{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University.+Libraries.+Special+Collections+Research+Center\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University.+Libraries.+Special+Collections+Research+Center\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=2","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University.+Libraries.+Special+Collections+Research+Center\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=4"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":4,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":38,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_425","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"19th century newspaper illustrations collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_425#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"George Mason University. 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EAD markup completed by Jordan Patty in 2016. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in November 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Jessica Lynn in 2016. EAD markup completed by Jordan Patty in 2016. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in November 2024."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center also holds other newspaper collections and collections focused on the Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center also holds other newspaper collections and collections focused on the Civil War."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of lithographs that appeared in \u003citalic\u003ePuck\u003c/italic\u003e, \u003citalic\u003eHarper's Weekly\u003c/italic\u003e, and \u003citalic\u003eIllustrated London News\u003c/italic\u003e. 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There are no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_7bd0e860ed6dec630da7153e16a554cb\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection consists of lithographs that appeared in \u003citalic\u003ePuck\u003c/italic\u003e, \u003citalic\u003eHarper's Weekly\u003c/italic\u003e, and \u003citalic\u003eIllustrated London News\u003c/italic\u003e.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection consists of lithographs that appeared in  Puck ,  Harper's Weekly , and  Illustrated London News ."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_3d7c873ff7bddb30103175eac7d77818\"\u003eOS R 2, C 1, S 2. Housed with C0286.\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["OS R 2, C 1, S 2. Housed with C0286."],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. 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Special Collections Research Center","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_588#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Adolph Bolm performance program clipping featuring a black and white headshot photo and brief biography of Adolph Bolm, which was also signed by the dancer-choreographer. On the reverse is a photo and brief biography of another ballet dancer, Andre Eglevsky. Created circa 1940.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_588#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_588","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_588","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_588","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_588","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_588.xml","title_ssm":["Adolph Bolm performance program clipping"],"title_tesim":["Adolph Bolm performance program clipping"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1940"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["circa 1940"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0490","/repositories/2/resources/588"],"text":["C0490","/repositories/2/resources/588","Adolph Bolm performance program clipping","Ballet","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single item collection.","\"Adolph Bolm.\" American Ballet Theatre, accessed 23, 2021. https://www.abt.org/people/adolph-bolm/?type=archive.","Adolph Bolm Collection, (S)*MGZMD 50, Jerome Robbins Dance Division, The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, accessed August 23, 2021, https://aspace.gmu.edu/staff/resources/588/edit#tree::resource_588.  ","Parker-Jeanette, Cyrus. \"Wandering Dancer.\" Library of Congress, February 2005. https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0502/bolm.html.","Adolph Bolm was a Russian-American ballet dancer and choreographer. Born in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1884, Bolm studied ballet from a young age, eventually creating his own dance troupe, as well as finding success with Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1909. Bolm retired from the Ballets Russes in 1917 and went on to serve in many different capacities for a number of American ballet companies. In 1940, he assisted with opening the first season of American Ballet Theatre (ABT), then known as Ballet Theatre, in New York City, NY. Bolm served as regisseur-general (stage director) of Ballet Theatre, in addition to choreographing their January 1940 performances of Prokofiev's \"Peter and the Wolf\" and another piece titled \"Mechanical Ballet.\" Bolm died in 1951.","Processing completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215.","The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on ballet, including the   which features a photograph of Andre Eglevsky. ","The New York Public Library, Jerome Robbins Dance Division holds the  .","The Library of Congress holds the  .","The Special Collections Research Center at Syracuse University holds the  .","Performance program clipping featuring a black and white headshot photo and brief biography of Adolph Bolm, which was also signed by the dancer-choreographer. On the reverse is a photo and brief biography of another ballet dancer, Andre Eglevsky. Due to the description of Bolm as \"regisseur-general of the Ballet Theatre\" and creator of the 1940 ABT ballet \"Peter and the Wolf,\" in addition to the fact that Eglevsky performed with American Ballet Theatre in the early 1940s, this clipping likely originated from an ABT performance program. However, there is no way to completely verify this.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Adolph Bolm performance program clipping featuring a black and white headshot photo and brief biography of Adolph Bolm, which was also signed by the dancer-choreographer. On the reverse is a photo and brief biography of another ballet dancer, Andre Eglevsky. Created circa 1940.","R 72, C 3, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Ballet Theatre","Bolm, Adolph, 1884-1951","Eglevsky, André","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0490","/repositories/2/resources/588"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Adolph Bolm performance program clipping"],"collection_title_tesim":["Adolph Bolm performance program clipping"],"collection_ssim":["Adolph Bolm performance program clipping"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Steve Gerber from Schubertiade Music on February 18, 2010."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Ballet"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Ballet"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1940],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single item collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single item collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Adolph Bolm.\" American Ballet Theatre, accessed 23, 2021. https://www.abt.org/people/adolph-bolm/?type=archive.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdolph Bolm Collection, (S)*MGZMD 50, Jerome Robbins Dance Division, The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, accessed August 23, 2021, https://aspace.gmu.edu/staff/resources/588/edit#tree::resource_588.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eParker-Jeanette, Cyrus. \"Wandering Dancer.\" Library of Congress, February 2005. https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0502/bolm.html.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"Adolph Bolm.\" American Ballet Theatre, accessed 23, 2021. https://www.abt.org/people/adolph-bolm/?type=archive.","Adolph Bolm Collection, (S)*MGZMD 50, Jerome Robbins Dance Division, The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, accessed August 23, 2021, https://aspace.gmu.edu/staff/resources/588/edit#tree::resource_588.  ","Parker-Jeanette, Cyrus. \"Wandering Dancer.\" Library of Congress, February 2005. https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0502/bolm.html."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdolph Bolm was a Russian-American ballet dancer and choreographer. Born in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1884, Bolm studied ballet from a young age, eventually creating his own dance troupe, as well as finding success with Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1909. Bolm retired from the Ballets Russes in 1917 and went on to serve in many different capacities for a number of American ballet companies. In 1940, he assisted with opening the first season of American Ballet Theatre (ABT), then known as Ballet Theatre, in New York City, NY. Bolm served as regisseur-general (stage director) of Ballet Theatre, in addition to choreographing their January 1940 performances of Prokofiev's \"Peter and the Wolf\" and another piece titled \"Mechanical Ballet.\" Bolm died in 1951.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Adolph Bolm was a Russian-American ballet dancer and choreographer. Born in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1884, Bolm studied ballet from a young age, eventually creating his own dance troupe, as well as finding success with Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1909. Bolm retired from the Ballets Russes in 1917 and went on to serve in many different capacities for a number of American ballet companies. In 1940, he assisted with opening the first season of American Ballet Theatre (ABT), then known as Ballet Theatre, in New York City, NY. Bolm served as regisseur-general (stage director) of Ballet Theatre, in addition to choreographing their January 1940 performances of Prokofiev's \"Peter and the Wolf\" and another piece titled \"Mechanical Ballet.\" Bolm died in 1951."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdolph Bolm performance program clipping, C0490, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Adolph Bolm performance program clipping, C0490, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on ballet, including the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo 'Les Sylphides' performance photographs by Sasha\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0481\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e which features a photograph of Andre Eglevsky. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe New York Public Library, Jerome Robbins Dance Division holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Adolph Bolm collection\" href=\"https://archives.nypl.org/dan/19693\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Library of Congress holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Adolph Bolm collection\" href=\"https://www.loc.gov/item/2010563517/\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center at Syracuse University holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Adolph Bolm papers\" href=\"https://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/b/bolm_a.htm\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on ballet, including the   which features a photograph of Andre Eglevsky. ","The New York Public Library, Jerome Robbins Dance Division holds the  .","The Library of Congress holds the  .","The Special Collections Research Center at Syracuse University holds the  ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePerformance program clipping featuring a black and white headshot photo and brief biography of Adolph Bolm, which was also signed by the dancer-choreographer. On the reverse is a photo and brief biography of another ballet dancer, Andre Eglevsky. Due to the description of Bolm as \"regisseur-general of the Ballet Theatre\" and creator of the 1940 ABT ballet \"Peter and the Wolf,\" in addition to the fact that Eglevsky performed with American Ballet Theatre in the early 1940s, this clipping likely originated from an ABT performance program. However, there is no way to completely verify this.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Performance program clipping featuring a black and white headshot photo and brief biography of Adolph Bolm, which was also signed by the dancer-choreographer. On the reverse is a photo and brief biography of another ballet dancer, Andre Eglevsky. Due to the description of Bolm as \"regisseur-general of the Ballet Theatre\" and creator of the 1940 ABT ballet \"Peter and the Wolf,\" in addition to the fact that Eglevsky performed with American Ballet Theatre in the early 1940s, this clipping likely originated from an ABT performance program. However, there is no way to completely verify this."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_c32b8478efd8b290a203931aa0308bfc\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eAdolph Bolm performance program clipping featuring a black and white headshot photo and brief biography of Adolph Bolm, which was also signed by the dancer-choreographer. On the reverse is a photo and brief biography of another ballet dancer, Andre Eglevsky. Created circa 1940.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Adolph Bolm performance program clipping featuring a black and white headshot photo and brief biography of Adolph Bolm, which was also signed by the dancer-choreographer. On the reverse is a photo and brief biography of another ballet dancer, Andre Eglevsky. Created circa 1940."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_fbb34e410296d42e1f858a09c805a891\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 5"],"names_coll_ssim":["American Ballet Theatre","Bolm, Adolph, 1884-1951","Eglevsky, André"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Ballet Theatre","Bolm, Adolph, 1884-1951","Eglevsky, André"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Ballet Theatre"],"persname_ssim":["Bolm, Adolph, 1884-1951","Eglevsky, André"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:27:54.262Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_588","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_588","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_588","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_588","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_588.xml","title_ssm":["Adolph Bolm performance program clipping"],"title_tesim":["Adolph Bolm performance program clipping"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1940"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["circa 1940"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0490","/repositories/2/resources/588"],"text":["C0490","/repositories/2/resources/588","Adolph Bolm performance program clipping","Ballet","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single item collection.","\"Adolph Bolm.\" American Ballet Theatre, accessed 23, 2021. https://www.abt.org/people/adolph-bolm/?type=archive.","Adolph Bolm Collection, (S)*MGZMD 50, Jerome Robbins Dance Division, The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, accessed August 23, 2021, https://aspace.gmu.edu/staff/resources/588/edit#tree::resource_588.  ","Parker-Jeanette, Cyrus. \"Wandering Dancer.\" Library of Congress, February 2005. https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0502/bolm.html.","Adolph Bolm was a Russian-American ballet dancer and choreographer. Born in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1884, Bolm studied ballet from a young age, eventually creating his own dance troupe, as well as finding success with Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1909. Bolm retired from the Ballets Russes in 1917 and went on to serve in many different capacities for a number of American ballet companies. In 1940, he assisted with opening the first season of American Ballet Theatre (ABT), then known as Ballet Theatre, in New York City, NY. Bolm served as regisseur-general (stage director) of Ballet Theatre, in addition to choreographing their January 1940 performances of Prokofiev's \"Peter and the Wolf\" and another piece titled \"Mechanical Ballet.\" Bolm died in 1951.","Processing completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215.","The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on ballet, including the   which features a photograph of Andre Eglevsky. ","The New York Public Library, Jerome Robbins Dance Division holds the  .","The Library of Congress holds the  .","The Special Collections Research Center at Syracuse University holds the  .","Performance program clipping featuring a black and white headshot photo and brief biography of Adolph Bolm, which was also signed by the dancer-choreographer. On the reverse is a photo and brief biography of another ballet dancer, Andre Eglevsky. Due to the description of Bolm as \"regisseur-general of the Ballet Theatre\" and creator of the 1940 ABT ballet \"Peter and the Wolf,\" in addition to the fact that Eglevsky performed with American Ballet Theatre in the early 1940s, this clipping likely originated from an ABT performance program. However, there is no way to completely verify this.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Adolph Bolm performance program clipping featuring a black and white headshot photo and brief biography of Adolph Bolm, which was also signed by the dancer-choreographer. On the reverse is a photo and brief biography of another ballet dancer, Andre Eglevsky. Created circa 1940.","R 72, C 3, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Ballet Theatre","Bolm, Adolph, 1884-1951","Eglevsky, André","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0490","/repositories/2/resources/588"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Adolph Bolm performance program clipping"],"collection_title_tesim":["Adolph Bolm performance program clipping"],"collection_ssim":["Adolph Bolm performance program clipping"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Steve Gerber from Schubertiade Music on February 18, 2010."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Ballet"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Ballet"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1940],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single item collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single item collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Adolph Bolm.\" American Ballet Theatre, accessed 23, 2021. https://www.abt.org/people/adolph-bolm/?type=archive.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdolph Bolm Collection, (S)*MGZMD 50, Jerome Robbins Dance Division, The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, accessed August 23, 2021, https://aspace.gmu.edu/staff/resources/588/edit#tree::resource_588.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eParker-Jeanette, Cyrus. \"Wandering Dancer.\" Library of Congress, February 2005. https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0502/bolm.html.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"Adolph Bolm.\" American Ballet Theatre, accessed 23, 2021. https://www.abt.org/people/adolph-bolm/?type=archive.","Adolph Bolm Collection, (S)*MGZMD 50, Jerome Robbins Dance Division, The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, accessed August 23, 2021, https://aspace.gmu.edu/staff/resources/588/edit#tree::resource_588.  ","Parker-Jeanette, Cyrus. \"Wandering Dancer.\" Library of Congress, February 2005. https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0502/bolm.html."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdolph Bolm was a Russian-American ballet dancer and choreographer. Born in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1884, Bolm studied ballet from a young age, eventually creating his own dance troupe, as well as finding success with Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1909. Bolm retired from the Ballets Russes in 1917 and went on to serve in many different capacities for a number of American ballet companies. In 1940, he assisted with opening the first season of American Ballet Theatre (ABT), then known as Ballet Theatre, in New York City, NY. Bolm served as regisseur-general (stage director) of Ballet Theatre, in addition to choreographing their January 1940 performances of Prokofiev's \"Peter and the Wolf\" and another piece titled \"Mechanical Ballet.\" Bolm died in 1951.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Adolph Bolm was a Russian-American ballet dancer and choreographer. Born in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1884, Bolm studied ballet from a young age, eventually creating his own dance troupe, as well as finding success with Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1909. Bolm retired from the Ballets Russes in 1917 and went on to serve in many different capacities for a number of American ballet companies. In 1940, he assisted with opening the first season of American Ballet Theatre (ABT), then known as Ballet Theatre, in New York City, NY. Bolm served as regisseur-general (stage director) of Ballet Theatre, in addition to choreographing their January 1940 performances of Prokofiev's \"Peter and the Wolf\" and another piece titled \"Mechanical Ballet.\" Bolm died in 1951."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdolph Bolm performance program clipping, C0490, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Adolph Bolm performance program clipping, C0490, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on ballet, including the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo 'Les Sylphides' performance photographs by Sasha\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0481\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e which features a photograph of Andre Eglevsky. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe New York Public Library, Jerome Robbins Dance Division holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Adolph Bolm collection\" href=\"https://archives.nypl.org/dan/19693\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Library of Congress holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Adolph Bolm collection\" href=\"https://www.loc.gov/item/2010563517/\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center at Syracuse University holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Adolph Bolm papers\" href=\"https://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/b/bolm_a.htm\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections and materials on ballet, including the   which features a photograph of Andre Eglevsky. ","The New York Public Library, Jerome Robbins Dance Division holds the  .","The Library of Congress holds the  .","The Special Collections Research Center at Syracuse University holds the  ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePerformance program clipping featuring a black and white headshot photo and brief biography of Adolph Bolm, which was also signed by the dancer-choreographer. On the reverse is a photo and brief biography of another ballet dancer, Andre Eglevsky. Due to the description of Bolm as \"regisseur-general of the Ballet Theatre\" and creator of the 1940 ABT ballet \"Peter and the Wolf,\" in addition to the fact that Eglevsky performed with American Ballet Theatre in the early 1940s, this clipping likely originated from an ABT performance program. However, there is no way to completely verify this.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Performance program clipping featuring a black and white headshot photo and brief biography of Adolph Bolm, which was also signed by the dancer-choreographer. On the reverse is a photo and brief biography of another ballet dancer, Andre Eglevsky. Due to the description of Bolm as \"regisseur-general of the Ballet Theatre\" and creator of the 1940 ABT ballet \"Peter and the Wolf,\" in addition to the fact that Eglevsky performed with American Ballet Theatre in the early 1940s, this clipping likely originated from an ABT performance program. However, there is no way to completely verify this."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_c32b8478efd8b290a203931aa0308bfc\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eAdolph Bolm performance program clipping featuring a black and white headshot photo and brief biography of Adolph Bolm, which was also signed by the dancer-choreographer. On the reverse is a photo and brief biography of another ballet dancer, Andre Eglevsky. Created circa 1940.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Adolph Bolm performance program clipping featuring a black and white headshot photo and brief biography of Adolph Bolm, which was also signed by the dancer-choreographer. On the reverse is a photo and brief biography of another ballet dancer, Andre Eglevsky. Created circa 1940."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_fbb34e410296d42e1f858a09c805a891\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 5"],"names_coll_ssim":["American Ballet Theatre","Bolm, Adolph, 1884-1951","Eglevsky, André"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Ballet Theatre","Bolm, Adolph, 1884-1951","Eglevsky, André"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Ballet Theatre"],"persname_ssim":["Bolm, Adolph, 1884-1951","Eglevsky, André"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:27:54.262Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_588"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_761.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761"],"text":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761","African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans","World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.","In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to  World War I , including the  Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs , and other stereographic photographs can be found in the  Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection .","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.","Public Domain. There are no known restrictions.","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.","R 71, C 2, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"collection_ssim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"places_ssim":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"access_terms_ssm":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Max Rambod Rare Books in March 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs","Photographic prints"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBuffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/subjects/sh85148236\"\u003eWorld War I\u003c/a\u003e, including the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0502\"\u003eUnderwood \u0026amp; Underwood World War I press photographs\u003c/a\u003e, and other stereographic photographs can be found in the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0511\"\u003eRandolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to  World War I , including the  Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs , and other stereographic photographs can be found in the  Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026amp; Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026amp; Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePublic Domain. There are no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d3fa1fe7c98076307fccc07df27c7ebd\"\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_fc5aacd7cedb4795a66a246dc221e394\"\u003eR 71, C 2, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 71, C 2, S 5"],"names_coll_ssim":["Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:39:49.574Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_761.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1890s-1910s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761"],"text":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761","African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs","United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans","World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.","In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to  World War I , including the  Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs , and other stereographic photographs can be found in the  Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection .","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.","Public Domain. There are no known restrictions.","Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.","R 71, C 2, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0539","/repositories/2/resources/761"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"collection_ssim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)"],"places_ssim":["United States -- Armed Forces -- African Americans"],"access_terms_ssm":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Max Rambod Rare Books in March 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1914-1918","Photography, Stereoscopic","World War, 1914-1918 -- African Americans","African Americans","Photographs","Photographic prints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs","Photographic prints"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBuffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["American Antiquarian Society. n.d. \"Stereographs.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.americanantiquarian.org/stereographs.","Buffalo Soldiers National Museum. n.d. \"Who Are the Buffalo Soldiers?\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://buffalosoldiersmuseum.org/the-buffalo-soldiers/.","National Museum of African American History and Culture. n.d. \"Buffalo Soldiers.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/buffalo-soldiers.","National Portrait Gallery. n.d. \"Stereoscopic Photographs in the Collection.\" Accessed December 5, 2025. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/stereoscopic-photographs-in-the-collection/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1866, following an act of Congress, six all African American Army units were created: the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry divisions. The four infantry divisions were reorganized three years later, in 1869, to form the 24th and 25th infantry regiments. While African Americans had fought in military conflicts since the colonial era, these units, popularly known as the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" and which included both those formerly enslaved and freemen, were the first to serve during peacetime. Notably, the Buffalo Soldiers served among the country's first National Park Rangers and played a key role in Westward expansion, including escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews. The 9th and 10th cavalry regiments also participated in campaigns against Native American tribes across the Southwest and Great Plains, which is purportedly where the units gained the name \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" although its exact origins are unclear. Additionally, the Buffalo Soldiers served a formal role in nearly all major American wars following the Civil War, including the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish American War (1898), and World War I (1917-1918) along with the 369th Infantry Regiment, another all-Black unit known as the \"Harlem Hellfighters.\"","First conceptualized by physicist and experimental philosopher Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) in 1832, the practice of stereoscopy developed into an early form of three-dimensional photography by the mid-late 19th century. Stereographs consist of two photographs taken of the same scene from slightly different angles, that are mounted alongside each other on a single, standard-sized, stiff card. When viewed through a stereoscopic lens, the illusion of a three-dimensional image is achieved by mimicking the human eye's perception of depth, with each eye seeing a slightly different view of the field of vision, which is imitated through the stereograph's two mounted photographs. While popular throughout the early 20th century as entertainment, stereographs were also used in reporting and documenting current events, including parades, disasters, wars, and politics."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African American Buffalo Soldiers stereoscopic photographs, C0539, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in December 2025."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/subjects/sh85148236\"\u003eWorld War I\u003c/a\u003e, including the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0502\"\u003eUnderwood \u0026amp; Underwood World War I press photographs\u003c/a\u003e, and other stereographic photographs can be found in the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0511\"\u003eRandolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections related to  World War I , including the  Underwood \u0026 Underwood World War I press photographs , and other stereographic photographs can be found in the  Randolph Lytton historic Washington, D.C. postcards and photographs collection ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026amp; Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026amp; Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers circa 1890s-1910s, including during and after World War I (WWI). Seven published by the Keystone View Company depict members of the 15th Regiment, 369th Infantry; \"Roosevelt Guard\" and \"Litter Bearers, Medical Detachment,\" 8th Regiment; 2nd Battalion, E., G., A and F, 24th Infantry; and unidentified troops in Europe during WWI. One photograph is attributed to Underwood \u0026 Underwood photographers and two additional photographs include detailed text printed on the back providing context and historical information about the Buffalo Soldiers and \"colored troops.\" Two were published by H.C. White company, indicating a copyright of 1905, and depict members of Troop D, 9th Cavalry on the trunk of the Fallen Monarch, Mariposa Grove, California. Two were published by Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman, indicating dates of 1898-1899, and depict an Industrial Parade at Booker Washington School, Tuskegee, Alabama and members of the 8th U.S. Infantry. The final two photographs were published by Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York) and Underwood \u0026 Underwood (European Publishers) depicting members of the 9th Ohio at Camp Alger, Virginia and \"The original Buffaloes, 367 Infantry\" during Rifle practice at Camp Upton, New York respectively."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePublic Domain. There are no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d3fa1fe7c98076307fccc07df27c7ebd\"\u003eThirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Thirteen stereoscopic photographs of African American Buffalo Soldiers."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_fc5aacd7cedb4795a66a246dc221e394\"\u003eR 71, C 2, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 71, C 2, S 5"],"names_coll_ssim":["Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Keystone View Company","H.C. White Co","Strohmeyer \u0026 Wyman","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","Webster \u0026 Albee Publishers (Rochester, New York)","United States. Army. Cavalry, 9th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 24th (1869-1951)","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 369th","United States. Army. Infantry Regiment, 370th"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:39:49.574Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_761"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African American women real photo postcards","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_679.xml","title_ssm":["African American women real photo postcards"],"title_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1910s-1940s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1910s-1940s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679"],"text":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679","African American women real photo postcards","Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","Hill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\"   School of Information, University of Michigan  (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. ","\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.","\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.","\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/.","In 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.","In the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023.","The Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the  Jack Rottier photograph collection .","The Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia.","A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026 Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.","Date range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see  \"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"  for more information).","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.","A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings.","R 72, C 3, S 6","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American women real photo postcards"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards"],"collection_ssim":["African American women real photo postcards"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased from Schubertiade Music by Lynn Eaton in April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Portrait photographs"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\" \u003ctitle\u003e School of Information, University of Michigan\u003c/title\u003e (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Hill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\"   School of Information, University of Michigan  (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. ","\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.","\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.","\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.","In the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American women real photo postcards, C0396, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards, C0396, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0003\"\u003eJack Rottier photograph collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the  Jack Rottier photograph collection .","The Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026amp; Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDate range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see \u003ca href=\"https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/\"\u003e\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"\u003c/a\u003e for more information).