{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1983","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1983\u0026page=2","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1983\u0026page=4"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":4,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":32,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_734","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"A. E. Dick Howard papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_734#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Howard, A. E. 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Morris memorabilia","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_653#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Morris, Arthur J., 1881-1973","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_653#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains diplomas, certificates, photographs, newspaper clippings, a gold watch and a gold medal, a scrapbook, and many other pieces of memorabilia that belonged to Arthur J. Morris, class of 1901 and a benefactor of the University of Virginia Law Library.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_653#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_653","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_653","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_653","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_653","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_653.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/107324","title_ssm":["Arthur J. Morris memorabilia"],"title_tesim":["Arthur J. Morris memorabilia"],"unitdate_ssm":["1884-1992"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1884-1992"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.97.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/653"],"text":["MSS.97.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/653","Arthur J. Morris memorabilia","Memorabilia","Scrapbooks","photographs","Arthur J. Morris was born in North Carolina in 1881, but grew up in Norfolk, Virginia.  His father, a strict Presbyterian, ran a general store for farmers.  At sixteen, Arthur suffered an Achilles tendon injury during football practice and spent the next 29 months in a wheelchair, despite numerous operations on his heel.  Through much trial and error, he invented a brace that enabled him to walk. In the fall of 1898 Morris entered the University of Virginia, where he studied English literature, moral philosophy, and economics.  Having done previous work at a preparatory school, he received his B.A. in June 1899.  That school year, he was awarded a handsome gold medal for his debating skills and the Phi Beta Kappa key for academic excellence.","For the next two years, he studied law.  In his final year at the University, his father paid an unannounced visit to Charlottesville and caught his son playing poker. His father withdrew further financial assistance for the young man's education.  Morris found odd jobs in order to stay in school, until his mother stepped in and agreed to support him through his law graduation in June 1901.  He returned to his hometown to begin practicing law.","Early in his career, Morris encountered a number of clients who lacked the collateral they needed to borrow money from banks. If these wage earners could not borrow from family members, they were at the mercy of pawnbrokers or loan sharks. Morris, a firm believer in the solid character and dignity of the working class, loaned his own money to these clients. The experience made him cognizant of the need for a lending institution for middle and lower income workers.  He applied to the Virginia Corporation Commission for a charter for such a bank, and received the following reply from its chairman, Judge Robert R. Prentiss:","Dear Arthur: I have carefully considered your application for a charter for your hybrid and mongrel institution.  Frankly, I don't know what it is.  It isn't a savings bank; it isn't a state or national bank; it isn't a charity. It isn't anything I ever heard of before.  Its principles seem sound, however, and its purpose admirable.  But the real reason that I am going to grant a charter is because I believe in you.","On April 1, 1910, with $20,000 of his own and a few associates' funds, Morris opened the Morris Plan Bank.  Soon there were eleven of these banks enabling the average American, with the \"collateral\" of earning power and good character, to borrow in order to buy a house, finance a car, or carry the family through a catastrophic illness.  Morris found that there were few defaults because most borrowers were thrifty and eager to be debt-free.","It took some effort to convince the big financiers in New York to allow the Morris Plan to go nationwide.  Morris later recalled the arguments he employed:","\"I told them simply that America's strength was in mass production and the only way to insure mass production was mass consumption.  And, like night follows day, we can't have mass consumption without mass credit.  And, what's more, mass credit guarantees mass employment.  That got them!  The only thing I left out, but since have learned, was that mass credit would create a standard of living among Americans unequaled anywhere in the world.\"","Soon the Morris Plan was adopted by countless other banks.   In 1917, he branched out and established credit life insurance.","In his later years, Morris was frequently honored for his enormous impact on life in twentieth‑century America. His simple idea of installment credit, coupled with his faith in the average citizen, helped to improve the standard of living for millions.  And from the time of his graduation, Morris maintained close ties with his alma mater from which he received many awards of recognition and appreciation. Near the end of his life he gave a generous donation toward the construction of the law library in the new building at North Grounds. The library, bearing his name, opened in 1974, the year after Morris's death.","This collection contains diplomas, certificates, photographs, newspaper clippings, a gold watch and a gold medal, a scrapbook, and many other pieces of memorabilia that belonged to Arthur J. Morris, class of 1901 and a benefactor of the University of Virginia Law Library.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Morris, Arthur J., 1881-1973","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.97.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/653"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Arthur J. Morris memorabilia"],"collection_title_tesim":["Arthur J. Morris memorabilia"],"collection_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris memorabilia"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Memorabilia"],"geogname_ssim":["Memorabilia"],"creator_ssm":["Morris, Arthur J., 1881-1973"],"creator_ssim":["Morris, Arthur J., 1881-1973"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Morris, Arthur J., 1881-1973"],"creators_ssim":["Morris, Arthur J., 1881-1973"],"places_ssim":["Memorabilia"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was donated to the Law Library by the Virginia Morris Kincaid Foundation in February of 1997. The addendums were donated by Virginia Morris Huschke, grandaughter of Mr. Morris, in 2012 and 2013."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Scrapbooks","photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Scrapbooks","photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2 Cubic Feet"],"extent_tesim":["2 Cubic Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Scrapbooks","photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArthur J. Morris was born in North Carolina in 1881, but grew up in Norfolk, Virginia.  His father, a strict Presbyterian, ran a general store for farmers.  At sixteen, Arthur suffered an Achilles tendon injury during football practice and spent the next 29 months in a wheelchair, despite numerous operations on his heel.  Through much trial and error, he invented a brace that enabled him to walk. In the fall of 1898 Morris entered the University of Virginia, where he studied English literature, moral philosophy, and economics.  Having done previous work at a preparatory school, he received his B.A. in June 1899.  That school year, he was awarded a handsome gold medal for his debating skills and the Phi Beta Kappa key for academic excellence.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor the next two years, he studied law.  In his final year at the University, his father paid an unannounced visit to Charlottesville and caught his son playing poker. His father withdrew further financial assistance for the young man's education.  Morris found odd jobs in order to stay in school, until his mother stepped in and agreed to support him through his law graduation in June 1901.  He returned to his hometown to begin practicing law.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEarly in his career, Morris encountered a number of clients who lacked the collateral they needed to borrow money from banks. If these wage earners could not borrow from family members, they were at the mercy of pawnbrokers or loan sharks. Morris, a firm believer in the solid character and dignity of the working class, loaned his own money to these clients. The experience made him cognizant of the need for a lending institution for middle and lower income workers.  He applied to the Virginia Corporation Commission for a charter for such a bank, and received the following reply from its chairman, Judge Robert R. Prentiss:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDear Arthur: I have carefully considered your application for a charter for your hybrid and mongrel institution.  Frankly, I don't know what it is.  It isn't a savings bank; it isn't a state or national bank; it isn't a charity. It isn't anything I ever heard of before.  Its principles seem sound, however, and its purpose admirable.  But the real reason that I am going to grant a charter is because I believe in you.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn April 1, 1910, with $20,000 of his own and a few associates' funds, Morris opened the Morris Plan Bank.  Soon there were eleven of these banks enabling the average American, with the \"collateral\" of earning power and good character, to borrow in order to buy a house, finance a car, or carry the family through a catastrophic illness.  Morris found that there were few defaults because most borrowers were thrifty and eager to be debt-free.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIt took some effort to convince the big financiers in New York to allow the Morris Plan to go nationwide.  Morris later recalled the arguments he employed:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"I told them simply that America's strength was in mass production and the only way to insure mass production was mass consumption.  And, like night follows day, we can't have mass consumption without mass credit.  And, what's more, mass credit guarantees mass employment.  That got them!  The only thing I left out, but since have learned, was that mass credit would create a standard of living among Americans unequaled anywhere in the world.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSoon the Morris Plan was adopted by countless other banks.   In 1917, he branched out and established credit life insurance.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn his later years, Morris was frequently honored for his enormous impact on life in twentieth‑century America. His simple idea of installment credit, coupled with his faith in the average citizen, helped to improve the standard of living for millions.  And from the time of his graduation, Morris maintained close ties with his alma mater from which he received many awards of recognition and appreciation. Near the end of his life he gave a generous donation toward the construction of the law library in the new building at North Grounds. The library, bearing his name, opened in 1974, the year after Morris's death.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Arthur J. Morris was born in North Carolina in 1881, but grew up in Norfolk, Virginia.  His father, a strict Presbyterian, ran a general store for farmers.  At sixteen, Arthur suffered an Achilles tendon injury during football practice and spent the next 29 months in a wheelchair, despite numerous operations on his heel.  Through much trial and error, he invented a brace that enabled him to walk. In the fall of 1898 Morris entered the University of Virginia, where he studied English literature, moral philosophy, and economics.  Having done previous work at a preparatory school, he received his B.A. in June 1899.  That school year, he was awarded a handsome gold medal for his debating skills and the Phi Beta Kappa key for academic excellence.","For the next two years, he studied law.  In his final year at the University, his father paid an unannounced visit to Charlottesville and caught his son playing poker. His father withdrew further financial assistance for the young man's education.  Morris found odd jobs in order to stay in school, until his mother stepped in and agreed to support him through his law graduation in June 1901.  He returned to his hometown to begin practicing law.","Early in his career, Morris encountered a number of clients who lacked the collateral they needed to borrow money from banks. If these wage earners could not borrow from family members, they were at the mercy of pawnbrokers or loan sharks. Morris, a firm believer in the solid character and dignity of the working class, loaned his own money to these clients. The experience made him cognizant of the need for a lending institution for middle and lower income workers.  He applied to the Virginia Corporation Commission for a charter for such a bank, and received the following reply from its chairman, Judge Robert R. Prentiss:","Dear Arthur: I have carefully considered your application for a charter for your hybrid and mongrel institution.  Frankly, I don't know what it is.  It isn't a savings bank; it isn't a state or national bank; it isn't a charity. It isn't anything I ever heard of before.  Its principles seem sound, however, and its purpose admirable.  But the real reason that I am going to grant a charter is because I believe in you.","On April 1, 1910, with $20,000 of his own and a few associates' funds, Morris opened the Morris Plan Bank.  Soon there were eleven of these banks enabling the average American, with the \"collateral\" of earning power and good character, to borrow in order to buy a house, finance a car, or carry the family through a catastrophic illness.  Morris found that there were few defaults because most borrowers were thrifty and eager to be debt-free.","It took some effort to convince the big financiers in New York to allow the Morris Plan to go nationwide.  Morris later recalled the arguments he employed:","\"I told them simply that America's strength was in mass production and the only way to insure mass production was mass consumption.  And, like night follows day, we can't have mass consumption without mass credit.  And, what's more, mass credit guarantees mass employment.  That got them!  The only thing I left out, but since have learned, was that mass credit would create a standard of living among Americans unequaled anywhere in the world.\"","Soon the Morris Plan was adopted by countless other banks.   In 1917, he branched out and established credit life insurance.","In his later years, Morris was frequently honored for his enormous impact on life in twentieth‑century America. His simple idea of installment credit, coupled with his faith in the average citizen, helped to improve the standard of living for millions.  And from the time of his graduation, Morris maintained close ties with his alma mater from which he received many awards of recognition and appreciation. Near the end of his life he gave a generous donation toward the construction of the law library in the new building at North Grounds. The library, bearing his name, opened in 1974, the year after Morris's death."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains diplomas, certificates, photographs, newspaper clippings, a gold watch and a gold medal, a scrapbook, and many other pieces of memorabilia that belonged to Arthur J. Morris, class of 1901 and a benefactor of the University of Virginia Law Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains diplomas, certificates, photographs, newspaper clippings, a gold watch and a gold medal, a scrapbook, and many other pieces of memorabilia that belonged to Arthur J. Morris, class of 1901 and a benefactor of the University of Virginia Law Library."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Morris, Arthur J., 1881-1973"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"names_coll_ssim":["Morris, Arthur J., 1881-1973"],"persname_ssim":["Morris, Arthur J., 1881-1973"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":48,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:46:53.564Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_653","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_653","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_653","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_653","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_653.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/107324","title_ssm":["Arthur J. Morris memorabilia"],"title_tesim":["Arthur J. Morris memorabilia"],"unitdate_ssm":["1884-1992"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1884-1992"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.97.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/653"],"text":["MSS.97.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/653","Arthur J. Morris memorabilia","Memorabilia","Scrapbooks","photographs","Arthur J. Morris was born in North Carolina in 1881, but grew up in Norfolk, Virginia.  His father, a strict Presbyterian, ran a general store for farmers.  At sixteen, Arthur suffered an Achilles tendon injury during football practice and spent the next 29 months in a wheelchair, despite numerous operations on his heel.  Through much trial and error, he invented a brace that enabled him to walk. In the fall of 1898 Morris entered the University of Virginia, where he studied English literature, moral philosophy, and economics.  Having done previous work at a preparatory school, he received his B.A. in June 1899.  That school year, he was awarded a handsome gold medal for his debating skills and the Phi Beta Kappa key for academic excellence.","For the next two years, he studied law.  In his final year at the University, his father paid an unannounced visit to Charlottesville and caught his son playing poker. His father withdrew further financial assistance for the young man's education.  Morris found odd jobs in order to stay in school, until his mother stepped in and agreed to support him through his law graduation in June 1901.  He returned to his hometown to begin practicing law.","Early in his career, Morris encountered a number of clients who lacked the collateral they needed to borrow money from banks. If these wage earners could not borrow from family members, they were at the mercy of pawnbrokers or loan sharks. Morris, a firm believer in the solid character and dignity of the working class, loaned his own money to these clients. The experience made him cognizant of the need for a lending institution for middle and lower income workers.  He applied to the Virginia Corporation Commission for a charter for such a bank, and received the following reply from its chairman, Judge Robert R. Prentiss:","Dear Arthur: I have carefully considered your application for a charter for your hybrid and mongrel institution.  Frankly, I don't know what it is.  It isn't a savings bank; it isn't a state or national bank; it isn't a charity. It isn't anything I ever heard of before.  Its principles seem sound, however, and its purpose admirable.  But the real reason that I am going to grant a charter is because I believe in you.","On April 1, 1910, with $20,000 of his own and a few associates' funds, Morris opened the Morris Plan Bank.  Soon there were eleven of these banks enabling the average American, with the \"collateral\" of earning power and good character, to borrow in order to buy a house, finance a car, or carry the family through a catastrophic illness.  Morris found that there were few defaults because most borrowers were thrifty and eager to be debt-free.","It took some effort to convince the big financiers in New York to allow the Morris Plan to go nationwide.  Morris later recalled the arguments he employed:","\"I told them simply that America's strength was in mass production and the only way to insure mass production was mass consumption.  And, like night follows day, we can't have mass consumption without mass credit.  And, what's more, mass credit guarantees mass employment.  That got them!  The only thing I left out, but since have learned, was that mass credit would create a standard of living among Americans unequaled anywhere in the world.\"","Soon the Morris Plan was adopted by countless other banks.   In 1917, he branched out and established credit life insurance.","In his later years, Morris was frequently honored for his enormous impact on life in twentieth‑century America. His simple idea of installment credit, coupled with his faith in the average citizen, helped to improve the standard of living for millions.  And from the time of his graduation, Morris maintained close ties with his alma mater from which he received many awards of recognition and appreciation. Near the end of his life he gave a generous donation toward the construction of the law library in the new building at North Grounds. The library, bearing his name, opened in 1974, the year after Morris's death.","This collection contains diplomas, certificates, photographs, newspaper clippings, a gold watch and a gold medal, a scrapbook, and many other pieces of memorabilia that belonged to Arthur J. Morris, class of 1901 and a benefactor of the University of Virginia Law Library.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Morris, Arthur J., 1881-1973","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.97.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/653"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Arthur J. Morris memorabilia"],"collection_title_tesim":["Arthur J. Morris memorabilia"],"collection_ssim":["Arthur J. 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The addendums were donated by Virginia Morris Huschke, grandaughter of Mr. Morris, in 2012 and 2013."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Scrapbooks","photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Scrapbooks","photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2 Cubic Feet"],"extent_tesim":["2 Cubic Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Scrapbooks","photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArthur J. Morris was born in North Carolina in 1881, but grew up in Norfolk, Virginia.  His father, a strict Presbyterian, ran a general store for farmers.  At sixteen, Arthur suffered an Achilles tendon injury during football practice and spent the next 29 months in a wheelchair, despite numerous operations on his heel.  Through much trial and error, he invented a brace that enabled him to walk. In the fall of 1898 Morris entered the University of Virginia, where he studied English literature, moral philosophy, and economics.  Having done previous work at a preparatory school, he received his B.A. in June 1899.  That school year, he was awarded a handsome gold medal for his debating skills and the Phi Beta Kappa key for academic excellence.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor the next two years, he studied law.  In his final year at the University, his father paid an unannounced visit to Charlottesville and caught his son playing poker. His father withdrew further financial assistance for the young man's education.  Morris found odd jobs in order to stay in school, until his mother stepped in and agreed to support him through his law graduation in June 1901.  He returned to his hometown to begin practicing law.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEarly in his career, Morris encountered a number of clients who lacked the collateral they needed to borrow money from banks. If these wage earners could not borrow from family members, they were at the mercy of pawnbrokers or loan sharks. Morris, a firm believer in the solid character and dignity of the working class, loaned his own money to these clients. The experience made him cognizant of the need for a lending institution for middle and lower income workers.  He applied to the Virginia Corporation Commission for a charter for such a bank, and received the following reply from its chairman, Judge Robert R. Prentiss:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDear Arthur: I have carefully considered your application for a charter for your hybrid and mongrel institution.  Frankly, I don't know what it is.  It isn't a savings bank; it isn't a state or national bank; it isn't a charity. It isn't anything I ever heard of before.  Its principles seem sound, however, and its purpose admirable.  But the real reason that I am going to grant a charter is because I believe in you.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn April 1, 1910, with $20,000 of his own and a few associates' funds, Morris opened the Morris Plan Bank.  Soon there were eleven of these banks enabling the average American, with the \"collateral\" of earning power and good character, to borrow in order to buy a house, finance a car, or carry the family through a catastrophic illness.  