the Letters Series are in German while later ones are primarily in English. They demonstrate the dedication of the Henkel family to their faith as well as their activities within the Synod. ","Also in the collection (Secular Documents Series) are several handwritten school books, some with fraktur.","The Henkel Press Publications Series (including the Oversize Series) contains a large part of the collection, and includes handwritten drafts for advertisements to be printed, pamphlets, issues of Virginische Volksberichterand Westliche Correspondenz, and a formula for the ink used in printing.","Mostly to Paul, Ambrose, and Socrates Henkel in German. Includes 1816 German diary with reference to Pt. Pleasant.","German \u0026 English. Numerous letters from North Carolina","Notes by J. Salyards; 1846 brochure on The New-Market Academy; unsigned poem; 2 copies 1875 Henkel pub. of review of \"Idothea;\" several items relating to Salyards Memorial Association","April 12, 1806 (partial copy); February 6, 1808; September 19, 1812; June 28, August 2, 1822","Prayers, organization of service, responsive readings","Most are titled and dated. Several in German. Includes Henkel list of subscribers for preaching, 1841-1852.","Fragments of religious songbooks, some with notations","Includes Henkel Press Song Book, undated (German).","Words to songs; includes ballad about St. Clair's defeat by Indians. Some probably not printed by Henkel Press","Writings from Bible; writings on religious ideas; treatise to Solomon from David Henkle, Lincolnton, NC, 1826","Rockingham County licenses, some with notes that Ambrose or other Henkels performed ceremony","Includes book of misc. accounts with members of Whitehaven congregation, 1813; mss. on worship services by 4 Valley Lutheran churches, called by Rev. Nischmucker in Woodstock Jan. 1828; minutes of church meeting, 1855; printed proceedings of extra session, Luth. Tennessee Synod, 1864","Four texts, one addressed to \"Fellow Citizens of Shenandoah.\" Subjects are political \u0026 social concerns, include intemperance","Promises to pay, subscription orders, receipts, post office oath, a ledger book","Handwritten horse advertisements, announcements of tannery shops; German and English","St. Martin Luther's kleiner Katechismus. . . 1829 (58 cop.). Verhandlungen, Bericht der Verrichtungen, Auszug, or Report. . . evangelical Luthern Conference (North Carolina). . . 1812; 1814; 1816; 1817 (2 cop.). Verrichtung der Special-Conferenze der Evang. Luth. . . in Virginia. . . 1806; 1807; 1808; 1809; 1815; 1831. Kurze Nachricht, Report, Bericht, or Minutes. . . Evang. Luth. Tennessee Synod. . . 1820, 1821, 1828, 1830, 1833, 1891","Handwritten drafts and printed advertisements","Includes sales and school notices, incl. one for S. Henkel's New Market Female Seminary; broadside advertising a \"living quanacos;\" price-setting resolution of Shenandoah Cty. carpenters, 1816; church raffle tickets","Contains Rooster and Lion Henkel sheets, as well the following non-Henkel publications: 16 July 1782 issue of Philadelphische Correspondenz; unidentified sheet from 16 July 1808 German newspaper; 17 Jan. 1815 issue of Der Volksfreund (Lancaster PA); an 1824 election broadside in German; \u0026 1889 pamphlet Die Vekehrung (Allentown, PA)","December 23, 30, 1807; January 6, 20, 27; February 3, 17; March 2, 9, 16, 30, 1808","April 6, 13, 27 (partial copy); May 4, 11, 18, 25; June 8, 15, 22, 29; July 6, 13, 20, 27; August 10 (partial copy), 17, 31, 1808","September 7; October 5 (1 1/2 copies), 12 (1 1/2 copies), 19 (partial copy), 26; November 2, 16 (2 copies), 23, 30; December 7, 14, 1808","January 4, 11, 18 (partial); February 1, 8 (partial), 15, 22 (2 copies); March 1, 15, 22; April 12, 19, 26; May 10, 24, 31; June 14, 1809"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_6f189c4d73215aa7b681cb65400f2d90\"\u003eThe Henkel Family Papers consists of two Hollinger boxes and one oversize box, and spans a period from 1783 to 1916. The bulk of the collection consists of letters, religious documents, and newspapers and advertisements published by the Henkel Press of New Market, Virginia. Also included are some Henkel family history materials and business documents, and miscellaneous secular materials.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Henkel Family Papers consists of two Hollinger boxes and one oversize box, and spans a period from 1783 to 1916. The bulk of the collection consists of letters, religious documents, and newspapers and advertisements published by the Henkel Press of New Market, Virginia. Also included are some Henkel family history materials and business documents, and miscellaneous secular materials."],"names_coll_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Henkel family -- Correspondence","Henkel, Ambrose, 1786-1870 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Paul, 1754-1825 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Socrates, Rev., 1823-1901 -- Correspondence","Salyards, Joseph, 1808-1885 -- Correspondence"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Henkel family","Henkel family -- Correspondence","Henkel, Ambrose, 1786-1870 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Paul, 1754-1825 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Socrates, Rev., 1823-1901 -- Correspondence","Salyards, Joseph, 1808-1885 -- Correspondence"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"famname_ssim":["Henkel family","Henkel family -- Correspondence"],"persname_ssim":["Henkel, Ambrose, 1786-1870 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Paul, 1754-1825 -- Correspondence","Henkel, Socrates, Rev., 1823-1901 -- Correspondence","Salyards, Joseph, 1808-1885 -- Correspondence"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":38,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:25:29.210Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_398"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_250","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Henry Smals Diaries","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_250#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Smals, Henry, 1810-1892","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_250#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Henry Smals Diaries, 1871-1891, consist of three boxes containing eighteen volumes of diaries written by Henry Smals of Bridgewater, Virginia. The topics of diary entries are brief outlining day-to-day activities. A folder, located in Box 3, contains a partial index and a list of highlights for most volumes as well as an ad for \"Henry Smals, Fashionable Barber! Main Street, Bridgewater, Va.\"","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_250#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_250","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_250","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_250","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_250","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_250.xml","title_ssm":["Henry Smals Diaries"],"title_tesim":["Henry Smals Diaries"],"unitdate_ssm":["1871-1891"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1871-1891"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0096","/repositories/4/resources/250"],"text":["SC 0096","/repositories/4/resources/250","Henry Smals Diaries","Virginia -- History, Local -- Genealogy","Bridgewater (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Economic customs -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Shoemakers -- Virginia -- Biography","African Americans -- Virginia -- History -- 19th century","Shoemakers -- Virginia -- History -- 19th century","Diaries","Weather diaries","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The diaries are arranged chronologically where possible, but due to variations in size are physically housed as follows in the Contents List. Volume 14 is filed in a separate container.","United States Census Office, 7th census. 1850 U.S. Census, Rockingham County, Virginia. Wichita, Ks.: S-K Publications, 1987.","Henry Smals (1810-1892) is listed in the 1850 Rockingham County Census as a shoemaker with real estate value of $1,000 with a wife, Mary, and six children. There is an entry for Henry Smalts in the 1860 census and for Henry Smalls in the 1870 census that gives additional household details. He may also have been a barber sometime during the 1880s (ses Box 3, Folder 4). His surname appears as a variation of Smalz and Smaltz as well.","The collection of diaries was first presented to George M. Hanger by Smals' grandson, Gal Miller, in 1910. The diaries were then given to George P. Furry in 1920, Edwina Furry in 1970, and Dorothy Merriefield in 1983.","The diaries appear to have been rebound, perhaps several times, and some volumes have sections in them that are not in chronological order. In some places the ink has faded to illegibility. In the fall of 2002 and 2003, Peggy Dillard and Ken Hinkle respectively created partial indices for the Smals diaries. The entries transcribed as part of these partial indices are included under each diary's scope and content note. ","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2059 .","The Henry Smals Papers, 1871-1891, consist of three boxes containing eighteen volumes of diaries written by Henry Smals of Bridgewater, Virginia. The topics of diary entries are brief outlining day-to-day activities. There are mentions of acquaintances that are ill, various business transactions conducted in town, the movement of livestock, and hay through town, ongoing town projects, church activities, marriages, births, deaths, and other details of town life. The activities of \"colored people\" are occasionally noted. Throughout the diaries, Smals made small drawings of people and animals and added illustrations clipped from newspapers. A folder, located in Box 3, contains printed copies of a partial index and a list of highlights for most volumes as well as an ad for \"Henry Smals, Fashionable Barber! Main Street, Bridgewater, Va.\"","July 9, 1871: Rev. Holland preached.","July 28, 1871: \"Negro procession burying a black man, 27 numbers.\"","August 11, 1871: \"Ingenears [sic] at work from Harrisonburg to Bridgewater.\"  [sketch of surveyor's transit]","August 17, 1871: \"Eingenears [sic] leveling the road through town.\"","October 10, 1871: [Described Chicago Fire giving damage figures and drew a sketch]","November 8, 1871: A man was fined.","March 31, 1872: \"Charley Clark got his leg broke by the kick of a horse in the street near the Methodist Church.\" Rev. Engel [J.J.Eagle] was preaching at Mossy Creek ","April 22, 1872:\"Poor Peter Swisher, black, in  town from the Poor House ","April 28, 1872: \"class as usual at Lutheran Church\" ","May 4, 1872: Preaching by Rev. Whitscarver at 3pm ","May 8, 1872: \"A Drove of cattle went through town today to West Virginia to graze.\" [sketch of cow skull] \"A Load of corn to Staunton.\" [ear of corn sketch][during this period time small pox [drew symbolic dots] was raging at Tenth Legion and there is reference ot Tobias Swartz making barrels [sketch of barrel]]","May 27, 1872: \"A Cow ate up a pocket book for Harry Soule with $140 in the book.","May 31, 1872: \"Negro riot at Mrs. Woodleys.\"","June 1872: \"Glade as dry as we had seen in 40 years.\"","June 23, 1872: \"No class today, our church is under repairs. Prayer meeting at Lutheran Church","July 13, 1872:  \"Black Peter and Black Tond [sp?] came here from the Poor House for a Quarterly meeting.\"","July 14, 1872:  \"A great many Black persons at their meeting at the orchard of Mrs. Brown's. Sabbath Morning.  - \"Preaching by Reverend Engel [Eagle].  Rev. Whitescarver preached in the Methodist Church.  A very small congregation today.\"","August 4, 1872: [Henry Smals birthday.]","August 5, 1872: \"Some Scoundrels went in T. Hites watermelon lot and cut and stole all his watermelons.\"","August 17, 1872:  \"2 droves of Fat Cattle went through our town today . . . Another drove of cattle and a drove of sheep.  Another drove of cattle.\"","August 23, 1872: \"A camp meeting commence at Lacey Springs for the United Brethren in Christ.\" ","August 28, 1872:  \"A company of Gipseys went through our town.\"","September 2, 1872:  \"Two droves of cattle went through our town.\"","September 3, 1872: \"Greely Club meeting this evening.\"","September 4, 1872: \"25 wells gone dry.\"","September 5, 1872: \"load of crocks from Mt. Sidney.\"","September 7, 1872:  \"Negro picnic at Mt. Solon today at 11 o'clock.\" [5 black heads drawn]","September 14, 1872:  \"A drove of cattle very fat came through our town today. Reverend Perry killed 23 squirrels.\"","September 21, 1872:  \"A drove of sheep from Hiland came through our town  . . . A drove of cattle went through our town.\"","September 22, 1872: \"A large crowd  at the M. E. Church South.\"","September 24, 1872:  \"Joseph Byrd and Squire Whitsearver gone to try a Negro.  He is a lunatick.\"","September 28, 1872:  \"Negro picnic in the woods near the town.\"","October 4, 1872:  \"A blind Negro playing on harp for a living . . . A Negro show in our town this evening at 8 o'clock.\"","October 11, 1872:  \"2 beaves killed this evening in our town.\"","October 15, 1872:  \"A drove of sheep, a drove of cattle went through our town today.\"","November 8, 1872:  \"1 drove of cattle went through our town to Faquire County.\"","November 14, 1872:  \"Horse disease [Epizooty] made its appearance in our midst.  No fatal cases reported as yet.  Chicken cholera also prevailing.  The Devil has been at loose among the stock, poultry, etc.\"","November 25, 1872:  \"A large drove of cattle went through our town today.\"Dec. 11, 1872:  [Writes in German.]","December 22, 1872:  \"Class at usual hour 9 o'clock, Sabbath School at 2 o'clock. Singing after class.  Also singing at 6 ½ o'clock, Closed singing a 8 o'clock.\"","December 30, 1872:  \"Sinclair Lewis came to town this evening.\"","December 31, 1872:  \"Mr. Mason, Superintendent of Poor House, in town today.\"","February 7, 1873:  \"Black people all gone to the railroad from Bridgewater.\"","March 8, 1873:  \"2 droves of cattle and 2 droves of sheep went through our town this evening. . .  The black presiding elder's name is Harst.\"","March 9, 1873: \"Singing by Professor Wartman at 10 o'clock.\"","March 10, 1873:  \"All the black boys from Bridgewater went to the railroad.\"","March 26, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle and hogs went through out town today-up the country.\"","March 27, 1873:  \"All the colored people gone to the railroad.\"","April 22, 1873 : \"There are 11 preachers in town.\"","April 27, 1873: \"Baptism by Immersion in the River near the Bridge.\"","May 12, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle went through our town to the mountains.\"","May 15, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle gone through our town to the mountains.\"","May 18, 1873: \"Hattie Dinkel and Frank Perry baptized.\"","May 28, 1873:  \"Shifflet killed a black man dead in his tracks on the railroad between Sangersville and Harrisonburg.\"","June-August, 1873:[A lot of talk about many people being in town looking for work on the railroad and how much work was being done; a lot of railroad business.]","June 22, 1873: \"Preaching by Reverend Nihiser.\"","August 27, 1873: [District Conference commenced in Mt. Crawford.]","August 31 1873,-  \"Preaching at M.E.C.S by Reverend Waugh.\"","September 6, 1873:  \"Negroes have a Sabbath school picnic this evening.\"","September 20, 1873:  \"1 Drove of fat cattle gone through our town.\"","October 1, 1873:  \"Wages on the NGR Road is cut down to $1.25 per day and board themselves.  Negroes would not work for that price.\"","October 2, 1873:  \"A great stampede with the Negroes striking for higher wages or work on the whole line on the Narrow Gauge RR.  A great many Negroes gone to Staunton.\"","October 3, 1873:  \"A great many Negroes in town today looking for work.\"","October 5, 1873 - Reverend Weddell was to preach in Temperance Hall.","November 1, 1873:  \"A large drove of cattle came through our town.\"","November 15, 1873:  \"Negro Fair today at their schoolhouse on the bank of the river.\"","November 24, 1873:  \"Joseph Williams shot a negroman a convict from the penitentiary but did not kill him.\"","December 12, 1873: \"Dr. McMarren came to our town to open a drug store.\" [mortar and pestle sketch]","December 16, 1873:  \"Finished work on the Broad Gauge RR this evening.\"","December 28, 1873: \" Preaching by a Northern Methodist.\"","December 29, 1873:  \"A Negro frolick in our town tonight in the Odd fellows Hall lower room.\"","January 1, 1874: \"John Allemong and Mack Aden leased the Band Mill of  George Berlin for 3 years.\"","January 3, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle went through our town today.  2 droves more cattle went through our town.\"","January 4, 1874:  \"Preaching at Brethren Church by Rev Nihiser.  Prayer  mtg. 6 ½  o'clock in M. E. C. S.\"","January 11, 1874:  Sabbath morning   clear cool   class at the usual hour of 9 oclock   Preaching by Rev. Mr. Engel [Eagle]  Sabbath School at 2 oclock   Preaching by Rev. Whitescarver [Baptist?]   Also Rev Mr. Weddell at 3 ½ oclock  Rev Mr. Stuart preached at M. E. C. S. at 6 ½ oclock","January 17, 1874:  \"A drove of very fat cattle went through our town today.\"","February 1, 1874:  \"Singing by Professor Bucher at 11 o'clock.  Black Liz had a child and carried it to the stable, child had a bunch of straw crammed in its mouth, found dead.\"","February 13, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle came through our town.  1 drove of hogs went through our town today.\"","February 17, 1874:  \"A large drove of cattle went through our town today.\"","February 22, 1874: \"Sabbath Morning.  Class at the usual hour at 9 o'clock.  Preaching by Rev. Mr. Engel [Eagle].  Sabbath School at 2 o'clock.  Preaching at 3 ½ o'clock by Rev. Mr. Whitscarver.   Prayer meeting at the usual hour 6 ½ o'clock.  Very warm  mercury up to 82 degrees.\"","February 26, 1874: Two houses and lots were sold in Bridgewater for $375 each.  [Smals always drew a house when one was sold and when people moved to another house].","March 8, 1874: \"The old Methodist Church in Mt. Crawford Blown Down by wind today.\"","March 13, 1874: \"Rev Engel [Eagle] came home from Conference this morning.\"","April 11, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle gone through our town to the mountains. Lovefeast at 9 o'clock.  Preaching at 11 by John H. Marten.\" ","May 18, 1874:  \"Charley Hottle and Jack Higgins were arrested for stealing a large iron pot of Davie Danner and put in the calaboose for 3 hours and there whipped on the bare back, Charley 8 lashes and Jack 4.\"  [Doesn't say if these two were black or white.]","June 4, 1874:  \"This is Pention [sic] Day for the soldiers of the war.\"","June 9, 1874:  \"A great many persons in our town today for flowers for the soldiers graves.\"","June 10, 1874:  \"This is Memorial Day in Harrisonburg of Confederate Soldiers graves.\"","June 16, 1874:  \"A Negro strike on the Railroad today.\"","June 18, 1874:  \"President of NGRR and chief engineer in town today.\"","July 25, 1874:  \"Quarterly meeting commenced today by the Colored People in Bridgewater.\"","July 25, 1874: \"The Normal Professors and Scholars gone on the Round Hill, a pleasure trip.\"","August 15, 1874: \"Professors and Boys had a fine game of Bass Ball this afternoon.\"","October 2, 1874:  \"Colonel Osburn gone home and I suppose that is the end of the Broad Gauge RR.\"","November 2, 1874: \"Adam Rader butchering today.\" [Adam Rader was the first mayor of Bridgewater, Virginia and organized the first Methodist church in that town in 1841.  He is commemorated in a stained glass window in the Bridgewater United Methodist Church].","December 4, 1874:  \"This is Pention [sic] Day of the Soldiers of the War.\"","December 13, 1874: \"Rev Haines buried in Port Republic. Requested that all people who had heard him preach come to see him buried.\"","December 28, 1874:  \"Negro frolick in our town tonight.\"","March 1, 1875: \"The Sivil [sic] Rights Bill passed both houses.  Nigger can look to have his head broke.\"","April 28, 1875: \"Dick Rogers killed 1 loon and 1 Night Heron.\" [accurate sketches of both birds]","May 24, 1875:  \"A panther attacked one of Wises boys this morning on Wises.\"","May 24, 1875:  \"A panther attacked one of Wises boys this morning on Wises.\"","June 9, 1875:  \"A Negro hung near Harrisonburg for insulting a white woman today without judge or jury.\"","August 13, 1875: \"Methodist Camp Meeting commence today above Mt. Sidney.  Rev. Mauzey [Mausee] gone to attend this meeting.  Also a camp meeting near Lacey Springs commence to day held by United Brethren.\"","September 24, 1875:  \"A parsel of Negroes were blowed up on the Railroad in a cut near the Darah Coal mines.\"","September 25, 1875:  \"Severell droves of cattle, hogs and  sheep went through our town today to market.\"","October 15, 1875: [Sketch of a steam sawmill.]","January 2, 1876: Sabbath Morning.  \"A blind man by the name of Johnson addressed the Sunday School and children.\"","February 10, 1876: \"A large supper and surprise party given at Rev. Mauzeys [Mausee], about 50 in number.\"    ","February 21, 1876: \"Monday morning cloudy and rain.  This is Court Day.  A great many persons in town to day.  A great many drunk.  The Mite Society met at the Parsonage at 7 o'clock. Collected 6 dollars and some cents.  Miss Player was indited before the grand jury for killing her child by sticking scissors in its neck, seven holes.\"","March 6, 1876:  \"Great Disaster happened at the Narrow pass. Bridge broken, cars went down and killed 11 and wounded all of the crew and killed 96 cattle and tore everything to pieces.\"","March 11, 1876:  \"A Sons of Purity had a procession and fair today in Town Hall. A great many black folks present. They realized about $45 for their society.\"","March 20, 1876:  \"Black Amos gone to Montrey with his wagon with provisions for convicts.\"   [Many entries about people taking provisions to convicts.]","April 20, 1876:  \"Black Peter died at the Poor House.\"","May 3, 1876:  \"Black Charley Teter got drunk and Mr. Simpson struck him in the mouth and Charley was put in the calaboose.\"","June 10, 1876:  \"Black folks have Picnick at Mt. Sidney today.  The band is gone up to Sidney.\"","June 18, 1876: Sabbath Morning.   \"…the M. E. Church received a new library today, 125 volumes of good literature.\"","July 12, 1876: \"Old Miller Campbell drown in a barrel of water in Daton this morning.\"","August 21, 1876: \"Jedediah Hotchkiss of Staunton lectures geography of Virginia today at two o'clock.\"","August 31, 1876:  \"Convicts came off the road and gone near Rawley Springs to get out Railroad ties.\"  [Convicts now working on the RR, not blacks]","September 19, 1876: \"Adam Rader came to town today.\"","October 1, 1876: Sabbath -[Henry Smals attended Quarterly meeting at Naked Creek.]","October 24, 1876: \"4 droves of cattle came through our town.\"","November 5, 1876: Sabbath-\"John Allemong very sick\"","November 6, 1876: \"John Allemong still sick.\"","November 7, 1876:  Declares Tilden and Hendricks as elected President and VP of the country","February 4, 1877: Sunday -  \"The colored Quarterly Meeting closed this evening about 9 o'clock.\"","February 5 1877:  \"A black man the name of R. Coffman went to John Hatfields and choked John's wife and hurt her face and arm, and went in pursuit of him and caught him at James Davis and brought him to Mr. Byrds and Mr. Byrd sent him to jail for further trial.\"","February 16, 1877:  \"Negroes have a dance in the lower room in Odfellow Hall tonight.\"","March 5, 1877:  Notes inauguration day but doesn't mention names.  Perhaps he's disappointed his candidates didn't win after all.","March 16, 1877: [Smals mentions Pastors Graechen and Kinzer who were both new ministers at the M. E. Church on the Bridgewater Circuit.]","March 19, 1877:  \"The trial of the black man comes off today for an attempt of rape, was condemned to the penitentiary for 10 years.\"","January 2, 1875:  \"S. Coffman was arrested for assault and battery.\" [a black man].","April 1, 1877: \"Preaching at M. E. Church by Rev. Kinzer.\"","April 23, 1877:  \"Mr. Shifflett condemned to be hung by the neck till he is dead dead dead\"","April 25, 1877:  Shiffletts hanging to be done June 29.","June 12, 1877:\"a new engine went through our town today.\"","June 23, 1877: \"The Masons had a picknick below the bridge today.  All the Masons in town were present.\"","June 24, 1877: Sabbath morning: \"Preaching by Rev. Kinzer in M. E. Church.  Preaching in the Brethren Church at 8 o'clock in the evening.\"","June 29, 1877:  Hanging put off for further trial.","July 4, 1877:  \"This is Independence Day, great parade in Harrisonburg about 5,000 persons present.  Fine day for a celebration in Harrisonburg.  Several speeches made in the courtyard.\"","July 11, 1877:  \"Verdict brought in for Shifflett for murder in the first degree.\"","August 19, 1877: Sunday: \"About 3,000 people at a Camp Meeting in Parnassus.\"","August 24, 1877:  \"A picnic at Harrisonburg by the Negroes\"","August 25, 1877:  A white picnic at Mt. Crawford.","September 1, 1877:  \"The [traveling] Centennial closed tonight for the White People.\"","September 2, 1877: \"Preaching in M. E. Church by Rev. Graechen.\"","September 3, 1877:  \"Today Centennial opened for the Colored People.  A good crowd present.\"","September 5, 1877:  \"Several drove of cattle came through our town.\"","September 9, 1877: \"Preaching by Rev. Mausey [Mausee].\"","Wednesday, September 12, 1877: \"Rev. Roe preached in M. E. Church tonight on object of Bibles.\"","September 23, 1877: \"I [Smals] delivered an address to the Sunday School Prayer Meeting tonight.\"","September 25, 1877:  \"Mr. Shiflett was hung in Harrisonburg today about 1 o'clock.\"  [Sketch of a hangman's noose and gallows drawn]","October 3, 1877:  \"Some fine stock went through our town today.\"","November 11, 1877:  \"Boat was built to cross the river; big rope extended to both sides.\" [draws picture of rope and boat crossing the river.]","November 14, 1877: Preaching by Rev. Graechen.","November 27, 1877: \"…Jenkins nephew making boats to cross river.\"","December 8, 1877: \"A boat sank today with a load of wood on the wagon belonging to Daniel Evans, supposed to weigh 6 tons.\"","December 14, 1877:  \"Commenced the bridge.\" [drew a picture of a stone bridge].","December 17, 1877: \"Uncle Adam Rader paralyzed today.\"","December 18, 1877: Jacob Dinkel died [brother in law of Smals].","December 25, 1877:  \"Colored band has gone to Harrisonburg.\"","December 26, 1877:  White band invited to play at a party.","January 1878: [ Work continues on the bridge.]","January 22, 1878: \"Business very dull.  John Allemong put his calico down to 5 cents per yard.\"","January 26, 1878: \"Boys killed a red fox on Round Hill today.  Shot by John Keaton.\"","January 31, 1878: \"John Smith and Right Hartman had a fight today in the confectionaire [sic].\"","February 1, 1878: Rev. Graechen came to town.","February 7, 1878: \"Samuel S. Miller cut his hand in my shop.\"","February 9, 1878: \"The Dunkards made arrangements to build a church out at the woods.  Layed off the ground today.  Joe Summerlance and Tailor Sheetz had a fight at the bridge today.  Paid a fine of dollar apiece by decision of the Mayor.\"","February 13, 1878:  [Smals took sick for 2 weeks; no entries.]","March 6, 1878:\"Our annual Conference goes in session today in the City of Baltimore. Business looking up now.\"","March 7, 1878:  \"Black woman linched [sic] and hung for burning a barn.\" [drew picture of gallows]","March 19, 1878: \"Great Elocution in M. E. Church to night by Rev. Ross.  A failure. Ross sick.\"","March 22, 1878:  \"Henry Smals fell in the river today.\"","March 28, 1878:  \"Trussels finished on the bridge.\"  [Children and ladies crossed first]","April 9, 1878:  [Bridgewater Enterprise, first paper printed in Bridgewater; J.H. Smals bought the first paper off the press.]","April 12, 1878:  \"Bridge finished; first wagon and cart driven over.\"","April 30, 1878:  [Notes Dr. doing \"obstetricks\" [sic];  316 cases; lost only 1 mother.]","May 18, 1878:  \"Colored People have their first Quarterly meeting in this town.\"","May 20, 1878:  \"Commenced putting on shingles on Bridge roof today.\"","May 21, 1878:  \"Black Jack Higgins and Black Sam Williams had a fight on the road.\"","May 31, 1878: \"Peter Miller started to Baltimore to purchase stock for his factory.\"","June 3, 1878: \"John Hatfield and Gallice Miller finished the bridge today.  Gallice Miller drove the last nail.\"","June 5, 1878:  \"Commenced painting the bridge. . . . Bridge finished today.\" [Sketch of the finished bridge]","June 10, 1878: \"Presbyterians organized their church today.  Rev. Price preached in the Lutheran Church.\"  \"Spits of snow with 3 ½ inches on Mountain.\"","June 14, 1878:  \"Great decoration of soldier's graves; amount of persons present about 12,000; a good many went from Bridgewater.\"","June 20, 1878: \"Perry Meace crossed the Bridge with a steam boiler weighing 9200 pounds.\"","June 22, 1878:  \"2 Beef Wagons in town today.\"","June 23, 1878:  \"Preaching in M. E. Church today by Reverend Kinzer.  Mr. Kiracofe married to Miss McWilliams.  Some of the Negroes had a fuss in their church.\"","June 28, 1878:  \"2 hundred pounds of butter came to town today.\"","June 29, 1878:  \"A great deal of butter came to town today.\"","July 4, 1878:  \"This is Independence Day.  A fourth of July Celebration held at Edinburg today.  A good many persons gone to the celebration at Edinburg from this town.\"","July 6, 1878:  \"A big trial with the niggers for misdemeanor at their church.  Jane Bookers, Nels Lee and Addel Johnston were fined 50 cents each and cast and bound over the peace for 12 months.\"","July 19, 1878:  \"Picnic by the colored people at their schoolhouse tonight also tomorrow night.\"","July 21, 1878: Preaching by Rev. Daniel [David] Bush at Church.  \"Meeting at M. E. Church to pass a Resolution to have a festival on the 9 and 10 of August for the benefit of the M. E. Church.\"","July 25, 1878: \"Editor Delaney is taking the origin of our town from year 1826.\"  [This was apparently a history of Bridgewater].","July 27, 1878: Rev. Rosenbough at M. E. Church.","August 1, 1878:  \"A picnic of the Colored people at Coonrods Store today.  Our Colored Band went to play for them.\"","August 3, 1878: Iron safe weighing 5110 pounds installed in Bank of Bridgewater. ","August 4, 1878: [Smals birthday.  Preaching by Rev. Graechen in M. E. Church.]","August 9, 1878: Camp Meetings at Parnassus and Fort Defiance.","Sunday, August 11, 1878: \"No class today in consequence of church being out of order.\" [Repairs?]","August 20, 1878: Frank Miller got 15 years in penitentiary for stealing horses.  ","August 25, 1878: Meeting at the new Dunkard Church.","August 28, 1878: \"Dr. Brown got his printing press.\"","August 30, 1878:  \"Colored People's Camp Meeting commenced tonight near George Kerekoff's, on his land.\"","September 6, 1878:  \"A Colored man preached tonight at camp meeting near our town.\"  [The meeting closed on the 8th.]","September 20, 1878:  \"Great parade with the Negroes in Harrisonburg celebrating their freedom.\" [drew 4 black heads]","October 24, 1878: \"Rod and balls for church put on.\" [The legibility is unclear for this entry but from the accompanying sketch, it appears a lighting rod was installed on the church].","October 27, 1878: Rev. Green preached in M. E. Church.","November 3, 1878: Rev. Rosebough preached in M. E. Church.","December 1, 1878: Rev. Hat preached in M. E. Church.","December 25, 1878:  \"Colored had a fair in Town Hall.  Realized $8.\"","January 16, 1879:  \"Black Nels Lee got married to Black Allard.  Rev. Mauzy married them.\"","January 23, 1879:  \"Nels Lee moved into the house at the end of the Plank Walk.  Colored people working on their church.\"","February 15, 1879: Rev. Grachen preaching.","February 17, 1879: \"A Grand Supper gave by the Band of Bridgewater.  Cornet Band to night.\"","February 20, 1879: \"Charles Furry's wife had twins to night.\"","February 28, 1879: \"Mr. McClouds House burnt up about 11 o'clock to night.\"","March 1, 1879: \"A fine Revival going on in Harrisonburg. About 76 conversions up to this date.\"","March 5, 1879: \"Our Annual Conference goes in session at Salem, Roanoke County.\" ","March 6, 1879:  \"Commenced work again on the African church in rear of our church. George White bought 5 hogs of Mrs. Ward for $20.\"","March 8, 1879: Four day conference.  [likely M. E. Church]","March 12, 1879: Eight day conference adjourned.  Brother Kinzer returns to our Sircuit [sic] and Rev Holcomb [Homan?] moved to Jesse Frys house in our town.","March 14, 1879:  \"Negro Exhibition at old Town Hall tonight.\"","March 19, 1879: \"Dr. Brown moved his drug store to Armstrongs store room and also the printing press upstairs in Browns Store.  Samuel Miller upset his buggy and broke the top off it.\"","March 22, 1879: \"Lute Swartz killed a Sandhill Crane this morning.\" [sketch of crane]","March 30, 1879: \"Quarterly meeting going on at Crawford.\" ","April 13, 1879: \"Preaching by Kummingham [R. S Cunningham] at M. E. Church.\"","April 14, 1879: Henry Smals got sick on his way to Richmond Odd Fellows Conference.","April 29, 1879: \"A. Hollins brought a load of agricultural implements to the Old Town Hall.\"","May 10, 1879:  \"Quarterly meeting with the colored people today.  Presiding elder present.\"","May 29, 1879: \"Peter Miller's stable burnt down.  Supposed to have caught from the engine of Mr. Sheetz.\" ","June 9, 1879:  \"This is Memorial Day at Staunton to decorate the soldiers graves.  A good many persons gone from Bridgewater.\" [June 6-at Winchester-Memorial of the Dead-estimates 25,000 present]","Thursday, June 12, 1879: \"This is the day the Lawn Festival commences in church yard at M. E. Church.  No festival on account of rain.\" [sketch]","June 23, 1879: \"Willie Bradburn got his arms in the carding machine, tore off the flesh of half the arm.\" [Smals always drew a sketch of injured arms and legs]  \"about 2500 black bass put in the dam above the woolen factory.\"","June 27, 1879: \"A great many cherries in our town to day at from 11 to 20 cents per gallon.  Mr. Mefall got his buggy and harness broken near Allemongs by hoisting an umbrella, horse got frightened.\"","July 4, 1879: \"Day of Celebration in Harrisonburg, about 15,000 people present, 6 bands and 6 military companies, a powerful turnout.  98 degrees for 3 hours and one hour 100 degrees, awful dust.  It was supposed that $10,000 dollars was left in Harrisonburg today.\"","July 13, 1879: Rev. Rosbrown [?] preached.","July 21, 1879:  \"J.H. Smals at court, made 2 indictments on assault and battery, the other a rape on a small Negro child.\"","August 15, 1879:  \"Rev. Boothe, Colored preacher, in United Brethren Church tonight.\"","August 25, 1879: \"Oliver L. Rhodes made me a present of a fine hat this shape.\"  [sketch of the hat].","August 31, 1879:  \"Also dedication by the colored people of their church in our town.  Realized $72. Their presiding elder present. Had good order.\"","September 1, 1879: Rev. Cunningham had gone to District Conference at \"Wainsborough.\"  [Waynesboro]. ","September 4, 1879:  \"The first issue of the Bridgewater Journal out.\"\t","September 5, 1879: First issue of the Bridgewater Journal published.  [sketch]","September 6, 1879: Dr. Brown had gone to Rawley Springs to bottle water.   ","September 14, 1879: Rev Kemper preached in PM.","September 22, 1879:  \"This is Mansipation [sic] Day for the Negroes.\"  [Writes this in big letters and draws four black heads.]","October 2, 1879:  \"A blind black man sung in the African church this evening.\"","October 13, 1879:  \"Cars ran off the track and smashed 11 cars all to pieces, hurt a good many.\" [Smals does not tell where this happened]. ","October 28, 1879:  \"The winter meeting in the M. E. S. Church still in progress.  Herschel Young professed religion tonight\"","October 29, 1879:  \"547 cattle passed through town today.\"","November 1879-January 1880:  Mentions a lot of religious meetings and conversions.","November 2, 1879: \"56 for church service.  Protracted meeting still going on in M. E. Church.\"  [This revival continued for the first week or two of November] ","November 6, 1879:  \"Mr. Sheetz plank mill burnt down with 7,000 feet of lumber.\"","November 8, 1879: \"Several drummers in town today selling goods.\"","November 9, 1879: \"Wofered Vancant struck Joe William with a club at our church door.\"  [sketch of club with word club written on it]  \"John Myers was converted to night about 9 o'clock.\"","November 11, 1879: \"Moffett Miller, Dr. Bucher and Thrush Sellers were all converted.\" [Moffett Miller is commemorated in a stained glass window in Bridgewater United Methodist Church].","November 21, 1879: \"I  H. Smals heard a great noise to night in the skyes about 12 o'clock. The Noise was as Distant Thunder.\"  [He noted that the temperature was 8 degrees the next morning.]","December 8, 1879: \"Miss Rosenbaum came to our town to teach music on the piano from Staunton.\"","December 13, 1879:  \"The Tunkard Brethren had quite a revival.  15 were baptized by immersion.  Old man Marshall killed a 568 ¼ pound hog.\"  [Sketch of hog, Smals always reported who all was butchering this time of year]","December 24, 1879: \"Christmas tree in the M.E. Church.  A large attendance on the occasion.  In Shiffletts Hollow, Shifflett killed his brother Shifflett.\"","Christmas Day: \"a ladder at the Methodist Church with presents for the children.\"[This must have been a structure erected for the children's presents].","December 30, 1879:  \"Lutherans locked the Baptist out of their church this evening.\"","January 1, 1880:  \"Rev. Grennan preached in the Dunkard Church on the subject of baptism by immersion-3 times face down.\"","January 13, 1880: \"Miss Mulley Robinson gone home to Harrisonburg with mail wagon.\"","January 18, 1880: \"Preaching at 11 o'clock by Dr. John S. Martin in the M. E. Church.  Quarterly meeting.\"","January 20, 1880:  \"John Allemong elected president of our Narrow Gauge Rail Road.\"","January 21, 1880: \"A cave discovered on Blosser's Farm by Bud Peterson close to Pike about 2 ½ miles this side of Harrisonburg.\"","January 22, 1880: \"The U. B. trustees sold the church to the Baptists for $400.\"","January 24, 1880: \"Some scoundrel stopped my shop chimney up and smoked me powerful.\" ","January 28, 1880: \"One hundred cases of smallpox at Culpeper.\"","February 3, 1880: \"The organ for the M. E. Church came this evening.\" [sketch]","February 9, 1880: \"Campbell killed Smith at the Warm Springs today.\"","February 11, 1880: Rev. Grachen preached at M. E. Church.","February 23, 1880: Big fire in Bridgewater.  Destroyed Mr. Byrd's House and stable and burned the houses and out buildings of Mrs. Covington and Mrs. Arey.  $10,000 loss.","March 2, 1880:  \"The chimneys of the burnt houses were thrown down today.  M. E. Church broken into and the organ injured.\"","March 3, 1880: \"The Baltimore Conference met this morning at Front Royal, Warren County.\" ","March 4, 1880: \"Wild geese over river today near bridge.\"","March 5, 1880:  \"Mr. Ehrman the Beef man in town today settling with his customers.\"","March 6, 1880:  \"A man here today measured 6'7\" high.  He was a monster.\"","March 22, 1880:  \"John Hatfield puts a roof on Mrs. Covington's dairy.  Commenced this morning for $5.  High winds-could hardly stay on the building.\"","March 31, 1880:  \"The negroes had a fight at Lowman's stable last night.\"","April 2, 1880:  \"A great negro trial at our courthouse.  About 90 persons present.  Jos. Higgins and John Bundy paid a fine of $3.90 each for fighting at the corporation [of Bridgewater.]\"","April 28, 1880: \"George Dinkel and A. H. Smals commence making brick back of the school house.\"","May 6, 1880: \"George Jenkins wife had a child cut from her womb and saved the woman.\"","May 17, 1880:  \"Old Black Aunt Dasha died this evening about 10:00 at Miss May Areys.\"","May 23, 1880: Preaching by Rev. King.","June 3, 1880:  \"Mr. Jacobs wife and others gone to Harrisonburg to see the decorations of the soldiers graves.  A very small crowd present.\"","June 5, 1880:  \"A great Memorial Day at Winchester.  A great many persons present.\"","June 10, 1880:  \"A lawn party at Harrisonburg by the Colored People and the Colored Band attended the party.\"","June 14, 1880: \"Allemong gone to Staunton to close of female school of the M. E. C. South.\"","June 17, 1880: \"Mrs. Goldsmith buried to day in our grave yard and Brother Cunningham preached text Revelation.\"","June 19, 1880:  \"Colored Band went to Newmarket to the Cave.\"","July 2, 1880:  \"The colored people had a festival tonight at their church. Realized $7.30.\"","July 3, 1880: \"Hopewell was elected Sargent [sic] for the Corporation Bridgewater colored people.\"","July 3, 1880:  \"Colored people had another festival. Realized $10.18.\" [White lawn parties Smals mentions raise anywhere from $40-$70].","July 6, 1880: Smith stole George Milstead's watch and about ten dollars in money. [He got it back in the next day or so].[Smals records that Bridgewater had a population of 400 people in July 1880]","July 8, 1880:  \"The amount of population of the encorporation of Bridgewater is 400 white and colored.\"","July 20, 1880: \"T. P. Humphreys gone to Sunday School Convention at Valley Grove between Baltimore and Washington City.\"","July 30, 1880:  \"The Sons of Purity [colored] have a great parade today in Harrisonburg.\"","July 31, 1880:  \"The colored band gone to Pleasant Valley to a picnic.\"","August 6, 1880:  \"Rev Bush and Rev. Wolfe came down the street in a Rockaway and spindle broke and one jumped out the other fell out of the Rockaway and neither got hurt.\"","August 9, 1880:  \"Henry Hocks and T. Sheets had a fight.  Sheets struck H. Hocks with a piece of iron.  It is supposed that Hocks was in fault.\"","August 21, 1880:  \"A good many cattle and sheep gone through our town today.\"","August 22, 1880: Sabbath: \"Preaching by the Tunkards at the far end of town.\"","September 3, 1880:  \"A big watermelon trial between Joseph Nisewander and the Kerecoofs.\"","September 25, 1880:  \"The negroes had a picnic at Mt. Solon today.  The Nigger Band played for them.\"","September 30, 1880:  \"Colored People Village Camp commenced this evening in this place.  A negro show at the River schoolhouse.\"","October 1, 1880: \"Old Uncle Adam Rader has come over to our town at the age of 90 years old.\"","Octpber 19, 1880: \"A big show in Harrisonburg today, a great many persons present.  Some drunk and some sober.\" [sketch of circus tent]","November 11, 1880:  \"Peter Miller gone to West Va. on a preaching ture [sic] today.\"","November 29, 1880: \"I  H. Smals killed my hog today.\"","December 1, 1880: \"Some scoundrel cut the guts of Charley Teters horse this morning.  Mat Barber was arrested for gutting the horse, his trial comes off next Saturday in this place.\"","December 4, 1880: Mat Barber trial commence in old Town Hall. [Smals implies that others were implemented, but the trial outcome is not clear]","December 24, 1880: \"Coldest weather I ever felt or saw.\"","December 31, 1880:  \"25 degrees below zero.   Frank Erwin and Dewit Brown froze their ears stiff.\"","[A note in the back of this book says 32 snows fell in the winter of 1880-81].","January 3, 1881:  \"8 degrees below zero, wood getting very scarce.  E. B. Simpson went to Harrisonburg today with snow shoes, they are about six feet long and six inches wide.  Oh this is fearful weather, a great deal of slaying going on.\"","January 6, 1881: \"Professor Geason gave a Grand Free Exhibition of Scientific Horsemanship today and commenced a class with 20 or more pupils at $2.00 per pupil.\"","January 21, 1881: \"the horse tamer is in our town today.\"","February 6, 1881:  \"Niggers had a fight in African Church tonight.\" [Drew 3 black heads]","February 7, 1881: \"I H. Smals made a pair of boots for a Mr. Stokes that he wore for 25 years, please beat that.  There were 26 persons at the young mens prayer meeting in M.E.C. to night.\"","February 12, 1881:  Sam Williams was fined $10 and bound over the Peace for 12 months. Jos. Williams the same and Oliver Failer was fined $5 and bound over for 12 months for fighting in the African Church last Sunday in Bridgewater, VA.\"","February 17, 1881:  \"Allemony's Cattle Sale today.  His yearlings sold at $16 per head.\"","March 2, 1881: Stuart Lindsey lead union prayer meeting in M. E. Church at 5 o'clock. ","March 6, 1881: \"Mr. McNeal came to our town to see his sweet [sketch of heart] and I tell you she is very Handsome.  he lives in Hardy County.\"","March 7, 1881: \"Engineers and Simpson gone on the route of the railroad.\"  [sketch of surveyor's level]  Rev. Mr. Whisner came to Marg Areys.  A good many preachers went through our town to Harrisonburg to Conference.\"  ","March 27, 1881: Rev. Bush had his first sermon in M. E. Church.","March 28, 1881:  \"Joseph Williams taken to jail by Hopewell for fighting in Methodist Church, Colored.\"","March 29, 1881: \"Joseph Williams taken to jail for fighting in Methodist Church, colored.  The Engineers Simpson and Bell came home from their Byrds Eye Survey.\"","April 1, 1881: Preaching at M. E. Church by Rev. Deans.","April 14, 1881: \"F. K. Speck went after Uncle Adam Rader who died on the 7 of the present month at Culpeper County near Brandy Station.\" ","April 16, 1881: \"Uncle Adam Rader has been brought to this town to be buried in our grave yard this evening.\"","April 23, 1881:  Jesse Fry shot Dr. Jones cow in his wheatfield with small shot.\"\t","May 5, 1881: \"Adam Smals commence the brick church at Mossy Creek today with 6 hands.\"","May 7, 1881:  Colored people's 1st Quarterly meeting held in this place.\"","May 8, 1881: \"Preaching by Rev. Price in M. E. Church at 7 ½   oclock.  Mrs. Stickler lost 2 $5 Dollar Notes some where between the M.E. Church and home.\"","May 24, 1881: \"This is the most powerful year for Locus Blooms I ever saw.  I hope will get a good corncrop.\"","June 15, 1881:  Mr. Wm. S. Perry sold a calf 10 days old for $5.75 to Frank and Will Ervin.\"","June 21, 1881: \"Thrush Sellers finished Mrs. Covington's fence today at $8.00.\"  [sketch of  iron fence]  \"He finished a lattice fence the next day.\" [sketch of lattice fence]","July 1, 1881: \"John Carpenter Brought an Engine Thresher to Bridgewater.  Daily mail commences between Bridgewater and Stribling Springs.\"","July 2, 1881: \"Quarterly meeting commences this morning at Sangerville.  Presiding elder is I. S. Martin.  President Garfield was Shot in the City of Washington, District of Columbia.\" ","July 8, 1881:  \"A Colored Festival in Mt. Sidney today and night.  Realized $50.\"","July 13, 1881: \"Dr. Brown tapped Mrs. Showalter near Mt. Solon, 10 pints of water from her abdomen.\"  [Dr. Brown was often noted being present at births].","July 18, 1881: \"Dr. Brown had the first Roastnears in our town.\"  [sketched ear of corn] \"GrandMaster Crowder from Staunton will be with us in our lodge tonight as Odfellows.\"  [Belongs to Ancient Odfellows of Bridgewater Lodge.  Frequently writes in some kind of \"lodge code\"]","July 21, 1881:  \"The Negro Band gone 4 miles above Staunton today to a lawn party.  They get $10 for the trip.\"","July 24, 1881:  \"Mr. Looses, Mr. Hartman's, Mr. Minoss, and Mr. Allemony's cows died from eating molasses cane today.\"","July 26, 1881:  \"John Allemony's other cow is very sick.  A Negro shot himself near Mt. Solon today with a pistol accidental.\"","July 29, 1881:  \"The Colored People have a Lawn Party in our Odfellow Hall tonight and tomorrow night.\"  [Aug. 10 and 11-White lawn party held on school grounds]","August 20, 1881: \"Cora Crickenberger cut her throat and stabbed her self in the head two or three times.\"","August 23, 1881: \"This day District Conference commence 2 oclock in M. E. Church.  Preachers present.  Conference organized at 3 oclock this evening, John S. Martin in the chair, a good many preachers present and a large Lay Delegation Present.  Preaching at 8 oclock this evening by  Rev. A Weller.  Conference lasted all week.\"","August 29, 1881: \"all the preachers gone home today.\"","September 2, 1881: \"Mrs. B. Kyles lamp exploded this evening but did not hurt any one.\" ","September 4, 1881: Rev. Tailor had prayer meeting at M. E. Church.","September 9, 1881:  \"A Lawn Festival held in M. E. Church lot to night, Realised about $25.\"","September 10, 1881:  \"Festival Lawn Party tonight in churchyard.  Colored People have a picknick [sic] today at their church.\"","September 20, 1881:  \"Shef Lewis and Wise fought a duel today.  Neither of them hurt.\"","September 22, 1881: \"Henry Smals I appoint you as Stuart for the Corporation of Bridgewater Council given under my hand for the sum of two Dollars for Services Commencing on the first of July 1881 and Closing July 1, 1882.\" _ M. Stickler, Mayor","September 24, 1881:  \"A Lawn Party at Mt. Solon by the colored people.\"","September 25, 1881: Rev. Hildebrand preached at M. E. Church.","October 1, 1881:  \"Colored band gone out to play for a picknick near Pleasant Valley in Rockingham County.\"","October 5, 1881:  \"James Clary open his Degarian [?] Saloon at Robert Funks.\"","October 6-7, 1881:  \"Colored at Allemony's this evening at 8:00. . . .Colored meeting still going on in this town.\"","November 13, 1881: \"Mrs. Arey came home today. Sabbath morning class at the usual hour 9 oclock, Sabbath school at 2 ½  oclock.  Prayer meeting at M. E. Church 7 oclock.\"","November 18, 1881: \"Clear and Warm. A Great Republican procession in Harrisonburg to night, Governor Walker came to our town.\"","November 19, 1881:  \"Rev Perrys children all have the Hooping Cough.  Some of them very poorly tonight.\"","November 20, 1881: \"Preaching at 11 oclock by Rev Hildebrand.\"","November 21, 1881: Court Day.   \"Professor Steel commence his Wrighting School today.\"  [sketch of quill] \"N. Marion Miller gone to Het Smals to do sowing for them.\"","November 22, 1881: Cloudy and cool.  \"Stuart Lindsay has gone to Monterey to see his sick wife.\"","November 27, 1881: \"No preaching in town today.  Mrs. J Lindsey and T Lindsey came from Monterey this evening.  Stuart Lindseys wife some better.\"","December 1, 1881: \"Dr. T. H. Brown gone to Moorefield Hardy County to see his daughter Verdie Mcneal [McNeil]…  Mr. Jos Byrd move to his new house today.\"  [sketch of 2 story house with 2 chimneys, Smals sketches of houses that people bought and sold often show details which were probably characteristic to the particular house] ","December 4, 1881: Preaching at 11 o'clock by Rev. Bush.","December 6, 1881: \"Stuart Lindseys wife some better.\"","December 10, 1881: \"P. Miller gone to Broadway to see about the schoolhouse to be built here or at Broadway.\"","December 11, 1881: \"No preaching in town today.\"","December 12, 1881: \"Cloudy and threaten for snow cold weather.\"","December 14, 1881: \"Snowed through the night one inch in depth.\" [drew a one inch purple line]","December 16, 1881: \"Stuart Lindsey and wife came home from her Father's at Monterey, She is right peart.\"","December 25, 1881: Sabbath morning clear and cold this is Christmas Day. Prayer Meeting at 5 oclock, Class meeting at 9 oclock , No preaching at 11 oclock, Sabbath school at 2 oclock, Preaching at 6 ½  oclock by Rev D. Bush.","December 26, 1881: \"Professor Hull commenced his singing school today.\"","December 27, 1881: \"Peter Miller is receiving contribution of the German Baptist Formal School to be established at this place.\"","December 28, 1881: Clear and warm.  \"the Baptist members are moving their church back 6 feet today. D. John Allemong sick.\"","January 4, 1882: \"John Allemong very sick.  Allemong has Nierulalgia of the Bowels.  8 inches of snow.\" ","January 5, 1882: \"Allemong no better.\"","January 6, 1882: \"J.W. F. Allemong no better\"","January 10, 1882: \"Street Lamps made for the Corporation, they will be put in a short time.\"  [sketch of lamp]","January 11, 1882: \"John W. F. Allemong some better.\"","January 17, 1882: \"Allemong still improving, able to get up and be shaved.\"","January 18, 1882: \"the Ladies are holding a Missionary metng this afternoon in M. E. Church at 3 ½ oclock.\"","January 20, 1882: \"John W. F. Allemong improving very fast\"","January 24, 1882: \"Allemong has gotten well\"","January 27, 1882: Jury brought in a verdict, that Guitttoes [sic] committed Murder in first Degree for killing President Garfield.\"","February 2, 1882:  \"groundhog day: He saw his shadow.\"  [Smals drew a sketch of a ground hog every year, but his drawings resembled a cat more than a ground hog]  \"Allemong hauling ice from Factory and Robert Wrights Ponds.\"","February 10, 1882: \"Charley Schenk fell in the Creek\"","February 12, 1882: Preaching at 11 oclock by Rev. Hildebrand.","February 15, 1882:  \"Miss Ryan buried in our graveyard today at 3 oclock   Funeral preached by Rev Hildebrand.\"","February 17, 1882:  \"Oyster supper this evening for the Benefit of the M. E. Church, realized $21.50 Dollars.  John Allemong Enlarged his office to day.\"","February 18, 1882:  \"Adjourned Quarterly meeting met in Allemong's Office today.  Oyster supper this evening for the Benefit of the M. E. Church.  Realized [?]  Dollars.\"","February 19, 1882: \"Preaching by Rev Rosebrow in M. E. Church at 7 oclock.  Mrs. McNeil of Hardy County Dr. Browns Daughter had a son born today at Dr. Browns.\"","February 21, 1882: \"Uncommon windy and Storm and uncommon muddy…  Rev. Kinzer came to our town today.\"","February 22, 1882: \"Rev. Kinzer preached for us.  Click Miller, Ad Hollum, Walter Davis and John Allemong bought the wood factory and Foundrey for the sum of $9000 Dollars.\"","February 25, 1882: \"A Great many Deprecations acted tonight by the Boys, Shooting, Cursing, Swearing and being Drunk.\" ","February 26, 1882: \"Preaching in M.E. Church by Rev Bush and Sacrament of the Lords Supper.  Hopewell shot a chicken for Salley Fitchew.  Laurence fired a pistol also on the Sabbath.\"","March 2, 1882: \"Queen Victoria was shot and mist her.\"","March 6, 1882: \"Preachers all fixing to go to Conference.\"","March 8, 1882: \"Sheets sold his Hartman Lot and house to J. W. F. Allemong for the sum of $200 dollars.\"","March 14, 1882: \"Stuart Lindseys wife very poorly.\"","March 16, 1882:  \"Rev. Hildebrand came back from Conference today to our town.\"","March 17, 1882: \"Joseph Attaffer died this morning at 1 oclock.\"","March 18, 1882: \"Saturday morning cloudy sleet and Rain  Rained all day long,   Joseph Attaffer buried today.\"","March 22, 1882: \"Dog bit Eugene Ervin in the hand this morning very badly.\"","March 26, 1882: \"David Bush preached.\"","April 2, 1882: Rev. Whitescarver preached.","April 7, 1882: \"Widow John Arey died this morning.\"","April 16, 1882: \"Preaching by Rev. Tailor at Barbees Office.\"","April 17, 1882: \"Jacob Wynant's Horse Run off.  It went home and never Broke his Buggy.\" ","April 20, 1882: \"Joseph Beery Hung himself in his grainery this morning about 5 oclock on Linville Creek the cause not known. Jack Thuma killed a large loon.\"  [sketch]  [Smals wrote of at least four horse-runoff episodes during April].","April 24, 1882: \"Mrs. Stuart Lindsey Died at Jacob Lindseys House…\"","May 4, 1882: \"The smallest Baby Born to day in the world some where in the north, it weighed 8 ounces and was perfect child.\"","May 5, 1882: \"The Mossy Creek folks settled with Allemong to day for the church.\"","May 6, 1882: \"A waggon Run over G. Claude Smals to day and Did not Break any of his Limbs.\"","May 11, 1882: \"The Presbyterian Church was dedicated to Day.\"","May 18, 1882: \"A fish and meat house opened here to day.\"","May 28, 1882: \"Rev. Armstrong preached the Dedicatory sermon for the Mt. Solon Church to day and Realized money enough to the pay the Deposit on the Church which was $300.\" ","June 6, 1882: \"Jack Dooms finished the Parsonage House today.\"","June 15, 1882: \"Jack Dooms finished the Parsonage Stable today.\"","June 18, 1882: Rev. Bush preached. ","June 19, 1882: \"Isac Marshall Bought a Cow of Mr. Brown for a price of $45.00   She is a full Jersey.\"","July 24, 1882: \"11 Wagons went through town for Blackberries to Parnassus, 50 bushels to town\"","August 1, 1882: \"A new Barbershop by Barber and John Collbert commenced to day.\"","August 8, 1882: \"I H. Smals had the pleasure of shaving Francis O'ferell the Colonels Brother from Minnesota, he came to our town to see his Mother.\"","August 17, 1882: Commenced laying Brick on the Bank to day.\"","September 9, 1882: \"Overseer of the Poor took Peachy Hoak to the Poorhouse to day\"","September 12, 1882: \"I H. Smals was Disfranchised as Sexton and P. Hartman was put in my place.\"\n[This undoubtedly pertains to the Methodist Church]. ","September 14, 1882: \"Scaffold at Bank fell and hurt 3.\"","September 23, 1882: \"Meinars Jim Dog died to day.\"","October 2, 1882: \"the Great Comet made its appearance this morning in the East.\"","October 4, 1882: \"H. Dice sold a lot to Casper Earheart for $100, 1 ¼ acre.  Thrush Sellers Bilds Mrs. Williams a house for $600 on High Street.\"","October 22, 1882: Preaching by Rev. Hildebrand.","October 23, 1882: \"Humphreys Loose got his new engine this evening, it cost about $1200.\"","December 25, 1882: \"Jack Higgins and Jack Jones were tried and convicted for stealing and sent to jail.\"","December 26, 1882: \"A Christmas tree for benefit of the Sabbath School Children.  Speech from Rev. D. Bush.\"  [sketch of Christmas Arch]Jan 24: \"Old Brother John Altaffer Died in this Place this evening about 4 oclock at age of 84 ½  years old, he has been a Methodist for 65 year and over.\" [Commemorated in stained glass window in Bridgewater United Methodist Church.]","January 26, 1883: Rev Bush preached Altaffer's funeral.","April 6, 1883: \"Our young Preacher Waters came to town this evening from Maeraland [Maryland].\"","June 1, 1883:  \"Colored boy died of scarlet fever [age 16] and buried in colored graveyard.\"","June 24, 1883: Dr. Folensher preached.","June 25, 1883:  \"A great many persons harvesting today-wheat very good.\"","June 30, 1883:  \"Burn and Elam fought a duel near Wainsborough.  Elam got a flesh wound; the other was not touched.\"","July 1, 1883: Preaching by Rev. Waters","July 8, 1883:  \"Our choir sung for the colored people today at 11:00.  Rev. B. Smith preached-a colored man.\" [Sunday]","July 11, 1883: \"The Wizard men came to our town this evening and will stay until next Sabbath.\"","July 12, 1883: \"Mr. Allemong and family gone to White Sulphur Springs to stay for 3 weeks.\"","July 14, 1883:   Talks about a \"wizard man\" being in town for the week selling medicine.","July 25, 1883: \"Hanger and wife joined the M.E. Church to night.\"","July 29, 1883: Henry Smals granddaughter Sallie Miller married Samuel Boselmen.","August 4, 1883: \"My Birth day.  I H. Smals was born on the 4 August 1810 Saturday in afternoon at 3 oclock near the head of Muddy Creek about 2 miles of the head of Linville Creek and Bowmans Mill.\"","August 20, 1883:  \"George E. Dunnell killed a Negro.  Shot him in self-defense.\"","September 20, 1883:  \"Mr. George Murry's ondley daughter [age 11] got killed at a cane mill.  The shaft caught her clothes and thread her around and beat her head soft.\"","November 8, 1883: \"Dr. Brown and Robert Whitescarver have a Quarrel in our Shop this morning, but Did not come to blows.\"","November 12, 1883: \"Dock Van Pelt moved to Sangersville, he has moved 18 times in 6 years.\"","December 28, 1883:  \"A black man from Rockbridge County came to our town and married Black Maria Huldey yesterday in the African Church.\"","December 31, 1883:  \"Watch meting to night in M. E. Church. Oyster supper by the colored people in Odfellows Hall.\"","January 1, 1884:  \"Oyster supper by the Odfellows tonight in Odfellows Hall.  Everybody invited. Uncommonly cold; scarlet fever very bad in the area; ice 6\" frozen.\"","February 4, 1884:  \"Mrs. Young was laying out a woman who had died and got some gastric juices on a sore on her hand and now suffers very much in consequence of it.\" [She was sick for about a week; Smals doesn't mention her after that.]","February 26, 1884: \"Dr. Jones Drugstore caught on fire and burt up all his drugs and medcane [sic].  Did not burn the store house.\" ","May 11, 1884:  \"Colored people had their first Quarterly meeting at this place today.\"","May 24, 1884:  \"William Fishback and a black man had a fight.  Fishback struck the negro in the head with a rock and Fishback had to pay a fine and cost which was $4.45.\"","May 31, 1884:  A great \"bass ball\" game.  Bridgewater 28 Harrisonburg 25 and 2 whitewashes.","June 11, 1884:  \"David Hooks whipped his sister with a yardstick this morning and left marks on her boddie.\"","June 13, 1884:  \"Brady and Wine killed their first beef this evening.  Going to butcher all summer.\"","June 15, 1884 : \"Lighting struck Rev. Raley [Lutheran] near Mt. Crawford and knocked his horse down but did not kill either of them.\"","June 18, 1884: \"All the presses and other tools to Bridgewater this evening to make cigars.\" [sketch of cigar]","July 19, 1884:  \"Nute Fry commenced butchering and selling beef in Bridgewater this morning.\"","August 1884:  [Several mentions of a cigar/tobacco factory.]","August 6, 1884: \"Old Jimmie Coakley, colored, died today near Rushville at the age of 110 years old.\"","August 10, 1884: \"Sabbath Morning, Warm Cloudy.  Rained some last night.  This is Childrens Day with the M.E.C.S.  The collection amounted to 10 dollars.  Preaching by Rev. Waters at 11 oclock.  Exercises at 2 oclock, also at night.\" ","August 16, 1884: \"Professor Hoover and Professor Hulvey came to our town.  Spoke in the Old Town Hall as Democrats.\"\n[At this time Rev. Campbell was preaching in the Lutheran Church and Rev. Clark in the Baptist Church.  Smals usually mentioned the services in Lutheran and Baptist Churches].","August 30, 1884:  Cigar boys played and beat Bridgewater boys in baseball.","September 3, 1884: \"Uncle Jake Hesberger raised a watermelon that weighed 47 ¾ pounds.\" ","September 7, 1884: Rev. Linch preached in M.E.C.S Church.","September 13, 1884: \"A fellow going to walk on a Rope started from J. Dinkles to the top of the old Tavern.\"","September 20, 1884:  \"The colored people have a local Preachers Convention here-will continue over Sunday.\"","September 21, 1884:  \"Preaching at colored church by colored preacher.  Fifteen local preachers present at the Convention.  Large crowd of colored people present.  Collected $30.\"","September 22, 1884: \"Jacob Bierly and son were killed in the well by foul air.\" ","October 5, 1884: Rev. Ross preaching at M. E. C. ","November 1, 1884: \"Mrs. Showalter Beat a little child today Black and Blue.  She was arrested and had her trial.  Paid the Corporation $5.00 and $25.00 to the County Court.\"","December 6, 1884:  \"A negro shot another negro in Harrisonburg last night.  He was caught and lodged in jail to await trial.\" ","December 25, 1884: Thursday Morning Clear.  \"Very cold this Christmas Day, Plenty of ice on the River   Boys skating and shooting.\"","December 26, 1884: \"I H. Smals Eat a fine Dinner at George Hangers.\"","December 27, 1884: \"Oyster supper to night by the Masons at Will Areys.\" ","January 12, 1885: \"The Cigar Boys commence making cigars today.\"  [Smals makes frequent  references to the \"cigar boys\" working in the cigar factory in Bridgewater]","January 18, 1885: \"Old Mr. Hailman fell through the Bridge and Caught himself before he got to the water.\" [Smals had been writing regularly of work on the bridge]","January 24, 1885: \"William H. Grove finished the Bridge today.  Got $56 for his 16 days work.\"   ","February 21, 1885: \"21 below zero.\"","March 11, 1885:  \"Nuten Smals came here from Hampshire County.  Brown Smals and Thomas Smals came to my house to day from Berkley County near Williamsport W.Va. to purchase cattle.\"","March 18, 1885: \"Our Preachers have come from Conference to day.  Rev Dice the Presiding Elder and Rev Lynch and Prettiman [Prettyman] the Senior and Junior Preacher for one Year.\"","March 21, 1885: \"Dam frozen over to night, never was known to freeze over in March before.\"","March 22, 1885: Preaching by Rev. Reade [Reid?]","March 24, 1885: \"Old Miller Areys sale today on Muddy Creek.\"","March 25, 1885: \"Hales engine went through our town this morning.\"","March 27, 1885: \"A Degarion [?] car came to town today.\" [sketch of train car, maybe an early photo studio?]","March 28, 1885: \"The dogs killed a parse of sheep for John Allemong this morning. John Allemong discharged 6 of his cigar men.  Only 4 rollers left and 2 packers.\"","April 3, 1885: [Good Friday.]  \"This is the day our Savior was crucified nearly 1900 years ago.\" [sketch of cross]  ","April 10, 1885:  \"The old Brick Shop that I Built 1840, 44 years ago, they are taring down to Build Drivers House.\"","April 12, 1885: \"Bettie Brown joined the M. E. Church South.\"","April 16, 1885: \"John Fisher rented the Lower Room of the Odd Fellows for the sum of  Two Dollars per month…\"","April 18, 1885: \"The first Quarterly Conference held in this place.   Presiding Elder present and both of the preachers on the Sircuit present and a good many of the Official Body present.  Brother Lynch gone to Spring Hill to hold a Quarterly meeting for the presiding Elders.  Brother Prettyman preached at night at 7 ½  oclock.\"  ","April 21, 1885:  \"Burk Sellers cow had twin calves.\"","April 22, 1885: Moses Stickler had been recommended as Post Master in Bridgewater.","April 26, 1885:  \"Two bysicles in our town.  Came from Harrisonburg in 52 minutes.\"","April 28, 1885:  \"J.W.S. commenced getting new milk of Mrs. Jenkins today at 6 cents per quart.\"","May 6, 1885:  \"Dinkel hired a bisicle in Harrisonburg to learn to ride on.\"","May 15, 1885: \"My Daughter Annie Died to night at 10 oclock.  She was 42 years and some month old.\" ","May 20, 1885: \"Richard Berlin put a whistle on his engine today.\"","June 8, 1885: \"Shifflett stabbedd Riddle 2 times in the side.  The one stab is supposed to be fatal.\"","June 13, 1885:  \"Dr. Johnson's cow had 2 calves this morning.\"","July 1, 1885:  Post Office opened and first day of mail service in Bridgewater area.  Carriers going to Stribling Springs and Harrisonburg.","July 24, 1885:  \"2 Negroes broke open wines at Funkhouser store and stole 2 suit of clothing, coffee and sugar, and other articles. A black woman found under a hay stack with her throat cut from ear to ear in Augusta County, VA.\"","August 7, 1885:  \"Colored people had a Festival tonight at the Old Town Hall\" [3 sketches of black heads].","August 8. 1885:  \"Colored people continue their festival tonight.  Colored people have a Quarterly meeting on Crawford's farm today and tomorrow.\"","March 8, 1886:  \"The Colored Minstrel Singers came to our town today and sing tonight in the M.E. Church.  Colored in this town a perfect Humbug.\"","April 15, 1886:  \"The colored Preacher came here on his circuit today.\"","May 7, 1886:  Notes marriage of 2 coloreds with a squiggly circle drawing.  \"Wm. Branson to Allace Brookins\"","May 26, 1886:  \"Charley Stuart moved in Berlintown in Joseph Nielwanders house.  He is a colored man.\" [sketch of black man's head].","June 1, 1886:  \"Mat Barber's child buried today in the Colored Graveyard in this town today at 11 o'clock.  Colored boy Joseph Riggle came to our town today to work in the factory.\"","June 11, 1886:  \"John Wine's wife had twins and two days afterward his cow had twin calves.\" [sketch of twin calves]","June 14, 1886:  \"The Colored people have a Picknick tonight for the benefit of their Preacher.\"","Summer of 1886:  Talks a lot about farmers harvesting their wheat all over and in July \"people are thrashing all over.\"  ","August 1, 1886:  \"The Colored People had a Bush meeting near Mt. Crawford.\"","August 2, 1886:  \"A great show at the African church tonight by the colored folks.\"  [Pasted a picture of black musicians surrounded by violins, banjos and other instruments]","August 30, 1886:  \"Jackson Doomer's cow died this morning.\"","September 4, 1886:  \"Another bucher shop opened near Allemony's store.\"","September 18, 1886:  \"Mr. Isaac Marshall weighed his big hog today at 705 pounds.\"","October 16, 1886:  \"Colored Quarterly meeting commenced today in Bridgewater.\"","October 19, 1886:  \"Henry Dice and Frank Irvin came home from Pokehunters to bring his cattle home.\"","November 22, 1886:  \"Sanger Brothers started a Creamery today in Bridgewater.\"  ","February 15, 1887:  Josie Wise, colored, buried in the Colored Graveyard today at 11 o'clock.  A great many colored persons present.\"  ","On speech:  [Smals spells the railroad president's name \"Auther Vandabilt\"]","On blacks:  [Frequently mentions when they are born, married, and died and usually draws head sketches.]","On travel:  [In 1877 a trip to Harrisonburg took 4 hours.]","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Henry Smals Diaries, 1871-1891, consist of three boxes containing eighteen volumes of diaries written by Henry Smals of Bridgewater, Virginia. The topics of diary entries are brief outlining day-to-day activities. A folder, located in Box 3, contains a partial index and a list of highlights for most volumes as well as an ad for \"Henry Smals, Fashionable Barber! Main Street, Bridgewater, Va.\"","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Smalls family","Smals, Henry, 1810-1892","Hotchkiss, Jedediah, 1828-1899","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0096","/repositories/4/resources/250"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Henry Smals Diaries"],"collection_title_tesim":["Henry Smals Diaries"],"collection_ssim":["Henry Smals Diaries"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- History, Local -- Genealogy","Bridgewater (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Economic customs -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- History, Local -- Genealogy","Bridgewater (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Economic customs -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century"],"creator_ssm":["Smals, Henry, 1810-1892","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["Smals, Henry, 1810-1892","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Smals, Henry, 1810-1892"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["Smals, Henry, 1810-1892","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- History, Local -- Genealogy","Bridgewater (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Economic customs -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection is on deposit from the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Shoemakers -- Virginia -- Biography","African Americans -- Virginia -- History -- 19th century","Shoemakers -- Virginia -- History -- 19th century","Diaries","Weather diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Shoemakers -- Virginia -- Biography","African Americans -- Virginia -- History -- 19th century","Shoemakers -- Virginia -- History -- 19th century","Diaries","Weather diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.7 cubic feet 3 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.7 cubic feet 3 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Diaries","Weather diaries"],"date_range_isim":[1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe diaries are arranged chronologically where possible, but due to variations in size are physically housed as follows in the Contents List. Volume 14 is filed in a separate container.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The diaries are arranged chronologically where possible, but due to variations in size are physically housed as follows in the Contents List. Volume 14 is filed in a separate container."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eUnited States Census Office, 7th census. 1850 U.S. Census, Rockingham County, Virginia. Wichita, Ks.: S-K Publications, 1987.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["United States Census Office, 7th census. 1850 U.S. Census, Rockingham County, Virginia. Wichita, Ks.: S-K Publications, 1987."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Smals (1810-1892) is listed in the 1850 Rockingham County Census as a shoemaker with real estate value of $1,000 with a wife, Mary, and six children. There is an entry for Henry Smalts in the 1860 census and for Henry Smalls in the 1870 census that gives additional household details. He may also have been a barber sometime during the 1880s (ses Box 3, Folder 4). His surname appears as a variation of Smalz and Smaltz as well.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Henry Smals (1810-1892) is listed in the 1850 Rockingham County Census as a shoemaker with real estate value of $1,000 with a wife, Mary, and six children. There is an entry for Henry Smalts in the 1860 census and for Henry Smalls in the 1870 census that gives additional household details. He may also have been a barber sometime during the 1880s (ses Box 3, Folder 4). His surname appears as a variation of Smalz and Smaltz as well."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection of diaries was first presented to George M. Hanger by Smals' grandson, Gal Miller, in 1910. The diaries were then given to George P. Furry in 1920, Edwina Furry in 1970, and Dorothy Merriefield in 1983.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["The collection of diaries was first presented to George M. Hanger by Smals' grandson, Gal Miller, in 1910. The diaries were then given to George P. Furry in 1920, Edwina Furry in 1970, and Dorothy Merriefield in 1983."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Henry Smals Diaries, 1871-1891, SC 0096, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Henry Smals Diaries, 1871-1891, SC 0096, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe diaries appear to have been rebound, perhaps several times, and some volumes have sections in them that are not in chronological order. In some places the ink has faded to illegibility. In the fall of 2002 and 2003, Peggy Dillard and Ken Hinkle respectively created partial indices for the Smals diaries. The entries transcribed as part of these partial indices are included under each diary's scope and content note. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2059\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Notes"],"processinfo_tesim":["The diaries appear to have been rebound, perhaps several times, and some volumes have sections in them that are not in chronological order. In some places the ink has faded to illegibility. In the fall of 2002 and 2003, Peggy Dillard and Ken Hinkle respectively created partial indices for the Smals diaries. The entries transcribed as part of these partial indices are included under each diary's scope and content note. ","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2059 ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Henry Smals Papers, 1871-1891, consist of three boxes containing eighteen volumes of diaries written by Henry Smals of Bridgewater, Virginia. The topics of diary entries are brief outlining day-to-day activities. There are mentions of acquaintances that are ill, various business transactions conducted in town, the movement of livestock, and hay through town, ongoing town projects, church activities, marriages, births, deaths, and other details of town life. The activities of \"colored people\" are occasionally noted. Throughout the diaries, Smals made small drawings of people and animals and added illustrations clipped from newspapers. A folder, located in Box 3, contains printed copies of a partial index and a list of highlights for most volumes as well as an ad for \"Henry Smals, Fashionable Barber! Main Street, Bridgewater, Va.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJuly 9, 1871: Rev. Holland preached.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 28, 1871: \"Negro procession burying a black man, 27 numbers.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 11, 1871: \"Ingenears [sic] at work from Harrisonburg to Bridgewater.\"  [sketch of surveyor's transit]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 17, 1871: \"Eingenears [sic] leveling the road through town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 10, 1871: [Described Chicago Fire giving damage figures and drew a sketch]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 8, 1871: A man was fined.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 31, 1872: \"Charley Clark got his leg broke by the kick of a horse in the street near the Methodist Church.\" Rev. Engel [J.J.Eagle] was preaching at Mossy Creek \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 22, 1872:\"Poor Peter Swisher, black, in  town from the Poor House \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 28, 1872: \"class as usual at Lutheran Church\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 4, 1872: Preaching by Rev. Whitscarver at 3pm \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 8, 1872: \"A Drove of cattle went through town today to West Virginia to graze.\" [sketch of cow skull] \"A Load of corn to Staunton.\" [ear of corn sketch][during this period time small pox [drew symbolic dots] was raging at Tenth Legion and there is reference ot Tobias Swartz making barrels [sketch of barrel]]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 27, 1872: \"A Cow ate up a pocket book for Harry Soule with $140 in the book.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 31, 1872: \"Negro riot at Mrs. Woodleys.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 1872: \"Glade as dry as we had seen in 40 years.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 23, 1872: \"No class today, our church is under repairs. Prayer meeting at Lutheran Church\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJuly 13, 1872:  \"Black Peter and Black Tond [sp?] came here from the Poor House for a Quarterly meeting.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 14, 1872:  \"A great many Black persons at their meeting at the orchard of Mrs. Brown's. Sabbath Morning.  - \"Preaching by Reverend Engel [Eagle].  Rev. Whitescarver preached in the Methodist Church.  A very small congregation today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 4, 1872: [Henry Smals birthday.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 5, 1872: \"Some Scoundrels went in T. Hites watermelon lot and cut and stole all his watermelons.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 17, 1872:  \"2 droves of Fat Cattle went through our town today . . . Another drove of cattle and a drove of sheep.  Another drove of cattle.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 23, 1872: \"A camp meeting commence at Lacey Springs for the United Brethren in Christ.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 28, 1872:  \"A company of Gipseys went through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 2, 1872:  \"Two droves of cattle went through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 3, 1872: \"Greely Club meeting this evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 4, 1872: \"25 wells gone dry.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 5, 1872: \"load of crocks from Mt. Sidney.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 7, 1872:  \"Negro picnic at Mt. Solon today at 11 o'clock.\" [5 black heads drawn]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 14, 1872:  \"A drove of cattle very fat came through our town today. Reverend Perry killed 23 squirrels.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 21, 1872:  \"A drove of sheep from Hiland came through our town  . . . A drove of cattle went through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 22, 1872: \"A large crowd  at the M. E. Church South.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 24, 1872:  \"Joseph Byrd and Squire Whitsearver gone to try a Negro.  He is a lunatick.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 28, 1872:  \"Negro picnic in the woods near the town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 4, 1872:  \"A blind Negro playing on harp for a living . . . A Negro show in our town this evening at 8 o'clock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 11, 1872:  \"2 beaves killed this evening in our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 15, 1872:  \"A drove of sheep, a drove of cattle went through our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 8, 1872:  \"1 drove of cattle went through our town to Faquire County.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 14, 1872:  \"Horse disease [Epizooty] made its appearance in our midst.  No fatal cases reported as yet.  Chicken cholera also prevailing.  The Devil has been at loose among the stock, poultry, etc.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 25, 1872:  \"A large drove of cattle went through our town today.\"Dec. 11, 1872:  [Writes in German.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 22, 1872:  \"Class at usual hour 9 o'clock, Sabbath School at 2 o'clock. Singing after class.  Also singing at 6 ½ o'clock, Closed singing a 8 o'clock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 30, 1872:  \"Sinclair Lewis came to town this evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 31, 1872:  \"Mr. Mason, Superintendent of Poor House, in town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 7, 1873:  \"Black people all gone to the railroad from Bridgewater.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 8, 1873:  \"2 droves of cattle and 2 droves of sheep went through our town this evening. . .  The black presiding elder's name is Harst.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 9, 1873: \"Singing by Professor Wartman at 10 o'clock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 10, 1873:  \"All the black boys from Bridgewater went to the railroad.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 26, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle and hogs went through out town today-up the country.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 27, 1873:  \"All the colored people gone to the railroad.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 22, 1873 : \"There are 11 preachers in town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 27, 1873: \"Baptism by Immersion in the River near the Bridge.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 12, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle went through our town to the mountains.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 15, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle gone through our town to the mountains.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 18, 1873: \"Hattie Dinkel and Frank Perry baptized.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 28, 1873:  \"Shifflet killed a black man dead in his tracks on the railroad between Sangersville and Harrisonburg.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune-August, 1873:[A lot of talk about many people being in town looking for work on the railroad and how much work was being done; a lot of railroad business.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 22, 1873: \"Preaching by Reverend Nihiser.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAugust 27, 1873: [District Conference commenced in Mt. Crawford.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 31 1873,-  \"Preaching at M.E.C.S by Reverend Waugh.