\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026 Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.","Date range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see  \"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"  for more information)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ad7534f1dcb1cdf3fb0f3974c02f6ef7\"\u003eA group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_b71d71a2c2f7c29e2d97def2920be992\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 6\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 6"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:39:17.567Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_679.xml","title_ssm":["African American women real photo postcards"],"title_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1910s-1940s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1910s-1940s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679"],"text":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679","African American women real photo postcards","Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","Hill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\"   School of Information, University of Michigan  (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. ","\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.","\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.","\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/.","In 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.","In the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023.","The Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the  Jack Rottier photograph collection .","The Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia.","A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026 Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.","Date range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see  \"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"  for more information).","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.","A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings.","R 72, C 3, S 6","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0396","/repositories/2/resources/679"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American women real photo postcards"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards"],"collection_ssim":["African American women real photo postcards"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased from Schubertiade Music by Lynn Eaton in April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Photography","Real photo postcards","African American women","African Americans","Portrait photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Portrait photographs"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\" \u003ctitle\u003e School of Information, University of Michigan\u003c/title\u003e (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Hill, Samantha. 2021. \"How Black People in the 19th Century Used Photography as a Tool for Social Change.\"   School of Information, University of Michigan  (blog). March 1, 2021. https://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change. ","\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards.\" 2017. Sports Collectors Daily. September 5, 2017. https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/.","\"Real Photo Postcards.\" n.d. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/real-photo-postcards.","\"These Pictures by Early African-American Photographers Did More Than Capture a Moment.\" 2019. Time. March 5, 2019. https://time.com/5539596/early-african-american-photographers/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1903, Eastman Kodak Company released a new camera to capitalize on the current global interest in postcards: the No. 3A Folding Pocket Kodak. This small camera was portable and designed specifically for postcard sized film, allowing the real photographic images to be printed directly onto a blank card, making it possible, and affordable, for anyone to create their own, mailable postcards, either for personal use or as a business. As such, the subjects of real photo postcards were widely varied, including slices of everyday life, such as local shops and humorous antics, but the majority served as formal family portraits to distribute to friends and relatives.","In the early 20th century, there was also an increased emphasis on capturing photographs that portrayed Black subjects respectfully and affirmingly. Within the African American community, posing for a photograph was a way to push back against the overly \"sympathetic\" images captured by earlier white photographers and counteract racist caricatures. The affordability of Kodak's postcard camera increased the ability for African American families and individuals to commission and share personal and family images on their own terms."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican American women real photo postcards, C0396, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African American women real photo postcards, C0396, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from September - October 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0003\"\u003eJack Rottier photograph collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds many other portrait and general photography collections such as the  Jack Rottier photograph collection .","The Thomas Balch Library holds many collections of photographs documenting Black history in Loudoun County and Northern Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026amp; Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDate range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see \u003ca href=\"https://www.sportscollectorsdaily.com/dating-vintage-real-photo-postcards/\"\u003e\"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"\u003c/a\u003e for more information).\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings. Professional portraits were taken in a variety of locations including Riter's Studio in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Peoples Photo Studio in Parkersburg, West Virginia, Bell Studio in New York City, New York, Elite Studio in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and Hoover Studios in Carlisle \u0026 Newville, Pennsylvania. Other possible locations include Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio, Morgantown, West Virginia, Savannah, Georgia, and Chicago, Illinois. Many contain personal inscriptions and identifications written on the back, and one is largely covered with black backing paper residue on top of pencil markings and drawings, likely from a child.","Date range estimates are based on stamp box markings where possible (see  \"How to Date Real Photo Postcards\"  for more information)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","Materials created prior to 1925 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ad7534f1dcb1cdf3fb0f3974c02f6ef7\"\u003eA group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["A group of 25 real photo postcard portraits of African American women, in both studio and informal settings."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_b71d71a2c2f7c29e2d97def2920be992\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 6\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 6"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:39:17.567Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_679"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_542","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"\"Aida\" opera costume paintings","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_542#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_542#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Seven pen and watercolor paintings on paper of character and chorus member costume designs for the opera \"Aida,\" circa early 1870s.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_542#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_542","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_542","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_542","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_542","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_542.xml","title_ssm":["\"Aida\" opera costume paintings"],"title_tesim":["\"Aida\" opera costume paintings"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa early 1870s"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["circa early 1870s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0473","/repositories/2/resources/542"],"text":["C0473","/repositories/2/resources/542","\"Aida\" opera costume paintings","Art","Costume design","Opera","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","Groenert, Kaeli, \"Blackface at the Met: An exploration of the casting of performers of color in the roles of Aida and Othello from 2007-2017\" (2019). Music. 1. https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/honorscollege_music/1.","Holmes, Helen. \"The Met Casts Anna Netrebko as 'Aida' Despite Her Past Controversy in the Role,\" February 13, 2020. Observer. https://observer.com/2020/02/anna-netrebko-aida-met-opera-casting-2020-2021-season-details/.","\"Synopsis: Aida.\" The Metropolitan Opera. Accessed March 15, 2021. https://www.metopera.org/user-information/synopses-archive/aida.","\"Aida\" is a four-act opera by Giuseppe Verde that premiered in 1871. Set in the Old Kingdom of Egypt and sung in Italian, it tells the story of an enslaved Ethiopian princess, the titular Aida, who is brought to the Egyptian court. Unbeknownst to the court, the Egyptian military commander Radames is in love with Aida, who also returns his love. Throughout the opera the couple struggles to assert their love, while also honoring their respective countries and dealing with the war that ensues between Egypt and Ethiopia. \"Aida\" was immensely popular when it premiered and is still considered one of the most beloved operas today. ","\"Aida\" has a performance history of brown and blackface, with white singers often performing characters of another race. This occurred as recently as early 2020, though there has been more effort in the opera world to cast racially appropriate singers in these roles, particularly that of Aida.","Processing completed by Amanda Brent in March 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in March 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215.","The Special Collections Research Center also holds the   and the  , as well as other materials related to opera, costume design, and the performing arts.","Seven pen and watercolor paintings on paper of character and chorus member costume designs for the opera \"Aida,\" made circa early 1870s. Featured are Radames in Act I, Scene 1 and Act II, Scene 4; Ax-bearers from Act II, Scene 4; Officers of the chorus, Act I, Scene 1 and Act II, Scene 4; Amneris in Act II, Scene 4; and The King, Act II, Scene 4 and Act I, Scene 1. Notably absent are the roles of Aida, Amonasro, and Ramfis. Each painting has the name of the role written in pen on the lower left corner and the act and scene numbers on the bottom right corner. The main roles have the voice range written next to the role name. All text is written in French.","Public Domain. There are no known restrictions.","Seven pen and watercolor paintings on paper of character and chorus member costume designs for the opera \"Aida,\" circa early 1870s.","R 72, C 3, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Verdi, Giuseppe, 1813-1901. (Title of work: Aïda.)","French \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0473","/repositories/2/resources/542"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"Aida\" opera costume paintings"],"collection_title_tesim":["\"Aida\" opera costume paintings"],"collection_ssim":["\"Aida\" opera costume paintings"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Steve Gerber from J \u0026 J Lubrano Music Antiquarians in September 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Art","Costume design","Opera"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Art","Costume design","Opera"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 7 paintings"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 7 paintings"],"date_range_isim":[1870],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGroenert, Kaeli, \"Blackface at the Met: An exploration of the casting of performers of color in the roles of Aida and Othello from 2007-2017\" (2019). Music. 1. https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/honorscollege_music/1.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHolmes, Helen. \"The Met Casts Anna Netrebko as 'Aida' Despite Her Past Controversy in the Role,\" February 13, 2020. Observer. https://observer.com/2020/02/anna-netrebko-aida-met-opera-casting-2020-2021-season-details/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Synopsis: Aida.\" The Metropolitan Opera. Accessed March 15, 2021. https://www.metopera.org/user-information/synopses-archive/aida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Groenert, Kaeli, \"Blackface at the Met: An exploration of the casting of performers of color in the roles of Aida and Othello from 2007-2017\" (2019). Music. 1. https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/honorscollege_music/1.","Holmes, Helen. \"The Met Casts Anna Netrebko as 'Aida' Despite Her Past Controversy in the Role,\" February 13, 2020. Observer. https://observer.com/2020/02/anna-netrebko-aida-met-opera-casting-2020-2021-season-details/.","\"Synopsis: Aida.\" The Metropolitan Opera. Accessed March 15, 2021. https://www.metopera.org/user-information/synopses-archive/aida."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Aida\" is a four-act opera by Giuseppe Verde that premiered in 1871. Set in the Old Kingdom of Egypt and sung in Italian, it tells the story of an enslaved Ethiopian princess, the titular Aida, who is brought to the Egyptian court. Unbeknownst to the court, the Egyptian military commander Radames is in love with Aida, who also returns his love. Throughout the opera the couple struggles to assert their love, while also honoring their respective countries and dealing with the war that ensues between Egypt and Ethiopia. \"Aida\" was immensely popular when it premiered and is still considered one of the most beloved operas today. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Aida\" has a performance history of brown and blackface, with white singers often performing characters of another race. This occurred as recently as early 2020, though there has been more effort in the opera world to cast racially appropriate singers in these roles, particularly that of Aida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["\"Aida\" is a four-act opera by Giuseppe Verde that premiered in 1871. Set in the Old Kingdom of Egypt and sung in Italian, it tells the story of an enslaved Ethiopian princess, the titular Aida, who is brought to the Egyptian court. Unbeknownst to the court, the Egyptian military commander Radames is in love with Aida, who also returns his love. Throughout the opera the couple struggles to assert their love, while also honoring their respective countries and dealing with the war that ensues between Egypt and Ethiopia. \"Aida\" was immensely popular when it premiered and is still considered one of the most beloved operas today. ","\"Aida\" has a performance history of brown and blackface, with white singers often performing characters of another race. This occurred as recently as early 2020, though there has been more effort in the opera world to cast racially appropriate singers in these roles, particularly that of Aida."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Aida\" opera costume paintings, C0473, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["\"Aida\" opera costume paintings, C0473, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Amanda Brent in March 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in March 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Amanda Brent in March 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in March 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center also holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Single 'Aida' opera costume painting (C0474)\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/repositories/2/resources/543\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e and the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"'Cavalleria rusticana' opera costume paintings\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/repositories/2/resources/541\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, as well as other materials related to opera, costume design, and the performing arts.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center also holds the   and the  , as well as other materials related to opera, costume design, and the performing arts."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeven pen and watercolor paintings on paper of character and chorus member costume designs for the opera \"Aida,\" made circa early 1870s. Featured are Radames in Act I, Scene 1 and Act II, Scene 4; Ax-bearers from Act II, Scene 4; Officers of the chorus, Act I, Scene 1 and Act II, Scene 4; Amneris in Act II, Scene 4; and The King, Act II, Scene 4 and Act I, Scene 1. Notably absent are the roles of Aida, Amonasro, and Ramfis. Each painting has the name of the role written in pen on the lower left corner and the act and scene numbers on the bottom right corner. The main roles have the voice range written next to the role name. All text is written in French.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Seven pen and watercolor paintings on paper of character and chorus member costume designs for the opera \"Aida,\" made circa early 1870s. Featured are Radames in Act I, Scene 1 and Act II, Scene 4; Ax-bearers from Act II, Scene 4; Officers of the chorus, Act I, Scene 1 and Act II, Scene 4; Amneris in Act II, Scene 4; and The King, Act II, Scene 4 and Act I, Scene 1. Notably absent are the roles of Aida, Amonasro, and Ramfis. Each painting has the name of the role written in pen on the lower left corner and the act and scene numbers on the bottom right corner. The main roles have the voice range written next to the role name. All text is written in French."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePublic Domain. There are no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9576737c0c53a822d5c41ce4fcab5344\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eSeven pen and watercolor paintings on paper of character and chorus member costume designs for the opera \"Aida,\" circa early 1870s.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Seven pen and watercolor paintings on paper of character and chorus member costume designs for the opera \"Aida,\" circa early 1870s."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_1e79eb9724213e0fffe9962712ab3fa7\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 5"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Verdi, Giuseppe, 1813-1901. (Title of work: Aïda.)"