Morris found that there were few defaults because most borrowers were thrifty and eager to be debt-free.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIt took some effort to convince the big financiers in New York to allow the Morris Plan to go nationwide.  Morris later recalled the arguments he employed:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"I told them simply that America's strength was in mass production and the only way to insure mass production was mass consumption.  And, like night follows day, we can't have mass consumption without mass credit.  And, what's more, mass credit guarantees mass employment.  That got them!  The only thing I left out, but since have learned, was that mass credit would create a standard of living among Americans unequaled anywhere in the world.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSoon the Morris Plan was adopted by countless other banks.   In 1917, he branched out and established credit life insurance.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn his later years, Morris was frequently honored for his enormous impact on life in twentieth‑century America. His simple idea of installment credit, coupled with his faith in the average citizen, helped to improve the standard of living for millions.  And from the time of his graduation, Morris maintained close ties with his alma mater from which he received many awards of recognition and appreciation. Near the end of his life he gave a generous donation toward the construction of the law library in the new building at North Grounds. The library, bearing his name, opened in 1974, the year after Morris's death.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Arthur J. Morris was born in North Carolina in 1881, but grew up in Norfolk, Virginia.  His father, a strict Presbyterian, ran a general store for farmers.  At sixteen, Arthur suffered an Achilles tendon injury during football practice and spent the next 29 months in a wheelchair, despite numerous operations on his heel.  Through much trial and error, he invented a brace that enabled him to walk. In the fall of 1898 Morris entered the University of Virginia, where he studied English literature, moral philosophy, and economics.  Having done previous work at a preparatory school, he received his B.A. in June 1899.  That school year, he was awarded a handsome gold medal for his debating skills and the Phi Beta Kappa key for academic excellence.","For the next two years, he studied law.  In his final year at the University, his father paid an unannounced visit to Charlottesville and caught his son playing poker. His father withdrew further financial assistance for the young man's education.  Morris found odd jobs in order to stay in school, until his mother stepped in and agreed to support him through his law graduation in June 1901.  He returned to his hometown to begin practicing law.","Early in his career, Morris encountered a number of clients who lacked the collateral they needed to borrow money from banks. If these wage earners could not borrow from family members, they were at the mercy of pawnbrokers or loan sharks. Morris, a firm believer in the solid character and dignity of the working class, loaned his own money to these clients. The experience made him cognizant of the need for a lending institution for middle and lower income workers.  He applied to the Virginia Corporation Commission for a charter for such a bank, and received the following reply from its chairman, Judge Robert R. Prentiss:","Dear Arthur: I have carefully considered your application for a charter for your hybrid and mongrel institution.  Frankly, I don't know what it is.  It isn't a savings bank; it isn't a state or national bank; it isn't a charity. It isn't anything I ever heard of before.  Its principles seem sound, however, and its purpose admirable.  But the real reason that I am going to grant a charter is because I believe in you.","On April 1, 1910, with $20,000 of his own and a few associates' funds, Morris opened the Morris Plan Bank.  Soon there were eleven of these banks enabling the average American, with the \"collateral\" of earning power and good character, to borrow in order to buy a house, finance a car, or carry the family through a catastrophic illness.  Morris found that there were few defaults because most borrowers were thrifty and eager to be debt-free.","It took some effort to convince the big financiers in New York to allow the Morris Plan to go nationwide.  Morris later recalled the arguments he employed:","\"I told them simply that America's strength was in mass production and the only way to insure mass production was mass consumption.  And, like night follows day, we can't have mass consumption without mass credit.  And, what's more, mass credit guarantees mass employment.  That got them!  The only thing I left out, but since have learned, was that mass credit would create a standard of living among Americans unequaled anywhere in the world.\"","Soon the Morris Plan was adopted by countless other banks.   In 1917, he branched out and established credit life insurance.","In his later years, Morris was frequently honored for his enormous impact on life in twentieth‑century America. His simple idea of installment credit, coupled with his faith in the average citizen, helped to improve the standard of living for millions.  And from the time of his graduation, Morris maintained close ties with his alma mater from which he received many awards of recognition and appreciation. Near the end of his life he gave a generous donation toward the construction of the law library in the new building at North Grounds. The library, bearing his name, opened in 1974, the year after Morris's death."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains diplomas, certificates, photographs, newspaper clippings, a gold watch and a gold medal, a scrapbook, and many other pieces of memorabilia that belonged to Arthur J. Morris, class of 1901 and a benefactor of the University of Virginia Law Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains diplomas, certificates, photographs, newspaper clippings, a gold watch and a gold medal, a scrapbook, and many other pieces of memorabilia that belonged to Arthur J. Morris, class of 1901 and a benefactor of the University of Virginia Law Library."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Morris, Arthur J., 1881-1973"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. 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His work has appeared in many books, calendars, and travel publications, as well as in publicity publications for architectural firms. 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He later served as the chair of the Department of Art for 10 years before retiring from Old Dominion University in 1980.","Note written by Special Collections Staff"],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was given to the Art Library Supervisor in 2017 from an Art Department faculty member and was transferred to Special Collections and University Archives in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["The collection was given to the Art Library Supervisor in 2017 from an Art Department faculty member and was transferred to Special Collections and University Archives in 2017."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Charles Sibley Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Charles Sibley Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was accessioned and minimally described by Steven Bookman, University Archivist, in January 2020.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The collection was accessioned and minimally described by Steven Bookman, University Archivist, in January 2020."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains photographs and slides of both Charles Sibley's artwork, of Sibley himself, as well as trips around the world, including Greece and Turkey. The bulk of the photographs and slides are in color.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains photographs and slides of both Charles Sibley's artwork, of Sibley himself, as well as trips around the world, including Greece and Turkey. The bulk of the photographs and slides are in color."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"names_ssim":["ODU University Archives","Sibley, Charles Kenneth (1922-2005)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU University Archives"],"persname_ssim":["Sibley, Charles Kenneth (1922-2005)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":5,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:41:17.996Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_3_resources_99"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_416#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_416#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eChisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia, 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_416#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_416.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/114086","title_filing_ssi":"Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner","title_ssm":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"title_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"unitdate_ssm":["1909-1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1909-1997"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416"],"text":["MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416","Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner","photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks","The collection is open for research use.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026 Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","MSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library","Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"collection_title_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"collection_ssim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creator_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creators_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by the Chisholm Foundation (Lex Lindsay) to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssim":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.5 Cubic Feet 1 document box, 1 half-width document box, 1 flat box, and oversize folders"],"extent_tesim":["1.5 Cubic Feet 1 document box, 1 half-width document box, 1 flat box, and oversize folders"],"genreform_ssim":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026 Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16333 Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, Albert and Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16333 Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, Albert and Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["MSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":33,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:49:52.904Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026amp; Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e"],"collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_416.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/114086","title_filing_ssi":"Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner","title_ssm":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"title_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"unitdate_ssm":["1909-1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1909-1997"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416"],"text":["MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416","Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner","photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks","The collection is open for research use.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026 Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. 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He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026 Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16333 Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, Albert and Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16333 Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, Albert and Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["MSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":33,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:49:52.904Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026amp; Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e"]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_416"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1497","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Coleman, Bromm, Kirschmann family papers","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1497#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1497","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1497","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1497","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1497","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1497.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189145","title_filing_ssi":"Coleman, Bromm, Kirschmann family papers","title_ssm":["Coleman, Bromm, Kirschmann family papers"],"title_tesim":["Coleman, Bromm, Kirschmann family 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stimulate cultural vitality and to facilitate the development of healthy and dynamic cultural institutions throughout the region.. Records consist of reports, meeting minutes, grant applications and materials, correspondence, newspaper clippings, announcements, brochures, newsletters, directories, and photographs from 1972-2018.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_172#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_172","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_172","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_172","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_172","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_172.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/172","title_filing_ssi":"Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads","title_ssm":["Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads Records"],"title_tesim":["Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1972-2018, undated","Date acquired: 09/11/2014"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1972-2018, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 09/11/2014"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 120","/repositories/5/resources/172"],"text":["MG 120","/repositories/5/resources/172","Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads Records","Nonprofit organizations--Virginia--Hampton Roads (Region)","Arts--Virginia--Hampton Roads (Region)","minutes (administrative records)","letters (correspondence)","photographs","administrative reports","This collection is open to researchers without restrictions.","Acc. 2018.007 was received by Special Collections and University Archives from the donor on 4/23/2018.","The collection is arranged into four series (administrative, activities, media/publicity, and miscellaneous) reflecting the facets of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads.","The Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads was a non-profit organization that advocated for and encouraged the arts in the Hampton Roads Region. The alliance's mission was to stimulate cultural vitality and to facilitate the development of healthy and dynamic cultural institutions throughout the region.  The Cultural Alliance served as a \"Chamber of Culture\" for the Hampton Roads area by gathering information, coordinating efforts, and raising awareness of cultural opportunities. The alliance achieved this through by advocating public and private financial investments into the arts and into cultural organizations, encouraging community participation in the arts and in cultural activities, and providing forums and programs for communication and collaboration. Overall the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads assisted more than 350 arts and cultural organizations; individual artists, writers, dancers, and arts professionals; museums; opera and symphony organizations; a theater; a ballet academy, and a variety of dance troupes, choral groups, art centers, galleries, and so forth in the Hampton Roads area.","The Cultural Alliance was formed in 1983, out of two separate community arts groups: Metropolitan Arts Congress of Tidewater and the Peninsula Council of the Arts. The process leading to the formation of the Cultural Alliance, began in 1981 when the Metropolitan Arts Congress published, a study on the cultural needs of South Hampton Roads, titled \"Blueprint for a Rainbow.\" The study was funded by the Norfolk Foundation, and it recommended major cultural planning involving Southside Hampton Roads cultural institutions.  In 1982, Southside and Peninsula cultural organizations embarked on a seven month planning process led by the nationally known arts planner Ralph Burgard.  The process was led by a citizen's planning committee made up of leaders from the local business, culture, education, government, and public service sectors. Former Virginia Beach mayor, Dr. Clarence Holland, chaired this committee.  The result of this process was the founding of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads and the publishing of the \"Greater Hampton Roads Cultural Action Plan\" in June 1983.","Throughout the years the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads played an active role in carrying out its mission within the Hampton Roads cultural and arts community. This was done through numerous community events, concerts, award programs, conferences and workshops. The alliance was also a major protector of arts funding, and was very active in trying to prevent further national and state funding cuts.","On April 30, 2018, the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads dissolved and ceased operations, due to declining membership and that arts advocacy programs were now offered by other resources in Hampton Roads.","The Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads will always be remembered as a \"unifying voice\" for arts and culture within the Hampton Roads area.","Sources:  \"\"Press Release\" Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads webpage, March 26, 2018. http://www.culturalli.org/index.html.","Note written by Kathleen Smith","Processed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2016.","The collection contains materials concerning the activities of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads, a non-profit organization founded in 1983 that advocated and encouraged the arts in the Hampton Roads Region. The records consist of reports, meeting minutes, grant applications and materials, correspondence, newspaper clippings, announcements, brochures, newsletters, directories, and photographs.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","The collection contains materials concerning the activities of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads, whose mission was to stimulate cultural vitality and to facilitate the development of healthy and dynamic cultural institutions throughout the region.. Records consist of reports, meeting minutes, grant applications and materials, correspondence, newspaper clippings, announcements, brochures, newsletters, directories, and photographs from 1972-2018.","ODU Community Collections","Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 120","/repositories/5/resources/172"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads Records"],"collection_ssim":["Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads Records"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads"],"creator_ssim":["Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads"],"creators_ssim":["Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Joan L. Rhodes-Copeland, Executive Director of the Cultural Alliance of Hampton Roads.","Gfit. Accession #A2014-33"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Nonprofit organizations--Virginia--Hampton Roads (Region)","Arts--Virginia--Hampton Roads (Region)","minutes (administrative records)","letters (correspondence)","photographs","administrative reports"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Nonprofit organizations--Virginia--Hampton Roads (Region)","Arts--Virginia--Hampton Roads (Region)","minutes (administrative records)","letters (correspondence)","photographs","administrative reports"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["13.20 Linear Feet","29 Hollinger cases, 1 oversize folder boxes"],"extent_tesim":["13.20 Linear Feet","29 Hollinger cases, 1 oversize folder boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["minutes (administrative records)","letters (correspondence)","photographs","administrative reports"],"date_range_isim":[1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to researchers without restrictions."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAcc. 2018.007 was received by Special Collections and University Archives from the donor on 4/23/2018.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals and Additions"],"accruals_tesim":["Acc. 2018.007 was received by Special Collections and University Archives from the donor on 4/23/2018."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into four series (administrative, activities, media/publicity, and miscellaneous) reflecting the facets of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into four series (administrative, activities, media/publicity, and miscellaneous) reflecting the facets of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads was a non-profit organization that advocated for and encouraged the arts in the Hampton Roads Region. 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Overall the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads assisted more than 350 arts and cultural organizations; individual artists, writers, dancers, and arts professionals; museums; opera and symphony organizations; a theater; a ballet academy, and a variety of dance troupes, choral groups, art centers, galleries, and so forth in the Hampton Roads area.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Cultural Alliance was formed in 1983, out of two separate community arts groups: Metropolitan Arts Congress of Tidewater and the Peninsula Council of the Arts. The process leading to the formation of the Cultural Alliance, began in 1981 when the Metropolitan Arts Congress published, a study on the cultural needs of South Hampton Roads, titled \"Blueprint for a Rainbow.\" The study was funded by the Norfolk Foundation, and it recommended major cultural planning involving Southside Hampton Roads cultural institutions.  In 1982, Southside and Peninsula cultural organizations embarked on a seven month planning process led by the nationally known arts planner Ralph Burgard.  The process was led by a citizen's planning committee made up of leaders from the local business, culture, education, government, and public service sectors. Former Virginia Beach mayor, Dr. Clarence Holland, chaired this committee.  The result of this process was the founding of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads and the publishing of the \"Greater Hampton Roads Cultural Action Plan\" in June 1983.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThroughout the years the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads played an active role in carrying out its mission within the Hampton Roads cultural and arts community. This was done through numerous community events, concerts, award programs, conferences and workshops. 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Overall the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads assisted more than 350 arts and cultural organizations; individual artists, writers, dancers, and arts professionals; museums; opera and symphony organizations; a theater; a ballet academy, and a variety of dance troupes, choral groups, art centers, galleries, and so forth in the Hampton Roads area.","The Cultural Alliance was formed in 1983, out of two separate community arts groups: Metropolitan Arts Congress of Tidewater and the Peninsula Council of the Arts. The process leading to the formation of the Cultural Alliance, began in 1981 when the Metropolitan Arts Congress published, a study on the cultural needs of South Hampton Roads, titled \"Blueprint for a Rainbow.\" The study was funded by the Norfolk Foundation, and it recommended major cultural planning involving Southside Hampton Roads cultural institutions.  In 1982, Southside and Peninsula cultural organizations embarked on a seven month planning process led by the nationally known arts planner Ralph Burgard.  The process was led by a citizen's planning committee made up of leaders from the local business, culture, education, government, and public service sectors. Former Virginia Beach mayor, Dr. Clarence Holland, chaired this committee.  