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 6, 1873:  \"Negroes have a Sabbath school picnic this evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 20, 1873:  \"1 Drove of fat cattle gone through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 1, 1873:  \"Wages on the NGR Road is cut down to $1.25 per day and board themselves.  Negroes would not work for that price.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 2, 1873:  \"A great stampede with the Negroes striking for higher wages or work on the whole line on the Narrow Gauge RR.  A great many Negroes gone to Staunton.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 3, 1873:  \"A great many Negroes in town today looking for work.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 5, 1873 - Reverend Weddell was to preach in Temperance Hall.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 1, 1873:  \"A large drove of cattle came through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 15, 1873:  \"Negro Fair today at their schoolhouse on the bank of the river.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 24, 1873:  \"Joseph Williams shot a negroman a convict from the penitentiary but did not kill him.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 12, 1873: \"Dr. McMarren came to our town to open a drug store.\" [mortar and pestle sketch]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 16, 1873:  \"Finished work on the Broad Gauge RR this evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 28, 1873: \" Preaching by a Northern Methodist.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 29, 1873:  \"A Negro frolick in our town tonight in the Odd fellows Hall lower room.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 1, 1874: \"John Allemong and Mack Aden leased the Band Mill of  George Berlin for 3 years.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 3, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle went through our town today.  2 droves more cattle went through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 4, 1874:  \"Preaching at Brethren Church by Rev Nihiser.  Prayer  mtg. 6 ½  o'clock in M. E. C. S.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 11, 1874:  Sabbath morning   clear cool   class at the usual hour of 9 oclock   Preaching by Rev. Mr. Engel [Eagle]  Sabbath School at 2 oclock   Preaching by Rev. Whitescarver [Baptist?]   Also Rev Mr. Weddell at 3 ½ oclock  Rev Mr. Stuart preached at M. E. C. S. at 6 ½ oclock\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 17, 1874:  \"A drove of very fat cattle went through our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 1, 1874:  \"Singing by Professor Bucher at 11 o'clock.  Black Liz had a child and carried it to the stable, child had a bunch of straw crammed in its mouth, found dead.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 13, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle came through our town.  1 drove of hogs went through our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 17, 1874:  \"A large drove of cattle went through our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 22, 1874: \"Sabbath Morning.  Class at the usual hour at 9 o'clock.  Preaching by Rev. Mr. Engel [Eagle].  Sabbath School at 2 o'clock.  Preaching at 3 ½ o'clock by Rev. Mr. Whitscarver.   Prayer meeting at the usual hour 6 ½ o'clock.  Very warm  mercury up to 82 degrees.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 26, 1874: Two houses and lots were sold in Bridgewater for $375 each.  [Smals always drew a house when one was sold and when people moved to another house].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 8, 1874: \"The old Methodist Church in Mt. Crawford Blown Down by wind today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 13, 1874: \"Rev Engel [Eagle] came home from Conference this morning.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 11, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle gone through our town to the mountains. Lovefeast at 9 o'clock.  Preaching at 11 by John H. Marten.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 18, 1874:  \"Charley Hottle and Jack Higgins were arrested for stealing a large iron pot of Davie Danner and put in the calaboose for 3 hours and there whipped on the bare back, Charley 8 lashes and Jack 4.\"  [Doesn't say if these two were black or white.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 4, 1874:  \"This is Pention [sic] Day for the soldiers of the war.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 9, 1874:  \"A great many persons in our town today for flowers for the soldiers graves.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 10, 1874:  \"This is Memorial Day in Harrisonburg of Confederate Soldiers graves.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 16, 1874:  \"A Negro strike on the Railroad today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 18, 1874:  \"President of NGRR and chief engineer in town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 25, 1874:  \"Quarterly meeting commenced today by the Colored People in Bridgewater.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 25, 1874: \"The Normal Professors and Scholars gone on the Round Hill, a pleasure trip.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 15, 1874: \"Professors and Boys had a fine game of Bass Ball this afternoon.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 2, 1874:  \"Colonel Osburn gone home and I suppose that is the end of the Broad Gauge RR.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 2, 1874: \"Adam Rader butchering today.\" [Adam Rader was the first mayor of Bridgewater, Virginia and organized the first Methodist church in that town in 1841.  He is commemorated in a stained glass window in the Bridgewater United Methodist Church].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 4, 1874:  \"This is Pention [sic] Day of the Soldiers of the War.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 13, 1874: \"Rev Haines buried in Port Republic. Requested that all people who had heard him preach come to see him buried.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 28, 1874:  \"Negro frolick in our town tonight.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarch 1, 1875: \"The Sivil [sic] Rights Bill passed both houses.  Nigger can look to have his head broke.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 28, 1875: \"Dick Rogers killed 1 loon and 1 Night Heron.\" [accurate sketches of both birds]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 24, 1875:  \"A panther attacked one of Wises boys this morning on Wises.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 24, 1875:  \"A panther attacked one of Wises boys this morning on Wises.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 9, 1875:  \"A Negro hung near Harrisonburg for insulting a white woman today without judge or jury.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 13, 1875: \"Methodist Camp Meeting commence today above Mt. Sidney.  Rev. Mauzey [Mausee] gone to attend this meeting.  Also a camp meeting near Lacey Springs commence to day held by United Brethren.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 24, 1875:  \"A parsel of Negroes were blowed up on the Railroad in a cut near the Darah Coal mines.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 25, 1875:  \"Severell droves of cattle, hogs and  sheep went through our town today to market.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 15, 1875: [Sketch of a steam sawmill.]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 2, 1876: Sabbath Morning.  \"A blind man by the name of Johnson addressed the Sunday School and children.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 10, 1876: \"A large supper and surprise party given at Rev. Mauzeys [Mausee], about 50 in number.\"    \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 21, 1876: \"Monday morning cloudy and rain.  This is Court Day.  A great many persons in town to day.  A great many drunk.  The Mite Society met at the Parsonage at 7 o'clock. Collected 6 dollars and some cents.  Miss Player was indited before the grand jury for killing her child by sticking scissors in its neck, seven holes.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 6, 1876:  \"Great Disaster happened at the Narrow pass. Bridge broken, cars went down and killed 11 and wounded all of the crew and killed 96 cattle and tore everything to pieces.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 11, 1876:  \"A Sons of Purity had a procession and fair today in Town Hall. A great many black folks present. They realized about $45 for their society.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 20, 1876:  \"Black Amos gone to Montrey with his wagon with provisions for convicts.\"   [Many entries about people taking provisions to convicts.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 20, 1876:  \"Black Peter died at the Poor House.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 3, 1876:  \"Black Charley Teter got drunk and Mr. Simpson struck him in the mouth and Charley was put in the calaboose.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 10, 1876:  \"Black folks have Picnick at Mt. Sidney today.  The band is gone up to Sidney.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 18, 1876: Sabbath Morning.   \"…the M. E. Church received a new library today, 125 volumes of good literature.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 12, 1876: \"Old Miller Campbell drown in a barrel of water in Daton this morning.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 21, 1876: \"Jedediah Hotchkiss of Staunton lectures geography of Virginia today at two o'clock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 31, 1876:  \"Convicts came off the road and gone near Rawley Springs to get out Railroad ties.\"  [Convicts now working on the RR, not blacks]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 19, 1876: \"Adam Rader came to town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 1, 1876: Sabbath -[Henry Smals attended Quarterly meeting at Naked Creek.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 24, 1876: \"4 droves of cattle came through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 5, 1876: Sabbath-\"John Allemong very sick\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 6, 1876: \"John Allemong still sick.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 7, 1876:  Declares Tilden and Hendricks as elected President and VP of the country\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 4, 1877: Sunday -  \"The colored Quarterly Meeting closed this evening about 9 o'clock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 5 1877:  \"A black man the name of R. Coffman went to John Hatfields and choked John's wife and hurt her face and arm, and went in pursuit of him and caught him at James Davis and brought him to Mr. Byrds and Mr. Byrd sent him to jail for further trial.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 16, 1877:  \"Negroes have a dance in the lower room in Odfellow Hall tonight.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 5, 1877:  Notes inauguration day but doesn't mention names.  Perhaps he's disappointed his candidates didn't win after all.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 16, 1877: [Smals mentions Pastors Graechen and Kinzer who were both new ministers at the M. E. Church on the Bridgewater Circuit.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 19, 1877:  \"The trial of the black man comes off today for an attempt of rape, was condemned to the penitentiary for 10 years.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 2, 1875:  \"S. Coffman was arrested for assault and battery.\" [a black man].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 1, 1877: \"Preaching at M. E. Church by Rev. Kinzer.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 23, 1877:  \"Mr. Shifflett condemned to be hung by the neck till he is dead dead dead\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 25, 1877:  Shiffletts hanging to be done June 29.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 12, 1877:\"a new engine went through our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 23, 1877: \"The Masons had a picknick below the bridge today.  All the Masons in town were present.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 24, 1877: Sabbath morning: \"Preaching by Rev. Kinzer in M. E. Church.  Preaching in the Brethren Church at 8 o'clock in the evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 29, 1877:  Hanging put off for further trial.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 4, 1877:  \"This is Independence Day, great parade in Harrisonburg about 5,000 persons present.  Fine day for a celebration in Harrisonburg.  Several speeches made in the courtyard.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 11, 1877:  \"Verdict brought in for Shifflett for murder in the first degree.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 19, 1877: Sunday: \"About 3,000 people at a Camp Meeting in Parnassus.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 24, 1877:  \"A picnic at Harrisonburg by the Negroes\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 25, 1877:  A white picnic at Mt. Crawford.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 1, 1877:  \"The [traveling] Centennial closed tonight for the White People.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 2, 1877: \"Preaching in M. E. Church by Rev. Graechen.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 3, 1877:  \"Today Centennial opened for the Colored People.  A good crowd present.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 5, 1877:  \"Several drove of cattle came through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 9, 1877: \"Preaching by Rev. Mausey [Mausee].\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWednesday, September 12, 1877: \"Rev. Roe preached in M. E. Church tonight on object of Bibles.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 23, 1877: \"I [Smals] delivered an address to the Sunday School Prayer Meeting tonight.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 25, 1877:  \"Mr. Shiflett was hung in Harrisonburg today about 1 o'clock.\"  [Sketch of a hangman's noose and gallows drawn]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOctober 3, 1877:  \"Some fine stock went through our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 11, 1877:  \"Boat was built to cross the river; big rope extended to both sides.\" [draws picture of rope and boat crossing the river.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 14, 1877: Preaching by Rev. Graechen.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 27, 1877: \"…Jenkins nephew making boats to cross river.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 8, 1877: \"A boat sank today with a load of wood on the wagon belonging to Daniel Evans, supposed to weigh 6 tons.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 14, 1877:  \"Commenced the bridge.\" [drew a picture of a stone bridge].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 17, 1877: \"Uncle Adam Rader paralyzed today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 18, 1877: Jacob Dinkel died [brother in law of Smals].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 25, 1877:  \"Colored band has gone to Harrisonburg.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 26, 1877:  White band invited to play at a party.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 1878: [ Work continues on the bridge.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 22, 1878: \"Business very dull.  John Allemong put his calico down to 5 cents per yard.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 26, 1878: \"Boys killed a red fox on Round Hill today.  Shot by John Keaton.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 31, 1878: \"John Smith and Right Hartman had a fight today in the confectionaire [sic].\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 1, 1878: Rev. Graechen came to town.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 7, 1878: \"Samuel S. Miller cut his hand in my shop.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 9, 1878: \"The Dunkards made arrangements to build a church out at the woods.  Layed off the ground today.  Joe Summerlance and Tailor Sheetz had a fight at the bridge today.  Paid a fine of dollar apiece by decision of the Mayor.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 13, 1878:  [Smals took sick for 2 weeks; no entries.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 6, 1878:\"Our annual Conference goes in session today in the City of Baltimore. Business looking up now.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 7, 1878:  \"Black woman linched [sic] and hung for burning a barn.\" [drew picture of gallows]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 19, 1878: \"Great Elocution in M. E. Church to night by Rev. Ross.  A failure. Ross sick.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 22, 1878:  \"Henry Smals fell in the river today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 28, 1878:  \"Trussels finished on the bridge.\"  [Children and ladies crossed first]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 9, 1878:  [Bridgewater Enterprise, first paper printed in Bridgewater; J.H. Smals bought the first paper off the press.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 12, 1878:  \"Bridge finished; first wagon and cart driven over.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 30, 1878:  [Notes Dr. doing \"obstetricks\" [sic];  316 cases; lost only 1 mother.]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMay 18, 1878:  \"Colored People have their first Quarterly meeting in this town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 20, 1878:  \"Commenced putting on shingles on Bridge roof today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 21, 1878:  \"Black Jack Higgins and Black Sam Williams had a fight on the road.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 31, 1878: \"Peter Miller started to Baltimore to purchase stock for his factory.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 3, 1878: \"John Hatfield and Gallice Miller finished the bridge today.  Gallice Miller drove the last nail.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 5, 1878:  \"Commenced painting the bridge. . . . Bridge finished today.\" [Sketch of the finished bridge]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 10, 1878: \"Presbyterians organized their church today.  Rev. Price preached in the Lutheran Church.\"  \"Spits of snow with 3 ½ inches on Mountain.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 14, 1878:  \"Great decoration of soldier's graves; amount of persons present about 12,000; a good many went from Bridgewater.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 20, 1878: \"Perry Meace crossed the Bridge with a steam boiler weighing 9200 pounds.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 22, 1878:  \"2 Beef Wagons in town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 23, 1878:  \"Preaching in M. E. Church today by Reverend Kinzer.  Mr. Kiracofe married to Miss McWilliams.  Some of the Negroes had a fuss in their church.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 28, 1878:  \"2 hundred pounds of butter came to town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 29, 1878:  \"A great deal of butter came to town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 4, 1878:  \"This is Independence Day.  A fourth of July Celebration held at Edinburg today.  A good many persons gone to the celebration at Edinburg from this town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 6, 1878:  \"A big trial with the niggers for misdemeanor at their church.  Jane Bookers, Nels Lee and Addel Johnston were fined 50 cents each and cast and bound over the peace for 12 months.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 19, 1878:  \"Picnic by the colored people at their schoolhouse tonight also tomorrow night.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 21, 1878: Preaching by Rev. Daniel [David] Bush at Church.  \"Meeting at M. E. Church to pass a Resolution to have a festival on the 9 and 10 of August for the benefit of the M. E. Church.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 25, 1878: \"Editor Delaney is taking the origin of our town from year 1826.\"  [This was apparently a history of Bridgewater].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 27, 1878: Rev. Rosenbough at M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 1, 1878:  \"A picnic of the Colored people at Coonrods Store today.  Our Colored Band went to play for them.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 3, 1878: Iron safe weighing 5110 pounds installed in Bank of Bridgewater. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 4, 1878: [Smals birthday.  Preaching by Rev. Graechen in M. E. Church.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 9, 1878: Camp Meetings at Parnassus and Fort Defiance.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSunday, August 11, 1878: \"No class today in consequence of church being out of order.\" [Repairs?]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 20, 1878: Frank Miller got 15 years in penitentiary for stealing horses.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 25, 1878: Meeting at the new Dunkard Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 28, 1878: \"Dr. Brown got his printing press.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 30, 1878:  \"Colored People's Camp Meeting commenced tonight near George Kerekoff's, on his land.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 6, 1878:  \"A Colored man preached tonight at camp meeting near our town.\"  [The meeting closed on the 8th.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 20, 1878:  \"Great parade with the Negroes in Harrisonburg celebrating their freedom.\" [drew 4 black heads]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 24, 1878: \"Rod and balls for church put on.\" [The legibility is unclear for this entry but from the accompanying sketch, it appears a lighting rod was installed on the church].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 27, 1878: Rev. Green preached in M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 3, 1878: Rev. Rosebough preached in M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 1, 1878: Rev. Hat preached in M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 25, 1878:  \"Colored had a fair in Town Hall.  Realized $8.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 16, 1879:  \"Black Nels Lee got married to Black Allard.  Rev. Mauzy married them.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 23, 1879:  \"Nels Lee moved into the house at the end of the Plank Walk.  Colored people working on their church.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 15, 1879: Rev. Grachen preaching.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 17, 1879: \"A Grand Supper gave by the Band of Bridgewater.  Cornet Band to night.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 20, 1879: \"Charles Furry's wife had twins to night.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 28, 1879: \"Mr. McClouds House burnt up about 11 o'clock to night.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 1, 1879: \"A fine Revival going on in Harrisonburg. About 76 conversions up to this date.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 5, 1879: \"Our Annual Conference goes in session at Salem, Roanoke County.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 6, 1879:  \"Commenced work again on the African church in rear of our church. George White bought 5 hogs of Mrs. Ward for $20.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 8, 1879: Four day conference.  [likely M. E. Church]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 12, 1879: Eight day conference adjourned.  Brother Kinzer returns to our Sircuit [sic] and Rev Holcomb [Homan?] moved to Jesse Frys house in our town.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 14, 1879:  \"Negro Exhibition at old Town Hall tonight.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 19, 1879: \"Dr. Brown moved his drug store to Armstrongs store room and also the printing press upstairs in Browns Store.  Samuel Miller upset his buggy and broke the top off it.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 22, 1879: \"Lute Swartz killed a Sandhill Crane this morning.\" [sketch of crane]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 30, 1879: \"Quarterly meeting going on at Crawford.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 13, 1879: \"Preaching by Kummingham [R. S Cunningham] at M. E. Church.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 14, 1879: Henry Smals got sick on his way to Richmond Odd Fellows Conference.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 29, 1879: \"A. Hollins brought a load of agricultural implements to the Old Town Hall.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 10, 1879:  \"Quarterly meeting with the colored people today.  Presiding elder present.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 29, 1879: \"Peter Miller's stable burnt down.  Supposed to have caught from the engine of Mr. Sheetz.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 9, 1879:  \"This is Memorial Day at Staunton to decorate the soldiers graves.  A good many persons gone from Bridgewater.\" [June 6-at Winchester-Memorial of the Dead-estimates 25,000 present]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThursday, June 12, 1879: \"This is the day the Lawn Festival commences in church yard at M. E. Church.  No festival on account of rain.\" [sketch]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 23, 1879: \"Willie Bradburn got his arms in the carding machine, tore off the flesh of half the arm.\" [Smals always drew a sketch of injured arms and legs]  \"about 2500 black bass put in the dam above the woolen factory.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 27, 1879: \"A great many cherries in our town to day at from 11 to 20 cents per gallon.  Mr. Mefall got his buggy and harness broken near Allemongs by hoisting an umbrella, horse got frightened.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 4, 1879: \"Day of Celebration in Harrisonburg, about 15,000 people present, 6 bands and 6 military companies, a powerful turnout.  98 degrees for 3 hours and one hour 100 degrees, awful dust.  It was supposed that $10,000 dollars was left in Harrisonburg today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 13, 1879: Rev. Rosbrown [?] preached.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 21, 1879:  \"J.H. Smals at court, made 2 indictments on assault and battery, the other a rape on a small Negro child.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 15, 1879:  \"Rev. Boothe, Colored preacher, in United Brethren Church tonight.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 25, 1879: \"Oliver L. Rhodes made me a present of a fine hat this shape.\"  [sketch of the hat].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 31, 1879:  \"Also dedication by the colored people of their church in our town.  Realized $72. Their presiding elder present. Had good order.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 1, 1879: Rev. Cunningham had gone to District Conference at \"Wainsborough.\"  [Waynesboro]. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 4, 1879:  \"The first issue of the Bridgewater Journal out.\"\t\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 5, 1879: First issue of the Bridgewater Journal published.  [sketch]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 6, 1879: Dr. Brown had gone to Rawley Springs to bottle water.   \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 14, 1879: Rev Kemper preached in PM.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 22, 1879:  \"This is Mansipation [sic] Day for the Negroes.\"  [Writes this in big letters and draws four black heads.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 2, 1879:  \"A blind black man sung in the African church this evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 13, 1879:  \"Cars ran off the track and smashed 11 cars all to pieces, hurt a good many.\" [Smals does not tell where this happened]. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOctober 28, 1879:  \"The winter meeting in the M. E. S. Church still in progress.  Herschel Young professed religion tonight\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 29, 1879:  \"547 cattle passed through town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 1879-January 1880:  Mentions a lot of religious meetings and conversions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 2, 1879: \"56 for church service.  Protracted meeting still going on in M. E. Church.\"  [This revival continued for the first week or two of November] \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 6, 1879:  \"Mr. Sheetz plank mill burnt down with 7,000 feet of lumber.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 8, 1879: \"Several drummers in town today selling goods.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 9, 1879: \"Wofered Vancant struck Joe William with a club at our church door.\"  [sketch of club with word club written on it]  \"John Myers was converted to night about 9 o'clock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 11, 1879: \"Moffett Miller, Dr. Bucher and Thrush Sellers were all converted.\" [Moffett Miller is commemorated in a stained glass window in Bridgewater United Methodist Church].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 21, 1879: \"I  H. Smals heard a great noise to night in the skyes about 12 o'clock. The Noise was as Distant Thunder.\"  [He noted that the temperature was 8 degrees the next morning.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 8, 1879: \"Miss Rosenbaum came to our town to teach music on the piano from Staunton.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 13, 1879:  \"The Tunkard Brethren had quite a revival.  15 were baptized by immersion.  Old man Marshall killed a 568 ¼ pound hog.\"  [Sketch of hog, Smals always reported who all was butchering this time of year]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 24, 1879: \"Christmas tree in the M.E. Church.  A large attendance on the occasion.  In Shiffletts Hollow, Shifflett killed his brother Shifflett.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eChristmas Day: \"a ladder at the Methodist Church with presents for the children.\"[This must have been a structure erected for the children's presents].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 30, 1879:  \"Lutherans locked the Baptist out of their church this evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 1, 1880:  \"Rev. Grennan preached in the Dunkard Church on the subject of baptism by immersion-3 times face down.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 13, 1880: \"Miss Mulley Robinson gone home to Harrisonburg with mail wagon.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 18, 1880: \"Preaching at 11 o'clock by Dr. John S. Martin in the M. E. Church.  Quarterly meeting.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 20, 1880:  \"John Allemong elected president of our Narrow Gauge Rail Road.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 21, 1880: \"A cave discovered on Blosser's Farm by Bud Peterson close to Pike about 2 ½ miles this side of Harrisonburg.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 22, 1880: \"The U. B. trustees sold the church to the Baptists for $400.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 24, 1880: \"Some scoundrel stopped my shop chimney up and smoked me powerful.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 28, 1880: \"One hundred cases of smallpox at Culpeper.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 3, 1880: \"The organ for the M. E. Church came this evening.\" [sketch]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 9, 1880: \"Campbell killed Smith at the Warm Springs today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 11, 1880: Rev. Grachen preached at M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 23, 1880: Big fire in Bridgewater.  Destroyed Mr. Byrd's House and stable and burned the houses and out buildings of Mrs. Covington and Mrs. Arey.  $10,000 loss.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 2, 1880:  \"The chimneys of the burnt houses were thrown down today.  M. E. Church broken into and the organ injured.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 3, 1880: \"The Baltimore Conference met this morning at Front Royal, Warren County.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 4, 1880: \"Wild geese over river today near bridge.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 5, 1880:  \"Mr. Ehrman the Beef man in town today settling with his customers.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 6, 1880:  \"A man here today measured 6'7\" high.  He was a monster.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 22, 1880:  \"John Hatfield puts a roof on Mrs. Covington's dairy.  Commenced this morning for $5.  High winds-could hardly stay on the building.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 31, 1880:  \"The negroes had a fight at Lowman's stable last night.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 2, 1880:  \"A great negro trial at our courthouse.  About 90 persons present.  Jos. Higgins and John Bundy paid a fine of $3.90 each for fighting at the corporation [of Bridgewater.]\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 28, 1880: \"George Dinkel and A. H. Smals commence making brick back of the school house.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 6, 1880: \"George Jenkins wife had a child cut from her womb and saved the woman.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMay 17, 1880:  \"Old Black Aunt Dasha died this evening about 10:00 at Miss May Areys.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 23, 1880: Preaching by Rev. King.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 3, 1880:  \"Mr. Jacobs wife and others gone to Harrisonburg to see the decorations of the soldiers graves.  A very small crowd present.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 5, 1880:  \"A great Memorial Day at Winchester.  A great many persons present.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 10, 1880:  \"A lawn party at Harrisonburg by the Colored People and the Colored Band attended the party.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 14, 1880: \"Allemong gone to Staunton to close of female school of the M. E. C. South.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 17, 1880: \"Mrs. Goldsmith buried to day in our grave yard and Brother Cunningham preached text Revelation.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 19, 1880:  \"Colored Band went to Newmarket to the Cave.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 2, 1880:  \"The colored people had a festival tonight at their church. Realized $7.30.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 3, 1880: \"Hopewell was elected Sargent [sic] for the Corporation Bridgewater colored people.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 3, 1880:  \"Colored people had another festival. Realized $10.18.\" [White lawn parties Smals mentions raise anywhere from $40-$70].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 6, 1880: Smith stole George Milstead's watch and about ten dollars in money. [He got it back in the next day or so].[Smals records that Bridgewater had a population of 400 people in July 1880]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 8, 1880:  \"The amount of population of the encorporation of Bridgewater is 400 white and colored.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 20, 1880: \"T. P. Humphreys gone to Sunday School Convention at Valley Grove between Baltimore and Washington City.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 30, 1880:  \"The Sons of Purity [colored] have a great parade today in Harrisonburg.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 31, 1880:  \"The colored band gone to Pleasant Valley to a picnic.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 6, 1880:  \"Rev Bush and Rev. Wolfe came down the street in a Rockaway and spindle broke and one jumped out the other fell out of the Rockaway and neither got hurt.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 9, 1880:  \"Henry Hocks and T. Sheets had a fight.  Sheets struck H. Hocks with a piece of iron.  It is supposed that Hocks was in fault.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 21, 1880:  \"A good many cattle and sheep gone through our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 22, 1880: Sabbath: \"Preaching by the Tunkards at the far end of town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 3, 1880:  \"A big watermelon trial between Joseph Nisewander and the Kerecoofs.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 25, 1880:  \"The negroes had a picnic at Mt. Solon today.  The Nigger Band played for them.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 30, 1880:  \"Colored People Village Camp commenced this evening in this place.  A negro show at the River schoolhouse.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 1, 1880: \"Old Uncle Adam Rader has come over to our town at the age of 90 years old.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctpber 19, 1880: \"A big show in Harrisonburg today, a great many persons present.  Some drunk and some sober.\" [sketch of circus tent]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 11, 1880:  \"Peter Miller gone to West Va. on a preaching ture [sic] today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 29, 1880: \"I  H. Smals killed my hog today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 1, 1880: \"Some scoundrel cut the guts of Charley Teters horse this morning.  Mat Barber was arrested for gutting the horse, his trial comes off next Saturday in this place.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 4, 1880: Mat Barber trial commence in old Town Hall. [Smals implies that others were implemented, but the trial outcome is not clear]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 24, 1880: \"Coldest weather I ever felt or saw.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 31, 1880:  \"25 degrees below zero.   Frank Erwin and Dewit Brown froze their ears stiff.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[A note in the back of this book says 32 snows fell in the winter of 1880-81].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 3, 1881:  \"8 degrees below zero, wood getting very scarce.  E. B. Simpson went to Harrisonburg today with snow shoes, they are about six feet long and six inches wide.  Oh this is fearful weather, a great deal of slaying going on.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 6, 1881: \"Professor Geason gave a Grand Free Exhibition of Scientific Horsemanship today and commenced a class with 20 or more pupils at $2.00 per pupil.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 21, 1881: \"the horse tamer is in our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 6, 1881:  \"Niggers had a fight in African Church tonight.\" [Drew 3 black heads]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 7, 1881: \"I H. Smals made a pair of boots for a Mr. Stokes that he wore for 25 years, please beat that.  There were 26 persons at the young mens prayer meeting in M.E.C. to night.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 12, 1881:  Sam Williams was fined $10 and bound over the Peace for 12 months. Jos. Williams the same and Oliver Failer was fined $5 and bound over for 12 months for fighting in the African Church last Sunday in Bridgewater, VA.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 17, 1881:  \"Allemony's Cattle Sale today.  His yearlings sold at $16 per head.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 2, 1881: Stuart Lindsey lead union prayer meeting in M. E. Church at 5 o'clock. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 6, 1881: \"Mr. McNeal came to our town to see his sweet [sketch of heart] and I tell you she is very Handsome.  he lives in Hardy County.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 7, 1881: \"Engineers and Simpson gone on the route of the railroad.\"  [sketch of surveyor's level]  Rev. Mr. Whisner came to Marg Areys.  A good many preachers went through our town to Harrisonburg to Conference.\"  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 27, 1881: Rev. Bush had his first sermon in M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 28, 1881:  \"Joseph Williams taken to jail by Hopewell for fighting in Methodist Church, Colored.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 29, 1881: \"Joseph Williams taken to jail for fighting in Methodist Church, colored.  The Engineers Simpson and Bell came home from their Byrds Eye Survey.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 1, 1881: Preaching at M. E. Church by Rev. Deans.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 14, 1881: \"F. K. Speck went after Uncle Adam Rader who died on the 7 of the present month at Culpeper County near Brandy Station.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 16, 1881: \"Uncle Adam Rader has been brought to this town to be buried in our grave yard this evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 23, 1881:  Jesse Fry shot Dr. Jones cow in his wheatfield with small shot.\"\t\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 5, 1881: \"Adam Smals commence the brick church at Mossy Creek today with 6 hands.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 7, 1881:  Colored people's 1st Quarterly meeting held in this place.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 8, 1881: \"Preaching by Rev. Price in M. E. Church at 7 ½   oclock.  Mrs. Stickler lost 2 $5 Dollar Notes some where between the M.E. Church and home.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 24, 1881: \"This is the most powerful year for Locus Blooms I ever saw.  I hope will get a good corncrop.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 15, 1881:  Mr. Wm. S. Perry sold a calf 10 days old for $5.75 to Frank and Will Ervin.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 21, 1881: \"Thrush Sellers finished Mrs. Covington's fence today at $8.00.\"  [sketch of  iron fence]  \"He finished a lattice fence the next day.\" [sketch of lattice fence]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 1, 1881: \"John Carpenter Brought an Engine Thresher to Bridgewater.  Daily mail commences between Bridgewater and Stribling Springs.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 2, 1881: \"Quarterly meeting commences this morning at Sangerville.  Presiding elder is I. S. Martin.  President Garfield was Shot in the City of Washington, District of Columbia.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 8, 1881:  \"A Colored Festival in Mt. Sidney today and night.  Realized $50.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 13, 1881: \"Dr. Brown tapped Mrs. Showalter near Mt. Solon, 10 pints of water from her abdomen.\"  [Dr. Brown was often noted being present at births].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 18, 1881: \"Dr. Brown had the first Roastnears in our town.\"  [sketched ear of corn] \"GrandMaster Crowder from Staunton will be with us in our lodge tonight as Odfellows.\"  [Belongs to Ancient Odfellows of Bridgewater Lodge.  Frequently writes in some kind of \"lodge code\"]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 21, 1881:  \"The Negro Band gone 4 miles above Staunton today to a lawn party.  They get $10 for the trip.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 24, 1881:  \"Mr. Looses, Mr. Hartman's, Mr. Minoss, and Mr. Allemony's cows died from eating molasses cane today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 26, 1881:  \"John Allemony's other cow is very sick.  A Negro shot himself near Mt. Solon today with a pistol accidental.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 29, 1881:  \"The Colored People have a Lawn Party in our Odfellow Hall tonight and tomorrow night.\"  [Aug. 10 and 11-White lawn party held on school grounds]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 20, 1881: \"Cora Crickenberger cut her throat and stabbed her self in the head two or three times.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 23, 1881: \"This day District Conference commence 2 oclock in M. E. Church.  Preachers present.  Conference organized at 3 oclock this evening, John S. Martin in the chair, a good many preachers present and a large Lay Delegation Present.  Preaching at 8 oclock this evening by  Rev. A Weller.  Conference lasted all week.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 29, 1881: \"all the preachers gone home today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 2, 1881: \"Mrs. B. Kyles lamp exploded this evening but did not hurt any one.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 4, 1881: Rev. Tailor had prayer meeting at M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 9, 1881:  \"A Lawn Festival held in M. E. Church lot to night, Realised about $25.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 10, 1881:  \"Festival Lawn Party tonight in churchyard.  Colored People have a picknick [sic] today at their church.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 20, 1881:  \"Shef Lewis and Wise fought a duel today.  Neither of them hurt.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 22, 1881: \"Henry Smals I appoint you as Stuart for the Corporation of Bridgewater Council given under my hand for the sum of two Dollars for Services Commencing on the first of July 1881 and Closing July 1, 1882.\" _ M. Stickler, Mayor\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 24, 1881:  \"A Lawn Party at Mt. Solon by the colored people.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 25, 1881: Rev. Hildebrand preached at M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 1, 1881:  \"Colored band gone out to play for a picknick near Pleasant Valley in Rockingham County.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 5, 1881:  \"James Clary open his Degarian [?] Saloon at Robert Funks.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 6-7, 1881:  \"Colored at Allemony's this evening at 8:00. . . .Colored meeting still going on in this town.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNovember 13, 1881: \"Mrs. Arey came home today. Sabbath morning class at the usual hour 9 oclock, Sabbath school at 2 ½  oclock.  Prayer meeting at M. E. Church 7 oclock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 18, 1881: \"Clear and Warm. A Great Republican procession in Harrisonburg to night, Governor Walker came to our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 19, 1881:  \"Rev Perrys children all have the Hooping Cough.  Some of them very poorly tonight.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 20, 1881: \"Preaching at 11 oclock by Rev Hildebrand.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 21, 1881: Court Day.   \"Professor Steel commence his Wrighting School today.\"  [sketch of quill] \"N. Marion Miller gone to Het Smals to do sowing for them.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 22, 1881: Cloudy and cool.  \"Stuart Lindsay has gone to Monterey to see his sick wife.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 27, 1881: \"No preaching in town today.  Mrs. J Lindsey and T Lindsey came from Monterey this evening.  Stuart Lindseys wife some better.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 1, 1881: \"Dr. T. H. Brown gone to Moorefield Hardy County to see his daughter Verdie Mcneal [McNeil]…  Mr. Jos Byrd move to his new house today.\"  [sketch of 2 story house with 2 chimneys, Smals sketches of houses that people bought and sold often show details which were probably characteristic to the particular house] \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 4, 1881: Preaching at 11 o'clock by Rev. Bush.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 6, 1881: \"Stuart Lindseys wife some better.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 10, 1881: \"P. Miller gone to Broadway to see about the schoolhouse to be built here or at Broadway.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 11, 1881: \"No preaching in town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 12, 1881: \"Cloudy and threaten for snow cold weather.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 14, 1881: \"Snowed through the night one inch in depth.\" [drew a one inch purple line]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 16, 1881: \"Stuart Lindsey and wife came home from her Father's at Monterey, She is right peart.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 25, 1881: Sabbath morning clear and cold this is Christmas Day. Prayer Meeting at 5 oclock, Class meeting at 9 oclock , No preaching at 11 oclock, Sabbath school at 2 oclock, Preaching at 6 ½  oclock by Rev D. Bush.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 26, 1881: \"Professor Hull commenced his singing school today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 27, 1881: \"Peter Miller is receiving contribution of the German Baptist Formal School to be established at this place.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 28, 1881: Clear and warm.  \"the Baptist members are moving their church back 6 feet today. D. John Allemong sick.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 4, 1882: \"John Allemong very sick.  Allemong has Nierulalgia of the Bowels.  8 inches of snow.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 5, 1882: \"Allemong no better.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 6, 1882: \"J.W. F. Allemong no better\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 10, 1882: \"Street Lamps made for the Corporation, they will be put in a short time.\"  [sketch of lamp]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 11, 1882: \"John W. F. Allemong some better.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 17, 1882: \"Allemong still improving, able to get up and be shaved.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 18, 1882: \"the Ladies are holding a Missionary metng this afternoon in M. E. Church at 3 ½ oclock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 20, 1882: \"John W. F. Allemong improving very fast\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 24, 1882: \"Allemong has gotten well\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 27, 1882: Jury brought in a verdict, that Guitttoes [sic] committed Murder in first Degree for killing President Garfield.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 2, 1882:  \"groundhog day: He saw his shadow.\"  [Smals drew a sketch of a ground hog every year, but his drawings resembled a cat more than a ground hog]  \"Allemong hauling ice from Factory and Robert Wrights Ponds.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 10, 1882: \"Charley Schenk fell in the Creek\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 12, 1882: Preaching at 11 oclock by Rev. Hildebrand.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 15, 1882:  \"Miss Ryan buried in our graveyard today at 3 oclock   Funeral preached by Rev Hildebrand.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 17, 1882:  \"Oyster supper this evening for the Benefit of the M. E. Church, realized $21.50 Dollars.  John Allemong Enlarged his office to day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 18, 1882:  \"Adjourned Quarterly meeting met in Allemong's Office today.  Oyster supper this evening for the Benefit of the M. E. Church.  Realized [?]  Dollars.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 19, 1882: \"Preaching by Rev Rosebrow in M. E. Church at 7 oclock.  Mrs. McNeil of Hardy County Dr. Browns Daughter had a son born today at Dr. Browns.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 21, 1882: \"Uncommon windy and Storm and uncommon muddy…  Rev. Kinzer came to our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 22, 1882: \"Rev. Kinzer preached for us.  Click Miller, Ad Hollum, Walter Davis and John Allemong bought the wood factory and Foundrey for the sum of $9000 Dollars.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 25, 1882: \"A Great many Deprecations acted tonight by the Boys, Shooting, Cursing, Swearing and being Drunk.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 26, 1882: \"Preaching in M.E. Church by Rev Bush and Sacrament of the Lords Supper.  Hopewell shot a chicken for Salley Fitchew.  Laurence fired a pistol also on the Sabbath.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 2, 1882: \"Queen Victoria was shot and mist her.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 6, 1882: \"Preachers all fixing to go to Conference.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 8, 1882: \"Sheets sold his Hartman Lot and house to J. W. F. Allemong for the sum of $200 dollars.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 14, 1882: \"Stuart Lindseys wife very poorly.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 16, 1882:  \"Rev. Hildebrand came back from Conference today to our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 17, 1882: \"Joseph Attaffer died this morning at 1 oclock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 18, 1882: \"Saturday morning cloudy sleet and Rain  Rained all day long,   Joseph Attaffer buried today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 22, 1882: \"Dog bit Eugene Ervin in the hand this morning very badly.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 26, 1882: \"David Bush preached.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 2, 1882: Rev. Whitescarver preached.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 7, 1882: \"Widow John Arey died this morning.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 16, 1882: \"Preaching by Rev. Tailor at Barbees Office.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 17, 1882: \"Jacob Wynant's Horse Run off.  It went home and never Broke his Buggy.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 20, 1882: \"Joseph Beery Hung himself in his grainery this morning about 5 oclock on Linville Creek the cause not known. Jack Thuma killed a large loon.\"  [sketch]  [Smals wrote of at least four horse-runoff episodes during April].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 24, 1882: \"Mrs. Stuart Lindsey Died at Jacob Lindseys House…\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 4, 1882: \"The smallest Baby Born to day in the world some where in the north, it weighed 8 ounces and was perfect child.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 5, 1882: \"The Mossy Creek folks settled with Allemong to day for the church.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 6, 1882: \"A waggon Run over G. Claude Smals to day and Did not Break any of his Limbs.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 11, 1882: \"The Presbyterian Church was dedicated to Day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 18, 1882: \"A fish and meat house opened here to day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 28, 1882: \"Rev. Armstrong preached the Dedicatory sermon for the Mt. Solon Church to day and Realized money enough to the pay the Deposit on the Church which was $300.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 6, 1882: \"Jack Dooms finished the Parsonage House today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 15, 1882: \"Jack Dooms finished the Parsonage Stable today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 18, 1882: Rev. Bush preached. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 19, 1882: \"Isac Marshall Bought a Cow of Mr. Brown for a price of $45.00   She is a full Jersey.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 24, 1882: \"11 Wagons went through town for Blackberries to Parnassus, 50 bushels to town\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 1, 1882: \"A new Barbershop by Barber and John Collbert commenced to day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 8, 1882: \"I H. Smals had the pleasure of shaving Francis O'ferell the Colonels Brother from Minnesota, he came to our town to see his Mother.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 17, 1882: Commenced laying Brick on the Bank to day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 9, 1882: \"Overseer of the Poor took Peachy Hoak to the Poorhouse to day\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 12, 1882: \"I H. Smals was Disfranchised as Sexton and P. Hartman was put in my place.\"\n[This undoubtedly pertains to the Methodist Church]. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 14, 1882: \"Scaffold at Bank fell and hurt 3.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 23, 1882: \"Meinars Jim Dog died to day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 2, 1882: \"the Great Comet made its appearance this morning in the East.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 4, 1882: \"H. Dice sold a lot to Casper Earheart for $100, 1 ¼ acre.  Thrush Sellers Bilds Mrs. Williams a house for $600 on High Street.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 22, 1882: Preaching by Rev. Hildebrand.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 23, 1882: \"Humphreys Loose got his new engine this evening, it cost about $1200.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 25, 1882: \"Jack Higgins and Jack Jones were tried and convicted for stealing and sent to jail.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 26, 1882: \"A Christmas tree for benefit of the Sabbath School Children.  Speech from Rev. D. Bush.\"  [sketch of Christmas Arch]Jan 24: \"Old Brother John Altaffer Died in this Place this evening about 4 oclock at age of 84 ½  years old, he has been a Methodist for 65 year and over.\" [Commemorated in stained glass window in Bridgewater United Methodist Church.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 26, 1883: Rev Bush preached Altaffer's funeral.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 6, 1883: \"Our young Preacher Waters came to town this evening from Maeraland [Maryland].\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJune 1, 1883:  \"Colored boy died of scarlet fever [age 16] and buried in colored graveyard.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 24, 1883: Dr. Folensher preached.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 25, 1883:  \"A great many persons harvesting today-wheat very good.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 30, 1883:  \"Burn and Elam fought a duel near Wainsborough.  Elam got a flesh wound; the other was not touched.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 1, 1883: Preaching by Rev. Waters\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 8, 1883:  \"Our choir sung for the colored people today at 11:00.  Rev. B. Smith preached-a colored man.\" [Sunday]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 11, 1883: \"The Wizard men came to our town this evening and will stay until next Sabbath.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 12, 1883: \"Mr. Allemong and family gone to White Sulphur Springs to stay for 3 weeks.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 14, 1883:   Talks about a \"wizard man\" being in town for the week selling medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 25, 1883: \"Hanger and wife joined the M.E. Church to night.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 29, 1883: Henry Smals granddaughter Sallie Miller married Samuel Boselmen.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 4, 1883: \"My Birth day.  I H. Smals was born on the 4 August 1810 Saturday in afternoon at 3 oclock near the head of Muddy Creek about 2 miles of the head of Linville Creek and Bowmans Mill.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 20, 1883:  \"George E. Dunnell killed a Negro.  Shot him in self-defense.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 20, 1883:  \"Mr. George Murry's ondley daughter [age 11] got killed at a cane mill.  The shaft caught her clothes and thread her around and beat her head soft.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 8, 1883: \"Dr. Brown and Robert Whitescarver have a Quarrel in our Shop this morning, but Did not come to blows.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 12, 1883: \"Dock Van Pelt moved to Sangersville, he has moved 18 times in 6 years.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 28, 1883:  \"A black man from Rockbridge County came to our town and married Black Maria Huldey yesterday in the African Church.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 31, 1883:  \"Watch meting to night in M. E. Church. Oyster supper by the colored people in Odfellows Hall.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 1, 1884:  \"Oyster supper by the Odfellows tonight in Odfellows Hall.  Everybody invited. Uncommonly cold; scarlet fever very bad in the area; ice 6\" frozen.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 4, 1884:  \"Mrs. Young was laying out a woman who had died and got some gastric juices on a sore on her hand and now suffers very much in consequence of it.\" [She was sick for about a week; Smals doesn't mention her after that.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 26, 1884: \"Dr. Jones Drugstore caught on fire and burt up all his drugs and medcane [sic].  Did not burn the store house.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 11, 1884:  \"Colored people had their first Quarterly meeting at this place today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 24, 1884:  \"William Fishback and a black man had a fight.  Fishback struck the negro in the head with a rock and Fishback had to pay a fine and cost which was $4.45.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 31, 1884:  A great \"bass ball\" game.  Bridgewater 28 Harrisonburg 25 and 2 whitewashes.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 11, 1884:  \"David Hooks whipped his sister with a yardstick this morning and left marks on her boddie.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 13, 1884:  \"Brady and Wine killed their first beef this evening.  Going to butcher all summer.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 15, 1884 : \"Lighting struck Rev. Raley [Lutheran] near Mt. Crawford and knocked his horse down but did not kill either of them.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 18, 1884: \"All the presses and other tools to Bridgewater this evening to make cigars.\" [sketch of cigar]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 19, 1884:  \"Nute Fry commenced butchering and selling beef in Bridgewater this morning.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 1884:  [Several mentions of a cigar/tobacco factory.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 6, 1884: \"Old Jimmie Coakley, colored, died today near Rushville at the age of 110 years old.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 10, 1884: \"Sabbath Morning, Warm Cloudy.  Rained some last night.  This is Childrens Day with the M.E.C.S.  The collection amounted to 10 dollars.  Preaching by Rev. Waters at 11 oclock.  Exercises at 2 oclock, also at night.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 16, 1884: \"Professor Hoover and Professor Hulvey came to our town.  Spoke in the Old Town Hall as Democrats.\"\n[At this time Rev. Campbell was preaching in the Lutheran Church and Rev. Clark in the Baptist Church.  Smals usually mentioned the services in Lutheran and Baptist Churches].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 30, 1884:  Cigar boys played and beat Bridgewater boys in baseball.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 3, 1884: \"Uncle Jake Hesberger raised a watermelon that weighed 47 ¾ pounds.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 7, 1884: Rev. Linch preached in M.E.C.S Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 13, 1884: \"A fellow going to walk on a Rope started from J. Dinkles to the top of the old Tavern.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 20, 1884:  \"The colored people have a local Preachers Convention here-will continue over Sunday.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 21, 1884:  \"Preaching at colored church by colored preacher.  Fifteen local preachers present at the Convention.  Large crowd of colored people present.  Collected $30.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 22, 1884: \"Jacob Bierly and son were killed in the well by foul air.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 5, 1884: Rev. Ross preaching at M. E. C. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 1, 1884: \"Mrs. Showalter Beat a little child today Black and Blue.  She was arrested and had her trial.  Paid the Corporation $5.00 and $25.00 to the County Court.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 6, 1884:  \"A negro shot another negro in Harrisonburg last night.  He was caught and lodged in jail to await trial.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 25, 1884: Thursday Morning Clear.  \"Very cold this Christmas Day, Plenty of ice on the River   Boys skating and shooting.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 26, 1884: \"I H. Smals Eat a fine Dinner at George Hangers.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 27, 1884: \"Oyster supper to night by the Masons at Will Areys.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 12, 1885: \"The Cigar Boys commence making cigars today.\"  [Smals makes frequent  references to the \"cigar boys\" working in the cigar factory in Bridgewater]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 18, 1885: \"Old Mr. Hailman fell through the Bridge and Caught himself before he got to the water.\" [Smals had been writing regularly of work on the bridge]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 24, 1885: \"William H. Grove finished the Bridge today.  Got $56 for his 16 days work.\"   \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 21, 1885: \"21 below zero.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 11, 1885:  \"Nuten Smals came here from Hampshire County.  Brown Smals and Thomas Smals came to my house to day from Berkley County near Williamsport W.Va. to purchase cattle.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 18, 1885: \"Our Preachers have come from Conference to day.  Rev Dice the Presiding Elder and Rev Lynch and Prettiman [Prettyman] the Senior and Junior Preacher for one Year.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 21, 1885: \"Dam frozen over to night, never was known to freeze over in March before.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 22, 1885: Preaching by Rev. Reade [Reid?]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 24, 1885: \"Old Miller Areys sale today on Muddy Creek.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 25, 1885: \"Hales engine went through our town this morning.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 27, 1885: \"A Degarion [?] car came to town today.\" [sketch of train car, maybe an early photo studio?]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 28, 1885: \"The dogs killed a parse of sheep for John Allemong this morning. John Allemong discharged 6 of his cigar men.  Only 4 rollers left and 2 packers.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 3, 1885: [Good Friday.]  \"This is the day our Savior was crucified nearly 1900 years ago.\" [sketch of cross]  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 10, 1885:  \"The old Brick Shop that I Built 1840, 44 years ago, they are taring down to Build Drivers House.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 12, 1885: \"Bettie Brown joined the M. E. Church South.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 16, 1885: \"John Fisher rented the Lower Room of the Odd Fellows for the sum of  Two Dollars per month…\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 18, 1885: \"The first Quarterly Conference held in this place.   Presiding Elder present and both of the preachers on the Sircuit present and a good many of the Official Body present.  Brother Lynch gone to Spring Hill to hold a Quarterly meeting for the presiding Elders.  Brother Prettyman preached at night at 7 ½  oclock.\"  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 21, 1885:  \"Burk Sellers cow had twin calves.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 22, 1885: Moses Stickler had been recommended as Post Master in Bridgewater.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 26, 1885:  \"Two bysicles in our town.  Came from Harrisonburg in 52 minutes.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 28, 1885:  \"J.W.S. commenced getting new milk of Mrs. Jenkins today at 6 cents per quart.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 6, 1885:  \"Dinkel hired a bisicle in Harrisonburg to learn to ride on.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 15, 1885: \"My Daughter Annie Died to night at 10 oclock.  She was 42 years and some month old.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 20, 1885: \"Richard Berlin put a whistle on his engine today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 8, 1885: \"Shifflett stabbedd Riddle 2 times in the side.  The one stab is supposed to be fatal.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 13, 1885:  \"Dr. Johnson's cow had 2 calves this morning.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 1, 1885:  Post Office opened and first day of mail service in Bridgewater area.  Carriers going to Stribling Springs and Harrisonburg.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJuly 24, 1885:  \"2 Negroes broke open wines at Funkhouser store and stole 2 suit of clothing, coffee and sugar, and other articles. A black woman found under a hay stack with her throat cut from ear to ear in Augusta County, VA.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 7, 1885:  \"Colored people had a Festival tonight at the Old Town Hall\" [3 sketches of black heads].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 8. 1885:  \"Colored people continue their festival tonight.  Colored people have a Quarterly meeting on Crawford's farm today and tomorrow.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 8, 1886:  \"The Colored Minstrel Singers came to our town today and sing tonight in the M.E. Church.  Colored in this town a perfect Humbug.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 15, 1886:  \"The colored Preacher came here on his circuit today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 7, 1886:  Notes marriage of 2 coloreds with a squiggly circle drawing.  \"Wm. Branson to Allace Brookins\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 26, 1886:  \"Charley Stuart moved in Berlintown in Joseph Nielwanders house.  He is a colored man.\" [sketch of black man's head].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 1, 1886:  \"Mat Barber's child buried today in the Colored Graveyard in this town today at 11 o'clock.  Colored boy Joseph Riggle came to our town today to work in the factory.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 11, 1886:  \"John Wine's wife had twins and two days afterward his cow had twin calves.\" [sketch of twin calves]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 14, 1886:  \"The Colored people have a Picknick tonight for the benefit of their Preacher.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSummer of 1886:  Talks a lot about farmers harvesting their wheat all over and in July \"people are thrashing all over.\"  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 1, 1886:  \"The Colored People had a Bush meeting near Mt. Crawford.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 2, 1886:  \"A great show at the African church tonight by the colored folks.\"  [Pasted a picture of black musicians surrounded by violins, banjos and other instruments]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 30, 1886:  \"Jackson Doomer's cow died this morning.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 4, 1886:  \"Another bucher shop opened near Allemony's store.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 18, 1886:  \"Mr. Isaac Marshall weighed his big hog today at 705 pounds.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 16, 1886:  \"Colored Quarterly meeting commenced today in Bridgewater.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 19, 1886:  \"Henry Dice and Frank Irvin came home from Pokehunters to bring his cattle home.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 22, 1886:  \"Sanger Brothers started a Creamery today in Bridgewater.\"  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 15, 1887:  Josie Wise, colored, buried in the Colored Graveyard today at 11 o'clock.  A great many colored persons present.\"  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn speech:  [Smals spells the railroad president's name \"Auther Vandabilt\"]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn blacks:  [Frequently mentions when they are born, married, and died and usually draws head sketches.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn travel:  [In 1877 a trip to Harrisonburg took 4 hours.]\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Henry Smals Papers, 1871-1891, consist of three boxes containing eighteen volumes of diaries written by Henry Smals of Bridgewater, Virginia. The topics of diary entries are brief outlining day-to-day activities. There are mentions of acquaintances that are ill, various business transactions conducted in town, the movement of livestock, and hay through town, ongoing town projects, church activities, marriages, births, deaths, and other details of town life. The activities of \"colored people\" are occasionally noted. Throughout the diaries, Smals made small drawings of people and animals and added illustrations clipped from newspapers. A folder, located in Box 3, contains printed copies of a partial index and a list of highlights for most volumes as well as an ad for \"Henry Smals, Fashionable Barber! Main Street, Bridgewater, Va.\"","July 9, 1871: Rev. Holland preached.","July 28, 1871: \"Negro procession burying a black man, 27 numbers.\"","August 11, 1871: \"Ingenears [sic] at work from Harrisonburg to Bridgewater.\"  [sketch of surveyor's transit]","August 17, 1871: \"Eingenears [sic] leveling the road through town.\"","October 10, 1871: [Described Chicago Fire giving damage figures and drew a sketch]","November 8, 1871: A man was fined.","March 31, 1872: \"Charley Clark got his leg broke by the kick of a horse in the street near the Methodist Church.\" Rev. Engel [J.J.Eagle] was preaching at Mossy Creek ","April 22, 1872:\"Poor Peter Swisher, black, in  town from the Poor House ","April 28, 1872: \"class as usual at Lutheran Church\" ","May 4, 1872: Preaching by Rev. Whitscarver at 3pm ","May 8, 1872: \"A Drove of cattle went through town today to West Virginia to graze.\" [sketch of cow skull] \"A Load of corn to Staunton.\" [ear of corn sketch][during this period time small pox [drew symbolic dots] was raging at Tenth Legion and there is reference ot Tobias Swartz making barrels [sketch of barrel]]","May 27, 1872: \"A Cow ate up a pocket book for Harry Soule with $140 in the book.","May 31, 1872: \"Negro riot at Mrs. Woodleys.\"","June 1872: \"Glade as dry as we had seen in 40 years.\"","June 23, 1872: \"No class today, our church is under repairs. Prayer meeting at Lutheran Church","July 13, 1872:  \"Black Peter and Black Tond [sp?] came here from the Poor House for a Quarterly meeting.\"","July 14, 1872:  \"A great many Black persons at their meeting at the orchard of Mrs. Brown's. Sabbath Morning.  - \"Preaching by Reverend Engel [Eagle].  Rev. Whitescarver preached in the Methodist Church.  A very small congregation today.\"","August 4, 1872: [Henry Smals birthday.]","August 5, 1872: \"Some Scoundrels went in T. Hites watermelon lot and cut and stole all his watermelons.\"","August 17, 1872:  \"2 droves of Fat Cattle went through our town today . . . Another drove of cattle and a drove of sheep.  Another drove of cattle.\"","August 23, 1872: \"A camp meeting commence at Lacey Springs for the United Brethren in Christ.\" ","August 28, 1872:  \"A company of Gipseys went through our town.\"","September 2, 1872:  \"Two droves of cattle went through our town.\"","September 3, 1872: \"Greely Club meeting this evening.\"","September 4, 1872: \"25 wells gone dry.\"","September 5, 1872: \"load of crocks from Mt. Sidney.\"","September 7, 1872:  \"Negro picnic at Mt. Solon today at 11 o'clock.\" [5 black heads drawn]","September 14, 1872:  \"A drove of cattle very fat came through our town today. Reverend Perry killed 23 squirrels.\"","September 21, 1872:  \"A drove of sheep from Hiland came through our town  . . . A drove of cattle went through our town.\"","September 22, 1872: \"A large crowd  at the M. E. Church South.\"","September 24, 1872:  \"Joseph Byrd and Squire Whitsearver gone to try a Negro.  He is a lunatick.\"","September 28, 1872:  \"Negro picnic in the woods near the town.\"","October 4, 1872:  \"A blind Negro playing on harp for a living . . . A Negro show in our town this evening at 8 o'clock.\"","October 11, 1872:  \"2 beaves killed this evening in our town.\"","October 15, 1872:  \"A drove of sheep, a drove of cattle went through our town today.\"","November 8, 1872:  \"1 drove of cattle went through our town to Faquire County.\"","November 14, 1872:  \"Horse disease [Epizooty] made its appearance in our midst.  No fatal cases reported as yet.  Chicken cholera also prevailing.  The Devil has been at loose among the stock, poultry, etc.\"","November 25, 1872:  \"A large drove of cattle went through our town today.\"Dec. 11, 1872:  [Writes in German.]","December 22, 1872:  \"Class at usual hour 9 o'clock, Sabbath School at 2 o'clock. Singing after class.  Also singing at 6 ½ o'clock, Closed singing a 8 o'clock.\"","December 30, 1872:  \"Sinclair Lewis came to town this evening.\"","December 31, 1872:  \"Mr. Mason, Superintendent of Poor House, in town today.\"","February 7, 1873:  \"Black people all gone to the railroad from Bridgewater.\"","March 8, 1873:  \"2 droves of cattle and 2 droves of sheep went through our town this evening. . .  The black presiding elder's name is Harst.\"","March 9, 1873: \"Singing by Professor Wartman at 10 o'clock.\"","March 10, 1873:  \"All the black boys from Bridgewater went to the railroad.\"","March 26, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle and hogs went through out town today-up the country.\"","March 27, 1873:  \"All the colored people gone to the railroad.\"","April 22, 1873 : \"There are 11 preachers in town.\"","April 27, 1873: \"Baptism by Immersion in the River near the Bridge.\"","May 12, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle went through our town to the mountains.\"","May 15, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle gone through our town to the mountains.\"","May 18, 1873: \"Hattie Dinkel and Frank Perry baptized.\"","May 28, 1873:  \"Shifflet killed a black man dead in his tracks on the railroad between Sangersville and Harrisonburg.\"","June-August, 1873:[A lot of talk about many people being in town looking for work on the railroad and how much work was being done; a lot of railroad business.]","June 22, 1873: \"Preaching by Reverend Nihiser.\"","August 27, 1873: [District Conference commenced in Mt. Crawford.]","August 31 1873,-  \"Preaching at M.E.C.S by Reverend Waugh.\"","September 6, 1873:  \"Negroes have a Sabbath school picnic this evening.\"","September 20, 1873:  \"1 Drove of fat cattle gone through our town.\"","October 1, 1873:  \"Wages on the NGR Road is cut down to $1.25 per day and board themselves.  Negroes would not work for that price.\"","October 2, 1873:  \"A great stampede with the Negroes striking for higher wages or work on the whole line on the Narrow Gauge RR.  A great many Negroes gone to Staunton.\"","October 3, 1873:  \"A great many Negroes in town today looking for work.\"","October 5, 1873 - Reverend Weddell was to preach in Temperance Hall.","November 1, 1873:  \"A large drove of cattle came through our town.\"","November 15, 1873:  \"Negro Fair today at their schoolhouse on the bank of the river.\"","November 24, 1873:  \"Joseph Williams shot a negroman a convict from the penitentiary but did not kill him.\"","December 12, 1873: \"Dr. McMarren came to our town to open a drug store.\" [mortar and pestle sketch]","December 16, 1873:  \"Finished work on the Broad Gauge RR this evening.\"","December 28, 1873: \" Preaching by a Northern Methodist.\"","December 29, 1873:  \"A Negro frolick in our town tonight in the Odd fellows Hall lower room.\"","January 1, 1874: \"John Allemong and Mack Aden leased the Band Mill of  George Berlin for 3 years.\"","January 3, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle went through our town today.  2 droves more cattle went through our town.\"","January 4, 1874:  \"Preaching at Brethren Church by Rev Nihiser.  Prayer  mtg. 6 ½  o'clock in M. E. C. S.\"","January 11, 1874:  Sabbath morning   clear cool   class at the usual hour of 9 oclock   Preaching by Rev. Mr. Engel [Eagle]  Sabbath School at 2 oclock   Preaching by Rev. Whitescarver [Baptist?]   Also Rev Mr. Weddell at 3 ½ oclock  Rev Mr. Stuart preached at M. E. C. S. at 6 ½ oclock","January 17, 1874:  \"A drove of very fat cattle went through our town today.\"","February 1, 1874:  \"Singing by Professor Bucher at 11 o'clock.  Black Liz had a child and carried it to the stable, child had a bunch of straw crammed in its mouth, found dead.\"","February 13, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle came through our town.  1 drove of hogs went through our town today.\"","February 17, 1874:  \"A large drove of cattle went through our town today.\"","February 22, 1874: \"Sabbath Morning.  Class at the usual hour at 9 o'clock.  Preaching by Rev. Mr. Engel [Eagle].  Sabbath School at 2 o'clock.  Preaching at 3 ½ o'clock by Rev. Mr. Whitscarver.   Prayer meeting at the usual hour 6 ½ o'clock.  Very warm  mercury up to 82 degrees.\"","February 26, 1874: Two houses and lots were sold in Bridgewater for $375 each.  [Smals always drew a house when one was sold and when people moved to another house].","March 8, 1874: \"The old Methodist Church in Mt. Crawford Blown Down by wind today.\"","March 13, 1874: \"Rev Engel [Eagle] came home from Conference this morning.\"","April 11, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle gone through our town to the mountains. Lovefeast at 9 o'clock.  Preaching at 11 by John H. Marten.\" ","May 18, 1874:  \"Charley Hottle and Jack Higgins were arrested for stealing a large iron pot of Davie Danner and put in the calaboose for 3 hours and there whipped on the bare back, Charley 8 lashes and Jack 4.\"  [Doesn't say if these two were black or white.]","June 4, 1874:  \"This is Pention [sic] Day for the soldiers of the war.\"","June 9, 1874:  \"A great many persons in our town today for flowers for the soldiers graves.\"","June 10, 1874:  \"This is Memorial Day in Harrisonburg of Confederate Soldiers graves.\"","June 16, 1874:  \"A Negro strike on the Railroad today.\"","June 18, 1874:  \"President of NGRR and chief engineer in town today.