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Verdi, Giuseppe, 1813-1901. (Title of work: Aïda.)"],"persname_ssim":["Verdi, Giuseppe, 1813-1901. (Title of work: Aïda.)"],"language_ssim":["French \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:25:37.310Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_542","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_542","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_542","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_542","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_542.xml","title_ssm":["\"Aida\" opera costume paintings"],"title_tesim":["\"Aida\" opera costume paintings"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa early 1870s"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["circa early 1870s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0473","/repositories/2/resources/542"],"text":["C0473","/repositories/2/resources/542","\"Aida\" opera costume paintings","Art","Costume design","Opera","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","Groenert, Kaeli, \"Blackface at the Met: An exploration of the casting of performers of color in the roles of Aida and Othello from 2007-2017\" (2019). Music. 1. https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/honorscollege_music/1.","Holmes, Helen. \"The Met Casts Anna Netrebko as 'Aida' Despite Her Past Controversy in the Role,\" February 13, 2020. Observer. https://observer.com/2020/02/anna-netrebko-aida-met-opera-casting-2020-2021-season-details/.","\"Synopsis: Aida.\" The Metropolitan Opera. Accessed March 15, 2021. https://www.metopera.org/user-information/synopses-archive/aida.","\"Aida\" is a four-act opera by Giuseppe Verde that premiered in 1871. Set in the Old Kingdom of Egypt and sung in Italian, it tells the story of an enslaved Ethiopian princess, the titular Aida, who is brought to the Egyptian court. Unbeknownst to the court, the Egyptian military commander Radames is in love with Aida, who also returns his love. Throughout the opera the couple struggles to assert their love, while also honoring their respective countries and dealing with the war that ensues between Egypt and Ethiopia. \"Aida\" was immensely popular when it premiered and is still considered one of the most beloved operas today. ","\"Aida\" has a performance history of brown and blackface, with white singers often performing characters of another race. This occurred as recently as early 2020, though there has been more effort in the opera world to cast racially appropriate singers in these roles, particularly that of Aida.","Processing completed by Amanda Brent in March 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in March 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215.","The Special Collections Research Center also holds the   and the  , as well as other materials related to opera, costume design, and the performing arts.","Seven pen and watercolor paintings on paper of character and chorus member costume designs for the opera \"Aida,\" made circa early 1870s. Featured are Radames in Act I, Scene 1 and Act II, Scene 4; Ax-bearers from Act II, Scene 4; Officers of the chorus, Act I, Scene 1 and Act II, Scene 4; Amneris in Act II, Scene 4; and The King, Act II, Scene 4 and Act I, Scene 1. Notably absent are the roles of Aida, Amonasro, and Ramfis. Each painting has the name of the role written in pen on the lower left corner and the act and scene numbers on the bottom right corner. The main roles have the voice range written next to the role name. All text is written in French.","Public Domain. There are no known restrictions.","Seven pen and watercolor paintings on paper of character and chorus member costume designs for the opera \"Aida,\" circa early 1870s.","R 72, C 3, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Verdi, Giuseppe, 1813-1901. (Title of work: Aïda.)","French \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0473","/repositories/2/resources/542"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"Aida\" opera costume paintings"],"collection_title_tesim":["\"Aida\" opera costume paintings"],"collection_ssim":["\"Aida\" opera costume paintings"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Steve Gerber from J \u0026 J Lubrano Music Antiquarians in September 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Art","Costume design","Opera"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Art","Costume design","Opera"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".01 Linear Feet 7 paintings"],"extent_tesim":[".01 Linear Feet 7 paintings"],"date_range_isim":[1870],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGroenert, Kaeli, \"Blackface at the Met: An exploration of the casting of performers of color in the roles of Aida and Othello from 2007-2017\" (2019). Music. 1. https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/honorscollege_music/1.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHolmes, Helen. \"The Met Casts Anna Netrebko as 'Aida' Despite Her Past Controversy in the Role,\" February 13, 2020. Observer. https://observer.com/2020/02/anna-netrebko-aida-met-opera-casting-2020-2021-season-details/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Synopsis: Aida.\" The Metropolitan Opera. Accessed March 15, 2021. https://www.metopera.org/user-information/synopses-archive/aida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Groenert, Kaeli, \"Blackface at the Met: An exploration of the casting of performers of color in the roles of Aida and Othello from 2007-2017\" (2019). Music. 1. https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/honorscollege_music/1.","Holmes, Helen. \"The Met Casts Anna Netrebko as 'Aida' Despite Her Past Controversy in the Role,\" February 13, 2020. Observer. https://observer.com/2020/02/anna-netrebko-aida-met-opera-casting-2020-2021-season-details/.","\"Synopsis: Aida.\" The Metropolitan Opera. Accessed March 15, 2021. https://www.metopera.org/user-information/synopses-archive/aida."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Aida\" is a four-act opera by Giuseppe Verde that premiered in 1871. Set in the Old Kingdom of Egypt and sung in Italian, it tells the story of an enslaved Ethiopian princess, the titular Aida, who is brought to the Egyptian court. Unbeknownst to the court, the Egyptian military commander Radames is in love with Aida, who also returns his love. Throughout the opera the couple struggles to assert their love, while also honoring their respective countries and dealing with the war that ensues between Egypt and Ethiopia. \"Aida\" was immensely popular when it premiered and is still considered one of the most beloved operas today. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Aida\" has a performance history of brown and blackface, with white singers often performing characters of another race. This occurred as recently as early 2020, though there has been more effort in the opera world to cast racially appropriate singers in these roles, particularly that of Aida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["\"Aida\" is a four-act opera by Giuseppe Verde that premiered in 1871. Set in the Old Kingdom of Egypt and sung in Italian, it tells the story of an enslaved Ethiopian princess, the titular Aida, who is brought to the Egyptian court. Unbeknownst to the court, the Egyptian military commander Radames is in love with Aida, who also returns his love. Throughout the opera the couple struggles to assert their love, while also honoring their respective countries and dealing with the war that ensues between Egypt and Ethiopia. \"Aida\" was immensely popular when it premiered and is still considered one of the most beloved operas today. ","\"Aida\" has a performance history of brown and blackface, with white singers often performing characters of another race. This occurred as recently as early 2020, though there has been more effort in the opera world to cast racially appropriate singers in these roles, particularly that of Aida."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Aida\" opera costume paintings, C0473, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["\"Aida\" opera costume paintings, C0473, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Amanda Brent in March 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in March 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Amanda Brent in March 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in March 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center also holds the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Single 'Aida' opera costume painting (C0474)\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/repositories/2/resources/543\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e and the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"'Cavalleria rusticana' opera costume paintings\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/repositories/2/resources/541\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, as well as other materials related to opera, costume design, and the performing arts.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center also holds the   and the  , as well as other materials related to opera, costume design, and the performing arts."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeven pen and watercolor paintings on paper of character and chorus member costume designs for the opera \"Aida,\" made circa early 1870s. Featured are Radames in Act I, Scene 1 and Act II, Scene 4; Ax-bearers from Act II, Scene 4; Officers of the chorus, Act I, Scene 1 and Act II, Scene 4; Amneris in Act II, Scene 4; and The King, Act II, Scene 4 and Act I, Scene 1. Notably absent are the roles of Aida, Amonasro, and Ramfis. Each painting has the name of the role written in pen on the lower left corner and the act and scene numbers on the bottom right corner. The main roles have the voice range written next to the role name. All text is written in French.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Seven pen and watercolor paintings on paper of character and chorus member costume designs for the opera \"Aida,\" made circa early 1870s. Featured are Radames in Act I, Scene 1 and Act II, Scene 4; Ax-bearers from Act II, Scene 4; Officers of the chorus, Act I, Scene 1 and Act II, Scene 4; Amneris in Act II, Scene 4; and The King, Act II, Scene 4 and Act I, Scene 1. Notably absent are the roles of Aida, Amonasro, and Ramfis. Each painting has the name of the role written in pen on the lower left corner and the act and scene numbers on the bottom right corner. The main roles have the voice range written next to the role name. All text is written in French."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePublic Domain. There are no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9576737c0c53a822d5c41ce4fcab5344\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eSeven pen and watercolor paintings on paper of character and chorus member costume designs for the opera \"Aida,\" circa early 1870s.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Seven pen and watercolor paintings on paper of character and chorus member costume designs for the opera \"Aida,\" circa early 1870s."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_1e79eb9724213e0fffe9962712ab3fa7\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 5\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 5"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Verdi, Giuseppe, 1813-1901. (Title of work: Aïda.)"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Verdi, Giuseppe, 1813-1901. (Title of work: Aïda.)"],"persname_ssim":["Verdi, Giuseppe, 1813-1901. (Title of work: Aïda.)"],"language_ssim":["French \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:25:37.310Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_542"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_742","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Alma Frances Brown autograph album","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_742#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Brown, Alma Frances","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_742#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Autograph album belonging to Alma Frances Brown while a student at the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_742#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_742","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_742","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_742","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_742","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_742.xml","title_ssm":["Alma Frances Brown autograph album"],"title_tesim":["Alma Frances Brown autograph album"],"unitdate_ssm":["1927-1928"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1927-1928"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0368","/repositories/4/resources/742"],"text":["SC 0368","/repositories/4/resources/742","Alma Frances Brown autograph album","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History","Universities and colleges -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","Autograph albums","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Alma Frances Brown was from Vienna, Virginia and attended the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg as a freshman during the 1927-1928 academic year.","Autograph album belonging to Alma Frances Brown while a student at the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg. Signed and inscribed by fellow STC students. Inscriptions include anecdotes, poems, and well wishes.","The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","Autograph album belonging to Alma Frances Brown while a student at the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","George Mason University. Libraries. 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Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlma Frances Brown was from Vienna, Virginia and attended the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg as a freshman during the 1927-1928 academic year.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Alma Frances Brown was from Vienna, Virginia and attended the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg as a freshman during the 1927-1928 academic year."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Alma Frances Brown Autograph Album, 1927-1928, SC 0368, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Alma Frances Brown Autograph Album, 1927-1928, SC 0368, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAutograph album belonging to Alma Frances Brown while a student at the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg. 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For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_7849d2b781de95b72a559c31844a6caa\"\u003eAutograph album belonging to Alma Frances Brown while a student at the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Autograph album belonging to Alma Frances Brown while a student at the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg."],"names_coll_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","State Teachers College at Harrisonburg (Harrisonburg, Va.) -- Students","James Madison University -- History -- Students"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","State Teachers College at Harrisonburg (Harrisonburg, Va.) -- Students","James Madison University -- History -- Students","Brown, Alma Frances"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","State Teachers College at Harrisonburg (Harrisonburg, Va.) -- Students","James Madison University -- History -- Students"],"persname_ssim":["Brown, Alma Frances"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:57:34.243Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_742","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_742","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_742","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_742","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_742.xml","title_ssm":["Alma Frances Brown autograph album"],"title_tesim":["Alma Frances Brown autograph album"],"unitdate_ssm":["1927-1928"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1927-1928"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0368","/repositories/4/resources/742"],"text":["SC 0368","/repositories/4/resources/742","Alma Frances Brown autograph album","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History","Universities and colleges -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","Autograph albums","Collection is open for research. 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For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_7849d2b781de95b72a559c31844a6caa\"\u003eAutograph album belonging to Alma Frances Brown while a student at the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Autograph album belonging to Alma Frances Brown while a student at the State Teachers College at Harrisonburg."],"names_coll_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","State Teachers College at Harrisonburg (Harrisonburg, Va.) -- Students","James Madison University -- History -- Students"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","State Teachers College at Harrisonburg (Harrisonburg, Va.) -- Students","James Madison University -- History -- Students","Brown, Alma Frances"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","State Teachers College at Harrisonburg (Harrisonburg, Va.) -- Students","James Madison University -- History -- Students"],"persname_ssim":["Brown, Alma Frances"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:57:34.243Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_742"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_384","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"American voyage photograph albums","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_384#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_384#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Two photograph albums that document a trip through North America by French speakers in 1904.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_384#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_384","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_384","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_384","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_384","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_384.xml","title_filing_ssi":"American voyage photograph album","title_ssm":["American voyage photograph albums"],"title_tesim":["American voyage photograph albums"],"unitdate_ssm":["1904, 1930s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1904, 1930s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0256","/repositories/2/resources/384"],"text":["C0256","/repositories/2/resources/384","American voyage photograph albums","Railroad travel -- United States","Photographic prints","There are no access restrictions.","Photographs are contained in two volumes, labeled \"Amerique I\" and \"Amerique 2,\" and are arranged chronologically.","Victoria and Albert Museum, \"Photographic Processes,\" accessed April 13, 2015.  http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/photographic-processes/","By the early 1900s, photographic technology was becoming significantly more advanced.  As the Victoria and Albert Museum's page on photographic processes notes, gelatin-silver prints \"by 1895 had generally replaced albumen prints because they were more stable, did not turn yellow, and were simpler to produce.\"  \nTrain travel during the early 1900s provided transportation with ease and efficiency that would have been unimaginable 50 years earlier.  Transcontinental journeys that took months by wagon or by ship in 1850 could take only weeks by 1900, encouraging more recreational travel.","Processing completed by Elizabeth Beckman in April 2015. EAD markup completed by Elizabeth Beckman in April 2015.","This collection contains approximately 500 photographic prints in two bound volumes that document a trip to the United States, Mexico, and Canada by a French-speaking person or group sailing from Le Havre in Normandy, France.  