The result of this process was the founding of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads and the publishing of the \"Greater Hampton Roads Cultural Action Plan\" in June 1983.","Throughout the years the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads played an active role in carrying out its mission within the Hampton Roads cultural and arts community. This was done through numerous community events, concerts, award programs, conferences and workshops. The alliance was also a major protector of arts funding, and was very active in trying to prevent further national and state funding cuts.","On April 30, 2018, the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads dissolved and ceased operations, due to declining membership and that arts advocacy programs were now offered by other resources in Hampton Roads.","The Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads will always be remembered as a \"unifying voice\" for arts and culture within the Hampton Roads area.","Sources:  \"\"Press Release\" Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads webpage, March 26, 2018. http://www.culturalli.org/index.html.","Note written by Kathleen Smith"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2016.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2016."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains materials concerning the activities of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads, a non-profit organization founded in 1983 that advocated and encouraged the arts in the Hampton Roads Region. The records consist of reports, meeting minutes, grant applications and materials, correspondence, newspaper clippings, announcements, brochures, newsletters, directories, and photographs.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains materials concerning the activities of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads, a non-profit organization founded in 1983 that advocated and encouraged the arts in the Hampton Roads Region. The records consist of reports, meeting minutes, grant applications and materials, correspondence, newspaper clippings, announcements, brochures, newsletters, directories, and photographs."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_4b0938163f6f1212397542742e4b1385\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection contains materials concerning the activities of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads, whose mission was to stimulate cultural vitality and to facilitate the development of healthy and dynamic cultural institutions throughout the region.. Records consist of reports, meeting minutes, grant applications and materials, correspondence, newspaper clippings, announcements, brochures, newsletters, directories, and photographs from 1972-2018.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection contains materials concerning the activities of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads, whose mission was to stimulate cultural vitality and to facilitate the development of healthy and dynamic cultural institutions throughout the region.. Records consist of reports, meeting minutes, grant applications and materials, correspondence, newspaper clippings, announcements, brochures, newsletters, directories, and photographs from 1972-2018."],"names_coll_ssim":["Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":287,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:45:08.056Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_172","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_172","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_172","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_172","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_172.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/172","title_filing_ssi":"Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads","title_ssm":["Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads Records"],"title_tesim":["Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1972-2018, undated","Date acquired: 09/11/2014"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1972-2018, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 09/11/2014"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 120","/repositories/5/resources/172"],"text":["MG 120","/repositories/5/resources/172","Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads Records","Nonprofit organizations--Virginia--Hampton Roads (Region)","Arts--Virginia--Hampton Roads (Region)","minutes (administrative records)","letters (correspondence)","photographs","administrative reports","This collection is open to researchers without restrictions.","Acc. 2018.007 was received by Special Collections and University Archives from the donor on 4/23/2018.","The collection is arranged into four series (administrative, activities, media/publicity, and miscellaneous) reflecting the facets of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads.","The Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads was a non-profit organization that advocated for and encouraged the arts in the Hampton Roads Region. The alliance's mission was to stimulate cultural vitality and to facilitate the development of healthy and dynamic cultural institutions throughout the region.  The Cultural Alliance served as a \"Chamber of Culture\" for the Hampton Roads area by gathering information, coordinating efforts, and raising awareness of cultural opportunities. The alliance achieved this through by advocating public and private financial investments into the arts and into cultural organizations, encouraging community participation in the arts and in cultural activities, and providing forums and programs for communication and collaboration. Overall the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads assisted more than 350 arts and cultural organizations; individual artists, writers, dancers, and arts professionals; museums; opera and symphony organizations; a theater; a ballet academy, and a variety of dance troupes, choral groups, art centers, galleries, and so forth in the Hampton Roads area.","The Cultural Alliance was formed in 1983, out of two separate community arts groups: Metropolitan Arts Congress of Tidewater and the Peninsula Council of the Arts. The process leading to the formation of the Cultural Alliance, began in 1981 when the Metropolitan Arts Congress published, a study on the cultural needs of South Hampton Roads, titled \"Blueprint for a Rainbow.\" The study was funded by the Norfolk Foundation, and it recommended major cultural planning involving Southside Hampton Roads cultural institutions.  In 1982, Southside and Peninsula cultural organizations embarked on a seven month planning process led by the nationally known arts planner Ralph Burgard.  The process was led by a citizen's planning committee made up of leaders from the local business, culture, education, government, and public service sectors. Former Virginia Beach mayor, Dr. Clarence Holland, chaired this committee.  The result of this process was the founding of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads and the publishing of the \"Greater Hampton Roads Cultural Action Plan\" in June 1983.","Throughout the years the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads played an active role in carrying out its mission within the Hampton Roads cultural and arts community. This was done through numerous community events, concerts, award programs, conferences and workshops. The alliance was also a major protector of arts funding, and was very active in trying to prevent further national and state funding cuts.","On April 30, 2018, the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads dissolved and ceased operations, due to declining membership and that arts advocacy programs were now offered by other resources in Hampton Roads.","The Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads will always be remembered as a \"unifying voice\" for arts and culture within the Hampton Roads area.","Sources:  \"\"Press Release\" Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads webpage, March 26, 2018. http://www.culturalli.org/index.html.","Note written by Kathleen Smith","Processed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2016.","The collection contains materials concerning the activities of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads, a non-profit organization founded in 1983 that advocated and encouraged the arts in the Hampton Roads Region. The records consist of reports, meeting minutes, grant applications and materials, correspondence, newspaper clippings, announcements, brochures, newsletters, directories, and photographs.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","The collection contains materials concerning the activities of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads, whose mission was to stimulate cultural vitality and to facilitate the development of healthy and dynamic cultural institutions throughout the region.. 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Overall the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads assisted more than 350 arts and cultural organizations; individual artists, writers, dancers, and arts professionals; museums; opera and symphony organizations; a theater; a ballet academy, and a variety of dance troupes, choral groups, art centers, galleries, and so forth in the Hampton Roads area.","The Cultural Alliance was formed in 1983, out of two separate community arts groups: Metropolitan Arts Congress of Tidewater and the Peninsula Council of the Arts. The process leading to the formation of the Cultural Alliance, began in 1981 when the Metropolitan Arts Congress published, a study on the cultural needs of South Hampton Roads, titled \"Blueprint for a Rainbow.\" The study was funded by the Norfolk Foundation, and it recommended major cultural planning involving Southside Hampton Roads cultural institutions.  In 1982, Southside and Peninsula cultural organizations embarked on a seven month planning process led by the nationally known arts planner Ralph Burgard.  The process was led by a citizen's planning committee made up of leaders from the local business, culture, education, government, and public service sectors. Former Virginia Beach mayor, Dr. Clarence Holland, chaired this committee.  The result of this process was the founding of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads and the publishing of the \"Greater Hampton Roads Cultural Action Plan\" in June 1983.","Throughout the years the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads played an active role in carrying out its mission within the Hampton Roads cultural and arts community. This was done through numerous community events, concerts, award programs, conferences and workshops. The alliance was also a major protector of arts funding, and was very active in trying to prevent further national and state funding cuts.","On April 30, 2018, the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads dissolved and ceased operations, due to declining membership and that arts advocacy programs were now offered by other resources in Hampton Roads.","The Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads will always be remembered as a \"unifying voice\" for arts and culture within the Hampton Roads area.","Sources:  \"\"Press Release\" Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads webpage, March 26, 2018. http://www.culturalli.org/index.html.","Note written by Kathleen Smith"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2016.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2016."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains materials concerning the activities of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads, a non-profit organization founded in 1983 that advocated and encouraged the arts in the Hampton Roads Region. 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Records consist of reports, meeting minutes, grant applications and materials, correspondence, newspaper clippings, announcements, brochures, newsletters, directories, and photographs from 1972-2018.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection contains materials concerning the activities of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads, whose mission was to stimulate cultural vitality and to facilitate the development of healthy and dynamic cultural institutions throughout the region.. Records consist of reports, meeting minutes, grant applications and materials, correspondence, newspaper clippings, announcements, brochures, newsletters, directories, and photographs from 1972-2018."],"names_coll_ssim":["Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Cultural Alliance of Greater Hampton Roads"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":287,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:45:08.056Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_172"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1790","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Cumming Family Papers","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1790#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis addition to the Cumming family papers, includes correspondence, scrapbooks, photographs, newspaper clippings, memorabilia, and certificates related to members of the Cumming family, with most pertaining to United States Surgeon General, Hugh S. Cumming, Sr. (1869-1948) and his son, AmbassadorHugh S. Cumming, Jr. (1900-1986). Items include materials related to Hugh Cumming, Jr.'s service in the United States Department of State, and to Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s study at the University of Virginia, as well as Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.'s study at the Virginia Military Institute. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1790#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1790","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1790","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1790","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1790","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1790.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/221463","title_filing_ssi":"Cumming Family Papers","title_ssm":["Cumming Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Cumming Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1818 - 1992"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1818 - 1992"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 6922","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1790"],"text":["MSS 6922","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1790","Cumming Family Papers","Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), 1869-1948","United States. Department of State","family papers","Correspondence","photographs","Fair - fragile paper and photographs","This collection is open for research use.","Some daguerreotypes have glass coverings that are cracked. Please handle with extreme care.","This addition to the Cumming Family Papers, the first series in this finding aid, is arranged into four files: Correspondence that relate to the personal and professional lives of members of the Cumming Family; Photographs which include portraits of family ancestors and famous individuals, as well as images depicting the professional lives of family members; Scrapbooks relating to Hugh S. Cumming's children, Winifred Burney West, and to Diana Cumming; and Printed and miscellaneous materials.","The folders in each of these files are arranged chronologically, except for undated photographs and a written commentary of various photographs. The undated photographs are arranged alphabetically by the subject's last name after the dated folders.","Arrangement is as follows:","Series 1- Cumming Family Papers addition ViU-2021-0153","\n   File 1- Correspondence\t\t","\n   File 2- Photographs\t\t","\n   File 3- Scrapbooks\t\t","\n   File 4- Printed and miscellaneous materials","Samuel Cumming, a purported former resident of  Wigtownshire, Scotland , was born circa 1816 and died before 1916. After immigrating to  Baltimore, Maryland  around 1823, he moved to Virginia before August 13, 1868, to continue his profession as a  stonemason  at Fort Monroe. There, he married  Diana Whiting Smith  of  Elizabeth City County  and had at least two children, Samuel Gordon Cumming and Hugh Smith Cumming. In  1879 , he established the  Hampton Presbyterian Church , now known as First Presbyterian Church. He remarried after Diana's death to  Margaret Cumming , and had several other children, including the Presbyterian Missionary, Calvin Knox Cumming. His son, Samuel Gordon Cumming, an attorney in Hampton, Virginia, died in 1920 after being shot by his wife, Elizabeth Bell Waller, following a divorce agreement. Marital ties expanded the Cumming Family to include members from the Waller, Booth, West, Whiting, Kendrick and Smith families. ","Hugh Smith Cumming was born on  August 17, 1869 , in  Hampton, Virginia . He attended high school at  Baltimore City College  and then matriculated at the University of Virginia to study medicine. In  1896 , he married  Lucy Almira Booth , whose grandfather,  Edwin Gilliam Booth , was a noted Philadelphia  lawyer  and philanthropist to Confederate prisoners held in Northern prisons during the American Civil War. The couple had three children:  Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr. ,  Clara Diana Cumming  (Kendrick,) and  Lucy Booth Cumming , who died as an infant. His half-nephew, Samuel Calvin Cumming, was a Major General in the United States Marine Corps who served during the first and second World Wars and died in  1986 . ","He graduated from medical school at the  University College of Medicine  in  Richmond, Virginia . A year later, in  1895 , he began working as a  physician  for the United States Marine Hospital Service during which time he was stationed in  San Francisco  and  Ellis Island , among other posts. During the World War I, he was then detailed to the  U.S. Navy  as an adviser in sanitation. In  February 1920 , he was appointed to be the fifth Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service by President  Woodrow Wilson . He kept his position as Surgeon General until he retired in  1936  but continued working as director of the  Pan American Sanitary Bureau  until his death in 1948.  ","Hugh Smith Cumming's son, Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr. was born  March 10, 1900 , in Richmond, Virginia, and married Winifred Burney West in  1935 , with whom he had no recorded children. He graduated from  Western High School  in  Washington, D.C.  before attending the Virginia Military Institute and serving in the  United States Army  during the first World War. After graduating with a degree in law from the University of Virginia in  1924 , he worked in the international department of the  National City Bank of New York . ","In  1927 , Cumming, Jr., accepted a position at the United States Department of State as a  clerk  with the U.S. Legation in  Peking, China . He was then transferred to  Washington, D.C.  and worked to assist diplomatic and economic relations between the U.S. and several Northern European countries, namely  Sweden , and in  1936 , he was appointed Executive Assistant to U.S. Secretary of State,  Cordell Hull . ","During the World War II, he represented the State Department during the Joint Anglo Swedish American Commission dealing with Allied Pilots downed in Neutral Sweden. After the war, he was a founding conference delegate to the United Nations, and from  1947  to  1950 , was counselor of the U.S. Embassy in Sweden. From  1950  to  1952 , he acted as counselor of the U.S. Embassy in  Moscow  and briefly acted as its ambassador.  ","Cumming, Jr., was the  Deputy Secretary General  for Political Affairs of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) before U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated him for the position of ambassador to Indonesia, where he served in  Djakarta  from 1954-1957. After returning to Washington, he organized the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research. He retired in  1964 , after working as Counselor for the State Department.  ","He was a member of several social clubs, including the Alibi Club of Washington, D.C., and the Chevy Chase club of Chevy Chase, Maryland. He survived his wife by eight years and died in  1986 .  ","Reference list:","Cumming, H. S. (1945–1977). Hugh S. Cumming papers (MS C 325). Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. ","Edwin Gilliam Booth (1810-1886). American Aristocracy. (n.d.) https://americanaristocracy.com/people/edwin-gillam-booth  ","First Presbyterian Church of Hampton. \"Our History.\" First Presbyterian Church of Hampton. Accessed June 25, 2025. https://www.firstpreshampton.org/our-history. ","Hamm, Robert D. \"Diana Whiting Smith.\" Hamm Roots. Accessed June 25, 2025. https://hammroots.com/getperson.php?personID=I149131\u0026tree=Main. ","Hugh S. Cumming. (1948). American Journal of Public Health, 39, 225–225. https://doi.org/10.70706/ajph  ","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr. FamilySearch.org. (n.d.-b). https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/L5YN-CJ6/hugh-smith-cumming-jr.-1900-1986  ","Hugh Smith Cumming. FamilySearch.org. (n.d.-a). https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/K4LF-9J2/hugh-smith-cumming-1869-1948  ","JAMA. (1936, March 7). Surgeon general Hugh S. Cumming retires | JAMA | jama network. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1155674  ","Priest, E. (2016, January 13). Samuel Cumming. FamilySearch.org. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MFLR-N1Q?lang=en  ","Washington Post. (1986, November 26). Hugh Cumming Jr. dies. Washington Post. https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122650/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1986/11/26/hugh-cumming-jr-dies/e58af8fc-ccb7-4c30-926e-7212c7c34208/ ","The purpose of this collection guide is to describe the most recently acquired part(s) of this collection (2021-0153). Boxes listed in this collection guide do not start with Box 1 because previous acquisitions are listed in the library catalog (Virgo) and/or Archival Resources of the Virginias (ARVAS).  ","Box numbering begins at 84. Staff counted all of the boxes in earlier additions and then continued numbering boxes after that total. ","The records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.","For best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number.","This addition to the Cumming family papers, includes correspondence, scrapbooks, photographs, newspaper clippings, memorabilia, and certificates related to members of the  Cumming  family, with most pertaining to  United States Surgeon General ,  Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.  (1869-1948) and his son,  Ambassador Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.  (1900-1986). Items include materials related to Hugh Cumming, Jr.'s service in the United States Department of State, and to Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s study at the  University of Virginia , as well as Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.'s study at the  Virginia Military Institute .  ","Most of the correspondence relates to the social and professional lives of Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. and his wife,  Winifred Burney West Cumming . The periods covered include Cumming's time as  United States Ambassador  to  Indonesia , but more broadly relate to his time in the  United States Department of State . There is a small amount of correspondence relating to Hugh S. Cumming, Sr. and his career as Surgeon General of the United States, as well as travel documents and White House invitations mostly relating to  Diana Cumming Kendrick  and her husband,  Manville Kendrick .  ","Many photographs include images of Hugh S. Cumming, Sr. and Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.'s public service careers along with portraits of members of the Cumming,  Kendrick ,  Booth , and  West  families. Of particular interest is a series of inscribed and autographed regular and oversize photograph portraits of individuals involved in the careers of Hugh Cumming, Sr. and Hugh Cumming, Jr. Autographed portraits include those from  Richard M. Nixon ,  Herbert Hoover ,  Lou Henry Hoover ,  Dwight D. Eisenhower ,  Cordell Hull , and  Sukarno . There are eleven daguerreotypes of family ancestors and an included folder of commentary on their subjects by Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. Also, of note are photographs of the Department of State by Henry \"Hank\" G. Walker for Life Magazine. ","Scrapbooks in this addition include Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s scrapbook (ca. 1900), which contains descriptions of his newborn children and photographs. An included copy of A.O Kaplan's \"The Baby Biography,\" (ca. 1897-1898) describes the infancy of Lucy Booth Cumming and important events around the time of her birth, along with loose correspondence, parlor cards, and childhood photographs of her. This copy of \"The Baby Biography\" was filled in by her parents, Hugh S. Cumming and Lucy Booth Cumming. Diana Cumming's scrapbook (ca. 1918) holds pasted-in letters, ticket stubs, photographs, and illustrations, among other items. The memorial scrapbook regarding Winifred Burney West Cumming is an unbound second volume of a series of photocopied condolence letters to her widower, Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. ","Printed materials and miscellaneous items comprise Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s  1893  copy of the University of Virginia \"Corks and Curls\" Yearbook, newspaper clippings, and U.S. Department of State Commendations awarded to Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. It also includes a roster of the Virginia Military Institute's Class of  1921  and an etching by Don Swann of the University of Virginia's Rotunda. Oversize materials include a caricature and the official public service appointments of Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","This collection may contain some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Hampton Presbyterian Church","Baltimore City College","University College of Medicine","U.S. Navy","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Western High School","United States Army","National City Bank of New York","University of Virginia","Virginia Military Institute","United States Department of State","Cumming","Kendrick","Booth","West","Sukarno","Diana Whiting Smith","Margaret Cumming","Lucy Almira Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Clara Diana Cumming","Lucy Booth Cumming","Woodrow Wilson","Cordell Hull","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Winifred Burney West Cumming","Diana Cumming Kendrick","Manville Kendrick","Richard M. Nixon","Herbert Hoover","Lou Henry Hoover","Dwight D. Eisenhower","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 6922","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1790"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cumming Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cumming Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Cumming Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["This collection may contain some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Diane Untermeyer, 8 August 2020. Gift received during the pandemic in June 2020 and followed up to obtain the deed that occurred in August of 2020."