\"","July 25, 1874:  \"Quarterly meeting commenced today by the Colored People in Bridgewater.\"","July 25, 1874: \"The Normal Professors and Scholars gone on the Round Hill, a pleasure trip.\"","August 15, 1874: \"Professors and Boys had a fine game of Bass Ball this afternoon.\"","October 2, 1874:  \"Colonel Osburn gone home and I suppose that is the end of the Broad Gauge RR.\"","November 2, 1874: \"Adam Rader butchering today.\" [Adam Rader was the first mayor of Bridgewater, Virginia and organized the first Methodist church in that town in 1841.  He is commemorated in a stained glass window in the Bridgewater United Methodist Church].","December 4, 1874:  \"This is Pention [sic] Day of the Soldiers of the War.\"","December 13, 1874: \"Rev Haines buried in Port Republic. Requested that all people who had heard him preach come to see him buried.\"","December 28, 1874:  \"Negro frolick in our town tonight.\"","March 1, 1875: \"The Sivil [sic] Rights Bill passed both houses.  Nigger can look to have his head broke.\"","April 28, 1875: \"Dick Rogers killed 1 loon and 1 Night Heron.\" [accurate sketches of both birds]","May 24, 1875:  \"A panther attacked one of Wises boys this morning on Wises.\"","May 24, 1875:  \"A panther attacked one of Wises boys this morning on Wises.\"","June 9, 1875:  \"A Negro hung near Harrisonburg for insulting a white woman today without judge or jury.\"","August 13, 1875: \"Methodist Camp Meeting commence today above Mt. Sidney.  Rev. Mauzey [Mausee] gone to attend this meeting.  Also a camp meeting near Lacey Springs commence to day held by United Brethren.\"","September 24, 1875:  \"A parsel of Negroes were blowed up on the Railroad in a cut near the Darah Coal mines.\"","September 25, 1875:  \"Severell droves of cattle, hogs and  sheep went through our town today to market.\"","October 15, 1875: [Sketch of a steam sawmill.]","January 2, 1876: Sabbath Morning.  \"A blind man by the name of Johnson addressed the Sunday School and children.\"","February 10, 1876: \"A large supper and surprise party given at Rev. Mauzeys [Mausee], about 50 in number.\"    ","February 21, 1876: \"Monday morning cloudy and rain.  This is Court Day.  A great many persons in town to day.  A great many drunk.  The Mite Society met at the Parsonage at 7 o'clock. Collected 6 dollars and some cents.  Miss Player was indited before the grand jury for killing her child by sticking scissors in its neck, seven holes.\"","March 6, 1876:  \"Great Disaster happened at the Narrow pass. Bridge broken, cars went down and killed 11 and wounded all of the crew and killed 96 cattle and tore everything to pieces.\"","March 11, 1876:  \"A Sons of Purity had a procession and fair today in Town Hall. A great many black folks present. They realized about $45 for their society.\"","March 20, 1876:  \"Black Amos gone to Montrey with his wagon with provisions for convicts.\"   [Many entries about people taking provisions to convicts.]","April 20, 1876:  \"Black Peter died at the Poor House.\"","May 3, 1876:  \"Black Charley Teter got drunk and Mr. Simpson struck him in the mouth and Charley was put in the calaboose.\"","June 10, 1876:  \"Black folks have Picnick at Mt. Sidney today.  The band is gone up to Sidney.\"","June 18, 1876: Sabbath Morning.   \"…the M. E. Church received a new library today, 125 volumes of good literature.\"","July 12, 1876: \"Old Miller Campbell drown in a barrel of water in Daton this morning.\"","August 21, 1876: \"Jedediah Hotchkiss of Staunton lectures geography of Virginia today at two o'clock.\"","August 31, 1876:  \"Convicts came off the road and gone near Rawley Springs to get out Railroad ties.\"  [Convicts now working on the RR, not blacks]","September 19, 1876: \"Adam Rader came to town today.\"","October 1, 1876: Sabbath -[Henry Smals attended Quarterly meeting at Naked Creek.]","October 24, 1876: \"4 droves of cattle came through our town.\"","November 5, 1876: Sabbath-\"John Allemong very sick\"","November 6, 1876: \"John Allemong still sick.\"","November 7, 1876:  Declares Tilden and Hendricks as elected President and VP of the country","February 4, 1877: Sunday -  \"The colored Quarterly Meeting closed this evening about 9 o'clock.\"","February 5 1877:  \"A black man the name of R. Coffman went to John Hatfields and choked John's wife and hurt her face and arm, and went in pursuit of him and caught him at James Davis and brought him to Mr. Byrds and Mr. Byrd sent him to jail for further trial.\"","February 16, 1877:  \"Negroes have a dance in the lower room in Odfellow Hall tonight.\"","March 5, 1877:  Notes inauguration day but doesn't mention names.  Perhaps he's disappointed his candidates didn't win after all.","March 16, 1877: [Smals mentions Pastors Graechen and Kinzer who were both new ministers at the M. E. Church on the Bridgewater Circuit.]","March 19, 1877:  \"The trial of the black man comes off today for an attempt of rape, was condemned to the penitentiary for 10 years.\"","January 2, 1875:  \"S. Coffman was arrested for assault and battery.\" [a black man].","April 1, 1877: \"Preaching at M. E. Church by Rev. Kinzer.\"","April 23, 1877:  \"Mr. Shifflett condemned to be hung by the neck till he is dead dead dead\"","April 25, 1877:  Shiffletts hanging to be done June 29.","June 12, 1877:\"a new engine went through our town today.\"","June 23, 1877: \"The Masons had a picknick below the bridge today.  All the Masons in town were present.\"","June 24, 1877: Sabbath morning: \"Preaching by Rev. Kinzer in M. E. Church.  Preaching in the Brethren Church at 8 o'clock in the evening.\"","June 29, 1877:  Hanging put off for further trial.","July 4, 1877:  \"This is Independence Day, great parade in Harrisonburg about 5,000 persons present.  Fine day for a celebration in Harrisonburg.  Several speeches made in the courtyard.\"","July 11, 1877:  \"Verdict brought in for Shifflett for murder in the first degree.\"","August 19, 1877: Sunday: \"About 3,000 people at a Camp Meeting in Parnassus.\"","August 24, 1877:  \"A picnic at Harrisonburg by the Negroes\"","August 25, 1877:  A white picnic at Mt. Crawford.","September 1, 1877:  \"The [traveling] Centennial closed tonight for the White People.\"","September 2, 1877: \"Preaching in M. E. Church by Rev. Graechen.\"","September 3, 1877:  \"Today Centennial opened for the Colored People.  A good crowd present.\"","September 5, 1877:  \"Several drove of cattle came through our town.\"","September 9, 1877: \"Preaching by Rev. Mausey [Mausee].\"","Wednesday, September 12, 1877: \"Rev. Roe preached in M. E. Church tonight on object of Bibles.\"","September 23, 1877: \"I [Smals] delivered an address to the Sunday School Prayer Meeting tonight.\"","September 25, 1877:  \"Mr. Shiflett was hung in Harrisonburg today about 1 o'clock.\"  [Sketch of a hangman's noose and gallows drawn]","October 3, 1877:  \"Some fine stock went through our town today.\"","November 11, 1877:  \"Boat was built to cross the river; big rope extended to both sides.\" [draws picture of rope and boat crossing the river.]","November 14, 1877: Preaching by Rev. Graechen.","November 27, 1877: \"…Jenkins nephew making boats to cross river.\"","December 8, 1877: \"A boat sank today with a load of wood on the wagon belonging to Daniel Evans, supposed to weigh 6 tons.\"","December 14, 1877:  \"Commenced the bridge.\" [drew a picture of a stone bridge].","December 17, 1877: \"Uncle Adam Rader paralyzed today.\"","December 18, 1877: Jacob Dinkel died [brother in law of Smals].","December 25, 1877:  \"Colored band has gone to Harrisonburg.\"","December 26, 1877:  White band invited to play at a party.","January 1878: [ Work continues on the bridge.]","January 22, 1878: \"Business very dull.  John Allemong put his calico down to 5 cents per yard.\"","January 26, 1878: \"Boys killed a red fox on Round Hill today.  Shot by John Keaton.\"","January 31, 1878: \"John Smith and Right Hartman had a fight today in the confectionaire [sic].\"","February 1, 1878: Rev. Graechen came to town.","February 7, 1878: \"Samuel S. Miller cut his hand in my shop.\"","February 9, 1878: \"The Dunkards made arrangements to build a church out at the woods.  Layed off the ground today.  Joe Summerlance and Tailor Sheetz had a fight at the bridge today.  Paid a fine of dollar apiece by decision of the Mayor.\"","February 13, 1878:  [Smals took sick for 2 weeks; no entries.]","March 6, 1878:\"Our annual Conference goes in session today in the City of Baltimore. Business looking up now.\"","March 7, 1878:  \"Black woman linched [sic] and hung for burning a barn.\" [drew picture of gallows]","March 19, 1878: \"Great Elocution in M. E. Church to night by Rev. Ross.  A failure. Ross sick.\"","March 22, 1878:  \"Henry Smals fell in the river today.\"","March 28, 1878:  \"Trussels finished on the bridge.\"  [Children and ladies crossed first]","April 9, 1878:  [Bridgewater Enterprise, first paper printed in Bridgewater; J.H. Smals bought the first paper off the press.]","April 12, 1878:  \"Bridge finished; first wagon and cart driven over.\"","April 30, 1878:  [Notes Dr. doing \"obstetricks\" [sic];  316 cases; lost only 1 mother.]","May 18, 1878:  \"Colored People have their first Quarterly meeting in this town.\"","May 20, 1878:  \"Commenced putting on shingles on Bridge roof today.\"","May 21, 1878:  \"Black Jack Higgins and Black Sam Williams had a fight on the road.\"","May 31, 1878: \"Peter Miller started to Baltimore to purchase stock for his factory.\"","June 3, 1878: \"John Hatfield and Gallice Miller finished the bridge today.  Gallice Miller drove the last nail.\"","June 5, 1878:  \"Commenced painting the bridge. . . . Bridge finished today.\" [Sketch of the finished bridge]","June 10, 1878: \"Presbyterians organized their church today.  Rev. Price preached in the Lutheran Church.\"  \"Spits of snow with 3 ½ inches on Mountain.\"","June 14, 1878:  \"Great decoration of soldier's graves; amount of persons present about 12,000; a good many went from Bridgewater.\"","June 20, 1878: \"Perry Meace crossed the Bridge with a steam boiler weighing 9200 pounds.\"","June 22, 1878:  \"2 Beef Wagons in town today.\"","June 23, 1878:  \"Preaching in M. E. Church today by Reverend Kinzer.  Mr. Kiracofe married to Miss McWilliams.  Some of the Negroes had a fuss in their church.\"","June 28, 1878:  \"2 hundred pounds of butter came to town today.\"","June 29, 1878:  \"A great deal of butter came to town today.\"","July 4, 1878:  \"This is Independence Day.  A fourth of July Celebration held at Edinburg today.  A good many persons gone to the celebration at Edinburg from this town.\"","July 6, 1878:  \"A big trial with the niggers for misdemeanor at their church.  Jane Bookers, Nels Lee and Addel Johnston were fined 50 cents each and cast and bound over the peace for 12 months.\"","July 19, 1878:  \"Picnic by the colored people at their schoolhouse tonight also tomorrow night.\"","July 21, 1878: Preaching by Rev. Daniel [David] Bush at Church.  \"Meeting at M. E. Church to pass a Resolution to have a festival on the 9 and 10 of August for the benefit of the M. E. Church.\"","July 25, 1878: \"Editor Delaney is taking the origin of our town from year 1826.\"  [This was apparently a history of Bridgewater].","July 27, 1878: Rev. Rosenbough at M. E. Church.","August 1, 1878:  \"A picnic of the Colored people at Coonrods Store today.  Our Colored Band went to play for them.\"","August 3, 1878: Iron safe weighing 5110 pounds installed in Bank of Bridgewater. ","August 4, 1878: [Smals birthday.  Preaching by Rev. Graechen in M. E. Church.]","August 9, 1878: Camp Meetings at Parnassus and Fort Defiance.","Sunday, August 11, 1878: \"No class today in consequence of church being out of order.\" [Repairs?]","August 20, 1878: Frank Miller got 15 years in penitentiary for stealing horses.  ","August 25, 1878: Meeting at the new Dunkard Church.","August 28, 1878: \"Dr. Brown got his printing press.\"","August 30, 1878:  \"Colored People's Camp Meeting commenced tonight near George Kerekoff's, on his land.\"","September 6, 1878:  \"A Colored man preached tonight at camp meeting near our town.\"  [The meeting closed on the 8th.]","September 20, 1878:  \"Great parade with the Negroes in Harrisonburg celebrating their freedom.\" [drew 4 black heads]","October 24, 1878: \"Rod and balls for church put on.\" [The legibility is unclear for this entry but from the accompanying sketch, it appears a lighting rod was installed on the church].","October 27, 1878: Rev. Green preached in M. E. Church.","November 3, 1878: Rev. Rosebough preached in M. E. Church.","December 1, 1878: Rev. Hat preached in M. E. Church.","December 25, 1878:  \"Colored had a fair in Town Hall.  Realized $8.\"","January 16, 1879:  \"Black Nels Lee got married to Black Allard.  Rev. Mauzy married them.\"","January 23, 1879:  \"Nels Lee moved into the house at the end of the Plank Walk.  Colored people working on their church.\"","February 15, 1879: Rev. Grachen preaching.","February 17, 1879: \"A Grand Supper gave by the Band of Bridgewater.  Cornet Band to night.\"","February 20, 1879: \"Charles Furry's wife had twins to night.\"","February 28, 1879: \"Mr. McClouds House burnt up about 11 o'clock to night.\"","March 1, 1879: \"A fine Revival going on in Harrisonburg. About 76 conversions up to this date.\"","March 5, 1879: \"Our Annual Conference goes in session at Salem, Roanoke County.\" ","March 6, 1879:  \"Commenced work again on the African church in rear of our church. George White bought 5 hogs of Mrs. Ward for $20.\"","March 8, 1879: Four day conference.  [likely M. E. Church]","March 12, 1879: Eight day conference adjourned.  Brother Kinzer returns to our Sircuit [sic] and Rev Holcomb [Homan?] moved to Jesse Frys house in our town.","March 14, 1879:  \"Negro Exhibition at old Town Hall tonight.\"","March 19, 1879: \"Dr. Brown moved his drug store to Armstrongs store room and also the printing press upstairs in Browns Store.  Samuel Miller upset his buggy and broke the top off it.\"","March 22, 1879: \"Lute Swartz killed a Sandhill Crane this morning.\" [sketch of crane]","March 30, 1879: \"Quarterly meeting going on at Crawford.\" ","April 13, 1879: \"Preaching by Kummingham [R. S Cunningham] at M. E. Church.\"","April 14, 1879: Henry Smals got sick on his way to Richmond Odd Fellows Conference.","April 29, 1879: \"A. Hollins brought a load of agricultural implements to the Old Town Hall.\"","May 10, 1879:  \"Quarterly meeting with the colored people today.  Presiding elder present.\"","May 29, 1879: \"Peter Miller's stable burnt down.  Supposed to have caught from the engine of Mr. Sheetz.\" ","June 9, 1879:  \"This is Memorial Day at Staunton to decorate the soldiers graves.  A good many persons gone from Bridgewater.\" [June 6-at Winchester-Memorial of the Dead-estimates 25,000 present]","Thursday, June 12, 1879: \"This is the day the Lawn Festival commences in church yard at M. E. Church.  No festival on account of rain.\" [sketch]","June 23, 1879: \"Willie Bradburn got his arms in the carding machine, tore off the flesh of half the arm.\" [Smals always drew a sketch of injured arms and legs]  \"about 2500 black bass put in the dam above the woolen factory.\"","June 27, 1879: \"A great many cherries in our town to day at from 11 to 20 cents per gallon.  Mr. Mefall got his buggy and harness broken near Allemongs by hoisting an umbrella, horse got frightened.\"","July 4, 1879: \"Day of Celebration in Harrisonburg, about 15,000 people present, 6 bands and 6 military companies, a powerful turnout.  98 degrees for 3 hours and one hour 100 degrees, awful dust.  It was supposed that $10,000 dollars was left in Harrisonburg today.\"","July 13, 1879: Rev. Rosbrown [?] preached.","July 21, 1879:  \"J.H. Smals at court, made 2 indictments on assault and battery, the other a rape on a small Negro child.\"","August 15, 1879:  \"Rev. Boothe, Colored preacher, in United Brethren Church tonight.\"","August 25, 1879: \"Oliver L. Rhodes made me a present of a fine hat this shape.\"  [sketch of the hat].","August 31, 1879:  \"Also dedication by the colored people of their church in our town.  Realized $72. Their presiding elder present. Had good order.\"","September 1, 1879: Rev. Cunningham had gone to District Conference at \"Wainsborough.\"  [Waynesboro]. ","September 4, 1879:  \"The first issue of the Bridgewater Journal out.\"\t","September 5, 1879: First issue of the Bridgewater Journal published.  [sketch]","September 6, 1879: Dr. Brown had gone to Rawley Springs to bottle water.   ","September 14, 1879: Rev Kemper preached in PM.","September 22, 1879:  \"This is Mansipation [sic] Day for the Negroes.\"  [Writes this in big letters and draws four black heads.]","October 2, 1879:  \"A blind black man sung in the African church this evening.\"","October 13, 1879:  \"Cars ran off the track and smashed 11 cars all to pieces, hurt a good many.\" [Smals does not tell where this happened]. ","October 28, 1879:  \"The winter meeting in the M. E. S. Church still in progress.  Herschel Young professed religion tonight\"","October 29, 1879:  \"547 cattle passed through town today.\"","November 1879-January 1880:  Mentions a lot of religious meetings and conversions.","November 2, 1879: \"56 for church service.  Protracted meeting still going on in M. E. Church.\"  [This revival continued for the first week or two of November] ","November 6, 1879:  \"Mr. Sheetz plank mill burnt down with 7,000 feet of lumber.\"","November 8, 1879: \"Several drummers in town today selling goods.\"","November 9, 1879: \"Wofered Vancant struck Joe William with a club at our church door.\"  [sketch of club with word club written on it]  \"John Myers was converted to night about 9 o'clock.\"","November 11, 1879: \"Moffett Miller, Dr. Bucher and Thrush Sellers were all converted.\" [Moffett Miller is commemorated in a stained glass window in Bridgewater United Methodist Church].","November 21, 1879: \"I  H. Smals heard a great noise to night in the skyes about 12 o'clock. The Noise was as Distant Thunder.\"  [He noted that the temperature was 8 degrees the next morning.]","December 8, 1879: \"Miss Rosenbaum came to our town to teach music on the piano from Staunton.\"","December 13, 1879:  \"The Tunkard Brethren had quite a revival.  15 were baptized by immersion.  Old man Marshall killed a 568 ¼ pound hog.\"  [Sketch of hog, Smals always reported who all was butchering this time of year]","December 24, 1879: \"Christmas tree in the M.E. Church.  A large attendance on the occasion.  In Shiffletts Hollow, Shifflett killed his brother Shifflett.\"","Christmas Day: \"a ladder at the Methodist Church with presents for the children.\"[This must have been a structure erected for the children's presents].","December 30, 1879:  \"Lutherans locked the Baptist out of their church this evening.\"","January 1, 1880:  \"Rev. Grennan preached in the Dunkard Church on the subject of baptism by immersion-3 times face down.\"","January 13, 1880: \"Miss Mulley Robinson gone home to Harrisonburg with mail wagon.\"","January 18, 1880: \"Preaching at 11 o'clock by Dr. John S. Martin in the M. E. Church.  Quarterly meeting.\"","January 20, 1880:  \"John Allemong elected president of our Narrow Gauge Rail Road.\"","January 21, 1880: \"A cave discovered on Blosser's Farm by Bud Peterson close to Pike about 2 ½ miles this side of Harrisonburg.\"","January 22, 1880: \"The U. B. trustees sold the church to the Baptists for $400.\"","January 24, 1880: \"Some scoundrel stopped my shop chimney up and smoked me powerful.\" ","January 28, 1880: \"One hundred cases of smallpox at Culpeper.\"","February 3, 1880: \"The organ for the M. E. Church came this evening.\" [sketch]","February 9, 1880: \"Campbell killed Smith at the Warm Springs today.\"","February 11, 1880: Rev. Grachen preached at M. E. Church.","February 23, 1880: Big fire in Bridgewater.  Destroyed Mr. Byrd's House and stable and burned the houses and out buildings of Mrs. Covington and Mrs. Arey.  $10,000 loss.","March 2, 1880:  \"The chimneys of the burnt houses were thrown down today.  M. E. Church broken into and the organ injured.\"","March 3, 1880: \"The Baltimore Conference met this morning at Front Royal, Warren County.\" ","March 4, 1880: \"Wild geese over river today near bridge.\"","March 5, 1880:  \"Mr. Ehrman the Beef man in town today settling with his customers.\"","March 6, 1880:  \"A man here today measured 6'7\" high.  He was a monster.\"","March 22, 1880:  \"John Hatfield puts a roof on Mrs. Covington's dairy.  Commenced this morning for $5.  High winds-could hardly stay on the building.\"","March 31, 1880:  \"The negroes had a fight at Lowman's stable last night.\"","April 2, 1880:  \"A great negro trial at our courthouse.  About 90 persons present.  Jos. Higgins and John Bundy paid a fine of $3.90 each for fighting at the corporation [of Bridgewater.]\"","April 28, 1880: \"George Dinkel and A. H. Smals commence making brick back of the school house.\"","May 6, 1880: \"George Jenkins wife had a child cut from her womb and saved the woman.\"","May 17, 1880:  \"Old Black Aunt Dasha died this evening about 10:00 at Miss May Areys.\"","May 23, 1880: Preaching by Rev. King.","June 3, 1880:  \"Mr. Jacobs wife and others gone to Harrisonburg to see the decorations of the soldiers graves.  A very small crowd present.\"","June 5, 1880:  \"A great Memorial Day at Winchester.  A great many persons present.\"","June 10, 1880:  \"A lawn party at Harrisonburg by the Colored People and the Colored Band attended the party.\"","June 14, 1880: \"Allemong gone to Staunton to close of female school of the M. E. C. South.\"","June 17, 1880: \"Mrs. Goldsmith buried to day in our grave yard and Brother Cunningham preached text Revelation.\"","June 19, 1880:  \"Colored Band went to Newmarket to the Cave.\"","July 2, 1880:  \"The colored people had a festival tonight at their church. Realized $7.30.\"","July 3, 1880: \"Hopewell was elected Sargent [sic] for the Corporation Bridgewater colored people.\"","July 3, 1880:  \"Colored people had another festival. Realized $10.18.\" [White lawn parties Smals mentions raise anywhere from $40-$70].","July 6, 1880: Smith stole George Milstead's watch and about ten dollars in money. [He got it back in the next day or so].[Smals records that Bridgewater had a population of 400 people in July 1880]","July 8, 1880:  \"The amount of population of the encorporation of Bridgewater is 400 white and colored.\"","July 20, 1880: \"T. P. Humphreys gone to Sunday School Convention at Valley Grove between Baltimore and Washington City.\"","July 30, 1880:  \"The Sons of Purity [colored] have a great parade today in Harrisonburg.\"","July 31, 1880:  \"The colored band gone to Pleasant Valley to a picnic.\"","August 6, 1880:  \"Rev Bush and Rev. Wolfe came down the street in a Rockaway and spindle broke and one jumped out the other fell out of the Rockaway and neither got hurt.\"","August 9, 1880:  \"Henry Hocks and T. Sheets had a fight.  Sheets struck H. Hocks with a piece of iron.  It is supposed that Hocks was in fault.\"","August 21, 1880:  \"A good many cattle and sheep gone through our town today.\"","August 22, 1880: Sabbath: \"Preaching by the Tunkards at the far end of town.\"","September 3, 1880:  \"A big watermelon trial between Joseph Nisewander and the Kerecoofs.\"","September 25, 1880:  \"The negroes had a picnic at Mt. Solon today.  The Nigger Band played for them.\"","September 30, 1880:  \"Colored People Village Camp commenced this evening in this place.  A negro show at the River schoolhouse.\"","October 1, 1880: \"Old Uncle Adam Rader has come over to our town at the age of 90 years old.\"","Octpber 19, 1880: \"A big show in Harrisonburg today, a great many persons present.  Some drunk and some sober.\" [sketch of circus tent]","November 11, 1880:  \"Peter Miller gone to West Va. on a preaching ture [sic] today.\"","November 29, 1880: \"I  H. Smals killed my hog today.\"","December 1, 1880: \"Some scoundrel cut the guts of Charley Teters horse this morning.  Mat Barber was arrested for gutting the horse, his trial comes off next Saturday in this place.\"","December 4, 1880: Mat Barber trial commence in old Town Hall. [Smals implies that others were implemented, but the trial outcome is not clear]","December 24, 1880: \"Coldest weather I ever felt or saw.\"","December 31, 1880:  \"25 degrees below zero.   Frank Erwin and Dewit Brown froze their ears stiff.\"","[A note in the back of this book says 32 snows fell in the winter of 1880-81].","January 3, 1881:  \"8 degrees below zero, wood getting very scarce.  E. B. Simpson went to Harrisonburg today with snow shoes, they are about six feet long and six inches wide.  Oh this is fearful weather, a great deal of slaying going on.\"","January 6, 1881: \"Professor Geason gave a Grand Free Exhibition of Scientific Horsemanship today and commenced a class with 20 or more pupils at $2.00 per pupil.\"","January 21, 1881: \"the horse tamer is in our town today.\"","February 6, 1881:  \"Niggers had a fight in African Church tonight.\" [Drew 3 black heads]","February 7, 1881: \"I H. Smals made a pair of boots for a Mr. Stokes that he wore for 25 years, please beat that.  There were 26 persons at the young mens prayer meeting in M.E.C. to night.\"","February 12, 1881:  Sam Williams was fined $10 and bound over the Peace for 12 months. Jos. Williams the same and Oliver Failer was fined $5 and bound over for 12 months for fighting in the African Church last Sunday in Bridgewater, VA.\"","February 17, 1881:  \"Allemony's Cattle Sale today.  His yearlings sold at $16 per head.\"","March 2, 1881: Stuart Lindsey lead union prayer meeting in M. E. Church at 5 o'clock. ","March 6, 1881: \"Mr. McNeal came to our town to see his sweet [sketch of heart] and I tell you she is very Handsome.  he lives in Hardy County.\"","March 7, 1881: \"Engineers and Simpson gone on the route of the railroad.\"  [sketch of surveyor's level]  Rev. Mr. Whisner came to Marg Areys.  A good many preachers went through our town to Harrisonburg to Conference.\"  ","March 27, 1881: Rev. Bush had his first sermon in M. E. Church.","March 28, 1881:  \"Joseph Williams taken to jail by Hopewell for fighting in Methodist Church, Colored.\"","March 29, 1881: \"Joseph Williams taken to jail for fighting in Methodist Church, colored.  The Engineers Simpson and Bell came home from their Byrds Eye Survey.\"","April 1, 1881: Preaching at M. E. Church by Rev. Deans.","April 14, 1881: \"F. K. Speck went after Uncle Adam Rader who died on the 7 of the present month at Culpeper County near Brandy Station.\" ","April 16, 1881: \"Uncle Adam Rader has been brought to this town to be buried in our grave yard this evening.\"","April 23, 1881:  Jesse Fry shot Dr. Jones cow in his wheatfield with small shot.\"\t","May 5, 1881: \"Adam Smals commence the brick church at Mossy Creek today with 6 hands.\"","May 7, 1881:  Colored people's 1st Quarterly meeting held in this place.\"","May 8, 1881: \"Preaching by Rev. Price in M. E. Church at 7 ½   oclock.  Mrs. Stickler lost 2 $5 Dollar Notes some where between the M.E. Church and home.\"","May 24, 1881: \"This is the most powerful year for Locus Blooms I ever saw.  I hope will get a good corncrop.\"","June 15, 1881:  Mr. Wm. S. Perry sold a calf 10 days old for $5.75 to Frank and Will Ervin.\"","June 21, 1881: \"Thrush Sellers finished Mrs. Covington's fence today at $8.00.\"  [sketch of  iron fence]  \"He finished a lattice fence the next day.\" [sketch of lattice fence]","July 1, 1881: \"John Carpenter Brought an Engine Thresher to Bridgewater.  Daily mail commences between Bridgewater and Stribling Springs.\"","July 2, 1881: \"Quarterly meeting commences this morning at Sangerville.  Presiding elder is I. S. Martin.  President Garfield was Shot in the City of Washington, District of Columbia.\" ","July 8, 1881:  \"A Colored Festival in Mt. Sidney today and night.  Realized $50.\"","July 13, 1881: \"Dr. Brown tapped Mrs. Showalter near Mt. Solon, 10 pints of water from her abdomen.\"  [Dr. Brown was often noted being present at births].","July 18, 1881: \"Dr. Brown had the first Roastnears in our town.\"  [sketched ear of corn] \"GrandMaster Crowder from Staunton will be with us in our lodge tonight as Odfellows.\"  [Belongs to Ancient Odfellows of Bridgewater Lodge.  Frequently writes in some kind of \"lodge code\"]","July 21, 1881:  \"The Negro Band gone 4 miles above Staunton today to a lawn party.  They get $10 for the trip.\"","July 24, 1881:  \"Mr. Looses, Mr. Hartman's, Mr. Minoss, and Mr. Allemony's cows died from eating molasses cane today.\"","July 26, 1881:  \"John Allemony's other cow is very sick.  A Negro shot himself near Mt. Solon today with a pistol accidental.\"","July 29, 1881:  \"The Colored People have a Lawn Party in our Odfellow Hall tonight and tomorrow night.\"  [Aug. 10 and 11-White lawn party held on school grounds]","August 20, 1881: \"Cora Crickenberger cut her throat and stabbed her self in the head two or three times.\"","August 23, 1881: \"This day District Conference commence 2 oclock in M. E. Church.  Preachers present.  Conference organized at 3 oclock this evening, John S. Martin in the chair, a good many preachers present and a large Lay Delegation Present.  Preaching at 8 oclock this evening by  Rev. A Weller.  Conference lasted all week.\"","August 29, 1881: \"all the preachers gone home today.\"","September 2, 1881: \"Mrs. B. Kyles lamp exploded this evening but did not hurt any one.\" ","September 4, 1881: Rev. Tailor had prayer meeting at M. E. Church.","September 9, 1881:  \"A Lawn Festival held in M. E. Church lot to night, Realised about $25.\"","September 10, 1881:  \"Festival Lawn Party tonight in churchyard.  Colored People have a picknick [sic] today at their church.\"","September 20, 1881:  \"Shef Lewis and Wise fought a duel today.  Neither of them hurt.\"","September 22, 1881: \"Henry Smals I appoint you as Stuart for the Corporation of Bridgewater Council given under my hand for the sum of two Dollars for Services Commencing on the first of July 1881 and Closing July 1, 1882.\" _ M. Stickler, Mayor","September 24, 1881:  \"A Lawn Party at Mt. Solon by the colored people.\"","September 25, 1881: Rev. Hildebrand preached at M. E. Church.","October 1, 1881:  \"Colored band gone out to play for a picknick near Pleasant Valley in Rockingham County.\"","October 5, 1881:  \"James Clary open his Degarian [?] Saloon at Robert Funks.\"","October 6-7, 1881:  \"Colored at Allemony's this evening at 8:00. . . .Colored meeting still going on in this town.\"","November 13, 1881: \"Mrs. Arey came home today. Sabbath morning class at the usual hour 9 oclock, Sabbath school at 2 ½  oclock.  Prayer meeting at M. E. Church 7 oclock.\"","November 18, 1881: \"Clear and Warm. A Great Republican procession in Harrisonburg to night, Governor Walker came to our town.\"","November 19, 1881:  \"Rev Perrys children all have the Hooping Cough.  Some of them very poorly tonight.\"","November 20, 1881: \"Preaching at 11 oclock by Rev Hildebrand.\"","November 21, 1881: Court Day.   \"Professor Steel commence his Wrighting School today.\"  [sketch of quill] \"N. Marion Miller gone to Het Smals to do sowing for them.\"","November 22, 1881: Cloudy and cool.  \"Stuart Lindsay has gone to Monterey to see his sick wife.\"","November 27, 1881: \"No preaching in town today.  Mrs. J Lindsey and T Lindsey came from Monterey this evening.  Stuart Lindseys wife some better.\"","December 1, 1881: \"Dr. T. H. Brown gone to Moorefield Hardy County to see his daughter Verdie Mcneal [McNeil]…  Mr. Jos Byrd move to his new house today.\"  [sketch of 2 story house with 2 chimneys, Smals sketches of houses that people bought and sold often show details which were probably characteristic to the particular house] ","December 4, 1881: Preaching at 11 o'clock by Rev. Bush.","December 6, 1881: \"Stuart Lindseys wife some better.\"","December 10, 1881: \"P. Miller gone to Broadway to see about the schoolhouse to be built here or at Broadway.\"","December 11, 1881: \"No preaching in town today.\"","December 12, 1881: \"Cloudy and threaten for snow cold weather.\"","December 14, 1881: \"Snowed through the night one inch in depth.\" [drew a one inch purple line]","December 16, 1881: \"Stuart Lindsey and wife came home from her Father's at Monterey, She is right peart.\"","December 25, 1881: Sabbath morning clear and cold this is Christmas Day. Prayer Meeting at 5 oclock, Class meeting at 9 oclock , No preaching at 11 oclock, Sabbath school at 2 oclock, Preaching at 6 ½  oclock by Rev D. Bush.","December 26, 1881: \"Professor Hull commenced his singing school today.\"","December 27, 1881: \"Peter Miller is receiving contribution of the German Baptist Formal School to be established at this place.\"","December 28, 1881: Clear and warm.  \"the Baptist members are moving their church back 6 feet today. D. John Allemong sick.\"","January 4, 1882: \"John Allemong very sick.  Allemong has Nierulalgia of the Bowels.  8 inches of snow.\" ","January 5, 1882: \"Allemong no better.\"","January 6, 1882: \"J.W. F. Allemong no better\"","January 10, 1882: \"Street Lamps made for the Corporation, they will be put in a short time.\"  [sketch of lamp]","January 11, 1882: \"John W. F. Allemong some better.\"","January 17, 1882: \"Allemong still improving, able to get up and be shaved.\"","January 18, 1882: \"the Ladies are holding a Missionary metng this afternoon in M. E. Church at 3 ½ oclock.\"","January 20, 1882: \"John W. F. Allemong improving very fast\"","January 24, 1882: \"Allemong has gotten well\"","January 27, 1882: Jury brought in a verdict, that Guitttoes [sic] committed Murder in first Degree for killing President Garfield.\"","February 2, 1882:  \"groundhog day: He saw his shadow.\"  [Smals drew a sketch of a ground hog every year, but his drawings resembled a cat more than a ground hog]  \"Allemong hauling ice from Factory and Robert Wrights Ponds.\"","February 10, 1882: \"Charley Schenk fell in the Creek\"","February 12, 1882: Preaching at 11 oclock by Rev. Hildebrand.","February 15, 1882:  \"Miss Ryan buried in our graveyard today at 3 oclock   Funeral preached by Rev Hildebrand.\"","February 17, 1882:  \"Oyster supper this evening for the Benefit of the M. E. Church, realized $21.50 Dollars.  John Allemong Enlarged his office to day.\"","February 18, 1882:  \"Adjourned Quarterly meeting met in Allemong's Office today.  Oyster supper this evening for the Benefit of the M. E. Church.  Realized [?]  Dollars.\"","February 19, 1882: \"Preaching by Rev Rosebrow in M. E. Church at 7 oclock.  Mrs. McNeil of Hardy County Dr. Browns Daughter had a son born today at Dr. Browns.\"","February 21, 1882: \"Uncommon windy and Storm and uncommon muddy…  Rev. Kinzer came to our town today.\"","February 22, 1882: \"Rev. Kinzer preached for us.  Click Miller, Ad Hollum, Walter Davis and John Allemong bought the wood factory and Foundrey for the sum of $9000 Dollars.\"","February 25, 1882: \"A Great many Deprecations acted tonight by the Boys, Shooting, Cursing, Swearing and being Drunk.\" ","February 26, 1882: \"Preaching in M.E. Church by Rev Bush and Sacrament of the Lords Supper.  Hopewell shot a chicken for Salley Fitchew.  Laurence fired a pistol also on the Sabbath.\"","March 2, 1882: \"Queen Victoria was shot and mist her.\"","March 6, 1882: \"Preachers all fixing to go to Conference.\"","March 8, 1882: \"Sheets sold his Hartman Lot and house to J. W. F. Allemong for the sum of $200 dollars.\"","March 14, 1882: \"Stuart Lindseys wife very poorly.\"","March 16, 1882:  \"Rev. Hildebrand came back from Conference today to our town.\"","March 17, 1882: \"Joseph Attaffer died this morning at 1 oclock.\"","March 18, 1882: \"Saturday morning cloudy sleet and Rain  Rained all day long,   Joseph Attaffer buried today.\"","March 22, 1882: \"Dog bit Eugene Ervin in the hand this morning very badly.\"","March 26, 1882: \"David Bush preached.\"","April 2, 1882: Rev. Whitescarver preached.","April 7, 1882: \"Widow John Arey died this morning.\"","April 16, 1882: \"Preaching by Rev. Tailor at Barbees Office.\"","April 17, 1882: \"Jacob Wynant's Horse Run off.  It went home and never Broke his Buggy.\" ","April 20, 1882: \"Joseph Beery Hung himself in his grainery this morning about 5 oclock on Linville Creek the cause not known. Jack Thuma killed a large loon.\"  [sketch]  [Smals wrote of at least four horse-runoff episodes during April].","April 24, 1882: \"Mrs. Stuart Lindsey Died at Jacob Lindseys House…\"","May 4, 1882: \"The smallest Baby Born to day in the world some where in the north, it weighed 8 ounces and was perfect child.\"","May 5, 1882: \"The Mossy Creek folks settled with Allemong to day for the church.\"","May 6, 1882: \"A waggon Run over G. Claude Smals to day and Did not Break any of his Limbs.\"","May 11, 1882: \"The Presbyterian Church was dedicated to Day.\"","May 18, 1882: \"A fish and meat house opened here to day.\"","May 28, 1882: \"Rev. Armstrong preached the Dedicatory sermon for the Mt. Solon Church to day and Realized money enough to the pay the Deposit on the Church which was $300.\" ","June 6, 1882: \"Jack Dooms finished the Parsonage House today.\"","June 15, 1882: \"Jack Dooms finished the Parsonage Stable today.\"","June 18, 1882: Rev. Bush preached. ","June 19, 1882: \"Isac Marshall Bought a Cow of Mr. Brown for a price of $45.00   She is a full Jersey.\"","July 24, 1882: \"11 Wagons went through town for Blackberries to Parnassus, 50 bushels to town\"","August 1, 1882: \"A new Barbershop by Barber and John Collbert commenced to day.\"","August 8, 1882: \"I H. Smals had the pleasure of shaving Francis O'ferell the Colonels Brother from Minnesota, he came to our town to see his Mother.\"","August 17, 1882: Commenced laying Brick on the Bank to day.\"","September 9, 1882: \"Overseer of the Poor took Peachy Hoak to the Poorhouse to day\"","September 12, 1882: \"I H. Smals was Disfranchised as Sexton and P. Hartman was put in my place.\"\n[This undoubtedly pertains to the Methodist Church]. ","September 14, 1882: \"Scaffold at Bank fell and hurt 3.\"","September 23, 1882: \"Meinars Jim Dog died to day.\"","October 2, 1882: \"the Great Comet made its appearance this morning in the East.\"","October 4, 1882: \"H. Dice sold a lot to Casper Earheart for $100, 1 ¼ acre.  Thrush Sellers Bilds Mrs. Williams a house for $600 on High Street.\"","October 22, 1882: Preaching by Rev. Hildebrand.","October 23, 1882: \"Humphreys Loose got his new engine this evening, it cost about $1200.\"","December 25, 1882: \"Jack Higgins and Jack Jones were tried and convicted for stealing and sent to jail.\"","December 26, 1882: \"A Christmas tree for benefit of the Sabbath School Children.  Speech from Rev. D. Bush.\"  [sketch of Christmas Arch]Jan 24: \"Old Brother John Altaffer Died in this Place this evening about 4 oclock at age of 84 ½  years old, he has been a Methodist for 65 year and over.\" [Commemorated in stained glass window in Bridgewater United Methodist Church.]","January 26, 1883: Rev Bush preached Altaffer's funeral.","April 6, 1883: \"Our young Preacher Waters came to town this evening from Maeraland [Maryland].\"","June 1, 1883:  \"Colored boy died of scarlet fever [age 16] and buried in colored graveyard.\"","June 24, 1883: Dr. Folensher preached.","June 25, 1883:  \"A great many persons harvesting today-wheat very good.\"","June 30, 1883:  \"Burn and Elam fought a duel near Wainsborough.  Elam got a flesh wound; the other was not touched.\"","July 1, 1883: Preaching by Rev. Waters","July 8, 1883:  \"Our choir sung for the colored people today at 11:00.  Rev. B. Smith preached-a colored man.\" [Sunday]","July 11, 1883: \"The Wizard men came to our town this evening and will stay until next Sabbath.\"","July 12, 1883: \"Mr. Allemong and family gone to White Sulphur Springs to stay for 3 weeks.\"","July 14, 1883:   Talks about a \"wizard man\" being in town for the week selling medicine.","July 25, 1883: \"Hanger and wife joined the M.E. Church to night.\"","July 29, 1883: Henry Smals granddaughter Sallie Miller married Samuel Boselmen.","August 4, 1883: \"My Birth day.  I H. Smals was born on the 4 August 1810 Saturday in afternoon at 3 oclock near the head of Muddy Creek about 2 miles of the head of Linville Creek and Bowmans Mill.\"","August 20, 1883:  \"George E. Dunnell killed a Negro.  Shot him in self-defense.\"","September 20, 1883:  \"Mr. George Murry's ondley daughter [age 11] got killed at a cane mill.  The shaft caught her clothes and thread her around and beat her head soft.\"","November 8, 1883: \"Dr. Brown and Robert Whitescarver have a Quarrel in our Shop this morning, but Did not come to blows.\"","November 12, 1883: \"Dock Van Pelt moved to Sangersville, he has moved 18 times in 6 years.\"","December 28, 1883:  \"A black man from Rockbridge County came to our town and married Black Maria Huldey yesterday in the African Church.\"","December 31, 1883:  \"Watch meting to night in M. E. Church. Oyster supper by the colored people in Odfellows Hall.\"","January 1, 1884:  \"Oyster supper by the Odfellows tonight in Odfellows Hall.  Everybody invited. Uncommonly cold; scarlet fever very bad in the area; ice 6\" frozen.\"","February 4, 1884:  \"Mrs. Young was laying out a woman who had died and got some gastric juices on a sore on her hand and now suffers very much in consequence of it.\" [She was sick for about a week; Smals doesn't mention her after that.]","February 26, 1884: \"Dr. Jones Drugstore caught on fire and burt up all his drugs and medcane [sic].  Did not burn the store house.\" ","May 11, 1884:  \"Colored people had their first Quarterly meeting at this place today.\"","May 24, 1884:  \"William Fishback and a black man had a fight.  Fishback struck the negro in the head with a rock and Fishback had to pay a fine and cost which was $4.45.\"","May 31, 1884:  A great \"bass ball\" game.  Bridgewater 28 Harrisonburg 25 and 2 whitewashes.","June 11, 1884:  \"David Hooks whipped his sister with a yardstick this morning and left marks on her boddie.\"","June 13, 1884:  \"Brady and Wine killed their first beef this evening.  Going to butcher all summer.\"","June 15, 1884 : \"Lighting struck Rev. Raley [Lutheran] near Mt. Crawford and knocked his horse down but did not kill either of them.\"","June 18, 1884: \"All the presses and other tools to Bridgewater this evening to make cigars.\" [sketch of cigar]","July 19, 1884:  \"Nute Fry commenced butchering and selling beef in Bridgewater this morning.\"","August 1884:  [Several mentions of a cigar/tobacco factory.]","August 6, 1884: \"Old Jimmie Coakley, colored, died today near Rushville at the age of 110 years old.\"","August 10, 1884: \"Sabbath Morning, Warm Cloudy.  Rained some last night.  This is Childrens Day with the M.E.C.S.  The collection amounted to 10 dollars.  Preaching by Rev. Waters at 11 oclock.  Exercises at 2 oclock, also at night.\" ","August 16, 1884: \"Professor Hoover and Professor Hulvey came to our town.  Spoke in the Old Town Hall as Democrats.\"\n[At this time Rev. Campbell was preaching in the Lutheran Church and Rev. Clark in the Baptist Church.  Smals usually mentioned the services in Lutheran and Baptist Churches].","August 30, 1884:  Cigar boys played and beat Bridgewater boys in baseball.","September 3, 1884: \"Uncle Jake Hesberger raised a watermelon that weighed 47 ¾ pounds.\" ","September 7, 1884: Rev. Linch preached in M.E.C.S Church.","September 13, 1884: \"A fellow going to walk on a Rope started from J. Dinkles to the top of the old Tavern.\"","September 20, 1884:  \"The colored people have a local Preachers Convention here-will continue over Sunday.\"","September 21, 1884:  \"Preaching at colored church by colored preacher.  Fifteen local preachers present at the Convention.  Large crowd of colored people present.  Collected $30.\"","September 22, 1884: \"Jacob Bierly and son were killed in the well by foul air.\" ","October 5, 1884: Rev. Ross preaching at M. E. C. ","November 1, 1884: \"Mrs. Showalter Beat a little child today Black and Blue.  She was arrested and had her trial.  Paid the Corporation $5.00 and $25.00 to the County Court.\"","December 6, 1884:  \"A negro shot another negro in Harrisonburg last night.  He was caught and lodged in jail to await trial.\" ","December 25, 1884: Thursday Morning Clear.  \"Very cold this Christmas Day, Plenty of ice on the River   Boys skating and shooting.\"","December 26, 1884: \"I H. Smals Eat a fine Dinner at George Hangers.\"","December 27, 1884: \"Oyster supper to night by the Masons at Will Areys.\" ","January 12, 1885: \"The Cigar Boys commence making cigars today.\"  [Smals makes frequent  references to the \"cigar boys\" working in the cigar factory in Bridgewater]","January 18, 1885: \"Old Mr. Hailman fell through the Bridge and Caught himself before he got to the water.\" [Smals had been writing regularly of work on the bridge]","January 24, 1885: \"William H. Grove finished the Bridge today.  Got $56 for his 16 days work.\"   ","February 21, 1885: \"21 below zero.\"","March 11, 1885:  \"Nuten Smals came here from Hampshire County.  Brown Smals and Thomas Smals came to my house to day from Berkley County near Williamsport W.Va. to purchase cattle.\"","March 18, 1885: \"Our Preachers have come from Conference to day.  Rev Dice the Presiding Elder and Rev Lynch and Prettiman [Prettyman] the Senior and Junior Preacher for one Year.\"","March 21, 1885: \"Dam frozen over to night, never was known to freeze over in March before.\"","March 22, 1885: Preaching by Rev. Reade [Reid?]","March 24, 1885: \"Old Miller Areys sale today on Muddy Creek.\"","March 25, 1885: \"Hales engine went through our town this morning.\"","March 27, 1885: \"A Degarion [?] car came to town today.\" [sketch of train car, maybe an early photo studio?]","March 28, 1885: \"The dogs killed a parse of sheep for John Allemong this morning. John Allemong discharged 6 of his cigar men.  Only 4 rollers left and 2 packers.\"","April 3, 1885: [Good Friday.]  \"This is the day our Savior was crucified nearly 1900 years ago.\" [sketch of cross]  ","April 10, 1885:  \"The old Brick Shop that I Built 1840, 44 years ago, they are taring down to Build Drivers House.\"","April 12, 1885: \"Bettie Brown joined the M. E. Church South.\"","April 16, 1885: \"John Fisher rented the Lower Room of the Odd Fellows for the sum of  Two Dollars per month…\"","April 18, 1885: \"The first Quarterly Conference held in this place.   Presiding Elder present and both of the preachers on the Sircuit present and a good many of the Official Body present.  Brother Lynch gone to Spring Hill to hold a Quarterly meeting for the presiding Elders.  Brother Prettyman preached at night at 7 ½  oclock.\"  ","April 21, 1885:  \"Burk Sellers cow had twin calves.\"","April 22, 1885: Moses Stickler had been recommended as Post Master in Bridgewater.","April 26, 1885:  \"Two bysicles in our town.  Came from Harrisonburg in 52 minutes.\"","April 28, 1885:  \"J.W.S. commenced getting new milk of Mrs. Jenkins today at 6 cents per quart.\"","May 6, 1885:  \"Dinkel hired a bisicle in Harrisonburg to learn to ride on.\"","May 15, 1885: \"My Daughter Annie Died to night at 10 oclock.  She was 42 years and some month old.\" ","May 20, 1885: \"Richard Berlin put a whistle on his engine today.\"","June 8, 1885: \"Shifflett stabbedd Riddle 2 times in the side.  The one stab is supposed to be fatal.\"","June 13, 1885:  \"Dr. Johnson's cow had 2 calves this morning.\"","July 1, 1885:  Post Office opened and first day of mail service in Bridgewater area.  Carriers going to Stribling Springs and Harrisonburg.","July 24, 1885:  \"2 Negroes broke open wines at Funkhouser store and stole 2 suit of clothing, coffee and sugar, and other articles. A black woman found under a hay stack with her throat cut from ear to ear in Augusta County, VA.\"","August 7, 1885:  \"Colored people had a Festival tonight at the Old Town Hall\" [3 sketches of black heads].","August 8. 1885:  \"Colored people continue their festival tonight.  Colored people have a Quarterly meeting on Crawford's farm today and tomorrow.\"","March 8, 1886:  \"The Colored Minstrel Singers came to our town today and sing tonight in the M.E. Church.  Colored in this town a perfect Humbug.\"","April 15, 1886:  \"The colored Preacher came here on his circuit today.\"","May 7, 1886:  Notes marriage of 2 coloreds with a squiggly circle drawing.  \"Wm. Branson to Allace Brookins\"","May 26, 1886:  \"Charley Stuart moved in Berlintown in Joseph Nielwanders house.  He is a colored man.\" [sketch of black man's head].","June 1, 1886:  \"Mat Barber's child buried today in the Colored Graveyard in this town today at 11 o'clock.  Colored boy Joseph Riggle came to our town today to work in the factory.\"","June 11, 1886:  \"John Wine's wife had twins and two days afterward his cow had twin calves.\" [sketch of twin calves]","June 14, 1886:  \"The Colored people have a Picknick tonight for the benefit of their Preacher.\"","Summer of 1886:  Talks a lot about farmers harvesting their wheat all over and in July \"people are thrashing all over.\"  ","August 1, 1886:  \"The Colored People had a Bush meeting near Mt. Crawford.\"","August 2, 1886:  \"A great show at the African church tonight by the colored folks.\"  [Pasted a picture of black musicians surrounded by violins, banjos and other instruments]","August 30, 1886:  \"Jackson Doomer's cow died this morning.\"","September 4, 1886:  \"Another bucher shop opened near Allemony's store.\"","September 18, 1886:  \"Mr. Isaac Marshall weighed his big hog today at 705 pounds.\"","October 16, 1886:  \"Colored Quarterly meeting commenced today in Bridgewater.\"","October 19, 1886:  \"Henry Dice and Frank Irvin came home from Pokehunters to bring his cattle home.\"","November 22, 1886:  \"Sanger Brothers started a Creamery today in Bridgewater.\"  ","February 15, 1887:  Josie Wise, colored, buried in the Colored Graveyard today at 11 o'clock.  A great many colored persons present.\"  ","On speech:  [Smals spells the railroad president's name \"Auther Vandabilt\"]","On blacks:  [Frequently mentions when they are born, married, and died and usually draws head sketches.]","On travel:  [In 1877 a trip to Harrisonburg took 4 hours.]"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8d4b0f6af460a047d246ff4686ce4549\"\u003eThe Henry Smals Diaries, 1871-1891, consist of three boxes containing eighteen volumes of diaries written by Henry Smals of Bridgewater, Virginia. The topics of diary entries are brief outlining day-to-day activities. A folder, located in Box 3, contains a partial index and a list of highlights for most volumes as well as an ad for \"Henry Smals, Fashionable Barber! Main Street, Bridgewater, Va.\"\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Henry Smals Diaries, 1871-1891, consist of three boxes containing eighteen volumes of diaries written by Henry Smals of Bridgewater, Virginia. The topics of diary entries are brief outlining day-to-day activities. A folder, located in Box 3, contains a partial index and a list of highlights for most volumes as well as an ad for \"Henry Smals, Fashionable Barber! Main Street, Bridgewater, Va.\""],"names_coll_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Smalls family","Smals, Henry, 1810-1892"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Smalls family","Smals, Henry, 1810-1892","Hotchkiss, Jedediah, 1828-1899"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"famname_ssim":["Smalls family"],"persname_ssim":["Smals, Henry, 1810-1892","Hotchkiss, Jedediah, 1828-1899"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":19,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:20:27.499Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_250","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_250","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_250","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_250","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_250.xml","title_ssm":["Henry Smals Diaries"],"title_tesim":["Henry Smals Diaries"],"unitdate_ssm":["1871-1891"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1871-1891"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0096","/repositories/4/resources/250"],"text":["SC 0096","/repositories/4/resources/250","Henry Smals Diaries","Virginia -- History, Local -- Genealogy","Bridgewater (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Economic customs -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Shoemakers -- Virginia -- Biography","African Americans -- Virginia -- History -- 19th century","Shoemakers -- Virginia -- History -- 19th century","Diaries","Weather diaries","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The diaries are arranged chronologically where possible, but due to variations in size are physically housed as follows in the Contents List. Volume 14 is filed in a separate container.","United States Census Office, 7th census. 1850 U.S. Census, Rockingham County, Virginia. Wichita, Ks.: S-K Publications, 1987.","Henry Smals (1810-1892) is listed in the 1850 Rockingham County Census as a shoemaker with real estate value of $1,000 with a wife, Mary, and six children. There is an entry for Henry Smalts in the 1860 census and for Henry Smalls in the 1870 census that gives additional household details. He may also have been a barber sometime during the 1880s (ses Box 3, Folder 4). His surname appears as a variation of Smalz and Smaltz as well.","The collection of diaries was first presented to George M. Hanger by Smals' grandson, Gal Miller, in 1910. The diaries were then given to George P. Furry in 1920, Edwina Furry in 1970, and Dorothy Merriefield in 1983.","The diaries appear to have been rebound, perhaps several times, and some volumes have sections in them that are not in chronological order. In some places the ink has faded to illegibility. In the fall of 2002 and 2003, Peggy Dillard and Ken Hinkle respectively created partial indices for the Smals diaries. The entries transcribed as part of these partial indices are included under each diary's scope and content note. ","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2059 .","The Henry Smals Papers, 1871-1891, consist of three boxes containing eighteen volumes of diaries written by Henry Smals of Bridgewater, Virginia. The topics of diary entries are brief outlining day-to-day activities. There are mentions of acquaintances that are ill, various business transactions conducted in town, the movement of livestock, and hay through town, ongoing town projects, church activities, marriages, births, deaths, and other details of town life. The activities of \"colored people\" are occasionally noted. Throughout the diaries, Smals made small drawings of people and animals and added illustrations clipped from newspapers. A folder, located in Box 3, contains printed copies of a partial index and a list of highlights for most volumes as well as an ad for \"Henry Smals, Fashionable Barber! Main Street, Bridgewater, Va.\"","July 9, 1871: Rev. Holland preached.","July 28, 1871: \"Negro procession burying a black man, 27 numbers.\"","August 11, 1871: \"Ingenears [sic] at work from Harrisonburg to Bridgewater.\"  [sketch of surveyor's transit]","August 17, 1871: \"Eingenears [sic] leveling the road through town.\"","October 10, 1871: [Described Chicago Fire giving damage figures and drew a sketch]","November 8, 1871: A man was fined.","March 31, 1872: \"Charley Clark got his leg broke by the kick of a horse in the street near the Methodist Church.\" Rev. Engel [J.J.Eagle] was preaching at Mossy Creek ","April 22, 1872:\"Poor Peter Swisher, black, in  town from the Poor House ","April 28, 1872: \"class as usual at Lutheran Church\" ","May 4, 1872: Preaching by Rev. Whitscarver at 3pm ","May 8, 1872: \"A Drove of cattle went through town today to West Virginia to graze.\" [sketch of cow skull] \"A Load of corn to Staunton.\" [ear of corn sketch][during this period time small pox [drew symbolic dots] was raging at Tenth Legion and there is reference ot Tobias Swartz making barrels [sketch of barrel]]","May 27, 1872: \"A Cow ate up a pocket book for Harry Soule with $140 in the book.","May 31, 1872: \"Negro riot at Mrs. Woodleys.\"","June 1872: \"Glade as dry as we had seen in 40 years.\"","June 23, 1872: \"No class today, our church is under repairs. Prayer meeting at Lutheran Church","July 13, 1872:  \"Black Peter and Black Tond [sp?] came here from the Poor House for a Quarterly meeting.\"","July 14, 1872:  \"A great many Black persons at their meeting at the orchard of Mrs. Brown's. Sabbath Morning.  - \"Preaching by Reverend Engel [Eagle].  Rev. Whitescarver preached in the Methodist Church.  A very small congregation today.\"","August 4, 1872: [Henry Smals birthday.]","August 5, 1872: \"Some Scoundrels went in T. Hites watermelon lot and cut and stole all his watermelons.\"","August 17, 1872:  \"2 droves of Fat Cattle went through our town today . . . Another drove of cattle and a drove of sheep.  Another drove of cattle.\"","August 23, 1872: \"A camp meeting commence at Lacey Springs for the United Brethren in Christ.\" ","August 28, 1872:  \"A company of Gipseys went through our town.\"","September 2, 1872:  \"Two droves of cattle went through our town.\"","September 3, 1872: \"Greely Club meeting this evening.\"","September 4, 1872: \"25 wells gone dry.\"","September 5, 1872: \"load of crocks from Mt. Sidney.\"","September 7, 1872:  \"Negro picnic at Mt. Solon today at 11 o'clock.\" [5 black heads drawn]","September 14, 1872:  \"A drove of cattle very fat came through our town today. Reverend Perry killed 23 squirrels.\"","September 21, 1872:  \"A drove of sheep from Hiland came through our town  . . . A drove of cattle went through our town.\"","September 22, 1872: \"A large crowd  at the M. E. Church South.\"","September 24, 1872:  \"Joseph Byrd and Squire Whitsearver gone to try a Negro.  He is a lunatick.\"","September 28, 1872:  \"Negro picnic in the woods near the town.\"","October 4, 1872:  \"A blind Negro playing on harp for a living . . . A Negro show in our town this evening at 8 o'clock.\"","October 11, 1872:  \"2 beaves killed this evening in our town.\"","October 15, 1872:  \"A drove of sheep, a drove of cattle went through our town today.\"","November 8, 1872:  \"1 drove of cattle went through our town to Faquire County.\"","November 14, 1872:  \"Horse disease [Epizooty] made its appearance in our midst.  No fatal cases reported as yet.  Chicken cholera also prevailing.  The Devil has been at loose among the stock, poultry, etc.\"","November 25, 1872:  \"A large drove of cattle went through our town today.\"Dec. 11, 1872:  [Writes in German.]","December 22, 1872:  \"Class at usual hour 9 o'clock, Sabbath School at 2 o'clock. Singing after class.  Also singing at 6 ½ o'clock, Closed singing a 8 o'clock.\"","December 30, 1872:  \"Sinclair Lewis came to town this evening.\"","December 31, 1872:  \"Mr. Mason, Superintendent of Poor House, in town today.\"","February 7, 1873:  \"Black people all gone to the railroad from Bridgewater.\"","March 8, 1873:  \"2 droves of cattle and 2 droves of sheep went through our town this evening. . .  The black presiding elder's name is Harst.\"","March 9, 1873: \"Singing by Professor Wartman at 10 o'clock.\"","March 10, 1873:  \"All the black boys from Bridgewater went to the railroad.\"","March 26, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle and hogs went through out town today-up the country.\"","March 27, 1873:  \"All the colored people gone to the railroad.\"","April 22, 1873 : \"There are 11 preachers in town.\"","April 27, 1873: \"Baptism by Immersion in the River near the Bridge.\"","May 12, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle went through our town to the mountains.\"","May 15, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle gone through our town to the mountains.\"","May 18, 1873: \"Hattie Dinkel and Frank Perry baptized.\"","May 28, 1873:  \"Shifflet killed a black man dead in his tracks on the railroad between Sangersville and Harrisonburg.\"","June-August, 1873:[A lot of talk about many people being in town looking for work on the railroad and how much work was being done; a lot of railroad business.]","June 22, 1873: \"Preaching by Reverend Nihiser.\"","August 27, 1873: [District Conference commenced in Mt. Crawford.]","August 31 1873,-  \"Preaching at M.E.C.S by Reverend Waugh.\"","September 6, 1873:  \"Negroes have a Sabbath school picnic this evening.\"","September 20, 1873:  \"1 Drove of fat cattle gone through our town.\"","October 1, 1873:  \"Wages on the NGR Road is cut down to $1.25 per day and board themselves.  Negroes would not work for that price.\"","October 2, 1873:  \"A great stampede with the Negroes striking for higher wages or work on the whole line on the Narrow Gauge RR.  A great many Negroes gone to Staunton.\"","October 3, 1873:  \"A great many Negroes in town today looking for work.\"","October 5, 1873 - Reverend Weddell was to preach in Temperance Hall.","November 1, 1873:  \"A large drove of cattle came through our town.\"","November 15, 1873:  \"Negro Fair today at their schoolhouse on the bank of the river.\"","November 24, 1873:  \"Joseph Williams shot a negroman a convict from the penitentiary but did not kill him.\"","December 12, 1873: \"Dr. McMarren came to our town to open a drug store.\" [mortar and pestle sketch]","December 16, 1873:  \"Finished work on the Broad Gauge RR this evening.\"","December 28, 1873: \" Preaching by a Northern Methodist.\"","December 29, 1873:  \"A Negro frolick in our town tonight in the Odd fellows Hall lower room.\"","January 1, 1874: \"John Allemong and Mack Aden leased the Band Mill of  George Berlin for 3 years.\"","January 3, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle went through our town today.  2 droves more cattle went through our town.\"","January 4, 1874:  \"Preaching at Brethren Church by Rev Nihiser.  Prayer  mtg. 6 ½  o'clock in M. E. C. S.\"","January 11, 1874:  Sabbath morning   clear cool   class at the usual hour of 9 oclock   Preaching by Rev. Mr. Engel [Eagle]  Sabbath School at 2 oclock   Preaching by Rev. Whitescarver [Baptist?]   Also Rev Mr. Weddell at 3 ½ oclock  Rev Mr. Stuart preached at M. E. C. S. at 6 ½ oclock","January 17, 1874:  \"A drove of very fat cattle went through our town today.\"","February 1, 1874:  \"Singing by Professor Bucher at 11 o'clock.  Black Liz had a child and carried it to the stable, child had a bunch of straw crammed in its mouth, found dead.\"","February 13, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle came through our town.  1 drove of hogs went through our town today.\"","February 17, 1874:  \"A large drove of cattle went through our town today.\"","February 22, 1874: \"Sabbath Morning.  Class at the usual hour at 9 o'clock.  Preaching by Rev. Mr. Engel [Eagle].  Sabbath School at 2 o'clock.  Preaching at 3 ½ o'clock by Rev. Mr. Whitscarver.   Prayer meeting at the usual hour 6 ½ o'clock.  Very warm  mercury up to 82 degrees.\"","February 26, 1874: Two houses and lots were sold in Bridgewater for $375 each.  [Smals always drew a house when one was sold and when people moved to another house].","March 8, 1874: \"The old Methodist Church in Mt. Crawford Blown Down by wind today.\"","March 13, 1874: \"Rev Engel [Eagle] came home from Conference this morning.\"","April 11, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle gone through our town to the mountains. Lovefeast at 9 o'clock.  Preaching at 11 by John H. Marten.\" ","May 18, 1874:  \"Charley Hottle and Jack Higgins were arrested for stealing a large iron pot of Davie Danner and put in the calaboose for 3 hours and there whipped on the bare back, Charley 8 lashes and Jack 4.\"  [Doesn't say if these two were black or white.]","June 4, 1874:  \"This is Pention [sic] Day for the soldiers of the war.\"","June 9, 1874:  \"A great many persons in our town today for flowers for the soldiers graves.\"","June 10, 1874:  \"This is Memorial Day in Harrisonburg of Confederate Soldiers graves.\"","June 16, 1874:  \"A Negro strike on the Railroad today.\"","June 18, 1874:  \"President of NGRR and chief engineer in town today.\"","July 25, 1874:  \"Quarterly meeting commenced today by the Colored People in Bridgewater.\"","July 25, 1874: \"The Normal Professors and Scholars gone on the Round Hill, a pleasure trip.\"","August 15, 1874: \"Professors and Boys had a fine game of Bass Ball this afternoon.\"","October 2, 1874:  \"Colonel Osburn gone home and I suppose that is the end of the Broad Gauge RR.\"","November 2, 1874: \"Adam Rader butchering today.\" [Adam Rader was the first mayor of Bridgewater, Virginia and organized the first Methodist church in that town in 1841.  He is commemorated in a stained glass window in the Bridgewater United Methodist Church].","December 4, 1874:  \"This is Pention [sic] Day of the Soldiers of the War.\"","December 13, 1874: \"Rev Haines buried in Port Republic. Requested that all people who had heard him preach come to see him buried.\"","December 28, 1874:  \"Negro frolick in our town tonight.\"","March 1, 1875: \"The Sivil [sic] Rights Bill passed both houses.  Nigger can look to have his head broke.\"","April 28, 1875: \"Dick Rogers killed 1 loon and 1 Night Heron.\" [accurate sketches of both birds]","May 24, 1875:  \"A panther attacked one of Wises boys this morning on Wises.\"","May 24, 1875:  \"A panther attacked one of Wises boys this morning on Wises.\"","June 9, 1875:  \"A Negro hung near Harrisonburg for insulting a white woman today without judge or jury.\"","August 13, 1875: \"Methodist Camp Meeting commence today above Mt. Sidney.  Rev. Mauzey [Mausee] gone to attend this meeting.  Also a camp meeting near Lacey Springs commence to day held by United Brethren.\"","September 24, 1875:  \"A parsel of Negroes were blowed up on the Railroad in a cut near the Darah Coal mines.\"","September 25, 1875:  \"Severell droves of cattle, hogs and  sheep went through our town today to market.\"","October 15, 1875: [Sketch of a steam sawmill.]","January 2, 1876: Sabbath Morning.  \"A blind man by the name of Johnson addressed the Sunday School and children.\"","February 10, 1876: \"A large supper and surprise party given at Rev. Mauzeys [Mausee], about 50 in number.\"    ","February 21, 1876: \"Monday morning cloudy and rain.  This is Court Day.  A great many persons in town to day.  A great many drunk.  The Mite Society met at the Parsonage at 7 o'clock. Collected 6 dollars and some cents.  Miss Player was indited before the grand jury for killing her child by sticking scissors in its neck, seven holes.\"","March 6, 1876:  \"Great Disaster happened at the Narrow pass. Bridge broken, cars went down and killed 11 and wounded all of the crew and killed 96 cattle and tore everything to pieces.\"","March 11, 1876:  \"A Sons of Purity had a procession and fair today in Town Hall. A great many black folks present. They realized about $45 for their society.\"","March 20, 1876:  \"Black Amos gone to Montrey with his wagon with provisions for convicts.\"   [Many entries about people taking provisions to convicts.]","April 20, 1876:  \"Black Peter died at the Poor House.\"","May 3, 1876:  \"Black Charley Teter got drunk and Mr. Simpson struck him in the mouth and Charley was put in the calaboose.\"","June 10, 1876:  \"Black folks have Picnick at Mt. Sidney today.  The band is gone up to Sidney.\"","June 18, 1876: Sabbath Morning.   \"…the M. E. Church received a new library today, 125 volumes of good literature.\"","July 12, 1876: \"Old Miller Campbell drown in a barrel of water in Daton this morning.\"","August 21, 1876: \"Jedediah Hotchkiss of Staunton lectures geography of Virginia today at two o'clock.\"","August 31, 1876:  \"Convicts came off the road and gone near Rawley Springs to get out Railroad ties.\"  [Convicts now working on the RR, not blacks]","September 19, 1876: \"Adam Rader came to town today.\"","October 1, 1876: Sabbath -[Henry Smals attended Quarterly meeting at Naked Creek.]","October 24, 1876: \"4 droves of cattle came through our town.\"","November 5, 1876: Sabbath-\"John Allemong very sick\"","November 6, 1876: \"John Allemong still sick.\"","November 7, 1876:  Declares Tilden and Hendricks as elected President and VP of the country","February 4, 1877: Sunday -  \"The colored Quarterly Meeting closed this evening about 9 o'clock.\"","February 5 1877:  \"A black man the name of R. Coffman went to John Hatfields and choked John's wife and hurt her face and arm, and went in pursuit of him and caught him at James Davis and brought him to Mr. Byrds and Mr. Byrd sent him to jail for further trial.\"","February 16, 1877:  \"Negroes have a dance in the lower room in Odfellow Hall tonight.\"","March 5, 1877:  Notes inauguration day but doesn't mention names.  Perhaps he's disappointed his candidates didn't win after all.","March 16, 1877: [Smals mentions Pastors Graechen and Kinzer who were both new ministers at the M. E. Church on the Bridgewater Circuit.]","March 19, 1877:  \"The trial of the black man comes off today for an attempt of rape, was condemned to the penitentiary for 10 years.\"","January 2, 1875:  \"S. Coffman was arrested for assault and battery.\" [a black man].","April 1, 1877: \"Preaching at M. E. Church by Rev. Kinzer.\"","April 23, 1877:  \"Mr. Shifflett condemned to be hung by the neck till he is dead dead dead\"","April 25, 1877:  Shiffletts hanging to be done June 29.","June 12, 1877:\"a new engine went through our town today.\"","June 23, 1877: \"The Masons had a picknick below the bridge today.  All the Masons in town were present.\"","June 24, 1877: Sabbath morning: \"Preaching by Rev. Kinzer in M. E. Church.  Preaching in the Brethren Church at 8 o'clock in the evening.\"","June 29, 1877:  Hanging put off for further trial.","July 4, 1877:  \"This is Independence Day, great parade in Harrisonburg about 5,000 persons present.  Fine day for a celebration in Harrisonburg.  Several speeches made in the courtyard.\"","July 11, 1877:  \"Verdict brought in for Shifflett for murder in the first degree.\"","August 19, 1877: Sunday: \"About 3,000 people at a Camp Meeting in Parnassus.\"","August 24, 1877:  \"A picnic at Harrisonburg by the Negroes\"","August 25, 1877:  A white picnic at Mt. Crawford.","September 1, 1877:  \"The [traveling] Centennial closed tonight for the White People.\"","September 2, 1877: \"Preaching in M. E. Church by Rev. Graechen.\"","September 3, 1877:  \"Today Centennial opened for the Colored People.  A good crowd present.\"","September 5, 1877:  \"Several drove of cattle came through our town.\"","September 9, 1877: \"Preaching by Rev. Mausey [Mausee].\"","Wednesday, September 12, 1877: \"Rev. Roe preached in M. E. Church tonight on object of Bibles.\"","September 23, 1877: \"I [Smals] delivered an address to the Sunday School Prayer Meeting tonight.\"","September 25, 1877:  \"Mr. Shiflett was hung in Harrisonburg today about 1 o'clock.\"  [Sketch of a hangman's noose and gallows drawn]","October 3, 1877:  \"Some fine stock went through our town today.\"","November 11, 1877:  \"Boat was built to cross the river; big rope extended to both sides.\" [draws picture of rope and boat crossing the river.]","November 14, 1877: Preaching by Rev. Graechen.","November 27, 1877: \"…Jenkins nephew making boats to cross river.\"","December 8, 1877: \"A boat sank today with a load of wood on the wagon belonging to Daniel Evans, supposed to weigh 6 tons.\"","December 14, 1877:  \"Commenced the bridge.\" [drew a picture of a stone bridge].","December 17, 1877: \"Uncle Adam Rader paralyzed today.\"","December 18, 1877: Jacob Dinkel died [brother in law of Smals].","December 25, 1877:  \"Colored band has gone to Harrisonburg.\"","December 26, 1877:  White band invited to play at a party.","January 1878: [ Work continues on the bridge.]","January 22, 1878: \"Business very dull.  John Allemong put his calico down to 5 cents per yard.\"","January 26, 1878: \"Boys killed a red fox on Round Hill today.  Shot by John Keaton.\"","January 31, 1878: \"John Smith and Right Hartman had a fight today in the confectionaire [sic].\"","February 1, 1878: Rev. Graechen came to town.","February 7, 1878: \"Samuel S. Miller cut his hand in my shop.\"","February 9, 1878: \"The Dunkards made arrangements to build a church out at the woods.  Layed off the ground today.  Joe Summerlance and Tailor Sheetz had a fight at the bridge today.  Paid a fine of dollar apiece by decision of the Mayor.\"","February 13, 1878:  [Smals took sick for 2 weeks; no entries.]","March 6, 1878:\"Our annual Conference goes in session today in the City of Baltimore. Business looking up now.\"","March 7, 1878:  \"Black woman linched [sic] and hung for burning a barn.\" [drew picture of gallows]","March 19, 1878: \"Great Elocution in M. E. Church to night by Rev. Ross.  A failure. Ross sick.\"","March 22, 1878:  \"Henry Smals fell in the river today.\"","March 28, 1878:  \"Trussels finished on the bridge.\"  [Children and ladies crossed first]","April 9, 1878:  [Bridgewater Enterprise, first paper printed in Bridgewater; J.H. Smals bought the first paper off the press.]","April 12, 1878:  \"Bridge finished; first wagon and cart driven over.\"","April 30, 1878:  [Notes Dr. doing \"obstetricks\" [sic];  316 cases; lost only 1 mother.]","May 18, 1878:  \"Colored People have their first Quarterly meeting in this town.\"","May 20, 1878:  \"Commenced putting on shingles on Bridge roof today.\"","May 21, 1878:  \"Black Jack Higgins and Black Sam Williams had a fight on the road.\"","May 31, 1878: \"Peter Miller started to Baltimore to purchase stock for his factory.\"","June 3, 1878: \"John Hatfield and Gallice Miller finished the bridge today.  Gallice Miller drove the last nail.\"","June 5, 1878:  \"Commenced painting the bridge. . . . Bridge finished today.\" [Sketch of the finished bridge]","June 10, 1878: \"Presbyterians organized their church today.  Rev. Price preached in the Lutheran Church.\"  \"Spits of snow with 3 ½ inches on Mountain.\"","June 14, 1878:  \"Great decoration of soldier's graves; amount of persons present about 12,000; a good many went from Bridgewater.\"","June 20, 1878: \"Perry Meace crossed the Bridge with a steam boiler weighing 9200 pounds.\"","June 22, 1878:  \"2 Beef Wagons in town today.\"","June 23, 1878:  \"Preaching in M. E. Church today by Reverend Kinzer.  Mr. Kiracofe married to Miss McWilliams.  Some of the Negroes had a fuss in their church.\"","June 28, 1878:  \"2 hundred pounds of butter came to town today.\"","June 29, 1878:  \"A great deal of butter came to town today.\"","July 4, 1878:  \"This is Independence Day.  A fourth of July Celebration held at Edinburg today.  A good many persons gone to the celebration at Edinburg from this town.\"","July 6, 1878:  \"A big trial with the niggers for misdemeanor at their church.  Jane Bookers, Nels Lee and Addel Johnston were fined 50 cents each and cast and bound over the peace for 12 months.\"","July 19, 1878:  \"Picnic by the colored people at their schoolhouse tonight also tomorrow night.\"","July 21, 1878: Preaching by Rev. Daniel [David] Bush at Church.  \"Meeting at M. E. Church to pass a Resolution to have a festival on the 9 and 10 of August for the benefit of the M. E. Church.\"","July 25, 1878: \"Editor Delaney is taking the origin of our town from year 1826.\"  [This was apparently a history of Bridgewater].","July 27, 1878: Rev. Rosenbough at M. E. Church.","August 1, 1878:  \"A picnic of the Colored people at Coonrods Store today.  Our Colored Band went to play for them.\"","August 3, 1878: Iron safe weighing 5110 pounds installed in Bank of Bridgewater. ","August 4, 1878: [Smals birthday.  Preaching by Rev. Graechen in M. E. Church.]","August 9, 1878: Camp Meetings at Parnassus and Fort Defiance.","Sunday, August 11, 1878: \"No class today in consequence of church being out of order.\" [Repairs?]","August 20, 1878: Frank Miller got 15 years in penitentiary for stealing horses.  ","August 25, 1878: Meeting at the new Dunkard Church.","August 28, 1878: \"Dr. Brown got his printing press.\"","August 30, 1878:  \"Colored People's Camp Meeting commenced tonight near George Kerekoff's, on his land.\"","September 6, 1878:  \"A Colored man preached tonight at camp meeting near our town.\"  [The meeting closed on the 8th.]","September 20, 1878:  \"Great parade with the Negroes in Harrisonburg celebrating their freedom.\" [drew 4 black heads]","October 24, 1878: \"Rod and balls for church put on.\" [The legibility is unclear for this entry but from the accompanying sketch, it appears a lighting rod was installed on the church].","October 27, 1878: Rev. Green preached in M. E. Church.","November 3, 1878: Rev. Rosebough preached in M. E. Church.","December 1, 1878: Rev. Hat preached in M. E. Church.","December 25, 1878:  \"Colored had a fair in Town Hall.  Realized $8.\"","January 16, 1879:  \"Black Nels Lee got married to Black Allard.  Rev. Mauzy married them.\"","January 23, 1879:  \"Nels Lee moved into the house at the end of the Plank Walk.  Colored people working on their church.\"","February 15, 1879: Rev. Grachen preaching.","February 17, 1879: \"A Grand Supper gave by the Band of Bridgewater.  Cornet Band to night.\"","February 20, 1879: \"Charles Furry's wife had twins to night.\"","February 28, 1879: \"Mr. McClouds House burnt up about 11 o'clock to night.\"","March 1, 1879: \"A fine Revival going on in Harrisonburg. About 76 conversions up to this date.\"","March 5, 1879: \"Our Annual Conference goes in session at Salem, Roanoke County.\" ","March 6, 1879:  \"Commenced work again on the African church in rear of our church. George White bought 5 hogs of Mrs. Ward for $20.\"","March 8, 1879: Four day conference.  [likely M. E. Church]","March 12, 1879: Eight day conference adjourned.  Brother Kinzer returns to our Sircuit [sic] and Rev Holcomb [Homan?] moved to Jesse Frys house in our town.","March 14, 1879:  \"Negro Exhibition at old Town Hall tonight.\"","March 19, 1879: \"Dr. Brown moved his drug store to Armstrongs store room and also the printing press upstairs in Browns Store.  Samuel Miller upset his buggy and broke the top off it.\"","March 22, 1879: \"Lute Swartz killed a Sandhill Crane this morning.\" [sketch of crane]","March 30, 1879: \"Quarterly meeting going on at Crawford.\" ","April 13, 1879: \"Preaching by Kummingham [R. S Cunningham] at M. E. Church.\"","April 14, 1879: Henry Smals got sick on his way to Richmond Odd Fellows Conference.","April 29, 1879: \"A. Hollins brought a load of agricultural implements to the Old Town Hall.\"","May 10, 1879:  \"Quarterly meeting with the colored people today.  Presiding elder present.\"","May 29, 1879: \"Peter Miller's stable burnt down.  Supposed to have caught from the engine of Mr. Sheetz.\" ","June 9, 1879:  \"This is Memorial Day at Staunton to decorate the soldiers graves.  A good many persons gone from Bridgewater.\" [June 6-at Winchester-Memorial of the Dead-estimates 25,000 present]","Thursday, June 12, 1879: \"This is the day the Lawn Festival commences in church yard at M. E. Church.  No festival on account of rain.\" [sketch]","June 23, 1879: \"Willie Bradburn got his arms in the carding machine, tore off the flesh of half the arm.\" [Smals always drew a sketch of injured arms and legs]  \"about 2500 black bass put in the dam above the woolen factory.\"","June 27, 1879: \"A great many cherries in our town to day at from 11 to 20 cents per gallon.  Mr. Mefall got his buggy and harness broken near Allemongs by hoisting an umbrella, horse got frightened.\"","July 4, 1879: \"Day of Celebration in Harrisonburg, about 15,000 people present, 6 bands and 6 military companies, a powerful turnout.  98 degrees for 3 hours and one hour 100 degrees, awful dust.  It was supposed that $10,000 dollars was left in Harrisonburg today.\"","July 13, 1879: Rev. Rosbrown [?] preached.","July 21, 1879:  \"J.H. Smals at court, made 2 indictments on assault and battery, the other a rape on a small Negro child.\"","August 15, 1879:  \"Rev. Boothe, Colored preacher, in United Brethren Church tonight.\"","August 25, 1879: \"Oliver L. Rhodes made me a present of a fine hat this shape.\"  [sketch of the hat].","August 31, 1879:  \"Also dedication by the colored people of their church in our town.  Realized $72. Their presiding elder present. Had good order.\"","September 1, 1879: Rev. Cunningham had gone to District Conference at \"Wainsborough.\"  [Waynesboro]. ","September 4, 1879:  \"The first issue of the Bridgewater Journal out.\"\t","September 5, 1879: First issue of the Bridgewater Journal published.  [sketch]","September 6, 1879: Dr. Brown had gone to Rawley Springs to bottle water.   ","September 14, 1879: Rev Kemper preached in PM.","September 22, 1879:  \"This is Mansipation [sic] Day for the Negroes.\"  [Writes this in big letters and draws four black heads.]","October 2, 1879:  \"A blind black man sung in the African church this evening.\"","October 13, 1879:  \"Cars ran off the track and smashed 11 cars all to pieces, hurt a good many.\" [Smals does not tell where this happened]. ","October 28, 1879:  \"The winter meeting in the M. E. S. Church still in progress.  Herschel Young professed religion tonight\"","October 29, 1879:  \"547 cattle passed through town today.\"","November 1879-January 1880:  Mentions a lot of religious meetings and conversions.","November 2, 1879: \"56 for church service.  Protracted meeting still going on in M. E. Church.\"  [This revival continued for the first week or two of November] ","November 6, 1879:  \"Mr. Sheetz plank mill burnt down with 7,000 feet of lumber.\"","November 8, 1879: \"Several drummers in town today selling goods.\"","November 9, 1879: \"Wofered Vancant struck Joe William with a club at our church door.\"  [sketch of club with word club written on it]  \"John Myers was converted to night about 9 o'clock.\"","November 11, 1879: \"Moffett Miller, Dr. Bucher and Thrush Sellers were all converted.\" [Moffett Miller is commemorated in a stained glass window in Bridgewater United Methodist Church].","November 21, 1879: \"I  H. Smals heard a great noise to night in the skyes about 12 o'clock. The Noise was as Distant Thunder.\"  [He noted that the temperature was 8 degrees the next morning.]","December 8, 1879: \"Miss Rosenbaum came to our town to teach music on the piano from Staunton.\"","December 13, 1879:  \"The Tunkard Brethren had quite a revival.  15 were baptized by immersion.  Old man Marshall killed a 568 ¼ pound hog.\"  [Sketch of hog, Smals always reported who all was butchering this time of year]","December 24, 1879: \"Christmas tree in the M.E. Church.  A large attendance on the occasion.  In Shiffletts Hollow, Shifflett killed his brother Shifflett.\"","Christmas Day: \"a ladder at the Methodist Church with presents for the children.\"[This must have been a structure erected for the children's presents].","December 30, 1879:  \"Lutherans locked the Baptist out of their church this evening.\"","January 1, 1880:  \"Rev. Grennan preached in the Dunkard Church on the subject of baptism by immersion-3 times face down.\"","January 13, 1880: \"Miss Mulley Robinson gone home to Harrisonburg with mail wagon.\"","January 18, 1880: \"Preaching at 11 o'clock by Dr. John S. Martin in the M. E. Church.  Quarterly meeting.\"","January 20, 1880:  \"John Allemong elected president of our Narrow Gauge Rail Road.\"","January 21, 1880: \"A cave discovered on Blosser's Farm by Bud Peterson close to Pike about 2 ½ miles this side of Harrisonburg.\"","January 22, 1880: \"The U. B. trustees sold the church to the Baptists for $400.\"","January 24, 1880: \"Some scoundrel stopped my shop chimney up and smoked me powerful.\" ","January 28, 1880: \"One hundred cases of smallpox at Culpeper.\"","February 3, 1880: \"The organ for the M. E. Church came this evening.\" [sketch]","February 9, 1880: \"Campbell killed Smith at the Warm Springs today.\"","February 11, 1880: Rev. Grachen preached at M. E. Church.","February 23, 1880: Big fire in Bridgewater.  Destroyed Mr. Byrd's House and stable and burned the houses and out buildings of Mrs. Covington and Mrs. Arey.  $10,000 loss.","March 2, 1880:  \"The chimneys of the burnt houses were thrown down today.  M. E. Church broken into and the organ injured.\"","March 3, 1880: \"The Baltimore Conference met this morning at Front Royal, Warren County.\" ","March 4, 1880: \"Wild geese over river today near bridge.\"","March 5, 1880:  \"Mr. Ehrman the Beef man in town today settling with his customers.\"","March 6, 1880:  \"A man here today measured 6'7\" high.  He was a monster.\"","March 22, 1880:  \"John Hatfield puts a roof on Mrs. Covington's dairy.  Commenced this morning for $5.  High winds-could hardly stay on the building.\"","March 31, 1880:  \"The negroes had a fight at Lowman's stable last night.\"","April 2, 1880:  \"A great negro trial at our courthouse.  About 90 persons present.  Jos. Higgins and John Bundy paid a fine of $3.90 each for fighting at the corporation [of Bridgewater.]\"","April 28, 1880: \"George Dinkel and A. H. Smals commence making brick back of the school house.\"","May 6, 1880: \"George Jenkins wife had a child cut from her womb and saved the woman.\"","May 17, 1880:  \"Old Black Aunt Dasha died this evening about 10:00 at Miss May Areys.\"","May 23, 1880: Preaching by Rev. King.","June 3, 1880:  \"Mr. Jacobs wife and others gone to Harrisonburg to see the decorations of the soldiers graves.  A very small crowd present.\"","June 5, 1880:  \"A great Memorial Day at Winchester.  A great many persons present.\"","June 10, 1880:  \"A lawn party at Harrisonburg by the Colored People and the Colored Band attended the party.\"","June 14, 1880: \"Allemong gone to Staunton to close of female school of the M. E. C. South.\"","June 17, 1880: \"Mrs. Goldsmith buried to day in our grave yard and Brother Cunningham preached text Revelation.\"","June 19, 1880:  \"Colored Band went to Newmarket to the Cave.\"","July 2, 1880:  \"The colored people had a festival tonight at their church. Realized $7.30.\"","July 3, 1880: \"Hopewell was elected Sargent [sic] for the Corporation Bridgewater colored people.\"","July 3, 1880:  \"Colored people had another festival. Realized $10.18.\" [White lawn parties Smals mentions raise anywhere from $40-$70].","July 6, 1880: Smith stole George Milstead's watch and about ten dollars in money. [He got it back in the next day or so].[Smals records that Bridgewater had a population of 400 people in July 1880]","July 8, 1880:  \"The amount of population of the encorporation of Bridgewater is 400 white and colored.\"","July 20, 1880: \"T. P. Humphreys gone to Sunday School Convention at Valley Grove between Baltimore and Washington City.\"","July 30, 1880:  \"The Sons of Purity [colored] have a great parade today in Harrisonburg.\"","July 31, 1880:  \"The colored band gone to Pleasant Valley to a picnic.\"","August 6, 1880:  \"Rev Bush and Rev. Wolfe came down the street in a Rockaway and spindle broke and one jumped out the other fell out of the Rockaway and neither got hurt.\"","August 9, 1880:  \"Henry Hocks and T. Sheets had a fight.  Sheets struck H. Hocks with a piece of iron.  It is supposed that Hocks was in fault.\"","August 21, 1880:  \"A good many cattle and sheep gone through our town today.\"","August 22, 1880: Sabbath: \"Preaching by the Tunkards at the far end of town.\"","September 3, 1880:  \"A big watermelon trial between Joseph Nisewander and the Kerecoofs.\"","September 25, 1880:  \"The negroes had a picnic at Mt. Solon today.  The Nigger Band played for them.\"","September 30, 1880:  \"Colored People Village Camp commenced this evening in this place.  A negro show at the River schoolhouse.\"","October 1, 1880: \"Old Uncle Adam Rader has come over to our town at the age of 90 years old.\"","Octpber 19, 1880: \"A big show in Harrisonburg today, a great many persons present.  Some drunk and some sober.\" [sketch of circus tent]","November 11, 1880:  \"Peter Miller gone to West Va. on a preaching ture [sic] today.\"","November 29, 1880: \"I  H. Smals killed my hog today.\"","December 1, 1880: \"Some scoundrel cut the guts of Charley Teters horse this morning.  Mat Barber was arrested for gutting the horse, his trial comes off next Saturday in this place.\"","December 4, 1880: Mat Barber trial commence in old Town Hall. [Smals implies that others were implemented, but the trial outcome is not clear]","December 24, 1880: \"Coldest weather I ever felt or saw.\"","December 31, 1880:  \"25 degrees below zero.   Frank Erwin and Dewit Brown froze their ears stiff.\"","[A note in the back of this book says 32 snows fell in the winter of 1880-81].","January 3, 1881:  \"8 degrees below zero, wood getting very scarce.  E. B. Simpson went to Harrisonburg today with snow shoes, they are about six feet long and six inches wide.  Oh this is fearful weather, a great deal of slaying going on.\"","January 6, 1881: \"Professor Geason gave a Grand Free Exhibition of Scientific Horsemanship today and commenced a class with 20 or more pupils at $2.00 per pupil.\"","January 21, 1881: \"the horse tamer is in our town today.\"","February 6, 1881:  \"Niggers had a fight in African Church tonight.\" [Drew 3 black heads]","February 7, 1881: \"I H. Smals made a pair of boots for a Mr. Stokes that he wore for 25 years, please beat that.  There were 26 persons at the young mens prayer meeting in M.E.C. to night.\"","February 12, 1881:  Sam Williams was fined $10 and bound over the Peace for 12 months. Jos. Williams the same and Oliver Failer was fined $5 and bound over for 12 months for fighting in the African Church last Sunday in Bridgewater, VA.\"","February 17, 1881:  \"Allemony's Cattle Sale today.  His yearlings sold at $16 per head.\"","March 2, 1881: Stuart Lindsey lead union prayer meeting in M. E. Church at 5 o'clock. ","March 6, 1881: \"Mr. McNeal came to our town to see his sweet [sketch of heart] and I tell you she is very Handsome.  he lives in Hardy County.\"","March 7, 1881: \"Engineers and Simpson gone on the route of the railroad.\"  [sketch of surveyor's level]  Rev. Mr. Whisner came to Marg Areys.  A good many preachers went through our town to Harrisonburg to Conference.\"  ","March 27, 1881: Rev. Bush had his first sermon in M. E. Church.","March 28, 1881:  \"Joseph Williams taken to jail by Hopewell for fighting in Methodist Church, Colored.\"","March 29, 1881: \"Joseph Williams taken to jail for fighting in Methodist Church, colored.  The Engineers Simpson and Bell came home from their Byrds Eye Survey.\"","April 1, 1881: Preaching at M. E. Church by Rev. Deans.","April 14, 1881: \"F. K. Speck went after Uncle Adam Rader who died on the 7 of the present month at Culpeper County near Brandy Station.\" ","April 16, 1881: \"Uncle Adam Rader has been brought to this town to be buried in our grave yard this evening.\"","April 23, 1881:  Jesse Fry shot Dr. Jones cow in his wheatfield with small shot.\"\t","May 5, 1881: \"Adam Smals commence the brick church at Mossy Creek today with 6 hands.\"","May 7, 1881:  Colored people's 1st Quarterly meeting held in this place.\"","May 8, 1881: \"Preaching by Rev. Price in M. E. Church at 7 ½   oclock.  Mrs. Stickler lost 2 $5 Dollar Notes some where between the M.E. Church and home.\"","May 24, 1881: \"This is the most powerful year for Locus Blooms I ever saw.  I hope will get a good corncrop.\"","June 15, 1881:  Mr. Wm. S. Perry sold a calf 10 days old for $5.75 to Frank and Will Ervin.\"","June 21, 1881: \"Thrush Sellers finished Mrs. Covington's fence today at $8.00.\"  [sketch of  iron fence]  \"He finished a lattice fence the next day.\" [sketch of lattice fence]","July 1, 1881: \"John Carpenter Brought an Engine Thresher to Bridgewater.  Daily mail commences between Bridgewater and Stribling Springs.\"","July 2, 1881: \"Quarterly meeting commences this morning at Sangerville.  Presiding elder is I. S. Martin.  President Garfield was Shot in the City of Washington, District of Columbia.\" ","July 8, 1881:  \"A Colored Festival in Mt. Sidney today and night.  Realized $50.\"","July 13, 1881: \"Dr. Brown tapped Mrs. Showalter near Mt. Solon, 10 pints of water from her abdomen.\"  [Dr. Brown was often noted being present at births].","July 18, 1881: \"Dr. Brown had the first Roastnears in our town.\"  [sketched ear of corn] \"GrandMaster Crowder from Staunton will be with us in our lodge tonight as Odfellows.\"  [Belongs to Ancient Odfellows of Bridgewater Lodge.  Frequently writes in some kind of \"lodge code\"]","July 21, 1881:  \"The Negro Band gone 4 miles above Staunton today to a lawn party.  They get $10 for the trip.\"","July 24, 1881:  \"Mr. Looses, Mr. Hartman's, Mr. Minoss, and Mr. Allemony's cows died from eating molasses cane today.\"","July 26, 1881:  \"John Allemony's other cow is very sick.  A Negro shot himself near Mt. Solon today with a pistol accidental.\"","July 29, 1881:  \"The Colored People have a Lawn Party in our Odfellow Hall tonight and tomorrow night.\"  [Aug. 10 and 11-White lawn party held on school grounds]","August 20, 1881: \"Cora Crickenberger cut her throat and stabbed her self in the head two or three times.\"","August 23, 1881: \"This day District Conference commence 2 oclock in M. E. Church.  Preachers present.  Conference organized at 3 oclock this evening, John S. Martin in the chair, a good many preachers present and a large Lay Delegation Present.  Preaching at 8 oclock this evening by  Rev. A Weller.  Conference lasted all week.\"","August 29, 1881: \"all the preachers gone home today.\"","September 2, 1881: \"Mrs. B. Kyles lamp exploded this evening but did not hurt any one.\" ","September 4, 1881: Rev. Tailor had prayer meeting at M. E. Church.","September 9, 1881:  \"A Lawn Festival held in M. E. Church lot to night, Realised about $25.\"","September 10, 1881:  \"Festival Lawn Party tonight in churchyard.  Colored People have a picknick [sic] today at their church.\"","September 20, 1881:  \"Shef Lewis and Wise fought a duel today.  Neither of them hurt.\"","September 22, 1881: \"Henry Smals I appoint you as Stuart for the Corporation of Bridgewater Council given under my hand for the sum of two Dollars for Services Commencing on the first of July 1881 and Closing July 1, 1882.\" _ M. Stickler, Mayor","September 24, 1881:  \"A Lawn Party at Mt. Solon by the colored people.\"","September 25, 1881: Rev. Hildebrand preached at M. E. Church.","October 1, 1881:  \"Colored band gone out to play for a picknick near Pleasant Valley in Rockingham County.\"","October 5, 1881:  \"James Clary open his Degarian [?] Saloon at Robert Funks.\"","October 6-7, 1881:  \"Colored at Allemony's this evening at 8:00. . . .Colored meeting still going on in this town.\"","November 13, 1881: \"Mrs. Arey came home today. Sabbath morning class at the usual hour 9 oclock, Sabbath school at 2 ½  oclock.  Prayer meeting at M. E. Church 7 oclock.\"","November 18, 1881: \"Clear and Warm. A Great Republican procession in Harrisonburg to night, Governor Walker came to our town.\"","November 19, 1881:  \"Rev Perrys children all have the Hooping Cough.  Some of them very poorly tonight.\"","November 20, 1881: \"Preaching at 11 oclock by Rev Hildebrand.\"","November 21, 1881: Court Day.   \"Professor Steel commence his Wrighting School today.\"  [sketch of quill] \"N. Marion Miller gone to Het Smals to do sowing for them.\"","November 22, 1881: Cloudy and cool.  \"Stuart Lindsay has gone to Monterey to see his sick wife.\"","November 27, 1881: \"No preaching in town today.  Mrs. J Lindsey and T Lindsey came from Monterey this evening.  Stuart Lindseys wife some better.\"","December 1, 1881: \"Dr. T. H. Brown gone to Moorefield Hardy County to see his daughter Verdie Mcneal [McNeil]…  Mr. Jos Byrd move to his new house today.\"  [sketch of 2 story house with 2 chimneys, Smals sketches of houses that people bought and sold often show details which were probably characteristic to the particular house] ","December 4, 1881: Preaching at 11 o'clock by Rev. Bush.","December 6, 1881: \"Stuart Lindseys wife some better.\"","December 10, 1881: \"P. Miller gone to Broadway to see about the schoolhouse to be built here or at Broadway.\"","December 11, 1881: \"No preaching in town today.\"","December 12, 1881: \"Cloudy and threaten for snow cold weather.\"","December 14, 1881: \"Snowed through the night one inch in depth.\" [drew a one inch purple line]","December 16, 1881: \"Stuart Lindsey and wife came home from her Father's at Monterey, She is right peart.\"","December 25, 1881: Sabbath morning clear and cold this is Christmas Day. Prayer Meeting at 5 oclock, Class meeting at 9 oclock , No preaching at 11 oclock, Sabbath school at 2 oclock, Preaching at 6 ½  oclock by Rev D. Bush.","December 26, 1881: \"Professor Hull commenced his singing school today.\"","December 27, 1881: \"Peter Miller is receiving contribution of the German Baptist Formal School to be established at this place.\"","December 28, 1881: Clear and warm.  \"the Baptist members are moving their church back 6 feet today. D. John Allemong sick.\"","January 4, 1882: \"John Allemong very sick.  Allemong has Nierulalgia of the Bowels.  8 inches of snow.\" ","January 5, 1882: \"Allemong no better.\"","January 6, 1882: \"J.W. F. Allemong no better\"","January 10, 1882: \"Street Lamps made for the Corporation, they will be put in a short time.\"  [sketch of lamp]","January 11, 1882: \"John W. F. Allemong some better.\"","January 17, 1882: \"Allemong still improving, able to get up and be shaved.\"","January 18, 1882: \"the Ladies are holding a Missionary metng this afternoon in M. E. Church at 3 ½ oclock.\"","January 20, 1882: \"John W. F. Allemong improving very fast\"","January 24, 1882: \"Allemong has gotten well\"","January 27, 1882: Jury brought in a verdict, that Guitttoes [sic] committed Murder in first Degree for killing President Garfield.\"","February 2, 1882:  \"groundhog day: He saw his shadow.\"  [Smals drew a sketch of a ground hog every year, but his drawings resembled a cat more than a ground hog]  \"Allemong hauling ice from Factory and Robert Wrights Ponds.\"","February 10, 1882: \"Charley Schenk fell in the Creek\"","February 12, 1882: Preaching at 11 oclock by Rev. Hildebrand.","February 15, 1882:  \"Miss Ryan buried in our graveyard today at 3 oclock   Funeral preached by Rev Hildebrand.\"","February 17, 1882:  \"Oyster supper this evening for the Benefit of the M. E. Church, realized $21.50 Dollars.  John Allemong Enlarged his office to day.\"","February 18, 1882:  \"Adjourned Quarterly meeting met in Allemong's Office today.  Oyster supper this evening for the Benefit of the M. E. Church.  Realized [?]  Dollars.\"","February 19, 1882: \"Preaching by Rev Rosebrow in M. E. Church at 7 oclock.  Mrs. McNeil of Hardy County Dr. Browns Daughter had a son born today at Dr. Browns.\"","February 21, 1882: \"Uncommon windy and Storm and uncommon muddy…  Rev. Kinzer came to our town today.\"","February 22, 1882: \"Rev. Kinzer preached for us.  Click Miller, Ad Hollum, Walter Davis and John Allemong bought the wood factory and Foundrey for the sum of $9000 Dollars.\"","February 25, 1882: \"A Great many Deprecations acted tonight by the Boys, Shooting, Cursing, Swearing and being Drunk.\" ","February 26, 1882: \"Preaching in M.E. Church by Rev Bush and Sacrament of the Lords Supper.  Hopewell shot a chicken for Salley Fitchew.  Laurence fired a pistol also on the Sabbath.\"","March 2, 1882: \"Queen Victoria was shot and mist her.\"","March 6, 1882: \"Preachers all fixing to go to Conference.\"","March 8, 1882: \"Sheets sold his Hartman Lot and house to J. W. F. Allemong for the sum of $200 dollars.\"","March 14, 1882: \"Stuart Lindseys wife very poorly.\"","March 16, 1882:  \"Rev. Hildebrand came back from Conference today to our town.\"","March 17, 1882: \"Joseph Attaffer died this morning at 1 oclock.\"","March 18, 1882: \"Saturday morning cloudy sleet and Rain  Rained all day long,   Joseph Attaffer buried today.\"","March 22, 1882: \"Dog bit Eugene Ervin in the hand this morning very badly.\"","March 26, 1882: \"David Bush preached.\"","April 2, 1882: Rev. Whitescarver preached.","April 7, 1882: \"Widow John Arey died this morning.\"","April 16, 1882: \"Preaching by Rev. Tailor at Barbees Office.\"","April 17, 1882: \"Jacob Wynant's Horse Run off.  It went home and never Broke his Buggy.\" ","April 20, 1882: \"Joseph Beery Hung himself in his grainery this morning about 5 oclock on Linville Creek the cause not known. Jack Thuma killed a large loon.\"  [sketch]  [Smals wrote of at least four horse-runoff episodes during April].","April 24, 1882: \"Mrs. Stuart Lindsey Died at Jacob Lindseys House…\"","May 4, 1882: \"The smallest Baby Born to day in the world some where in the north, it weighed 8 ounces and was perfect child.\"","May 5, 1882: \"The Mossy Creek folks settled with Allemong to day for the church.\"","May 6, 1882: \"A waggon Run over G. Claude Smals to day and Did not Break any of his Limbs.\"","May 11, 1882: \"The Presbyterian Church was dedicated to Day.\"","May 18, 1882: \"A fish and meat house opened here to day.\"","May 28, 1882: \"Rev. Armstrong preached the Dedicatory sermon for the Mt. Solon Church to day and Realized money enough to the pay the Deposit on the Church which was $300.\" ","June 6, 1882: \"Jack Dooms finished the Parsonage House today.\"","June 15, 1882: \"Jack Dooms finished the Parsonage Stable today.\"","June 18, 1882: Rev. Bush preached. ","June 19, 1882: \"Isac Marshall Bought a Cow of Mr. Brown for a price of $45.00   She is a full Jersey.\"","July 24, 1882: \"11 Wagons went through town for Blackberries to Parnassus, 50 bushels to town\"","August 1, 1882: \"A new Barbershop by Barber and John Collbert commenced to day.\"","August 8, 1882: \"I H. Smals had the pleasure of shaving Francis O'ferell the Colonels Brother from Minnesota, he came to our town to see his Mother.\"","August 17, 1882: Commenced laying Brick on the Bank to day.\"","September 9, 1882: \"Overseer of the Poor took Peachy Hoak to the Poorhouse to day\"","September 12, 1882: \"I H. Smals was Disfranchised as Sexton and P. Hartman was put in my place.\"\n[This undoubtedly pertains to the Methodist Church]. ","September 14, 1882: \"Scaffold at Bank fell and hurt 3.\"","September 23, 1882: \"Meinars Jim Dog died to day.\"","October 2, 1882: \"the Great Comet made its appearance this morning in the East.\"","October 4, 1882: \"H. Dice sold a lot to Casper Earheart for $100, 1 ¼ acre.  Thrush Sellers Bilds Mrs. Williams a house for $600 on High Street.\"","October 22, 1882: Preaching by Rev. Hildebrand.","October 23, 1882: \"Humphreys Loose got his new engine this evening, it cost about $1200.\"","December 25, 1882: \"Jack Higgins and Jack Jones were tried and convicted for stealing and sent to jail.\"","December 26, 1882: \"A Christmas tree for benefit of the Sabbath School Children.  Speech from Rev. D. Bush.\"  [sketch of Christmas Arch]Jan 24: \"Old Brother John Altaffer Died in this Place this evening about 4 oclock at age of 84 ½  years old, he has been a Methodist for 65 year and over.\" [Commemorated in stained glass window in Bridgewater United Methodist Church.]","January 26, 1883: Rev Bush preached Altaffer's funeral.","April 6, 1883: \"Our young Preacher Waters came to town this evening from Maeraland [Maryland].\"","June 1, 1883:  \"Colored boy died of scarlet fever [age 16] and buried in colored graveyard.\"","June 24, 1883: Dr. Folensher preached.","June 25, 1883:  \"A great many persons harvesting today-wheat very good.\"","June 30, 1883:  \"Burn and Elam fought a duel near Wainsborough.  Elam got a flesh wound; the other was not touched.\"","July 1, 1883: Preaching by Rev. Waters","July 8, 1883:  \"Our choir sung for the colored people today at 11:00.  Rev. B. Smith preached-a colored man.\" [Sunday]","July 11, 1883: \"The Wizard men came to our town this evening and will stay until next Sabbath.\"","July 12, 1883: \"Mr. Allemong and family gone to White Sulphur Springs to stay for 3 weeks.\"","July 14, 1883:   Talks about a \"wizard man\" being in town for the week selling medicine.","July 25, 1883: \"Hanger and wife joined the M.E. Church to night.\"","July 29, 1883: Henry Smals granddaughter Sallie Miller married Samuel Boselmen.","August 4, 1883: \"My Birth day.  I H. Smals was born on the 4 August 1810 Saturday in afternoon at 3 oclock near the head of Muddy Creek about 2 miles of the head of Linville Creek and Bowmans Mill.\"","August 20, 1883:  \"George E. Dunnell killed a Negro.  Shot him in self-defense.\"","September 20, 1883:  \"Mr. George Murry's ondley daughter [age 11] got killed at a cane mill.  The shaft caught her clothes and thread her around and beat her head soft.\"","November 8, 1883: \"Dr. Brown and Robert Whitescarver have a Quarrel in our Shop this morning, but Did not come to blows.\"","November 12, 1883: \"Dock Van Pelt moved to Sangersville, he has moved 18 times in 6 years.\"","December 28, 1883:  \"A black man from Rockbridge County came to our town and married Black Maria Huldey yesterday in the African Church.\"","December 31, 1883:  \"Watch meting to night in M. E. Church. Oyster supper by the colored people in Odfellows Hall.\"","January 1, 1884:  \"Oyster supper by the Odfellows tonight in Odfellows Hall.  Everybody invited. Uncommonly cold; scarlet fever very bad in the area; ice 6\" frozen.\"","February 4, 1884:  \"Mrs. Young was laying out a woman who had died and got some gastric juices on a sore on her hand and now suffers very much in consequence of it.\" [She was sick for about a week; Smals doesn't mention her after that.]","February 26, 1884: \"Dr. Jones Drugstore caught on fire and burt up all his drugs and medcane [sic].  Did not burn the store house.\" ","May 11, 1884:  \"Colored people had their first Quarterly meeting at this place today.\"","May 24, 1884:  \"William Fishback and a black man had a fight.  Fishback struck the negro in the head with a rock and Fishback had to pay a fine and cost which was $4.45.\"","May 31, 1884:  A great \"bass ball\" game.  Bridgewater 28 Harrisonburg 25 and 2 whitewashes.","June 11, 1884:  \"David Hooks whipped his sister with a yardstick this morning and left marks on her boddie.\"","June 13, 1884:  \"Brady and Wine killed their first beef this evening.  Going to butcher all summer.\"","June 15, 1884 : \"Lighting struck Rev. Raley [Lutheran] near Mt. Crawford and knocked his horse down but did not kill either of them.\"","June 18, 1884: \"All the presses and other tools to Bridgewater this evening to make cigars.\" [sketch of cigar]","July 19, 1884:  \"Nute Fry commenced butchering and selling beef in Bridgewater this morning.\"","August 1884:  [Several mentions of a cigar/tobacco factory.]","August 6, 1884: \"Old Jimmie Coakley, colored, died today near Rushville at the age of 110 years old.\"","August 10, 1884: \"Sabbath Morning, Warm Cloudy.  Rained some last night.  This is Childrens Day with the M.E.C.S.  The collection amounted to 10 dollars.  Preaching by Rev. Waters at 11 oclock.  Exercises at 2 oclock, also at night.\" ","August 16, 1884: \"Professor Hoover and Professor Hulvey came to our town.  Spoke in the Old Town Hall as Democrats.\"\n[At this time Rev. Campbell was preaching in the Lutheran Church and Rev. Clark in the Baptist Church.  Smals usually mentioned the services in Lutheran and Baptist Churches].","August 30, 1884:  Cigar boys played and beat Bridgewater boys in baseball.","September 3, 1884: \"Uncle Jake Hesberger raised a watermelon that weighed 47 ¾ pounds.\" ","September 7, 1884: Rev. Linch preached in M.E.C.S Church.","September 13, 1884: \"A fellow going to walk on a Rope started from J. Dinkles to the top of the old Tavern.\"","September 20, 1884:  \"The colored people have a local Preachers Convention here-will continue over Sunday.\"","September 21, 1884:  \"Preaching at colored church by colored preacher.  Fifteen local preachers present at the Convention.  Large crowd of colored people present.  Collected $30.\"","September 22, 1884: \"Jacob Bierly and son were killed in the well by foul air.\" ","October 5, 1884: Rev. Ross preaching at M. E. C. ","November 1, 1884: \"Mrs. Showalter Beat a little child today Black and Blue.  She was arrested and had her trial.  Paid the Corporation $5.00 and $25.00 to the County Court.\"","December 6, 1884:  \"A negro shot another negro in Harrisonburg last night.  He was caught and lodged in jail to await trial.\" ","December 25, 1884: Thursday Morning Clear.  \"Very cold this Christmas Day, Plenty of ice on the River   Boys skating and shooting.\"","December 26, 1884: \"I H. Smals Eat a fine Dinner at George Hangers.\"","December 27, 1884: \"Oyster supper to night by the Masons at Will Areys.\" ","January 12, 1885: \"The Cigar Boys commence making cigars today.\"  [Smals makes frequent  references to the \"cigar boys\" working in the cigar factory in Bridgewater]","January 18, 1885: \"Old Mr. Hailman fell through the Bridge and Caught himself before he got to the water.\" [Smals had been writing regularly of work on the bridge]","January 24, 1885: \"William H. Grove finished the Bridge today.  Got $56 for his 16 days work.\"   ","February 21, 1885: \"21 below zero.\"","March 11, 1885:  \"Nuten Smals came here from Hampshire County.  Brown Smals and Thomas Smals came to my house to day from Berkley County near Williamsport W.Va. to purchase cattle.\"","March 18, 1885: \"Our Preachers have come from Conference to day.  Rev Dice the Presiding Elder and Rev Lynch and Prettiman [Prettyman] the Senior and Junior Preacher for one Year.\"","March 21, 1885: \"Dam frozen over to night, never was known to freeze over in March before.\"","March 22, 1885: Preaching by Rev. Reade [Reid?]","March 24, 1885: \"Old Miller Areys sale today on Muddy Creek.\"","March 25, 1885: \"Hales engine went through our town this morning.\"","March 27, 1885: \"A Degarion [?] car came to town today.\" [sketch of train car, maybe an early photo studio?]","March 28, 1885: \"The dogs killed a parse of sheep for John Allemong this morning. John Allemong discharged 6 of his cigar men.  Only 4 rollers left and 2 packers.\"","April 3, 1885: [Good Friday.]  \"This is the day our Savior was crucified nearly 1900 years ago.\" [sketch of cross]  ","April 10, 1885:  \"The old Brick Shop that I Built 1840, 44 years ago, they are taring down to Build Drivers House.\"","April 12, 1885: \"Bettie Brown joined the M. E. Church South.\"","April 16, 1885: \"John Fisher rented the Lower Room of the Odd Fellows for the sum of  Two Dollars per month…\"","April 18, 1885: \"The first Quarterly Conference held in this place.   Presiding Elder present and both of the preachers on the Sircuit present and a good many of the Official Body present.  Brother Lynch gone to Spring Hill to hold a Quarterly meeting for the presiding Elders.  Brother Prettyman preached at night at 7 ½  oclock.\"  ","April 21, 1885:  \"Burk Sellers cow had twin calves.\"","April 22, 1885: Moses Stickler had been recommended as Post Master in Bridgewater.","April 26, 1885:  \"Two bysicles in our town.  Came from Harrisonburg in 52 minutes.\"","April 28, 1885:  \"J.W.S. commenced getting new milk of Mrs. Jenkins today at 6 cents per quart.\"","May 6, 1885:  \"Dinkel hired a bisicle in Harrisonburg to learn to ride on.\"","May 15, 1885: \"My Daughter Annie Died to night at 10 oclock.  She was 42 years and some month old.\" ","May 20, 1885: \"Richard Berlin put a whistle on his engine today.\"","June 8, 1885: \"Shifflett stabbedd Riddle 2 times in the side.  The one stab is supposed to be fatal.\"","June 13, 1885:  \"Dr. Johnson's cow had 2 calves this morning.\"","July 1, 1885:  Post Office opened and first day of mail service in Bridgewater area.  Carriers going to Stribling Springs and Harrisonburg.","July 24, 1885:  \"2 Negroes broke open wines at Funkhouser store and stole 2 suit of clothing, coffee and sugar, and other articles. A black woman found under a hay stack with her throat cut from ear to ear in Augusta County, VA.\"","August 7, 1885:  \"Colored people had a Festival tonight at the Old Town Hall\" [3 sketches of black heads].","August 8. 1885:  \"Colored people continue their festival tonight.  Colored people have a Quarterly meeting on Crawford's farm today and tomorrow.\"","March 8, 1886:  \"The Colored Minstrel Singers came to our town today and sing tonight in the M.E. Church.  Colored in this town a perfect Humbug.\"","April 15, 1886:  \"The colored Preacher came here on his circuit today.\"","May 7, 1886:  Notes marriage of 2 coloreds with a squiggly circle drawing.  \"Wm. Branson to Allace Brookins\"","May 26, 1886:  \"Charley Stuart moved in Berlintown in Joseph Nielwanders house.  He is a colored man.\" [sketch of black man's head].","June 1, 1886:  \"Mat Barber's child buried today in the Colored Graveyard in this town today at 11 o'clock.  Colored boy Joseph Riggle came to our town today to work in the factory.\"","June 11, 1886:  \"John Wine's wife had twins and two days afterward his cow had twin calves.\" [sketch of twin calves]","June 14, 1886:  \"The Colored people have a Picknick tonight for the benefit of their Preacher.\"","Summer of 1886:  Talks a lot about farmers harvesting their wheat all over and in July \"people are thrashing all over.\"  ","August 1, 1886:  \"The Colored People had a Bush meeting near Mt. Crawford.\"","August 2, 1886:  \"A great show at the African church tonight by the colored folks.\"  [Pasted a picture of black musicians surrounded by violins, banjos and other instruments]","August 30, 1886:  \"Jackson Doomer's cow died this morning.\"","September 4, 1886:  \"Another bucher shop opened near Allemony's store.\"","September 18, 1886:  \"Mr. Isaac Marshall weighed his big hog today at 705 pounds.\"","October 16, 1886:  \"Colored Quarterly meeting commenced today in Bridgewater.\"","October 19, 1886:  \"Henry Dice and Frank Irvin came home from Pokehunters to bring his cattle home.\"","November 22, 1886:  \"Sanger Brothers started a Creamery today in Bridgewater.\"  ","February 15, 1887:  Josie Wise, colored, buried in the Colored Graveyard today at 11 o'clock.  A great many colored persons present.\"  ","On speech:  [Smals spells the railroad president's name \"Auther Vandabilt\"]","On blacks:  [Frequently mentions when they are born, married, and died and usually draws head sketches.]","On travel:  [In 1877 a trip to Harrisonburg took 4 hours.]","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Henry Smals Diaries, 1871-1891, consist of three boxes containing eighteen volumes of diaries written by Henry Smals of Bridgewater, Virginia. The topics of diary entries are brief outlining day-to-day activities. A folder, located in Box 3, contains a partial index and a list of highlights for most volumes as well as an ad for \"Henry Smals, Fashionable Barber! Main Street, Bridgewater, Va.\"","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Smalls family","Smals, Henry, 1810-1892","Hotchkiss, Jedediah, 1828-1899","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0096","/repositories/4/resources/250"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Henry Smals Diaries"],"collection_title_tesim":["Henry Smals Diaries"],"collection_ssim":["Henry Smals Diaries"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- History, Local -- Genealogy","Bridgewater (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Economic customs -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- History, Local -- Genealogy","Bridgewater (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Economic customs -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century"],"creator_ssm":["Smals, Henry, 1810-1892","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["Smals, Henry, 1810-1892","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Smals, Henry, 1810-1892"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["Smals, Henry, 1810-1892","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- History, Local -- Genealogy","Bridgewater (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","Bridgewater (Va.) -- Economic customs -- 19th century","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection is on deposit from the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Shoemakers -- Virginia -- Biography","African Americans -- Virginia -- History -- 19th century","Shoemakers -- Virginia -- History -- 19th century","Diaries","Weather diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Shoemakers -- Virginia -- Biography","African Americans -- Virginia -- History -- 19th century","Shoemakers -- Virginia -- History -- 19th century","Diaries","Weather diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.7 cubic feet 3 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.7 cubic feet 3 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Diaries","Weather diaries"],"date_range_isim":[1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe diaries are arranged chronologically where possible, but due to variations in size are physically housed as follows in the Contents List. Volume 14 is filed in a separate container.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The diaries are arranged chronologically where possible, but due to variations in size are physically housed as follows in the Contents List. Volume 14 is filed in a separate container."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eUnited States Census Office, 7th census. 1850 U.S. Census, Rockingham County, Virginia. Wichita, Ks.: S-K Publications, 1987.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["United States Census Office, 7th census. 1850 U.S. Census, Rockingham County, Virginia. Wichita, Ks.: S-K Publications, 1987."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHenry Smals (1810-1892) is listed in the 1850 Rockingham County Census as a shoemaker with real estate value of $1,000 with a wife, Mary, and six children. There is an entry for Henry Smalts in the 1860 census and for Henry Smalls in the 1870 census that gives additional household details. He may also have been a barber sometime during the 1880s (ses Box 3, Folder 4). His surname appears as a variation of Smalz and Smaltz as well.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Henry Smals (1810-1892) is listed in the 1850 Rockingham County Census as a shoemaker with real estate value of $1,000 with a wife, Mary, and six children. There is an entry for Henry Smalts in the 1860 census and for Henry Smalls in the 1870 census that gives additional household details. He may also have been a barber sometime during the 1880s (ses Box 3, Folder 4). His surname appears as a variation of Smalz and Smaltz as well."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection of diaries was first presented to George M. Hanger by Smals' grandson, Gal Miller, in 1910. The diaries were then given to George P. Furry in 1920, Edwina Furry in 1970, and Dorothy Merriefield in 1983.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["The collection of diaries was first presented to George M. Hanger by Smals' grandson, Gal Miller, in 1910. The diaries were then given to George P. Furry in 1920, Edwina Furry in 1970, and Dorothy Merriefield in 1983."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Henry Smals Diaries, 1871-1891, SC 0096, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Henry Smals Diaries, 1871-1891, SC 0096, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe diaries appear to have been rebound, perhaps several times, and some volumes have sections in them that are not in chronological order. In some places the ink has faded to illegibility. In the fall of 2002 and 2003, Peggy Dillard and Ken Hinkle respectively created partial indices for the Smals diaries. The entries transcribed as part of these partial indices are included under each diary's scope and content note. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2059\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Notes"],"processinfo_tesim":["The diaries appear to have been rebound, perhaps several times, and some volumes have sections in them that are not in chronological order. In some places the ink has faded to illegibility. In the fall of 2002 and 2003, Peggy Dillard and Ken Hinkle respectively created partial indices for the Smals diaries. The entries transcribed as part of these partial indices are included under each diary's scope and content note. ","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2059 ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Henry Smals Papers, 1871-1891, consist of three boxes containing eighteen volumes of diaries written by Henry Smals of Bridgewater, Virginia. The topics of diary entries are brief outlining day-to-day activities. There are mentions of acquaintances that are ill, various business transactions conducted in town, the movement of livestock, and hay through town, ongoing town projects, church activities, marriages, births, deaths, and other details of town life. The activities of \"colored people\" are occasionally noted. Throughout the diaries, Smals made small drawings of people and animals and added illustrations clipped from newspapers. A folder, located in Box 3, contains printed copies of a partial index and a list of highlights for most volumes as well as an ad for \"Henry Smals, Fashionable Barber! Main Street, Bridgewater, Va.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJuly 9, 1871: Rev. Holland preached.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 28, 1871: \"Negro procession burying a black man, 27 numbers.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 11, 1871: \"Ingenears [sic] at work from Harrisonburg to Bridgewater.\"  [sketch of surveyor's transit]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 17, 1871: \"Eingenears [sic] leveling the road through town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 10, 1871: [Described Chicago Fire giving damage figures and drew a sketch]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 8, 1871: A man was fined.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 31, 1872: \"Charley Clark got his leg broke by the kick of a horse in the street near the Methodist Church.\" Rev. Engel [J.J.Eagle] was preaching at Mossy Creek \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 22, 1872:\"Poor Peter Swisher, black, in  town from the Poor House \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 28, 1872: \"class as usual at Lutheran Church\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 4, 1872: Preaching by Rev. Whitscarver at 3pm \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 8, 1872: \"A Drove of cattle went through town today to West Virginia to graze.\" [sketch of cow skull] \"A Load of corn to Staunton.\" [ear of corn sketch][during this period time small pox [drew symbolic dots] was raging at Tenth Legion and there is reference ot Tobias Swartz making barrels [sketch of barrel]]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 27, 1872: \"A Cow ate up a pocket book for Harry Soule with $140 in the book.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 31, 1872: \"Negro riot at Mrs. Woodleys.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 1872: \"Glade as dry as we had seen in 40 years.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 23, 1872: \"No class today, our church is under repairs. Prayer meeting at Lutheran Church\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJuly 13, 1872:  \"Black Peter and Black Tond [sp?] came here from the Poor House for a Quarterly meeting.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 14, 1872:  \"A great many Black persons at their meeting at the orchard of Mrs. Brown's. Sabbath Morning.  - \"Preaching by Reverend Engel [Eagle].  Rev. Whitescarver preached in the Methodist Church.  A very small congregation today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 4, 1872: [Henry Smals birthday.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 5, 1872: \"Some Scoundrels went in T. Hites watermelon lot and cut and stole all his watermelons.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 17, 1872:  \"2 droves of Fat Cattle went through our town today . . . Another drove of cattle and a drove of sheep.  Another drove of cattle.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 23, 1872: \"A camp meeting commence at Lacey Springs for the United Brethren in Christ.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 28, 1872:  \"A company of Gipseys went through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 2, 1872:  \"Two droves of cattle went through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 3, 1872: \"Greely Club meeting this evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 4, 1872: \"25 wells gone dry.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 5, 1872: \"load of crocks from Mt. Sidney.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 7, 1872:  \"Negro picnic at Mt. Solon today at 11 o'clock.\" [5 black heads drawn]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 14, 1872:  \"A drove of cattle very fat came through our town today. Reverend Perry killed 23 squirrels.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 21, 1872:  \"A drove of sheep from Hiland came through our town  . . . A drove of cattle went through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 22, 1872: \"A large crowd  at the M. E. Church South.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 24, 1872:  \"Joseph Byrd and Squire Whitsearver gone to try a Negro.  He is a lunatick.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 28, 1872:  \"Negro picnic in the woods near the town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 4, 1872:  \"A blind Negro playing on harp for a living . . . A Negro show in our town this evening at 8 o'clock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 11, 1872:  \"2 beaves killed this evening in our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 15, 1872:  \"A drove of sheep, a drove of cattle went through our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 8, 1872:  \"1 drove of cattle went through our town to Faquire County.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 14, 1872:  \"Horse disease [Epizooty] made its appearance in our midst.  No fatal cases reported as yet.  Chicken cholera also prevailing.  The Devil has been at loose among the stock, poultry, etc.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 25, 1872:  \"A large drove of cattle went through our town today.\"Dec. 11, 1872:  [Writes in German.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 22, 1872:  \"Class at usual hour 9 o'clock, Sabbath School at 2 o'clock. Singing after class.  Also singing at 6 ½ o'clock, Closed singing a 8 o'clock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 30, 1872:  \"Sinclair Lewis came to town this evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 31, 1872:  \"Mr. Mason, Superintendent of Poor House, in town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 7, 1873:  \"Black people all gone to the railroad from Bridgewater.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 8, 1873:  \"2 droves of cattle and 2 droves of sheep went through our town this evening. . .  The black presiding elder's name is Harst.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 9, 1873: \"Singing by Professor Wartman at 10 o'clock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 10, 1873:  \"All the black boys from Bridgewater went to the railroad.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 26, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle and hogs went through out town today-up the country.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 27, 1873:  \"All the colored people gone to the railroad.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 22, 1873 : \"There are 11 preachers in town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 27, 1873: \"Baptism by Immersion in the River near the Bridge.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 12, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle went through our town to the mountains.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 15, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle gone through our town to the mountains.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 18, 1873: \"Hattie Dinkel and Frank Perry baptized.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 28, 1873:  \"Shifflet killed a black man dead in his tracks on the railroad between Sangersville and Harrisonburg.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune-August, 1873:[A lot of talk about many people being in town looking for work on the railroad and how much work was being done; a lot of railroad business.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 22, 1873: \"Preaching by Reverend Nihiser.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAugust 27, 1873: [District Conference commenced in Mt. Crawford.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 31 1873,-  \"Preaching at M.E.C.S by Reverend Waugh.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 6, 1873:  \"Negroes have a Sabbath school picnic this evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 20, 1873:  \"1 Drove of fat cattle gone through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 1, 1873:  \"Wages on the NGR Road is cut down to $1.25 per day and board themselves.  Negroes would not work for that price.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 2, 1873:  \"A great stampede with the Negroes striking for higher wages or work on the whole line on the Narrow Gauge RR.  A great many Negroes gone to Staunton.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 3, 1873:  \"A great many Negroes in town today looking for work.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 5, 1873 - Reverend Weddell was to preach in Temperance Hall.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 1, 1873:  \"A large drove of cattle came through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 15, 1873:  \"Negro Fair today at their schoolhouse on the bank of the river.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 24, 1873:  \"Joseph Williams shot a negroman a convict from the penitentiary but did not kill him.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 12, 1873: \"Dr. McMarren came to our town to open a drug store.\" [mortar and pestle sketch]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 16, 1873:  \"Finished work on the Broad Gauge RR this evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 28, 1873: \" Preaching by a Northern Methodist.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 29, 1873:  \"A Negro frolick in our town tonight in the Odd fellows Hall lower room.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 1, 1874: \"John Allemong and Mack Aden leased the Band Mill of  George Berlin for 3 years.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 3, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle went through our town today.  2 droves more cattle went through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 4, 1874:  \"Preaching at Brethren Church by Rev Nihiser.  Prayer  mtg. 6 ½  o'clock in M. E. C. S.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 11, 1874:  Sabbath morning   clear cool   class at the usual hour of 9 oclock   Preaching by Rev. Mr. Engel [Eagle]  Sabbath School at 2 oclock   Preaching by Rev. Whitescarver [Baptist?]   Also Rev Mr. Weddell at 3 ½ oclock  Rev Mr. Stuart preached at M. E. C. S. at 6 ½ oclock\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 17, 1874:  \"A drove of very fat cattle went through our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 1, 1874:  \"Singing by Professor Bucher at 11 o'clock.  Black Liz had a child and carried it to the stable, child had a bunch of straw crammed in its mouth, found dead.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 13, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle came through our town.  1 drove of hogs went through our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 17, 1874:  \"A large drove of cattle went through our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 22, 1874: \"Sabbath Morning.  Class at the usual hour at 9 o'clock.  Preaching by Rev. Mr. Engel [Eagle].  Sabbath School at 2 o'clock.  Preaching at 3 ½ o'clock by Rev. Mr. Whitscarver.   Prayer meeting at the usual hour 6 ½ o'clock.  Very warm  mercury up to 82 degrees.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 26, 1874: Two houses and lots were sold in Bridgewater for $375 each.  [Smals always drew a house when one was sold and when people moved to another house].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 8, 1874: \"The old Methodist Church in Mt. Crawford Blown Down by wind today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 13, 1874: \"Rev Engel [Eagle] came home from Conference this morning.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 11, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle gone through our town to the mountains. Lovefeast at 9 o'clock.  Preaching at 11 by John H. Marten.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 18, 1874:  \"Charley Hottle and Jack Higgins were arrested for stealing a large iron pot of Davie Danner and put in the calaboose for 3 hours and there whipped on the bare back, Charley 8 lashes and Jack 4.\"  [Doesn't say if these two were black or white.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 4, 1874:  \"This is Pention [sic] Day for the soldiers of the war.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 9, 1874:  \"A great many persons in our town today for flowers for the soldiers graves.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 10, 1874:  \"This is Memorial Day in Harrisonburg of Confederate Soldiers graves.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 16, 1874:  \"A Negro strike on the Railroad today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 18, 1874:  \"President of NGRR and chief engineer in town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 25, 1874:  \"Quarterly meeting commenced today by the Colored People in Bridgewater.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 25, 1874: \"The Normal Professors and Scholars gone on the Round Hill, a pleasure trip.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 15, 1874: \"Professors and Boys had a fine game of Bass Ball this afternoon.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 2, 1874:  \"Colonel Osburn gone home and I suppose that is the end of the Broad Gauge RR.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 2, 1874: \"Adam Rader butchering today.\" [Adam Rader was the first mayor of Bridgewater, Virginia and organized the first Methodist church in that town in 1841.  He is commemorated in a stained glass window in the Bridgewater United Methodist Church].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 4, 1874:  \"This is Pention [sic] Day of the Soldiers of the War.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 13, 1874: \"Rev Haines buried in Port Republic. Requested that all people who had heard him preach come to see him buried.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 28, 1874:  \"Negro frolick in our town tonight.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarch 1, 1875: \"The Sivil [sic] Rights Bill passed both houses.  Nigger can look to have his head broke.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 28, 1875: \"Dick Rogers killed 1 loon and 1 Night Heron.\" [accurate sketches of both birds]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 24, 1875:  \"A panther attacked one of Wises boys this morning on Wises.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 24, 1875:  \"A panther attacked one of Wises boys this morning on Wises.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 9, 1875:  \"A Negro hung near Harrisonburg for insulting a white woman today without judge or jury.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 13, 1875: \"Methodist Camp Meeting commence today above Mt. Sidney.  Rev. Mauzey [Mausee] gone to attend this meeting.  Also a camp meeting near Lacey Springs commence to day held by United Brethren.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 24, 1875:  \"A parsel of Negroes were blowed up on the Railroad in a cut near the Darah Coal mines.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 25, 1875:  \"Severell droves of cattle, hogs and  sheep went through our town today to market.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 15, 1875: [Sketch of a steam sawmill.]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 2, 1876: Sabbath Morning.  \"A blind man by the name of Johnson addressed the Sunday School and children.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 10, 1876: \"A large supper and surprise party given at Rev. Mauzeys [Mausee], about 50 in number.\"    \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 21, 1876: \"Monday morning cloudy and rain.  This is Court Day.  A great many persons in town to day.  A great many drunk.  The Mite Society met at the Parsonage at 7 o'clock. Collected 6 dollars and some cents.  Miss Player was indited before the grand jury for killing her child by sticking scissors in its neck, seven holes.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 6, 1876:  \"Great Disaster happened at the Narrow pass. Bridge broken, cars went down and killed 11 and wounded all of the crew and killed 96 cattle and tore everything to pieces.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 11, 1876:  \"A Sons of Purity had a procession and fair today in Town Hall. A great many black folks present. They realized about $45 for their society.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 20, 1876:  \"Black Amos gone to Montrey with his wagon with provisions for convicts.\"   [Many entries about people taking provisions to convicts.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 20, 1876:  \"Black Peter died at the Poor House.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 3, 1876:  \"Black Charley Teter got drunk and Mr. Simpson struck him in the mouth and Charley was put in the calaboose.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 10, 1876:  \"Black folks have Picnick at Mt. Sidney today.  The band is gone up to Sidney.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 18, 1876: Sabbath Morning.   \"…the M. E. Church received a new library today, 125 volumes of good literature.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 12, 1876: \"Old Miller Campbell drown in a barrel of water in Daton this morning.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 21, 1876: \"Jedediah Hotchkiss of Staunton lectures geography of Virginia today at two o'clock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 31, 1876:  \"Convicts came off the road and gone near Rawley Springs to get out Railroad ties.\"  [Convicts now working on the RR, not blacks]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 19, 1876: \"Adam Rader came to town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 1, 1876: Sabbath -[Henry Smals attended Quarterly meeting at Naked Creek.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 24, 1876: \"4 droves of cattle came through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 5, 1876: Sabbath-\"John Allemong very sick\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 6, 1876: \"John Allemong still sick.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 7, 1876:  Declares Tilden and Hendricks as elected President and VP of the country\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 4, 1877: Sunday -  \"The colored Quarterly Meeting closed this evening about 9 o'clock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 5 1877:  \"A black man the name of R. Coffman went to John Hatfields and choked John's wife and hurt her face and arm, and went in pursuit of him and caught him at James Davis and brought him to Mr. Byrds and Mr. Byrd sent him to jail for further trial.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 16, 1877:  \"Negroes have a dance in the lower room in Odfellow Hall tonight.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 5, 1877:  Notes inauguration day but doesn't mention names.  Perhaps he's disappointed his candidates didn't win after all.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 16, 1877: [Smals mentions Pastors Graechen and Kinzer who were both new ministers at the M. E. Church on the Bridgewater Circuit.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 19, 1877:  \"The trial of the black man comes off today for an attempt of rape, was condemned to the penitentiary for 10 years.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 2, 1875:  \"S. Coffman was arrested for assault and battery.\" [a black man].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 1, 1877: \"Preaching at M. E. Church by Rev. Kinzer.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 23, 1877:  \"Mr. Shifflett condemned to be hung by the neck till he is dead dead dead\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 25, 1877:  Shiffletts hanging to be done June 29.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 12, 1877:\"a new engine went through our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 23, 1877: \"The Masons had a picknick below the bridge today.  All the Masons in town were present.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 24, 1877: Sabbath morning: \"Preaching by Rev. Kinzer in M. E. Church.  Preaching in the Brethren Church at 8 o'clock in the evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 29, 1877:  Hanging put off for further trial.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 4, 1877:  \"This is Independence Day, great parade in Harrisonburg about 5,000 persons present.  Fine day for a celebration in Harrisonburg.  Several speeches made in the courtyard.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 11, 1877:  \"Verdict brought in for Shifflett for murder in the first degree.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 19, 1877: Sunday: \"About 3,000 people at a Camp Meeting in Parnassus.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 24, 1877:  \"A picnic at Harrisonburg by the Negroes\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 25, 1877:  A white picnic at Mt. Crawford.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 1, 1877:  \"The [traveling] Centennial closed tonight for the White People.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 2, 1877: \"Preaching in M. E. Church by Rev. Graechen.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 3, 1877:  \"Today Centennial opened for the Colored People.  A good crowd present.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 5, 1877:  \"Several drove of cattle came through our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 9, 1877: \"Preaching by Rev. Mausey [Mausee].\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWednesday, September 12, 1877: \"Rev. Roe preached in M. E. Church tonight on object of Bibles.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 23, 1877: \"I [Smals] delivered an address to the Sunday School Prayer Meeting tonight.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 25, 1877:  \"Mr. Shiflett was hung in Harrisonburg today about 1 o'clock.\"  [Sketch of a hangman's noose and gallows drawn]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOctober 3, 1877:  \"Some fine stock went through our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 11, 1877:  \"Boat was built to cross the river; big rope extended to both sides.\" [draws picture of rope and boat crossing the river.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 14, 1877: Preaching by Rev. Graechen.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 27, 1877: \"…Jenkins nephew making boats to cross river.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 8, 1877: \"A boat sank today with a load of wood on the wagon belonging to Daniel Evans, supposed to weigh 6 tons.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 14, 1877:  \"Commenced the bridge.\" [drew a picture of a stone bridge].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 17, 1877: \"Uncle Adam Rader paralyzed today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 18, 1877: Jacob Dinkel died [brother in law of Smals].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 25, 1877:  \"Colored band has gone to Harrisonburg.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 26, 1877:  White band invited to play at a party.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 1878: [ Work continues on the bridge.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 22, 1878: \"Business very dull.  John Allemong put his calico down to 5 cents per yard.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 26, 1878: \"Boys killed a red fox on Round Hill today.  Shot by John Keaton.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 31, 1878: \"John Smith and Right Hartman had a fight today in the confectionaire [sic].\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 1, 1878: Rev. Graechen came to town.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 7, 1878: \"Samuel S. Miller cut his hand in my shop.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 9, 1878: \"The Dunkards made arrangements to build a church out at the woods.  Layed off the ground today.  Joe Summerlance and Tailor Sheetz had a fight at the bridge today.  Paid a fine of dollar apiece by decision of the Mayor.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 13, 1878:  [Smals took sick for 2 weeks; no entries.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 6, 1878:\"Our annual Conference goes in session today in the City of Baltimore. Business looking up now.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 7, 1878:  \"Black woman linched [sic] and hung for burning a barn.\" [drew picture of gallows]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 19, 1878: \"Great Elocution in M. E. Church to night by Rev. Ross.  A failure. Ross sick.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 22, 1878:  \"Henry Smals fell in the river today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 28, 1878:  \"Trussels finished on the bridge.\"  [Children and ladies crossed first]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 9, 1878:  [Bridgewater Enterprise, first paper printed in Bridgewater; J.H. Smals bought the first paper off the press.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 12, 1878:  \"Bridge finished; first wagon and cart driven over.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 30, 1878:  [Notes Dr. doing \"obstetricks\" [sic];  316 cases; lost only 1 mother.]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMay 18, 1878:  \"Colored People have their first Quarterly meeting in this town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 20, 1878:  \"Commenced putting on shingles on Bridge roof today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 21, 1878:  \"Black Jack Higgins and Black Sam Williams had a fight on the road.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 31, 1878: \"Peter Miller started to Baltimore to purchase stock for his factory.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 3, 1878: \"John Hatfield and Gallice Miller finished the bridge today.  Gallice Miller drove the last nail.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 5, 1878:  \"Commenced painting the bridge. . . . Bridge finished today.\" [Sketch of the finished bridge]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 10, 1878: \"Presbyterians organized their church today.  Rev. Price preached in the Lutheran Church.\"  \"Spits of snow with 3 ½ inches on Mountain.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 14, 1878:  \"Great decoration of soldier's graves; amount of persons present about 12,000; a good many went from Bridgewater.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 20, 1878: \"Perry Meace crossed the Bridge with a steam boiler weighing 9200 pounds.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 22, 1878:  \"2 Beef Wagons in town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 23, 1878:  \"Preaching in M. E. Church today by Reverend Kinzer.  Mr. Kiracofe married to Miss McWilliams.  Some of the Negroes had a fuss in their church.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 28, 1878:  \"2 hundred pounds of butter came to town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 29, 1878:  \"A great deal of butter came to town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 4, 1878:  \"This is Independence Day.  A fourth of July Celebration held at Edinburg today.  A good many persons gone to the celebration at Edinburg from this town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 6, 1878:  \"A big trial with the niggers for misdemeanor at their church.  Jane Bookers, Nels Lee and Addel Johnston were fined 50 cents each and cast and bound over the peace for 12 months.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 19, 1878:  \"Picnic by the colored people at their schoolhouse tonight also tomorrow night.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 21, 1878: Preaching by Rev. Daniel [David] Bush at Church.  \"Meeting at M. E. Church to pass a Resolution to have a festival on the 9 and 10 of August for the benefit of the M. E. Church.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 25, 1878: \"Editor Delaney is taking the origin of our town from year 1826.\"  [This was apparently a history of Bridgewater].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 27, 1878: Rev. Rosenbough at M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 1, 1878:  \"A picnic of the Colored people at Coonrods Store today.  Our Colored Band went to play for them.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 3, 1878: Iron safe weighing 5110 pounds installed in Bank of Bridgewater. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 4, 1878: [Smals birthday.  Preaching by Rev. Graechen in M. E. Church.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 9, 1878: Camp Meetings at Parnassus and Fort Defiance.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSunday, August 11, 1878: \"No class today in consequence of church being out of order.\" [Repairs?]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 20, 1878: Frank Miller got 15 years in penitentiary for stealing horses.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 25, 1878: Meeting at the new Dunkard Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 28, 1878: \"Dr. Brown got his printing press.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 30, 1878:  \"Colored People's Camp Meeting commenced tonight near George Kerekoff's, on his land.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 6, 1878:  \"A Colored man preached tonight at camp meeting near our town.\"  [The meeting closed on the 8th.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 20, 1878:  \"Great parade with the Negroes in Harrisonburg celebrating their freedom.\" [drew 4 black heads]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 24, 1878: \"Rod and balls for church put on.\" [The legibility is unclear for this entry but from the accompanying sketch, it appears a lighting rod was installed on the church].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 27, 1878: Rev. Green preached in M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 3, 1878: Rev. Rosebough preached in M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 1, 1878: Rev. Hat preached in M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 25, 1878:  \"Colored had a fair in Town Hall.  Realized $8.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 16, 1879:  \"Black Nels Lee got married to Black Allard.  Rev. Mauzy married them.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 23, 1879:  \"Nels Lee moved into the house at the end of the Plank Walk.  Colored people working on their church.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 15, 1879: Rev. Grachen preaching.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 17, 1879: \"A Grand Supper gave by the Band of Bridgewater.  Cornet Band to night.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 20, 1879: \"Charles Furry's wife had twins to night.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 28, 1879: \"Mr. McClouds House burnt up about 11 o'clock to night.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 1, 1879: \"A fine Revival going on in Harrisonburg. About 76 conversions up to this date.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 5, 1879: \"Our Annual Conference goes in session at Salem, Roanoke County.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 6, 1879:  \"Commenced work again on the African church in rear of our church. George White bought 5 hogs of Mrs. Ward for $20.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 8, 1879: Four day conference.  [likely M. E. Church]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 12, 1879: Eight day conference adjourned.  Brother Kinzer returns to our Sircuit [sic] and Rev Holcomb [Homan?] moved to Jesse Frys house in our town.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 14, 1879:  \"Negro Exhibition at old Town Hall tonight.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 19, 1879: \"Dr. Brown moved his drug store to Armstrongs store room and also the printing press upstairs in Browns Store.  Samuel Miller upset his buggy and broke the top off it.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 22, 1879: \"Lute Swartz killed a Sandhill Crane this morning.\" [sketch of crane]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 30, 1879: \"Quarterly meeting going on at Crawford.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 13, 1879: \"Preaching by Kummingham [R. S Cunningham] at M. E. Church.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 14, 1879: Henry Smals got sick on his way to Richmond Odd Fellows Conference.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 29, 1879: \"A. Hollins brought a load of agricultural implements to the Old Town Hall.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 10, 1879:  \"Quarterly meeting with the colored people today.  Presiding elder present.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 29, 1879: \"Peter Miller's stable burnt down.  Supposed to have caught from the engine of Mr. Sheetz.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 9, 1879:  \"This is Memorial Day at Staunton to decorate the soldiers graves.  A good many persons gone from Bridgewater.\" [June 6-at Winchester-Memorial of the Dead-estimates 25,000 present]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThursday, June 12, 1879: \"This is the day the Lawn Festival commences in church yard at M. E. Church.  No festival on account of rain.\" [sketch]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 23, 1879: \"Willie Bradburn got his arms in the carding machine, tore off the flesh of half the arm.\" [Smals always drew a sketch of injured arms and legs]  \"about 2500 black bass put in the dam above the woolen factory.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 27, 1879: \"A great many cherries in our town to day at from 11 to 20 cents per gallon.  Mr. Mefall got his buggy and harness broken near Allemongs by hoisting an umbrella, horse got frightened.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 4, 1879: \"Day of Celebration in Harrisonburg, about 15,000 people present, 6 bands and 6 military companies, a powerful turnout.  98 degrees for 3 hours and one hour 100 degrees, awful dust.  It was supposed that $10,000 dollars was left in Harrisonburg today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 13, 1879: Rev. Rosbrown [?] preached.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 21, 1879:  \"J.H. Smals at court, made 2 indictments on assault and battery, the other a rape on a small Negro child.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 15, 1879:  \"Rev. Boothe, Colored preacher, in United Brethren Church tonight.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 25, 1879: \"Oliver L. Rhodes made me a present of a fine hat this shape.\"  [sketch of the hat].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 31, 1879:  \"Also dedication by the colored people of their church in our town.  Realized $72. Their presiding elder present. Had good order.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 1, 1879: Rev. Cunningham had gone to District Conference at \"Wainsborough.\"  [Waynesboro]. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 4, 1879:  \"The first issue of the Bridgewater Journal out.\"\t\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 5, 1879: First issue of the Bridgewater Journal published.  [sketch]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 6, 1879: Dr. Brown had gone to Rawley Springs to bottle water.   \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 14, 1879: Rev Kemper preached in PM.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 22, 1879:  \"This is Mansipation [sic] Day for the Negroes.\"  [Writes this in big letters and draws four black heads.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 2, 1879:  \"A blind black man sung in the African church this evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 13, 1879:  \"Cars ran off the track and smashed 11 cars all to pieces, hurt a good many.\" [Smals does not tell where this happened]. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOctober 28, 1879:  \"The winter meeting in the M. E. S. Church still in progress.  Herschel Young professed religion tonight\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 29, 1879:  \"547 cattle passed through town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 1879-January 1880:  Mentions a lot of religious meetings and conversions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 2, 1879: \"56 for church service.  Protracted meeting still going on in M. E. Church.\"  [This revival continued for the first week or two of November] \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 6, 1879:  \"Mr. Sheetz plank mill burnt down with 7,000 feet of lumber.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 8, 1879: \"Several drummers in town today selling goods.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 9, 1879: \"Wofered Vancant struck Joe William with a club at our church door.\"  [sketch of club with word club written on it]  \"John Myers was converted to night about 9 o'clock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 11, 1879: \"Moffett Miller, Dr. Bucher and Thrush Sellers were all converted.\" [Moffett Miller is commemorated in a stained glass window in Bridgewater United Methodist Church].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 21, 1879: \"I  H. Smals heard a great noise to night in the skyes about 12 o'clock. The Noise was as Distant Thunder.\"  [He noted that the temperature was 8 degrees the next morning.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 8, 1879: \"Miss Rosenbaum came to our town to teach music on the piano from Staunton.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 13, 1879:  \"The Tunkard Brethren had quite a revival.  15 were baptized by immersion.  Old man Marshall killed a 568 ¼ pound hog.\"  [Sketch of hog, Smals always reported who all was butchering this time of year]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 24, 1879: \"Christmas tree in the M.E. Church.  A large attendance on the occasion.  In Shiffletts Hollow, Shifflett killed his brother Shifflett.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eChristmas Day: \"a ladder at the Methodist Church with presents for the children.\"[This must have been a structure erected for the children's presents].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 30, 1879:  \"Lutherans locked the Baptist out of their church this evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 1, 1880:  \"Rev. Grennan preached in the Dunkard Church on the subject of baptism by immersion-3 times face down.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 13, 1880: \"Miss Mulley Robinson gone home to Harrisonburg with mail wagon.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 18, 1880: \"Preaching at 11 o'clock by Dr. John S. Martin in the M. E. Church.  Quarterly meeting.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 20, 1880:  \"John Allemong elected president of our Narrow Gauge Rail Road.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 21, 1880: \"A cave discovered on Blosser's Farm by Bud Peterson close to Pike about 2 ½ miles this side of Harrisonburg.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 22, 1880: \"The U. B. trustees sold the church to the Baptists for $400.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 24, 1880: \"Some scoundrel stopped my shop chimney up and smoked me powerful.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 28, 1880: \"One hundred cases of smallpox at Culpeper.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 3, 1880: \"The organ for the M. E. Church came this evening.\" [sketch]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 9, 1880: \"Campbell killed Smith at the Warm Springs today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 11, 1880: Rev. Grachen preached at M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 23, 1880: Big fire in Bridgewater.  Destroyed Mr. Byrd's House and stable and burned the houses and out buildings of Mrs. Covington and Mrs. Arey.  $10,000 loss.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 2, 1880:  \"The chimneys of the burnt houses were thrown down today.  M. E. Church broken into and the organ injured.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 3, 1880: \"The Baltimore Conference met this morning at Front Royal, Warren County.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 4, 1880: \"Wild geese over river today near bridge.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 5, 1880:  \"Mr. Ehrman the Beef man in town today settling with his customers.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 6, 1880:  \"A man here today measured 6'7\" high.  He was a monster.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 22, 1880:  \"John Hatfield puts a roof on Mrs. Covington's dairy.  Commenced this morning for $5.  High winds-could hardly stay on the building.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 31, 1880:  \"The negroes had a fight at Lowman's stable last night.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 2, 1880:  \"A great negro trial at our courthouse.  About 90 persons present.  Jos. Higgins and John Bundy paid a fine of $3.90 each for fighting at the corporation [of Bridgewater.]\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 28, 1880: \"George Dinkel and A. H. Smals commence making brick back of the school house.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 6, 1880: \"George Jenkins wife had a child cut from her womb and saved the woman.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMay 17, 1880:  \"Old Black Aunt Dasha died this evening about 10:00 at Miss May Areys.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 23, 1880: Preaching by Rev. King.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 3, 1880:  \"Mr. Jacobs wife and others gone to Harrisonburg to see the decorations of the soldiers graves.  A very small crowd present.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 5, 1880:  \"A great Memorial Day at Winchester.  A great many persons present.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 10, 1880:  \"A lawn party at Harrisonburg by the Colored People and the Colored Band attended the party.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 14, 1880: \"Allemong gone to Staunton to close of female school of the M. E. C. South.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 17, 1880: \"Mrs. Goldsmith buried to day in our grave yard and Brother Cunningham preached text Revelation.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 19, 1880:  \"Colored Band went to Newmarket to the Cave.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 2, 1880:  \"The colored people had a festival tonight at their church. Realized $7.30.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 3, 1880: \"Hopewell was elected Sargent [sic] for the Corporation Bridgewater colored people.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 3, 1880:  \"Colored people had another festival. Realized $10.18.\" [White lawn parties Smals mentions raise anywhere from $40-$70].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 6, 1880: Smith stole George Milstead's watch and about ten dollars in money. [He got it back in the next day or so].[Smals records that Bridgewater had a population of 400 people in July 1880]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 8, 1880:  \"The amount of population of the encorporation of Bridgewater is 400 white and colored.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 20, 1880: \"T. P. Humphreys gone to Sunday School Convention at Valley Grove between Baltimore and Washington City.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 30, 1880:  \"The Sons of Purity [colored] have a great parade today in Harrisonburg.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 31, 1880:  \"The colored band gone to Pleasant Valley to a picnic.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 6, 1880:  \"Rev Bush and Rev. Wolfe came down the street in a Rockaway and spindle broke and one jumped out the other fell out of the Rockaway and neither got hurt.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 9, 1880:  \"Henry Hocks and T. Sheets had a fight.  Sheets struck H. Hocks with a piece of iron.  It is supposed that Hocks was in fault.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 21, 1880:  \"A good many cattle and sheep gone through our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 22, 1880: Sabbath: \"Preaching by the Tunkards at the far end of town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 3, 1880:  \"A big watermelon trial between Joseph Nisewander and the Kerecoofs.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 25, 1880:  \"The negroes had a picnic at Mt. Solon today.  The Nigger Band played for them.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 30, 1880:  \"Colored People Village Camp commenced this evening in this place.  A negro show at the River schoolhouse.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 1, 1880: \"Old Uncle Adam Rader has come over to our town at the age of 90 years old.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctpber 19, 1880: \"A big show in Harrisonburg today, a great many persons present.  Some drunk and some sober.\" [sketch of circus tent]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 11, 1880:  \"Peter Miller gone to West Va. on a preaching ture [sic] today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 29, 1880: \"I  H. Smals killed my hog today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 1, 1880: \"Some scoundrel cut the guts of Charley Teters horse this morning.  Mat Barber was arrested for gutting the horse, his trial comes off next Saturday in this place.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 4, 1880: Mat Barber trial commence in old Town Hall. [Smals implies that others were implemented, but the trial outcome is not clear]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 24, 1880: \"Coldest weather I ever felt or saw.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 31, 1880:  \"25 degrees below zero.   Frank Erwin and Dewit Brown froze their ears stiff.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[A note in the back of this book says 32 snows fell in the winter of 1880-81].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 3, 1881:  \"8 degrees below zero, wood getting very scarce.  