On the first page is handwritten \"Voyage en Amerique, Avril-Mai 1904.\"  The photographs include multiple views of U.S. cities including New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Chicago, Minneapolis, New Orleans, San Antonio, San Francisco, and Seattle.  The images of Mexico include people, landscapes, and churches, including the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe.  The images of Canada are largely rural and include Niagara Falls. The photographs also show multiple views from the railroad coach since that was the main mode of transportation used to travel across the country.  There are also four unmounted prints that show Midtown Manhattan and New Orleans.  They appear to be from the 1930s and unrelated to the rest of the photographs, although they have descriptions written in French on the back.","Materials created prior to 1931 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.","The copyright and related rights status of materials created after 1931 have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Two photograph albums that document a trip through North America by French speakers in 1904.","R50, C3, S1","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","French"],"unitid_tesim":["C0256","/repositories/2/resources/384"],"normalized_title_ssm":["American voyage photograph albums"],"collection_title_tesim":["American voyage photograph albums"],"collection_ssim":["American voyage photograph albums"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Materials created prior to 1931 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.","The copyright and related rights status of materials created after 1931 have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by George Mason University Libraries before 2008."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Railroad travel -- United States","Photographic prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Railroad travel -- United States","Photographic prints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Linear Feet 2 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["1 Linear Feet 2 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographic prints"],"date_range_isim":[1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhotographs are contained in two volumes, labeled \"Amerique I\" and \"Amerique 2,\" and are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Photographs are contained in two volumes, labeled \"Amerique I\" and \"Amerique 2,\" and are arranged chronologically."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eVictoria and Albert Museum, \"Photographic Processes,\" accessed April 13, 2015.  http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/photographic-processes/\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Victoria and Albert Museum, \"Photographic Processes,\" accessed April 13, 2015.  http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/photographic-processes/"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBy the early 1900s, photographic technology was becoming significantly more advanced.  As the Victoria and Albert Museum's page on photographic processes notes, gelatin-silver prints \"by 1895 had generally replaced albumen prints because they were more stable, did not turn yellow, and were simpler to produce.\"  \nTrain travel during the early 1900s provided transportation with ease and efficiency that would have been unimaginable 50 years earlier.  Transcontinental journeys that took months by wagon or by ship in 1850 could take only weeks by 1900, encouraging more recreational travel.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["By the early 1900s, photographic technology was becoming significantly more advanced.  As the Victoria and Albert Museum's page on photographic processes notes, gelatin-silver prints \"by 1895 had generally replaced albumen prints because they were more stable, did not turn yellow, and were simpler to produce.\"  \nTrain travel during the early 1900s provided transportation with ease and efficiency that would have been unimaginable 50 years earlier.  Transcontinental journeys that took months by wagon or by ship in 1850 could take only weeks by 1900, encouraging more recreational travel."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican voyage photograph album, C0256, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["American voyage photograph album, C0256, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Elizabeth Beckman in April 2015. EAD markup completed by Elizabeth Beckman in April 2015.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Elizabeth Beckman in April 2015. EAD markup completed by Elizabeth Beckman in April 2015."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains approximately 500 photographic prints in two bound volumes that document a trip to the United States, Mexico, and Canada by a French-speaking person or group sailing from Le Havre in Normandy, France.  On the first page is handwritten \"Voyage en Amerique, Avril-Mai 1904.\"  The photographs include multiple views of U.S. cities including New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Chicago, Minneapolis, New Orleans, San Antonio, San Francisco, and Seattle.  The images of Mexico include people, landscapes, and churches, including the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe.  The images of Canada are largely rural and include Niagara Falls. The photographs also show multiple views from the railroad coach since that was the main mode of transportation used to travel across the country.  There are also four unmounted prints that show Midtown Manhattan and New Orleans.  They appear to be from the 1930s and unrelated to the rest of the photographs, although they have descriptions written in French on the back.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains approximately 500 photographic prints in two bound volumes that document a trip to the United States, Mexico, and Canada by a French-speaking person or group sailing from Le Havre in Normandy, France.  On the first page is handwritten \"Voyage en Amerique, Avril-Mai 1904.\"  The photographs include multiple views of U.S. cities including New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Chicago, Minneapolis, New Orleans, San Antonio, San Francisco, and Seattle.  The images of Mexico include people, landscapes, and churches, including the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe.  The images of Canada are largely rural and include Niagara Falls. The photographs also show multiple views from the railroad coach since that was the main mode of transportation used to travel across the country.  There are also four unmounted prints that show Midtown Manhattan and New Orleans.  They appear to be from the 1930s and unrelated to the rest of the photographs, although they have descriptions written in French on the back."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials created prior to 1931 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of materials created after 1931 have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Materials created prior to 1931 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.","The copyright and related rights status of materials created after 1931 have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9918d9ec2d6cc0692f36bac3479aaa77\" label=\"Summary\"\u003eTwo photograph albums that document a trip through North America by French speakers in 1904.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Two photograph albums that document a trip through North America by French speakers in 1904."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_2e27d4ac3049f22a315d1ccb2580dd81\"\u003eR50, C3, S1\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R50, C3, S1"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["French"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:18:28.281Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_384","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_384","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_384","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_384","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_384.xml","title_filing_ssi":"American voyage photograph album","title_ssm":["American voyage photograph albums"],"title_tesim":["American voyage photograph albums"],"unitdate_ssm":["1904, 1930s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1904, 1930s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0256","/repositories/2/resources/384"],"text":["C0256","/repositories/2/resources/384","American voyage photograph albums","Railroad travel -- United States","Photographic prints","There are no access restrictions.","Photographs are contained in two volumes, labeled \"Amerique I\" and \"Amerique 2,\" and are arranged chronologically.","Victoria and Albert Museum, \"Photographic Processes,\" accessed April 13, 2015.  http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/photographic-processes/","By the early 1900s, photographic technology was becoming significantly more advanced.  As the Victoria and Albert Museum's page on photographic processes notes, gelatin-silver prints \"by 1895 had generally replaced albumen prints because they were more stable, did not turn yellow, and were simpler to produce.\"  \nTrain travel during the early 1900s provided transportation with ease and efficiency that would have been unimaginable 50 years earlier.  Transcontinental journeys that took months by wagon or by ship in 1850 could take only weeks by 1900, encouraging more recreational travel.","Processing completed by Elizabeth Beckman in April 2015. EAD markup completed by Elizabeth Beckman in April 2015.","This collection contains approximately 500 photographic prints in two bound volumes that document a trip to the United States, Mexico, and Canada by a French-speaking person or group sailing from Le Havre in Normandy, France.  On the first page is handwritten \"Voyage en Amerique, Avril-Mai 1904.\"  The photographs include multiple views of U.S. cities including New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Chicago, Minneapolis, New Orleans, San Antonio, San Francisco, and Seattle.  The images of Mexico include people, landscapes, and churches, including the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe.  The images of Canada are largely rural and include Niagara Falls. The photographs also show multiple views from the railroad coach since that was the main mode of transportation used to travel across the country.  There are also four unmounted prints that show Midtown Manhattan and New Orleans.  They appear to be from the 1930s and unrelated to the rest of the photographs, although they have descriptions written in French on the back.","Materials created prior to 1931 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.","The copyright and related rights status of materials created after 1931 have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Two photograph albums that document a trip through North America by French speakers in 1904.","R50, C3, S1","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","French"],"unitid_tesim":["C0256","/repositories/2/resources/384"],"normalized_title_ssm":["American voyage photograph albums"],"collection_title_tesim":["American voyage photograph albums"],"collection_ssim":["American voyage photograph albums"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Materials created prior to 1931 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.","The copyright and related rights status of materials created after 1931 have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by George Mason University Libraries before 2008."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Railroad travel -- United States","Photographic prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Railroad travel -- United States","Photographic prints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Linear Feet 2 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["1 Linear Feet 2 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographic prints"],"date_range_isim":[1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhotographs are contained in two volumes, labeled \"Amerique I\" and \"Amerique 2,\" and are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Photographs are contained in two volumes, labeled \"Amerique I\" and \"Amerique 2,\" and are arranged chronologically."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eVictoria and Albert Museum, \"Photographic Processes,\" accessed April 13, 2015.  http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/photographic-processes/\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Victoria and Albert Museum, \"Photographic Processes,\" accessed April 13, 2015.  http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/photographic-processes/"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBy the early 1900s, photographic technology was becoming significantly more advanced.  As the Victoria and Albert Museum's page on photographic processes notes, gelatin-silver prints \"by 1895 had generally replaced albumen prints because they were more stable, did not turn yellow, and were simpler to produce.\"  \nTrain travel during the early 1900s provided transportation with ease and efficiency that would have been unimaginable 50 years earlier.  Transcontinental journeys that took months by wagon or by ship in 1850 could take only weeks by 1900, encouraging more recreational travel.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["By the early 1900s, photographic technology was becoming significantly more advanced.  As the Victoria and Albert Museum's page on photographic processes notes, gelatin-silver prints \"by 1895 had generally replaced albumen prints because they were more stable, did not turn yellow, and were simpler to produce.\"  \nTrain travel during the early 1900s provided transportation with ease and efficiency that would have been unimaginable 50 years earlier.  Transcontinental journeys that took months by wagon or by ship in 1850 could take only weeks by 1900, encouraging more recreational travel."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican voyage photograph album, C0256, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["American voyage photograph album, C0256, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Elizabeth Beckman in April 2015. EAD markup completed by Elizabeth Beckman in April 2015.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Elizabeth Beckman in April 2015. EAD markup completed by Elizabeth Beckman in April 2015."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains approximately 500 photographic prints in two bound volumes that document a trip to the United States, Mexico, and Canada by a French-speaking person or group sailing from Le Havre in Normandy, France.  On the first page is handwritten \"Voyage en Amerique, Avril-Mai 1904.\"  The photographs include multiple views of U.S. cities including New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Chicago, Minneapolis, New Orleans, San Antonio, San Francisco, and Seattle.  The images of Mexico include people, landscapes, and churches, including the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe.  The images of Canada are largely rural and include Niagara Falls. The photographs also show multiple views from the railroad coach since that was the main mode of transportation used to travel across the country.  There are also four unmounted prints that show Midtown Manhattan and New Orleans.  They appear to be from the 1930s and unrelated to the rest of the photographs, although they have descriptions written in French on the back.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains approximately 500 photographic prints in two bound volumes that document a trip to the United States, Mexico, and Canada by a French-speaking person or group sailing from Le Havre in Normandy, France.  On the first page is handwritten \"Voyage en Amerique, Avril-Mai 1904.\"  The photographs include multiple views of U.S. cities including New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Chicago, Minneapolis, New Orleans, San Antonio, San Francisco, and Seattle.  The images of Mexico include people, landscapes, and churches, including the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe.  The images of Canada are largely rural and include Niagara Falls. The photographs also show multiple views from the railroad coach since that was the main mode of transportation used to travel across the country.  There are also four unmounted prints that show Midtown Manhattan and New Orleans.  They appear to be from the 1930s and unrelated to the rest of the photographs, although they have descriptions written in French on the back."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials created prior to 1931 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of materials created after 1931 have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Materials created prior to 1931 are in the Public Domain. These materials have no known restrictions.","The copyright and related rights status of materials created after 1931 have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9918d9ec2d6cc0692f36bac3479aaa77\" label=\"Summary\"\u003eTwo photograph albums that document a trip through North America by French speakers in 1904.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Two photograph albums that document a trip through North America by French speakers in 1904."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_2e27d4ac3049f22a315d1ccb2580dd81\"\u003eR50, C3, S1\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R50, C3, S1"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["French"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:18:28.281Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_384"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_678","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"\"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" bound volume","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_678#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_678#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"A bound volume titled \"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" containing 11 maps of various 19th century colonized islands in the Caribbean.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_678#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_678","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_678","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_678","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_678","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_678.xml","title_ssm":["\"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" bound volume"],"title_tesim":["\"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" bound volume"],"unitdate_ssm":["1806"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1806"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0349","/repositories/2/resources/678"],"text":["C0349","/repositories/2/resources/678","\"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" bound volume","Jamaica","Barbados","West Indies, British","Saint-Domingue","Saint Vincent","Dominica","Maps","Engraving","Atlases","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single item collection.","\"A Philadelphia Atlas of the West Indies.