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), 1869-1948","United States. Department of State","family papers","Correspondence","photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), 1869-1948","United States. Department of State","family papers","Correspondence","photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair - fragile paper and photographs"],"extent_ssm":["2.5 Cubic Feet 1 legal box, 3 letter boxes, 1 flat box, 4 scrapbooks/albums"],"extent_tesim":["2.5 Cubic Feet 1 legal box, 3 letter boxes, 1 flat box, 4 scrapbooks/albums"],"genreform_ssim":["family papers","Correspondence","photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSome daguerreotypes have glass coverings that are cracked. Please handle with extreme care.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use.","Some daguerreotypes have glass coverings that are cracked. Please handle with extreme care."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis addition to the Cumming Family Papers, the first series in this finding aid, is arranged into four files: Correspondence that relate to the personal and professional lives of members of the Cumming Family; Photographs which include portraits of family ancestors and famous individuals, as well as images depicting the professional lives of family members; Scrapbooks relating to Hugh S. Cumming's children, Winifred Burney West, and to Diana Cumming; and Printed and miscellaneous materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe folders in each of these files are arranged chronologically, except for undated photographs and a written commentary of various photographs. The undated photographs are arranged alphabetically by the subject's last name after the dated folders.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eArrangement is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1- Cumming Family Papers addition ViU-2021-0153\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n   File 1- Correspondence\t\t\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n   File 2- Photographs\t\t\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n   File 3- Scrapbooks\t\t\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n   File 4- Printed and miscellaneous materials\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This addition to the Cumming Family Papers, the first series in this finding aid, is arranged into four files: Correspondence that relate to the personal and professional lives of members of the Cumming Family; Photographs which include portraits of family ancestors and famous individuals, as well as images depicting the professional lives of family members; Scrapbooks relating to Hugh S. Cumming's children, Winifred Burney West, and to Diana Cumming; and Printed and miscellaneous materials.","The folders in each of these files are arranged chronologically, except for undated photographs and a written commentary of various photographs. The undated photographs are arranged alphabetically by the subject's last name after the dated folders.","Arrangement is as follows:","Series 1- Cumming Family Papers addition ViU-2021-0153","\n   File 1- Correspondence\t\t","\n   File 2- Photographs\t\t","\n   File 3- Scrapbooks\t\t","\n   File 4- Printed and miscellaneous materials"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSamuel Cumming, a purported former resident of \u003cgeogname\u003eWigtownshire, Scotland\u003c/geogname\u003e, was born circa 1816 and died before 1916. After immigrating to \u003cgeogname\u003eBaltimore, Maryland\u003c/geogname\u003e around 1823, he moved to Virginia before August 13, 1868, to continue his profession as a \u003coccupation\u003estonemason\u003c/occupation\u003e at Fort Monroe. There, he married \u003cpersname\u003eDiana Whiting Smith\u003c/persname\u003e of \u003cgeogname\u003eElizabeth City County\u003c/geogname\u003e and had at least two children, Samuel Gordon Cumming and Hugh Smith Cumming. In \u003cdate\u003e1879\u003c/date\u003e, he established the \u003ccorpname\u003eHampton Presbyterian Church\u003c/corpname\u003e, now known as First Presbyterian Church. He remarried after Diana's death to \u003cpersname\u003eMargaret Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e, and had several other children, including the Presbyterian Missionary, Calvin Knox Cumming. His son, Samuel Gordon Cumming, an attorney in Hampton, Virginia, died in 1920 after being shot by his wife, Elizabeth Bell Waller, following a divorce agreement. Marital ties expanded the Cumming Family to include members from the Waller, Booth, West, Whiting, Kendrick and Smith families. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHugh Smith Cumming was born on \u003cdate\u003eAugust 17, 1869\u003c/date\u003e, in \u003cgeogname\u003eHampton, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e. He attended high school at \u003ccorpname\u003eBaltimore City College\u003c/corpname\u003e and then matriculated at the University of Virginia to study medicine. In \u003cdate\u003e1896\u003c/date\u003e, he married \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Almira Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, whose grandfather, \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, was a noted Philadelphia \u003coccupation\u003elawyer\u003c/occupation\u003e and philanthropist to Confederate prisoners held in Northern prisons during the American Civil War. The couple had three children: \u003cpersname\u003eHugh Smith Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, \u003cpersname\u003eClara Diana Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e (Kendrick,) and \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Booth Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e, who died as an infant. His half-nephew, Samuel Calvin Cumming, was a Major General in the United States Marine Corps who served during the first and second World Wars and died in \u003cdate\u003e1986\u003c/date\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe graduated from medical school at the \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity College of Medicine\u003c/corpname\u003e in \u003cgeogname\u003eRichmond, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e. A year later, in \u003cdate\u003e1895\u003c/date\u003e, he began working as a \u003coccupation\u003ephysician\u003c/occupation\u003e for the United States Marine Hospital Service during which time he was stationed in \u003cgeogname\u003eSan Francisco\u003c/geogname\u003e and \u003cgeogname\u003eEllis Island\u003c/geogname\u003e, among other posts. During the World War I, he was then detailed to the \u003ccorpname\u003eU.S. Navy\u003c/corpname\u003e as an adviser in sanitation. In \u003cdate\u003eFebruary 1920\u003c/date\u003e, he was appointed to be the fifth Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service by President \u003cpersname\u003eWoodrow Wilson\u003c/persname\u003e. He kept his position as Surgeon General until he retired in \u003cdate\u003e1936\u003c/date\u003e but continued working as director of the \u003ccorpname\u003ePan American Sanitary Bureau\u003c/corpname\u003e until his death in 1948.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHugh Smith Cumming's son, Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr. was born \u003cdate\u003eMarch 10, 1900\u003c/date\u003e, in Richmond, Virginia, and married Winifred Burney West in \u003cdate\u003e1935\u003c/date\u003e, with whom he had no recorded children. He graduated from \u003ccorpname\u003eWestern High School\u003c/corpname\u003e in \u003cgeogname\u003eWashington, D.C.\u003c/geogname\u003e before attending the Virginia Military Institute and serving in the \u003ccorpname\u003eUnited States Army\u003c/corpname\u003e during the first World War. After graduating with a degree in law from the University of Virginia in \u003cdate\u003e1924\u003c/date\u003e, he worked in the international department of the \u003ccorpname\u003eNational City Bank of New York\u003c/corpname\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn \u003cdate\u003e1927\u003c/date\u003e, Cumming, Jr., accepted a position at the United States Department of State as a \u003coccupation\u003eclerk\u003c/occupation\u003e with the U.S. Legation in \u003cgeogname\u003ePeking, China\u003c/geogname\u003e. He was then transferred to \u003cgeogname\u003eWashington, D.C.\u003c/geogname\u003e and worked to assist diplomatic and economic relations between the U.S. and several Northern European countries, namely \u003cgeogname\u003eSweden\u003c/geogname\u003e, and in \u003cdate\u003e1936\u003c/date\u003e, he was appointed Executive Assistant to U.S. Secretary of State, \u003cpersname\u003eCordell Hull\u003c/persname\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring the World War II, he represented the State Department during the Joint Anglo Swedish American Commission dealing with Allied Pilots downed in Neutral Sweden. After the war, he was a founding conference delegate to the United Nations, and from \u003cdate\u003e1947\u003c/date\u003e to \u003cdate\u003e1950\u003c/date\u003e, was counselor of the U.S. Embassy in Sweden. From \u003cdate\u003e1950\u003c/date\u003e to \u003cdate\u003e1952\u003c/date\u003e, he acted as counselor of the U.S. Embassy in \u003cgeogname\u003eMoscow\u003c/geogname\u003e and briefly acted as its ambassador.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCumming, Jr., was the \u003coccupation\u003eDeputy Secretary General\u003c/occupation\u003e for Political Affairs of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) before U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated him for the position of ambassador to Indonesia, where he served in \u003cgeogname\u003eDjakarta\u003c/geogname\u003e from 1954-1957. After returning to Washington, he organized the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research. He retired in \u003cdate\u003e1964\u003c/date\u003e, after working as Counselor for the State Department.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe was a member of several social clubs, including the Alibi Club of Washington, D.C., and the Chevy Chase club of Chevy Chase, Maryland. He survived his wife by eight years and died in \u003cdate\u003e1986\u003c/date\u003e.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReference list:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCumming, H. S. (1945–1977). Hugh S. Cumming papers (MS C 325). Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth (1810-1886). American Aristocracy. (n.d.) https://americanaristocracy.com/people/edwin-gillam-booth  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst Presbyterian Church of Hampton. \"Our History.\" First Presbyterian Church of Hampton. Accessed June 25, 2025. https://www.firstpreshampton.org/our-history. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHamm, Robert D. \"Diana Whiting Smith.\" Hamm Roots. Accessed June 25, 2025. https://hammroots.com/getperson.php?personID=I149131\u0026amp;tree=Main. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHugh S. Cumming. (1948). American Journal of Public Health, 39, 225–225. https://doi.org/10.70706/ajph  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHugh Smith Cumming, Jr. FamilySearch.org. (n.d.-b). https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/L5YN-CJ6/hugh-smith-cumming-jr.-1900-1986  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHugh Smith Cumming. FamilySearch.org. (n.d.-a). https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/K4LF-9J2/hugh-smith-cumming-1869-1948  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJAMA. (1936, March 7). Surgeon general Hugh S. Cumming retires | JAMA | jama network. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1155674  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePriest, E. (2016, January 13). Samuel Cumming. FamilySearch.org. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MFLR-N1Q?lang=en  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWashington Post. (1986, November 26). Hugh Cumming Jr. dies. Washington Post. https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122650/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1986/11/26/hugh-cumming-jr-dies/e58af8fc-ccb7-4c30-926e-7212c7c34208/ \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Samuel Cumming, a purported former resident of  Wigtownshire, Scotland , was born circa 1816 and died before 1916. After immigrating to  Baltimore, Maryland  around 1823, he moved to Virginia before August 13, 1868, to continue his profession as a  stonemason  at Fort Monroe. There, he married  Diana Whiting Smith  of  Elizabeth City County  and had at least two children, Samuel Gordon Cumming and Hugh Smith Cumming. In  1879 , he established the  Hampton Presbyterian Church , now known as First Presbyterian Church. He remarried after Diana's death to  Margaret Cumming , and had several other children, including the Presbyterian Missionary, Calvin Knox Cumming. His son, Samuel Gordon Cumming, an attorney in Hampton, Virginia, died in 1920 after being shot by his wife, Elizabeth Bell Waller, following a divorce agreement. Marital ties expanded the Cumming Family to include members from the Waller, Booth, West, Whiting, Kendrick and Smith families. ","Hugh Smith Cumming was born on  August 17, 1869 , in  Hampton, Virginia . He attended high school at  Baltimore City College  and then matriculated at the University of Virginia to study medicine. In  1896 , he married  Lucy Almira Booth , whose grandfather,  Edwin Gilliam Booth , was a noted Philadelphia  lawyer  and philanthropist to Confederate prisoners held in Northern prisons during the American Civil War. The couple had three children:  Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr. ,  Clara Diana Cumming  (Kendrick,) and  Lucy Booth Cumming , who died as an infant. His half-nephew, Samuel Calvin Cumming, was a Major General in the United States Marine Corps who served during the first and second World Wars and died in  1986 . ","He graduated from medical school at the  University College of Medicine  in  Richmond, Virginia . A year later, in  1895 , he began working as a  physician  for the United States Marine Hospital Service during which time he was stationed in  San Francisco  and  Ellis Island , among other posts. During the World War I, he was then detailed to the  U.S. Navy  as an adviser in sanitation. In  February 1920 , he was appointed to be the fifth Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service by President  Woodrow Wilson . He kept his position as Surgeon General until he retired in  1936  but continued working as director of the  Pan American Sanitary Bureau  until his death in 1948.  ","Hugh Smith Cumming's son, Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr. was born  March 10, 1900 , in Richmond, Virginia, and married Winifred Burney West in  1935 , with whom he had no recorded children. He graduated from  Western High School  in  Washington, D.C.  before attending the Virginia Military Institute and serving in the  United States Army  during the first World War. After graduating with a degree in law from the University of Virginia in  1924 , he worked in the international department of the  National City Bank of New York . ","In  1927 , Cumming, Jr., accepted a position at the United States Department of State as a  clerk  with the U.S. Legation in  Peking, China . He was then transferred to  Washington, D.C.  and worked to assist diplomatic and economic relations between the U.S. and several Northern European countries, namely  Sweden , and in  1936 , he was appointed Executive Assistant to U.S. Secretary of State,  Cordell Hull . ","During the World War II, he represented the State Department during the Joint Anglo Swedish American Commission dealing with Allied Pilots downed in Neutral Sweden. After the war, he was a founding conference delegate to the United Nations, and from  1947  to  1950 , was counselor of the U.S. Embassy in Sweden. From  1950  to  1952 , he acted as counselor of the U.S. Embassy in  Moscow  and briefly acted as its ambassador.  ","Cumming, Jr., was the  Deputy Secretary General  for Political Affairs of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) before U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated him for the position of ambassador to Indonesia, where he served in  Djakarta  from 1954-1957. After returning to Washington, he organized the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research. He retired in  1964 , after working as Counselor for the State Department.  ","He was a member of several social clubs, including the Alibi Club of Washington, D.C., and the Chevy Chase club of Chevy Chase, Maryland. He survived his wife by eight years and died in  1986 .  ","Reference list:","Cumming, H. S. (1945–1977). Hugh S. Cumming papers (MS C 325). Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. ","Edwin Gilliam Booth (1810-1886). American Aristocracy. (n.d.) https://americanaristocracy.com/people/edwin-gillam-booth  ","First Presbyterian Church of Hampton. \"Our History.\" First Presbyterian Church of Hampton. Accessed June 25, 2025. https://www.firstpreshampton.org/our-history. ","Hamm, Robert D. \"Diana Whiting Smith.\" Hamm Roots. Accessed June 25, 2025. https://hammroots.com/getperson.php?personID=I149131\u0026tree=Main. ","Hugh S. Cumming. (1948). American Journal of Public Health, 39, 225–225. https://doi.org/10.70706/ajph  ","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr. FamilySearch.org. (n.d.-b). https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/L5YN-CJ6/hugh-smith-cumming-jr.-1900-1986  ","Hugh Smith Cumming. FamilySearch.org. (n.d.-a). https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/K4LF-9J2/hugh-smith-cumming-1869-1948  ","JAMA. (1936, March 7). Surgeon general Hugh S. Cumming retires | JAMA | jama network. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1155674  ","Priest, E. (2016, January 13). Samuel Cumming. FamilySearch.org. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MFLR-N1Q?lang=en  ","Washington Post. (1986, November 26). Hugh Cumming Jr. dies. Washington Post. https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122650/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1986/11/26/hugh-cumming-jr-dies/e58af8fc-ccb7-4c30-926e-7212c7c34208/ "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 6922, Cumming Family Papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 6922, Cumming Family Papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this collection guide is to describe the most recently acquired part(s) of this collection (2021-0153). Boxes listed in this collection guide do not start with Box 1 because previous acquisitions are listed in the library catalog (Virgo) and/or Archival Resources of the Virginias (ARVAS).  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBox numbering begins at 84. Staff counted all of the boxes in earlier additions and then continued numbering boxes after that total. \u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The purpose of this collection guide is to describe the most recently acquired part(s) of this collection (2021-0153). Boxes listed in this collection guide do not start with Box 1 because previous acquisitions are listed in the library catalog (Virgo) and/or Archival Resources of the Virginias (ARVAS).  ","Box numbering begins at 84. Staff counted all of the boxes in earlier additions and then continued numbering boxes after that total. "],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.","For best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis addition to the Cumming family papers, includes correspondence, scrapbooks, photographs, newspaper clippings, memorabilia, and certificates related to members of the \u003cfamname\u003eCumming\u003c/famname\u003e family, with most pertaining to \u003coccupation\u003eUnited States Surgeon General\u003c/occupation\u003e, \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e (1869-1948) and his son, \u003coccupation\u003eAmbassador\u003c/occupation\u003e \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e (1900-1986). Items include materials related to Hugh Cumming, Jr.'s service in the United States Department of State, and to Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s study at the \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003e, as well as Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.'s study at the \u003ccorpname\u003eVirginia Military Institute\u003c/corpname\u003e.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMost of the correspondence relates to the social and professional lives of Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. and his wife, \u003cpersname\u003eWinifred Burney West Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e. The periods covered include Cumming's time as \u003coccupation\u003eUnited States Ambassador\u003c/occupation\u003e to \u003cgeogname\u003eIndonesia\u003c/geogname\u003e, but more broadly relate to his time in the \u003ccorpname\u003eUnited States Department of State\u003c/corpname\u003e. There is a small amount of correspondence relating to Hugh S. Cumming, Sr. and his career as Surgeon General of the United States, as well as travel documents and White House invitations mostly relating to \u003cpersname\u003eDiana Cumming Kendrick\u003c/persname\u003e and her husband, \u003cpersname\u003eManville Kendrick\u003c/persname\u003e.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMany photographs include images of Hugh S. Cumming, Sr. and Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.'s public service careers along with portraits of members of the Cumming, \u003cfamname\u003eKendrick\u003c/famname\u003e, \u003cfamname\u003eBooth\u003c/famname\u003e, and \u003cfamname\u003eWest\u003c/famname\u003e families. Of particular interest is a series of inscribed and autographed regular and oversize photograph portraits of individuals involved in the careers of Hugh Cumming, Sr. and Hugh Cumming, Jr. Autographed portraits include those from \u003cpersname\u003eRichard M. Nixon\u003c/persname\u003e, \u003cpersname\u003eHerbert Hoover\u003c/persname\u003e, \u003cpersname\u003eLou Henry Hoover\u003c/persname\u003e, \u003cpersname\u003eDwight D. Eisenhower\u003c/persname\u003e, \u003cpersname\u003eCordell Hull\u003c/persname\u003e, and \u003cname\u003eSukarno\u003c/name\u003e. There are eleven daguerreotypes of family ancestors and an included folder of commentary on their subjects by Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. Also, of note are photographs of the Department of State by Henry \"Hank\" G. Walker for Life Magazine. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eScrapbooks in this addition include Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s scrapbook (ca. 1900), which contains descriptions of his newborn children and photographs. An included copy of A.O Kaplan's \"The Baby Biography,\" (ca. 1897-1898) describes the infancy of Lucy Booth Cumming and important events around the time of her birth, along with loose correspondence, parlor cards, and childhood photographs of her. This copy of \"The Baby Biography\" was filled in by her parents, Hugh S. Cumming and Lucy Booth Cumming. Diana Cumming's scrapbook (ca. 1918) holds pasted-in letters, ticket stubs, photographs, and illustrations, among other items. The memorial scrapbook regarding Winifred Burney West Cumming is an unbound second volume of a series of photocopied condolence letters to her widower, Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePrinted materials and miscellaneous items comprise Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s \u003cdate\u003e1893\u003c/date\u003e copy of the University of Virginia \"Corks and Curls\" Yearbook, newspaper clippings, and U.S. Department of State Commendations awarded to Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. It also includes a roster of the Virginia Military Institute's Class of \u003cdate\u003e1921\u003c/date\u003e and an etching by Don Swann of the University of Virginia's Rotunda. Oversize materials include a caricature and the official public service appointments of Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This addition to the Cumming family papers, includes correspondence, scrapbooks, photographs, newspaper clippings, memorabilia, and certificates related to members of the  Cumming  family, with most pertaining to  United States Surgeon General ,  Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.  (1869-1948) and his son,  Ambassador Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.  (1900-1986). Items include materials related to Hugh Cumming, Jr.'s service in the United States Department of State, and to Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s study at the  University of Virginia , as well as Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.'s study at the  Virginia Military Institute .  ","Most of the correspondence relates to the social and professional lives of Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. and his wife,  Winifred Burney West Cumming . The periods covered include Cumming's time as  United States Ambassador  to  Indonesia , but more broadly relate to his time in the  United States Department of State . There is a small amount of correspondence relating to Hugh S. Cumming, Sr. and his career as Surgeon General of the United States, as well as travel documents and White House invitations mostly relating to  Diana Cumming Kendrick  and her husband,  Manville Kendrick .  ","Many photographs include images of Hugh S. Cumming, Sr. and Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.'s public service careers along with portraits of members of the Cumming,  Kendrick ,  Booth , and  West  families. Of particular interest is a series of inscribed and autographed regular and oversize photograph portraits of individuals involved in the careers of Hugh Cumming, Sr. and Hugh Cumming, Jr. Autographed portraits include those from  Richard M. Nixon ,  Herbert Hoover ,  Lou Henry Hoover ,  Dwight D. Eisenhower ,  Cordell Hull , and  Sukarno . There are eleven daguerreotypes of family ancestors and an included folder of commentary on their subjects by Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. Also, of note are photographs of the Department of State by Henry \"Hank\" G. Walker for Life Magazine. ","Scrapbooks in this addition include Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s scrapbook (ca. 1900), which contains descriptions of his newborn children and photographs. An included copy of A.O Kaplan's \"The Baby Biography,\" (ca. 1897-1898) describes the infancy of Lucy Booth Cumming and important events around the time of her birth, along with loose correspondence, parlor cards, and childhood photographs of her. This copy of \"The Baby Biography\" was filled in by her parents, Hugh S. Cumming and Lucy Booth Cumming. Diana Cumming's scrapbook (ca. 1918) holds pasted-in letters, ticket stubs, photographs, and illustrations, among other items. The memorial scrapbook regarding Winifred Burney West Cumming is an unbound second volume of a series of photocopied condolence letters to her widower, Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. ","Printed materials and miscellaneous items comprise Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s  1893  copy of the University of Virginia \"Corks and Curls\" Yearbook, newspaper clippings, and U.S. Department of State Commendations awarded to Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. It also includes a roster of the Virginia Military Institute's Class of  1921  and an etching by Don Swann of the University of Virginia's Rotunda. Oversize materials include a caricature and the official public service appointments of Hugh S. Cumming, Jr."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection may contain some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection may contain some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Hampton Presbyterian Church","Baltimore City College","University College of Medicine","U.S. Navy","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Western High School","United States Army","National City Bank of New York","University of Virginia","Virginia Military Institute","United States Department of State","Cumming","Kendrick","Booth","West","Sukarno","Diana Whiting Smith","Margaret Cumming","Lucy Almira Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Clara Diana Cumming","Lucy Booth Cumming","Woodrow Wilson","Cordell Hull","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Winifred Burney West Cumming","Diana Cumming Kendrick","Manville Kendrick","Richard M. Nixon","Herbert Hoover","Lou Henry Hoover","Dwight D. Eisenhower"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Hampton Presbyterian Church","Baltimore City College","University College of Medicine","U.S. Navy","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Western High School","United States Army","National City Bank of New York","University of Virginia","Virginia Military Institute","United States Department of State"],"famname_ssim":["Cumming","Kendrick","Booth","West"],"name_ssim":["Sukarno"],"persname_ssim":["Diana Whiting Smith","Margaret Cumming","Lucy Almira Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Clara Diana Cumming","Lucy Booth Cumming","Woodrow Wilson","Cordell Hull","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Winifred Burney West Cumming","Diana Cumming Kendrick","Manville Kendrick","Richard M. Nixon","Herbert Hoover","Lou Henry Hoover","Dwight D. Eisenhower"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":5,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:50:51.517Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1790","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1790","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1790","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1790","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1790.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/221463","title_filing_ssi":"Cumming Family Papers","title_ssm":["Cumming Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Cumming Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1818 - 1992"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1818 - 1992"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 6922","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1790"],"text":["MSS 6922","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1790","Cumming Family Papers","Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), 1869-1948","United States. Department of State","family papers","Correspondence","photographs","Fair - fragile paper and photographs","This collection is open for research use.","Some daguerreotypes have glass coverings that are cracked. Please handle with extreme care.","This addition to the Cumming Family Papers, the first series in this finding aid, is arranged into four files: Correspondence that relate to the personal and professional lives of members of the Cumming Family; Photographs which include portraits of family ancestors and famous individuals, as well as images depicting the professional lives of family members; Scrapbooks relating to Hugh S. Cumming's children, Winifred Burney West, and to Diana Cumming; and Printed and miscellaneous materials.","The folders in each of these files are arranged chronologically, except for undated photographs and a written commentary of various photographs. The undated photographs are arranged alphabetically by the subject's last name after the dated folders.","Arrangement is as follows:","Series 1- Cumming Family Papers addition ViU-2021-0153","\n   File 1- Correspondence\t\t","\n   File 2- Photographs\t\t","\n   File 3- Scrapbooks\t\t","\n   File 4- Printed and miscellaneous materials","Samuel Cumming, a purported former resident of  Wigtownshire, Scotland , was born circa 1816 and died before 1916. After immigrating to  Baltimore, Maryland  around 1823, he moved to Virginia before August 13, 1868, to continue his profession as a  stonemason  at Fort Monroe. There, he married  Diana Whiting Smith  of  Elizabeth City County  and had at least two children, Samuel Gordon Cumming and Hugh Smith Cumming. In  1879 , he established the  Hampton Presbyterian Church , now known as First Presbyterian Church. He remarried after Diana's death to  Margaret Cumming , and had several other children, including the Presbyterian Missionary, Calvin Knox Cumming. His son, Samuel Gordon Cumming, an attorney in Hampton, Virginia, died in 1920 after being shot by his wife, Elizabeth Bell Waller, following a divorce agreement. Marital ties expanded the Cumming Family to include members from the Waller, Booth, West, Whiting, Kendrick and Smith families. ","Hugh Smith Cumming was born on  August 17, 1869 , in  Hampton, Virginia . He attended high school at  Baltimore City College  and then matriculated at the University of Virginia to study medicine. In  1896 , he married  Lucy Almira Booth , whose grandfather,  Edwin Gilliam Booth , was a noted Philadelphia  lawyer  and philanthropist to Confederate prisoners held in Northern prisons during the American Civil War. The couple had three children:  Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr. ,  Clara Diana Cumming  (Kendrick,) and  Lucy Booth Cumming , who died as an infant. His half-nephew, Samuel Calvin Cumming, was a Major General in the United States Marine Corps who served during the first and second World Wars and died in  1986 . ","He graduated from medical school at the  University College of Medicine  in  Richmond, Virginia . A year later, in  1895 , he began working as a  physician  for the United States Marine Hospital Service during which time he was stationed in  San Francisco  and  Ellis Island , among other posts. During the World War I, he was then detailed to the  U.S. Navy  as an adviser in sanitation. In  February 1920 , he was appointed to be the fifth Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service by President  Woodrow Wilson . He kept his position as Surgeon General until he retired in  1936  but continued working as director of the  Pan American Sanitary Bureau  until his death in 1948.  ","Hugh Smith Cumming's son, Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr. was born  March 10, 1900 , in Richmond, Virginia, and married Winifred Burney West in  1935 , with whom he had no recorded children. He graduated from  Western High School  in  Washington, D.C.  before attending the Virginia Military Institute and serving in the  United States Army  during the first World War. After graduating with a degree in law from the University of Virginia in  1924 , he worked in the international department of the  National City Bank of New York . ","In  1927 , Cumming, Jr., accepted a position at the United States Department of State as a  clerk  with the U.S. Legation in  Peking, China . He was then transferred to  Washington, D.C.  and worked to assist diplomatic and economic relations between the U.S. and several Northern European countries, namely  Sweden , and in  1936 , he was appointed Executive Assistant to U.S. Secretary of State,  Cordell Hull . ","During the World War II, he represented the State Department during the Joint Anglo Swedish American Commission dealing with Allied Pilots downed in Neutral Sweden. After the war, he was a founding conference delegate to the United Nations, and from  1947  to  1950 , was counselor of the U.S. Embassy in Sweden. From  1950  to  1952 , he acted as counselor of the U.S. Embassy in  Moscow  and briefly acted as its ambassador.  ","Cumming, Jr., was the  Deputy Secretary General  for Political Affairs of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) before U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated him for the position of ambassador to Indonesia, where he served in  Djakarta  from 1954-1957. After returning to Washington, he organized the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research. He retired in  1964 , after working as Counselor for the State Department.  ","He was a member of several social clubs, including the Alibi Club of Washington, D.C., and the Chevy Chase club of Chevy Chase, Maryland. He survived his wife by eight years and died in  1986 .  ","Reference list:","Cumming, H. S. (1945–1977). Hugh S. Cumming papers (MS C 325). Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. ","Edwin Gilliam Booth (1810-1886). American Aristocracy. (n.d.) https://americanaristocracy.com/people/edwin-gillam-booth  ","First Presbyterian Church of Hampton. \"Our History.\" First Presbyterian Church of Hampton. Accessed June 25, 2025. https://www.firstpreshampton.org/our-history. ","Hamm, Robert D. \"Diana Whiting Smith.\" Hamm Roots. Accessed June 25, 2025. https://hammroots.com/getperson.php?personID=I149131\u0026tree=Main. ","Hugh S. Cumming. (1948). American Journal of Public Health, 39, 225–225. https://doi.org/10.70706/ajph  ","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr. FamilySearch.org. (n.d.-b). https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/L5YN-CJ6/hugh-smith-cumming-jr.-1900-1986  ","Hugh Smith Cumming. FamilySearch.org. (n.d.-a). https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/K4LF-9J2/hugh-smith-cumming-1869-1948  ","JAMA. (1936, March 7). Surgeon general Hugh S. Cumming retires | JAMA | jama network. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1155674  ","Priest, E. (2016, January 13). Samuel Cumming. FamilySearch.org. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MFLR-N1Q?lang=en  ","Washington Post. (1986, November 26). Hugh Cumming Jr. dies. Washington Post. https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122650/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1986/11/26/hugh-cumming-jr-dies/e58af8fc-ccb7-4c30-926e-7212c7c34208/ ","The purpose of this collection guide is to describe the most recently acquired part(s) of this collection (2021-0153). Boxes listed in this collection guide do not start with Box 1 because previous acquisitions are listed in the library catalog (Virgo) and/or Archival Resources of the Virginias (ARVAS).  ","Box numbering begins at 84. Staff counted all of the boxes in earlier additions and then continued numbering boxes after that total. ","The records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.","For best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number.","This addition to the Cumming family papers, includes correspondence, scrapbooks, photographs, newspaper clippings, memorabilia, and certificates related to members of the  Cumming  family, with most pertaining to  United States Surgeon General ,  Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.  (1869-1948) and his son,  Ambassador Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.  (1900-1986). Items include materials related to Hugh Cumming, Jr.'s service in the United States Department of State, and to Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s study at the  University of Virginia , as well as Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.'s study at the  Virginia Military Institute .  ","Most of the correspondence relates to the social and professional lives of Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. and his wife,  Winifred Burney West Cumming . The periods covered include Cumming's time as  United States Ambassador  to  Indonesia , but more broadly relate to his time in the  United States Department of State . There is a small amount of correspondence relating to Hugh S. Cumming, Sr. and his career as Surgeon General of the United States, as well as travel documents and White House invitations mostly relating to  Diana Cumming Kendrick  and her husband,  Manville Kendrick .  ","Many photographs include images of Hugh S. Cumming, Sr. and Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.'s public service careers along with portraits of members of the Cumming,  Kendrick ,  Booth , and  West  families. Of particular interest is a series of inscribed and autographed regular and oversize photograph portraits of individuals involved in the careers of Hugh Cumming, Sr. and Hugh Cumming, Jr. Autographed portraits include those from  Richard M. Nixon ,  Herbert Hoover ,  Lou Henry Hoover ,  Dwight D. Eisenhower ,  Cordell Hull , and  Sukarno . There are eleven daguerreotypes of family ancestors and an included folder of commentary on their subjects by Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. Also, of note are photographs of the Department of State by Henry \"Hank\" G. Walker for Life Magazine. ","Scrapbooks in this addition include Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s scrapbook (ca. 1900), which contains descriptions of his newborn children and photographs. An included copy of A.O Kaplan's \"The Baby Biography,\" (ca. 1897-1898) describes the infancy of Lucy Booth Cumming and important events around the time of her birth, along with loose correspondence, parlor cards, and childhood photographs of her. This copy of \"The Baby Biography\" was filled in by her parents, Hugh S. Cumming and Lucy Booth Cumming. Diana Cumming's scrapbook (ca. 1918) holds pasted-in letters, ticket stubs, photographs, and illustrations, among other items. The memorial scrapbook regarding Winifred Burney West Cumming is an unbound second volume of a series of photocopied condolence letters to her widower, Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. ","Printed materials and miscellaneous items comprise Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s  1893  copy of the University of Virginia \"Corks and Curls\" Yearbook, newspaper clippings, and U.S. Department of State Commendations awarded to Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. It also includes a roster of the Virginia Military Institute's Class of  1921  and an etching by Don Swann of the University of Virginia's Rotunda. Oversize materials include a caricature and the official public service appointments of Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","This collection may contain some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Hampton Presbyterian Church","Baltimore City College","University College of Medicine","U.S. Navy","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Western High School","United States Army","National City Bank of New York","University of Virginia","Virginia Military Institute","United States Department of State","Cumming","Kendrick","Booth","West","Sukarno","Diana Whiting Smith","Margaret Cumming","Lucy Almira Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Clara Diana Cumming","Lucy Booth Cumming","Woodrow Wilson","Cordell Hull","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Winifred Burney West Cumming","Diana Cumming Kendrick","Manville Kendrick","Richard M. Nixon","Herbert Hoover","Lou Henry Hoover","Dwight D. Eisenhower","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 6922","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1790"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cumming Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cumming Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Cumming Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["This collection may contain some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Diane Untermeyer, 8 August 2020. Gift received during the pandemic in June 2020 and followed up to obtain the deed that occurred in August of 2020."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), 1869-1948","United States. Department of State","family papers","Correspondence","photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), 1869-1948","United States. Department of State","family papers","Correspondence","photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair - fragile paper and photographs"],"extent_ssm":["2.5 Cubic Feet 1 legal box, 3 letter boxes, 1 flat box, 4 scrapbooks/albums"],"extent_tesim":["2.5 Cubic Feet 1 legal box, 3 letter boxes, 1 flat box, 4 scrapbooks/albums"],"genreform_ssim":["family papers","Correspondence","photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSome daguerreotypes have glass coverings that are cracked. Please handle with extreme care.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use.","Some daguerreotypes have glass coverings that are cracked. Please handle with extreme care."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis addition to the Cumming Family Papers, the first series in this finding aid, is arranged into four files: Correspondence that relate to the personal and professional lives of members of the Cumming Family; Photographs which include portraits of family ancestors and famous individuals, as well as images depicting the professional lives of family members; Scrapbooks relating to Hugh S. Cumming's children, Winifred Burney West, and to Diana Cumming; and Printed and miscellaneous materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe folders in each of these files are arranged chronologically, except for undated photographs and a written commentary of various photographs. The undated photographs are arranged alphabetically by the subject's last name after the dated folders.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eArrangement is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1- Cumming Family Papers addition ViU-2021-0153\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n   File 1- Correspondence\t\t\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n   File 2- Photographs\t\t\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n   File 3- Scrapbooks\t\t\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n   File 4- Printed and miscellaneous materials\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This addition to the Cumming Family Papers, the first series in this finding aid, is arranged into four files: Correspondence that relate to the personal and professional lives of members of the Cumming Family; Photographs which include portraits of family ancestors and famous individuals, as well as images depicting the professional lives of family members; Scrapbooks relating to Hugh S. Cumming's children, Winifred Burney West, and to Diana Cumming; and Printed and miscellaneous materials.","The folders in each of these files are arranged chronologically, except for undated photographs and a written commentary of various photographs. The undated photographs are arranged alphabetically by the subject's last name after the dated folders.","Arrangement is as follows:","Series 1- Cumming Family Papers addition ViU-2021-0153","\n   File 1- Correspondence\t\t","\n   File 2- Photographs\t\t","\n   File 3- Scrapbooks\t\t","\n   File 4- Printed and miscellaneous materials"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSamuel Cumming, a purported former resident of \u003cgeogname\u003eWigtownshire, Scotland\u003c/geogname\u003e, was born circa 1816 and died before 1916. After immigrating to \u003cgeogname\u003eBaltimore, Maryland\u003c/geogname\u003e around 1823, he moved to Virginia before August 13, 1868, to continue his profession as a \u003coccupation\u003estonemason\u003c/occupation\u003e at Fort Monroe. There, he married \u003cpersname\u003eDiana Whiting Smith\u003c/persname\u003e of \u003cgeogname\u003eElizabeth City County\u003c/geogname\u003e and had at least two children, Samuel Gordon Cumming and Hugh Smith Cumming. In \u003cdate\u003e1879\u003c/date\u003e, he established the \u003ccorpname\u003eHampton Presbyterian Church\u003c/corpname\u003e, now known as First Presbyterian Church. He remarried after Diana's death to \u003cpersname\u003eMargaret Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e, and had several other children, including the Presbyterian Missionary, Calvin Knox Cumming. His son, Samuel Gordon Cumming, an attorney in Hampton, Virginia, died in 1920 after being shot by his wife, Elizabeth Bell Waller, following a divorce agreement. Marital ties expanded the Cumming Family to include members from the Waller, Booth, West, Whiting, Kendrick and Smith families. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHugh Smith Cumming was born on \u003cdate\u003eAugust 17, 1869\u003c/date\u003e, in \u003cgeogname\u003eHampton, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e. He attended high school at \u003ccorpname\u003eBaltimore City College\u003c/corpname\u003e and then matriculated at the University of Virginia to study medicine. In \u003cdate\u003e1896\u003c/date\u003e, he married \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Almira Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, whose grandfather, \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, was a noted Philadelphia \u003coccupation\u003elawyer\u003c/occupation\u003e and philanthropist to Confederate prisoners held in Northern prisons during the American Civil War. The couple had three children: \u003cpersname\u003eHugh Smith Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, \u003cpersname\u003eClara Diana Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e (Kendrick,) and \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Booth Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e, who died as an infant. His half-nephew, Samuel Calvin Cumming, was a Major General in the United States Marine Corps who served during the first and second World Wars and died in \u003cdate\u003e1986\u003c/date\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe graduated from medical school at the \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity College of Medicine\u003c/corpname\u003e in \u003cgeogname\u003eRichmond, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e. A year later, in \u003cdate\u003e1895\u003c/date\u003e, he began working as a \u003coccupation\u003ephysician\u003c/occupation\u003e for the United States Marine Hospital Service during which time he was stationed in \u003cgeogname\u003eSan Francisco\u003c/geogname\u003e and \u003cgeogname\u003eEllis Island\u003c/geogname\u003e, among other posts. During the World War I, he was then detailed to the \u003ccorpname\u003eU.S. Navy\u003c/corpname\u003e as an adviser in sanitation. In \u003cdate\u003eFebruary 1920\u003c/date\u003e, he was appointed to be the fifth Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service by President \u003cpersname\u003eWoodrow Wilson\u003c/persname\u003e. He kept his position as Surgeon General until he retired in \u003cdate\u003e1936\u003c/date\u003e but continued working as director of the \u003ccorpname\u003ePan American Sanitary Bureau\u003c/corpname\u003e until his death in 1948.