E. B. Simpson went to Harrisonburg today with snow shoes, they are about six feet long and six inches wide.  Oh this is fearful weather, a great deal of slaying going on.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 6, 1881: \"Professor Geason gave a Grand Free Exhibition of Scientific Horsemanship today and commenced a class with 20 or more pupils at $2.00 per pupil.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 21, 1881: \"the horse tamer is in our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 6, 1881:  \"Niggers had a fight in African Church tonight.\" [Drew 3 black heads]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 7, 1881: \"I H. Smals made a pair of boots for a Mr. Stokes that he wore for 25 years, please beat that.  There were 26 persons at the young mens prayer meeting in M.E.C. to night.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 12, 1881:  Sam Williams was fined $10 and bound over the Peace for 12 months. Jos. Williams the same and Oliver Failer was fined $5 and bound over for 12 months for fighting in the African Church last Sunday in Bridgewater, VA.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 17, 1881:  \"Allemony's Cattle Sale today.  His yearlings sold at $16 per head.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 2, 1881: Stuart Lindsey lead union prayer meeting in M. E. Church at 5 o'clock. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 6, 1881: \"Mr. McNeal came to our town to see his sweet [sketch of heart] and I tell you she is very Handsome.  he lives in Hardy County.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 7, 1881: \"Engineers and Simpson gone on the route of the railroad.\"  [sketch of surveyor's level]  Rev. Mr. Whisner came to Marg Areys.  A good many preachers went through our town to Harrisonburg to Conference.\"  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 27, 1881: Rev. Bush had his first sermon in M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 28, 1881:  \"Joseph Williams taken to jail by Hopewell for fighting in Methodist Church, Colored.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 29, 1881: \"Joseph Williams taken to jail for fighting in Methodist Church, colored.  The Engineers Simpson and Bell came home from their Byrds Eye Survey.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 1, 1881: Preaching at M. E. Church by Rev. Deans.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 14, 1881: \"F. K. Speck went after Uncle Adam Rader who died on the 7 of the present month at Culpeper County near Brandy Station.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 16, 1881: \"Uncle Adam Rader has been brought to this town to be buried in our grave yard this evening.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 23, 1881:  Jesse Fry shot Dr. Jones cow in his wheatfield with small shot.\"\t\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 5, 1881: \"Adam Smals commence the brick church at Mossy Creek today with 6 hands.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 7, 1881:  Colored people's 1st Quarterly meeting held in this place.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 8, 1881: \"Preaching by Rev. Price in M. E. Church at 7 ½   oclock.  Mrs. Stickler lost 2 $5 Dollar Notes some where between the M.E. Church and home.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 24, 1881: \"This is the most powerful year for Locus Blooms I ever saw.  I hope will get a good corncrop.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 15, 1881:  Mr. Wm. S. Perry sold a calf 10 days old for $5.75 to Frank and Will Ervin.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 21, 1881: \"Thrush Sellers finished Mrs. Covington's fence today at $8.00.\"  [sketch of  iron fence]  \"He finished a lattice fence the next day.\" [sketch of lattice fence]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 1, 1881: \"John Carpenter Brought an Engine Thresher to Bridgewater.  Daily mail commences between Bridgewater and Stribling Springs.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 2, 1881: \"Quarterly meeting commences this morning at Sangerville.  Presiding elder is I. S. Martin.  President Garfield was Shot in the City of Washington, District of Columbia.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 8, 1881:  \"A Colored Festival in Mt. Sidney today and night.  Realized $50.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 13, 1881: \"Dr. Brown tapped Mrs. Showalter near Mt. Solon, 10 pints of water from her abdomen.\"  [Dr. Brown was often noted being present at births].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 18, 1881: \"Dr. Brown had the first Roastnears in our town.\"  [sketched ear of corn] \"GrandMaster Crowder from Staunton will be with us in our lodge tonight as Odfellows.\"  [Belongs to Ancient Odfellows of Bridgewater Lodge.  Frequently writes in some kind of \"lodge code\"]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 21, 1881:  \"The Negro Band gone 4 miles above Staunton today to a lawn party.  They get $10 for the trip.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 24, 1881:  \"Mr. Looses, Mr. Hartman's, Mr. Minoss, and Mr. Allemony's cows died from eating molasses cane today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 26, 1881:  \"John Allemony's other cow is very sick.  A Negro shot himself near Mt. Solon today with a pistol accidental.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 29, 1881:  \"The Colored People have a Lawn Party in our Odfellow Hall tonight and tomorrow night.\"  [Aug. 10 and 11-White lawn party held on school grounds]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 20, 1881: \"Cora Crickenberger cut her throat and stabbed her self in the head two or three times.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 23, 1881: \"This day District Conference commence 2 oclock in M. E. Church.  Preachers present.  Conference organized at 3 oclock this evening, John S. Martin in the chair, a good many preachers present and a large Lay Delegation Present.  Preaching at 8 oclock this evening by  Rev. A Weller.  Conference lasted all week.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 29, 1881: \"all the preachers gone home today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 2, 1881: \"Mrs. B. Kyles lamp exploded this evening but did not hurt any one.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 4, 1881: Rev. Tailor had prayer meeting at M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 9, 1881:  \"A Lawn Festival held in M. E. Church lot to night, Realised about $25.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 10, 1881:  \"Festival Lawn Party tonight in churchyard.  Colored People have a picknick [sic] today at their church.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 20, 1881:  \"Shef Lewis and Wise fought a duel today.  Neither of them hurt.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 22, 1881: \"Henry Smals I appoint you as Stuart for the Corporation of Bridgewater Council given under my hand for the sum of two Dollars for Services Commencing on the first of July 1881 and Closing July 1, 1882.\" _ M. Stickler, Mayor\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 24, 1881:  \"A Lawn Party at Mt. Solon by the colored people.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 25, 1881: Rev. Hildebrand preached at M. E. Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 1, 1881:  \"Colored band gone out to play for a picknick near Pleasant Valley in Rockingham County.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 5, 1881:  \"James Clary open his Degarian [?] Saloon at Robert Funks.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 6-7, 1881:  \"Colored at Allemony's this evening at 8:00. . . .Colored meeting still going on in this town.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNovember 13, 1881: \"Mrs. Arey came home today. Sabbath morning class at the usual hour 9 oclock, Sabbath school at 2 ½  oclock.  Prayer meeting at M. E. Church 7 oclock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 18, 1881: \"Clear and Warm. A Great Republican procession in Harrisonburg to night, Governor Walker came to our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 19, 1881:  \"Rev Perrys children all have the Hooping Cough.  Some of them very poorly tonight.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 20, 1881: \"Preaching at 11 oclock by Rev Hildebrand.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 21, 1881: Court Day.   \"Professor Steel commence his Wrighting School today.\"  [sketch of quill] \"N. Marion Miller gone to Het Smals to do sowing for them.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 22, 1881: Cloudy and cool.  \"Stuart Lindsay has gone to Monterey to see his sick wife.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 27, 1881: \"No preaching in town today.  Mrs. J Lindsey and T Lindsey came from Monterey this evening.  Stuart Lindseys wife some better.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 1, 1881: \"Dr. T. H. Brown gone to Moorefield Hardy County to see his daughter Verdie Mcneal [McNeil]…  Mr. Jos Byrd move to his new house today.\"  [sketch of 2 story house with 2 chimneys, Smals sketches of houses that people bought and sold often show details which were probably characteristic to the particular house] \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 4, 1881: Preaching at 11 o'clock by Rev. Bush.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 6, 1881: \"Stuart Lindseys wife some better.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 10, 1881: \"P. Miller gone to Broadway to see about the schoolhouse to be built here or at Broadway.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 11, 1881: \"No preaching in town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 12, 1881: \"Cloudy and threaten for snow cold weather.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 14, 1881: \"Snowed through the night one inch in depth.\" [drew a one inch purple line]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 16, 1881: \"Stuart Lindsey and wife came home from her Father's at Monterey, She is right peart.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 25, 1881: Sabbath morning clear and cold this is Christmas Day. Prayer Meeting at 5 oclock, Class meeting at 9 oclock , No preaching at 11 oclock, Sabbath school at 2 oclock, Preaching at 6 ½  oclock by Rev D. Bush.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 26, 1881: \"Professor Hull commenced his singing school today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 27, 1881: \"Peter Miller is receiving contribution of the German Baptist Formal School to be established at this place.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 28, 1881: Clear and warm.  \"the Baptist members are moving their church back 6 feet today. D. John Allemong sick.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 4, 1882: \"John Allemong very sick.  Allemong has Nierulalgia of the Bowels.  8 inches of snow.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 5, 1882: \"Allemong no better.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 6, 1882: \"J.W. F. Allemong no better\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 10, 1882: \"Street Lamps made for the Corporation, they will be put in a short time.\"  [sketch of lamp]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 11, 1882: \"John W. F. Allemong some better.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 17, 1882: \"Allemong still improving, able to get up and be shaved.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 18, 1882: \"the Ladies are holding a Missionary metng this afternoon in M. E. Church at 3 ½ oclock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 20, 1882: \"John W. F. Allemong improving very fast\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 24, 1882: \"Allemong has gotten well\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 27, 1882: Jury brought in a verdict, that Guitttoes [sic] committed Murder in first Degree for killing President Garfield.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 2, 1882:  \"groundhog day: He saw his shadow.\"  [Smals drew a sketch of a ground hog every year, but his drawings resembled a cat more than a ground hog]  \"Allemong hauling ice from Factory and Robert Wrights Ponds.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 10, 1882: \"Charley Schenk fell in the Creek\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 12, 1882: Preaching at 11 oclock by Rev. Hildebrand.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 15, 1882:  \"Miss Ryan buried in our graveyard today at 3 oclock   Funeral preached by Rev Hildebrand.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 17, 1882:  \"Oyster supper this evening for the Benefit of the M. E. Church, realized $21.50 Dollars.  John Allemong Enlarged his office to day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 18, 1882:  \"Adjourned Quarterly meeting met in Allemong's Office today.  Oyster supper this evening for the Benefit of the M. E. Church.  Realized [?]  Dollars.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 19, 1882: \"Preaching by Rev Rosebrow in M. E. Church at 7 oclock.  Mrs. McNeil of Hardy County Dr. Browns Daughter had a son born today at Dr. Browns.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 21, 1882: \"Uncommon windy and Storm and uncommon muddy…  Rev. Kinzer came to our town today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 22, 1882: \"Rev. Kinzer preached for us.  Click Miller, Ad Hollum, Walter Davis and John Allemong bought the wood factory and Foundrey for the sum of $9000 Dollars.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 25, 1882: \"A Great many Deprecations acted tonight by the Boys, Shooting, Cursing, Swearing and being Drunk.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 26, 1882: \"Preaching in M.E. Church by Rev Bush and Sacrament of the Lords Supper.  Hopewell shot a chicken for Salley Fitchew.  Laurence fired a pistol also on the Sabbath.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 2, 1882: \"Queen Victoria was shot and mist her.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 6, 1882: \"Preachers all fixing to go to Conference.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 8, 1882: \"Sheets sold his Hartman Lot and house to J. W. F. Allemong for the sum of $200 dollars.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 14, 1882: \"Stuart Lindseys wife very poorly.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 16, 1882:  \"Rev. Hildebrand came back from Conference today to our town.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 17, 1882: \"Joseph Attaffer died this morning at 1 oclock.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 18, 1882: \"Saturday morning cloudy sleet and Rain  Rained all day long,   Joseph Attaffer buried today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 22, 1882: \"Dog bit Eugene Ervin in the hand this morning very badly.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 26, 1882: \"David Bush preached.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 2, 1882: Rev. Whitescarver preached.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 7, 1882: \"Widow John Arey died this morning.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 16, 1882: \"Preaching by Rev. Tailor at Barbees Office.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 17, 1882: \"Jacob Wynant's Horse Run off.  It went home and never Broke his Buggy.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 20, 1882: \"Joseph Beery Hung himself in his grainery this morning about 5 oclock on Linville Creek the cause not known. Jack Thuma killed a large loon.\"  [sketch]  [Smals wrote of at least four horse-runoff episodes during April].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 24, 1882: \"Mrs. Stuart Lindsey Died at Jacob Lindseys House…\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 4, 1882: \"The smallest Baby Born to day in the world some where in the north, it weighed 8 ounces and was perfect child.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 5, 1882: \"The Mossy Creek folks settled with Allemong to day for the church.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 6, 1882: \"A waggon Run over G. Claude Smals to day and Did not Break any of his Limbs.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 11, 1882: \"The Presbyterian Church was dedicated to Day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 18, 1882: \"A fish and meat house opened here to day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 28, 1882: \"Rev. Armstrong preached the Dedicatory sermon for the Mt. Solon Church to day and Realized money enough to the pay the Deposit on the Church which was $300.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 6, 1882: \"Jack Dooms finished the Parsonage House today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 15, 1882: \"Jack Dooms finished the Parsonage Stable today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 18, 1882: Rev. Bush preached. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 19, 1882: \"Isac Marshall Bought a Cow of Mr. Brown for a price of $45.00   She is a full Jersey.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 24, 1882: \"11 Wagons went through town for Blackberries to Parnassus, 50 bushels to town\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 1, 1882: \"A new Barbershop by Barber and John Collbert commenced to day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 8, 1882: \"I H. Smals had the pleasure of shaving Francis O'ferell the Colonels Brother from Minnesota, he came to our town to see his Mother.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 17, 1882: Commenced laying Brick on the Bank to day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 9, 1882: \"Overseer of the Poor took Peachy Hoak to the Poorhouse to day\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 12, 1882: \"I H. Smals was Disfranchised as Sexton and P. Hartman was put in my place.\"\n[This undoubtedly pertains to the Methodist Church]. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 14, 1882: \"Scaffold at Bank fell and hurt 3.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 23, 1882: \"Meinars Jim Dog died to day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 2, 1882: \"the Great Comet made its appearance this morning in the East.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 4, 1882: \"H. Dice sold a lot to Casper Earheart for $100, 1 ¼ acre.  Thrush Sellers Bilds Mrs. Williams a house for $600 on High Street.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 22, 1882: Preaching by Rev. Hildebrand.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 23, 1882: \"Humphreys Loose got his new engine this evening, it cost about $1200.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 25, 1882: \"Jack Higgins and Jack Jones were tried and convicted for stealing and sent to jail.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 26, 1882: \"A Christmas tree for benefit of the Sabbath School Children.  Speech from Rev. D. Bush.\"  [sketch of Christmas Arch]Jan 24: \"Old Brother John Altaffer Died in this Place this evening about 4 oclock at age of 84 ½  years old, he has been a Methodist for 65 year and over.\" [Commemorated in stained glass window in Bridgewater United Methodist Church.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 26, 1883: Rev Bush preached Altaffer's funeral.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 6, 1883: \"Our young Preacher Waters came to town this evening from Maeraland [Maryland].\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJune 1, 1883:  \"Colored boy died of scarlet fever [age 16] and buried in colored graveyard.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 24, 1883: Dr. Folensher preached.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 25, 1883:  \"A great many persons harvesting today-wheat very good.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 30, 1883:  \"Burn and Elam fought a duel near Wainsborough.  Elam got a flesh wound; the other was not touched.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 1, 1883: Preaching by Rev. Waters\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 8, 1883:  \"Our choir sung for the colored people today at 11:00.  Rev. B. Smith preached-a colored man.\" [Sunday]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 11, 1883: \"The Wizard men came to our town this evening and will stay until next Sabbath.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 12, 1883: \"Mr. Allemong and family gone to White Sulphur Springs to stay for 3 weeks.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 14, 1883:   Talks about a \"wizard man\" being in town for the week selling medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 25, 1883: \"Hanger and wife joined the M.E. Church to night.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 29, 1883: Henry Smals granddaughter Sallie Miller married Samuel Boselmen.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 4, 1883: \"My Birth day.  I H. Smals was born on the 4 August 1810 Saturday in afternoon at 3 oclock near the head of Muddy Creek about 2 miles of the head of Linville Creek and Bowmans Mill.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 20, 1883:  \"George E. Dunnell killed a Negro.  Shot him in self-defense.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 20, 1883:  \"Mr. George Murry's ondley daughter [age 11] got killed at a cane mill.  The shaft caught her clothes and thread her around and beat her head soft.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 8, 1883: \"Dr. Brown and Robert Whitescarver have a Quarrel in our Shop this morning, but Did not come to blows.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 12, 1883: \"Dock Van Pelt moved to Sangersville, he has moved 18 times in 6 years.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 28, 1883:  \"A black man from Rockbridge County came to our town and married Black Maria Huldey yesterday in the African Church.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 31, 1883:  \"Watch meting to night in M. E. Church. Oyster supper by the colored people in Odfellows Hall.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 1, 1884:  \"Oyster supper by the Odfellows tonight in Odfellows Hall.  Everybody invited. Uncommonly cold; scarlet fever very bad in the area; ice 6\" frozen.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 4, 1884:  \"Mrs. Young was laying out a woman who had died and got some gastric juices on a sore on her hand and now suffers very much in consequence of it.\" [She was sick for about a week; Smals doesn't mention her after that.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 26, 1884: \"Dr. Jones Drugstore caught on fire and burt up all his drugs and medcane [sic].  Did not burn the store house.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 11, 1884:  \"Colored people had their first Quarterly meeting at this place today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 24, 1884:  \"William Fishback and a black man had a fight.  Fishback struck the negro in the head with a rock and Fishback had to pay a fine and cost which was $4.45.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 31, 1884:  A great \"bass ball\" game.  Bridgewater 28 Harrisonburg 25 and 2 whitewashes.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 11, 1884:  \"David Hooks whipped his sister with a yardstick this morning and left marks on her boddie.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 13, 1884:  \"Brady and Wine killed their first beef this evening.  Going to butcher all summer.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 15, 1884 : \"Lighting struck Rev. Raley [Lutheran] near Mt. Crawford and knocked his horse down but did not kill either of them.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 18, 1884: \"All the presses and other tools to Bridgewater this evening to make cigars.\" [sketch of cigar]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 19, 1884:  \"Nute Fry commenced butchering and selling beef in Bridgewater this morning.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 1884:  [Several mentions of a cigar/tobacco factory.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 6, 1884: \"Old Jimmie Coakley, colored, died today near Rushville at the age of 110 years old.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 10, 1884: \"Sabbath Morning, Warm Cloudy.  Rained some last night.  This is Childrens Day with the M.E.C.S.  The collection amounted to 10 dollars.  Preaching by Rev. Waters at 11 oclock.  Exercises at 2 oclock, also at night.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 16, 1884: \"Professor Hoover and Professor Hulvey came to our town.  Spoke in the Old Town Hall as Democrats.\"\n[At this time Rev. Campbell was preaching in the Lutheran Church and Rev. Clark in the Baptist Church.  Smals usually mentioned the services in Lutheran and Baptist Churches].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 30, 1884:  Cigar boys played and beat Bridgewater boys in baseball.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 3, 1884: \"Uncle Jake Hesberger raised a watermelon that weighed 47 ¾ pounds.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 7, 1884: Rev. Linch preached in M.E.C.S Church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 13, 1884: \"A fellow going to walk on a Rope started from J. Dinkles to the top of the old Tavern.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 20, 1884:  \"The colored people have a local Preachers Convention here-will continue over Sunday.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 21, 1884:  \"Preaching at colored church by colored preacher.  Fifteen local preachers present at the Convention.  Large crowd of colored people present.  Collected $30.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 22, 1884: \"Jacob Bierly and son were killed in the well by foul air.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 5, 1884: Rev. Ross preaching at M. E. C. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 1, 1884: \"Mrs. Showalter Beat a little child today Black and Blue.  She was arrested and had her trial.  Paid the Corporation $5.00 and $25.00 to the County Court.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 6, 1884:  \"A negro shot another negro in Harrisonburg last night.  He was caught and lodged in jail to await trial.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 25, 1884: Thursday Morning Clear.  \"Very cold this Christmas Day, Plenty of ice on the River   Boys skating and shooting.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 26, 1884: \"I H. Smals Eat a fine Dinner at George Hangers.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDecember 27, 1884: \"Oyster supper to night by the Masons at Will Areys.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 12, 1885: \"The Cigar Boys commence making cigars today.\"  [Smals makes frequent  references to the \"cigar boys\" working in the cigar factory in Bridgewater]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 18, 1885: \"Old Mr. Hailman fell through the Bridge and Caught himself before he got to the water.\" [Smals had been writing regularly of work on the bridge]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 24, 1885: \"William H. Grove finished the Bridge today.  Got $56 for his 16 days work.\"   \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 21, 1885: \"21 below zero.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 11, 1885:  \"Nuten Smals came here from Hampshire County.  Brown Smals and Thomas Smals came to my house to day from Berkley County near Williamsport W.Va. to purchase cattle.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 18, 1885: \"Our Preachers have come from Conference to day.  Rev Dice the Presiding Elder and Rev Lynch and Prettiman [Prettyman] the Senior and Junior Preacher for one Year.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 21, 1885: \"Dam frozen over to night, never was known to freeze over in March before.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 22, 1885: Preaching by Rev. Reade [Reid?]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 24, 1885: \"Old Miller Areys sale today on Muddy Creek.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 25, 1885: \"Hales engine went through our town this morning.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 27, 1885: \"A Degarion [?] car came to town today.\" [sketch of train car, maybe an early photo studio?]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 28, 1885: \"The dogs killed a parse of sheep for John Allemong this morning. John Allemong discharged 6 of his cigar men.  Only 4 rollers left and 2 packers.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 3, 1885: [Good Friday.]  \"This is the day our Savior was crucified nearly 1900 years ago.\" [sketch of cross]  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 10, 1885:  \"The old Brick Shop that I Built 1840, 44 years ago, they are taring down to Build Drivers House.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 12, 1885: \"Bettie Brown joined the M. E. Church South.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 16, 1885: \"John Fisher rented the Lower Room of the Odd Fellows for the sum of  Two Dollars per month…\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 18, 1885: \"The first Quarterly Conference held in this place.   Presiding Elder present and both of the preachers on the Sircuit present and a good many of the Official Body present.  Brother Lynch gone to Spring Hill to hold a Quarterly meeting for the presiding Elders.  Brother Prettyman preached at night at 7 ½  oclock.\"  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 21, 1885:  \"Burk Sellers cow had twin calves.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 22, 1885: Moses Stickler had been recommended as Post Master in Bridgewater.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 26, 1885:  \"Two bysicles in our town.  Came from Harrisonburg in 52 minutes.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 28, 1885:  \"J.W.S. commenced getting new milk of Mrs. Jenkins today at 6 cents per quart.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 6, 1885:  \"Dinkel hired a bisicle in Harrisonburg to learn to ride on.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 15, 1885: \"My Daughter Annie Died to night at 10 oclock.  She was 42 years and some month old.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 20, 1885: \"Richard Berlin put a whistle on his engine today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 8, 1885: \"Shifflett stabbedd Riddle 2 times in the side.  The one stab is supposed to be fatal.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 13, 1885:  \"Dr. Johnson's cow had 2 calves this morning.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJuly 1, 1885:  Post Office opened and first day of mail service in Bridgewater area.  Carriers going to Stribling Springs and Harrisonburg.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJuly 24, 1885:  \"2 Negroes broke open wines at Funkhouser store and stole 2 suit of clothing, coffee and sugar, and other articles. A black woman found under a hay stack with her throat cut from ear to ear in Augusta County, VA.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 7, 1885:  \"Colored people had a Festival tonight at the Old Town Hall\" [3 sketches of black heads].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 8. 1885:  \"Colored people continue their festival tonight.  Colored people have a Quarterly meeting on Crawford's farm today and tomorrow.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarch 8, 1886:  \"The Colored Minstrel Singers came to our town today and sing tonight in the M.E. Church.  Colored in this town a perfect Humbug.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eApril 15, 1886:  \"The colored Preacher came here on his circuit today.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 7, 1886:  Notes marriage of 2 coloreds with a squiggly circle drawing.  \"Wm. Branson to Allace Brookins\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMay 26, 1886:  \"Charley Stuart moved in Berlintown in Joseph Nielwanders house.  He is a colored man.\" [sketch of black man's head].\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 1, 1886:  \"Mat Barber's child buried today in the Colored Graveyard in this town today at 11 o'clock.  Colored boy Joseph Riggle came to our town today to work in the factory.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 11, 1886:  \"John Wine's wife had twins and two days afterward his cow had twin calves.\" [sketch of twin calves]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJune 14, 1886:  \"The Colored people have a Picknick tonight for the benefit of their Preacher.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSummer of 1886:  Talks a lot about farmers harvesting their wheat all over and in July \"people are thrashing all over.\"  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 1, 1886:  \"The Colored People had a Bush meeting near Mt. Crawford.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 2, 1886:  \"A great show at the African church tonight by the colored folks.\"  [Pasted a picture of black musicians surrounded by violins, banjos and other instruments]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAugust 30, 1886:  \"Jackson Doomer's cow died this morning.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 4, 1886:  \"Another bucher shop opened near Allemony's store.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 18, 1886:  \"Mr. Isaac Marshall weighed his big hog today at 705 pounds.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 16, 1886:  \"Colored Quarterly meeting commenced today in Bridgewater.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOctober 19, 1886:  \"Henry Dice and Frank Irvin came home from Pokehunters to bring his cattle home.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNovember 22, 1886:  \"Sanger Brothers started a Creamery today in Bridgewater.\"  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 15, 1887:  Josie Wise, colored, buried in the Colored Graveyard today at 11 o'clock.  A great many colored persons present.\"  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn speech:  [Smals spells the railroad president's name \"Auther Vandabilt\"]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn blacks:  [Frequently mentions when they are born, married, and died and usually draws head sketches.]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn travel:  [In 1877 a trip to Harrisonburg took 4 hours.]\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Henry Smals Papers, 1871-1891, consist of three boxes containing eighteen volumes of diaries written by Henry Smals of Bridgewater, Virginia. The topics of diary entries are brief outlining day-to-day activities. There are mentions of acquaintances that are ill, various business transactions conducted in town, the movement of livestock, and hay through town, ongoing town projects, church activities, marriages, births, deaths, and other details of town life. The activities of \"colored people\" are occasionally noted. Throughout the diaries, Smals made small drawings of people and animals and added illustrations clipped from newspapers. A folder, located in Box 3, contains printed copies of a partial index and a list of highlights for most volumes as well as an ad for \"Henry Smals, Fashionable Barber! Main Street, Bridgewater, Va.\"","July 9, 1871: Rev. Holland preached.","July 28, 1871: \"Negro procession burying a black man, 27 numbers.\"","August 11, 1871: \"Ingenears [sic] at work from Harrisonburg to Bridgewater.\"  [sketch of surveyor's transit]","August 17, 1871: \"Eingenears [sic] leveling the road through town.\"","October 10, 1871: [Described Chicago Fire giving damage figures and drew a sketch]","November 8, 1871: A man was fined.","March 31, 1872: \"Charley Clark got his leg broke by the kick of a horse in the street near the Methodist Church.\" Rev. Engel [J.J.Eagle] was preaching at Mossy Creek ","April 22, 1872:\"Poor Peter Swisher, black, in  town from the Poor House ","April 28, 1872: \"class as usual at Lutheran Church\" ","May 4, 1872: Preaching by Rev. Whitscarver at 3pm ","May 8, 1872: \"A Drove of cattle went through town today to West Virginia to graze.\" [sketch of cow skull] \"A Load of corn to Staunton.\" [ear of corn sketch][during this period time small pox [drew symbolic dots] was raging at Tenth Legion and there is reference ot Tobias Swartz making barrels [sketch of barrel]]","May 27, 1872: \"A Cow ate up a pocket book for Harry Soule with $140 in the book.","May 31, 1872: \"Negro riot at Mrs. Woodleys.\"","June 1872: \"Glade as dry as we had seen in 40 years.\"","June 23, 1872: \"No class today, our church is under repairs. Prayer meeting at Lutheran Church","July 13, 1872:  \"Black Peter and Black Tond [sp?] came here from the Poor House for a Quarterly meeting.\"","July 14, 1872:  \"A great many Black persons at their meeting at the orchard of Mrs. Brown's. Sabbath Morning.  - \"Preaching by Reverend Engel [Eagle].  Rev. Whitescarver preached in the Methodist Church.  A very small congregation today.\"","August 4, 1872: [Henry Smals birthday.]","August 5, 1872: \"Some Scoundrels went in T. Hites watermelon lot and cut and stole all his watermelons.\"","August 17, 1872:  \"2 droves of Fat Cattle went through our town today . . . Another drove of cattle and a drove of sheep.  Another drove of cattle.\"","August 23, 1872: \"A camp meeting commence at Lacey Springs for the United Brethren in Christ.\" ","August 28, 1872:  \"A company of Gipseys went through our town.\"","September 2, 1872:  \"Two droves of cattle went through our town.\"","September 3, 1872: \"Greely Club meeting this evening.\"","September 4, 1872: \"25 wells gone dry.\"","September 5, 1872: \"load of crocks from Mt. Sidney.\"","September 7, 1872:  \"Negro picnic at Mt. Solon today at 11 o'clock.\" [5 black heads drawn]","September 14, 1872:  \"A drove of cattle very fat came through our town today. Reverend Perry killed 23 squirrels.\"","September 21, 1872:  \"A drove of sheep from Hiland came through our town  . . . A drove of cattle went through our town.\"","September 22, 1872: \"A large crowd  at the M. E. Church South.\"","September 24, 1872:  \"Joseph Byrd and Squire Whitsearver gone to try a Negro.  He is a lunatick.\"","September 28, 1872:  \"Negro picnic in the woods near the town.\"","October 4, 1872:  \"A blind Negro playing on harp for a living . . . A Negro show in our town this evening at 8 o'clock.\"","October 11, 1872:  \"2 beaves killed this evening in our town.\"","October 15, 1872:  \"A drove of sheep, a drove of cattle went through our town today.\"","November 8, 1872:  \"1 drove of cattle went through our town to Faquire County.\"","November 14, 1872:  \"Horse disease [Epizooty] made its appearance in our midst.  No fatal cases reported as yet.  Chicken cholera also prevailing.  The Devil has been at loose among the stock, poultry, etc.\"","November 25, 1872:  \"A large drove of cattle went through our town today.\"Dec. 11, 1872:  [Writes in German.]","December 22, 1872:  \"Class at usual hour 9 o'clock, Sabbath School at 2 o'clock. Singing after class.  Also singing at 6 ½ o'clock, Closed singing a 8 o'clock.\"","December 30, 1872:  \"Sinclair Lewis came to town this evening.\"","December 31, 1872:  \"Mr. Mason, Superintendent of Poor House, in town today.\"","February 7, 1873:  \"Black people all gone to the railroad from Bridgewater.\"","March 8, 1873:  \"2 droves of cattle and 2 droves of sheep went through our town this evening. . .  The black presiding elder's name is Harst.\"","March 9, 1873: \"Singing by Professor Wartman at 10 o'clock.\"","March 10, 1873:  \"All the black boys from Bridgewater went to the railroad.\"","March 26, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle and hogs went through out town today-up the country.\"","March 27, 1873:  \"All the colored people gone to the railroad.\"","April 22, 1873 : \"There are 11 preachers in town.\"","April 27, 1873: \"Baptism by Immersion in the River near the Bridge.\"","May 12, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle went through our town to the mountains.\"","May 15, 1873:  \"A drove of cattle gone through our town to the mountains.\"","May 18, 1873: \"Hattie Dinkel and Frank Perry baptized.\"","May 28, 1873:  \"Shifflet killed a black man dead in his tracks on the railroad between Sangersville and Harrisonburg.\"","June-August, 1873:[A lot of talk about many people being in town looking for work on the railroad and how much work was being done; a lot of railroad business.]","June 22, 1873: \"Preaching by Reverend Nihiser.\"","August 27, 1873: [District Conference commenced in Mt. Crawford.]","August 31 1873,-  \"Preaching at M.E.C.S by Reverend Waugh.\"","September 6, 1873:  \"Negroes have a Sabbath school picnic this evening.\"","September 20, 1873:  \"1 Drove of fat cattle gone through our town.\"","October 1, 1873:  \"Wages on the NGR Road is cut down to $1.25 per day and board themselves.  Negroes would not work for that price.\"","October 2, 1873:  \"A great stampede with the Negroes striking for higher wages or work on the whole line on the Narrow Gauge RR.  A great many Negroes gone to Staunton.\"","October 3, 1873:  \"A great many Negroes in town today looking for work.\"","October 5, 1873 - Reverend Weddell was to preach in Temperance Hall.","November 1, 1873:  \"A large drove of cattle came through our town.\"","November 15, 1873:  \"Negro Fair today at their schoolhouse on the bank of the river.\"","November 24, 1873:  \"Joseph Williams shot a negroman a convict from the penitentiary but did not kill him.\"","December 12, 1873: \"Dr. McMarren came to our town to open a drug store.\" [mortar and pestle sketch]","December 16, 1873:  \"Finished work on the Broad Gauge RR this evening.\"","December 28, 1873: \" Preaching by a Northern Methodist.\"","December 29, 1873:  \"A Negro frolick in our town tonight in the Odd fellows Hall lower room.\"","January 1, 1874: \"John Allemong and Mack Aden leased the Band Mill of  George Berlin for 3 years.\"","January 3, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle went through our town today.  2 droves more cattle went through our town.\"","January 4, 1874:  \"Preaching at Brethren Church by Rev Nihiser.  Prayer  mtg. 6 ½  o'clock in M. E. C. S.\"","January 11, 1874:  Sabbath morning   clear cool   class at the usual hour of 9 oclock   Preaching by Rev. Mr. Engel [Eagle]  Sabbath School at 2 oclock   Preaching by Rev. Whitescarver [Baptist?]   Also Rev Mr. Weddell at 3 ½ oclock  Rev Mr. Stuart preached at M. E. C. S. at 6 ½ oclock","January 17, 1874:  \"A drove of very fat cattle went through our town today.\"","February 1, 1874:  \"Singing by Professor Bucher at 11 o'clock.  Black Liz had a child and carried it to the stable, child had a bunch of straw crammed in its mouth, found dead.\"","February 13, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle came through our town.  1 drove of hogs went through our town today.\"","February 17, 1874:  \"A large drove of cattle went through our town today.\"","February 22, 1874: \"Sabbath Morning.  Class at the usual hour at 9 o'clock.  Preaching by Rev. Mr. Engel [Eagle].  Sabbath School at 2 o'clock.  Preaching at 3 ½ o'clock by Rev. Mr. Whitscarver.   Prayer meeting at the usual hour 6 ½ o'clock.  Very warm  mercury up to 82 degrees.\"","February 26, 1874: Two houses and lots were sold in Bridgewater for $375 each.  [Smals always drew a house when one was sold and when people moved to another house].","March 8, 1874: \"The old Methodist Church in Mt. Crawford Blown Down by wind today.\"","March 13, 1874: \"Rev Engel [Eagle] came home from Conference this morning.\"","April 11, 1874:  \"A drove of cattle gone through our town to the mountains. Lovefeast at 9 o'clock.  Preaching at 11 by John H. Marten.\" ","May 18, 1874:  \"Charley Hottle and Jack Higgins were arrested for stealing a large iron pot of Davie Danner and put in the calaboose for 3 hours and there whipped on the bare back, Charley 8 lashes and Jack 4.\"  [Doesn't say if these two were black or white.]","June 4, 1874:  \"This is Pention [sic] Day for the soldiers of the war.\"","June 9, 1874:  \"A great many persons in our town today for flowers for the soldiers graves.\"","June 10, 1874:  \"This is Memorial Day in Harrisonburg of Confederate Soldiers graves.\"","June 16, 1874:  \"A Negro strike on the Railroad today.\"","June 18, 1874:  \"President of NGRR and chief engineer in town today.\"","July 25, 1874:  \"Quarterly meeting commenced today by the Colored People in Bridgewater.\"","July 25, 1874: \"The Normal Professors and Scholars gone on the Round Hill, a pleasure trip.\"","August 15, 1874: \"Professors and Boys had a fine game of Bass Ball this afternoon.\"","October 2, 1874:  \"Colonel Osburn gone home and I suppose that is the end of the Broad Gauge RR.\"","November 2, 1874: \"Adam Rader butchering today.\" [Adam Rader was the first mayor of Bridgewater, Virginia and organized the first Methodist church in that town in 1841.  He is commemorated in a stained glass window in the Bridgewater United Methodist Church].","December 4, 1874:  \"This is Pention [sic] Day of the Soldiers of the War.\"","December 13, 1874: \"Rev Haines buried in Port Republic. Requested that all people who had heard him preach come to see him buried.\"","December 28, 1874:  \"Negro frolick in our town tonight.\"","March 1, 1875: \"The Sivil [sic] Rights Bill passed both houses.  Nigger can look to have his head broke.\"","April 28, 1875: \"Dick Rogers killed 1 loon and 1 Night Heron.\" [accurate sketches of both birds]","May 24, 1875:  \"A panther attacked one of Wises boys this morning on Wises.\"","May 24, 1875:  \"A panther attacked one of Wises boys this morning on Wises.\"","June 9, 1875:  \"A Negro hung near Harrisonburg for insulting a white woman today without judge or jury.\"","August 13, 1875: \"Methodist Camp Meeting commence today above Mt. Sidney.  Rev. Mauzey [Mausee] gone to attend this meeting.  Also a camp meeting near Lacey Springs commence to day held by United Brethren.\"","September 24, 1875:  \"A parsel of Negroes were blowed up on the Railroad in a cut near the Darah Coal mines.\"","September 25, 1875:  \"Severell droves of cattle, hogs and  sheep went through our town today to market.\"","October 15, 1875: [Sketch of a steam sawmill.]","January 2, 1876: Sabbath Morning.  \"A blind man by the name of Johnson addressed the Sunday School and children.\"","February 10, 1876: \"A large supper and surprise party given at Rev. Mauzeys [Mausee], about 50 in number.\"    ","February 21, 1876: \"Monday morning cloudy and rain.  This is Court Day.  A great many persons in town to day.  A great many drunk.  The Mite Society met at the Parsonage at 7 o'clock. Collected 6 dollars and some cents.  Miss Player was indited before the grand jury for killing her child by sticking scissors in its neck, seven holes.\"","March 6, 1876:  \"Great Disaster happened at the Narrow pass. Bridge broken, cars went down and killed 11 and wounded all of the crew and killed 96 cattle and tore everything to pieces.\"","March 11, 1876:  \"A Sons of Purity had a procession and fair today in Town Hall. A great many black folks present. They realized about $45 for their society.\"","March 20, 1876:  \"Black Amos gone to Montrey with his wagon with provisions for convicts.\"   [Many entries about people taking provisions to convicts.]","April 20, 1876:  \"Black Peter died at the Poor House.\"","May 3, 1876:  \"Black Charley Teter got drunk and Mr. Simpson struck him in the mouth and Charley was put in the calaboose.\"","June 10, 1876:  \"Black folks have Picnick at Mt. Sidney today.  The band is gone up to Sidney.\"","June 18, 1876: Sabbath Morning.   \"…the M. E. Church received a new library today, 125 volumes of good literature.\"","July 12, 1876: \"Old Miller Campbell drown in a barrel of water in Daton this morning.\"","August 21, 1876: \"Jedediah Hotchkiss of Staunton lectures geography of Virginia today at two o'clock.\"","August 31, 1876:  \"Convicts came off the road and gone near Rawley Springs to get out Railroad ties.\"  [Convicts now working on the RR, not blacks]","September 19, 1876: \"Adam Rader came to town today.\"","October 1, 1876: Sabbath -[Henry Smals attended Quarterly meeting at Naked Creek.]","October 24, 1876: \"4 droves of cattle came through our town.\"","November 5, 1876: Sabbath-\"John Allemong very sick\"","November 6, 1876: \"John Allemong still sick.\"","November 7, 1876:  Declares Tilden and Hendricks as elected President and VP of the country","February 4, 1877: Sunday -  \"The colored Quarterly Meeting closed this evening about 9 o'clock.\"","February 5 1877:  \"A black man the name of R. Coffman went to John Hatfields and choked John's wife and hurt her face and arm, and went in pursuit of him and caught him at James Davis and brought him to Mr. Byrds and Mr. Byrd sent him to jail for further trial.\"","February 16, 1877:  \"Negroes have a dance in the lower room in Odfellow Hall tonight.\"","March 5, 1877:  Notes inauguration day but doesn't mention names.  Perhaps he's disappointed his candidates didn't win after all.","March 16, 1877: [Smals mentions Pastors Graechen and Kinzer who were both new ministers at the M. E. Church on the Bridgewater Circuit.]","March 19, 1877:  \"The trial of the black man comes off today for an attempt of rape, was condemned to the penitentiary for 10 years.\"","January 2, 1875:  \"S. Coffman was arrested for assault and battery.\" [a black man].","April 1, 1877: \"Preaching at M. E. Church by Rev. Kinzer.\"","April 23, 1877:  \"Mr. Shifflett condemned to be hung by the neck till he is dead dead dead\"","April 25, 1877:  Shiffletts hanging to be done June 29.","June 12, 1877:\"a new engine went through our town today.\"","June 23, 1877: \"The Masons had a picknick below the bridge today.  All the Masons in town were present.\"","June 24, 1877: Sabbath morning: \"Preaching by Rev. Kinzer in M. E. Church.  Preaching in the Brethren Church at 8 o'clock in the evening.\"","June 29, 1877:  Hanging put off for further trial.","July 4, 1877:  \"This is Independence Day, great parade in Harrisonburg about 5,000 persons present.  Fine day for a celebration in Harrisonburg.  Several speeches made in the courtyard.\"","July 11, 1877:  \"Verdict brought in for Shifflett for murder in the first degree.\"","August 19, 1877: Sunday: \"About 3,000 people at a Camp Meeting in Parnassus.\"","August 24, 1877:  \"A picnic at Harrisonburg by the Negroes\"","August 25, 1877:  A white picnic at Mt. Crawford.","September 1, 1877:  \"The [traveling] Centennial closed tonight for the White People.\"","September 2, 1877: \"Preaching in M. E. Church by Rev. Graechen.\"","September 3, 1877:  \"Today Centennial opened for the Colored People.  A good crowd present.\"","September 5, 1877:  \"Several drove of cattle came through our town.\"","September 9, 1877: \"Preaching by Rev. Mausey [Mausee].\"","Wednesday, September 12, 1877: \"Rev. Roe preached in M. E. Church tonight on object of Bibles.\"","September 23, 1877: \"I [Smals] delivered an address to the Sunday School Prayer Meeting tonight.\"","September 25, 1877:  \"Mr. Shiflett was hung in Harrisonburg today about 1 o'clock.\"  [Sketch of a hangman's noose and gallows drawn]","October 3, 1877:  \"Some fine stock went through our town today.\"","November 11, 1877:  \"Boat was built to cross the river; big rope extended to both sides.\" [draws picture of rope and boat crossing the river.]","November 14, 1877: Preaching by Rev. Graechen.","November 27, 1877: \"…Jenkins nephew making boats to cross river.\"","December 8, 1877: \"A boat sank today with a load of wood on the wagon belonging to Daniel Evans, supposed to weigh 6 tons.\"","December 14, 1877:  \"Commenced the bridge.\" [drew a picture of a stone bridge].","December 17, 1877: \"Uncle Adam Rader paralyzed today.\"","December 18, 1877: Jacob Dinkel died [brother in law of Smals].","December 25, 1877:  \"Colored band has gone to Harrisonburg.\"","December 26, 1877:  White band invited to play at a party.","January 1878: [ Work continues on the bridge.]","January 22, 1878: \"Business very dull.  John Allemong put his calico down to 5 cents per yard.\"","January 26, 1878: \"Boys killed a red fox on Round Hill today.  Shot by John Keaton.\"","January 31, 1878: \"John Smith and Right Hartman had a fight today in the confectionaire [sic].\"","February 1, 1878: Rev. Graechen came to town.","February 7, 1878: \"Samuel S. Miller cut his hand in my shop.\"","February 9, 1878: \"The Dunkards made arrangements to build a church out at the woods.  Layed off the ground today.  Joe Summerlance and Tailor Sheetz had a fight at the bridge today.  Paid a fine of dollar apiece by decision of the Mayor.\"","February 13, 1878:  [Smals took sick for 2 weeks; no entries.]","March 6, 1878:\"Our annual Conference goes in session today in the City of Baltimore. Business looking up now.\"","March 7, 1878:  \"Black woman linched [sic] and hung for burning a barn.\" [drew picture of gallows]","March 19, 1878: \"Great Elocution in M. E. Church to night by Rev. Ross.  A failure. Ross sick.\"","March 22, 1878:  \"Henry Smals fell in the river today.\"","March 28, 1878:  \"Trussels finished on the bridge.\"  [Children and ladies crossed first]","April 9, 1878:  [Bridgewater Enterprise, first paper printed in Bridgewater; J.H. Smals bought the first paper off the press.]","April 12, 1878:  \"Bridge finished; first wagon and cart driven over.\"","April 30, 1878:  [Notes Dr. doing \"obstetricks\" [sic];  316 cases; lost only 1 mother.]","May 18, 1878:  \"Colored People have their first Quarterly meeting in this town.\"","May 20, 1878:  \"Commenced putting on shingles on Bridge roof today.\"","May 21, 1878:  \"Black Jack Higgins and Black Sam Williams had a fight on the road.\"","May 31, 1878: \"Peter Miller started to Baltimore to purchase stock for his factory.\"","June 3, 1878: \"John Hatfield and Gallice Miller finished the bridge today.  Gallice Miller drove the last nail.\"","June 5, 1878:  \"Commenced painting the bridge. . . . Bridge finished today.\" [Sketch of the finished bridge]","June 10, 1878: \"Presbyterians organized their church today.  Rev. Price preached in the Lutheran Church.\"  \"Spits of snow with 3 ½ inches on Mountain.\"","June 14, 1878:  \"Great decoration of soldier's graves; amount of persons present about 12,000; a good many went from Bridgewater.\"","June 20, 1878: \"Perry Meace crossed the Bridge with a steam boiler weighing 9200 pounds.\"","June 22, 1878:  \"2 Beef Wagons in town today.\"","June 23, 1878:  \"Preaching in M. E. Church today by Reverend Kinzer.  Mr. Kiracofe married to Miss McWilliams.  Some of the Negroes had a fuss in their church.\"","June 28, 1878:  \"2 hundred pounds of butter came to town today.\"","June 29, 1878:  \"A great deal of butter came to town today.\"","July 4, 1878:  \"This is Independence Day.  A fourth of July Celebration held at Edinburg today.  A good many persons gone to the celebration at Edinburg from this town.\"","July 6, 1878:  \"A big trial with the niggers for misdemeanor at their church.  Jane Bookers, Nels Lee and Addel Johnston were fined 50 cents each and cast and bound over the peace for 12 months.\"","July 19, 1878:  \"Picnic by the colored people at their schoolhouse tonight also tomorrow night.\"","July 21, 1878: Preaching by Rev. Daniel [David] Bush at Church.  \"Meeting at M. E. Church to pass a Resolution to have a festival on the 9 and 10 of August for the benefit of the M. E. Church.\"","July 25, 1878: \"Editor Delaney is taking the origin of our town from year 1826.\"  [This was apparently a history of Bridgewater].","July 27, 1878: Rev. Rosenbough at M. E. Church.","August 1, 1878:  \"A picnic of the Colored people at Coonrods Store today.  Our Colored Band went to play for them.\"","August 3, 1878: Iron safe weighing 5110 pounds installed in Bank of Bridgewater. ","August 4, 1878: [Smals birthday.  Preaching by Rev. Graechen in M. E. Church.]","August 9, 1878: Camp Meetings at Parnassus and Fort Defiance.","Sunday, August 11, 1878: \"No class today in consequence of church being out of order.\" [Repairs?]","August 20, 1878: Frank Miller got 15 years in penitentiary for stealing horses.  ","August 25, 1878: Meeting at the new Dunkard Church.","August 28, 1878: \"Dr. Brown got his printing press.\"","August 30, 1878:  \"Colored People's Camp Meeting commenced tonight near George Kerekoff's, on his land.\"","September 6, 1878:  \"A Colored man preached tonight at camp meeting near our town.\"  [The meeting closed on the 8th.]","September 20, 1878:  \"Great parade with the Negroes in Harrisonburg celebrating their freedom.\" [drew 4 black heads]","October 24, 1878: \"Rod and balls for church put on.\" [The legibility is unclear for this entry but from the accompanying sketch, it appears a lighting rod was installed on the church].","October 27, 1878: Rev. Green preached in M. E. Church.","November 3, 1878: Rev. Rosebough preached in M. E. Church.","December 1, 1878: Rev. Hat preached in M. E. Church.","December 25, 1878:  \"Colored had a fair in Town Hall.  Realized $8.\"","January 16, 1879:  \"Black Nels Lee got married to Black Allard.  Rev. Mauzy married them.\"","January 23, 1879:  \"Nels Lee moved into the house at the end of the Plank Walk.  Colored people working on their church.\"","February 15, 1879: Rev. Grachen preaching.","February 17, 1879: \"A Grand Supper gave by the Band of Bridgewater.  Cornet Band to night.\"","February 20, 1879: \"Charles Furry's wife had twins to night.\"","February 28, 1879: \"Mr. McClouds House burnt up about 11 o'clock to night.\"","March 1, 1879: \"A fine Revival going on in Harrisonburg. About 76 conversions up to this date.\"","March 5, 1879: \"Our Annual Conference goes in session at Salem, Roanoke County.\" ","March 6, 1879:  \"Commenced work again on the African church in rear of our church. George White bought 5 hogs of Mrs. Ward for $20.\"","March 8, 1879: Four day conference.  [likely M. E. Church]","March 12, 1879: Eight day conference adjourned.  Brother Kinzer returns to our Sircuit [sic] and Rev Holcomb [Homan?] moved to Jesse Frys house in our town.","March 14, 1879:  \"Negro Exhibition at old Town Hall tonight.\"","March 19, 1879: \"Dr. Brown moved his drug store to Armstrongs store room and also the printing press upstairs in Browns Store.  Samuel Miller upset his buggy and broke the top off it.\"","March 22, 1879: \"Lute Swartz killed a Sandhill Crane this morning.\" [sketch of crane]","March 30, 1879: \"Quarterly meeting going on at Crawford.\" ","April 13, 1879: \"Preaching by Kummingham [R. S Cunningham] at M. E. Church.\"","April 14, 1879: Henry Smals got sick on his way to Richmond Odd Fellows Conference.","April 29, 1879: \"A. Hollins brought a load of agricultural implements to the Old Town Hall.\"","May 10, 1879:  \"Quarterly meeting with the colored people today.  Presiding elder present.\"","May 29, 1879: \"Peter Miller's stable burnt down.  Supposed to have caught from the engine of Mr. Sheetz.\" ","June 9, 1879:  \"This is Memorial Day at Staunton to decorate the soldiers graves.  A good many persons gone from Bridgewater.\" [June 6-at Winchester-Memorial of the Dead-estimates 25,000 present]","Thursday, June 12, 1879: \"This is the day the Lawn Festival commences in church yard at M. E. Church.  No festival on account of rain.\" [sketch]","June 23, 1879: \"Willie Bradburn got his arms in the carding machine, tore off the flesh of half the arm.\" [Smals always drew a sketch of injured arms and legs]  \"about 2500 black bass put in the dam above the woolen factory.\"","June 27, 1879: \"A great many cherries in our town to day at from 11 to 20 cents per gallon.  Mr. Mefall got his buggy and harness broken near Allemongs by hoisting an umbrella, horse got frightened.\"","July 4, 1879: \"Day of Celebration in Harrisonburg, about 15,000 people present, 6 bands and 6 military companies, a powerful turnout.  98 degrees for 3 hours and one hour 100 degrees, awful dust.  It was supposed that $10,000 dollars was left in Harrisonburg today.\"","July 13, 1879: Rev. Rosbrown [?] preached.","July 21, 1879:  \"J.H. Smals at court, made 2 indictments on assault and battery, the other a rape on a small Negro child.\"","August 15, 1879:  \"Rev. Boothe, Colored preacher, in United Brethren Church tonight.\"","August 25, 1879: \"Oliver L. Rhodes made me a present of a fine hat this shape.\"  [sketch of the hat].","August 31, 1879:  \"Also dedication by the colored people of their church in our town.  Realized $72. Their presiding elder present. Had good order.\"","September 1, 1879: Rev. Cunningham had gone to District Conference at \"Wainsborough.\"  [Waynesboro]. ","September 4, 1879:  \"The first issue of the Bridgewater Journal out.\"\t","September 5, 1879: First issue of the Bridgewater Journal published.  [sketch]","September 6, 1879: Dr. Brown had gone to Rawley Springs to bottle water.   ","September 14, 1879: Rev Kemper preached in PM.","September 22, 1879:  \"This is Mansipation [sic] Day for the Negroes.\"  [Writes this in big letters and draws four black heads.]","October 2, 1879:  \"A blind black man sung in the African church this evening.\"","October 13, 1879:  \"Cars ran off the track and smashed 11 cars all to pieces, hurt a good many.\" [Smals does not tell where this happened]. ","October 28, 1879:  \"The winter meeting in the M. E. S. Church still in progress.  Herschel Young professed religion tonight\"","October 29, 1879:  \"547 cattle passed through town today.\"","November 1879-January 1880:  Mentions a lot of religious meetings and conversions.","November 2, 1879: \"56 for church service.  Protracted meeting still going on in M. E. Church.\"  [This revival continued for the first week or two of November] ","November 6, 1879:  \"Mr. Sheetz plank mill burnt down with 7,000 feet of lumber.\"","November 8, 1879: \"Several drummers in town today selling goods.\"","November 9, 1879: \"Wofered Vancant struck Joe William with a club at our church door.\"  [sketch of club with word club written on it]  \"John Myers was converted to night about 9 o'clock.\"","November 11, 1879: \"Moffett Miller, Dr. Bucher and Thrush Sellers were all converted.\" [Moffett Miller is commemorated in a stained glass window in Bridgewater United Methodist Church].","November 21, 1879: \"I  H. Smals heard a great noise to night in the skyes about 12 o'clock. The Noise was as Distant Thunder.\"  [He noted that the temperature was 8 degrees the next morning.]","December 8, 1879: \"Miss Rosenbaum came to our town to teach music on the piano from Staunton.\"","December 13, 1879:  \"The Tunkard Brethren had quite a revival.  15 were baptized by immersion.  Old man Marshall killed a 568 ¼ pound hog.\"  [Sketch of hog, Smals always reported who all was butchering this time of year]","December 24, 1879: \"Christmas tree in the M.E. Church.  A large attendance on the occasion.  In Shiffletts Hollow, Shifflett killed his brother Shifflett.\"","Christmas Day: \"a ladder at the Methodist Church with presents for the children.\"[This must have been a structure erected for the children's presents].","December 30, 1879:  \"Lutherans locked the Baptist out of their church this evening.\"","January 1, 1880:  \"Rev. Grennan preached in the Dunkard Church on the subject of baptism by immersion-3 times face down.\"","January 13, 1880: \"Miss Mulley Robinson gone home to Harrisonburg with mail wagon.\"","January 18, 1880: \"Preaching at 11 o'clock by Dr. John S. Martin in the M. E. Church.  Quarterly meeting.\"","January 20, 1880:  \"John Allemong elected president of our Narrow Gauge Rail Road.\"","January 21, 1880: \"A cave discovered on Blosser's Farm by Bud Peterson close to Pike about 2 ½ miles this side of Harrisonburg.\"","January 22, 1880: \"The U. B. trustees sold the church to the Baptists for $400.\"","January 24, 1880: \"Some scoundrel stopped my shop chimney up and smoked me powerful.\" ","January 28, 1880: \"One hundred cases of smallpox at Culpeper.\"","February 3, 1880: \"The organ for the M. E. Church came this evening.\" [sketch]","February 9, 1880: \"Campbell killed Smith at the Warm Springs today.\"","February 11, 1880: Rev. Grachen preached at M. E. Church.","February 23, 1880: Big fire in Bridgewater.  Destroyed Mr. Byrd's House and stable and burned the houses and out buildings of Mrs. Covington and Mrs. Arey.  $10,000 loss.","March 2, 1880:  \"The chimneys of the burnt houses were thrown down today.  M. E. Church broken into and the organ injured.\"","March 3, 1880: \"The Baltimore Conference met this morning at Front Royal, Warren County.\" ","March 4, 1880: \"Wild geese over river today near bridge.\"","March 5, 1880:  \"Mr. Ehrman the Beef man in town today settling with his customers.\"","March 6, 1880:  \"A man here today measured 6'7\" high.  He was a monster.\"","March 22, 1880:  \"John Hatfield puts a roof on Mrs. Covington's dairy.  Commenced this morning for $5.  High winds-could hardly stay on the building.\"","March 31, 1880:  \"The negroes had a fight at Lowman's stable last night.\"","April 2, 1880:  \"A great negro trial at our courthouse.  About 90 persons present.  Jos. Higgins and John Bundy paid a fine of $3.90 each for fighting at the corporation [of Bridgewater.]\"","April 28, 1880: \"George Dinkel and A. H. Smals commence making brick back of the school house.\"","May 6, 1880: \"George Jenkins wife had a child cut from her womb and saved the woman.\"","May 17, 1880:  \"Old Black Aunt Dasha died this evening about 10:00 at Miss May Areys.\"","May 23, 1880: Preaching by Rev. King.","June 3, 1880:  \"Mr. Jacobs wife and others gone to Harrisonburg to see the decorations of the soldiers graves.  A very small crowd present.\"","June 5, 1880:  \"A great Memorial Day at Winchester.  A great many persons present.\"","June 10, 1880:  \"A lawn party at Harrisonburg by the Colored People and the Colored Band attended the party.\"","June 14, 1880: \"Allemong gone to Staunton to close of female school of the M. E. C. South.\"","June 17, 1880: \"Mrs. Goldsmith buried to day in our grave yard and Brother Cunningham preached text Revelation.\"","June 19, 1880:  \"Colored Band went to Newmarket to the Cave.\"","July 2, 1880:  \"The colored people had a festival tonight at their church. Realized $7.30.\"","July 3, 1880: \"Hopewell was elected Sargent [sic] for the Corporation Bridgewater colored people.\"","July 3, 1880:  \"Colored people had another festival. Realized $10.18.\" [White lawn parties Smals mentions raise anywhere from $40-$70].","July 6, 1880: Smith stole George Milstead's watch and about ten dollars in money. [He got it back in the next day or so].[Smals records that Bridgewater had a population of 400 people in July 1880]","July 8, 1880:  \"The amount of population of the encorporation of Bridgewater is 400 white and colored.\"","July 20, 1880: \"T. P. Humphreys gone to Sunday School Convention at Valley Grove between Baltimore and Washington City.\"","July 30, 1880:  \"The Sons of Purity [colored] have a great parade today in Harrisonburg.\"","July 31, 1880:  \"The colored band gone to Pleasant Valley to a picnic.\"","August 6, 1880:  \"Rev Bush and Rev. Wolfe came down the street in a Rockaway and spindle broke and one jumped out the other fell out of the Rockaway and neither got hurt.\"","August 9, 1880:  \"Henry Hocks and T. Sheets had a fight.  Sheets struck H. Hocks with a piece of iron.  It is supposed that Hocks was in fault.\"","August 21, 1880:  \"A good many cattle and sheep gone through our town today.\"","August 22, 1880: Sabbath: \"Preaching by the Tunkards at the far end of town.\"","September 3, 1880:  \"A big watermelon trial between Joseph Nisewander and the Kerecoofs.\"","September 25, 1880:  \"The negroes had a picnic at Mt. Solon today.  The Nigger Band played for them.\"","September 30, 1880:  \"Colored People Village Camp commenced this evening in this place.  A negro show at the River schoolhouse.\"","October 1, 1880: \"Old Uncle Adam Rader has come over to our town at the age of 90 years old.\"","Octpber 19, 1880: \"A big show in Harrisonburg today, a great many persons present.  Some drunk and some sober.\" [sketch of circus tent]","November 11, 1880:  \"Peter Miller gone to West Va. on a preaching ture [sic] today.\"","November 29, 1880: \"I  H. Smals killed my hog today.\"","December 1, 1880: \"Some scoundrel cut the guts of Charley Teters horse this morning.  Mat Barber was arrested for gutting the horse, his trial comes off next Saturday in this place.\"","December 4, 1880: Mat Barber trial commence in old Town Hall. [Smals implies that others were implemented, but the trial outcome is not clear]","December 24, 1880: \"Coldest weather I ever felt or saw.\"","December 31, 1880:  \"25 degrees below zero.   Frank Erwin and Dewit Brown froze their ears stiff.\"","[A note in the back of this book says 32 snows fell in the winter of 1880-81].","January 3, 1881:  \"8 degrees below zero, wood getting very scarce.  E. B. Simpson went to Harrisonburg today with snow shoes, they are about six feet long and six inches wide.  Oh this is fearful weather, a great deal of slaying going on.\"","January 6, 1881: \"Professor Geason gave a Grand Free Exhibition of Scientific Horsemanship today and commenced a class with 20 or more pupils at $2.00 per pupil.\"","January 21, 1881: \"the horse tamer is in our town today.\"","February 6, 1881:  \"Niggers had a fight in African Church tonight.\" [Drew 3 black heads]","February 7, 1881: \"I H. Smals made a pair of boots for a Mr. Stokes that he wore for 25 years, please beat that.  There were 26 persons at the young mens prayer meeting in M.E.C. to night.\"","February 12, 1881:  Sam Williams was fined $10 and bound over the Peace for 12 months. Jos. Williams the same and Oliver Failer was fined $5 and bound over for 12 months for fighting in the African Church last Sunday in Bridgewater, VA.\"","February 17, 1881:  \"Allemony's Cattle Sale today.  His yearlings sold at $16 per head.\"","March 2, 1881: Stuart Lindsey lead union prayer meeting in M. E. Church at 5 o'clock. ","March 6, 1881: \"Mr. McNeal came to our town to see his sweet [sketch of heart] and I tell you she is very Handsome.  he lives in Hardy County.\"","March 7, 1881: \"Engineers and Simpson gone on the route of the railroad.\"  [sketch of surveyor's level]  Rev. Mr. Whisner came to Marg Areys.  A good many preachers went through our town to Harrisonburg to Conference.\"  ","March 27, 1881: Rev. Bush had his first sermon in M. E. Church.","March 28, 1881:  \"Joseph Williams taken to jail by Hopewell for fighting in Methodist Church, Colored.\"","March 29, 1881: \"Joseph Williams taken to jail for fighting in Methodist Church, colored.  The Engineers Simpson and Bell came home from their Byrds Eye Survey.\"","April 1, 1881: Preaching at M. E. Church by Rev. Deans.","April 14, 1881: \"F. K. Speck went after Uncle Adam Rader who died on the 7 of the present month at Culpeper County near Brandy Station.\" ","April 16, 1881: \"Uncle Adam Rader has been brought to this town to be buried in our grave yard this evening.\"","April 23, 1881:  Jesse Fry shot Dr. Jones cow in his wheatfield with small shot.\"\t","May 5, 1881: \"Adam Smals commence the brick church at Mossy Creek today with 6 hands.\"","May 7, 1881:  Colored people's 1st Quarterly meeting held in this place.\"","May 8, 1881: \"Preaching by Rev. Price in M. E. Church at 7 ½   oclock.  Mrs. Stickler lost 2 $5 Dollar Notes some where between the M.E. Church and home.\"","May 24, 1881: \"This is the most powerful year for Locus Blooms I ever saw.  I hope will get a good corncrop.\"","June 15, 1881:  Mr. Wm. S. Perry sold a calf 10 days old for $5.75 to Frank and Will Ervin.\"","June 21, 1881: \"Thrush Sellers finished Mrs. Covington's fence today at $8.00.\"  [sketch of  iron fence]  \"He finished a lattice fence the next day.\" [sketch of lattice fence]","July 1, 1881: \"John Carpenter Brought an Engine Thresher to Bridgewater.  Daily mail commences between Bridgewater and Stribling Springs.\"","July 2, 1881: \"Quarterly meeting commences this morning at Sangerville.  Presiding elder is I. S. Martin.  President Garfield was Shot in the City of Washington, District of Columbia.\" ","July 8, 1881:  \"A Colored Festival in Mt. Sidney today and night.  Realized $50.\"","July 13, 1881: \"Dr. Brown tapped Mrs. Showalter near Mt. Solon, 10 pints of water from her abdomen.\"  [Dr. Brown was often noted being present at births].","July 18, 1881: \"Dr. Brown had the first Roastnears in our town.\"  [sketched ear of corn] \"GrandMaster Crowder from Staunton will be with us in our lodge tonight as Odfellows.\"  [Belongs to Ancient Odfellows of Bridgewater Lodge.  Frequently writes in some kind of \"lodge code\"]","July 21, 1881:  \"The Negro Band gone 4 miles above Staunton today to a lawn party.  They get $10 for the trip.\"","July 24, 1881:  \"Mr. Looses, Mr. Hartman's, Mr. Minoss, and Mr. Allemony's cows died from eating molasses cane today.\"","July 26, 1881:  \"John Allemony's other cow is very sick.  A Negro shot himself near Mt. Solon today with a pistol accidental.\"","July 29, 1881:  \"The Colored People have a Lawn Party in our Odfellow Hall tonight and tomorrow night.\"  [Aug. 10 and 11-White lawn party held on school grounds]","August 20, 1881: \"Cora Crickenberger cut her throat and stabbed her self in the head two or three times.\"","August 23, 1881: \"This day District Conference commence 2 oclock in M. E. Church.  Preachers present.  Conference organized at 3 oclock this evening, John S. Martin in the chair, a good many preachers present and a large Lay Delegation Present.  Preaching at 8 oclock this evening by  Rev. A Weller.  Conference lasted all week.\"","August 29, 1881: \"all the preachers gone home today.\"","September 2, 1881: \"Mrs. B. Kyles lamp exploded this evening but did not hurt any one.\" ","September 4, 1881: Rev. Tailor had prayer meeting at M. E. Church.","September 9, 1881:  \"A Lawn Festival held in M. E. Church lot to night, Realised about $25.\"","September 10, 1881:  \"Festival Lawn Party tonight in churchyard.  Colored People have a picknick [sic] today at their church.\"","September 20, 1881:  \"Shef Lewis and Wise fought a duel today.  Neither of them hurt.\"","September 22, 1881: \"Henry Smals I appoint you as Stuart for the Corporation of Bridgewater Council given under my hand for the sum of two Dollars for Services Commencing on the first of July 1881 and Closing July 1, 1882.\" _ M. Stickler, Mayor","September 24, 1881:  \"A Lawn Party at Mt. Solon by the colored people.\"","September 25, 1881: Rev. Hildebrand preached at M. E. Church.","October 1, 1881:  \"Colored band gone out to play for a picknick near Pleasant Valley in Rockingham County.\"","October 5, 1881:  \"James Clary open his Degarian [?] Saloon at Robert Funks.\"","October 6-7, 1881:  \"Colored at Allemony's this evening at 8:00. . . .Colored meeting still going on in this town.\"","November 13, 1881: \"Mrs. Arey came home today. Sabbath morning class at the usual hour 9 oclock, Sabbath school at 2 ½  oclock.  Prayer meeting at M. E. Church 7 oclock.\"","November 18, 1881: \"Clear and Warm. A Great Republican procession in Harrisonburg to night, Governor Walker came to our town.\"","November 19, 1881:  \"Rev Perrys children all have the Hooping Cough.  Some of them very poorly tonight.\"","November 20, 1881: \"Preaching at 11 oclock by Rev Hildebrand.\"","November 21, 1881: Court Day.   \"Professor Steel commence his Wrighting School today.\"  [sketch of quill] \"N. Marion Miller gone to Het Smals to do sowing for them.\"","November 22, 1881: Cloudy and cool.  \"Stuart Lindsay has gone to Monterey to see his sick wife.\"","November 27, 1881: \"No preaching in town today.  Mrs. J Lindsey and T Lindsey came from Monterey this evening.  Stuart Lindseys wife some better.\"","December 1, 1881: \"Dr. T. H. Brown gone to Moorefield Hardy County to see his daughter Verdie Mcneal [McNeil]…  Mr. Jos Byrd move to his new house today.\"  [sketch of 2 story house with 2 chimneys, Smals sketches of houses that people bought and sold often show details which were probably characteristic to the particular house] ","December 4, 1881: Preaching at 11 o'clock by Rev. Bush.","December 6, 1881: \"Stuart Lindseys wife some better.\"","December 10, 1881: \"P. Miller gone to Broadway to see about the schoolhouse to be built here or at Broadway.\"","December 11, 1881: \"No preaching in town today.\"","December 12, 1881: \"Cloudy and threaten for snow cold weather.\"","December 14, 1881: \"Snowed through the night one inch in depth.\" [drew a one inch purple line]","December 16, 1881: \"Stuart Lindsey and wife came home from her Father's at Monterey, She is right peart.\"","December 25, 1881: Sabbath morning clear and cold this is Christmas Day. Prayer Meeting at 5 oclock, Class meeting at 9 oclock , No preaching at 11 oclock, Sabbath school at 2 oclock, Preaching at 6 ½  oclock by Rev D. Bush.","December 26, 1881: \"Professor Hull commenced his singing school today.\"","December 27, 1881: \"Peter Miller is receiving contribution of the German Baptist Formal School to be established at this place.\"","December 28, 1881: Clear and warm.  \"the Baptist members are moving their church back 6 feet today. D. John Allemong sick.\"","January 4, 1882: \"John Allemong very sick.  Allemong has Nierulalgia of the Bowels.  8 inches of snow.\" ","January 5, 1882: \"Allemong no better.\"","January 6, 1882: \"J.W. F. Allemong no better\"","January 10, 1882: \"Street Lamps made for the Corporation, they will be put in a short time.\"  [sketch of lamp]","January 11, 1882: \"John W. F. Allemong some better.\"","January 17, 1882: \"Allemong still improving, able to get up and be shaved.\"","January 18, 1882: \"the Ladies are holding a Missionary metng this afternoon in M. E. Church at 3 ½ oclock.\"","January 20, 1882: \"John W. F. Allemong improving very fast\"","January 24, 1882: \"Allemong has gotten well\"","January 27, 1882: Jury brought in a verdict, that Guitttoes [sic] committed Murder in first Degree for killing President Garfield.\"","February 2, 1882:  \"groundhog day: He saw his shadow.\"  [Smals drew a sketch of a ground hog every year, but his drawings resembled a cat more than a ground hog]  \"Allemong hauling ice from Factory and Robert Wrights Ponds.\"","February 10, 1882: \"Charley Schenk fell in the Creek\"","February 12, 1882: Preaching at 11 oclock by Rev. Hildebrand.","February 15, 1882:  \"Miss Ryan buried in our graveyard today at 3 oclock   Funeral preached by Rev Hildebrand.\"","February 17, 1882:  \"Oyster supper this evening for the Benefit of the M. E. Church, realized $21.50 Dollars.  John Allemong Enlarged his office to day.\"","February 18, 1882:  \"Adjourned Quarterly meeting met in Allemong's Office today.  Oyster supper this evening for the Benefit of the M. E. Church.  Realized [?]  Dollars.\"","February 19, 1882: \"Preaching by Rev Rosebrow in M. E. Church at 7 oclock.  Mrs. McNeil of Hardy County Dr. Browns Daughter had a son born today at Dr. Browns.\"","February 21, 1882: \"Uncommon windy and Storm and uncommon muddy…  Rev. Kinzer came to our town today.\"","February 22, 1882: \"Rev. Kinzer preached for us.  Click Miller, Ad Hollum, Walter Davis and John Allemong bought the wood factory and Foundrey for the sum of $9000 Dollars.\"","February 25, 1882: \"A Great many Deprecations acted tonight by the Boys, Shooting, Cursing, Swearing and being Drunk.\" ","February 26, 1882: \"Preaching in M.E. Church by Rev Bush and Sacrament of the Lords Supper.  Hopewell shot a chicken for Salley Fitchew.  Laurence fired a pistol also on the Sabbath.\"","March 2, 1882: \"Queen Victoria was shot and mist her.\"","March 6, 1882: \"Preachers all fixing to go to Conference.\"","March 8, 1882: \"Sheets sold his Hartman Lot and house to J. W. F. Allemong for the sum of $200 dollars.\"","March 14, 1882: \"Stuart Lindseys wife very poorly.\"","March 16, 1882:  \"Rev. Hildebrand came back from Conference today to our town.\"","March 17, 1882: \"Joseph Attaffer died this morning at 1 oclock.\"","March 18, 1882: \"Saturday morning cloudy sleet and Rain  Rained all day long,   Joseph Attaffer buried today.\"","March 22, 1882: \"Dog bit Eugene Ervin in the hand this morning very badly.\"","March 26, 1882: \"David Bush preached.\"","April 2, 1882: Rev. Whitescarver preached.","April 7, 1882: \"Widow John Arey died this morning.\"","April 16, 1882: \"Preaching by Rev. Tailor at Barbees Office.\"","April 17, 1882: \"Jacob Wynant's Horse Run off.  It went home and never Broke his Buggy.\" ","April 20, 1882: \"Joseph Beery Hung himself in his grainery this morning about 5 oclock on Linville Creek the cause not known. Jack Thuma killed a large loon.\"  [sketch]  [Smals wrote of at least four horse-runoff episodes during April].","April 24, 1882: \"Mrs. Stuart Lindsey Died at Jacob Lindseys House…\"","May 4, 1882: \"The smallest Baby Born to day in the world some where in the north, it weighed 8 ounces and was perfect child.\"","May 5, 1882: \"The Mossy Creek folks settled with Allemong to day for the church.\"","May 6, 1882: \"A waggon Run over G. Claude Smals to day and Did not Break any of his Limbs.\"","May 11, 1882: \"The Presbyterian Church was dedicated to Day.\"","May 18, 1882: \"A fish and meat house opened here to day.\"","May 28, 1882: \"Rev. Armstrong preached the Dedicatory sermon for the Mt. Solon Church to day and Realized money enough to the pay the Deposit on the Church which was $300.\" ","June 6, 1882: \"Jack Dooms finished the Parsonage House today.\"","June 15, 1882: \"Jack Dooms finished the Parsonage Stable today.\"","June 18, 1882: Rev. Bush preached. ","June 19, 1882: \"Isac Marshall Bought a Cow of Mr. Brown for a price of $45.00   She is a full Jersey.\"","July 24, 1882: \"11 Wagons went through town for Blackberries to Parnassus, 50 bushels to town\"","August 1, 1882: \"A new Barbershop by Barber and John Collbert commenced to day.\"","August 8, 1882: \"I H. Smals had the pleasure of shaving Francis O'ferell the Colonels Brother from Minnesota, he came to our town to see his Mother.\"","August 17, 1882: Commenced laying Brick on the Bank to day.\"","September 9, 1882: \"Overseer of the Poor took Peachy Hoak to the Poorhouse to day\"","September 12, 1882: \"I H. Smals was Disfranchised as Sexton and P. Hartman was put in my place.\"\n[This undoubtedly pertains to the Methodist Church]. ","September 14, 1882: \"Scaffold at Bank fell and hurt 3.\"","September 23, 1882: \"Meinars Jim Dog died to day.\"","October 2, 1882: \"the Great Comet made its appearance this morning in the East.\"","October 4, 1882: \"H. Dice sold a lot to Casper Earheart for $100, 1 ¼ acre.  Thrush Sellers Bilds Mrs. Williams a house for $600 on High Street.\"","October 22, 1882: Preaching by Rev. Hildebrand.","October 23, 1882: \"Humphreys Loose got his new engine this evening, it cost about $1200.\"","December 25, 1882: \"Jack Higgins and Jack Jones were tried and convicted for stealing and sent to jail.\"","December 26, 1882: \"A Christmas tree for benefit of the Sabbath School Children.  Speech from Rev. D. Bush.\"  [sketch of Christmas Arch]Jan 24: \"Old Brother John Altaffer Died in this Place this evening about 4 oclock at age of 84 ½  years old, he has been a Methodist for 65 year and over.\" [Commemorated in stained glass window in Bridgewater United Methodist Church.]","January 26, 1883: Rev Bush preached Altaffer's funeral.","April 6, 1883: \"Our young Preacher Waters came to town this evening from Maeraland [Maryland].