\" n.d. William Reese Company. Accessed September 27, 2023. https://www.williamreesecompany.com/pages/books/WRCAM46236/bryan-edwards-james-humphreys-publisher-joseph-h-seymour-engraver/a-new-atlas-of-the-british-west-indies-with-a-whole-sheet-general-map-of-the-west-india-islands-and-a.","\"Biography – HUMPHREYS, JAMES – Volume V (1801-1820).\" n.d. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Accessed September 27, 2023. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/humphreys_james_5F.html.","\"(Caribbean Atlas) A New Atlas of the British West Indies, with a Whole Sheet General Map of the West India Islands, and a Whole Sheet Map of the Island of Hispanola, or St. Domingo.\" n.d. Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. Accessed September 27, 2023. https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/84330/caribbean-atlas-a-new-atlas-of-the-british-west-indies-wi-humphreys.","\"Edwards, Bryan (1743–1800), Planter and Politician.\" n.d. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Accessed September 27, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/8531.","Huseman, Ben. n.d. \"Subject and Course Guides: Cartographic Connections: Anatomy of a Map.\" Accessed September 27, 2023. https://libguides.uta.edu/c.php?g=26755\u0026p=164574.","\"Tanner, Benjamin (March 27, 1775 - c. 1846).\" n.d. Geographicus Rare Antique Maps. Accessed September 27, 2023. https://www.geographicus.com/P/ctgy\u0026Category_Code=tannerbenjamin.","Bryan Edwards was born in Westbury, Wiltshire, England on May 21, 1743, the eldest son of Bryan Edwards and Elizabeth Bayly. After the death of his father in 1756, young Bryan came under the care of various family members, eventually relocating to Jamaica where he would spend the majority of the rest of his life. In 1793, he published the first London edition of his  History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies , a two-volume account of the history and culture of the British colonized islands, which ran for five editions, including an 1806 edition published in Philadelphia by James Humphreys. He passed away on July 16, 1800 in Southampton, England.","James Humphreys was born on January 15, 1748/49 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to James Humphreys and Susanna Assheton. Humphreys was apprenticed to William Bradford, a Philadelphia printer, until 1770 and opened his own printing business in the city two years later. After being labeled a Loyalist during the outbreak of the American Revolution, Humphreys left Philadelphia for nearly 20 years, returning in late 1796 or early 1797. In reestablishing his printing business Humphreys chose to focus on book printing until his death on February 2, 1810.","Joseph H. Seymour was an engraver who began his work with Isiah Thomas in Worcester, Massachusetts until relocating to Philadelphia between 1803-1822. Benjamin Tanner, the older brother of engraver Henry S. Tanner, was also an engraver who trained and began his career in New York City before relocating to Philadelphia some time before 1811.","Processing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other historic maps, atlases, and engravings such as the  C. Harrison Mann, Jr. map collection  and the  Broadus Bailey French Revolution print collection .","A bound volume titled \"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" containing 11 maps of various 19th century colonized islands in the Caribbean, published by James Humphreys of Philadelphia. The three fold-out maps depict \"A New Map of the West Indies\" engraved by J.H. Seymour and St. Domingo and Jamaica engraved by Benjamin Tanner. The eight single page maps include St. Vincent, Barbados (spelled Barbadoes), the Virgin Islands, Grenada, and the Island of Tobago engraved by Benjamin Tanner, as well as \"Maps of the Island of Dominica\" engraved by J.H. Seymour, and the Island of St. Christophers and the Island of Antigua attributed to \"Marshall\". ","This atlas volume was printed to accompany the 1806 Philadelphia printing of Bryan Edwards'  History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies  and can be recognized by key details on the fold out maps, such as the circular cartouche that contains the title on the West Indies map and the signatures of the engravers in the bottom right corner.","Public Domain. There are no known restrictions.","A bound volume titled \"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" containing 11 maps of various 19th century colonized islands in the Caribbean.","R 72, C 2, S 4","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Humphreys, James, 1748-1810","Seymour, Joseph H.","Edwards, Bryan, 1743-1800","Tanner, Benjamin, 1775-1848","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0349","/repositories/2/resources/678"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" bound volume"],"collection_title_tesim":["\"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" bound volume"],"collection_ssim":["\"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" bound volume"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["Jamaica","Barbados","West Indies, British","Saint-Domingue","Saint Vincent","Dominica"],"geogname_ssim":["Jamaica","Barbados","West Indies, British","Saint-Domingue","Saint Vincent","Dominica"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Humphreys, James, 1748-1810"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Humphreys, James, 1748-1810"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Humphreys, James, 1748-1810"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["Humphreys, James, 1748-1810","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"places_ssim":["Jamaica","Barbados","West Indies, British","Saint-Domingue","Saint Vincent","Dominica"],"access_terms_ssm":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donor is unknown."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Maps","Engraving","Atlases"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Maps","Engraving","Atlases"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".25 Linear Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":[".25 Linear Feet 1 box"],"genreform_ssim":["Atlases"],"date_range_isim":[1806],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single item collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single item collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"A Philadelphia Atlas of the West Indies.\" n.d. William Reese Company. Accessed September 27, 2023. https://www.williamreesecompany.com/pages/books/WRCAM46236/bryan-edwards-james-humphreys-publisher-joseph-h-seymour-engraver/a-new-atlas-of-the-british-west-indies-with-a-whole-sheet-general-map-of-the-west-india-islands-and-a.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Biography – HUMPHREYS, JAMES – Volume V (1801-1820).\" n.d. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Accessed September 27, 2023. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/humphreys_james_5F.html.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"(Caribbean Atlas) A New Atlas of the British West Indies, with a Whole Sheet General Map of the West India Islands, and a Whole Sheet Map of the Island of Hispanola, or St. Domingo.\" n.d. Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. Accessed September 27, 2023. https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/84330/caribbean-atlas-a-new-atlas-of-the-british-west-indies-wi-humphreys.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Edwards, Bryan (1743–1800), Planter and Politician.\" n.d. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Accessed September 27, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/8531.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHuseman, Ben. n.d. \"Subject and Course Guides: Cartographic Connections: Anatomy of a Map.\" Accessed September 27, 2023. https://libguides.uta.edu/c.php?g=26755\u0026amp;p=164574.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Tanner, Benjamin (March 27, 1775 - c. 1846).\" n.d. Geographicus Rare Antique Maps. Accessed September 27, 2023. https://www.geographicus.com/P/ctgy\u0026amp;Category_Code=tannerbenjamin.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"A Philadelphia Atlas of the West Indies.\" n.d. William Reese Company. Accessed September 27, 2023. https://www.williamreesecompany.com/pages/books/WRCAM46236/bryan-edwards-james-humphreys-publisher-joseph-h-seymour-engraver/a-new-atlas-of-the-british-west-indies-with-a-whole-sheet-general-map-of-the-west-india-islands-and-a.","\"Biography – HUMPHREYS, JAMES – Volume V (1801-1820).\" n.d. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Accessed September 27, 2023. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/humphreys_james_5F.html.","\"(Caribbean Atlas) A New Atlas of the British West Indies, with a Whole Sheet General Map of the West India Islands, and a Whole Sheet Map of the Island of Hispanola, or St. Domingo.\" n.d. Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. Accessed September 27, 2023. https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/84330/caribbean-atlas-a-new-atlas-of-the-british-west-indies-wi-humphreys.","\"Edwards, Bryan (1743–1800), Planter and Politician.\" n.d. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Accessed September 27, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/8531.","Huseman, Ben. n.d. \"Subject and Course Guides: Cartographic Connections: Anatomy of a Map.\" Accessed September 27, 2023. https://libguides.uta.edu/c.php?g=26755\u0026p=164574.","\"Tanner, Benjamin (March 27, 1775 - c. 1846).\" n.d. Geographicus Rare Antique Maps. Accessed September 27, 2023. https://www.geographicus.com/P/ctgy\u0026Category_Code=tannerbenjamin."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBryan Edwards was born in Westbury, Wiltshire, England on May 21, 1743, the eldest son of Bryan Edwards and Elizabeth Bayly. After the death of his father in 1756, young Bryan came under the care of various family members, eventually relocating to Jamaica where he would spend the majority of the rest of his life. In 1793, he published the first London edition of his \u003ctitle\u003eHistory, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies\u003c/title\u003e, a two-volume account of the history and culture of the British colonized islands, which ran for five editions, including an 1806 edition published in Philadelphia by James Humphreys. He passed away on July 16, 1800 in Southampton, England.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJames Humphreys was born on January 15, 1748/49 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to James Humphreys and Susanna Assheton. Humphreys was apprenticed to William Bradford, a Philadelphia printer, until 1770 and opened his own printing business in the city two years later. After being labeled a Loyalist during the outbreak of the American Revolution, Humphreys left Philadelphia for nearly 20 years, returning in late 1796 or early 1797. In reestablishing his printing business Humphreys chose to focus on book printing until his death on February 2, 1810.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJoseph H. Seymour was an engraver who began his work with Isiah Thomas in Worcester, Massachusetts until relocating to Philadelphia between 1803-1822. Benjamin Tanner, the older brother of engraver Henry S. Tanner, was also an engraver who trained and began his career in New York City before relocating to Philadelphia some time before 1811.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Bryan Edwards was born in Westbury, Wiltshire, England on May 21, 1743, the eldest son of Bryan Edwards and Elizabeth Bayly. After the death of his father in 1756, young Bryan came under the care of various family members, eventually relocating to Jamaica where he would spend the majority of the rest of his life. In 1793, he published the first London edition of his  History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies , a two-volume account of the history and culture of the British colonized islands, which ran for five editions, including an 1806 edition published in Philadelphia by James Humphreys. He passed away on July 16, 1800 in Southampton, England.","James Humphreys was born on January 15, 1748/49 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to James Humphreys and Susanna Assheton. Humphreys was apprenticed to William Bradford, a Philadelphia printer, until 1770 and opened his own printing business in the city two years later. After being labeled a Loyalist during the outbreak of the American Revolution, Humphreys left Philadelphia for nearly 20 years, returning in late 1796 or early 1797. In reestablishing his printing business Humphreys chose to focus on book printing until his death on February 2, 1810.","Joseph H. 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Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other historic maps, atlases, and engravings such as the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0213\"\u003eC. Harrison Mann, Jr. map collection\u003c/a\u003e and the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0072\"\u003eBroadus Bailey French Revolution print collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other historic maps, atlases, and engravings such as the  C. Harrison Mann, Jr. map collection  and the  Broadus Bailey French Revolution print collection ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA bound volume titled \"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" containing 11 maps of various 19th century colonized islands in the Caribbean, published by James Humphreys of Philadelphia. The three fold-out maps depict \"A New Map of the West Indies\" engraved by J.H. Seymour and St. Domingo and Jamaica engraved by Benjamin Tanner. The eight single page maps include St. Vincent, Barbados (spelled Barbadoes), the Virgin Islands, Grenada, and the Island of Tobago engraved by Benjamin Tanner, as well as \"Maps of the Island of Dominica\" engraved by J.H. Seymour, and the Island of St. Christophers and the Island of Antigua attributed to \"Marshall\". \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis atlas volume was printed to accompany the 1806 Philadelphia printing of Bryan Edwards' \u003ctitle\u003eHistory, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies\u003c/title\u003e and can be recognized by key details on the fold out maps, such as the circular cartouche that contains the title on the West Indies map and the signatures of the engravers in the bottom right corner.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A bound volume titled \"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" containing 11 maps of various 19th century colonized islands in the Caribbean, published by James Humphreys of Philadelphia. The three fold-out maps depict \"A New Map of the West Indies\" engraved by J.H. Seymour and St. Domingo and Jamaica engraved by Benjamin Tanner. 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There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_91825676cd5e3ac85f4dabf010e421c5\"\u003eA bound volume titled \"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" containing 11 maps of various 19th century colonized islands in the Caribbean.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["A bound volume titled \"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" containing 11 maps of various 19th century colonized islands in the Caribbean."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_5cf157e1b91317611ab68cf1736409c2\"\u003eR 72, C 2, S 4\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 2, S 4"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Humphreys, James, 1748-1810","Seymour, Joseph H.","Edwards, Bryan, 1743-1800","Tanner, Benjamin, 1775-1848"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. 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Accessed September 27, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/8531.","Huseman, Ben. n.d. \"Subject and Course Guides: Cartographic Connections: Anatomy of a Map.\" Accessed September 27, 2023. https://libguides.uta.edu/c.php?g=26755\u0026p=164574.","\"Tanner, Benjamin (March 27, 1775 - c. 1846).\" n.d. Geographicus Rare Antique Maps. Accessed September 27, 2023. https://www.geographicus.com/P/ctgy\u0026Category_Code=tannerbenjamin.","Bryan Edwards was born in Westbury, Wiltshire, England on May 21, 1743, the eldest son of Bryan Edwards and Elizabeth Bayly. After the death of his father in 1756, young Bryan came under the care of various family members, eventually relocating to Jamaica where he would spend the majority of the rest of his life. 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In 1793, he published the first London edition of his  History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies , a two-volume account of the history and culture of the British colonized islands, which ran for five editions, including an 1806 edition published in Philadelphia by James Humphreys. He passed away on July 16, 1800 in Southampton, England.","James Humphreys was born on January 15, 1748/49 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to James Humphreys and Susanna Assheton. Humphreys was apprenticed to William Bradford, a Philadelphia printer, until 1770 and opened his own printing business in the city two years later. After being labeled a Loyalist during the outbreak of the American Revolution, Humphreys left Philadelphia for nearly 20 years, returning in late 1796 or early 1797. In reestablishing his printing business Humphreys chose to focus on book printing until his death on February 2, 1810.","Joseph H. Seymour was an engraver who began his work with Isiah Thomas in Worcester, Massachusetts until relocating to Philadelphia between 1803-1822. Benjamin Tanner, the older brother of engraver Henry S. Tanner, was also an engraver who trained and began his career in New York City before relocating to Philadelphia some time before 1811."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" bound volume, C0349, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["\"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" bound volume, C0349, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other historic maps, atlases, and engravings such as the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0213\"\u003eC. Harrison Mann, Jr. map collection\u003c/a\u003e and the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0072\"\u003eBroadus Bailey French Revolution print collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds other historic maps, atlases, and engravings such as the  C. Harrison Mann, Jr. map collection  and the  Broadus Bailey French Revolution print collection ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA bound volume titled \"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" containing 11 maps of various 19th century colonized islands in the Caribbean, published by James Humphreys of Philadelphia. The three fold-out maps depict \"A New Map of the West Indies\" engraved by J.H. Seymour and St. Domingo and Jamaica engraved by Benjamin Tanner. The eight single page maps include St. Vincent, Barbados (spelled Barbadoes), the Virgin Islands, Grenada, and the Island of Tobago engraved by Benjamin Tanner, as well as \"Maps of the Island of Dominica\" engraved by J.H. Seymour, and the Island of St. Christophers and the Island of Antigua attributed to \"Marshall\". \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis atlas volume was printed to accompany the 1806 Philadelphia printing of Bryan Edwards' \u003ctitle\u003eHistory, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies\u003c/title\u003e and can be recognized by key details on the fold out maps, such as the circular cartouche that contains the title on the West Indies map and the signatures of the engravers in the bottom right corner.