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHugh Smith Cumming's son, Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr. was born \u003cdate\u003eMarch 10, 1900\u003c/date\u003e, in Richmond, Virginia, and married Winifred Burney West in \u003cdate\u003e1935\u003c/date\u003e, with whom he had no recorded children. He graduated from \u003ccorpname\u003eWestern High School\u003c/corpname\u003e in \u003cgeogname\u003eWashington, D.C.\u003c/geogname\u003e before attending the Virginia Military Institute and serving in the \u003ccorpname\u003eUnited States Army\u003c/corpname\u003e during the first World War. After graduating with a degree in law from the University of Virginia in \u003cdate\u003e1924\u003c/date\u003e, he worked in the international department of the \u003ccorpname\u003eNational City Bank of New York\u003c/corpname\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn \u003cdate\u003e1927\u003c/date\u003e, Cumming, Jr., accepted a position at the United States Department of State as a \u003coccupation\u003eclerk\u003c/occupation\u003e with the U.S. Legation in \u003cgeogname\u003ePeking, China\u003c/geogname\u003e. He was then transferred to \u003cgeogname\u003eWashington, D.C.\u003c/geogname\u003e and worked to assist diplomatic and economic relations between the U.S. and several Northern European countries, namely \u003cgeogname\u003eSweden\u003c/geogname\u003e, and in \u003cdate\u003e1936\u003c/date\u003e, he was appointed Executive Assistant to U.S. Secretary of State, \u003cpersname\u003eCordell Hull\u003c/persname\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring the World War II, he represented the State Department during the Joint Anglo Swedish American Commission dealing with Allied Pilots downed in Neutral Sweden. After the war, he was a founding conference delegate to the United Nations, and from \u003cdate\u003e1947\u003c/date\u003e to \u003cdate\u003e1950\u003c/date\u003e, was counselor of the U.S. Embassy in Sweden. From \u003cdate\u003e1950\u003c/date\u003e to \u003cdate\u003e1952\u003c/date\u003e, he acted as counselor of the U.S. Embassy in \u003cgeogname\u003eMoscow\u003c/geogname\u003e and briefly acted as its ambassador.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCumming, Jr., was the \u003coccupation\u003eDeputy Secretary General\u003c/occupation\u003e for Political Affairs of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) before U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated him for the position of ambassador to Indonesia, where he served in \u003cgeogname\u003eDjakarta\u003c/geogname\u003e from 1954-1957. After returning to Washington, he organized the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research. He retired in \u003cdate\u003e1964\u003c/date\u003e, after working as Counselor for the State Department.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe was a member of several social clubs, including the Alibi Club of Washington, D.C., and the Chevy Chase club of Chevy Chase, Maryland. He survived his wife by eight years and died in \u003cdate\u003e1986\u003c/date\u003e.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReference list:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCumming, H. S. (1945–1977). Hugh S. Cumming papers (MS C 325). Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth (1810-1886). American Aristocracy. (n.d.) https://americanaristocracy.com/people/edwin-gillam-booth  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst Presbyterian Church of Hampton. \"Our History.\" First Presbyterian Church of Hampton. Accessed June 25, 2025. https://www.firstpreshampton.org/our-history. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHamm, Robert D. \"Diana Whiting Smith.\" Hamm Roots. Accessed June 25, 2025. https://hammroots.com/getperson.php?personID=I149131\u0026amp;tree=Main. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHugh S. Cumming. (1948). American Journal of Public Health, 39, 225–225. https://doi.org/10.70706/ajph  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHugh Smith Cumming, Jr. FamilySearch.org. (n.d.-b). https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/L5YN-CJ6/hugh-smith-cumming-jr.-1900-1986  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHugh Smith Cumming. FamilySearch.org. (n.d.-a). https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/K4LF-9J2/hugh-smith-cumming-1869-1948  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJAMA. (1936, March 7). Surgeon general Hugh S. Cumming retires | JAMA | jama network. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1155674  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePriest, E. (2016, January 13). Samuel Cumming. FamilySearch.org. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MFLR-N1Q?lang=en  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWashington Post. (1986, November 26). Hugh Cumming Jr. dies. Washington Post. https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122650/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1986/11/26/hugh-cumming-jr-dies/e58af8fc-ccb7-4c30-926e-7212c7c34208/ \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Samuel Cumming, a purported former resident of  Wigtownshire, Scotland , was born circa 1816 and died before 1916. After immigrating to  Baltimore, Maryland  around 1823, he moved to Virginia before August 13, 1868, to continue his profession as a  stonemason  at Fort Monroe. There, he married  Diana Whiting Smith  of  Elizabeth City County  and had at least two children, Samuel Gordon Cumming and Hugh Smith Cumming. In  1879 , he established the  Hampton Presbyterian Church , now known as First Presbyterian Church. He remarried after Diana's death to  Margaret Cumming , and had several other children, including the Presbyterian Missionary, Calvin Knox Cumming. His son, Samuel Gordon Cumming, an attorney in Hampton, Virginia, died in 1920 after being shot by his wife, Elizabeth Bell Waller, following a divorce agreement. Marital ties expanded the Cumming Family to include members from the Waller, Booth, West, Whiting, Kendrick and Smith families. ","Hugh Smith Cumming was born on  August 17, 1869 , in  Hampton, Virginia . He attended high school at  Baltimore City College  and then matriculated at the University of Virginia to study medicine. In  1896 , he married  Lucy Almira Booth , whose grandfather,  Edwin Gilliam Booth , was a noted Philadelphia  lawyer  and philanthropist to Confederate prisoners held in Northern prisons during the American Civil War. The couple had three children:  Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr. ,  Clara Diana Cumming  (Kendrick,) and  Lucy Booth Cumming , who died as an infant. His half-nephew, Samuel Calvin Cumming, was a Major General in the United States Marine Corps who served during the first and second World Wars and died in  1986 . ","He graduated from medical school at the  University College of Medicine  in  Richmond, Virginia . A year later, in  1895 , he began working as a  physician  for the United States Marine Hospital Service during which time he was stationed in  San Francisco  and  Ellis Island , among other posts. During the World War I, he was then detailed to the  U.S. Navy  as an adviser in sanitation. In  February 1920 , he was appointed to be the fifth Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service by President  Woodrow Wilson . He kept his position as Surgeon General until he retired in  1936  but continued working as director of the  Pan American Sanitary Bureau  until his death in 1948.  ","Hugh Smith Cumming's son, Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr. was born  March 10, 1900 , in Richmond, Virginia, and married Winifred Burney West in  1935 , with whom he had no recorded children. He graduated from  Western High School  in  Washington, D.C.  before attending the Virginia Military Institute and serving in the  United States Army  during the first World War. After graduating with a degree in law from the University of Virginia in  1924 , he worked in the international department of the  National City Bank of New York . ","In  1927 , Cumming, Jr., accepted a position at the United States Department of State as a  clerk  with the U.S. Legation in  Peking, China . He was then transferred to  Washington, D.C.  and worked to assist diplomatic and economic relations between the U.S. and several Northern European countries, namely  Sweden , and in  1936 , he was appointed Executive Assistant to U.S. Secretary of State,  Cordell Hull . ","During the World War II, he represented the State Department during the Joint Anglo Swedish American Commission dealing with Allied Pilots downed in Neutral Sweden. After the war, he was a founding conference delegate to the United Nations, and from  1947  to  1950 , was counselor of the U.S. Embassy in Sweden. From  1950  to  1952 , he acted as counselor of the U.S. Embassy in  Moscow  and briefly acted as its ambassador.  ","Cumming, Jr., was the  Deputy Secretary General  for Political Affairs of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) before U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated him for the position of ambassador to Indonesia, where he served in  Djakarta  from 1954-1957. After returning to Washington, he organized the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research. He retired in  1964 , after working as Counselor for the State Department.  ","He was a member of several social clubs, including the Alibi Club of Washington, D.C., and the Chevy Chase club of Chevy Chase, Maryland. He survived his wife by eight years and died in  1986 .  ","Reference list:","Cumming, H. S. (1945–1977). Hugh S. Cumming papers (MS C 325). Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. ","Edwin Gilliam Booth (1810-1886). American Aristocracy. (n.d.) https://americanaristocracy.com/people/edwin-gillam-booth  ","First Presbyterian Church of Hampton. \"Our History.\" First Presbyterian Church of Hampton. Accessed June 25, 2025. https://www.firstpreshampton.org/our-history. ","Hamm, Robert D. \"Diana Whiting Smith.\" Hamm Roots. Accessed June 25, 2025. https://hammroots.com/getperson.php?personID=I149131\u0026tree=Main. ","Hugh S. Cumming. (1948). American Journal of Public Health, 39, 225–225. https://doi.org/10.70706/ajph  ","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr. FamilySearch.org. (n.d.-b). https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/L5YN-CJ6/hugh-smith-cumming-jr.-1900-1986  ","Hugh Smith Cumming. FamilySearch.org. (n.d.-a). https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/K4LF-9J2/hugh-smith-cumming-1869-1948  ","JAMA. (1936, March 7). Surgeon general Hugh S. Cumming retires | JAMA | jama network. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1155674  ","Priest, E. (2016, January 13). Samuel Cumming. FamilySearch.org. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MFLR-N1Q?lang=en  ","Washington Post. (1986, November 26). Hugh Cumming Jr. dies. Washington Post. https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122650/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1986/11/26/hugh-cumming-jr-dies/e58af8fc-ccb7-4c30-926e-7212c7c34208/ "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 6922, Cumming Family Papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 6922, Cumming Family Papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this collection guide is to describe the most recently acquired part(s) of this collection (2021-0153). Boxes listed in this collection guide do not start with Box 1 because previous acquisitions are listed in the library catalog (Virgo) and/or Archival Resources of the Virginias (ARVAS).  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBox numbering begins at 84. Staff counted all of the boxes in earlier additions and then continued numbering boxes after that total. \u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The purpose of this collection guide is to describe the most recently acquired part(s) of this collection (2021-0153). Boxes listed in this collection guide do not start with Box 1 because previous acquisitions are listed in the library catalog (Virgo) and/or Archival Resources of the Virginias (ARVAS).  ","Box numbering begins at 84. Staff counted all of the boxes in earlier additions and then continued numbering boxes after that total. "],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.","For best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis addition to the Cumming family papers, includes correspondence, scrapbooks, photographs, newspaper clippings, memorabilia, and certificates related to members of the \u003cfamname\u003eCumming\u003c/famname\u003e family, with most pertaining to \u003coccupation\u003eUnited States Surgeon General\u003c/occupation\u003e, \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e (1869-1948) and his son, \u003coccupation\u003eAmbassador\u003c/occupation\u003e \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e (1900-1986). Items include materials related to Hugh Cumming, Jr.'s service in the United States Department of State, and to Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s study at the \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003e, as well as Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.'s study at the \u003ccorpname\u003eVirginia Military Institute\u003c/corpname\u003e.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMost of the correspondence relates to the social and professional lives of Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. and his wife, \u003cpersname\u003eWinifred Burney West Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e. The periods covered include Cumming's time as \u003coccupation\u003eUnited States Ambassador\u003c/occupation\u003e to \u003cgeogname\u003eIndonesia\u003c/geogname\u003e, but more broadly relate to his time in the \u003ccorpname\u003eUnited States Department of State\u003c/corpname\u003e. There is a small amount of correspondence relating to Hugh S. Cumming, Sr. and his career as Surgeon General of the United States, as well as travel documents and White House invitations mostly relating to \u003cpersname\u003eDiana Cumming Kendrick\u003c/persname\u003e and her husband, \u003cpersname\u003eManville Kendrick\u003c/persname\u003e.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMany photographs include images of Hugh S. Cumming, Sr. and Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.'s public service careers along with portraits of members of the Cumming, \u003cfamname\u003eKendrick\u003c/famname\u003e, \u003cfamname\u003eBooth\u003c/famname\u003e, and \u003cfamname\u003eWest\u003c/famname\u003e families. Of particular interest is a series of inscribed and autographed regular and oversize photograph portraits of individuals involved in the careers of Hugh Cumming, Sr. and Hugh Cumming, Jr. Autographed portraits include those from \u003cpersname\u003eRichard M. Nixon\u003c/persname\u003e, \u003cpersname\u003eHerbert Hoover\u003c/persname\u003e, \u003cpersname\u003eLou Henry Hoover\u003c/persname\u003e, \u003cpersname\u003eDwight D. Eisenhower\u003c/persname\u003e, \u003cpersname\u003eCordell Hull\u003c/persname\u003e, and \u003cname\u003eSukarno\u003c/name\u003e. There are eleven daguerreotypes of family ancestors and an included folder of commentary on their subjects by Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. Also, of note are photographs of the Department of State by Henry \"Hank\" G. Walker for Life Magazine. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eScrapbooks in this addition include Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s scrapbook (ca. 1900), which contains descriptions of his newborn children and photographs. An included copy of A.O Kaplan's \"The Baby Biography,\" (ca. 1897-1898) describes the infancy of Lucy Booth Cumming and important events around the time of her birth, along with loose correspondence, parlor cards, and childhood photographs of her. This copy of \"The Baby Biography\" was filled in by her parents, Hugh S. Cumming and Lucy Booth Cumming. Diana Cumming's scrapbook (ca. 1918) holds pasted-in letters, ticket stubs, photographs, and illustrations, among other items. The memorial scrapbook regarding Winifred Burney West Cumming is an unbound second volume of a series of photocopied condolence letters to her widower, Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePrinted materials and miscellaneous items comprise Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s \u003cdate\u003e1893\u003c/date\u003e copy of the University of Virginia \"Corks and Curls\" Yearbook, newspaper clippings, and U.S. Department of State Commendations awarded to Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. It also includes a roster of the Virginia Military Institute's Class of \u003cdate\u003e1921\u003c/date\u003e and an etching by Don Swann of the University of Virginia's Rotunda. Oversize materials include a caricature and the official public service appointments of Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This addition to the Cumming family papers, includes correspondence, scrapbooks, photographs, newspaper clippings, memorabilia, and certificates related to members of the  Cumming  family, with most pertaining to  United States Surgeon General ,  Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.  (1869-1948) and his son,  Ambassador Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.  (1900-1986). Items include materials related to Hugh Cumming, Jr.'s service in the United States Department of State, and to Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s study at the  University of Virginia , as well as Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.'s study at the  Virginia Military Institute .  ","Most of the correspondence relates to the social and professional lives of Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. and his wife,  Winifred Burney West Cumming . The periods covered include Cumming's time as  United States Ambassador  to  Indonesia , but more broadly relate to his time in the  United States Department of State . There is a small amount of correspondence relating to Hugh S. Cumming, Sr. and his career as Surgeon General of the United States, as well as travel documents and White House invitations mostly relating to  Diana Cumming Kendrick  and her husband,  Manville Kendrick .  ","Many photographs include images of Hugh S. Cumming, Sr. and Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.'s public service careers along with portraits of members of the Cumming,  Kendrick ,  Booth , and  West  families. Of particular interest is a series of inscribed and autographed regular and oversize photograph portraits of individuals involved in the careers of Hugh Cumming, Sr. and Hugh Cumming, Jr. Autographed portraits include those from  Richard M. Nixon ,  Herbert Hoover ,  Lou Henry Hoover ,  Dwight D. Eisenhower ,  Cordell Hull , and  Sukarno . There are eleven daguerreotypes of family ancestors and an included folder of commentary on their subjects by Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. Also, of note are photographs of the Department of State by Henry \"Hank\" G. Walker for Life Magazine. ","Scrapbooks in this addition include Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s scrapbook (ca. 1900), which contains descriptions of his newborn children and photographs. An included copy of A.O Kaplan's \"The Baby Biography,\" (ca. 1897-1898) describes the infancy of Lucy Booth Cumming and important events around the time of her birth, along with loose correspondence, parlor cards, and childhood photographs of her. This copy of \"The Baby Biography\" was filled in by her parents, Hugh S. Cumming and Lucy Booth Cumming. Diana Cumming's scrapbook (ca. 1918) holds pasted-in letters, ticket stubs, photographs, and illustrations, among other items. The memorial scrapbook regarding Winifred Burney West Cumming is an unbound second volume of a series of photocopied condolence letters to her widower, Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. ","Printed materials and miscellaneous items comprise Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.'s  1893  copy of the University of Virginia \"Corks and Curls\" Yearbook, newspaper clippings, and U.S. Department of State Commendations awarded to Hugh S. Cumming, Jr. It also includes a roster of the Virginia Military Institute's Class of  1921  and an etching by Don Swann of the University of Virginia's Rotunda. Oversize materials include a caricature and the official public service appointments of Hugh S. Cumming, Jr."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection may contain some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection may contain some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Hampton Presbyterian Church","Baltimore City College","University College of Medicine","U.S. Navy","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Western High School","United States Army","National City Bank of New York","University of Virginia","Virginia Military Institute","United States Department of State","Cumming","Kendrick","Booth","West","Sukarno","Diana Whiting Smith","Margaret Cumming","Lucy Almira Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Clara Diana Cumming","Lucy Booth Cumming","Woodrow Wilson","Cordell Hull","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Winifred Burney West Cumming","Diana Cumming Kendrick","Manville Kendrick","Richard M. Nixon","Herbert Hoover","Lou Henry Hoover","Dwight D. Eisenhower"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Hampton Presbyterian Church","Baltimore City College","University College of Medicine","U.S. Navy","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Western High School","United States Army","National City Bank of New York","University of Virginia","Virginia Military Institute","United States Department of State"],"famname_ssim":["Cumming","Kendrick","Booth","West"],"name_ssim":["Sukarno"],"persname_ssim":["Diana Whiting Smith","Margaret Cumming","Lucy Almira Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Clara Diana Cumming","Lucy Booth Cumming","Woodrow Wilson","Cordell Hull","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Winifred Burney West Cumming","Diana Cumming Kendrick","Manville Kendrick","Richard M. Nixon","Herbert Hoover","Lou Henry Hoover","Dwight D. Eisenhower"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":5,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:50:51.517Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1790"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_726","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Earle K. Shawe papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_726#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_726#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e The papers of Earle K. Shawe consist primarily of memoranda and case briefs from Shawe \u0026amp; Rosenthal related to labor-management relations, some business and personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and scrapbooks. Also included are some photographs, date books, and an address book.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_726#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_726","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_726","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_726","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_726","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_726.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/131626","title_ssm":["Earle K. Shawe papers"],"title_tesim":["Earle K. Shawe papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1938-2003"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1938-2003"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.08.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/726"],"text":["MSS.08.