\"","June 1, 1883:  \"Colored boy died of scarlet fever [age 16] and buried in colored graveyard.\"","June 24, 1883: Dr. Folensher preached.","June 25, 1883:  \"A great many persons harvesting today-wheat very good.\"","June 30, 1883:  \"Burn and Elam fought a duel near Wainsborough.  Elam got a flesh wound; the other was not touched.\"","July 1, 1883: Preaching by Rev. Waters","July 8, 1883:  \"Our choir sung for the colored people today at 11:00.  Rev. B. Smith preached-a colored man.\" [Sunday]","July 11, 1883: \"The Wizard men came to our town this evening and will stay until next Sabbath.\"","July 12, 1883: \"Mr. Allemong and family gone to White Sulphur Springs to stay for 3 weeks.\"","July 14, 1883:   Talks about a \"wizard man\" being in town for the week selling medicine.","July 25, 1883: \"Hanger and wife joined the M.E. Church to night.\"","July 29, 1883: Henry Smals granddaughter Sallie Miller married Samuel Boselmen.","August 4, 1883: \"My Birth day.  I H. Smals was born on the 4 August 1810 Saturday in afternoon at 3 oclock near the head of Muddy Creek about 2 miles of the head of Linville Creek and Bowmans Mill.\"","August 20, 1883:  \"George E. Dunnell killed a Negro.  Shot him in self-defense.\"","September 20, 1883:  \"Mr. George Murry's ondley daughter [age 11] got killed at a cane mill.  The shaft caught her clothes and thread her around and beat her head soft.\"","November 8, 1883: \"Dr. Brown and Robert Whitescarver have a Quarrel in our Shop this morning, but Did not come to blows.\"","November 12, 1883: \"Dock Van Pelt moved to Sangersville, he has moved 18 times in 6 years.\"","December 28, 1883:  \"A black man from Rockbridge County came to our town and married Black Maria Huldey yesterday in the African Church.\"","December 31, 1883:  \"Watch meting to night in M. E. Church. Oyster supper by the colored people in Odfellows Hall.\"","January 1, 1884:  \"Oyster supper by the Odfellows tonight in Odfellows Hall.  Everybody invited. Uncommonly cold; scarlet fever very bad in the area; ice 6\" frozen.\"","February 4, 1884:  \"Mrs. Young was laying out a woman who had died and got some gastric juices on a sore on her hand and now suffers very much in consequence of it.\" [She was sick for about a week; Smals doesn't mention her after that.]","February 26, 1884: \"Dr. Jones Drugstore caught on fire and burt up all his drugs and medcane [sic].  Did not burn the store house.\" ","May 11, 1884:  \"Colored people had their first Quarterly meeting at this place today.\"","May 24, 1884:  \"William Fishback and a black man had a fight.  Fishback struck the negro in the head with a rock and Fishback had to pay a fine and cost which was $4.45.\"","May 31, 1884:  A great \"bass ball\" game.  Bridgewater 28 Harrisonburg 25 and 2 whitewashes.","June 11, 1884:  \"David Hooks whipped his sister with a yardstick this morning and left marks on her boddie.\"","June 13, 1884:  \"Brady and Wine killed their first beef this evening.  Going to butcher all summer.\"","June 15, 1884 : \"Lighting struck Rev. Raley [Lutheran] near Mt. Crawford and knocked his horse down but did not kill either of them.\"","June 18, 1884: \"All the presses and other tools to Bridgewater this evening to make cigars.\" [sketch of cigar]","July 19, 1884:  \"Nute Fry commenced butchering and selling beef in Bridgewater this morning.\"","August 1884:  [Several mentions of a cigar/tobacco factory.]","August 6, 1884: \"Old Jimmie Coakley, colored, died today near Rushville at the age of 110 years old.\"","August 10, 1884: \"Sabbath Morning, Warm Cloudy.  Rained some last night.  This is Childrens Day with the M.E.C.S.  The collection amounted to 10 dollars.  Preaching by Rev. Waters at 11 oclock.  Exercises at 2 oclock, also at night.\" ","August 16, 1884: \"Professor Hoover and Professor Hulvey came to our town.  Spoke in the Old Town Hall as Democrats.\"\n[At this time Rev. Campbell was preaching in the Lutheran Church and Rev. Clark in the Baptist Church.  Smals usually mentioned the services in Lutheran and Baptist Churches].","August 30, 1884:  Cigar boys played and beat Bridgewater boys in baseball.","September 3, 1884: \"Uncle Jake Hesberger raised a watermelon that weighed 47 ¾ pounds.\" ","September 7, 1884: Rev. Linch preached in M.E.C.S Church.","September 13, 1884: \"A fellow going to walk on a Rope started from J. Dinkles to the top of the old Tavern.\"","September 20, 1884:  \"The colored people have a local Preachers Convention here-will continue over Sunday.\"","September 21, 1884:  \"Preaching at colored church by colored preacher.  Fifteen local preachers present at the Convention.  Large crowd of colored people present.  Collected $30.\"","September 22, 1884: \"Jacob Bierly and son were killed in the well by foul air.\" ","October 5, 1884: Rev. Ross preaching at M. E. C. ","November 1, 1884: \"Mrs. Showalter Beat a little child today Black and Blue.  She was arrested and had her trial.  Paid the Corporation $5.00 and $25.00 to the County Court.\"","December 6, 1884:  \"A negro shot another negro in Harrisonburg last night.  He was caught and lodged in jail to await trial.\" ","December 25, 1884: Thursday Morning Clear.  \"Very cold this Christmas Day, Plenty of ice on the River   Boys skating and shooting.\"","December 26, 1884: \"I H. Smals Eat a fine Dinner at George Hangers.\"","December 27, 1884: \"Oyster supper to night by the Masons at Will Areys.\" ","January 12, 1885: \"The Cigar Boys commence making cigars today.\"  [Smals makes frequent  references to the \"cigar boys\" working in the cigar factory in Bridgewater]","January 18, 1885: \"Old Mr. Hailman fell through the Bridge and Caught himself before he got to the water.\" [Smals had been writing regularly of work on the bridge]","January 24, 1885: \"William H. Grove finished the Bridge today.  Got $56 for his 16 days work.\"   ","February 21, 1885: \"21 below zero.\"","March 11, 1885:  \"Nuten Smals came here from Hampshire County.  Brown Smals and Thomas Smals came to my house to day from Berkley County near Williamsport W.Va. to purchase cattle.\"","March 18, 1885: \"Our Preachers have come from Conference to day.  Rev Dice the Presiding Elder and Rev Lynch and Prettiman [Prettyman] the Senior and Junior Preacher for one Year.\"","March 21, 1885: \"Dam frozen over to night, never was known to freeze over in March before.\"","March 22, 1885: Preaching by Rev. Reade [Reid?]","March 24, 1885: \"Old Miller Areys sale today on Muddy Creek.\"","March 25, 1885: \"Hales engine went through our town this morning.\"","March 27, 1885: \"A Degarion [?] car came to town today.\" [sketch of train car, maybe an early photo studio?]","March 28, 1885: \"The dogs killed a parse of sheep for John Allemong this morning. John Allemong discharged 6 of his cigar men.  Only 4 rollers left and 2 packers.\"","April 3, 1885: [Good Friday.]  \"This is the day our Savior was crucified nearly 1900 years ago.\" [sketch of cross]  ","April 10, 1885:  \"The old Brick Shop that I Built 1840, 44 years ago, they are taring down to Build Drivers House.\"","April 12, 1885: \"Bettie Brown joined the M. E. Church South.\"","April 16, 1885: \"John Fisher rented the Lower Room of the Odd Fellows for the sum of  Two Dollars per month…\"","April 18, 1885: \"The first Quarterly Conference held in this place.   Presiding Elder present and both of the preachers on the Sircuit present and a good many of the Official Body present.  Brother Lynch gone to Spring Hill to hold a Quarterly meeting for the presiding Elders.  Brother Prettyman preached at night at 7 ½  oclock.\"  ","April 21, 1885:  \"Burk Sellers cow had twin calves.\"","April 22, 1885: Moses Stickler had been recommended as Post Master in Bridgewater.","April 26, 1885:  \"Two bysicles in our town.  Came from Harrisonburg in 52 minutes.\"","April 28, 1885:  \"J.W.S. commenced getting new milk of Mrs. Jenkins today at 6 cents per quart.\"","May 6, 1885:  \"Dinkel hired a bisicle in Harrisonburg to learn to ride on.\"","May 15, 1885: \"My Daughter Annie Died to night at 10 oclock.  She was 42 years and some month old.\" ","May 20, 1885: \"Richard Berlin put a whistle on his engine today.\"","June 8, 1885: \"Shifflett stabbedd Riddle 2 times in the side.  The one stab is supposed to be fatal.\"","June 13, 1885:  \"Dr. Johnson's cow had 2 calves this morning.\"","July 1, 1885:  Post Office opened and first day of mail service in Bridgewater area.  Carriers going to Stribling Springs and Harrisonburg.","July 24, 1885:  \"2 Negroes broke open wines at Funkhouser store and stole 2 suit of clothing, coffee and sugar, and other articles. A black woman found under a hay stack with her throat cut from ear to ear in Augusta County, VA.\"","August 7, 1885:  \"Colored people had a Festival tonight at the Old Town Hall\" [3 sketches of black heads].","August 8. 1885:  \"Colored people continue their festival tonight.  Colored people have a Quarterly meeting on Crawford's farm today and tomorrow.\"","March 8, 1886:  \"The Colored Minstrel Singers came to our town today and sing tonight in the M.E. Church.  Colored in this town a perfect Humbug.\"","April 15, 1886:  \"The colored Preacher came here on his circuit today.\"","May 7, 1886:  Notes marriage of 2 coloreds with a squiggly circle drawing.  \"Wm. Branson to Allace Brookins\"","May 26, 1886:  \"Charley Stuart moved in Berlintown in Joseph Nielwanders house.  He is a colored man.\" [sketch of black man's head].","June 1, 1886:  \"Mat Barber's child buried today in the Colored Graveyard in this town today at 11 o'clock.  Colored boy Joseph Riggle came to our town today to work in the factory.\"","June 11, 1886:  \"John Wine's wife had twins and two days afterward his cow had twin calves.\" [sketch of twin calves]","June 14, 1886:  \"The Colored people have a Picknick tonight for the benefit of their Preacher.\"","Summer of 1886:  Talks a lot about farmers harvesting their wheat all over and in July \"people are thrashing all over.\"  ","August 1, 1886:  \"The Colored People had a Bush meeting near Mt. Crawford.\"","August 2, 1886:  \"A great show at the African church tonight by the colored folks.\"  [Pasted a picture of black musicians surrounded by violins, banjos and other instruments]","August 30, 1886:  \"Jackson Doomer's cow died this morning.\"","September 4, 1886:  \"Another bucher shop opened near Allemony's store.\"","September 18, 1886:  \"Mr. Isaac Marshall weighed his big hog today at 705 pounds.\"","October 16, 1886:  \"Colored Quarterly meeting commenced today in Bridgewater.\"","October 19, 1886:  \"Henry Dice and Frank Irvin came home from Pokehunters to bring his cattle home.\"","November 22, 1886:  \"Sanger Brothers started a Creamery today in Bridgewater.\"  ","February 15, 1887:  Josie Wise, colored, buried in the Colored Graveyard today at 11 o'clock.  A great many colored persons present.\"  ","On speech:  [Smals spells the railroad president's name \"Auther Vandabilt\"]","On blacks:  [Frequently mentions when they are born, married, and died and usually draws head sketches.]","On travel:  [In 1877 a trip to Harrisonburg took 4 hours.]"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8d4b0f6af460a047d246ff4686ce4549\"\u003eThe Henry Smals Diaries, 1871-1891, consist of three boxes containing eighteen volumes of diaries written by Henry Smals of Bridgewater, Virginia. The topics of diary entries are brief outlining day-to-day activities. A folder, located in Box 3, contains a partial index and a list of highlights for most volumes as well as an ad for \"Henry Smals, Fashionable Barber! Main Street, Bridgewater, Va.\"\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Henry Smals Diaries, 1871-1891, consist of three boxes containing eighteen volumes of diaries written by Henry Smals of Bridgewater, Virginia. The topics of diary entries are brief outlining day-to-day activities. A folder, located in Box 3, contains a partial index and a list of highlights for most volumes as well as an ad for \"Henry Smals, Fashionable Barber! Main Street, Bridgewater, Va.\""],"names_coll_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Smalls family","Smals, Henry, 1810-1892"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Smalls family","Smals, Henry, 1810-1892","Hotchkiss, Jedediah, 1828-1899"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"famname_ssim":["Smalls family"],"persname_ssim":["Smals, Henry, 1810-1892","Hotchkiss, Jedediah, 1828-1899"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":19,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:20:27.499Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_250"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_244","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"John T. Harris papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_244#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_244#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), consist of a large number of personal and political documents relevant to the life and career of John T. Harris. The bulk of the collection is comprised of letters of John T. Harris and his family, and of Peyton Randolph and his family. Several letters discuss Southern secession and the American Civil War. Also included are Randolph family letters, James Clarkson Papers, Civil War documents and Harris genealogy.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_244#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_244","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_244","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_244","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_244","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_244.xml","title_ssm":["John T. Harris papers"],"title_tesim":["John T. Harris papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1771-1937","1850-1900"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1850-1900"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1771-1937"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0089","/repositories/4/resources/244"],"text":["SC 0089","/repositories/4/resources/244","John T. Harris papers","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Politics and government","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- Politics and government -- 1849-1861","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","Lawyers -- Virginia","Judges -- Virginia","Practice of law -- Virginia","Elections -- Virginia","Statesmen -- Virginia","Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Newspaper clippings","Indentures","Photographs","Wills","broadsides (notices)","Legal documents","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The collection is also available on microfilm at Special Collections of James Madison University (Microfilm # 1471-1479) and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.","The collection is arranged into the following four series and subseries. All correspondence series are arranged chronologically, and all other series are arranged topically.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1831-1937 1.1: Addressed to John T. Harris, 1841-1899 1.2: Harris Family, 1831-1937 1.3: Addressed to Peyton Randolph, 1846-1884 1.4: Randolph Family, 1837-1928 Series 2: Personal and Family Papers, 1843-1936 Series 3: Political Papers, 1856-1896 Series 4: Miscellaneous, 1771-1933","Boatner, Mark Mayo.  The Civil War Dictionary . New York: David McKay Co., Inc., 1959.","Dabney, Virginius.  Virginia: The New Dominion . Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1971.","Daniels, Jonathon.  The Randolphs of Virginia . New York: Doubleday, 1972.","Johnson, Allen \u0026 Malone, Dumas, ed.  Dictionary of American Biography.  Vol. VI. NY: Scribner's     Sons, 1931. ","Krick, Robert K.  Lee's Colonels: A Biographical Register of the Field Officers of the Army of Northern Virginia . Dayton, Ohio: Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1979. ","Members of Congress Since 1789. Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1977. ","The National Cyclopedia of American Biography . Vol. XIX. NY: Charles T. White and Co., 1926. ","Tewksbury, Donald G.  The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War . NY: Archon Books, 1965. ","Wakelyn, Jon L.  Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy . Westport, CN: Greenwood, 1977. ","Wayland, John W.  A History of Rockingham County, Virginia . Dayton, VA: Ruebush-Elkins, 1912. ","John T. Harris (1823-1899) was perhaps one of the most prominent citizens of Rockingham County throughout the nineteenth century. The son of Nathan and Ann Harris, he was commonwealth's attorney for Rockingham County from 1852 to 1859, and in 1856 served as a Presidential elector for James Buchanan. Thereafter, he served in the United States Congress from 1859 until the outbreak of the Civil War. Despite his strong Unionist sentiments and his continual efforts to keep Virginia in the Union, Harris remained loyal to Virginia when she seceded in May 1861. During the war he served two terms in the Virginia General Assembly. Following the war John T. Harris was judge of the 12th judicial circuit, which included Rockingham County. In 1870 he was again elected to Congress and was continuously re-elected until 1880, after which he resumed his law practice in Harrisonburg. John T. Harris returned to politics in 1889 as a rival of P.W. McKinney for the Democratic nomination for the governorship. Later he was appointed by Governor McKinney as one of the representatives for Virginia to the World's Columbian Exposition in 1892. He died in Harrisonburg, October 14, 1899. ","In addition to the Harris family letters, there are a large number of miscellaneous letters (3 Hollinger boxes) of the related Peyton Randolph Family. The Randolph family papers came into the Harris family when John T. Harris's son, John T. Harris Jr., married Peyton Randolph's daughter, Mary Elizabeth Randolph. Born in Washington, D.C. in 1833, Peyton was the son of James Innes Randolph, a congressional clerk, and Susan Armistead Randolph. However, despite the numerous letters to him, little is known about Peyton Randolph. Prior to the Civil War he attended Columbian College (now George Washington University) and was an engineer on numerous railroad projects in Virginia, Indiana, and Alabama through the 1850's. He enlisted in the army in Mobile, Alabama, at the outbreak of war and served as an engineer in Pickett's division, rising to the rank of major by 1865. Thereafter, even less is known of his life. He married Mary Fisher following the war, returned to the engineering profession, and died November 28, 1888.","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2025.","Harter, Dale F.  Of Men and Measures: The Memoirs of John T. Harris of Virginia.  M.A. Thesis, University of South Carolina, 1999.","The John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), consists of seven boxes and two oversize folders of material. Although the collection contains a large number of personal and political documents relevant to the life and career of John T. Harris, the bulk of the collection is comprised of correspondence addressed to John T. Harris and his family, and between Peyton Randolph and his family. A small number of James Clarkson papers are also present. The collection is arranged in four series: Correspondence, Personal and Family Papers, Political Papers, and Miscellaneous.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1831-1937, is arranged chronologically in four subseries:  ","Subseries 1.1: Addressed to John T. Harris, 1841-1899, consists of correspondence addressed to Harris from his constituents requesting personal favors. Letters from 1860 to 1861 primarily address the issue of Virginia seceding from the Union. Most of the letters express pro-Unionist feelings and encourage Harris to work for a compromise in Congress to avert violent conflict. The contents of these letters suggest that Harris worked with and may have been a close friend of Stephen A. Douglas. The 24 May 1871 letter addressed to Harris from William Nelson Pendelton, written on behalf of Henry Clay White of Rockbridge County requesting appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point is property of Special Collections at James Madison University, and does not form part of the original collection on deposit. It is not available on microfilm.","Subseries 1.2: Harris Family, 1831-1937, consists chiefly of letters among various members of the Harris family; content includes descriptions of family life. Also included among this subseries are several letters to John T. Harris, Jr., from Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt.","Subseries 1.3: Addressed to Peyton Randolph, 1846-1884, consists of letters from several college friends of Randolph and from Randolph's immediate family. Notable among these are letters from college friend Henry Force. Force was the son of historian Peter Force and acted as surveyor on the Border Commission dispatched to study the newly acquired lands in present-day New Mexico and Arizona. In a series of letters to Peyton from 1848 to 1853, Force describes his encounters with Mexican soldiers and Apache Indians, as well as his duties on the trek from New Orleans to San Diego. Transcriptions are available for eight of Force's letters, 1848-1851.","Subseries 1.4: Randolph Family, 1837-1928, includes letters addressed to Peyton Randolph and his sisters, Mollie Randolph, Nannie Randolph and Sue Randolph from their mother, Susan Armistead Randolph, correspondence between the Randolph siblings, as well as a few miscellaneous items of Peyton Randolph's including a book of psalms which he carried during the Civil War. The letters from Susan Armistead Randolph form the bulk of this subseries. In her weekly four-page letters, Susan Randolph describes life in Washington, D.C. during the 1850's, including the inauguration of Franklin Pierce and the funeral of Henry Clay. Susan Randolph was acutely aware of the political climate of her era and took particular interest in the Know-Nothing party in the 1850's. In several letters she outlines the platform of the Know-Nothings and even urges Peyton to join the party. However, despite her vivid political commentaries and her proximity to the arena of the conflict, she does not mention the issue of slavery. In addition to her political and social sketches, she provides detailed accounts of family life, including detailed descriptions of the deaths of various family members. Her letters from Richmond during the war describe the changes in life in that city through the course of the war and include detailed examples of the rampant inflation of prices on common goods such as bacon and flour. Of particular interest are Mrs. Randolph's inquiries concerning her first cousin, General Lewis Armistead, who was said to be the first Confederate soldier to cross into Union lines during Pickett's Charge at the battle of Gettysburg. See Randolph Harris Moulton's Some Randolphs Around Civil War Times for transcriptions of some of the Peyton Randolph letters.","Series 2: Personal and Family Papers, 1843-1936, is arranged topically and contains a variety of materials. General papers include John T. Harris' law license, an 1861 will, and his post-Civil War oath of allegiance to the United States. [A certificate in which President Benjamin Harrison appoints Harris as Virginia's representative at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892 is located in the oversize miscellaneous file.] Also in this series is a photocopy of John T. Harris' handwritten 1898 autobiography, which gives many particulars of his life, as well as a photocopy of his son John T. Harris Jr.'s typed 1936 autobiography, which includes characterizations of the lawyers with which the younger Harris was acquainted. Genealogical notes and charts as well as newspaper clippings pertaining to the Harris family are also present.","Series 3: Political Papers, 1856-1896, consists primarily of copies of John T. Harris' Congressional speeches as well as several made by other members of Congress. The most notable of these is the resignation speech of Preston B. \"Bully\" Brookes, who was censured by Congress for caning Charles Sumner in 1856. In addition, there are election returns from elections in which Harris was a candidate. These include reports from Rockingham County and localities throughout the Shenandoah Valley. There is also a folder containing political ephemera such as political broadsides, handbills, and selected pages from newspapers regarding local and national elections","Series 4: Miscellaneous, 1771-1933, contains a variety of materials, including general miscellany and receipts, Civil War documents, indentures, James Clarkson Papers, photographs and undated material. Among the Civil War documents are requests for exemption from military service, requisition receipts from Confederate military authorities, contracts between individuals and their military substitutes, and requests to John  T. Harris for release from Union prisoner-of-war camps. The James Clarkson Papers primarily are comprised of legal documents from Albemarle County. These documents were preserved by John T. Harris's wife, Virginia Harris, who was a descendant of James Clarkson. Among the photographs is a print of Peyton Randolph and his four brothers, a photographed portrait of James Innes, and photographs of John T. Harris' writing desk, a young Isabelle Heard, and an unidentified young girl.  Undated material consists of any items in this series that may be undated, including print material, notes, memoranda, receipts, various lists, writings, and calling cards. In addition, also includes a certificate signed by Benjamin Harrison appointing him as Virginia's representative at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892; a land grant to Joel S. Graves signed by Governor Thomas M. Randolph; and a sheet dated March 11, 1861, signed by members of the provisional government of secession (Civil War) from South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama.","Notable Letters: 2 Feb. 1857, Arch Graham on national, state and local politics, with letter of 20 July from John T. Harris (son) interpreting the meaning of the letter 3 March 1860 Supporter of Stephen A. Douglas and \"squatter sovereignty.\" 2 May 1860 Talk of secession 30 Oct. 1860 England blamed for dissolution of the Union 1 Dec. 1860 South Carolina resident gives plans of that state with regards to the Union. 16 Dec. 1860 Harris believes Union must be preserved.","Notable Letters: 21 Jan. Constituent blames \"Black Republicans\" and Lincoln for conflict between the North and South","Notable Letters 20 Feb. Letter from Gov. John Letcher 21 Feb. Constituent refers to slavery as the \"never ending nigger question\" 27 Feb. Letter from Col. David B. Bimey, son of abolitionist James G. Bime","Notable Letters: 13, 18 July 1912 Letters from Woodrow Wilson 25 Oct., 17 Nov. 1915 Letters from Teddy Roosevelt","Notable Letters: Eight letters in this folder from Henry Force to Peyton Randolph, 1848-1851, are available in  transcription  (NOT ON MICROFILM) 17 Aug. 1850 Henry Force describes voyage from New York to Havana and New Orleans. 7 Sept. 1850 Henry Force's duties as surveyor on Border Commission in Victoria, Texas. 5 April 1850 Samuel Force giving views of a Princeton Freshman. 29 June 1851 Henry Force describes encounters with Mexicans and Apaches in New Mexico.","Notable Letters: 9 March Henry Force describe duties and life in San Diego and survey of the Gila River. 21 March Susan Randolph, Peyton's mother, notes new painting in Capitol Rotunda-Washington Crossing the Delaware. 4 July Mother describes Henry Clay's funeral. 3 Oct. Mother describes father's involvement in Whig vs. Democrat politics.","Notable Letters: 2 Jan. Mother describes death of Nannie's son, Randolph, of scarlet fever. 4 Jan. Mother describes death of Peyton's grandfather. 9 Jan. Mother describes erecting of statue of Andrew Jackson with speech by Stephen A. Douglas. 6 Feb. Mother anticipates somber character of Franklin Pierce's inauguration because of recent death of his only son. 13 Feb. Henry Force describes Apache attack on return trip from El Paso. 13 March Mother describes Pierce's inauguration. 22 May Mother describes 25th wedding anniversary.","Notable Letters: 21 Nov. James Innes Randolph asks for $200 to avoid foreclosure on house and sale of furniture.","Notable Letters: 28 May Father believes Kansas-Nebraska Act will make Northerners refuse to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law. 18 June Mother urges Peyton to join the Know-Nothings. 26 June Mother notes rumor that Pope's nuncio was engaged in Catholic atrocities to subvert the government and make Washington the headquarters of the Pope.","Notable Letters: 23 July Mother describes spread of cholera in Washington. 19 Nov. Mother describes financial panic in Washington.","Notable Letters: 1 March Mother gives vivid description of Grandmother's death. 10 May Wm. Titcomb warns Peyton not to join Know-Nothings. 22 Dec. Wm. Titcomb anticipates arrival of Santa Claus.","Notable Letters: 9 July Henry Force describes trial of Preston Brookes for assault of Sumner in the Senate. 17 Aug. Henry Force discusses maintenance of Washington Territory boundary. 24 Aug. Father tries unsuccessfully to get a clerkship at Congress. 3 Sept. Henry Force describes his father's (Peter Force) problems with his documentary history of America. 3 Nov. Peyton believes Buchanan will defeat Fillmore in presidential election.","Notable Letters: 7 June 1857 Peyton in Mississippi gladly notes absence of foreigners and Yankees.","Notable Letters: 6 Jan. 1861 Peyton believes conflict between South Carolina and the U.S. will not last long because neither can afford a war. 17 March 1861 Mother believes Lincoln will preserve peace. 24 March 1861 Peyton joins the Army at Fort Morgan, Alabama. 24 March 1861 Mother observes that most Know-Nothings have switched to the Republicans. 14 April 1861 Mother says, \"Hurrah for the Southern Confederacy.\" 8 Sept. 1861 Mother describes rising prices in Richmond. Peyton's brother John could see the Capitol rotunda on picket duty outside Washington. 20 Oct. 1861 Mother visits Richmond hospitals filled with soldiers. 5 May 1862 Mother describes Confederate evacuation of Yorktown and Norfolk. Notes Merrimac is in the James River. 24 Dec. 1862 Peyton asks when General. Armistead's uniforms will be ready.","Notable Letters: 15 Feb. 1863 Prices sky rocketing in Richmond. 14 July 1863 Mother believes Lewis Armistead still alive despite rumors of his death at Gettysburg. 20 Aug. 1863 Mother questions fate of General. Armistead. 17 July 1864 Mother describes scarcity of food in Richmond.","Notable Letters: 6 July 1854 Birthday letter to Mary Fisher, Peyton's future wife. Advises her what to look for in a husband. 10 Feb. 1856 Letter to Innes Randolph at Hobart College, New York.","Notable Letters: 4 Dec. 1861 John Randolph describes winter camp life in the army and his efforts to stay warm. 6 Feb. 1862 Mollie, fearing that the North will win, wonders why England and France will not recognize the Confederacy. 12 Aug. 1863 Mother unsure of Lewis Armistead's fate. Notes the high cost of wood and coal. 22 Nov. 1863 Mother describes death of James Innes Randolph. 13 May 1864 Family wakes to booming cannon outside Richmond. John brought home wounded in thigh.","Notable items: 1856 Resignation speech of Congressman Preston B. Brookes.","Notable items: 1795 List of Subscribers to the \"New Virginia Justice\"","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), consist of a large number of personal and political documents relevant to the life and career of John T. Harris. The bulk of the collection is comprised of letters of John T. Harris and his family, and of Peyton Randolph and his family. Several letters discuss Southern secession and the American Civil War. Also included are Randolph family letters, James Clarkson Papers, Civil War documents and Harris genealogy.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections","Harris family -- Correspondence","Randolph family -- Correspondence","Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","Harris, R. Randolph","Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Peyton, 1833-1891 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Susan Armistead, 1810-1884 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Innes, 1837-1887","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0089","/repositories/4/resources/244"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John T. Harris papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["John T. Harris papers"],"collection_ssim":["John T. Harris papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- Politics and government","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- Politics and government -- 1849-1861","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- Politics and government","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- Politics and government -- 1849-1861","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century"],"creator_ssm":["Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Harris, R. Randolph"],"creator_ssim":["Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Harris, R. Randolph"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","Harris, R. Randolph"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","Harris, R. Randolph","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- Politics and government","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- Politics and government -- 1849-1861","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Placed on deposit according to a November 1985 contract with the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society. Two letters were donated to JMU Special Collections in July 2003 by R. Randolph Harris, great-grandson of John T. Harris (1823-1899)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Lawyers -- Virginia","Judges -- Virginia","Practice of law -- Virginia","Elections -- Virginia","Statesmen -- Virginia","Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Newspaper clippings","Indentures","Photographs","Wills","broadsides (notices)","Legal documents"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Lawyers -- Virginia","Judges -- Virginia","Practice of law -- Virginia","Elections -- Virginia","Statesmen -- Virginia","Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Newspaper clippings","Indentures","Photographs","Wills","broadsides (notices)","Legal documents"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.47 cubic feet 7 boxes and 2 folders"],"extent_tesim":["2.47 cubic feet 7 boxes and 2 folders"],"genreform_ssim":["Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Newspaper clippings","Indentures","Photographs","Wills","broadsides (notices)","Legal documents"],"date_range_isim":[1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is also available on microfilm at Special Collections of James Madison University (Microfilm # 1471-1479) and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Other Formats Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["The collection is also available on microfilm at Special Collections of James Madison University (Microfilm # 1471-1479) and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into the following four series and subseries. All correspondence series are arranged chronologically, and all other series are arranged topically.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eSeries 1: Correspondence, 1831-1937\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e1.1: Addressed to John T. Harris, 1841-1899\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e1.2: Harris Family, 1831-1937\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e1.3: Addressed to Peyton Randolph, 1846-1884\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e1.4: Randolph Family, 1837-1928\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003c/ul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eSeries 2: Personal and Family Papers, 1843-1936\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eSeries 3: Political Papers, 1856-1896\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eSeries 4: Miscellaneous, 1771-1933\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into the following four series and subseries. All correspondence series are arranged chronologically, and all other series are arranged topically.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1831-1937 1.1: Addressed to John T. Harris, 1841-1899 1.2: Harris Family, 1831-1937 1.3: Addressed to Peyton Randolph, 1846-1884 1.4: Randolph Family, 1837-1928 Series 2: Personal and Family Papers, 1843-1936 Series 3: Political Papers, 1856-1896 Series 4: Miscellaneous, 1771-1933"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eBoatner, Mark Mayo. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Civil War Dictionary\u003c/emph\u003e. New York: David McKay Co., Inc., 1959.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eDabney, Virginius. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia: The New Dominion\u003c/emph\u003e. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1971.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eDaniels, Jonathon. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Randolphs of Virginia\u003c/emph\u003e. New York: Doubleday, 1972.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eJohnson, Allen \u0026amp; Malone, Dumas, ed. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eDictionary of American Biography.\u003c/emph\u003e Vol. VI. NY: Scribner's     Sons, 1931. \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eKrick, Robert K. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eLee's Colonels: A Biographical Register of the Field Officers of the Army of Northern Virginia\u003c/emph\u003e. Dayton, Ohio: Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1979. \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eMembers of Congress Since 1789. Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1977. \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe National Cyclopedia of American Biography\u003c/emph\u003e. Vol. XIX. NY: Charles T. White and Co., 1926. \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eTewksbury, Donald G. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War\u003c/emph\u003e. NY: Archon Books, 1965. \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWakelyn, Jon L. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBiographical Dictionary of the Confederacy\u003c/emph\u003e. Westport, CN: Greenwood, 1977. \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWayland, John W. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eA History of Rockingham County, Virginia\u003c/emph\u003e. Dayton, VA: Ruebush-Elkins, 1912. \u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Boatner, Mark Mayo.  The Civil War Dictionary . New York: David McKay Co., Inc., 1959.","Dabney, Virginius.  Virginia: The New Dominion . Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1971.","Daniels, Jonathon.  The Randolphs of Virginia . New York: Doubleday, 1972.","Johnson, Allen \u0026 Malone, Dumas, ed.  Dictionary of American Biography.  Vol. VI. NY: Scribner's     Sons, 1931. ","Krick, Robert K.  Lee's Colonels: A Biographical Register of the Field Officers of the Army of Northern Virginia . Dayton, Ohio: Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1979. ","Members of Congress Since 1789. Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1977. ","The National Cyclopedia of American Biography . Vol. XIX. NY: Charles T. White and Co., 1926. ","Tewksbury, Donald G.  The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War . NY: Archon Books, 1965. ","Wakelyn, Jon L.  Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy . Westport, CN: Greenwood, 1977. ","Wayland, John W.  A History of Rockingham County, Virginia . Dayton, VA: Ruebush-Elkins, 1912. "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn T. Harris (1823-1899) was perhaps one of the most prominent citizens of Rockingham County throughout the nineteenth century. The son of Nathan and Ann Harris, he was commonwealth's attorney for Rockingham County from 1852 to 1859, and in 1856 served as a Presidential elector for James Buchanan. Thereafter, he served in the United States Congress from 1859 until the outbreak of the Civil War. Despite his strong Unionist sentiments and his continual efforts to keep Virginia in the Union, Harris remained loyal to Virginia when she seceded in May 1861. During the war he served two terms in the Virginia General Assembly. Following the war John T. Harris was judge of the 12th judicial circuit, which included Rockingham County. In 1870 he was again elected to Congress and was continuously re-elected until 1880, after which he resumed his law practice in Harrisonburg. John T. Harris returned to politics in 1889 as a rival of P.W. McKinney for the Democratic nomination for the governorship. Later he was appointed by Governor McKinney as one of the representatives for Virginia to the World's Columbian Exposition in 1892. He died in Harrisonburg, October 14, 1899. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the Harris family letters, there are a large number of miscellaneous letters (3 Hollinger boxes) of the related Peyton Randolph Family. The Randolph family papers came into the Harris family when John T. Harris's son, John T. Harris Jr., married Peyton Randolph's daughter, Mary Elizabeth Randolph. Born in Washington, D.C. in 1833, Peyton was the son of James Innes Randolph, a congressional clerk, and Susan Armistead Randolph. However, despite the numerous letters to him, little is known about Peyton Randolph. Prior to the Civil War he attended Columbian College (now George Washington University) and was an engineer on numerous railroad projects in Virginia, Indiana, and Alabama through the 1850's. He enlisted in the army in Mobile, Alabama, at the outbreak of war and served as an engineer in Pickett's division, rising to the rank of major by 1865. Thereafter, even less is known of his life. He married Mary Fisher following the war, returned to the engineering profession, and died November 28, 1888.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["John T. Harris (1823-1899) was perhaps one of the most prominent citizens of Rockingham County throughout the nineteenth century. The son of Nathan and Ann Harris, he was commonwealth's attorney for Rockingham County from 1852 to 1859, and in 1856 served as a Presidential elector for James Buchanan. Thereafter, he served in the United States Congress from 1859 until the outbreak of the Civil War. Despite his strong Unionist sentiments and his continual efforts to keep Virginia in the Union, Harris remained loyal to Virginia when she seceded in May 1861. During the war he served two terms in the Virginia General Assembly. Following the war John T. Harris was judge of the 12th judicial circuit, which included Rockingham County. In 1870 he was again elected to Congress and was continuously re-elected until 1880, after which he resumed his law practice in Harrisonburg. John T. Harris returned to politics in 1889 as a rival of P.W. McKinney for the Democratic nomination for the governorship. Later he was appointed by Governor McKinney as one of the representatives for Virginia to the World's Columbian Exposition in 1892. He died in Harrisonburg, October 14, 1899. ","In addition to the Harris family letters, there are a large number of miscellaneous letters (3 Hollinger boxes) of the related Peyton Randolph Family. The Randolph family papers came into the Harris family when John T. Harris's son, John T. Harris Jr., married Peyton Randolph's daughter, Mary Elizabeth Randolph. Born in Washington, D.C. in 1833, Peyton was the son of James Innes Randolph, a congressional clerk, and Susan Armistead Randolph. However, despite the numerous letters to him, little is known about Peyton Randolph. Prior to the Civil War he attended Columbian College (now George Washington University) and was an engineer on numerous railroad projects in Virginia, Indiana, and Alabama through the 1850's. He enlisted in the army in Mobile, Alabama, at the outbreak of war and served as an engineer in Pickett's division, rising to the rank of major by 1865. Thereafter, even less is known of his life. He married Mary Fisher following the war, returned to the engineering profession, and died November 28, 1888."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of Item], [box #, folder #], John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), SC 0089, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. on deposit from Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, Dayton, Va., housed in Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of Item], [box #, folder #], John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), SC 0089, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. on deposit from Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, Dayton, Va., housed in Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2025.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2025."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHarter, Dale F. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eOf Men and Measures: The Memoirs of John T. Harris of Virginia.\u003c/emph\u003e M.A. Thesis, University of South Carolina, 1999.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Harter, Dale F.  Of Men and Measures: The Memoirs of John T. Harris of Virginia.  M.A. Thesis, University of South Carolina, 1999."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), consists of seven boxes and two oversize folders of material. Although the collection contains a large number of personal and political documents relevant to the life and career of John T. Harris, the bulk of the collection is comprised of correspondence addressed to John T. Harris and his family, and between Peyton Randolph and his family. A small number of James Clarkson papers are also present. The collection is arranged in four series: Correspondence, Personal and Family Papers, Political Papers, and Miscellaneous.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Correspondence, 1831-1937, is arranged chronologically in four subseries:  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 1.1: Addressed to John T. Harris, 1841-1899, consists of correspondence addressed to Harris from his constituents requesting personal favors. Letters from 1860 to 1861 primarily address the issue of Virginia seceding from the Union. Most of the letters express pro-Unionist feelings and encourage Harris to work for a compromise in Congress to avert violent conflict. The contents of these letters suggest that Harris worked with and may have been a close friend of Stephen A. Douglas. The 24 May 1871 letter addressed to Harris from William Nelson Pendelton, written on behalf of Henry Clay White of Rockbridge County requesting appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point is property of Special Collections at James Madison University, and does not form part of the original collection on deposit. It is not available on microfilm.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 1.2: Harris Family, 1831-1937, consists chiefly of letters among various members of the Harris family; content includes descriptions of family life. Also included among this subseries are several letters to John T. Harris, Jr., from Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 1.3: Addressed to Peyton Randolph, 1846-1884, consists of letters from several college friends of Randolph and from Randolph's immediate family. Notable among these are letters from college friend Henry Force. Force was the son of historian Peter Force and acted as surveyor on the Border Commission dispatched to study the newly acquired lands in present-day New Mexico and Arizona. In a series of letters to Peyton from 1848 to 1853, Force describes his encounters with Mexican soldiers and Apache Indians, as well as his duties on the trek from New Orleans to San Diego. Transcriptions are available for eight of Force's letters, 1848-1851.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 1.4: Randolph Family, 1837-1928, includes letters addressed to Peyton Randolph and his sisters, Mollie Randolph, Nannie Randolph and Sue Randolph from their mother, Susan Armistead Randolph, correspondence between the Randolph siblings, as well as a few miscellaneous items of Peyton Randolph's including a book of psalms which he carried during the Civil War. The letters from Susan Armistead Randolph form the bulk of this subseries. In her weekly four-page letters, Susan Randolph describes life in Washington, D.C. during the 1850's, including the inauguration of Franklin Pierce and the funeral of Henry Clay. Susan Randolph was acutely aware of the political climate of her era and took particular interest in the Know-Nothing party in the 1850's. In several letters she outlines the platform of the Know-Nothings and even urges Peyton to join the party. However, despite her vivid political commentaries and her proximity to the arena of the conflict, she does not mention the issue of slavery. In addition to her political and social sketches, she provides detailed accounts of family life, including detailed descriptions of the deaths of various family members. Her letters from Richmond during the war describe the changes in life in that city through the course of the war and include detailed examples of the rampant inflation of prices on common goods such as bacon and flour. Of particular interest are Mrs. Randolph's inquiries concerning her first cousin, General Lewis Armistead, who was said to be the first Confederate soldier to cross into Union lines during Pickett's Charge at the battle of Gettysburg. See Randolph Harris Moulton's Some Randolphs Around Civil War Times for transcriptions of some of the Peyton Randolph letters.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Personal and Family Papers, 1843-1936, is arranged topically and contains a variety of materials. General papers include John T. Harris' law license, an 1861 will, and his post-Civil War oath of allegiance to the United States. [A certificate in which President Benjamin Harrison appoints Harris as Virginia's representative at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892 is located in the oversize miscellaneous file.] Also in this series is a photocopy of John T. Harris' handwritten 1898 autobiography, which gives many particulars of his life, as well as a photocopy of his son John T. Harris Jr.'s typed 1936 autobiography, which includes characterizations of the lawyers with which the younger Harris was acquainted. Genealogical notes and charts as well as newspaper clippings pertaining to the Harris family are also present.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Political Papers, 1856-1896, consists primarily of copies of John T. Harris' Congressional speeches as well as several made by other members of Congress. The most notable of these is the resignation speech of Preston B. \"Bully\" Brookes, who was censured by Congress for caning Charles Sumner in 1856. In addition, there are election returns from elections in which Harris was a candidate. These include reports from Rockingham County and localities throughout the Shenandoah Valley. There is also a folder containing political ephemera such as political broadsides, handbills, and selected pages from newspapers regarding local and national elections\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Miscellaneous, 1771-1933, contains a variety of materials, including general miscellany and receipts, Civil War documents, indentures, James Clarkson Papers, photographs and undated material. Among the Civil War documents are requests for exemption from military service, requisition receipts from Confederate military authorities, contracts between individuals and their military substitutes, and requests to John  T. Harris for release from Union prisoner-of-war camps. The James Clarkson Papers primarily are comprised of legal documents from Albemarle County. These documents were preserved by John T. Harris's wife, Virginia Harris, who was a descendant of James Clarkson. Among the photographs is a print of Peyton Randolph and his four brothers, a photographed portrait of James Innes, and photographs of John T. Harris' writing desk, a young Isabelle Heard, and an unidentified young girl.  Undated material consists of any items in this series that may be undated, including print material, notes, memoranda, receipts, various lists, writings, and calling cards. In addition, also includes a certificate signed by Benjamin Harrison appointing him as Virginia's representative at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892; a land grant to Joel S. Graves signed by Governor Thomas M. Randolph; and a sheet dated March 11, 1861, signed by members of the provisional government of secession (Civil War) from South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e2 Feb. 1857, Arch Graham on national, state and local politics, with letter of 20 July from John T. Harris (son) interpreting the meaning of the letter\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e3 March 1860 Supporter of Stephen A. Douglas and \"squatter sovereignty.\"\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e2 May 1860 Talk of secession\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e30 Oct. 1860 England blamed for dissolution of the Union\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e1 Dec. 1860 South Carolina resident gives plans of that state with regards to the Union.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e16 Dec. 1860 Harris believes Union must be preserved.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e21 Jan. Constituent blames \"Black Republicans\" and Lincoln for conflict between the North and South\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e20 Feb. Letter from Gov. John Letcher\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e21 Feb. Constituent refers to slavery as the \"never ending nigger question\"\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e27 Feb. Letter from Col. David B. Bimey, son of abolitionist James G. Bime\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e13, 18 July 1912 Letters from Woodrow Wilson\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e25 Oct., 17 Nov. 1915 Letters from Teddy Roosevelt\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eEight letters in this folder from Henry Force to Peyton Randolph, 1848-1851, are available in \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lib.jmu.edu/special/manuscripts/Harris_Coll_Force_Transcripts.html\"\u003etranscription\u003c/extref\u003e (NOT ON MICROFILM)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e17 Aug. 1850 Henry Force describes voyage from New York to Havana and New Orleans.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e7 Sept. 1850 Henry Force's duties as surveyor on Border Commission in Victoria, Texas.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e5 April 1850 Samuel Force giving views of a Princeton Freshman.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e29 June 1851 Henry Force describes encounters with Mexicans and Apaches in New Mexico.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e9 March Henry Force describe duties and life in San Diego and survey of the Gila River.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e21 March Susan Randolph, Peyton's mother, notes new painting in Capitol Rotunda-Washington Crossing the Delaware.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e4 July Mother describes Henry Clay's funeral.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e3 Oct. Mother describes father's involvement in Whig vs. Democrat politics.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e2 Jan. Mother describes death of Nannie's son, Randolph, of scarlet fever.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e4 Jan. Mother describes death of Peyton's grandfather.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e9 Jan. Mother describes erecting of statue of Andrew Jackson with speech by Stephen A. Douglas.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e6 Feb. Mother anticipates somber character of Franklin Pierce's inauguration because of recent death of his only son.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e13 Feb. Henry Force describes Apache attack on return trip from El Paso.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e13 March Mother describes Pierce's inauguration.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e22 May Mother describes 25th wedding anniversary.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e21 Nov. James Innes Randolph asks for $200 to avoid foreclosure on house and sale of furniture.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e28 May Father believes Kansas-Nebraska Act will make Northerners refuse to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e18 June Mother urges Peyton to join the Know-Nothings.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e26 June Mother notes rumor that Pope's nuncio was engaged in Catholic atrocities to subvert the government and make Washington the headquarters of the Pope.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e23 July Mother describes spread of cholera in Washington.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e19 Nov. Mother describes financial panic in Washington.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e1 March Mother gives vivid description of Grandmother's death.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e10 May Wm. Titcomb warns Peyton not to join Know-Nothings.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e22 Dec. Wm. Titcomb anticipates arrival of Santa Claus.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e9 July Henry Force describes trial of Preston Brookes for assault of Sumner in the Senate.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e17 Aug. Henry Force discusses maintenance of Washington Territory boundary.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e24 Aug. Father tries unsuccessfully to get a clerkship at Congress.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e3 Sept. Henry Force describes his father's (Peter Force) problems with his documentary history of America.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e3 Nov. Peyton believes Buchanan will defeat Fillmore in presidential election.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e7 June 1857 Peyton in Mississippi gladly notes absence of foreigners and Yankees.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e6 Jan. 1861 Peyton believes conflict between South Carolina and the U.S. will not last long because neither can afford a war.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e17 March 1861 Mother believes Lincoln will preserve peace.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e24 March 1861 Peyton joins the Army at Fort Morgan, Alabama.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e24 March 1861 Mother observes that most Know-Nothings have switched to the Republicans.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e14 April 1861 Mother says, \"Hurrah for the Southern Confederacy.\"\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e8 Sept. 1861 Mother describes rising prices in Richmond. Peyton's brother John could see the Capitol rotunda on picket duty outside Washington.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e20 Oct. 1861 Mother visits Richmond hospitals filled with soldiers.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e5 May 1862 Mother describes Confederate evacuation of Yorktown and Norfolk. Notes Merrimac is in the James River.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e24 Dec. 1862 Peyton asks when General. Armistead's uniforms will be ready.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e15 Feb. 1863 Prices sky rocketing in Richmond.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e14 July 1863 Mother believes Lewis Armistead still alive despite rumors of his death at Gettysburg.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e20 Aug. 1863 Mother questions fate of General. Armistead.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e17 July 1864 Mother describes scarcity of food in Richmond.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e6 July 1854 Birthday letter to Mary Fisher, Peyton's future wife. Advises her what to look for in a husband.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e10 Feb. 1856 Letter to Innes Randolph at Hobart College, New York.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e4 Dec. 1861 John Randolph describes winter camp life in the army and his efforts to stay warm.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e6 Feb. 1862 Mollie, fearing that the North will win, wonders why England and France will not recognize the Confederacy.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e12 Aug. 1863 Mother unsure of Lewis Armistead's fate. Notes the high cost of wood and coal.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e22 Nov. 1863 Mother describes death of James Innes Randolph.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e13 May 1864 Family wakes to booming cannon outside Richmond. John brought home wounded in thigh.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNotable items: 1856 Resignation speech of Congressman Preston B. Brookes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNotable items: 1795 List of Subscribers to the \"New Virginia Justice\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), consists of seven boxes and two oversize folders of material. Although the collection contains a large number of personal and political documents relevant to the life and career of John T. Harris, the bulk of the collection is comprised of correspondence addressed to John T. Harris and his family, and between Peyton Randolph and his family. A small number of James Clarkson papers are also present. The collection is arranged in four series: Correspondence, Personal and Family Papers, Political Papers, and Miscellaneous.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1831-1937, is arranged chronologically in four subseries:  ","Subseries 1.1: Addressed to John T. Harris, 1841-1899, consists of correspondence addressed to Harris from his constituents requesting personal favors. Letters from 1860 to 1861 primarily address the issue of Virginia seceding from the Union. Most of the letters express pro-Unionist feelings and encourage Harris to work for a compromise in Congress to avert violent conflict. The contents of these letters suggest that Harris worked with and may have been a close friend of Stephen A. Douglas. The 24 May 1871 letter addressed to Harris from William Nelson Pendelton, written on behalf of Henry Clay White of Rockbridge County requesting appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point is property of Special Collections at James Madison University, and does not form part of the original collection on deposit. It is not available on microfilm.","Subseries 1.2: Harris Family, 1831-1937, consists chiefly of letters among various members of the Harris family; content includes descriptions of family life. Also included among this subseries are several letters to John T. Harris, Jr., from Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt.","Subseries 1.3: Addressed to Peyton Randolph, 1846-1884, consists of letters from several college friends of Randolph and from Randolph's immediate family. Notable among these are letters from college friend Henry Force. Force was the son of historian Peter Force and acted as surveyor on the Border Commission dispatched to study the newly acquired lands in present-day New Mexico and Arizona. In a series of letters to Peyton from 1848 to 1853, Force describes his encounters with Mexican soldiers and Apache Indians, as well as his duties on the trek from New Orleans to San Diego. Transcriptions are available for eight of Force's letters, 1848-1851.","Subseries 1.4: Randolph Family, 1837-1928, includes letters addressed to Peyton Randolph and his sisters, Mollie Randolph, Nannie Randolph and Sue Randolph from their mother, Susan Armistead Randolph, correspondence between the Randolph siblings, as well as a few miscellaneous items of Peyton Randolph's including a book of psalms which he carried during the Civil War. The letters from Susan Armistead Randolph form the bulk of this subseries. In her weekly four-page letters, Susan Randolph describes life in Washington, D.C. during the 1850's, including the inauguration of Franklin Pierce and the funeral of Henry Clay. Susan Randolph was acutely aware of the political climate of her era and took particular interest in the Know-Nothing party in the 1850's. In several letters she outlines the platform of the Know-Nothings and even urges Peyton to join the party. However, despite her vivid political commentaries and her proximity to the arena of the conflict, she does not mention the issue of slavery. In addition to her political and social sketches, she provides detailed accounts of family life, including detailed descriptions of the deaths of various family members. Her letters from Richmond during the war describe the changes in life in that city through the course of the war and include detailed examples of the rampant inflation of prices on common goods such as bacon and flour. Of particular interest are Mrs. Randolph's inquiries concerning her first cousin, General Lewis Armistead, who was said to be the first Confederate soldier to cross into Union lines during Pickett's Charge at the battle of Gettysburg. See Randolph Harris Moulton's Some Randolphs Around Civil War Times for transcriptions of some of the Peyton Randolph letters.","Series 2: Personal and Family Papers, 1843-1936, is arranged topically and contains a variety of materials. General papers include John T. Harris' law license, an 1861 will, and his post-Civil War oath of allegiance to the United States. [A certificate in which President Benjamin Harrison appoints Harris as Virginia's representative at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892 is located in the oversize miscellaneous file.] Also in this series is a photocopy of John T. Harris' handwritten 1898 autobiography, which gives many particulars of his life, as well as a photocopy of his son John T. Harris Jr.'s typed 1936 autobiography, which includes characterizations of the lawyers with which the younger Harris was acquainted. Genealogical notes and charts as well as newspaper clippings pertaining to the Harris family are also present.","Series 3: Political Papers, 1856-1896, consists primarily of copies of John T. Harris' Congressional speeches as well as several made by other members of Congress. The most notable of these is the resignation speech of Preston B. \"Bully\" Brookes, who was censured by Congress for caning Charles Sumner in 1856. In addition, there are election returns from elections in which Harris was a candidate. These include reports from Rockingham County and localities throughout the Shenandoah Valley. There is also a folder containing political ephemera such as political broadsides, handbills, and selected pages from newspapers regarding local and national elections","Series 4: Miscellaneous, 1771-1933, contains a variety of materials, including general miscellany and receipts, Civil War documents, indentures, James Clarkson Papers, photographs and undated material. Among the Civil War documents are requests for exemption from military service, requisition receipts from Confederate military authorities, contracts between individuals and their military substitutes, and requests to John  T. Harris for release from Union prisoner-of-war camps. The James Clarkson Papers primarily are comprised of legal documents from Albemarle County. These documents were preserved by John T. Harris's wife, Virginia Harris, who was a descendant of James Clarkson. Among the photographs is a print of Peyton Randolph and his four brothers, a photographed portrait of James Innes, and photographs of John T. Harris' writing desk, a young Isabelle Heard, and an unidentified young girl.  Undated material consists of any items in this series that may be undated, including print material, notes, memoranda, receipts, various lists, writings, and calling cards. In addition, also includes a certificate signed by Benjamin Harrison appointing him as Virginia's representative at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892; a land grant to Joel S. Graves signed by Governor Thomas M. Randolph; and a sheet dated March 11, 1861, signed by members of the provisional government of secession (Civil War) from South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama.","Notable Letters: 2 Feb. 1857, Arch Graham on national, state and local politics, with letter of 20 July from John T. Harris (son) interpreting the meaning of the letter 3 March 1860 Supporter of Stephen A. Douglas and \"squatter sovereignty.\" 2 May 1860 Talk of secession 30 Oct. 1860 England blamed for dissolution of the Union 1 Dec. 1860 South Carolina resident gives plans of that state with regards to the Union. 16 Dec. 1860 Harris believes Union must be preserved.","Notable Letters: 21 Jan. Constituent blames \"Black Republicans\" and Lincoln for conflict between the North and South","Notable Letters 20 Feb. Letter from Gov. John Letcher 21 Feb. Constituent refers to slavery as the \"never ending nigger question\" 27 Feb. Letter from Col. David B. Bimey, son of abolitionist James G. Bime","Notable Letters: 13, 18 July 1912 Letters from Woodrow Wilson 25 Oct., 17 Nov. 1915 Letters from Teddy Roosevelt","Notable Letters: Eight letters in this folder from Henry Force to Peyton Randolph, 1848-1851, are available in  transcription  (NOT ON MICROFILM) 17 Aug. 1850 Henry Force describes voyage from New York to Havana and New Orleans. 7 Sept. 1850 Henry Force's duties as surveyor on Border Commission in Victoria, Texas. 5 April 1850 Samuel Force giving views of a Princeton Freshman. 29 June 1851 Henry Force describes encounters with Mexicans and Apaches in New Mexico.","Notable Letters: 9 March Henry Force describe duties and life in San Diego and survey of the Gila River. 21 March Susan Randolph, Peyton's mother, notes new painting in Capitol Rotunda-Washington Crossing the Delaware. 4 July Mother describes Henry Clay's funeral. 3 Oct. Mother describes father's involvement in Whig vs. Democrat politics.","Notable Letters: 2 Jan. Mother describes death of Nannie's son, Randolph, of scarlet fever. 4 Jan. Mother describes death of Peyton's grandfather. 9 Jan. Mother describes erecting of statue of Andrew Jackson with speech by Stephen A. Douglas. 6 Feb. Mother anticipates somber character of Franklin Pierce's inauguration because of recent death of his only son. 13 Feb. Henry Force describes Apache attack on return trip from El Paso. 13 March Mother describes Pierce's inauguration. 22 May Mother describes 25th wedding anniversary.","Notable Letters: 21 Nov. James Innes Randolph asks for $200 to avoid foreclosure on house and sale of furniture.","Notable Letters: 28 May Father believes Kansas-Nebraska Act will make Northerners refuse to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law. 18 June Mother urges Peyton to join the Know-Nothings. 26 June Mother notes rumor that Pope's nuncio was engaged in Catholic atrocities to subvert the government and make Washington the headquarters of the Pope.","Notable Letters: 23 July Mother describes spread of cholera in Washington. 19 Nov. Mother describes financial panic in Washington.","Notable Letters: 1 March Mother gives vivid description of Grandmother's death. 10 May Wm. Titcomb warns Peyton not to join Know-Nothings. 22 Dec. Wm. Titcomb anticipates arrival of Santa Claus.","Notable Letters: 9 July Henry Force describes trial of Preston Brookes for assault of Sumner in the Senate. 17 Aug. Henry Force discusses maintenance of Washington Territory boundary. 24 Aug. Father tries unsuccessfully to get a clerkship at Congress. 3 Sept. Henry Force describes his father's (Peter Force) problems with his documentary history of America. 3 Nov. Peyton believes Buchanan will defeat Fillmore in presidential election.","Notable Letters: 7 June 1857 Peyton in Mississippi gladly notes absence of foreigners and Yankees.","Notable Letters: 6 Jan. 1861 Peyton believes conflict between South Carolina and the U.S. will not last long because neither can afford a war. 17 March 1861 Mother believes Lincoln will preserve peace. 24 March 1861 Peyton joins the Army at Fort Morgan, Alabama. 24 March 1861 Mother observes that most Know-Nothings have switched to the Republicans. 14 April 1861 Mother says, \"Hurrah for the Southern Confederacy.\" 8 Sept. 1861 Mother describes rising prices in Richmond. Peyton's brother John could see the Capitol rotunda on picket duty outside Washington. 20 Oct. 1861 Mother visits Richmond hospitals filled with soldiers. 5 May 1862 Mother describes Confederate evacuation of Yorktown and Norfolk. Notes Merrimac is in the James River. 24 Dec. 1862 Peyton asks when General. Armistead's uniforms will be ready.","Notable Letters: 15 Feb. 1863 Prices sky rocketing in Richmond. 14 July 1863 Mother believes Lewis Armistead still alive despite rumors of his death at Gettysburg. 20 Aug. 1863 Mother questions fate of General. Armistead. 17 July 1864 Mother describes scarcity of food in Richmond.","Notable Letters: 6 July 1854 Birthday letter to Mary Fisher, Peyton's future wife. Advises her what to look for in a husband. 10 Feb. 1856 Letter to Innes Randolph at Hobart College, New York.","Notable Letters: 4 Dec. 1861 John Randolph describes winter camp life in the army and his efforts to stay warm. 6 Feb. 1862 Mollie, fearing that the North will win, wonders why England and France will not recognize the Confederacy. 12 Aug. 1863 Mother unsure of Lewis Armistead's fate. Notes the high cost of wood and coal. 22 Nov. 1863 Mother describes death of James Innes Randolph. 13 May 1864 Family wakes to booming cannon outside Richmond. John brought home wounded in thigh.","Notable items: 1856 Resignation speech of Congressman Preston B. Brookes.","Notable items: 1795 List of Subscribers to the \"New Virginia Justice\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_dc1bd08acadd3e1eb1362ba5b6c828f4\"\u003eThe John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), consist of a large number of personal and political documents relevant to the life and career of John T. Harris. The bulk of the collection is comprised of letters of John T. Harris and his family, and of Peyton Randolph and his family. Several letters discuss Southern secession and the American Civil War. Also included are Randolph family letters, James Clarkson Papers, Civil War documents and Harris genealogy.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), consist of a large number of personal and political documents relevant to the life and career of John T. Harris. The bulk of the collection is comprised of letters of John T. Harris and his family, and of Peyton Randolph and his family. Several letters discuss Southern secession and the American Civil War. Also included are Randolph family letters, James Clarkson Papers, Civil War documents and Harris genealogy."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Harris family -- Correspondence","Randolph family -- Correspondence","Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Peyton, 1833-1891 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Susan Armistead, 1810-1884 -- Correspondence","Harris, R. Randolph"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections","Harris family -- Correspondence","Randolph family -- Correspondence","Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","Harris, R. Randolph","Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Peyton, 1833-1891 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Susan Armistead, 1810-1884 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Innes, 1837-1887"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections"],"famname_ssim":["Harris family -- Correspondence","Randolph family -- Correspondence"],"persname_ssim":["Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","Harris, R. Randolph","Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Peyton, 1833-1891 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Susan Armistead, 1810-1884 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Innes, 1837-1887"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":82,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:23:48.473Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_244","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_244","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_244","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_244","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_244.xml","title_ssm":["John T. Harris papers"],"title_tesim":["John T. Harris papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1771-1937","1850-1900"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1850-1900"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1771-1937"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0089","/repositories/4/resources/244"],"text":["SC 0089","/repositories/4/resources/244","John T. Harris papers","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Politics and government","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- Politics and government -- 1849-1861","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century","Lawyers -- Virginia","Judges -- Virginia","Practice of law -- Virginia","Elections -- Virginia","Statesmen -- Virginia","Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Newspaper clippings","Indentures","Photographs","Wills","broadsides (notices)","Legal documents","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The collection is also available on microfilm at Special Collections of James Madison University (Microfilm # 1471-1479) and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.","The collection is arranged into the following four series and subseries. All correspondence series are arranged chronologically, and all other series are arranged topically.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1831-1937 1.1: Addressed to John T. Harris, 1841-1899 1.2: Harris Family, 1831-1937 1.3: Addressed to Peyton Randolph, 1846-1884 1.4: Randolph Family, 1837-1928 Series 2: Personal and Family Papers, 1843-1936 Series 3: Political Papers, 1856-1896 Series 4: Miscellaneous, 1771-1933","Boatner, Mark Mayo.  The Civil War Dictionary . New York: David McKay Co., Inc., 1959.","Dabney, Virginius.  Virginia: The New Dominion . Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1971.","Daniels, Jonathon.  The Randolphs of Virginia . New York: Doubleday, 1972.","Johnson, Allen \u0026 Malone, Dumas, ed.  Dictionary of American Biography.  Vol. VI. NY: Scribner's     Sons, 1931. ","Krick, Robert K.  Lee's Colonels: A Biographical Register of the Field Officers of the Army of Northern Virginia . Dayton, Ohio: Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1979. ","Members of Congress Since 1789. Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1977. ","The National Cyclopedia of American Biography . Vol. XIX. NY: Charles T. White and Co., 1926. ","Tewksbury, Donald G.  The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War . NY: Archon Books, 1965. ","Wakelyn, Jon L.  Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy . Westport, CN: Greenwood, 1977. ","Wayland, John W.  A History of Rockingham County, Virginia . Dayton, VA: Ruebush-Elkins, 1912. ","John T. Harris (1823-1899) was perhaps one of the most prominent citizens of Rockingham County throughout the nineteenth century. The son of Nathan and Ann Harris, he was commonwealth's attorney for Rockingham County from 1852 to 1859, and in 1856 served as a Presidential elector for James Buchanan. Thereafter, he served in the United States Congress from 1859 until the outbreak of the Civil War. Despite his strong Unionist sentiments and his continual efforts to keep Virginia in the Union, Harris remained loyal to Virginia when she seceded in May 1861. During the war he served two terms in the Virginia General Assembly. Following the war John T. Harris was judge of the 12th judicial circuit, which included Rockingham County. In 1870 he was again elected to Congress and was continuously re-elected until 1880, after which he resumed his law practice in Harrisonburg. John T. Harris returned to politics in 1889 as a rival of P.W. McKinney for the Democratic nomination for the governorship. Later he was appointed by Governor McKinney as one of the representatives for Virginia to the World's Columbian Exposition in 1892. He died in Harrisonburg, October 14, 1899. ","In addition to the Harris family letters, there are a large number of miscellaneous letters (3 Hollinger boxes) of the related Peyton Randolph Family. The Randolph family papers came into the Harris family when John T. Harris's son, John T. Harris Jr., married Peyton Randolph's daughter, Mary Elizabeth Randolph. Born in Washington, D.C. in 1833, Peyton was the son of James Innes Randolph, a congressional clerk, and Susan Armistead Randolph. However, despite the numerous letters to him, little is known about Peyton Randolph. Prior to the Civil War he attended Columbian College (now George Washington University) and was an engineer on numerous railroad projects in Virginia, Indiana, and Alabama through the 1850's. He enlisted in the army in Mobile, Alabama, at the outbreak of war and served as an engineer in Pickett's division, rising to the rank of major by 1865. Thereafter, even less is known of his life. He married Mary Fisher following the war, returned to the engineering profession, and died November 28, 1888.","In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2025.","Harter, Dale F.  Of Men and Measures: The Memoirs of John T. Harris of Virginia.  M.A. Thesis, University of South Carolina, 1999.","The John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), consists of seven boxes and two oversize folders of material. Although the collection contains a large number of personal and political documents relevant to the life and career of John T. Harris, the bulk of the collection is comprised of correspondence addressed to John T. Harris and his family, and between Peyton Randolph and his family. A small number of James Clarkson papers are also present. The collection is arranged in four series: Correspondence, Personal and Family Papers, Political Papers, and Miscellaneous.