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A bound volume titled \"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" containing 11 maps of various 19th century colonized islands in the Caribbean, published by James Humphreys of Philadelphia. The three fold-out maps depict \"A New Map of the West Indies\" engraved by J.H. Seymour and St. Domingo and Jamaica engraved by Benjamin Tanner. The eight single page maps include St. Vincent, Barbados (spelled Barbadoes), the Virgin Islands, Grenada, and the Island of Tobago engraved by Benjamin Tanner, as well as \"Maps of the Island of Dominica\" engraved by J.H. Seymour, and the Island of St. Christophers and the Island of Antigua attributed to \"Marshall\". ","This atlas volume was printed to accompany the 1806 Philadelphia printing of Bryan Edwards'  History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies  and can be recognized by key details on the fold out maps, such as the circular cartouche that contains the title on the West Indies map and the signatures of the engravers in the bottom right corner."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePublic Domain. There are no known restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Public Domain. There are no known restrictions."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_91825676cd5e3ac85f4dabf010e421c5\"\u003eA bound volume titled \"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" containing 11 maps of various 19th century colonized islands in the Caribbean.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["A bound volume titled \"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" containing 11 maps of various 19th century colonized islands in the Caribbean."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_5cf157e1b91317611ab68cf1736409c2\"\u003eR 72, C 2, S 4\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 2, S 4"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Humphreys, James, 1748-1810","Seymour, Joseph H.","Edwards, Bryan, 1743-1800","Tanner, Benjamin, 1775-1848"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Seymour, Joseph H.","Edwards, Bryan, 1743-1800","Humphreys, James, 1748-1810","Tanner, Benjamin, 1775-1848"],"persname_ssim":["Humphreys, James, 1748-1810","Seymour, Joseph H.","Edwards, Bryan, 1743-1800","Tanner, Benjamin, 1775-1848"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:28:45.771Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_678"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_676","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_676#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_676#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Content warning: These materials are strongly antisemitic and white supremacist. Fifteen antisemitic propaganda newsletters and two photographs published by United States based affiliates or supporters of the German Nazi party.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_676#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_676","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_676","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_676","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_676","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_676.xml","title_ssm":["Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos"],"title_tesim":["Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1934-1940"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1934-1940"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0347","/repositories/2/resources/676"],"text":["C0347","/repositories/2/resources/676","Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos","Nazis","Antisemitism","Hate speech","Propaganda","Nazi propaganda","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","Bredemus, Jim. n.d. \"American Bund: The Failure of American Nazism.\" TRACES. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://usgerrelations.traces.org/americanbund.html.","\"Right-Wing Political Pamphlets Collection.\" n.d. OAC: Online Archive of California. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8gx4fqg/dsc/.","\"State of Deception: The Power of Nazi Propaganda.\" n.d. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/propaganda/home/state-of-deception-the-power-of-nazi-propaganda.","Waddington, Lorna. 2007. \"The Anti-Komintern and Nazi Anti-Bolshevik Propaganda in the 1930s.\"  Journal of Contemporary History - J CONTEMP HIST  42 (October): 573–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009407081488.","\"World War II Propaganda Publications.\" 2022.  Raymond H. Fogler Library  (blog). October 14, 2022. https://library.umaine.edu/2022/10/14/world-war-ii-propaganda-publications/.","The Nazi Party relied heavily on propaganda to build public support, with much of it centered on antisemitism as the central theme, drawing on centuries of anti-Jewish prejudice in Europe. To more effectively reach different audiences the party's propagandists conducted informal public opinion research to then use in creating films, posters, and news publications targeted at these specific needs, concerns, and existing prejudices. These propaganda materials were targeted both within Germany and internationally, including within the United States. Those which were authorized by the German Nazi party included the New York based German Library of Information, which provided the \"German perspective\" on the war in Europe in their \"Facts in Review\" newsletters. In reality these publications heavily sanitized the atrocities being carried out and downplayed the party's antisemitic policies and positions. Additionally, the Anti-Komintern (also spelled Anti-Comintern) focused on anti-Soviet and anti-communist propaganda, such as in their \"News Service\" newsletters, by connecting it as part of the \"International Jewish Conspiracy\".","Additionally, organized groups like the Friends of New Germany, created with support from the German counsel in New York City in 1933 and dismantled in late 1935, and the German American Bund, formed in New York by first and second generation German-Americans in 1936, sought to build support for a Nazi party within the United States. The Friends of New Germany is a possible publication source for the \"Die Volkswarcht\" newsletters as their propaganda was heavily and overtly antisemitic and centered largely around New York businesses and politics. Antisemitic Nazi ideologies were also spread within the United States through independent news publications, such as \"American Bulletin\" (subtitled \"The White Man's Viewpoint\"), a weekly antisemitic newsletter published starting in 1935 by New Yorker Henry Curtiss.","Processing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023.","The Special Collections Research Center also holds other materials on Germany and the Nazi Party in World War II, such as in the  ."," holds extensive materials related to both the Holocaust and the antisemitism, including a collection of Nazi party propaganda.","Content warning: These materials are strongly antisemitic and white supremacist.","Fifteen antisemitic propaganda newsletters and flyers, in both German and English, and two collage photographs. All materials were created for distribution to American audiences by United States based affiliates or supporters of the German Nazi party. Newsletter titles include 7 editions of \"Die Volkswacht,\" 2 editions of \"Facts in Review,\" 1 edition of \"News Service\", and 1 edition of \"American Bulletin\", as well as several flyers and independent publications, some of which include excerpted sections of longer antisemitic writings.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Content warning: These materials are strongly antisemitic and white supremacist.\n\nFifteen antisemitic propaganda newsletters and two photographs published by United States based affiliates or supporters of the German Nazi party.","R 72, C 3, S 6","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","German Library of Information (New York, N.Y.)","German American Bund","German \n,        English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0347","/repositories/2/resources/676"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos"],"collection_title_tesim":["Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos"],"collection_ssim":["Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donor is unknown"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Nazis","Antisemitism","Hate speech","Propaganda","Nazi propaganda"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Nazis","Antisemitism","Hate speech","Propaganda","Nazi propaganda"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBredemus, Jim. n.d. \"American Bund: The Failure of American Nazism.\" TRACES. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://usgerrelations.traces.org/americanbund.html.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Right-Wing Political Pamphlets Collection.\" n.d. OAC: Online Archive of California. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8gx4fqg/dsc/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"State of Deception: The Power of Nazi Propaganda.\" n.d. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/propaganda/home/state-of-deception-the-power-of-nazi-propaganda.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWaddington, Lorna. 2007. \"The Anti-Komintern and Nazi Anti-Bolshevik Propaganda in the 1930s.\" \u003cemph\u003eJournal of Contemporary History - J CONTEMP HIST\u003c/emph\u003e 42 (October): 573–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009407081488.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"World War II Propaganda Publications.\" 2022. \u003cemph\u003eRaymond H. Fogler Library\u003c/emph\u003e (blog). October 14, 2022. https://library.umaine.edu/2022/10/14/world-war-ii-propaganda-publications/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Bredemus, Jim. n.d. \"American Bund: The Failure of American Nazism.\" TRACES. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://usgerrelations.traces.org/americanbund.html.","\"Right-Wing Political Pamphlets Collection.\" n.d. OAC: Online Archive of California. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8gx4fqg/dsc/.","\"State of Deception: The Power of Nazi Propaganda.\" n.d. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/propaganda/home/state-of-deception-the-power-of-nazi-propaganda.","Waddington, Lorna. 2007. \"The Anti-Komintern and Nazi Anti-Bolshevik Propaganda in the 1930s.\"  Journal of Contemporary History - J CONTEMP HIST  42 (October): 573–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009407081488.","\"World War II Propaganda Publications.\" 2022.  Raymond H. Fogler Library  (blog). October 14, 2022. https://library.umaine.edu/2022/10/14/world-war-ii-propaganda-publications/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi Party relied heavily on propaganda to build public support, with much of it centered on antisemitism as the central theme, drawing on centuries of anti-Jewish prejudice in Europe. To more effectively reach different audiences the party's propagandists conducted informal public opinion research to then use in creating films, posters, and news publications targeted at these specific needs, concerns, and existing prejudices. These propaganda materials were targeted both within Germany and internationally, including within the United States. Those which were authorized by the German Nazi party included the New York based German Library of Information, which provided the \"German perspective\" on the war in Europe in their \"Facts in Review\" newsletters. In reality these publications heavily sanitized the atrocities being carried out and downplayed the party's antisemitic policies and positions. Additionally, the Anti-Komintern (also spelled Anti-Comintern) focused on anti-Soviet and anti-communist propaganda, such as in their \"News Service\" newsletters, by connecting it as part of the \"International Jewish Conspiracy\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, organized groups like the Friends of New Germany, created with support from the German counsel in New York City in 1933 and dismantled in late 1935, and the German American Bund, formed in New York by first and second generation German-Americans in 1936, sought to build support for a Nazi party within the United States. The Friends of New Germany is a possible publication source for the \"Die Volkswarcht\" newsletters as their propaganda was heavily and overtly antisemitic and centered largely around New York businesses and politics. Antisemitic Nazi ideologies were also spread within the United States through independent news publications, such as \"American Bulletin\" (subtitled \"The White Man's Viewpoint\"), a weekly antisemitic newsletter published starting in 1935 by New Yorker Henry Curtiss.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Nazi Party relied heavily on propaganda to build public support, with much of it centered on antisemitism as the central theme, drawing on centuries of anti-Jewish prejudice in Europe. To more effectively reach different audiences the party's propagandists conducted informal public opinion research to then use in creating films, posters, and news publications targeted at these specific needs, concerns, and existing prejudices. These propaganda materials were targeted both within Germany and internationally, including within the United States. Those which were authorized by the German Nazi party included the New York based German Library of Information, which provided the \"German perspective\" on the war in Europe in their \"Facts in Review\" newsletters. In reality these publications heavily sanitized the atrocities being carried out and downplayed the party's antisemitic policies and positions. Additionally, the Anti-Komintern (also spelled Anti-Comintern) focused on anti-Soviet and anti-communist propaganda, such as in their \"News Service\" newsletters, by connecting it as part of the \"International Jewish Conspiracy\".","Additionally, organized groups like the Friends of New Germany, created with support from the German counsel in New York City in 1933 and dismantled in late 1935, and the German American Bund, formed in New York by first and second generation German-Americans in 1936, sought to build support for a Nazi party within the United States. The Friends of New Germany is a possible publication source for the \"Die Volkswarcht\" newsletters as their propaganda was heavily and overtly antisemitic and centered largely around New York businesses and politics. Antisemitic Nazi ideologies were also spread within the United States through independent news publications, such as \"American Bulletin\" (subtitled \"The White Man's Viewpoint\"), a weekly antisemitic newsletter published starting in 1935 by New Yorker Henry Curtiss."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAntisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center also holds other materials on Germany and the Nazi Party in World War II, such as in the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Henry O. Lampe papers\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0092\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\" href=\"https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/browse\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e holds extensive materials related to both the Holocaust and the antisemitism, including a collection of Nazi party propaganda.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center also holds other materials on Germany and the Nazi Party in World War II, such as in the  ."," holds extensive materials related to both the Holocaust and the antisemitism, including a collection of Nazi party propaganda."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent warning: These materials are strongly antisemitic and white supremacist.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFifteen antisemitic propaganda newsletters and flyers, in both German and English, and two collage photographs. All materials were created for distribution to American audiences by United States based affiliates or supporters of the German Nazi party. Newsletter titles include 7 editions of \"Die Volkswacht,\" 2 editions of \"Facts in Review,\" 1 edition of \"News Service\", and 1 edition of \"American Bulletin\", as well as several flyers and independent publications, some of which include excerpted sections of longer antisemitic writings.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Content warning: These materials are strongly antisemitic and white supremacist.","Fifteen antisemitic propaganda newsletters and flyers, in both German and English, and two collage photographs. All materials were created for distribution to American audiences by United States based affiliates or supporters of the German Nazi party. Newsletter titles include 7 editions of \"Die Volkswacht,\" 2 editions of \"Facts in Review,\" 1 edition of \"News Service\", and 1 edition of \"American Bulletin\", as well as several flyers and independent publications, some of which include excerpted sections of longer antisemitic writings."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_30dd01e52b3195d5a305a29c792ff709\"\u003eContent warning: These materials are strongly antisemitic and white supremacist.\n\nFifteen antisemitic propaganda newsletters and two photographs published by United States based affiliates or supporters of the German Nazi party.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Content warning: These materials are strongly antisemitic and white supremacist.\n\nFifteen antisemitic propaganda newsletters and two photographs published by United States based affiliates or supporters of the German Nazi party."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_6f0adf4260ecb49a6b4cee40e2dc9920\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 6\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 6"],"names_coll_ssim":["German Library of Information (New York, N.Y.)","German American Bund"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","German Library of Information (New York, N.Y.)","German American Bund"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","German Library of Information (New York, N.Y.)","German American Bund"],"language_ssim":["German \n,        English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:21:35.788Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_676","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_676","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_676","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_676","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_676.xml","title_ssm":["Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos"],"title_tesim":["Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1934-1940"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1934-1940"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0347","/repositories/2/resources/676"],"text":["C0347","/repositories/2/resources/676","Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos","Nazis","Antisemitism","Hate speech","Propaganda","Nazi propaganda","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","Bredemus, Jim. n.d. \"American Bund: The Failure of American Nazism.