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/726","Earle K. Shawe papers","Labor unions -- United States","lawyers -- Maryland","practice of law -- Maryland","Scrapbooks","photographs","\nEarle K. Shawe graduated from the University of Virginia in 1934, and proceeded to become one of the first attorneys at the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). After serving as the chief law officer for the board's 5th Region, Shawe stepped down in 1947 to start his own private practice in Baltimore, Maryland. Specializing in labor and employment law, Shawe \u0026 Rosenthal rose to prominence after numerous notable cases, including a 1947 filing of the first unfair labor practice charge against a union under the Taft-Hartley Act.","Shawe is recognized as one of the first attorneys in the country to specialize in all areas of labor relations under the National Labor Relations Act, including union avoidance, union elections, collective bargaining, unfair labor practice charges, and union grievance matters. While at the NLRB, Earle tried cases throughout the country, often involving issues of first impression. Upon leaving the Board in 1947, Earle founded the firm that became Shawe Rosenthal, LLP. Beginning with the filing in 1947 of this country's first unfair labor practice charge against a union under the Taft-Hartley Act, Shawe was instrumental in the firm's development of a national practice representing management in all areas of labor relations. Shawe's interest in, and zealous commitment to, his firm's clients and the furtherance of management's interests in employee relations is nationally recognized and explains the roots of Shawe Rosenthal, LLP's, continued growth in the successful representation of employers in significant local and national labor relations matters. His contribution to the development of labor law was not limited to his activities on behalf of his firm's clients. He also wrote, spoke, and testified as to the concerns of management in regard to its relations with employees. He was similarly active in city, state, and national bar and professional associations. His accomplishments in the field of labor law were recognized by his election as a Fellow of the College of Labor and Employment Lawyers in 1999.","Shawe gave generously to the University of Virignia Law School, esablishing in the early 1990s the Earle K. Shawe Labor Relations Award, a monetary award that is given to the graduating student who shows the greatest promise of becoming a successful practitioner in the field of labor relations.","Earle K. Shawe died June 30, 2017, aged 104.","\nThe papers of Earle K. Shawe consist primarily of memoranda and case briefs from Shawe \u0026 Rosenthal related to labor-management relations, some business and personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and scrapbooks. Also included are some photographs, date books, and an address book.","The addendum to this collection consists of letters and postcards that Shawe sent to his brother while he was a law student at the University of Virginia. ","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","National Labor Relations Board","Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.08.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/726"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Earle K. Shawe papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Earle K. Shawe papers"],"collection_ssim":["Earle K. Shawe papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017"],"creator_ssim":["Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017"],"creators_ssim":["Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Earle K. Shawe donated the first part of his papers in the fall of 2008. His daughter Gail Bernstein donated an addendum July 2017."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Labor unions -- United States","lawyers -- Maryland","practice of law -- Maryland","Scrapbooks","photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Labor unions -- United States","lawyers -- Maryland","practice of law -- Maryland","Scrapbooks","photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4 Linear Feet 9 archival boxes, plus some oversized materials."],"extent_tesim":["4 Linear Feet 9 archival boxes, plus some oversized materials."],"genreform_ssim":["Scrapbooks","photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nEarle K. Shawe graduated from the University of Virginia in 1934, and proceeded to become one of the first attorneys at the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). After serving as the chief law officer for the board's 5th Region, Shawe stepped down in 1947 to start his own private practice in Baltimore, Maryland. Specializing in labor and employment law, Shawe \u0026amp; Rosenthal rose to prominence after numerous notable cases, including a 1947 filing of the first unfair labor practice charge against a union under the Taft-Hartley Act.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShawe is recognized as one of the first attorneys in the country to specialize in all areas of labor relations under the National Labor Relations Act, including union avoidance, union elections, collective bargaining, unfair labor practice charges, and union grievance matters. While at the NLRB, Earle tried cases throughout the country, often involving issues of first impression. Upon leaving the Board in 1947, Earle founded the firm that became Shawe Rosenthal, LLP. Beginning with the filing in 1947 of this country's first unfair labor practice charge against a union under the Taft-Hartley Act, Shawe was instrumental in the firm's development of a national practice representing management in all areas of labor relations. Shawe's interest in, and zealous commitment to, his firm's clients and the furtherance of management's interests in employee relations is nationally recognized and explains the roots of Shawe Rosenthal, LLP's, continued growth in the successful representation of employers in significant local and national labor relations matters. His contribution to the development of labor law was not limited to his activities on behalf of his firm's clients. He also wrote, spoke, and testified as to the concerns of management in regard to its relations with employees. He was similarly active in city, state, and national bar and professional associations. His accomplishments in the field of labor law were recognized by his election as a Fellow of the College of Labor and Employment Lawyers in 1999.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShawe gave generously to the University of Virignia Law School, esablishing in the early 1990s the Earle K. Shawe Labor Relations Award, a monetary award that is given to the graduating student who shows the greatest promise of becoming a successful practitioner in the field of labor relations.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEarle K. Shawe died June 30, 2017, aged 104.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["\nEarle K. Shawe graduated from the University of Virginia in 1934, and proceeded to become one of the first attorneys at the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). After serving as the chief law officer for the board's 5th Region, Shawe stepped down in 1947 to start his own private practice in Baltimore, Maryland. Specializing in labor and employment law, Shawe \u0026 Rosenthal rose to prominence after numerous notable cases, including a 1947 filing of the first unfair labor practice charge against a union under the Taft-Hartley Act.","Shawe is recognized as one of the first attorneys in the country to specialize in all areas of labor relations under the National Labor Relations Act, including union avoidance, union elections, collective bargaining, unfair labor practice charges, and union grievance matters. While at the NLRB, Earle tried cases throughout the country, often involving issues of first impression. Upon leaving the Board in 1947, Earle founded the firm that became Shawe Rosenthal, LLP. Beginning with the filing in 1947 of this country's first unfair labor practice charge against a union under the Taft-Hartley Act, Shawe was instrumental in the firm's development of a national practice representing management in all areas of labor relations. Shawe's interest in, and zealous commitment to, his firm's clients and the furtherance of management's interests in employee relations is nationally recognized and explains the roots of Shawe Rosenthal, LLP's, continued growth in the successful representation of employers in significant local and national labor relations matters. His contribution to the development of labor law was not limited to his activities on behalf of his firm's clients. He also wrote, spoke, and testified as to the concerns of management in regard to its relations with employees. He was similarly active in city, state, and national bar and professional associations. His accomplishments in the field of labor law were recognized by his election as a Fellow of the College of Labor and Employment Lawyers in 1999.","Shawe gave generously to the University of Virignia Law School, esablishing in the early 1990s the Earle K. Shawe Labor Relations Award, a monetary award that is given to the graduating student who shows the greatest promise of becoming a successful practitioner in the field of labor relations.","Earle K. Shawe died June 30, 2017, aged 104."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nThe papers of Earle K. Shawe consist primarily of memoranda and case briefs from Shawe \u0026amp; Rosenthal related to labor-management relations, some business and personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and scrapbooks. Also included are some photographs, date books, and an address book.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe addendum to this collection consists of letters and postcards that Shawe sent to his brother while he was a law student at the University of Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["\nThe papers of Earle K. 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Morris Law Library Special Collections","National Labor Relations Board"],"persname_ssim":["Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":19,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-08T07:11:04.434Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_726","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_726","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_726","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_726","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_726.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/131626","title_ssm":["Earle K. Shawe papers"],"title_tesim":["Earle K. Shawe papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1938-2003"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1938-2003"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.08.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/726"],"text":["MSS.08.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/726","Earle K. Shawe papers","Labor unions -- United States","lawyers -- Maryland","practice of law -- Maryland","Scrapbooks","photographs","\nEarle K. Shawe graduated from the University of Virginia in 1934, and proceeded to become one of the first attorneys at the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). After serving as the chief law officer for the board's 5th Region, Shawe stepped down in 1947 to start his own private practice in Baltimore, Maryland. Specializing in labor and employment law, Shawe \u0026 Rosenthal rose to prominence after numerous notable cases, including a 1947 filing of the first unfair labor practice charge against a union under the Taft-Hartley Act.","Shawe is recognized as one of the first attorneys in the country to specialize in all areas of labor relations under the National Labor Relations Act, including union avoidance, union elections, collective bargaining, unfair labor practice charges, and union grievance matters. While at the NLRB, Earle tried cases throughout the country, often involving issues of first impression. Upon leaving the Board in 1947, Earle founded the firm that became Shawe Rosenthal, LLP. Beginning with the filing in 1947 of this country's first unfair labor practice charge against a union under the Taft-Hartley Act, Shawe was instrumental in the firm's development of a national practice representing management in all areas of labor relations. Shawe's interest in, and zealous commitment to, his firm's clients and the furtherance of management's interests in employee relations is nationally recognized and explains the roots of Shawe Rosenthal, LLP's, continued growth in the successful representation of employers in significant local and national labor relations matters. His contribution to the development of labor law was not limited to his activities on behalf of his firm's clients. He also wrote, spoke, and testified as to the concerns of management in regard to its relations with employees. He was similarly active in city, state, and national bar and professional associations. His accomplishments in the field of labor law were recognized by his election as a Fellow of the College of Labor and Employment Lawyers in 1999.","Shawe gave generously to the University of Virignia Law School, esablishing in the early 1990s the Earle K. Shawe Labor Relations Award, a monetary award that is given to the graduating student who shows the greatest promise of becoming a successful practitioner in the field of labor relations.","Earle K. Shawe died June 30, 2017, aged 104.","\nThe papers of Earle K. Shawe consist primarily of memoranda and case briefs from Shawe \u0026 Rosenthal related to labor-management relations, some business and personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and scrapbooks. Also included are some photographs, date books, and an address book.","The addendum to this collection consists of letters and postcards that Shawe sent to his brother while he was a law student at the University of Virginia. ","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","National Labor Relations Board","Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.08.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/726"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Earle K. Shawe papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Earle K. Shawe papers"],"collection_ssim":["Earle K. Shawe papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017"],"creator_ssim":["Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017"],"creators_ssim":["Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Earle K. Shawe donated the first part of his papers in the fall of 2008. His daughter Gail Bernstein donated an addendum July 2017."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Labor unions -- United States","lawyers -- Maryland","practice of law -- Maryland","Scrapbooks","photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Labor unions -- United States","lawyers -- Maryland","practice of law -- Maryland","Scrapbooks","photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4 Linear Feet 9 archival boxes, plus some oversized materials."],"extent_tesim":["4 Linear Feet 9 archival boxes, plus some oversized materials."],"genreform_ssim":["Scrapbooks","photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nEarle K. Shawe graduated from the University of Virginia in 1934, and proceeded to become one of the first attorneys at the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). After serving as the chief law officer for the board's 5th Region, Shawe stepped down in 1947 to start his own private practice in Baltimore, Maryland. Specializing in labor and employment law, Shawe \u0026amp; Rosenthal rose to prominence after numerous notable cases, including a 1947 filing of the first unfair labor practice charge against a union under the Taft-Hartley Act.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShawe is recognized as one of the first attorneys in the country to specialize in all areas of labor relations under the National Labor Relations Act, including union avoidance, union elections, collective bargaining, unfair labor practice charges, and union grievance matters. While at the NLRB, Earle tried cases throughout the country, often involving issues of first impression. Upon leaving the Board in 1947, Earle founded the firm that became Shawe Rosenthal, LLP. Beginning with the filing in 1947 of this country's first unfair labor practice charge against a union under the Taft-Hartley Act, Shawe was instrumental in the firm's development of a national practice representing management in all areas of labor relations. Shawe's interest in, and zealous commitment to, his firm's clients and the furtherance of management's interests in employee relations is nationally recognized and explains the roots of Shawe Rosenthal, LLP's, continued growth in the successful representation of employers in significant local and national labor relations matters. His contribution to the development of labor law was not limited to his activities on behalf of his firm's clients. He also wrote, spoke, and testified as to the concerns of management in regard to its relations with employees. He was similarly active in city, state, and national bar and professional associations. His accomplishments in the field of labor law were recognized by his election as a Fellow of the College of Labor and Employment Lawyers in 1999.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShawe gave generously to the University of Virignia Law School, esablishing in the early 1990s the Earle K. Shawe Labor Relations Award, a monetary award that is given to the graduating student who shows the greatest promise of becoming a successful practitioner in the field of labor relations.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEarle K. Shawe died June 30, 2017, aged 104.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["\nEarle K. Shawe graduated from the University of Virginia in 1934, and proceeded to become one of the first attorneys at the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). After serving as the chief law officer for the board's 5th Region, Shawe stepped down in 1947 to start his own private practice in Baltimore, Maryland. Specializing in labor and employment law, Shawe \u0026 Rosenthal rose to prominence after numerous notable cases, including a 1947 filing of the first unfair labor practice charge against a union under the Taft-Hartley Act.","Shawe is recognized as one of the first attorneys in the country to specialize in all areas of labor relations under the National Labor Relations Act, including union avoidance, union elections, collective bargaining, unfair labor practice charges, and union grievance matters. While at the NLRB, Earle tried cases throughout the country, often involving issues of first impression. Upon leaving the Board in 1947, Earle founded the firm that became Shawe Rosenthal, LLP. Beginning with the filing in 1947 of this country's first unfair labor practice charge against a union under the Taft-Hartley Act, Shawe was instrumental in the firm's development of a national practice representing management in all areas of labor relations. Shawe's interest in, and zealous commitment to, his firm's clients and the furtherance of management's interests in employee relations is nationally recognized and explains the roots of Shawe Rosenthal, LLP's, continued growth in the successful representation of employers in significant local and national labor relations matters. His contribution to the development of labor law was not limited to his activities on behalf of his firm's clients. He also wrote, spoke, and testified as to the concerns of management in regard to its relations with employees. He was similarly active in city, state, and national bar and professional associations. His accomplishments in the field of labor law were recognized by his election as a Fellow of the College of Labor and Employment Lawyers in 1999.","Shawe gave generously to the University of Virignia Law School, esablishing in the early 1990s the Earle K. Shawe Labor Relations Award, a monetary award that is given to the graduating student who shows the greatest promise of becoming a successful practitioner in the field of labor relations.","Earle K. Shawe died June 30, 2017, aged 104."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nThe papers of Earle K. Shawe consist primarily of memoranda and case briefs from Shawe \u0026amp; Rosenthal related to labor-management relations, some business and personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and scrapbooks. Also included are some photographs, date books, and an address book.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe addendum to this collection consists of letters and postcards that Shawe sent to his brother while he was a law student at the University of Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["\nThe papers of Earle K. Shawe consist primarily of memoranda and case briefs from Shawe \u0026 Rosenthal related to labor-management relations, some business and personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and scrapbooks. Also included are some photographs, date books, and an address book.","The addendum to this collection consists of letters and postcards that Shawe sent to his brother while he was a law student at the University of Virginia. "],"names_coll_ssim":["National Labor Relations Board","Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","National Labor Relations Board","Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","National Labor Relations Board"],"persname_ssim":["Shawe, Earle K., 1913-2017"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":19,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-08T07:11:04.434Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_726"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_100","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_100#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_100#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe papers of E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. consist of correspondence files dating from 1944 to 1982, as well as the working papers from his clerkship for Justices Robert H. Jackson, Felix Frankfurter, and John M. Harlan (1953-1955).\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_100#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_100","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_100","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_100","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_100","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_100.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/107670","title_ssm":["E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. papers"],"title_tesim":["E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1944-1989","1953-1955"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1953-1955"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1944-1989"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.86.5","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/100"],"text":["MSS.86.5","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/100","E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. papers","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","United States. Supreme Court -- History -- 20th century","letters (correspondence)","photographs","There are no restrictions.","E. Barrett Prettyman Jr., a life-long resident of the Washington, DC, area, received his undergraduate degree from Yale University in 1949. He attended law school at the University of Virginia and served on the editorial board of the  Virginia Law Review . In addition, he was active in the Student Legal Forum, on behalf of which he extended speaking invitations to Justices Robert H. Jackson and Felix Frankfurter, both of whom accepted. In late 1952, Prettyman was selected to clerk for Justice Jackson after his graduation the following June.","  The Supreme Court was deeply involved in consideration of  Brown v. Board of Education  when Prettyman began his clerkship. In his history of  Brown  titled  Simple Justice  (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1975), Richard Kluger describes in detail the work of the justices in early 1954. \"[Chief Justice Earl] Warren's highest hope, for a single unanimous opinion, did not look especially bright. It rested in large part on his overcoming the philosophical reservations of both Felix Frankfurter and Robert Jackson, men who could talk, write and think rings around the Chief Justice. Neither was likely to curl up at Warren's mere bidding.\"(683)","  Justice Frankfurter circulated a memorandum outlining his thoughts in January, and in February Justice Jackson wrote out his ideas in a lengthy draft opinion. He began: \"The race problem would be quickly solved if some way could be found to make us all live up to our hypocrisies.\" Jackson discussed the history of racism from the legislative and judicial perspective and found no acceptable justification for revising the pattern. He finally concluded that segregation should be forcefully put to rest simply because the black population, not the Constitution, had changed.","  Barrett Prettyman read Jackson's memorandum and wrote a thoughtful reply. Of Prettyman's work, Kluger wrote: \"It is doubtful if any of the many excellent young men who have come fresh out of the law schools or soon thereafter to serve the Justices of the Supreme Court ever served more faithfully or usefully than Barrett Prettyman served Justice Jackson. What part Prettyman's memo played will never be known, but it is a fact that Jackson, having written this much on the segregation cases, wrote no more.