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1831-1937, is arranged chronologically in four subseries:  ","Subseries 1.1: Addressed to John T. Harris, 1841-1899, consists of correspondence addressed to Harris from his constituents requesting personal favors. Letters from 1860 to 1861 primarily address the issue of Virginia seceding from the Union. Most of the letters express pro-Unionist feelings and encourage Harris to work for a compromise in Congress to avert violent conflict. The contents of these letters suggest that Harris worked with and may have been a close friend of Stephen A. Douglas. The 24 May 1871 letter addressed to Harris from William Nelson Pendelton, written on behalf of Henry Clay White of Rockbridge County requesting appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point is property of Special Collections at James Madison University, and does not form part of the original collection on deposit. It is not available on microfilm.","Subseries 1.2: Harris Family, 1831-1937, consists chiefly of letters among various members of the Harris family; content includes descriptions of family life. Also included among this subseries are several letters to John T. Harris, Jr., from Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt.","Subseries 1.3: Addressed to Peyton Randolph, 1846-1884, consists of letters from several college friends of Randolph and from Randolph's immediate family. Notable among these are letters from college friend Henry Force. Force was the son of historian Peter Force and acted as surveyor on the Border Commission dispatched to study the newly acquired lands in present-day New Mexico and Arizona. In a series of letters to Peyton from 1848 to 1853, Force describes his encounters with Mexican soldiers and Apache Indians, as well as his duties on the trek from New Orleans to San Diego. Transcriptions are available for eight of Force's letters, 1848-1851.","Subseries 1.4: Randolph Family, 1837-1928, includes letters addressed to Peyton Randolph and his sisters, Mollie Randolph, Nannie Randolph and Sue Randolph from their mother, Susan Armistead Randolph, correspondence between the Randolph siblings, as well as a few miscellaneous items of Peyton Randolph's including a book of psalms which he carried during the Civil War. The letters from Susan Armistead Randolph form the bulk of this subseries. In her weekly four-page letters, Susan Randolph describes life in Washington, D.C. during the 1850's, including the inauguration of Franklin Pierce and the funeral of Henry Clay. Susan Randolph was acutely aware of the political climate of her era and took particular interest in the Know-Nothing party in the 1850's. In several letters she outlines the platform of the Know-Nothings and even urges Peyton to join the party. However, despite her vivid political commentaries and her proximity to the arena of the conflict, she does not mention the issue of slavery. In addition to her political and social sketches, she provides detailed accounts of family life, including detailed descriptions of the deaths of various family members. Her letters from Richmond during the war describe the changes in life in that city through the course of the war and include detailed examples of the rampant inflation of prices on common goods such as bacon and flour. Of particular interest are Mrs. Randolph's inquiries concerning her first cousin, General Lewis Armistead, who was said to be the first Confederate soldier to cross into Union lines during Pickett's Charge at the battle of Gettysburg. See Randolph Harris Moulton's Some Randolphs Around Civil War Times for transcriptions of some of the Peyton Randolph letters.","Series 2: Personal and Family Papers, 1843-1936, is arranged topically and contains a variety of materials. General papers include John T. Harris' law license, an 1861 will, and his post-Civil War oath of allegiance to the United States. [A certificate in which President Benjamin Harrison appoints Harris as Virginia's representative at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892 is located in the oversize miscellaneous file.] Also in this series is a photocopy of John T. Harris' handwritten 1898 autobiography, which gives many particulars of his life, as well as a photocopy of his son John T. Harris Jr.'s typed 1936 autobiography, which includes characterizations of the lawyers with which the younger Harris was acquainted. Genealogical notes and charts as well as newspaper clippings pertaining to the Harris family are also present.","Series 3: Political Papers, 1856-1896, consists primarily of copies of John T. Harris' Congressional speeches as well as several made by other members of Congress. The most notable of these is the resignation speech of Preston B. \"Bully\" Brookes, who was censured by Congress for caning Charles Sumner in 1856. In addition, there are election returns from elections in which Harris was a candidate. These include reports from Rockingham County and localities throughout the Shenandoah Valley. There is also a folder containing political ephemera such as political broadsides, handbills, and selected pages from newspapers regarding local and national elections","Series 4: Miscellaneous, 1771-1933, contains a variety of materials, including general miscellany and receipts, Civil War documents, indentures, James Clarkson Papers, photographs and undated material. Among the Civil War documents are requests for exemption from military service, requisition receipts from Confederate military authorities, contracts between individuals and their military substitutes, and requests to John  T. Harris for release from Union prisoner-of-war camps. The James Clarkson Papers primarily are comprised of legal documents from Albemarle County. These documents were preserved by John T. Harris's wife, Virginia Harris, who was a descendant of James Clarkson. Among the photographs is a print of Peyton Randolph and his four brothers, a photographed portrait of James Innes, and photographs of John T. Harris' writing desk, a young Isabelle Heard, and an unidentified young girl.  Undated material consists of any items in this series that may be undated, including print material, notes, memoranda, receipts, various lists, writings, and calling cards. In addition, also includes a certificate signed by Benjamin Harrison appointing him as Virginia's representative at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892; a land grant to Joel S. Graves signed by Governor Thomas M. Randolph; and a sheet dated March 11, 1861, signed by members of the provisional government of secession (Civil War) from South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama.","Notable Letters: 2 Feb. 1857, Arch Graham on national, state and local politics, with letter of 20 July from John T. Harris (son) interpreting the meaning of the letter 3 March 1860 Supporter of Stephen A. Douglas and \"squatter sovereignty.\" 2 May 1860 Talk of secession 30 Oct. 1860 England blamed for dissolution of the Union 1 Dec. 1860 South Carolina resident gives plans of that state with regards to the Union. 16 Dec. 1860 Harris believes Union must be preserved.","Notable Letters: 21 Jan. Constituent blames \"Black Republicans\" and Lincoln for conflict between the North and South","Notable Letters 20 Feb. Letter from Gov. John Letcher 21 Feb. Constituent refers to slavery as the \"never ending nigger question\" 27 Feb. Letter from Col. David B. Bimey, son of abolitionist James G. Bime","Notable Letters: 13, 18 July 1912 Letters from Woodrow Wilson 25 Oct., 17 Nov. 1915 Letters from Teddy Roosevelt","Notable Letters: Eight letters in this folder from Henry Force to Peyton Randolph, 1848-1851, are available in  transcription  (NOT ON MICROFILM) 17 Aug. 1850 Henry Force describes voyage from New York to Havana and New Orleans. 7 Sept. 1850 Henry Force's duties as surveyor on Border Commission in Victoria, Texas. 5 April 1850 Samuel Force giving views of a Princeton Freshman. 29 June 1851 Henry Force describes encounters with Mexicans and Apaches in New Mexico.","Notable Letters: 9 March Henry Force describe duties and life in San Diego and survey of the Gila River. 21 March Susan Randolph, Peyton's mother, notes new painting in Capitol Rotunda-Washington Crossing the Delaware. 4 July Mother describes Henry Clay's funeral. 3 Oct. Mother describes father's involvement in Whig vs. Democrat politics.","Notable Letters: 2 Jan. Mother describes death of Nannie's son, Randolph, of scarlet fever. 4 Jan. Mother describes death of Peyton's grandfather. 9 Jan. Mother describes erecting of statue of Andrew Jackson with speech by Stephen A. Douglas. 6 Feb. Mother anticipates somber character of Franklin Pierce's inauguration because of recent death of his only son. 13 Feb. Henry Force describes Apache attack on return trip from El Paso. 13 March Mother describes Pierce's inauguration. 22 May Mother describes 25th wedding anniversary.","Notable Letters: 21 Nov. James Innes Randolph asks for $200 to avoid foreclosure on house and sale of furniture.","Notable Letters: 28 May Father believes Kansas-Nebraska Act will make Northerners refuse to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law. 18 June Mother urges Peyton to join the Know-Nothings. 26 June Mother notes rumor that Pope's nuncio was engaged in Catholic atrocities to subvert the government and make Washington the headquarters of the Pope.","Notable Letters: 23 July Mother describes spread of cholera in Washington. 19 Nov. Mother describes financial panic in Washington.","Notable Letters: 1 March Mother gives vivid description of Grandmother's death. 10 May Wm. Titcomb warns Peyton not to join Know-Nothings. 22 Dec. Wm. Titcomb anticipates arrival of Santa Claus.","Notable Letters: 9 July Henry Force describes trial of Preston Brookes for assault of Sumner in the Senate. 17 Aug. Henry Force discusses maintenance of Washington Territory boundary. 24 Aug. Father tries unsuccessfully to get a clerkship at Congress. 3 Sept. Henry Force describes his father's (Peter Force) problems with his documentary history of America. 3 Nov. Peyton believes Buchanan will defeat Fillmore in presidential election.","Notable Letters: 7 June 1857 Peyton in Mississippi gladly notes absence of foreigners and Yankees.","Notable Letters: 6 Jan. 1861 Peyton believes conflict between South Carolina and the U.S. will not last long because neither can afford a war. 17 March 1861 Mother believes Lincoln will preserve peace. 24 March 1861 Peyton joins the Army at Fort Morgan, Alabama. 24 March 1861 Mother observes that most Know-Nothings have switched to the Republicans. 14 April 1861 Mother says, \"Hurrah for the Southern Confederacy.\" 8 Sept. 1861 Mother describes rising prices in Richmond. Peyton's brother John could see the Capitol rotunda on picket duty outside Washington. 20 Oct. 1861 Mother visits Richmond hospitals filled with soldiers. 5 May 1862 Mother describes Confederate evacuation of Yorktown and Norfolk. Notes Merrimac is in the James River. 24 Dec. 1862 Peyton asks when General. Armistead's uniforms will be ready.","Notable Letters: 15 Feb. 1863 Prices sky rocketing in Richmond. 14 July 1863 Mother believes Lewis Armistead still alive despite rumors of his death at Gettysburg. 20 Aug. 1863 Mother questions fate of General. Armistead. 17 July 1864 Mother describes scarcity of food in Richmond.","Notable Letters: 6 July 1854 Birthday letter to Mary Fisher, Peyton's future wife. Advises her what to look for in a husband. 10 Feb. 1856 Letter to Innes Randolph at Hobart College, New York.","Notable Letters: 4 Dec. 1861 John Randolph describes winter camp life in the army and his efforts to stay warm. 6 Feb. 1862 Mollie, fearing that the North will win, wonders why England and France will not recognize the Confederacy. 12 Aug. 1863 Mother unsure of Lewis Armistead's fate. Notes the high cost of wood and coal. 22 Nov. 1863 Mother describes death of James Innes Randolph. 13 May 1864 Family wakes to booming cannon outside Richmond. John brought home wounded in thigh.","Notable items: 1856 Resignation speech of Congressman Preston B. Brookes.","Notable items: 1795 List of Subscribers to the \"New Virginia Justice\"","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), consist of a large number of personal and political documents relevant to the life and career of John T. Harris. The bulk of the collection is comprised of letters of John T. Harris and his family, and of Peyton Randolph and his family. Several letters discuss Southern secession and the American Civil War. Also included are Randolph family letters, James Clarkson Papers, Civil War documents and Harris genealogy.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections","Harris family -- Correspondence","Randolph family -- Correspondence","Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","Harris, R. Randolph","Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Peyton, 1833-1891 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Susan Armistead, 1810-1884 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Innes, 1837-1887","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0089","/repositories/4/resources/244"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John T. Harris papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["John T. Harris papers"],"collection_ssim":["John T. Harris papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- Politics and government","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- Politics and government -- 1849-1861","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- Politics and government","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- Politics and government -- 1849-1861","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century"],"creator_ssm":["Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Harris, R. Randolph"],"creator_ssim":["Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Harris, R. Randolph"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","Harris, R. Randolph"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","Harris, R. Randolph","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- Politics and government","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1861-1865","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1865-1950","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- History, Local","Virginia -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia -- Social life and customs","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives, Confederate","United States -- Politics and government -- 1849-1861","United States -- Social life and customs -- 19th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Placed on deposit according to a November 1985 contract with the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society. Two letters were donated to JMU Special Collections in July 2003 by R. Randolph Harris, great-grandson of John T. Harris (1823-1899)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Lawyers -- Virginia","Judges -- Virginia","Practice of law -- Virginia","Elections -- Virginia","Statesmen -- Virginia","Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Newspaper clippings","Indentures","Photographs","Wills","broadsides (notices)","Legal documents"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Lawyers -- Virginia","Judges -- Virginia","Practice of law -- Virginia","Elections -- Virginia","Statesmen -- Virginia","Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Newspaper clippings","Indentures","Photographs","Wills","broadsides (notices)","Legal documents"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.47 cubic feet 7 boxes and 2 folders"],"extent_tesim":["2.47 cubic feet 7 boxes and 2 folders"],"genreform_ssim":["Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Newspaper clippings","Indentures","Photographs","Wills","broadsides (notices)","Legal documents"],"date_range_isim":[1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is also available on microfilm at Special Collections of James Madison University (Microfilm # 1471-1479) and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Other Formats Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["The collection is also available on microfilm at Special Collections of James Madison University (Microfilm # 1471-1479) and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into the following four series and subseries. All correspondence series are arranged chronologically, and all other series are arranged topically.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eSeries 1: Correspondence, 1831-1937\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e1.1: Addressed to John T. Harris, 1841-1899\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e1.2: Harris Family, 1831-1937\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e1.3: Addressed to Peyton Randolph, 1846-1884\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e1.4: Randolph Family, 1837-1928\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003c/ul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eSeries 2: Personal and Family Papers, 1843-1936\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eSeries 3: Political Papers, 1856-1896\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eSeries 4: Miscellaneous, 1771-1933\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into the following four series and subseries. All correspondence series are arranged chronologically, and all other series are arranged topically.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1831-1937 1.1: Addressed to John T. Harris, 1841-1899 1.2: Harris Family, 1831-1937 1.3: Addressed to Peyton Randolph, 1846-1884 1.4: Randolph Family, 1837-1928 Series 2: Personal and Family Papers, 1843-1936 Series 3: Political Papers, 1856-1896 Series 4: Miscellaneous, 1771-1933"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eBoatner, Mark Mayo. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Civil War Dictionary\u003c/emph\u003e. New York: David McKay Co., Inc., 1959.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eDabney, Virginius. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia: The New Dominion\u003c/emph\u003e. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1971.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eDaniels, Jonathon. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Randolphs of Virginia\u003c/emph\u003e. New York: Doubleday, 1972.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eJohnson, Allen \u0026amp; Malone, Dumas, ed. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eDictionary of American Biography.\u003c/emph\u003e Vol. VI. NY: Scribner's     Sons, 1931. \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eKrick, Robert K. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eLee's Colonels: A Biographical Register of the Field Officers of the Army of Northern Virginia\u003c/emph\u003e. Dayton, Ohio: Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1979. \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eMembers of Congress Since 1789. Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1977. \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe National Cyclopedia of American Biography\u003c/emph\u003e. Vol. XIX. NY: Charles T. White and Co., 1926. \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eTewksbury, Donald G. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War\u003c/emph\u003e. NY: Archon Books, 1965. \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWakelyn, Jon L. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBiographical Dictionary of the Confederacy\u003c/emph\u003e. Westport, CN: Greenwood, 1977. \u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eWayland, John W. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eA History of Rockingham County, Virginia\u003c/emph\u003e. Dayton, VA: Ruebush-Elkins, 1912. \u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Boatner, Mark Mayo.  The Civil War Dictionary . New York: David McKay Co., Inc., 1959.","Dabney, Virginius.  Virginia: The New Dominion . Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1971.","Daniels, Jonathon.  The Randolphs of Virginia . New York: Doubleday, 1972.","Johnson, Allen \u0026 Malone, Dumas, ed.  Dictionary of American Biography.  Vol. VI. NY: Scribner's     Sons, 1931. ","Krick, Robert K.  Lee's Colonels: A Biographical Register of the Field Officers of the Army of Northern Virginia . Dayton, Ohio: Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1979. ","Members of Congress Since 1789. Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1977. ","The National Cyclopedia of American Biography . Vol. XIX. NY: Charles T. White and Co., 1926. ","Tewksbury, Donald G.  The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War . NY: Archon Books, 1965. ","Wakelyn, Jon L.  Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy . Westport, CN: Greenwood, 1977. ","Wayland, John W.  A History of Rockingham County, Virginia . Dayton, VA: Ruebush-Elkins, 1912. "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn T. Harris (1823-1899) was perhaps one of the most prominent citizens of Rockingham County throughout the nineteenth century. The son of Nathan and Ann Harris, he was commonwealth's attorney for Rockingham County from 1852 to 1859, and in 1856 served as a Presidential elector for James Buchanan. Thereafter, he served in the United States Congress from 1859 until the outbreak of the Civil War. Despite his strong Unionist sentiments and his continual efforts to keep Virginia in the Union, Harris remained loyal to Virginia when she seceded in May 1861. During the war he served two terms in the Virginia General Assembly. Following the war John T. Harris was judge of the 12th judicial circuit, which included Rockingham County. In 1870 he was again elected to Congress and was continuously re-elected until 1880, after which he resumed his law practice in Harrisonburg. John T. Harris returned to politics in 1889 as a rival of P.W. McKinney for the Democratic nomination for the governorship. Later he was appointed by Governor McKinney as one of the representatives for Virginia to the World's Columbian Exposition in 1892. He died in Harrisonburg, October 14, 1899. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the Harris family letters, there are a large number of miscellaneous letters (3 Hollinger boxes) of the related Peyton Randolph Family. The Randolph family papers came into the Harris family when John T. Harris's son, John T. Harris Jr., married Peyton Randolph's daughter, Mary Elizabeth Randolph. Born in Washington, D.C. in 1833, Peyton was the son of James Innes Randolph, a congressional clerk, and Susan Armistead Randolph. However, despite the numerous letters to him, little is known about Peyton Randolph. Prior to the Civil War he attended Columbian College (now George Washington University) and was an engineer on numerous railroad projects in Virginia, Indiana, and Alabama through the 1850's. He enlisted in the army in Mobile, Alabama, at the outbreak of war and served as an engineer in Pickett's division, rising to the rank of major by 1865. Thereafter, even less is known of his life. He married Mary Fisher following the war, returned to the engineering profession, and died November 28, 1888.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["John T. Harris (1823-1899) was perhaps one of the most prominent citizens of Rockingham County throughout the nineteenth century. The son of Nathan and Ann Harris, he was commonwealth's attorney for Rockingham County from 1852 to 1859, and in 1856 served as a Presidential elector for James Buchanan. Thereafter, he served in the United States Congress from 1859 until the outbreak of the Civil War. Despite his strong Unionist sentiments and his continual efforts to keep Virginia in the Union, Harris remained loyal to Virginia when she seceded in May 1861. During the war he served two terms in the Virginia General Assembly. Following the war John T. Harris was judge of the 12th judicial circuit, which included Rockingham County. In 1870 he was again elected to Congress and was continuously re-elected until 1880, after which he resumed his law practice in Harrisonburg. John T. Harris returned to politics in 1889 as a rival of P.W. McKinney for the Democratic nomination for the governorship. Later he was appointed by Governor McKinney as one of the representatives for Virginia to the World's Columbian Exposition in 1892. He died in Harrisonburg, October 14, 1899. ","In addition to the Harris family letters, there are a large number of miscellaneous letters (3 Hollinger boxes) of the related Peyton Randolph Family. The Randolph family papers came into the Harris family when John T. Harris's son, John T. Harris Jr., married Peyton Randolph's daughter, Mary Elizabeth Randolph. Born in Washington, D.C. in 1833, Peyton was the son of James Innes Randolph, a congressional clerk, and Susan Armistead Randolph. However, despite the numerous letters to him, little is known about Peyton Randolph. Prior to the Civil War he attended Columbian College (now George Washington University) and was an engineer on numerous railroad projects in Virginia, Indiana, and Alabama through the 1850's. He enlisted in the army in Mobile, Alabama, at the outbreak of war and served as an engineer in Pickett's division, rising to the rank of major by 1865. Thereafter, even less is known of his life. He married Mary Fisher following the war, returned to the engineering profession, and died November 28, 1888."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of Item], [box #, folder #], John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), SC 0089, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. on deposit from Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, Dayton, Va., housed in Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of Item], [box #, folder #], John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), SC 0089, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va. on deposit from Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, Dayton, Va., housed in Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2025.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2025."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHarter, Dale F. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eOf Men and Measures: The Memoirs of John T. Harris of Virginia.\u003c/emph\u003e M.A. Thesis, University of South Carolina, 1999.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Harter, Dale F.  Of Men and Measures: The Memoirs of John T. Harris of Virginia.  M.A. Thesis, University of South Carolina, 1999."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), consists of seven boxes and two oversize folders of material. Although the collection contains a large number of personal and political documents relevant to the life and career of John T. Harris, the bulk of the collection is comprised of correspondence addressed to John T. Harris and his family, and between Peyton Randolph and his family. A small number of James Clarkson papers are also present. The collection is arranged in four series: Correspondence, Personal and Family Papers, Political Papers, and Miscellaneous.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Correspondence, 1831-1937, is arranged chronologically in four subseries:  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 1.1: Addressed to John T. Harris, 1841-1899, consists of correspondence addressed to Harris from his constituents requesting personal favors. Letters from 1860 to 1861 primarily address the issue of Virginia seceding from the Union. Most of the letters express pro-Unionist feelings and encourage Harris to work for a compromise in Congress to avert violent conflict. The contents of these letters suggest that Harris worked with and may have been a close friend of Stephen A. Douglas. The 24 May 1871 letter addressed to Harris from William Nelson Pendelton, written on behalf of Henry Clay White of Rockbridge County requesting appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point is property of Special Collections at James Madison University, and does not form part of the original collection on deposit. It is not available on microfilm.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 1.2: Harris Family, 1831-1937, consists chiefly of letters among various members of the Harris family; content includes descriptions of family life. Also included among this subseries are several letters to John T. Harris, Jr., from Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 1.3: Addressed to Peyton Randolph, 1846-1884, consists of letters from several college friends of Randolph and from Randolph's immediate family. Notable among these are letters from college friend Henry Force. Force was the son of historian Peter Force and acted as surveyor on the Border Commission dispatched to study the newly acquired lands in present-day New Mexico and Arizona. In a series of letters to Peyton from 1848 to 1853, Force describes his encounters with Mexican soldiers and Apache Indians, as well as his duties on the trek from New Orleans to San Diego. Transcriptions are available for eight of Force's letters, 1848-1851.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSubseries 1.4: Randolph Family, 1837-1928, includes letters addressed to Peyton Randolph and his sisters, Mollie Randolph, Nannie Randolph and Sue Randolph from their mother, Susan Armistead Randolph, correspondence between the Randolph siblings, as well as a few miscellaneous items of Peyton Randolph's including a book of psalms which he carried during the Civil War. The letters from Susan Armistead Randolph form the bulk of this subseries. In her weekly four-page letters, Susan Randolph describes life in Washington, D.C. during the 1850's, including the inauguration of Franklin Pierce and the funeral of Henry Clay. Susan Randolph was acutely aware of the political climate of her era and took particular interest in the Know-Nothing party in the 1850's. In several letters she outlines the platform of the Know-Nothings and even urges Peyton to join the party. However, despite her vivid political commentaries and her proximity to the arena of the conflict, she does not mention the issue of slavery. In addition to her political and social sketches, she provides detailed accounts of family life, including detailed descriptions of the deaths of various family members. Her letters from Richmond during the war describe the changes in life in that city through the course of the war and include detailed examples of the rampant inflation of prices on common goods such as bacon and flour. Of particular interest are Mrs. Randolph's inquiries concerning her first cousin, General Lewis Armistead, who was said to be the first Confederate soldier to cross into Union lines during Pickett's Charge at the battle of Gettysburg. See Randolph Harris Moulton's Some Randolphs Around Civil War Times for transcriptions of some of the Peyton Randolph letters.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Personal and Family Papers, 1843-1936, is arranged topically and contains a variety of materials. General papers include John T. Harris' law license, an 1861 will, and his post-Civil War oath of allegiance to the United States. [A certificate in which President Benjamin Harrison appoints Harris as Virginia's representative at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892 is located in the oversize miscellaneous file.] Also in this series is a photocopy of John T. Harris' handwritten 1898 autobiography, which gives many particulars of his life, as well as a photocopy of his son John T. Harris Jr.'s typed 1936 autobiography, which includes characterizations of the lawyers with which the younger Harris was acquainted. Genealogical notes and charts as well as newspaper clippings pertaining to the Harris family are also present.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Political Papers, 1856-1896, consists primarily of copies of John T. Harris' Congressional speeches as well as several made by other members of Congress. The most notable of these is the resignation speech of Preston B. \"Bully\" Brookes, who was censured by Congress for caning Charles Sumner in 1856. In addition, there are election returns from elections in which Harris was a candidate. These include reports from Rockingham County and localities throughout the Shenandoah Valley. There is also a folder containing political ephemera such as political broadsides, handbills, and selected pages from newspapers regarding local and national elections\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Miscellaneous, 1771-1933, contains a variety of materials, including general miscellany and receipts, Civil War documents, indentures, James Clarkson Papers, photographs and undated material. Among the Civil War documents are requests for exemption from military service, requisition receipts from Confederate military authorities, contracts between individuals and their military substitutes, and requests to John  T. Harris for release from Union prisoner-of-war camps. The James Clarkson Papers primarily are comprised of legal documents from Albemarle County. These documents were preserved by John T. Harris's wife, Virginia Harris, who was a descendant of James Clarkson. Among the photographs is a print of Peyton Randolph and his four brothers, a photographed portrait of James Innes, and photographs of John T. Harris' writing desk, a young Isabelle Heard, and an unidentified young girl.  Undated material consists of any items in this series that may be undated, including print material, notes, memoranda, receipts, various lists, writings, and calling cards. In addition, also includes a certificate signed by Benjamin Harrison appointing him as Virginia's representative at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892; a land grant to Joel S. Graves signed by Governor Thomas M. Randolph; and a sheet dated March 11, 1861, signed by members of the provisional government of secession (Civil War) from South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e2 Feb. 1857, Arch Graham on national, state and local politics, with letter of 20 July from John T. Harris (son) interpreting the meaning of the letter\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e3 March 1860 Supporter of Stephen A. Douglas and \"squatter sovereignty.\"\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e2 May 1860 Talk of secession\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e30 Oct. 1860 England blamed for dissolution of the Union\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e1 Dec. 1860 South Carolina resident gives plans of that state with regards to the Union.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e16 Dec. 1860 Harris believes Union must be preserved.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e21 Jan. Constituent blames \"Black Republicans\" and Lincoln for conflict between the North and South\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e20 Feb. Letter from Gov. John Letcher\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e21 Feb. Constituent refers to slavery as the \"never ending nigger question\"\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e27 Feb. Letter from Col. David B. Bimey, son of abolitionist James G. Bime\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e13, 18 July 1912 Letters from Woodrow Wilson\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e25 Oct., 17 Nov. 1915 Letters from Teddy Roosevelt\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eEight letters in this folder from Henry Force to Peyton Randolph, 1848-1851, are available in \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"http://www.lib.jmu.edu/special/manuscripts/Harris_Coll_Force_Transcripts.html\"\u003etranscription\u003c/extref\u003e (NOT ON MICROFILM)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e17 Aug. 1850 Henry Force describes voyage from New York to Havana and New Orleans.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e7 Sept. 1850 Henry Force's duties as surveyor on Border Commission in Victoria, Texas.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e5 April 1850 Samuel Force giving views of a Princeton Freshman.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e29 June 1851 Henry Force describes encounters with Mexicans and Apaches in New Mexico.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e9 March Henry Force describe duties and life in San Diego and survey of the Gila River.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e21 March Susan Randolph, Peyton's mother, notes new painting in Capitol Rotunda-Washington Crossing the Delaware.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e4 July Mother describes Henry Clay's funeral.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e3 Oct. Mother describes father's involvement in Whig vs. Democrat politics.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e2 Jan. Mother describes death of Nannie's son, Randolph, of scarlet fever.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e4 Jan. Mother describes death of Peyton's grandfather.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e9 Jan. Mother describes erecting of statue of Andrew Jackson with speech by Stephen A. Douglas.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e6 Feb. Mother anticipates somber character of Franklin Pierce's inauguration because of recent death of his only son.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e13 Feb. Henry Force describes Apache attack on return trip from El Paso.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e13 March Mother describes Pierce's inauguration.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e22 May Mother describes 25th wedding anniversary.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e21 Nov. James Innes Randolph asks for $200 to avoid foreclosure on house and sale of furniture.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e28 May Father believes Kansas-Nebraska Act will make Northerners refuse to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e18 June Mother urges Peyton to join the Know-Nothings.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e26 June Mother notes rumor that Pope's nuncio was engaged in Catholic atrocities to subvert the government and make Washington the headquarters of the Pope.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e23 July Mother describes spread of cholera in Washington.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e19 Nov. Mother describes financial panic in Washington.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e1 March Mother gives vivid description of Grandmother's death.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e10 May Wm. Titcomb warns Peyton not to join Know-Nothings.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e22 Dec. Wm. Titcomb anticipates arrival of Santa Claus.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e9 July Henry Force describes trial of Preston Brookes for assault of Sumner in the Senate.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e17 Aug. Henry Force discusses maintenance of Washington Territory boundary.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e24 Aug. Father tries unsuccessfully to get a clerkship at Congress.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e3 Sept. Henry Force describes his father's (Peter Force) problems with his documentary history of America.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e3 Nov. Peyton believes Buchanan will defeat Fillmore in presidential election.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e7 June 1857 Peyton in Mississippi gladly notes absence of foreigners and Yankees.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e6 Jan. 1861 Peyton believes conflict between South Carolina and the U.S. will not last long because neither can afford a war.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e17 March 1861 Mother believes Lincoln will preserve peace.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e24 March 1861 Peyton joins the Army at Fort Morgan, Alabama.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e24 March 1861 Mother observes that most Know-Nothings have switched to the Republicans.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e14 April 1861 Mother says, \"Hurrah for the Southern Confederacy.\"\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e8 Sept. 1861 Mother describes rising prices in Richmond. Peyton's brother John could see the Capitol rotunda on picket duty outside Washington.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e20 Oct. 1861 Mother visits Richmond hospitals filled with soldiers.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e5 May 1862 Mother describes Confederate evacuation of Yorktown and Norfolk. Notes Merrimac is in the James River.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e24 Dec. 1862 Peyton asks when General. Armistead's uniforms will be ready.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e15 Feb. 1863 Prices sky rocketing in Richmond.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e14 July 1863 Mother believes Lewis Armistead still alive despite rumors of his death at Gettysburg.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e20 Aug. 1863 Mother questions fate of General. Armistead.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e17 July 1864 Mother describes scarcity of food in Richmond.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e6 July 1854 Birthday letter to Mary Fisher, Peyton's future wife. Advises her what to look for in a husband.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e10 Feb. 1856 Letter to Innes Randolph at Hobart College, New York.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003chead\u003eNotable Letters:\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e4 Dec. 1861 John Randolph describes winter camp life in the army and his efforts to stay warm.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e6 Feb. 1862 Mollie, fearing that the North will win, wonders why England and France will not recognize the Confederacy.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e12 Aug. 1863 Mother unsure of Lewis Armistead's fate. Notes the high cost of wood and coal.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e22 Nov. 1863 Mother describes death of James Innes Randolph.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e13 May 1864 Family wakes to booming cannon outside Richmond. John brought home wounded in thigh.\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNotable items: 1856 Resignation speech of Congressman Preston B. Brookes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNotable items: 1795 List of Subscribers to the \"New Virginia Justice\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), consists of seven boxes and two oversize folders of material. Although the collection contains a large number of personal and political documents relevant to the life and career of John T. Harris, the bulk of the collection is comprised of correspondence addressed to John T. Harris and his family, and between Peyton Randolph and his family. A small number of James Clarkson papers are also present. The collection is arranged in four series: Correspondence, Personal and Family Papers, Political Papers, and Miscellaneous.","Series 1: Correspondence, 1831-1937, is arranged chronologically in four subseries:  ","Subseries 1.1: Addressed to John T. Harris, 1841-1899, consists of correspondence addressed to Harris from his constituents requesting personal favors. Letters from 1860 to 1861 primarily address the issue of Virginia seceding from the Union. Most of the letters express pro-Unionist feelings and encourage Harris to work for a compromise in Congress to avert violent conflict. The contents of these letters suggest that Harris worked with and may have been a close friend of Stephen A. Douglas. The 24 May 1871 letter addressed to Harris from William Nelson Pendelton, written on behalf of Henry Clay White of Rockbridge County requesting appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point is property of Special Collections at James Madison University, and does not form part of the original collection on deposit. It is not available on microfilm.","Subseries 1.2: Harris Family, 1831-1937, consists chiefly of letters among various members of the Harris family; content includes descriptions of family life. Also included among this subseries are several letters to John T. Harris, Jr., from Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt.","Subseries 1.3: Addressed to Peyton Randolph, 1846-1884, consists of letters from several college friends of Randolph and from Randolph's immediate family. Notable among these are letters from college friend Henry Force. Force was the son of historian Peter Force and acted as surveyor on the Border Commission dispatched to study the newly acquired lands in present-day New Mexico and Arizona. In a series of letters to Peyton from 1848 to 1853, Force describes his encounters with Mexican soldiers and Apache Indians, as well as his duties on the trek from New Orleans to San Diego. Transcriptions are available for eight of Force's letters, 1848-1851.","Subseries 1.4: Randolph Family, 1837-1928, includes letters addressed to Peyton Randolph and his sisters, Mollie Randolph, Nannie Randolph and Sue Randolph from their mother, Susan Armistead Randolph, correspondence between the Randolph siblings, as well as a few miscellaneous items of Peyton Randolph's including a book of psalms which he carried during the Civil War. The letters from Susan Armistead Randolph form the bulk of this subseries. In her weekly four-page letters, Susan Randolph describes life in Washington, D.C. during the 1850's, including the inauguration of Franklin Pierce and the funeral of Henry Clay. Susan Randolph was acutely aware of the political climate of her era and took particular interest in the Know-Nothing party in the 1850's. In several letters she outlines the platform of the Know-Nothings and even urges Peyton to join the party. However, despite her vivid political commentaries and her proximity to the arena of the conflict, she does not mention the issue of slavery. In addition to her political and social sketches, she provides detailed accounts of family life, including detailed descriptions of the deaths of various family members. Her letters from Richmond during the war describe the changes in life in that city through the course of the war and include detailed examples of the rampant inflation of prices on common goods such as bacon and flour. Of particular interest are Mrs. Randolph's inquiries concerning her first cousin, General Lewis Armistead, who was said to be the first Confederate soldier to cross into Union lines during Pickett's Charge at the battle of Gettysburg. See Randolph Harris Moulton's Some Randolphs Around Civil War Times for transcriptions of some of the Peyton Randolph letters.","Series 2: Personal and Family Papers, 1843-1936, is arranged topically and contains a variety of materials. General papers include John T. Harris' law license, an 1861 will, and his post-Civil War oath of allegiance to the United States. [A certificate in which President Benjamin Harrison appoints Harris as Virginia's representative at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892 is located in the oversize miscellaneous file.] Also in this series is a photocopy of John T. Harris' handwritten 1898 autobiography, which gives many particulars of his life, as well as a photocopy of his son John T. Harris Jr.'s typed 1936 autobiography, which includes characterizations of the lawyers with which the younger Harris was acquainted. Genealogical notes and charts as well as newspaper clippings pertaining to the Harris family are also present.","Series 3: Political Papers, 1856-1896, consists primarily of copies of John T. Harris' Congressional speeches as well as several made by other members of Congress. The most notable of these is the resignation speech of Preston B. \"Bully\" Brookes, who was censured by Congress for caning Charles Sumner in 1856. In addition, there are election returns from elections in which Harris was a candidate. These include reports from Rockingham County and localities throughout the Shenandoah Valley. There is also a folder containing political ephemera such as political broadsides, handbills, and selected pages from newspapers regarding local and national elections","Series 4: Miscellaneous, 1771-1933, contains a variety of materials, including general miscellany and receipts, Civil War documents, indentures, James Clarkson Papers, photographs and undated material. Among the Civil War documents are requests for exemption from military service, requisition receipts from Confederate military authorities, contracts between individuals and their military substitutes, and requests to John  T. Harris for release from Union prisoner-of-war camps. The James Clarkson Papers primarily are comprised of legal documents from Albemarle County. These documents were preserved by John T. Harris's wife, Virginia Harris, who was a descendant of James Clarkson. Among the photographs is a print of Peyton Randolph and his four brothers, a photographed portrait of James Innes, and photographs of John T. Harris' writing desk, a young Isabelle Heard, and an unidentified young girl.  Undated material consists of any items in this series that may be undated, including print material, notes, memoranda, receipts, various lists, writings, and calling cards. In addition, also includes a certificate signed by Benjamin Harrison appointing him as Virginia's representative at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1892; a land grant to Joel S. Graves signed by Governor Thomas M. Randolph; and a sheet dated March 11, 1861, signed by members of the provisional government of secession (Civil War) from South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama.","Notable Letters: 2 Feb. 1857, Arch Graham on national, state and local politics, with letter of 20 July from John T. Harris (son) interpreting the meaning of the letter 3 March 1860 Supporter of Stephen A. Douglas and \"squatter sovereignty.\" 2 May 1860 Talk of secession 30 Oct. 1860 England blamed for dissolution of the Union 1 Dec. 1860 South Carolina resident gives plans of that state with regards to the Union. 16 Dec. 1860 Harris believes Union must be preserved.","Notable Letters: 21 Jan. Constituent blames \"Black Republicans\" and Lincoln for conflict between the North and South","Notable Letters 20 Feb. Letter from Gov. John Letcher 21 Feb. Constituent refers to slavery as the \"never ending nigger question\" 27 Feb. Letter from Col. David B. Bimey, son of abolitionist James G. Bime","Notable Letters: 13, 18 July 1912 Letters from Woodrow Wilson 25 Oct., 17 Nov. 1915 Letters from Teddy Roosevelt","Notable Letters: Eight letters in this folder from Henry Force to Peyton Randolph, 1848-1851, are available in  transcription  (NOT ON MICROFILM) 17 Aug. 1850 Henry Force describes voyage from New York to Havana and New Orleans. 7 Sept. 1850 Henry Force's duties as surveyor on Border Commission in Victoria, Texas. 5 April 1850 Samuel Force giving views of a Princeton Freshman. 29 June 1851 Henry Force describes encounters with Mexicans and Apaches in New Mexico.","Notable Letters: 9 March Henry Force describe duties and life in San Diego and survey of the Gila River. 21 March Susan Randolph, Peyton's mother, notes new painting in Capitol Rotunda-Washington Crossing the Delaware. 4 July Mother describes Henry Clay's funeral. 3 Oct. Mother describes father's involvement in Whig vs. Democrat politics.","Notable Letters: 2 Jan. Mother describes death of Nannie's son, Randolph, of scarlet fever. 4 Jan. Mother describes death of Peyton's grandfather. 9 Jan. Mother describes erecting of statue of Andrew Jackson with speech by Stephen A. Douglas. 6 Feb. Mother anticipates somber character of Franklin Pierce's inauguration because of recent death of his only son. 13 Feb. Henry Force describes Apache attack on return trip from El Paso. 13 March Mother describes Pierce's inauguration. 22 May Mother describes 25th wedding anniversary.","Notable Letters: 21 Nov. James Innes Randolph asks for $200 to avoid foreclosure on house and sale of furniture.","Notable Letters: 28 May Father believes Kansas-Nebraska Act will make Northerners refuse to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law. 18 June Mother urges Peyton to join the Know-Nothings. 26 June Mother notes rumor that Pope's nuncio was engaged in Catholic atrocities to subvert the government and make Washington the headquarters of the Pope.","Notable Letters: 23 July Mother describes spread of cholera in Washington. 19 Nov. Mother describes financial panic in Washington.","Notable Letters: 1 March Mother gives vivid description of Grandmother's death. 10 May Wm. Titcomb warns Peyton not to join Know-Nothings. 22 Dec. Wm. Titcomb anticipates arrival of Santa Claus.","Notable Letters: 9 July Henry Force describes trial of Preston Brookes for assault of Sumner in the Senate. 17 Aug. Henry Force discusses maintenance of Washington Territory boundary. 24 Aug. Father tries unsuccessfully to get a clerkship at Congress. 3 Sept. Henry Force describes his father's (Peter Force) problems with his documentary history of America. 3 Nov. Peyton believes Buchanan will defeat Fillmore in presidential election.","Notable Letters: 7 June 1857 Peyton in Mississippi gladly notes absence of foreigners and Yankees.","Notable Letters: 6 Jan. 1861 Peyton believes conflict between South Carolina and the U.S. will not last long because neither can afford a war. 17 March 1861 Mother believes Lincoln will preserve peace. 24 March 1861 Peyton joins the Army at Fort Morgan, Alabama. 24 March 1861 Mother observes that most Know-Nothings have switched to the Republicans. 14 April 1861 Mother says, \"Hurrah for the Southern Confederacy.\" 8 Sept. 1861 Mother describes rising prices in Richmond. Peyton's brother John could see the Capitol rotunda on picket duty outside Washington. 20 Oct. 1861 Mother visits Richmond hospitals filled with soldiers. 5 May 1862 Mother describes Confederate evacuation of Yorktown and Norfolk. Notes Merrimac is in the James River. 24 Dec. 1862 Peyton asks when General. Armistead's uniforms will be ready.","Notable Letters: 15 Feb. 1863 Prices sky rocketing in Richmond. 14 July 1863 Mother believes Lewis Armistead still alive despite rumors of his death at Gettysburg. 20 Aug. 1863 Mother questions fate of General. Armistead. 17 July 1864 Mother describes scarcity of food in Richmond.","Notable Letters: 6 July 1854 Birthday letter to Mary Fisher, Peyton's future wife. Advises her what to look for in a husband. 10 Feb. 1856 Letter to Innes Randolph at Hobart College, New York.","Notable Letters: 4 Dec. 1861 John Randolph describes winter camp life in the army and his efforts to stay warm. 6 Feb. 1862 Mollie, fearing that the North will win, wonders why England and France will not recognize the Confederacy. 12 Aug. 1863 Mother unsure of Lewis Armistead's fate. Notes the high cost of wood and coal. 22 Nov. 1863 Mother describes death of James Innes Randolph. 13 May 1864 Family wakes to booming cannon outside Richmond. John brought home wounded in thigh.","Notable items: 1856 Resignation speech of Congressman Preston B. Brookes.","Notable items: 1795 List of Subscribers to the \"New Virginia Justice\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_dc1bd08acadd3e1eb1362ba5b6c828f4\"\u003eThe John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), consist of a large number of personal and political documents relevant to the life and career of John T. Harris. The bulk of the collection is comprised of letters of John T. Harris and his family, and of Peyton Randolph and his family. Several letters discuss Southern secession and the American Civil War. Also included are Randolph family letters, James Clarkson Papers, Civil War documents and Harris genealogy.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The John T. Harris Papers, 1771-1937 (bulk 1850-1900), consist of a large number of personal and political documents relevant to the life and career of John T. Harris. The bulk of the collection is comprised of letters of John T. Harris and his family, and of Peyton Randolph and his family. Several letters discuss Southern secession and the American Civil War. Also included are Randolph family letters, James Clarkson Papers, Civil War documents and Harris genealogy."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Harris family -- Correspondence","Randolph family -- Correspondence","Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Peyton, 1833-1891 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Susan Armistead, 1810-1884 -- Correspondence","Harris, R. Randolph"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections","Harris family -- Correspondence","Randolph family -- Correspondence","Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","Harris, R. Randolph","Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Peyton, 1833-1891 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Susan Armistead, 1810-1884 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Innes, 1837-1887"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates -- Elections"],"famname_ssim":["Harris family -- Correspondence","Randolph family -- Correspondence"],"persname_ssim":["Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899","Harris, R. Randolph","Harris, John T. (John Thomas), 1823-1899 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Peyton, 1833-1891 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Susan Armistead, 1810-1884 -- Correspondence","Randolph, Innes, 1837-1887"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":82,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:23:48.473Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_244"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_245","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Margaret Grattan Weaver collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_245#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_245#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992 (bulk 1857-1910), consists of one box and one oversize folder of materials pertaining to Weaver and her ancestors, specifically John E. Roller, Weaver's grandfather. Also included are biographical and genealogical information of county residents and historic locations and Civil War Documents with notable signatures. The collection is arranged in three series: John E. Roller Papers, Biographical/Genealogical Information, and Civil War Documents.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_245#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_245","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_245","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_245","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_245","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_245.xml","title_ssm":["Margaret Grattan Weaver collection"],"title_tesim":["Margaret Grattan Weaver collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1707-1992","1857-1910"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1857-1910"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1707-1992"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0090","/repositories/4/resources/245"],"text":["SC 0090","/repositories/4/resources/245","Margaret Grattan Weaver collection","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Description and travel -- Sources","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Description and travel","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775","Land titles -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Sources","Land settlement -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Pamphlets","Land grants","Indentures","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The collection is arranged in three series:","John E. Roller papers, 1779-1910 Biographical / genealogical information, 1707-1992 Civil war documents, 1857-1894","Wayland, John W.  A History of Rockingham County, Virginia.  Dayton, Va.: Ruebush-Elkins Company, 1912.","John Edwin Roller (1844-1918), born near Mt. Crawford, was a prominent lawyer, lecturer, and antiquarian in the Shenandoah Valley. He served in the Confederate Army, and in 1872 became major-general of the 3rd Division of the Virginia Militia. A graduate of Virginia Military Institute and University of Virginia Law School, Roller was the first non-Pennsylvanian president of the Pennsylvania German Society (1909-1910). Roller also served four sessions in the Virginia State Senate and was the first president of the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society. He pursued interests in local and religious history, ammassing a considerable collection of books and papers. Most of these items were dispersed, however, during the course of the twentieth century. ","The donor, Margaret Grattan Weaver (1905-2001), was a member of two of the most distinguished families in Rockingham County, the Rollers and the Grattans. She was known throughout the Shenandoah Valley for her involvement in civic, historic, and religious organizations including the National Trust for Historic Preservation, Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, and the Margaret Grattan Weaver Foundation, which she founded in 1997. The foundation supports and promotes preservation and appreciation of the history and religious heritage of Harrisonburg and Rockingham County. She was also dedicated to writing poetry and essays on suffering and death, some of which are included in this collection.","The Civil War era signatures were removed from their backing, deacidified, remounted with wheat paste on acid-free backing, and encapsulated in March 1993. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2030.","John E. Roller Papers, MS 0171, Virginia Military Institute Archives, Lexington, Virginia.","Papers of John Edwin Roller, 1813-1916, Mss 9478, Special Collections Department, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Va.","The Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992, consists of one box and one oversize folder of materials pertaining to Weaver and her ancestors, specifically John E. Roller, Weaver's grandfather, as well as biographical and genealogical information of county residents and historic locations and Civil War Documents with notable signatures. The collections is arranged in three series:  John E. Roller Papers, Biographical/Genealogical Information, and Civil War Documents.","Series 1: John E. Roller Papers, 1779-1910, consists of five folders of documents including letters, historical notes, writings, and speeches.  A folder of Roller's addresses containes lecture material on Jefferson Davis, Huguenots, the Reformed Church, and the Civil War.  Also included in this series are bonds for collection of taxes, road petitions and certifications, deeds, and an indictment for permitting an insane slave to go at large.","Series 2: Biographical/Genealogical Information, 1877-1992, contains various writings by Margaret Grattan Weaver, John E. Roller biographical information including invitations and his obituary, and miscellaneous Grattan family documents. A copy of the registration forms for the Thomas Harrison House to be put on the National Register of Historic Places is also included. John E. Roller bought the house in 1879 and Weaver was part owner of the property from 1951-1963 along with her two brothers. Alsoincludes a 1753 land patent and facsimile to Gabriel Jones, the first appointed lawyer for Augusta and Rockingham Counties, signed by Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Robert Dinwiddie for 644 acres on \"the north side of Shannando\" in Augusta County (now Rockingham County near Port Republic), indentures, and two unidentified photographs of female academy classes.","Series 3: Civil War Documents, 1857-1894, is comprised of letters, receipts for supplies, a monthly summary of funds, and personal notes concerning arms, transportation, and personnel. Twenty-nine pamphlets are included pertaining to the Battle of New Market, Southern \u0026 Confederate States almanacs, and addresses by General Jubal Early and Charles C. Jones, Jr.  Pieces from the USS Merrimack and USS Cumberland and a letter from Mrs. Mary Anna Jackson, wife of Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson are also present. A sheet of clipped signatures includes Robert E. Lee, Judah P. Benjamin, Albert Sidney Johnston, and others.","The copyright interests in the bulk of this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992 (bulk 1857-1910), consists of one box and one oversize folder of materials pertaining to Weaver and her ancestors, specifically John E. Roller, Weaver's grandfather. Also included are biographical and genealogical information of county residents and historic locations and Civil War Documents with notable signatures. The collection is arranged in three series: John E. Roller Papers, Biographical/Genealogical Information, and Civil War Documents.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia (Colony). Land Office","Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Jones, Gabriel, 1724-1806","Roller, John E. (John Edwin), 1844-1918","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0090","/repositories/4/resources/245"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Margaret Grattan Weaver collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Margaret Grattan Weaver collection"],"collection_ssim":["Margaret Grattan Weaver collection"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Description and travel -- Sources","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Description and travel","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775"],"geogname_ssim":["Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Description and travel -- Sources","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Description and travel","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775"],"creator_ssm":["Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001"],"creator_ssim":["Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Description and travel -- Sources","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Description and travel","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in the bulk of this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The bulk of the collection, received in February 1992, is on deposit from the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society. A parchment land patent dated May 31, 1753 to Gabriel Jones, signed by Robert Dinwiddie, was donated to Carrier Library by Margaret Grattan Weaver of Harrisonburg in October 1986."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Land titles -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Sources","Land settlement -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Pamphlets","Land grants","Indentures"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Land titles -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Sources","Land settlement -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Pamphlets","Land grants","Indentures"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.41 cubic feet 1 box and 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.41 cubic feet 1 box and 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Pamphlets","Land grants","Indentures"],"date_range_isim":[1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in three series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eJohn E. Roller papers, 1779-1910\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eBiographical / genealogical information, 1707-1992\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eCivil war documents, 1857-1894\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in three series:","John E. Roller papers, 1779-1910 Biographical / genealogical information, 1707-1992 Civil war documents, 1857-1894"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eWayland, John W. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eA History of Rockingham County, Virginia.\u003c/emph\u003e Dayton, Va.: Ruebush-Elkins Company, 1912.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Wayland, John W.  A History of Rockingham County, Virginia.  Dayton, Va.: Ruebush-Elkins Company, 1912."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Edwin Roller (1844-1918), born near Mt. Crawford, was a prominent lawyer, lecturer, and antiquarian in the Shenandoah Valley. He served in the Confederate Army, and in 1872 became major-general of the 3rd Division of the Virginia Militia. A graduate of Virginia Military Institute and University of Virginia Law School, Roller was the first non-Pennsylvanian president of the Pennsylvania German Society (1909-1910). Roller also served four sessions in the Virginia State Senate and was the first president of the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society. He pursued interests in local and religious history, ammassing a considerable collection of books and papers. Most of these items were dispersed, however, during the course of the twentieth century. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe donor, Margaret Grattan Weaver (1905-2001), was a member of two of the most distinguished families in Rockingham County, the Rollers and the Grattans. She was known throughout the Shenandoah Valley for her involvement in civic, historic, and religious organizations including the National Trust for Historic Preservation, Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, and the Margaret Grattan Weaver Foundation, which she founded in 1997. The foundation supports and promotes preservation and appreciation of the history and religious heritage of Harrisonburg and Rockingham County. She was also dedicated to writing poetry and essays on suffering and death, some of which are included in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Edwin Roller (1844-1918), born near Mt. Crawford, was a prominent lawyer, lecturer, and antiquarian in the Shenandoah Valley. He served in the Confederate Army, and in 1872 became major-general of the 3rd Division of the Virginia Militia. A graduate of Virginia Military Institute and University of Virginia Law School, Roller was the first non-Pennsylvanian president of the Pennsylvania German Society (1909-1910). Roller also served four sessions in the Virginia State Senate and was the first president of the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society. He pursued interests in local and religious history, ammassing a considerable collection of books and papers. Most of these items were dispersed, however, during the course of the twentieth century. ","The donor, Margaret Grattan Weaver (1905-2001), was a member of two of the most distinguished families in Rockingham County, the Rollers and the Grattans. She was known throughout the Shenandoah Valley for her involvement in civic, historic, and religious organizations including the National Trust for Historic Preservation, Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, and the Margaret Grattan Weaver Foundation, which she founded in 1997. The foundation supports and promotes preservation and appreciation of the history and religious heritage of Harrisonburg and Rockingham County. She was also dedicated to writing poetry and essays on suffering and death, some of which are included in this collection."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992 (bulk 1857-1910), SC 0090, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992 (bulk 1857-1910), SC 0090, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Civil War era signatures were removed from their backing, deacidified, remounted with wheat paste on acid-free backing, and encapsulated in March 1993. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2030.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The Civil War era signatures were removed from their backing, deacidified, remounted with wheat paste on acid-free backing, and encapsulated in March 1993. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2030."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn E. Roller Papers, MS 0171, Virginia Military Institute Archives, Lexington, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePapers of John Edwin Roller, 1813-1916, Mss 9478, Special Collections Department, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["John E. Roller Papers, MS 0171, Virginia Military Institute Archives, Lexington, Virginia.","Papers of John Edwin Roller, 1813-1916, Mss 9478, Special Collections Department, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992, consists of one box and one oversize folder of materials pertaining to Weaver and her ancestors, specifically John E. Roller, Weaver's grandfather, as well as biographical and genealogical information of county residents and historic locations and Civil War Documents with notable signatures. The collections is arranged in three series:  John E. Roller Papers, Biographical/Genealogical Information, and Civil War Documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: John E. Roller Papers, 1779-1910, consists of five folders of documents including letters, historical notes, writings, and speeches.  A folder of Roller's addresses containes lecture material on Jefferson Davis, Huguenots, the Reformed Church, and the Civil War.  Also included in this series are bonds for collection of taxes, road petitions and certifications, deeds, and an indictment for permitting an insane slave to go at large.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Biographical/Genealogical Information, 1877-1992, contains various writings by Margaret Grattan Weaver, John E. Roller biographical information including invitations and his obituary, and miscellaneous Grattan family documents. A copy of the registration forms for the Thomas Harrison House to be put on the National Register of Historic Places is also included. John E. Roller bought the house in 1879 and Weaver was part owner of the property from 1951-1963 along with her two brothers. Alsoincludes a 1753 land patent and facsimile to Gabriel Jones, the first appointed lawyer for Augusta and Rockingham Counties, signed by Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Robert Dinwiddie for 644 acres on \"the north side of Shannando\" in Augusta County (now Rockingham County near Port Republic), indentures, and two unidentified photographs of female academy classes.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Civil War Documents, 1857-1894, is comprised of letters, receipts for supplies, a monthly summary of funds, and personal notes concerning arms, transportation, and personnel. Twenty-nine pamphlets are included pertaining to the Battle of New Market, Southern \u0026amp; Confederate States almanacs, and addresses by General Jubal Early and Charles C. Jones, Jr.  Pieces from the USS Merrimack and USS Cumberland and a letter from Mrs. Mary Anna Jackson, wife of Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson are also present. A sheet of clipped signatures includes Robert E. Lee, Judah P. Benjamin, Albert Sidney Johnston, and others.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992, consists of one box and one oversize folder of materials pertaining to Weaver and her ancestors, specifically John E. Roller, Weaver's grandfather, as well as biographical and genealogical information of county residents and historic locations and Civil War Documents with notable signatures. The collections is arranged in three series:  John E. Roller Papers, Biographical/Genealogical Information, and Civil War Documents.","Series 1: John E. Roller Papers, 1779-1910, consists of five folders of documents including letters, historical notes, writings, and speeches.  A folder of Roller's addresses containes lecture material on Jefferson Davis, Huguenots, the Reformed Church, and the Civil War.  Also included in this series are bonds for collection of taxes, road petitions and certifications, deeds, and an indictment for permitting an insane slave to go at large.","Series 2: Biographical/Genealogical Information, 1877-1992, contains various writings by Margaret Grattan Weaver, John E. Roller biographical information including invitations and his obituary, and miscellaneous Grattan family documents. A copy of the registration forms for the Thomas Harrison House to be put on the National Register of Historic Places is also included. John E. Roller bought the house in 1879 and Weaver was part owner of the property from 1951-1963 along with her two brothers. Alsoincludes a 1753 land patent and facsimile to Gabriel Jones, the first appointed lawyer for Augusta and Rockingham Counties, signed by Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Robert Dinwiddie for 644 acres on \"the north side of Shannando\" in Augusta County (now Rockingham County near Port Republic), indentures, and two unidentified photographs of female academy classes.","Series 3: Civil War Documents, 1857-1894, is comprised of letters, receipts for supplies, a monthly summary of funds, and personal notes concerning arms, transportation, and personnel. Twenty-nine pamphlets are included pertaining to the Battle of New Market, Southern \u0026 Confederate States almanacs, and addresses by General Jubal Early and Charles C. Jones, Jr.  Pieces from the USS Merrimack and USS Cumberland and a letter from Mrs. Mary Anna Jackson, wife of Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson are also present. A sheet of clipped signatures includes Robert E. Lee, Judah P. Benjamin, Albert Sidney Johnston, and others."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in the bulk of this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in the bulk of this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5ca1ca116c82db218309415ddf9503fd\"\u003eThe Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992 (bulk 1857-1910), consists of one box and one oversize folder of materials pertaining to Weaver and her ancestors, specifically John E. Roller, Weaver's grandfather. Also included are biographical and genealogical information of county residents and historic locations and Civil War Documents with notable signatures. The collection is arranged in three series: John E. Roller Papers, Biographical/Genealogical Information, and Civil War Documents.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992 (bulk 1857-1910), consists of one box and one oversize folder of materials pertaining to Weaver and her ancestors, specifically John E. Roller, Weaver's grandfather. Also included are biographical and genealogical information of county residents and historic locations and Civil War Documents with notable signatures. The collection is arranged in three series: John E. Roller Papers, Biographical/Genealogical Information, and Civil War Documents."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia (Colony). Land Office","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Jones, Gabriel, 1724-1806","Roller, John E. (John Edwin), 1844-1918","Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia (Colony). Land Office","Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Jones, Gabriel, 1724-1806","Roller, John E. (John Edwin), 1844-1918"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia (Colony). Land Office"],"persname_ssim":["Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Jones, Gabriel, 1724-1806","Roller, John E. (John Edwin), 1844-1918"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":22,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:22:06.237Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_245","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_245","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_245","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_245","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_245.xml","title_ssm":["Margaret Grattan Weaver collection"],"title_tesim":["Margaret Grattan Weaver collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1707-1992","1857-1910"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1857-1910"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1707-1992"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0090","/repositories/4/resources/245"],"text":["SC 0090","/repositories/4/resources/245","Margaret Grattan Weaver collection","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Description and travel -- Sources","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Description and travel","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775","Land titles -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Sources","Land settlement -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Pamphlets","Land grants","Indentures","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The collection is arranged in three series:","John E. Roller papers, 1779-1910 Biographical / genealogical information, 1707-1992 Civil war documents, 1857-1894","Wayland, John W.  A History of Rockingham County, Virginia.  Dayton, Va.: Ruebush-Elkins Company, 1912.","John Edwin Roller (1844-1918), born near Mt. Crawford, was a prominent lawyer, lecturer, and antiquarian in the Shenandoah Valley. He served in the Confederate Army, and in 1872 became major-general of the 3rd Division of the Virginia Militia. A graduate of Virginia Military Institute and University of Virginia Law School, Roller was the first non-Pennsylvanian president of the Pennsylvania German Society (1909-1910). Roller also served four sessions in the Virginia State Senate and was the first president of the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society. He pursued interests in local and religious history, ammassing a considerable collection of books and papers. Most of these items were dispersed, however, during the course of the twentieth century. ","The donor, Margaret Grattan Weaver (1905-2001), was a member of two of the most distinguished families in Rockingham County, the Rollers and the Grattans. She was known throughout the Shenandoah Valley for her involvement in civic, historic, and religious organizations including the National Trust for Historic Preservation, Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, and the Margaret Grattan Weaver Foundation, which she founded in 1997. The foundation supports and promotes preservation and appreciation of the history and religious heritage of Harrisonburg and Rockingham County. She was also dedicated to writing poetry and essays on suffering and death, some of which are included in this collection.","The Civil War era signatures were removed from their backing, deacidified, remounted with wheat paste on acid-free backing, and encapsulated in March 1993. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2030.","John E. Roller Papers, MS 0171, Virginia Military Institute Archives, Lexington, Virginia.","Papers of John Edwin Roller, 1813-1916, Mss 9478, Special Collections Department, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Va.","The Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992, consists of one box and one oversize folder of materials pertaining to Weaver and her ancestors, specifically John E. Roller, Weaver's grandfather, as well as biographical and genealogical information of county residents and historic locations and Civil War Documents with notable signatures. The collections is arranged in three series:  John E. Roller Papers, Biographical/Genealogical Information, and Civil War Documents.","Series 1: John E. Roller Papers, 1779-1910, consists of five folders of documents including letters, historical notes, writings, and speeches.  A folder of Roller's addresses containes lecture material on Jefferson Davis, Huguenots, the Reformed Church, and the Civil War.  Also included in this series are bonds for collection of taxes, road petitions and certifications, deeds, and an indictment for permitting an insane slave to go at large.","Series 2: Biographical/Genealogical Information, 1877-1992, contains various writings by Margaret Grattan Weaver, John E. Roller biographical information including invitations and his obituary, and miscellaneous Grattan family documents. A copy of the registration forms for the Thomas Harrison House to be put on the National Register of Historic Places is also included. John E. Roller bought the house in 1879 and Weaver was part owner of the property from 1951-1963 along with her two brothers. Alsoincludes a 1753 land patent and facsimile to Gabriel Jones, the first appointed lawyer for Augusta and Rockingham Counties, signed by Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Robert Dinwiddie for 644 acres on \"the north side of Shannando\" in Augusta County (now Rockingham County near Port Republic), indentures, and two unidentified photographs of female academy classes.","Series 3: Civil War Documents, 1857-1894, is comprised of letters, receipts for supplies, a monthly summary of funds, and personal notes concerning arms, transportation, and personnel. Twenty-nine pamphlets are included pertaining to the Battle of New Market, Southern \u0026 Confederate States almanacs, and addresses by General Jubal Early and Charles C. Jones, Jr.  