\" TRACES. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://usgerrelations.traces.org/americanbund.html.","\"Right-Wing Political Pamphlets Collection.\" n.d. OAC: Online Archive of California. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8gx4fqg/dsc/.","\"State of Deception: The Power of Nazi Propaganda.\" n.d. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/propaganda/home/state-of-deception-the-power-of-nazi-propaganda.","Waddington, Lorna. 2007. \"The Anti-Komintern and Nazi Anti-Bolshevik Propaganda in the 1930s.\"  Journal of Contemporary History - J CONTEMP HIST  42 (October): 573–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009407081488.","\"World War II Propaganda Publications.\" 2022.  Raymond H. Fogler Library  (blog). October 14, 2022. https://library.umaine.edu/2022/10/14/world-war-ii-propaganda-publications/.","The Nazi Party relied heavily on propaganda to build public support, with much of it centered on antisemitism as the central theme, drawing on centuries of anti-Jewish prejudice in Europe. To more effectively reach different audiences the party's propagandists conducted informal public opinion research to then use in creating films, posters, and news publications targeted at these specific needs, concerns, and existing prejudices. These propaganda materials were targeted both within Germany and internationally, including within the United States. Those which were authorized by the German Nazi party included the New York based German Library of Information, which provided the \"German perspective\" on the war in Europe in their \"Facts in Review\" newsletters. In reality these publications heavily sanitized the atrocities being carried out and downplayed the party's antisemitic policies and positions. Additionally, the Anti-Komintern (also spelled Anti-Comintern) focused on anti-Soviet and anti-communist propaganda, such as in their \"News Service\" newsletters, by connecting it as part of the \"International Jewish Conspiracy\".","Additionally, organized groups like the Friends of New Germany, created with support from the German counsel in New York City in 1933 and dismantled in late 1935, and the German American Bund, formed in New York by first and second generation German-Americans in 1936, sought to build support for a Nazi party within the United States. The Friends of New Germany is a possible publication source for the \"Die Volkswarcht\" newsletters as their propaganda was heavily and overtly antisemitic and centered largely around New York businesses and politics. Antisemitic Nazi ideologies were also spread within the United States through independent news publications, such as \"American Bulletin\" (subtitled \"The White Man's Viewpoint\"), a weekly antisemitic newsletter published starting in 1935 by New Yorker Henry Curtiss.","Processing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023.","The Special Collections Research Center also holds other materials on Germany and the Nazi Party in World War II, such as in the  ."," holds extensive materials related to both the Holocaust and the antisemitism, including a collection of Nazi party propaganda.","Content warning: These materials are strongly antisemitic and white supremacist.","Fifteen antisemitic propaganda newsletters and flyers, in both German and English, and two collage photographs. All materials were created for distribution to American audiences by United States based affiliates or supporters of the German Nazi party. Newsletter titles include 7 editions of \"Die Volkswacht,\" 2 editions of \"Facts in Review,\" 1 edition of \"News Service\", and 1 edition of \"American Bulletin\", as well as several flyers and independent publications, some of which include excerpted sections of longer antisemitic writings.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Content warning: These materials are strongly antisemitic and white supremacist.\n\nFifteen antisemitic propaganda newsletters and two photographs published by United States based affiliates or supporters of the German Nazi party.","R 72, C 3, S 6","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","German Library of Information (New York, N.Y.)","German American Bund","German \n,        English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0347","/repositories/2/resources/676"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos"],"collection_title_tesim":["Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos"],"collection_ssim":["Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donor is unknown"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Nazis","Antisemitism","Hate speech","Propaganda","Nazi propaganda"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Nazis","Antisemitism","Hate speech","Propaganda","Nazi propaganda"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBredemus, Jim. n.d. \"American Bund: The Failure of American Nazism.\" TRACES. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://usgerrelations.traces.org/americanbund.html.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Right-Wing Political Pamphlets Collection.\" n.d. OAC: Online Archive of California. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8gx4fqg/dsc/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"State of Deception: The Power of Nazi Propaganda.\" n.d. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/propaganda/home/state-of-deception-the-power-of-nazi-propaganda.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWaddington, Lorna. 2007. \"The Anti-Komintern and Nazi Anti-Bolshevik Propaganda in the 1930s.\" \u003cemph\u003eJournal of Contemporary History - J CONTEMP HIST\u003c/emph\u003e 42 (October): 573–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009407081488.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"World War II Propaganda Publications.\" 2022. \u003cemph\u003eRaymond H. Fogler Library\u003c/emph\u003e (blog). October 14, 2022. https://library.umaine.edu/2022/10/14/world-war-ii-propaganda-publications/.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Bredemus, Jim. n.d. \"American Bund: The Failure of American Nazism.\" TRACES. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://usgerrelations.traces.org/americanbund.html.","\"Right-Wing Political Pamphlets Collection.\" n.d. OAC: Online Archive of California. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8gx4fqg/dsc/.","\"State of Deception: The Power of Nazi Propaganda.\" n.d. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/propaganda/home/state-of-deception-the-power-of-nazi-propaganda.","Waddington, Lorna. 2007. \"The Anti-Komintern and Nazi Anti-Bolshevik Propaganda in the 1930s.\"  Journal of Contemporary History - J CONTEMP HIST  42 (October): 573–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009407081488.","\"World War II Propaganda Publications.\" 2022.  Raymond H. Fogler Library  (blog). October 14, 2022. https://library.umaine.edu/2022/10/14/world-war-ii-propaganda-publications/."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Nazi Party relied heavily on propaganda to build public support, with much of it centered on antisemitism as the central theme, drawing on centuries of anti-Jewish prejudice in Europe. To more effectively reach different audiences the party's propagandists conducted informal public opinion research to then use in creating films, posters, and news publications targeted at these specific needs, concerns, and existing prejudices. These propaganda materials were targeted both within Germany and internationally, including within the United States. Those which were authorized by the German Nazi party included the New York based German Library of Information, which provided the \"German perspective\" on the war in Europe in their \"Facts in Review\" newsletters. In reality these publications heavily sanitized the atrocities being carried out and downplayed the party's antisemitic policies and positions. Additionally, the Anti-Komintern (also spelled Anti-Comintern) focused on anti-Soviet and anti-communist propaganda, such as in their \"News Service\" newsletters, by connecting it as part of the \"International Jewish Conspiracy\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, organized groups like the Friends of New Germany, created with support from the German counsel in New York City in 1933 and dismantled in late 1935, and the German American Bund, formed in New York by first and second generation German-Americans in 1936, sought to build support for a Nazi party within the United States. The Friends of New Germany is a possible publication source for the \"Die Volkswarcht\" newsletters as their propaganda was heavily and overtly antisemitic and centered largely around New York businesses and politics. Antisemitic Nazi ideologies were also spread within the United States through independent news publications, such as \"American Bulletin\" (subtitled \"The White Man's Viewpoint\"), a weekly antisemitic newsletter published starting in 1935 by New Yorker Henry Curtiss.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Nazi Party relied heavily on propaganda to build public support, with much of it centered on antisemitism as the central theme, drawing on centuries of anti-Jewish prejudice in Europe. To more effectively reach different audiences the party's propagandists conducted informal public opinion research to then use in creating films, posters, and news publications targeted at these specific needs, concerns, and existing prejudices. These propaganda materials were targeted both within Germany and internationally, including within the United States. Those which were authorized by the German Nazi party included the New York based German Library of Information, which provided the \"German perspective\" on the war in Europe in their \"Facts in Review\" newsletters. In reality these publications heavily sanitized the atrocities being carried out and downplayed the party's antisemitic policies and positions. Additionally, the Anti-Komintern (also spelled Anti-Comintern) focused on anti-Soviet and anti-communist propaganda, such as in their \"News Service\" newsletters, by connecting it as part of the \"International Jewish Conspiracy\".","Additionally, organized groups like the Friends of New Germany, created with support from the German counsel in New York City in 1933 and dismantled in late 1935, and the German American Bund, formed in New York by first and second generation German-Americans in 1936, sought to build support for a Nazi party within the United States. The Friends of New Germany is a possible publication source for the \"Die Volkswarcht\" newsletters as their propaganda was heavily and overtly antisemitic and centered largely around New York businesses and politics. Antisemitic Nazi ideologies were also spread within the United States through independent news publications, such as \"American Bulletin\" (subtitled \"The White Man's Viewpoint\"), a weekly antisemitic newsletter published starting in 1935 by New Yorker Henry Curtiss."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAntisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Antisemitic American Nazi propaganda newsletters and photos, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023. Finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner in September 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center also holds other materials on Germany and the Nazi Party in World War II, such as in the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"Henry O. Lampe papers\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0092\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\" href=\"https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/browse\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e holds extensive materials related to both the Holocaust and the antisemitism, including a collection of Nazi party propaganda.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center also holds other materials on Germany and the Nazi Party in World War II, such as in the  ."," holds extensive materials related to both the Holocaust and the antisemitism, including a collection of Nazi party propaganda."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent warning: These materials are strongly antisemitic and white supremacist.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFifteen antisemitic propaganda newsletters and flyers, in both German and English, and two collage photographs. All materials were created for distribution to American audiences by United States based affiliates or supporters of the German Nazi party. Newsletter titles include 7 editions of \"Die Volkswacht,\" 2 editions of \"Facts in Review,\" 1 edition of \"News Service\", and 1 edition of \"American Bulletin\", as well as several flyers and independent publications, some of which include excerpted sections of longer antisemitic writings.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Content warning: These materials are strongly antisemitic and white supremacist.","Fifteen antisemitic propaganda newsletters and flyers, in both German and English, and two collage photographs. All materials were created for distribution to American audiences by United States based affiliates or supporters of the German Nazi party. Newsletter titles include 7 editions of \"Die Volkswacht,\" 2 editions of \"Facts in Review,\" 1 edition of \"News Service\", and 1 edition of \"American Bulletin\", as well as several flyers and independent publications, some of which include excerpted sections of longer antisemitic writings."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_30dd01e52b3195d5a305a29c792ff709\"\u003eContent warning: These materials are strongly antisemitic and white supremacist.\n\nFifteen antisemitic propaganda newsletters and two photographs published by United States based affiliates or supporters of the German Nazi party.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Content warning: These materials are strongly antisemitic and white supremacist.\n\nFifteen antisemitic propaganda newsletters and two photographs published by United States based affiliates or supporters of the German Nazi party."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_6f0adf4260ecb49a6b4cee40e2dc9920\"\u003eR 72, C 3, S 6\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 3, S 6"],"names_coll_ssim":["German Library of Information (New York, N.Y.)","German American Bund"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","German Library of Information (New York, N.Y.)","German American Bund"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","German Library of Information (New York, N.Y.)","German American Bund"],"language_ssim":["German \n,        English \n.    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The engraving shows a drawing of the pavilion to be built for the celebratory fireworks performance and its written specifications.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_562#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_562","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_562","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_562","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_562","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_562.xml","title_ssm":["\"A View of the Public Fire-Works to be exhibited on Occasion of the General Peace\" architectural and instructional engraving"],"title_tesim":["\"A View of the Public Fire-Works to be exhibited on Occasion of the General Peace\" architectural and instructional engraving"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1749"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["circa 1749"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0482","/repositories/2/resources/562"],"text":["C0482","/repositories/2/resources/562","\"A View of the Public Fire-Works to be exhibited on Occasion of the General Peace\" architectural and instructional engraving","England","Engraving","Music","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single item collection.","Blevins, Kali. \"How Handel's 'Music for the Royal Fireworks' Premiered with a Bang.\" Of Note, WDAV Classical Public Radio, July 3, 2014. https://blogs.wdav.org/2014/07/how-handels-music-for-the-royal-fireworks-premiered-with-a-bang/.","\nSchwarm, B.. \"Music for the Royal Fireworks.\" Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Music-for-the-Royal-Fireworks.","\"Music for the Royal Fireworks\" is an orchestral suite composed by George Frideric Handel in 1749 and commissioned by King George II of England to celebrate the ending of the War of the Austrian Succession, which lasted from 1740 - 1748. The music was composed to accompany a fireworks display at a grand pavilion built specifically for the occasion in London. Unfortunately, the dress rehearsal for the performance was a greater success than the actual performance. Handel would eventually rework his music for a full orchestra, which is the version that is still performed today.","Processing completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215.","The Special Collections Resarch Center holds other engravings and illustrations from this time period.","The British Museum holds a   depicting the same occasion. ","\"A View of the Public Fire-Works to be exhibited on Occasion of the General Peace\" architectural and instructional engraving, created circa 1749. The engraving shows a drawing of the pavilion to be built for the celebratory fireworks performance and its written specifications. According to the specifications, the celebration would be performed as such: \"At the Top of the Building, from behind the two Stars, five hundred Rockets will go off from each Place: The whole Front of the Building will display Fire Wheels, and many other Devices in various Forms and Colours, which will continue for three Hours; at the Conclusion of which, from behind the King's Arms, at Top, six  thousand Rockets will go off at once. After which the whole Building will be illuminated, and continue so five Hours more.\"","Public Domain. There are no known restrictions.","\"A View of the Public Fire-Works to be exhibited on Occasion of the General Peace\" architectural and instructional engraving, created circa 1749. The engraving shows a drawing of the pavilion to be built for the celebratory fireworks performance and its written specifications.","R 72, C 3, S 5","George Mason University. Libraries. 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EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in August 2021. This item was formerly part of the Performing Arts Manuscript Materials collection, C0215."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Resarch Center holds other engravings and illustrations from this time period.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe British Museum holds a \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"print illustration\" href=\"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1877-0609-2060\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e depicting the same occasion. \u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Resarch Center holds other engravings and illustrations from this time period.","The British Museum holds a   depicting the same occasion. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"A View of the Public Fire-Works to be exhibited on Occasion of the General Peace\" architectural and instructional engraving, created circa 1749. 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