Pieces from the USS Merrimack and USS Cumberland and a letter from Mrs. Mary Anna Jackson, wife of Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson are also present. A sheet of clipped signatures includes Robert E. Lee, Judah P. Benjamin, Albert Sidney Johnston, and others.","The copyright interests in the bulk of this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992 (bulk 1857-1910), consists of one box and one oversize folder of materials pertaining to Weaver and her ancestors, specifically John E. Roller, Weaver's grandfather. Also included are biographical and genealogical information of county residents and historic locations and Civil War Documents with notable signatures. The collection is arranged in three series: John E. Roller Papers, Biographical/Genealogical Information, and Civil War Documents.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia (Colony). Land Office","Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Jones, Gabriel, 1724-1806","Roller, John E. (John Edwin), 1844-1918","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0090","/repositories/4/resources/245"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Margaret Grattan Weaver collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Margaret Grattan Weaver collection"],"collection_ssim":["Margaret Grattan Weaver collection"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Description and travel -- Sources","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Description and travel","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775"],"geogname_ssim":["Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Description and travel -- Sources","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Description and travel","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775"],"creator_ssm":["Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001"],"creator_ssim":["Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- Description and travel -- Sources","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Description and travel","Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in the bulk of this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The bulk of the collection, received in February 1992, is on deposit from the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society. A parchment land patent dated May 31, 1753 to Gabriel Jones, signed by Robert Dinwiddie, was donated to Carrier Library by Margaret Grattan Weaver of Harrisonburg in October 1986."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Land titles -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Sources","Land settlement -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Pamphlets","Land grants","Indentures"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Land titles -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Sources","Land settlement -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Pamphlets","Land grants","Indentures"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.41 cubic feet 1 box and 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.41 cubic feet 1 box and 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Pamphlets","Land grants","Indentures"],"date_range_isim":[1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in three series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eJohn E. Roller papers, 1779-1910\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eBiographical / genealogical information, 1707-1992\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eCivil war documents, 1857-1894\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in three series:","John E. Roller papers, 1779-1910 Biographical / genealogical information, 1707-1992 Civil war documents, 1857-1894"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eWayland, John W. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eA History of Rockingham County, Virginia.\u003c/emph\u003e Dayton, Va.: Ruebush-Elkins Company, 1912.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Wayland, John W.  A History of Rockingham County, Virginia.  Dayton, Va.: Ruebush-Elkins Company, 1912."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Edwin Roller (1844-1918), born near Mt. Crawford, was a prominent lawyer, lecturer, and antiquarian in the Shenandoah Valley. He served in the Confederate Army, and in 1872 became major-general of the 3rd Division of the Virginia Militia. A graduate of Virginia Military Institute and University of Virginia Law School, Roller was the first non-Pennsylvanian president of the Pennsylvania German Society (1909-1910). Roller also served four sessions in the Virginia State Senate and was the first president of the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society. He pursued interests in local and religious history, ammassing a considerable collection of books and papers. Most of these items were dispersed, however, during the course of the twentieth century. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe donor, Margaret Grattan Weaver (1905-2001), was a member of two of the most distinguished families in Rockingham County, the Rollers and the Grattans. She was known throughout the Shenandoah Valley for her involvement in civic, historic, and religious organizations including the National Trust for Historic Preservation, Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, and the Margaret Grattan Weaver Foundation, which she founded in 1997. The foundation supports and promotes preservation and appreciation of the history and religious heritage of Harrisonburg and Rockingham County. She was also dedicated to writing poetry and essays on suffering and death, some of which are included in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Edwin Roller (1844-1918), born near Mt. Crawford, was a prominent lawyer, lecturer, and antiquarian in the Shenandoah Valley. He served in the Confederate Army, and in 1872 became major-general of the 3rd Division of the Virginia Militia. A graduate of Virginia Military Institute and University of Virginia Law School, Roller was the first non-Pennsylvanian president of the Pennsylvania German Society (1909-1910). Roller also served four sessions in the Virginia State Senate and was the first president of the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society. He pursued interests in local and religious history, ammassing a considerable collection of books and papers. Most of these items were dispersed, however, during the course of the twentieth century. ","The donor, Margaret Grattan Weaver (1905-2001), was a member of two of the most distinguished families in Rockingham County, the Rollers and the Grattans. She was known throughout the Shenandoah Valley for her involvement in civic, historic, and religious organizations including the National Trust for Historic Preservation, Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, and the Margaret Grattan Weaver Foundation, which she founded in 1997. The foundation supports and promotes preservation and appreciation of the history and religious heritage of Harrisonburg and Rockingham County. She was also dedicated to writing poetry and essays on suffering and death, some of which are included in this collection."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992 (bulk 1857-1910), SC 0090, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992 (bulk 1857-1910), SC 0090, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Civil War era signatures were removed from their backing, deacidified, remounted with wheat paste on acid-free backing, and encapsulated in March 1993. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2030.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The Civil War era signatures were removed from their backing, deacidified, remounted with wheat paste on acid-free backing, and encapsulated in March 1993. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2030."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn E. Roller Papers, MS 0171, Virginia Military Institute Archives, Lexington, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePapers of John Edwin Roller, 1813-1916, Mss 9478, Special Collections Department, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["John E. Roller Papers, MS 0171, Virginia Military Institute Archives, Lexington, Virginia.","Papers of John Edwin Roller, 1813-1916, Mss 9478, Special Collections Department, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992, consists of one box and one oversize folder of materials pertaining to Weaver and her ancestors, specifically John E. Roller, Weaver's grandfather, as well as biographical and genealogical information of county residents and historic locations and Civil War Documents with notable signatures. The collections is arranged in three series:  John E. Roller Papers, Biographical/Genealogical Information, and Civil War Documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: John E. Roller Papers, 1779-1910, consists of five folders of documents including letters, historical notes, writings, and speeches.  A folder of Roller's addresses containes lecture material on Jefferson Davis, Huguenots, the Reformed Church, and the Civil War.  Also included in this series are bonds for collection of taxes, road petitions and certifications, deeds, and an indictment for permitting an insane slave to go at large.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Biographical/Genealogical Information, 1877-1992, contains various writings by Margaret Grattan Weaver, John E. Roller biographical information including invitations and his obituary, and miscellaneous Grattan family documents. A copy of the registration forms for the Thomas Harrison House to be put on the National Register of Historic Places is also included. John E. Roller bought the house in 1879 and Weaver was part owner of the property from 1951-1963 along with her two brothers. Alsoincludes a 1753 land patent and facsimile to Gabriel Jones, the first appointed lawyer for Augusta and Rockingham Counties, signed by Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Robert Dinwiddie for 644 acres on \"the north side of Shannando\" in Augusta County (now Rockingham County near Port Republic), indentures, and two unidentified photographs of female academy classes.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Civil War Documents, 1857-1894, is comprised of letters, receipts for supplies, a monthly summary of funds, and personal notes concerning arms, transportation, and personnel. Twenty-nine pamphlets are included pertaining to the Battle of New Market, Southern \u0026amp; Confederate States almanacs, and addresses by General Jubal Early and Charles C. Jones, Jr.  Pieces from the USS Merrimack and USS Cumberland and a letter from Mrs. Mary Anna Jackson, wife of Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson are also present. A sheet of clipped signatures includes Robert E. Lee, Judah P. Benjamin, Albert Sidney Johnston, and others.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992, consists of one box and one oversize folder of materials pertaining to Weaver and her ancestors, specifically John E. Roller, Weaver's grandfather, as well as biographical and genealogical information of county residents and historic locations and Civil War Documents with notable signatures. The collections is arranged in three series:  John E. Roller Papers, Biographical/Genealogical Information, and Civil War Documents.","Series 1: John E. Roller Papers, 1779-1910, consists of five folders of documents including letters, historical notes, writings, and speeches.  A folder of Roller's addresses containes lecture material on Jefferson Davis, Huguenots, the Reformed Church, and the Civil War.  Also included in this series are bonds for collection of taxes, road petitions and certifications, deeds, and an indictment for permitting an insane slave to go at large.","Series 2: Biographical/Genealogical Information, 1877-1992, contains various writings by Margaret Grattan Weaver, John E. Roller biographical information including invitations and his obituary, and miscellaneous Grattan family documents. A copy of the registration forms for the Thomas Harrison House to be put on the National Register of Historic Places is also included. John E. Roller bought the house in 1879 and Weaver was part owner of the property from 1951-1963 along with her two brothers. Alsoincludes a 1753 land patent and facsimile to Gabriel Jones, the first appointed lawyer for Augusta and Rockingham Counties, signed by Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Robert Dinwiddie for 644 acres on \"the north side of Shannando\" in Augusta County (now Rockingham County near Port Republic), indentures, and two unidentified photographs of female academy classes.","Series 3: Civil War Documents, 1857-1894, is comprised of letters, receipts for supplies, a monthly summary of funds, and personal notes concerning arms, transportation, and personnel. Twenty-nine pamphlets are included pertaining to the Battle of New Market, Southern \u0026 Confederate States almanacs, and addresses by General Jubal Early and Charles C. Jones, Jr.  Pieces from the USS Merrimack and USS Cumberland and a letter from Mrs. Mary Anna Jackson, wife of Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson are also present. A sheet of clipped signatures includes Robert E. Lee, Judah P. Benjamin, Albert Sidney Johnston, and others."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in the bulk of this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in the bulk of this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk. (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5ca1ca116c82db218309415ddf9503fd\"\u003eThe Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992 (bulk 1857-1910), consists of one box and one oversize folder of materials pertaining to Weaver and her ancestors, specifically John E. Roller, Weaver's grandfather. Also included are biographical and genealogical information of county residents and historic locations and Civil War Documents with notable signatures. The collection is arranged in three series: John E. Roller Papers, Biographical/Genealogical Information, and Civil War Documents.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Margaret Grattan Weaver Collection, 1707-1992 (bulk 1857-1910), consists of one box and one oversize folder of materials pertaining to Weaver and her ancestors, specifically John E. Roller, Weaver's grandfather. Also included are biographical and genealogical information of county residents and historic locations and Civil War Documents with notable signatures. The collection is arranged in three series: John E. Roller Papers, Biographical/Genealogical Information, and Civil War Documents."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia (Colony). Land Office","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Jones, Gabriel, 1724-1806","Roller, John E. (John Edwin), 1844-1918","Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia (Colony). Land Office","Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Jones, Gabriel, 1724-1806","Roller, John E. (John Edwin), 1844-1918"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Virginia (Colony). Land Office"],"persname_ssim":["Weaver, Margaret Grattan, 1905-2001","Jones, Gabriel, 1724-1806","Roller, John E. (John Edwin), 1844-1918"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":22,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:22:06.237Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_245"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_239","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Shenandoah Valley miscellaneous ledgers, minute books, and registers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_239#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_239#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books, and Registers, 1804-1933, are comprised of an assortment of bound record books from various organizations and individuals, documenting a variety of agricultural, social, commercial, and educational endeavors in Harrisonburg and surrounding counties in the 19th and 20th centuries.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_239#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_239","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_239","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_239","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_239","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_239.xml","title_ssm":["Shenandoah Valley miscellaneous ledgers, minute books, and registers"],"title_tesim":["Shenandoah Valley miscellaneous ledgers, minute books, and registers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1804-1933"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1804-1933"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0079","/repositories/4/resources/239"],"text":["SC 0079","/repositories/4/resources/239","Shenandoah Valley miscellaneous ledgers, minute books, and registers","Confederate States of America -- History -- Societies, etc.","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Societies, etc. -- Confederate","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History"," Tobacco -- Cooperative Marketing -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Trust Companies -- Virginia -- Grottoes","Schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Ledgers (account books)","Account books","Minute books","Daybooks","Registers (lists)","Business records","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Also available on microfilm, housed in Special Collections. Additional copies of the microfilm are owned by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society and the Library of Virginia.","Also available on microfilm, Reels 1480-1485, at Special Collections of James Madison University and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.","The collection was numerically arranged based on the order of accession. In the summer of 2008, the physical order of the books was changed to maximize storage space, however original numbering was retained. See the contents list below for the current physical arrangement.","Book 1 is the contract book of the Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association (now called the Tri-State Tobacco Growers Association). The Association was founded in 1922 and acts as a marketing association for the two Carolinas and Virginia, including Rockingham County where attempts were made to grow tobacco in the 1920s. Book 2, an unidentified business ledger, 1856 to 1858, lists sales of brandy as well as other items and labor. Book 3 is representative of the Grottoes Investment Company, a real estate investment company founded in 1891 at Shendun (now known as Grottoes, Virginia). The Ashby Memorial Association was a Confederate veteran's organization founded in 1897 whose membership included those from the S.B. Gibbons Camp, the Turner Ashby Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy and the Turner Ashby Camp of Sons of Confederate Veterans. Book 4 includes the minutes of the Ashby Memorial Association from July 1897 to April 1898. Book 5 is the school register for Public White School No. Six. The school was one of several schools located in the Plains District of Rockingham County. Book 20 records the accounts of the Valley Turnpike Company. Incorporated in 1834, the company was one of several companies authorized to construct a number of toll roads, including the one from Staunton to Winchester. Book 21 has been transcribed and published as the Michael Baker Store Account Book; see Related Material.","This collection is an amalgamation of a number of business and personal ledgers, minute books, and registers that are owned by the Historical Society. The collection is representative of multiple donations to the Historical Society, and in turn, multiple deposits to JMU.","Per a typed note laid in the ledger: \"This ledger was loaned to us by Schuyler Bradley. It belonged to his Great-Grandfather, who founded the Bradley Foundry on the Warm Springs Pike, which is now Old South High Street. The business was started in 1856.\"","Books designated as flat by \"FL\" were rearranged in the summer of 2008 to maximize storage space. Books FL#1-12 are listed in the contents list below according to their physical arrangement. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2005.","The Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books and Registers, 1804-1933, comprise an assortment of bound record books from various organizations and individuals, documenting a variety of agricultural, social, commercial, and educational endeavors in Harrisonburg and surrounding counties in the 19th and 20th centuries. Books 1-5 represent the first acquisition of the collection.","Contains marketing and association agreements. Folder contains agreement, affidavit, and two letters.","List sales of brandy as well as other items and labor.","Lists pupils, subjects, attendance registers, and description of school house.","Mostly shoe repairs and manufacture","Shoes, farm items and labor","Records agricultural labor and payment","Includes livestock and other agricultural transactions","Lists visits and medicine, including to Negroes and later entries concern land, bonds, etc.","Lists various items from spices to furniture; back cover gives data on Kyle's moves around the Valley.","may be the daybook of a Harrisonburg general store","Ledger of agricultural \u0026 some dry goods.","accounts, bonds, interest, repairs, expenses, and salaries.","mostly food and wood","Partly in German","Pictures of popular apple types.","Sales, hauling, \u0026 odd jobs; receipts \u0026 orders associated with Bowman's Mill","Bowman's Mill miscellaneous sales","Sales at the store of James Habron.","Sales at the store of James Habron.","Seal of Addison Munch Dealer in Dry- Goods, Seven Fountains, VA, on the last page.","tobacco, grain, etc., McGaheysville.","miscellaneous","miscellaneous items, Lacey Spring.","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association, Contract Book (Book 1) Unidentified business ledger (Book 2) Grottoes Investment Company, Board of Directors Minutes (Book 3) Ashby Memorial Association, Minutes (Book 4) Public White School No. 6, Plains District, Rockingham County, School Register (Book 5) John Werner Ledger (Book 6) Unidentified Ledger (Book 7) James Bush Ledger (Book 8) George Kiser, Estate Accounts (Book 9) David Kyle Ledger (Book 10) Harvey Kyle Ledger (Book 11) James Kyle, Account Book (Book 12) David Kyle, Estate Accounts (Book 13) John Burkholder Ledger (Book 14) Funkhauser Paul Ledger (Book 15)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Unidentified Ledger (Book 16) William Bushnell's Ledger; Carriage maker, Harrisonburg, Virginia (Book 17) Peter Roller Ledger (Book 18) Robert Gray Ledger (Book 19) Ledger of Valley Turnpike County (Book 20) Joseph and John Baker Daybook (Book 21) Daybook of David Steele (Book 22) Giles Devier, Newspaper Subscription Ledger (Book 23)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Post Office Account Ledger (Book 24) Cosby Mills Ledger (Book 25) Harrisonburg (Va.) Post Office, Custodian's Record Book (Book 26) John C. Morrison Account Book (Book 27) Unidentified, Account book and travel diary (Book 28) Singers Glen Council Minutes (Book 29)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Samuel Bowman Ledger (Flat Book 1) James C. Bowman Ledger (Flat Book 2) Rawley Springs Guest Register (Flat Book 3) Addison Munch Ledger (Flat Book 4) Addison Munch Daybook (Flat Book 5) Addison Munch Daybook, Seven Fountains, Virginia (Flat Book 6)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Addison Munch Daybook (Flat Book 7) Seven Fountains Nursery, Apple Book (Flat Book 8) Bradley Foundry Ledger (Flat Book 9)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Unidentified Daybook (Flat Book 10) Unidentified Account Book (Flat Book 11) Unidentified Account Book (Flat Book 12)","This collection is owned by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society.  Written permission to quote or publish any part of this collection must be obtained through Carrier Library Special Collections on behalf of the Society. The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books, and Registers, 1804-1933, are comprised of an assortment of bound record books from various organizations and individuals, documenting a variety of agricultural, social, commercial, and educational endeavors in Harrisonburg and surrounding counties in the 19th and 20th centuries.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Tri-State Tobacco Growers Association","Grottoes Investment Company (Va.)","Ashby Memorial Association (Va.)","Public White School # 6 (Plains School District)","Valley Turnpike Company (Va.)","Addison Munch Store (Seven Fountains, Va.)","Seven Fountains Nursery (Va.)","Bradley Foundry (Va.)","Rawley Springs (Resort)","Werner, John","Kiser, George","Kyle, David","Kyle, Harvey","Kyle, James","Burkholder, John","Habron, James","Bushnell, William","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0079","/repositories/4/resources/239"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Shenandoah Valley miscellaneous ledgers, minute books, and registers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Shenandoah Valley miscellaneous ledgers, minute books, and registers"],"collection_ssim":["Shenandoah Valley miscellaneous ledgers, minute books, and registers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Confederate States of America -- History -- Societies, etc.","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Societies, etc. -- Confederate","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History"],"geogname_ssim":["Confederate States of America -- History -- Societies, etc.","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Societies, etc. -- Confederate","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History"],"creator_ssm":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Confederate States of America -- History -- Societies, etc.","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Societies, etc. -- Confederate","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History"],"access_terms_ssm":["This collection is owned by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society.  Written permission to quote or publish any part of this collection must be obtained through Carrier Library Special Collections on behalf of the Society. The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was place on deposit by contract with the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society. The first five books were acquired in 1985; further additions were made in 1992 and 1995."],"access_subjects_ssim":[" Tobacco -- Cooperative Marketing -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Trust Companies -- Virginia -- Grottoes","Schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Ledgers (account books)","Account books","Minute books","Daybooks","Registers (lists)","Business records"],"access_subjects_ssm":[" Tobacco -- Cooperative Marketing -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Trust Companies -- Virginia -- Grottoes","Schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Ledgers (account books)","Account books","Minute books","Daybooks","Registers (lists)","Business records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["5.17 cubic feet 10 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["5.17 cubic feet 10 boxes"],"physfacet_tesim":["41 ledgers"],"genreform_ssim":["Ledgers (account books)","Account books","Minute books","Daybooks","Registers (lists)","Business records"],"date_range_isim":[1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlso available on microfilm, housed in Special Collections. Additional copies of the microfilm are owned by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society and the Library of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso available on microfilm, Reels 1480-1485, at Special Collections of James Madison University and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Other Formats Available","Alternative Form Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["Also available on microfilm, housed in Special Collections. Additional copies of the microfilm are owned by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society and the Library of Virginia.","Also available on microfilm, Reels 1480-1485, at Special Collections of James Madison University and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was numerically arranged based on the order of accession. In the summer of 2008, the physical order of the books was changed to maximize storage space, however original numbering was retained. See the contents list below for the current physical arrangement.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection was numerically arranged based on the order of accession. In the summer of 2008, the physical order of the books was changed to maximize storage space, however original numbering was retained. See the contents list below for the current physical arrangement."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBook 1 is the contract book of the Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association (now called the Tri-State Tobacco Growers Association). The Association was founded in 1922 and acts as a marketing association for the two Carolinas and Virginia, including Rockingham County where attempts were made to grow tobacco in the 1920s. Book 2, an unidentified business ledger, 1856 to 1858, lists sales of brandy as well as other items and labor. Book 3 is representative of the Grottoes Investment Company, a real estate investment company founded in 1891 at Shendun (now known as Grottoes, Virginia). The Ashby Memorial Association was a Confederate veteran's organization founded in 1897 whose membership included those from the S.B. Gibbons Camp, the Turner Ashby Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy and the Turner Ashby Camp of Sons of Confederate Veterans. Book 4 includes the minutes of the Ashby Memorial Association from July 1897 to April 1898. Book 5 is the school register for Public White School No. Six. The school was one of several schools located in the Plains District of Rockingham County. Book 20 records the accounts of the Valley Turnpike Company. Incorporated in 1834, the company was one of several companies authorized to construct a number of toll roads, including the one from Staunton to Winchester. Book 21 has been transcribed and published as the Michael Baker Store Account Book; see Related Material.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Book 1 is the contract book of the Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association (now called the Tri-State Tobacco Growers Association). The Association was founded in 1922 and acts as a marketing association for the two Carolinas and Virginia, including Rockingham County where attempts were made to grow tobacco in the 1920s. Book 2, an unidentified business ledger, 1856 to 1858, lists sales of brandy as well as other items and labor. Book 3 is representative of the Grottoes Investment Company, a real estate investment company founded in 1891 at Shendun (now known as Grottoes, Virginia). The Ashby Memorial Association was a Confederate veteran's organization founded in 1897 whose membership included those from the S.B. Gibbons Camp, the Turner Ashby Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy and the Turner Ashby Camp of Sons of Confederate Veterans. Book 4 includes the minutes of the Ashby Memorial Association from July 1897 to April 1898. Book 5 is the school register for Public White School No. Six. The school was one of several schools located in the Plains District of Rockingham County. Book 20 records the accounts of the Valley Turnpike Company. Incorporated in 1834, the company was one of several companies authorized to construct a number of toll roads, including the one from Staunton to Winchester. Book 21 has been transcribed and published as the Michael Baker Store Account Book; see Related Material."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is an amalgamation of a number of business and personal ledgers, minute books, and registers that are owned by the Historical Society. The collection is representative of multiple donations to the Historical Society, and in turn, multiple deposits to JMU.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePer a typed note laid in the ledger: \"This ledger was loaned to us by Schuyler Bradley. It belonged to his Great-Grandfather, who founded the Bradley Foundry on the Warm Springs Pike, which is now Old South High Street. The business was started in 1856.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance","Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["This collection is an amalgamation of a number of business and personal ledgers, minute books, and registers that are owned by the Historical Society. The collection is representative of multiple donations to the Historical Society, and in turn, multiple deposits to JMU.","Per a typed note laid in the ledger: \"This ledger was loaned to us by Schuyler Bradley. It belonged to his Great-Grandfather, who founded the Bradley Foundry on the Warm Springs Pike, which is now Old South High Street. The business was started in 1856.\""],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of Item], [box #, folder #], Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books and Registers, 1804-1933, SC 0079, on deposit from Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, Dayton, Va., housed in Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of Item], [box #, folder #], Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books and Registers, 1804-1933, SC 0079, on deposit from Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, Dayton, Va., housed in Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBooks designated as flat by \"FL\" were rearranged in the summer of 2008 to maximize storage space. Books FL#1-12 are listed in the contents list below according to their physical arrangement. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2005.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Books designated as flat by \"FL\" were rearranged in the summer of 2008 to maximize storage space. Books FL#1-12 are listed in the contents list below according to their physical arrangement. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2005."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books and Registers, 1804-1933, comprise an assortment of bound record books from various organizations and individuals, documenting a variety of agricultural, social, commercial, and educational endeavors in Harrisonburg and surrounding counties in the 19th and 20th centuries. Books 1-5 represent the first acquisition of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains marketing and association agreements. Folder contains agreement, affidavit, and two letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eList sales of brandy as well as other items and labor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLists pupils, subjects, attendance registers, and description of school house.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMostly shoe repairs and manufacture\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShoes, farm items and labor\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords agricultural labor and payment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes livestock and other agricultural transactions\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLists visits and medicine, including to Negroes and later entries concern land, bonds, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLists various items from spices to furniture; back cover gives data on Kyle's moves around the Valley.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003emay be the daybook of a Harrisonburg general store\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLedger of agricultural \u0026amp; some dry goods.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eaccounts, bonds, interest, repairs, expenses, and salaries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003emostly food and wood\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePartly in German\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePictures of popular apple types.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSales, hauling, \u0026amp; odd jobs; receipts \u0026amp; orders associated with Bowman's Mill\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBowman's Mill miscellaneous sales\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSales at the store of James Habron.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSales at the store of James Habron.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeal of Addison Munch Dealer in Dry- Goods, Seven Fountains, VA, on the last page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003etobacco, grain, etc., McGaheysville.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003emiscellaneous\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003emiscellaneous items, Lacey Spring.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis reel includes the following ledgers:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eTobacco Growers Cooperative Association, Contract Book (Book 1)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eUnidentified business ledger (Book 2)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eGrottoes Investment Company, Board of Directors Minutes (Book 3)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eAshby Memorial Association, Minutes (Book 4)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003ePublic White School No. 6, Plains District, Rockingham County, School Register (Book 5)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eJohn Werner Ledger (Book 6)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eUnidentified Ledger (Book 7)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eJames Bush Ledger (Book 8)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eGeorge Kiser, Estate Accounts (Book 9)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eDavid Kyle Ledger (Book 10)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eHarvey Kyle Ledger (Book 11)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eJames Kyle, Account Book (Book 12)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eDavid Kyle, Estate Accounts (Book 13)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eJohn Burkholder Ledger (Book 14)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eFunkhauser Paul Ledger (Book 15)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis reel includes the following ledgers:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eUnidentified Ledger (Book 16)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eWilliam Bushnell's Ledger; Carriage maker, Harrisonburg, Virginia (Book 17)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003ePeter Roller Ledger (Book 18)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eRobert Gray Ledger (Book 19)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eLedger of Valley Turnpike County (Book 20)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eJoseph and John Baker Daybook (Book 21)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eDaybook of David Steele (Book 22)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eGiles Devier, Newspaper Subscription Ledger (Book 23)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis reel includes the following ledgers:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003citem\u003ePost Office Account Ledger (Book 24)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eCosby Mills Ledger (Book 25)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eHarrisonburg (Va.) Post Office, Custodian's Record Book (Book 26)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eJohn C. Morrison Account Book (Book 27)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eUnidentified, Account book and travel diary (Book 28)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eSingers Glen Council Minutes (Book 29)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis reel includes the following ledgers:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eSamuel Bowman Ledger (Flat Book 1)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eJames C. Bowman Ledger (Flat Book 2)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eRawley Springs Guest Register (Flat Book 3)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eAddison Munch Ledger (Flat Book 4)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eAddison Munch Daybook (Flat Book 5)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eAddison Munch Daybook, Seven Fountains, Virginia (Flat Book 6)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis reel includes the following ledgers:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eAddison Munch Daybook (Flat Book 7)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeven Fountains Nursery, Apple Book (Flat Book 8)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eBradley Foundry Ledger (Flat Book 9)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis reel includes the following ledgers:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eUnidentified Daybook (Flat Book 10)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eUnidentified Account Book (Flat Book 11)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eUnidentified Account Book (Flat Book 12)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books and Registers, 1804-1933, comprise an assortment of bound record books from various organizations and individuals, documenting a variety of agricultural, social, commercial, and educational endeavors in Harrisonburg and surrounding counties in the 19th and 20th centuries. Books 1-5 represent the first acquisition of the collection.","Contains marketing and association agreements. Folder contains agreement, affidavit, and two letters.","List sales of brandy as well as other items and labor.","Lists pupils, subjects, attendance registers, and description of school house.","Mostly shoe repairs and manufacture","Shoes, farm items and labor","Records agricultural labor and payment","Includes livestock and other agricultural transactions","Lists visits and medicine, including to Negroes and later entries concern land, bonds, etc.","Lists various items from spices to furniture; back cover gives data on Kyle's moves around the Valley.","may be the daybook of a Harrisonburg general store","Ledger of agricultural \u0026 some dry goods.","accounts, bonds, interest, repairs, expenses, and salaries.","mostly food and wood","Partly in German","Pictures of popular apple types.","Sales, hauling, \u0026 odd jobs; receipts \u0026 orders associated with Bowman's Mill","Bowman's Mill miscellaneous sales","Sales at the store of James Habron.","Sales at the store of James Habron.","Seal of Addison Munch Dealer in Dry- Goods, Seven Fountains, VA, on the last page.","tobacco, grain, etc., McGaheysville.","miscellaneous","miscellaneous items, Lacey Spring.","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association, Contract Book (Book 1) Unidentified business ledger (Book 2) Grottoes Investment Company, Board of Directors Minutes (Book 3) Ashby Memorial Association, Minutes (Book 4) Public White School No. 6, Plains District, Rockingham County, School Register (Book 5) John Werner Ledger (Book 6) Unidentified Ledger (Book 7) James Bush Ledger (Book 8) George Kiser, Estate Accounts (Book 9) David Kyle Ledger (Book 10) Harvey Kyle Ledger (Book 11) James Kyle, Account Book (Book 12) David Kyle, Estate Accounts (Book 13) John Burkholder Ledger (Book 14) Funkhauser Paul Ledger (Book 15)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Unidentified Ledger (Book 16) William Bushnell's Ledger; Carriage maker, Harrisonburg, Virginia (Book 17) Peter Roller Ledger (Book 18) Robert Gray Ledger (Book 19) Ledger of Valley Turnpike County (Book 20) Joseph and John Baker Daybook (Book 21) Daybook of David Steele (Book 22) Giles Devier, Newspaper Subscription Ledger (Book 23)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Post Office Account Ledger (Book 24) Cosby Mills Ledger (Book 25) Harrisonburg (Va.) Post Office, Custodian's Record Book (Book 26) John C. Morrison Account Book (Book 27) Unidentified, Account book and travel diary (Book 28) Singers Glen Council Minutes (Book 29)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Samuel Bowman Ledger (Flat Book 1) James C. Bowman Ledger (Flat Book 2) Rawley Springs Guest Register (Flat Book 3) Addison Munch Ledger (Flat Book 4) Addison Munch Daybook (Flat Book 5) Addison Munch Daybook, Seven Fountains, Virginia (Flat Book 6)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Addison Munch Daybook (Flat Book 7) Seven Fountains Nursery, Apple Book (Flat Book 8) Bradley Foundry Ledger (Flat Book 9)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Unidentified Daybook (Flat Book 10) Unidentified Account Book (Flat Book 11) Unidentified Account Book (Flat Book 12)"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is owned by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society.  Written permission to quote or publish any part of this collection must be obtained through Carrier Library Special Collections on behalf of the Society. The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection is owned by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society.  Written permission to quote or publish any part of this collection must be obtained through Carrier Library Special Collections on behalf of the Society. The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_54cd309b24dc31b5d807fbe63d254345\"\u003eThe Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books, and Registers, 1804-1933, are comprised of an assortment of bound record books from various organizations and individuals, documenting a variety of agricultural, social, commercial, and educational endeavors in Harrisonburg and surrounding counties in the 19th and 20th centuries.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books, and Registers, 1804-1933, are comprised of an assortment of bound record books from various organizations and individuals, documenting a variety of agricultural, social, commercial, and educational endeavors in Harrisonburg and surrounding counties in the 19th and 20th centuries."],"names_coll_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Tri-State Tobacco Growers Association","Grottoes Investment Company (Va.)","Ashby Memorial Association (Va.)","Public White School # 6 (Plains School District)","Valley Turnpike Company (Va.)","Addison Munch Store (Seven Fountains, Va.)","Seven Fountains Nursery (Va.)","Bradley Foundry (Va.)","Werner, John","Kiser, George","Kyle, David","Kyle, Harvey","Kyle, James","Burkholder, John","Habron, James","Bushnell, William"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Tri-State Tobacco Growers Association","Grottoes Investment Company (Va.)","Ashby Memorial Association (Va.)","Public White School # 6 (Plains School District)","Valley Turnpike Company (Va.)","Addison Munch Store (Seven Fountains, Va.)","Seven Fountains Nursery (Va.)","Bradley Foundry (Va.)","Rawley Springs (Resort)","Werner, John","Kiser, George","Kyle, David","Kyle, Harvey","Kyle, James","Burkholder, John","Habron, James","Bushnell, William"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Tri-State Tobacco Growers Association","Grottoes Investment Company (Va.)","Ashby Memorial Association (Va.)","Public White School # 6 (Plains School District)","Valley Turnpike Company (Va.)","Addison Munch Store (Seven Fountains, Va.)","Seven Fountains Nursery (Va.)","Bradley Foundry (Va.)","Rawley Springs (Resort)"],"persname_ssim":["Werner, John","Kiser, George","Kyle, David","Kyle, Harvey","Kyle, James","Burkholder, John","Habron, James","Bushnell, William"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":48,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:22:27.919Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_239","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_239","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_239","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_239","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_239.xml","title_ssm":["Shenandoah Valley miscellaneous ledgers, minute books, and registers"],"title_tesim":["Shenandoah Valley miscellaneous ledgers, minute books, and registers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1804-1933"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1804-1933"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0079","/repositories/4/resources/239"],"text":["SC 0079","/repositories/4/resources/239","Shenandoah Valley miscellaneous ledgers, minute books, and registers","Confederate States of America -- History -- Societies, etc.","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Societies, etc. -- Confederate","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History"," Tobacco -- Cooperative Marketing -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Trust Companies -- Virginia -- Grottoes","Schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Ledgers (account books)","Account books","Minute books","Daybooks","Registers (lists)","Business records","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Also available on microfilm, housed in Special Collections. Additional copies of the microfilm are owned by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society and the Library of Virginia.","Also available on microfilm, Reels 1480-1485, at Special Collections of James Madison University and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.","The collection was numerically arranged based on the order of accession. In the summer of 2008, the physical order of the books was changed to maximize storage space, however original numbering was retained. See the contents list below for the current physical arrangement.","Book 1 is the contract book of the Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association (now called the Tri-State Tobacco Growers Association). The Association was founded in 1922 and acts as a marketing association for the two Carolinas and Virginia, including Rockingham County where attempts were made to grow tobacco in the 1920s. Book 2, an unidentified business ledger, 1856 to 1858, lists sales of brandy as well as other items and labor. Book 3 is representative of the Grottoes Investment Company, a real estate investment company founded in 1891 at Shendun (now known as Grottoes, Virginia). The Ashby Memorial Association was a Confederate veteran's organization founded in 1897 whose membership included those from the S.B. Gibbons Camp, the Turner Ashby Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy and the Turner Ashby Camp of Sons of Confederate Veterans. Book 4 includes the minutes of the Ashby Memorial Association from July 1897 to April 1898. Book 5 is the school register for Public White School No. Six. The school was one of several schools located in the Plains District of Rockingham County. Book 20 records the accounts of the Valley Turnpike Company. Incorporated in 1834, the company was one of several companies authorized to construct a number of toll roads, including the one from Staunton to Winchester. Book 21 has been transcribed and published as the Michael Baker Store Account Book; see Related Material.","This collection is an amalgamation of a number of business and personal ledgers, minute books, and registers that are owned by the Historical Society. The collection is representative of multiple donations to the Historical Society, and in turn, multiple deposits to JMU.","Per a typed note laid in the ledger: \"This ledger was loaned to us by Schuyler Bradley. It belonged to his Great-Grandfather, who founded the Bradley Foundry on the Warm Springs Pike, which is now Old South High Street. The business was started in 1856.\"","Books designated as flat by \"FL\" were rearranged in the summer of 2008 to maximize storage space. Books FL#1-12 are listed in the contents list below according to their physical arrangement. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2005.","The Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books and Registers, 1804-1933, comprise an assortment of bound record books from various organizations and individuals, documenting a variety of agricultural, social, commercial, and educational endeavors in Harrisonburg and surrounding counties in the 19th and 20th centuries. Books 1-5 represent the first acquisition of the collection.","Contains marketing and association agreements. Folder contains agreement, affidavit, and two letters.","List sales of brandy as well as other items and labor.","Lists pupils, subjects, attendance registers, and description of school house.","Mostly shoe repairs and manufacture","Shoes, farm items and labor","Records agricultural labor and payment","Includes livestock and other agricultural transactions","Lists visits and medicine, including to Negroes and later entries concern land, bonds, etc.","Lists various items from spices to furniture; back cover gives data on Kyle's moves around the Valley.","may be the daybook of a Harrisonburg general store","Ledger of agricultural \u0026 some dry goods.","accounts, bonds, interest, repairs, expenses, and salaries.","mostly food and wood","Partly in German","Pictures of popular apple types.","Sales, hauling, \u0026 odd jobs; receipts \u0026 orders associated with Bowman's Mill","Bowman's Mill miscellaneous sales","Sales at the store of James Habron.","Sales at the store of James Habron.","Seal of Addison Munch Dealer in Dry- Goods, Seven Fountains, VA, on the last page.","tobacco, grain, etc., McGaheysville.","miscellaneous","miscellaneous items, Lacey Spring.","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association, Contract Book (Book 1) Unidentified business ledger (Book 2) Grottoes Investment Company, Board of Directors Minutes (Book 3) Ashby Memorial Association, Minutes (Book 4) Public White School No. 6, Plains District, Rockingham County, School Register (Book 5) John Werner Ledger (Book 6) Unidentified Ledger (Book 7) James Bush Ledger (Book 8) George Kiser, Estate Accounts (Book 9) David Kyle Ledger (Book 10) Harvey Kyle Ledger (Book 11) James Kyle, Account Book (Book 12) David Kyle, Estate Accounts (Book 13) John Burkholder Ledger (Book 14) Funkhauser Paul Ledger (Book 15)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Unidentified Ledger (Book 16) William Bushnell's Ledger; Carriage maker, Harrisonburg, Virginia (Book 17) Peter Roller Ledger (Book 18) Robert Gray Ledger (Book 19) Ledger of Valley Turnpike County (Book 20) Joseph and John Baker Daybook (Book 21) Daybook of David Steele (Book 22) Giles Devier, Newspaper Subscription Ledger (Book 23)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Post Office Account Ledger (Book 24) Cosby Mills Ledger (Book 25) Harrisonburg (Va.) Post Office, Custodian's Record Book (Book 26) John C. Morrison Account Book (Book 27) Unidentified, Account book and travel diary (Book 28) Singers Glen Council Minutes (Book 29)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Samuel Bowman Ledger (Flat Book 1) James C. Bowman Ledger (Flat Book 2) Rawley Springs Guest Register (Flat Book 3) Addison Munch Ledger (Flat Book 4) Addison Munch Daybook (Flat Book 5) Addison Munch Daybook, Seven Fountains, Virginia (Flat Book 6)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Addison Munch Daybook (Flat Book 7) Seven Fountains Nursery, Apple Book (Flat Book 8) Bradley Foundry Ledger (Flat Book 9)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Unidentified Daybook (Flat Book 10) Unidentified Account Book (Flat Book 11) Unidentified Account Book (Flat Book 12)","This collection is owned by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society.  Written permission to quote or publish any part of this collection must be obtained through Carrier Library Special Collections on behalf of the Society. The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books, and Registers, 1804-1933, are comprised of an assortment of bound record books from various organizations and individuals, documenting a variety of agricultural, social, commercial, and educational endeavors in Harrisonburg and surrounding counties in the 19th and 20th centuries.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Tri-State Tobacco Growers Association","Grottoes Investment Company (Va.)","Ashby Memorial Association (Va.)","Public White School # 6 (Plains School District)","Valley Turnpike Company (Va.)","Addison Munch Store (Seven Fountains, Va.)","Seven Fountains Nursery (Va.)","Bradley Foundry (Va.)","Rawley Springs (Resort)","Werner, John","Kiser, George","Kyle, David","Kyle, Harvey","Kyle, James","Burkholder, John","Habron, James","Bushnell, William","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0079","/repositories/4/resources/239"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Shenandoah Valley miscellaneous ledgers, minute books, and registers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Shenandoah Valley miscellaneous ledgers, minute books, and registers"],"collection_ssim":["Shenandoah Valley miscellaneous ledgers, minute books, and registers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Confederate States of America -- History -- Societies, etc.","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Societies, etc. -- Confederate","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History"],"geogname_ssim":["Confederate States of America -- History -- Societies, etc.","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Societies, etc. -- Confederate","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History"],"creator_ssm":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"creators_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society"],"places_ssim":["Confederate States of America -- History -- Societies, etc.","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Societies, etc. -- Confederate","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History"],"access_terms_ssm":["This collection is owned by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society.  Written permission to quote or publish any part of this collection must be obtained through Carrier Library Special Collections on behalf of the Society. The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was place on deposit by contract with the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society. The first five books were acquired in 1985; further additions were made in 1992 and 1995."],"access_subjects_ssim":[" Tobacco -- Cooperative Marketing -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Trust Companies -- Virginia -- Grottoes","Schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Ledgers (account books)","Account books","Minute books","Daybooks","Registers (lists)","Business records"],"access_subjects_ssm":[" Tobacco -- Cooperative Marketing -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Trust Companies -- Virginia -- Grottoes","Schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Ledgers (account books)","Account books","Minute books","Daybooks","Registers (lists)","Business records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["5.17 cubic feet 10 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["5.17 cubic feet 10 boxes"],"physfacet_tesim":["41 ledgers"],"genreform_ssim":["Ledgers (account books)","Account books","Minute books","Daybooks","Registers (lists)","Business records"],"date_range_isim":[1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlso available on microfilm, housed in Special Collections. Additional copies of the microfilm are owned by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society and the Library of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso available on microfilm, Reels 1480-1485, at Special Collections of James Madison University and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Other Formats Available","Alternative Form Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["Also available on microfilm, housed in Special Collections. Additional copies of the microfilm are owned by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society and the Library of Virginia.","Also available on microfilm, Reels 1480-1485, at Special Collections of James Madison University and at the Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was numerically arranged based on the order of accession. In the summer of 2008, the physical order of the books was changed to maximize storage space, however original numbering was retained. See the contents list below for the current physical arrangement.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection was numerically arranged based on the order of accession. In the summer of 2008, the physical order of the books was changed to maximize storage space, however original numbering was retained. See the contents list below for the current physical arrangement."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBook 1 is the contract book of the Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association (now called the Tri-State Tobacco Growers Association). The Association was founded in 1922 and acts as a marketing association for the two Carolinas and Virginia, including Rockingham County where attempts were made to grow tobacco in the 1920s. Book 2, an unidentified business ledger, 1856 to 1858, lists sales of brandy as well as other items and labor. Book 3 is representative of the Grottoes Investment Company, a real estate investment company founded in 1891 at Shendun (now known as Grottoes, Virginia). The Ashby Memorial Association was a Confederate veteran's organization founded in 1897 whose membership included those from the S.B. Gibbons Camp, the Turner Ashby Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy and the Turner Ashby Camp of Sons of Confederate Veterans. Book 4 includes the minutes of the Ashby Memorial Association from July 1897 to April 1898. Book 5 is the school register for Public White School No. Six. The school was one of several schools located in the Plains District of Rockingham County. Book 20 records the accounts of the Valley Turnpike Company. Incorporated in 1834, the company was one of several companies authorized to construct a number of toll roads, including the one from Staunton to Winchester. Book 21 has been transcribed and published as the Michael Baker Store Account Book; see Related Material.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Book 1 is the contract book of the Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association (now called the Tri-State Tobacco Growers Association). The Association was founded in 1922 and acts as a marketing association for the two Carolinas and Virginia, including Rockingham County where attempts were made to grow tobacco in the 1920s. Book 2, an unidentified business ledger, 1856 to 1858, lists sales of brandy as well as other items and labor. Book 3 is representative of the Grottoes Investment Company, a real estate investment company founded in 1891 at Shendun (now known as Grottoes, Virginia). The Ashby Memorial Association was a Confederate veteran's organization founded in 1897 whose membership included those from the S.B. Gibbons Camp, the Turner Ashby Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy and the Turner Ashby Camp of Sons of Confederate Veterans. Book 4 includes the minutes of the Ashby Memorial Association from July 1897 to April 1898. Book 5 is the school register for Public White School No. Six. The school was one of several schools located in the Plains District of Rockingham County. Book 20 records the accounts of the Valley Turnpike Company. Incorporated in 1834, the company was one of several companies authorized to construct a number of toll roads, including the one from Staunton to Winchester. Book 21 has been transcribed and published as the Michael Baker Store Account Book; see Related Material."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is an amalgamation of a number of business and personal ledgers, minute books, and registers that are owned by the Historical Society. The collection is representative of multiple donations to the Historical Society, and in turn, multiple deposits to JMU.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePer a typed note laid in the ledger: \"This ledger was loaned to us by Schuyler Bradley. It belonged to his Great-Grandfather, who founded the Bradley Foundry on the Warm Springs Pike, which is now Old South High Street. The business was started in 1856.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance","Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["This collection is an amalgamation of a number of business and personal ledgers, minute books, and registers that are owned by the Historical Society. The collection is representative of multiple donations to the Historical Society, and in turn, multiple deposits to JMU.","Per a typed note laid in the ledger: \"This ledger was loaned to us by Schuyler Bradley. It belonged to his Great-Grandfather, who founded the Bradley Foundry on the Warm Springs Pike, which is now Old South High Street. The business was started in 1856.\""],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of Item], [box #, folder #], Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books and Registers, 1804-1933, SC 0079, on deposit from Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, Dayton, Va., housed in Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of Item], [box #, folder #], Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books and Registers, 1804-1933, SC 0079, on deposit from Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society, Dayton, Va., housed in Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBooks designated as flat by \"FL\" were rearranged in the summer of 2008 to maximize storage space. Books FL#1-12 are listed in the contents list below according to their physical arrangement. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2005.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Books designated as flat by \"FL\" were rearranged in the summer of 2008 to maximize storage space. Books FL#1-12 are listed in the contents list below according to their physical arrangement. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2005."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books and Registers, 1804-1933, comprise an assortment of bound record books from various organizations and individuals, documenting a variety of agricultural, social, commercial, and educational endeavors in Harrisonburg and surrounding counties in the 19th and 20th centuries. Books 1-5 represent the first acquisition of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContains marketing and association agreements. Folder contains agreement, affidavit, and two letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eList sales of brandy as well as other items and labor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLists pupils, subjects, attendance registers, and description of school house.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMostly shoe repairs and manufacture\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShoes, farm items and labor\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecords agricultural labor and payment\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes livestock and other agricultural transactions\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLists visits and medicine, including to Negroes and later entries concern land, bonds, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLists various items from spices to furniture; back cover gives data on Kyle's moves around the Valley.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003emay be the daybook of a Harrisonburg general store\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLedger of agricultural \u0026amp; some dry goods.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eaccounts, bonds, interest, repairs, expenses, and salaries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003emostly food and wood\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePartly in German\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePictures of popular apple types.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSales, hauling, \u0026amp; odd jobs; receipts \u0026amp; orders associated with Bowman's Mill\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBowman's Mill miscellaneous sales\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSales at the store of James Habron.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSales at the store of James Habron.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeal of Addison Munch Dealer in Dry- Goods, Seven Fountains, VA, on the last page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003etobacco, grain, etc., McGaheysville.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003emiscellaneous\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003emiscellaneous items, Lacey Spring.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis reel includes the following ledgers:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eTobacco Growers Cooperative Association, Contract Book (Book 1)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eUnidentified business ledger (Book 2)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eGrottoes Investment Company, Board of Directors Minutes (Book 3)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eAshby Memorial Association, Minutes (Book 4)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003ePublic White School No. 6, Plains District, Rockingham County, School Register (Book 5)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eJohn Werner Ledger (Book 6)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eUnidentified Ledger (Book 7)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eJames Bush Ledger (Book 8)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eGeorge Kiser, Estate Accounts (Book 9)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eDavid Kyle Ledger (Book 10)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eHarvey Kyle Ledger (Book 11)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eJames Kyle, Account Book (Book 12)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eDavid Kyle, Estate Accounts (Book 13)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eJohn Burkholder Ledger (Book 14)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eFunkhauser Paul Ledger (Book 15)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis reel includes the following ledgers:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eUnidentified Ledger (Book 16)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eWilliam Bushnell's Ledger; Carriage maker, Harrisonburg, Virginia (Book 17)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003ePeter Roller Ledger (Book 18)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eRobert Gray Ledger (Book 19)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eLedger of Valley Turnpike County (Book 20)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eJoseph and John Baker Daybook (Book 21)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eDaybook of David Steele (Book 22)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eGiles Devier, Newspaper Subscription Ledger (Book 23)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis reel includes the following ledgers:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003citem\u003ePost Office Account Ledger (Book 24)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eCosby Mills Ledger (Book 25)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eHarrisonburg (Va.) Post Office, Custodian's Record Book (Book 26)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eJohn C. Morrison Account Book (Book 27)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eUnidentified, Account book and travel diary (Book 28)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eSingers Glen Council Minutes (Book 29)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis reel includes the following ledgers:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eSamuel Bowman Ledger (Flat Book 1)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eJames C. Bowman Ledger (Flat Book 2)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eRawley Springs Guest Register (Flat Book 3)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eAddison Munch Ledger (Flat Book 4)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eAddison Munch Daybook (Flat Book 5)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eAddison Munch Daybook, Seven Fountains, Virginia (Flat Book 6)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis reel includes the following ledgers:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eAddison Munch Daybook (Flat Book 7)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eSeven Fountains Nursery, Apple Book (Flat Book 8)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eBradley Foundry Ledger (Flat Book 9)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis reel includes the following ledgers:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\u003citem\u003eUnidentified Daybook (Flat Book 10)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eUnidentified Account Book (Flat Book 11)\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003eUnidentified Account Book (Flat Book 12)\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books and Registers, 1804-1933, comprise an assortment of bound record books from various organizations and individuals, documenting a variety of agricultural, social, commercial, and educational endeavors in Harrisonburg and surrounding counties in the 19th and 20th centuries. Books 1-5 represent the first acquisition of the collection.","Contains marketing and association agreements. Folder contains agreement, affidavit, and two letters.","List sales of brandy as well as other items and labor.","Lists pupils, subjects, attendance registers, and description of school house.","Mostly shoe repairs and manufacture","Shoes, farm items and labor","Records agricultural labor and payment","Includes livestock and other agricultural transactions","Lists visits and medicine, including to Negroes and later entries concern land, bonds, etc.","Lists various items from spices to furniture; back cover gives data on Kyle's moves around the Valley.","may be the daybook of a Harrisonburg general store","Ledger of agricultural \u0026 some dry goods.","accounts, bonds, interest, repairs, expenses, and salaries.","mostly food and wood","Partly in German","Pictures of popular apple types.","Sales, hauling, \u0026 odd jobs; receipts \u0026 orders associated with Bowman's Mill","Bowman's Mill miscellaneous sales","Sales at the store of James Habron.","Sales at the store of James Habron.","Seal of Addison Munch Dealer in Dry- Goods, Seven Fountains, VA, on the last page.","tobacco, grain, etc., McGaheysville.","miscellaneous","miscellaneous items, Lacey Spring.","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association, Contract Book (Book 1) Unidentified business ledger (Book 2) Grottoes Investment Company, Board of Directors Minutes (Book 3) Ashby Memorial Association, Minutes (Book 4) Public White School No. 6, Plains District, Rockingham County, School Register (Book 5) John Werner Ledger (Book 6) Unidentified Ledger (Book 7) James Bush Ledger (Book 8) George Kiser, Estate Accounts (Book 9) David Kyle Ledger (Book 10) Harvey Kyle Ledger (Book 11) James Kyle, Account Book (Book 12) David Kyle, Estate Accounts (Book 13) John Burkholder Ledger (Book 14) Funkhauser Paul Ledger (Book 15)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Unidentified Ledger (Book 16) William Bushnell's Ledger; Carriage maker, Harrisonburg, Virginia (Book 17) Peter Roller Ledger (Book 18) Robert Gray Ledger (Book 19) Ledger of Valley Turnpike County (Book 20) Joseph and John Baker Daybook (Book 21) Daybook of David Steele (Book 22) Giles Devier, Newspaper Subscription Ledger (Book 23)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Post Office Account Ledger (Book 24) Cosby Mills Ledger (Book 25) Harrisonburg (Va.) Post Office, Custodian's Record Book (Book 26) John C. Morrison Account Book (Book 27) Unidentified, Account book and travel diary (Book 28) Singers Glen Council Minutes (Book 29)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Samuel Bowman Ledger (Flat Book 1) James C. Bowman Ledger (Flat Book 2) Rawley Springs Guest Register (Flat Book 3) Addison Munch Ledger (Flat Book 4) Addison Munch Daybook (Flat Book 5) Addison Munch Daybook, Seven Fountains, Virginia (Flat Book 6)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Addison Munch Daybook (Flat Book 7) Seven Fountains Nursery, Apple Book (Flat Book 8) Bradley Foundry Ledger (Flat Book 9)","This reel includes the following ledgers:","Unidentified Daybook (Flat Book 10) Unidentified Account Book (Flat Book 11) Unidentified Account Book (Flat Book 12)"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is owned by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society.  Written permission to quote or publish any part of this collection must be obtained through Carrier Library Special Collections on behalf of the Society. The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection is owned by the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society.  Written permission to quote or publish any part of this collection must be obtained through Carrier Library Special Collections on behalf of the Society. The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collection Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_54cd309b24dc31b5d807fbe63d254345\"\u003eThe Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books, and Registers, 1804-1933, are comprised of an assortment of bound record books from various organizations and individuals, documenting a variety of agricultural, social, commercial, and educational endeavors in Harrisonburg and surrounding counties in the 19th and 20th centuries.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Shenandoah Valley Miscellaneous Ledgers, Minute Books, and Registers, 1804-1933, are comprised of an assortment of bound record books from various organizations and individuals, documenting a variety of agricultural, social, commercial, and educational endeavors in Harrisonburg and surrounding counties in the 19th and 20th centuries."],"names_coll_ssim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Tri-State Tobacco Growers Association","Grottoes Investment Company (Va.)","Ashby Memorial Association (Va.)","Public White School # 6 (Plains School District)","Valley Turnpike Company (Va.)","Addison Munch Store (Seven Fountains, Va.)","Seven Fountains Nursery (Va.)","Bradley Foundry (Va.)","Werner, John","Kiser, George","Kyle, David","Kyle, Harvey","Kyle, James","Burkholder, John","Habron, James","Bushnell, William"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Tri-State Tobacco Growers Association","Grottoes Investment Company (Va.)","Ashby Memorial Association (Va.)","Public White School # 6 (Plains School District)","Valley Turnpike Company (Va.)","Addison Munch Store (Seven Fountains, Va.)","Seven Fountains Nursery (Va.)","Bradley Foundry (Va.)","Rawley Springs (Resort)","Werner, John","Kiser, George","Kyle, David","Kyle, Harvey","Kyle, James","Burkholder, John","Habron, James","Bushnell, William"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society","Tri-State Tobacco Growers Association","Grottoes Investment Company (Va.)","Ashby Memorial Association (Va.)","Public White School # 6 (Plains School District)","Valley Turnpike Company (Va.)","Addison Munch Store (Seven Fountains, Va.)","Seven Fountains Nursery (Va.)","Bradley Foundry (Va.)","Rawley Springs (Resort)"],"persname_ssim":["Werner, John","Kiser, George","Kyle, David","Kyle, Harvey","Kyle, James","Burkholder, John","Habron, James","Bushnell, William"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":48,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:22:27.919Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_239"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"James Madison University","value":"James Madison University","hits":12},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Harrisonburg-Rockingham+Historical+Society\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1890\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=James+Madison+University\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Harrisonburg-Rockingham+Historical+Society\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1890\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Acker Family Diaries","value":"Acker Family Diaries","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Acker+Family+Diaries\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Harrisonburg-Rockingham+Historical+Society\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1890\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bowman Family Papers","value":"Bowman Family Papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Bowman+Family+Papers\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Harrisonburg-Rockingham+Historical+Society\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1890\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers","value":"Charles Triplett O'Ferrall papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Charles+Triplett+O%27Ferrall+papers\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Harrisonburg-Rockingham+Historical+Society\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1890\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Civil War Miscellaneous Collection","value":"Civil War Miscellaneous Collection","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Civil+War+Miscellaneous+Collection\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Harrisonburg-Rockingham+Historical+Society\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1890\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection","value":"Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Harrisonburg-Rockingham+Historical+Society+Collection\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Harrisonburg-Rockingham+Historical+Society\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1890\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Henkel Family Papers","value":"Henkel Family Papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Henkel+Family+Papers\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Harrisonburg-Rockingham+Historical+Society\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1890\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Henry Smals Diaries","value":"Henry Smals Diaries","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Henry+Smals+Diaries\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Harrisonburg-Rockingham+Historical+Society\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1890\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"John T. 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