\"(691)","  Justice Jackson had a heart attack about seven weeks before the decision in Brown was handed down in the spring of 1954. During his subsequent extended hospitalization, Prettyman brought work for him to review, including Chief Justice Warren's draft opinion in  Brown  and Justice Frankfurter's colorful and verbose reports of the justices' conferences. Despite his poor health, Jackson was on the bench on May 17 when the unanimous  Brown decision was handed down.","  During the summer of 1954, Chief Justice Warren appointed six clerks to study and report ways that desegregation might be implemented. Prettyman, a member of this team, was assigned to map out Spartanburg, South Carolina, in terms of its black and white population and to suggest a prototypical plan for integrating its schools; other clerks were given similar assignments. They then pooled their ideas to formulate an approach the Supreme Court should take on implementation of integration, but could not agree on the important question of timing. Prettyman favored a compromise between forcing immediate desegregation and allowing communities an indefinite period of time to act.","  Justice Jackson died in the fall of 1954, and Prettyman went to work for Justice Frankfurter, who had the highest praise for the young man's work and clearly took a personal interest in him. John Marshall Harlan, a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, was nominated in November 1954 to take Jackson's place on the Court. Harlan's mere name put Senate conservatives on guard because his grandfather had been the sole dissenter in  Plessy v. Ferguson ; consequently, his nomination was held up in the Senate for four months. In the interim he invited Prettyman to be one of his first two clerks, and Prettyman accepted.","  At the conclusion of his clerkship in the early summer of 1955, Barrett Prettyman joined the Washington, D.C., firm of Hogan and Hartson, where he is now a partner.","The papers of E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. consist of correspondence files dating from 1944 to 1982, as well as the working papers from his clerkship for Justices Robert H. Jackson, Felix Frankfurter, and John M. Harlan (1953-1955).","  Prettyman had arranged the correspondence by name of the justice who was the correspondent/subject. For each man there is correspondence from Prettyman's clerkship period, and later correspondence with other former clerks about reunions. In addition, the Jackson correspondence contains a few letters from Jackson and a good many related to his death. In the Frankfurter file there are many short, handwritten notes from Frankfurter to his clerk commenting on cases before the Court as they were being heard, making requests, or expressing opinions about other justices' views. Frankfurter's notes are also sprinkled throughout the case materials. The Harlan letters date from the period just before he went on the Court until the time of his death, since Justice and Mrs. Harlan maintained their friendship with Prettyman and his wife Evelyn after the short clerkship ended.","  The working papers contain one or more folders on a dozen specific cases, several folders on an assortment of cases, and twelve folders containing Prettyman's certiorari petition memoranda annotated by the three justices. Of the case material, the most significant concerns  Brown v. Board of Education  and includes drafts of Prettyman's memoranda to Jackson regarding the justice's draft opinion, the map of Spartanburg, Prettyman's memo concerning implementation, and signed copies of the opinion and the decree.","  This collection documenting the work of a Supreme Court law clerk is significant because of the stature of the three justices Prettyman clerked for at such an important time in the Court's history. Furthermore, records of Supreme Court clerkships are rare. Legal historians of the Brown era will find these papers valuable and interesting.\n  \n  This collection has been digitized.","There are no restrictions.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971","Burton, Harold H., 1888-1964","Clark, Tom C., 1899-1977","Douglas, William O., 1898-1980","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965","Harlan, John M., 1899-1971","Jackson, Robert H., 1892-1954 ","Sobeloff, Simon, 1894-1973","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.86.5","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/100"],"normalized_title_ssm":["E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. papers"],"collection_ssim":["E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971"],"creator_ssim":["Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971"],"creators_ssim":["Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"access_subjects_ssim":["School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","United States. Supreme Court -- History -- 20th century","letters (correspondence)","photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","United States. Supreme Court -- History -- 20th century","letters (correspondence)","photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3 Linear Feet 4 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3 Linear Feet 4 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eE. Barrett Prettyman Jr., a life-long resident of the Washington, DC, area, received his undergraduate degree from Yale University in 1949. He attended law school at the University of Virginia and served on the editorial board of the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Law Review\u003c/emph\u003e. In addition, he was active in the Student Legal Forum, on behalf of which he extended speaking invitations to Justices Robert H. Jackson and Felix Frankfurter, both of whom accepted. In late 1952, Prettyman was selected to clerk for Justice Jackson after his graduation the following June.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The Supreme Court was deeply involved in consideration of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown v. Board of Education\u003c/emph\u003e when Prettyman began his clerkship. In his history of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003e titled \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSimple Justice\u003c/emph\u003e (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1975), Richard Kluger describes in detail the work of the justices in early 1954. \"[Chief Justice Earl] Warren's highest hope, for a single unanimous opinion, did not look especially bright. It rested in large part on his overcoming the philosophical reservations of both Felix Frankfurter and Robert Jackson, men who could talk, write and think rings around the Chief Justice. Neither was likely to curl up at Warren's mere bidding.\"(683)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Justice Frankfurter circulated a memorandum outlining his thoughts in January, and in February Justice Jackson wrote out his ideas in a lengthy draft opinion. He began: \"The race problem would be quickly solved if some way could be found to make us all live up to our hypocrisies.\" Jackson discussed the history of racism from the legislative and judicial perspective and found no acceptable justification for revising the pattern. He finally concluded that segregation should be forcefully put to rest simply because the black population, not the Constitution, had changed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Barrett Prettyman read Jackson's memorandum and wrote a thoughtful reply. Of Prettyman's work, Kluger wrote: \"It is doubtful if any of the many excellent young men who have come fresh out of the law schools or soon thereafter to serve the Justices of the Supreme Court ever served more faithfully or usefully than Barrett Prettyman served Justice Jackson. What part Prettyman's memo played will never be known, but it is a fact that Jackson, having written this much on the segregation cases, wrote no more.\"(691)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Justice Jackson had a heart attack about seven weeks before the decision in\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003ewas handed down in the spring of 1954. During his subsequent extended hospitalization, Prettyman brought work for him to review, including Chief Justice Warren's draft opinion in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003e and Justice Frankfurter's colorful and verbose reports of the justices' conferences. Despite his poor health, Jackson was on the bench on May 17 when the unanimous \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003edecision was handed down.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  During the summer of 1954, Chief Justice Warren appointed six clerks to study and report ways that desegregation might be implemented. Prettyman, a member of this team, was assigned to map out Spartanburg, South Carolina, in terms of its black and white population and to suggest a prototypical plan for integrating its schools; other clerks were given similar assignments. They then pooled their ideas to formulate an approach the Supreme Court should take on implementation of integration, but could not agree on the important question of timing. Prettyman favored a compromise between forcing immediate desegregation and allowing communities an indefinite period of time to act.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Justice Jackson died in the fall of 1954, and Prettyman went to work for Justice Frankfurter, who had the highest praise for the young man's work and clearly took a personal interest in him. John Marshall Harlan, a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, was nominated in November 1954 to take Jackson's place on the Court. Harlan's mere name put Senate conservatives on guard because his grandfather had been the sole dissenter in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ePlessy v. Ferguson\u003c/emph\u003e; consequently, his nomination was held up in the Senate for four months. In the interim he invited Prettyman to be one of his first two clerks, and Prettyman accepted.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  At the conclusion of his clerkship in the early summer of 1955, Barrett Prettyman joined the Washington, D.C., firm of Hogan and Hartson, where he is now a partner.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["E. Barrett Prettyman Jr., a life-long resident of the Washington, DC, area, received his undergraduate degree from Yale University in 1949. He attended law school at the University of Virginia and served on the editorial board of the  Virginia Law Review . In addition, he was active in the Student Legal Forum, on behalf of which he extended speaking invitations to Justices Robert H. Jackson and Felix Frankfurter, both of whom accepted. In late 1952, Prettyman was selected to clerk for Justice Jackson after his graduation the following June.","  The Supreme Court was deeply involved in consideration of  Brown v. Board of Education  when Prettyman began his clerkship. In his history of  Brown  titled  Simple Justice  (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1975), Richard Kluger describes in detail the work of the justices in early 1954. \"[Chief Justice Earl] Warren's highest hope, for a single unanimous opinion, did not look especially bright. It rested in large part on his overcoming the philosophical reservations of both Felix Frankfurter and Robert Jackson, men who could talk, write and think rings around the Chief Justice. Neither was likely to curl up at Warren's mere bidding.\"(683)","  Justice Frankfurter circulated a memorandum outlining his thoughts in January, and in February Justice Jackson wrote out his ideas in a lengthy draft opinion. He began: \"The race problem would be quickly solved if some way could be found to make us all live up to our hypocrisies.\" Jackson discussed the history of racism from the legislative and judicial perspective and found no acceptable justification for revising the pattern. He finally concluded that segregation should be forcefully put to rest simply because the black population, not the Constitution, had changed.","  Barrett Prettyman read Jackson's memorandum and wrote a thoughtful reply. Of Prettyman's work, Kluger wrote: \"It is doubtful if any of the many excellent young men who have come fresh out of the law schools or soon thereafter to serve the Justices of the Supreme Court ever served more faithfully or usefully than Barrett Prettyman served Justice Jackson. What part Prettyman's memo played will never be known, but it is a fact that Jackson, having written this much on the segregation cases, wrote no more.\"(691)","  Justice Jackson had a heart attack about seven weeks before the decision in Brown was handed down in the spring of 1954. During his subsequent extended hospitalization, Prettyman brought work for him to review, including Chief Justice Warren's draft opinion in  Brown  and Justice Frankfurter's colorful and verbose reports of the justices' conferences. Despite his poor health, Jackson was on the bench on May 17 when the unanimous  Brown decision was handed down.","  During the summer of 1954, Chief Justice Warren appointed six clerks to study and report ways that desegregation might be implemented. Prettyman, a member of this team, was assigned to map out Spartanburg, South Carolina, in terms of its black and white population and to suggest a prototypical plan for integrating its schools; other clerks were given similar assignments. They then pooled their ideas to formulate an approach the Supreme Court should take on implementation of integration, but could not agree on the important question of timing. Prettyman favored a compromise between forcing immediate desegregation and allowing communities an indefinite period of time to act.","  Justice Jackson died in the fall of 1954, and Prettyman went to work for Justice Frankfurter, who had the highest praise for the young man's work and clearly took a personal interest in him. John Marshall Harlan, a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, was nominated in November 1954 to take Jackson's place on the Court. Harlan's mere name put Senate conservatives on guard because his grandfather had been the sole dissenter in  Plessy v. Ferguson ; consequently, his nomination was held up in the Senate for four months. In the interim he invited Prettyman to be one of his first two clerks, and Prettyman accepted.","  At the conclusion of his clerkship in the early summer of 1955, Barrett Prettyman joined the Washington, D.C., firm of Hogan and Hartson, where he is now a partner."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. consist of correspondence files dating from 1944 to 1982, as well as the working papers from his clerkship for Justices Robert H. Jackson, Felix Frankfurter, and John M. Harlan (1953-1955).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Prettyman had arranged the correspondence by name of the justice who was the correspondent/subject. For each man there is correspondence from Prettyman's clerkship period, and later correspondence with other former clerks about reunions. In addition, the Jackson correspondence contains a few letters from Jackson and a good many related to his death. In the Frankfurter file there are many short, handwritten notes from Frankfurter to his clerk commenting on cases before the Court as they were being heard, making requests, or expressing opinions about other justices' views. Frankfurter's notes are also sprinkled throughout the case materials. The Harlan letters date from the period just before he went on the Court until the time of his death, since Justice and Mrs. Harlan maintained their friendship with Prettyman and his wife Evelyn after the short clerkship ended.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The working papers contain one or more folders on a dozen specific cases, several folders on an assortment of cases, and twelve folders containing Prettyman's certiorari petition memoranda annotated by the three justices. Of the case material, the most significant concerns \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown v. Board of Education\u003c/emph\u003e and includes drafts of Prettyman's memoranda to Jackson regarding the justice's draft opinion, the map of Spartanburg, Prettyman's memo concerning implementation, and signed copies of the opinion and the decree.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  This collection documenting the work of a Supreme Court law clerk is significant because of the stature of the three justices Prettyman clerked for at such an important time in the Court's history. Furthermore, records of Supreme Court clerkships are rare. Legal historians of the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003eera will find these papers valuable and interesting.\n  \n  This collection has been digitized.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. consist of correspondence files dating from 1944 to 1982, as well as the working papers from his clerkship for Justices Robert H. Jackson, Felix Frankfurter, and John M. Harlan (1953-1955).","  Prettyman had arranged the correspondence by name of the justice who was the correspondent/subject. For each man there is correspondence from Prettyman's clerkship period, and later correspondence with other former clerks about reunions. In addition, the Jackson correspondence contains a few letters from Jackson and a good many related to his death. In the Frankfurter file there are many short, handwritten notes from Frankfurter to his clerk commenting on cases before the Court as they were being heard, making requests, or expressing opinions about other justices' views. Frankfurter's notes are also sprinkled throughout the case materials. The Harlan letters date from the period just before he went on the Court until the time of his death, since Justice and Mrs. Harlan maintained their friendship with Prettyman and his wife Evelyn after the short clerkship ended.","  The working papers contain one or more folders on a dozen specific cases, several folders on an assortment of cases, and twelve folders containing Prettyman's certiorari petition memoranda annotated by the three justices. Of the case material, the most significant concerns  Brown v. Board of Education  and includes drafts of Prettyman's memoranda to Jackson regarding the justice's draft opinion, the map of Spartanburg, Prettyman's memo concerning implementation, and signed copies of the opinion and the decree.","  This collection documenting the work of a Supreme Court law clerk is significant because of the stature of the three justices Prettyman clerked for at such an important time in the Court's history. Furthermore, records of Supreme Court clerkships are rare. Legal historians of the Brown era will find these papers valuable and interesting.\n  \n  This collection has been digitized."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971","Burton, Harold H., 1888-1964","Clark, Tom C., 1899-1977","Douglas, William O., 1898-1980","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965","Harlan, John M., 1899-1971","Jackson, Robert H., 1892-1954 ","Sobeloff, Simon, 1894-1973"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"names_coll_ssim":["Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971","Burton, Harold H., 1888-1964","Clark, Tom C., 1899-1977","Douglas, William O., 1898-1980","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965","Harlan, John M., 1899-1971","Jackson, Robert H., 1892-1954 ","Sobeloff, Simon, 1894-1973"],"persname_ssim":["Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971","Burton, Harold H., 1888-1964","Clark, Tom C., 1899-1977","Douglas, William O., 1898-1980","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965","Harlan, John M., 1899-1971","Jackson, Robert H., 1892-1954 ","Sobeloff, Simon, 1894-1973"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":46,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-08T07:11:12.292Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_100","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_100","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_100","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_100","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_100.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/107670","title_ssm":["E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. papers"],"title_tesim":["E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1944-1989","1953-1955"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1953-1955"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1944-1989"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.86.5","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/100"],"text":["MSS.86.5","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/100","E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. papers","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","United States. Supreme Court -- History -- 20th century","letters (correspondence)","photographs","There are no restrictions.","E. Barrett Prettyman Jr., a life-long resident of the Washington, DC, area, received his undergraduate degree from Yale University in 1949. He attended law school at the University of Virginia and served on the editorial board of the  Virginia Law Review . In addition, he was active in the Student Legal Forum, on behalf of which he extended speaking invitations to Justices Robert H. Jackson and Felix Frankfurter, both of whom accepted. In late 1952, Prettyman was selected to clerk for Justice Jackson after his graduation the following June.","  The Supreme Court was deeply involved in consideration of  Brown v. Board of Education  when Prettyman began his clerkship. In his history of  Brown  titled  Simple Justice  (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1975), Richard Kluger describes in detail the work of the justices in early 1954. \"[Chief Justice Earl] Warren's highest hope, for a single unanimous opinion, did not look especially bright. It rested in large part on his overcoming the philosophical reservations of both Felix Frankfurter and Robert Jackson, men who could talk, write and think rings around the Chief Justice. Neither was likely to curl up at Warren's mere bidding.\"(683)","  Justice Frankfurter circulated a memorandum outlining his thoughts in January, and in February Justice Jackson wrote out his ideas in a lengthy draft opinion. He began: \"The race problem would be quickly solved if some way could be found to make us all live up to our hypocrisies.\" Jackson discussed the history of racism from the legislative and judicial perspective and found no acceptable justification for revising the pattern. He finally concluded that segregation should be forcefully put to rest simply because the black population, not the Constitution, had changed.","  Barrett Prettyman read Jackson's memorandum and wrote a thoughtful reply. Of Prettyman's work, Kluger wrote: \"It is doubtful if any of the many excellent young men who have come fresh out of the law schools or soon thereafter to serve the Justices of the Supreme Court ever served more faithfully or usefully than Barrett Prettyman served Justice Jackson. What part Prettyman's memo played will never be known, but it is a fact that Jackson, having written this much on the segregation cases, wrote no more.\"(691)","  Justice Jackson had a heart attack about seven weeks before the decision in Brown was handed down in the spring of 1954. During his subsequent extended hospitalization, Prettyman brought work for him to review, including Chief Justice Warren's draft opinion in  Brown  and Justice Frankfurter's colorful and verbose reports of the justices' conferences. Despite his poor health, Jackson was on the bench on May 17 when the unanimous  Brown decision was handed down.","  During the summer of 1954, Chief Justice Warren appointed six clerks to study and report ways that desegregation might be implemented. Prettyman, a member of this team, was assigned to map out Spartanburg, South Carolina, in terms of its black and white population and to suggest a prototypical plan for integrating its schools; other clerks were given similar assignments. They then pooled their ideas to formulate an approach the Supreme Court should take on implementation of integration, but could not agree on the important question of timing. Prettyman favored a compromise between forcing immediate desegregation and allowing communities an indefinite period of time to act.","  Justice Jackson died in the fall of 1954, and Prettyman went to work for Justice Frankfurter, who had the highest praise for the young man's work and clearly took a personal interest in him. John Marshall Harlan, a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, was nominated in November 1954 to take Jackson's place on the Court. Harlan's mere name put Senate conservatives on guard because his grandfather had been the sole dissenter in  Plessy v. Ferguson ; consequently, his nomination was held up in the Senate for four months. In the interim he invited Prettyman to be one of his first two clerks, and Prettyman accepted.","  At the conclusion of his clerkship in the early summer of 1955, Barrett Prettyman joined the Washington, D.C., firm of Hogan and Hartson, where he is now a partner.","The papers of E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. consist of correspondence files dating from 1944 to 1982, as well as the working papers from his clerkship for Justices Robert H. Jackson, Felix Frankfurter, and John M. Harlan (1953-1955).","  Prettyman had arranged the correspondence by name of the justice who was the correspondent/subject. For each man there is correspondence from Prettyman's clerkship period, and later correspondence with other former clerks about reunions. In addition, the Jackson correspondence contains a few letters from Jackson and a good many related to his death. In the Frankfurter file there are many short, handwritten notes from Frankfurter to his clerk commenting on cases before the Court as they were being heard, making requests, or expressing opinions about other justices' views. Frankfurter's notes are also sprinkled throughout the case materials. The Harlan letters date from the period just before he went on the Court until the time of his death, since Justice and Mrs. Harlan maintained their friendship with Prettyman and his wife Evelyn after the short clerkship ended.","  The working papers contain one or more folders on a dozen specific cases, several folders on an assortment of cases, and twelve folders containing Prettyman's certiorari petition memoranda annotated by the three justices. Of the case material, the most significant concerns  Brown v. Board of Education  and includes drafts of Prettyman's memoranda to Jackson regarding the justice's draft opinion, the map of Spartanburg, Prettyman's memo concerning implementation, and signed copies of the opinion and the decree.","  This collection documenting the work of a Supreme Court law clerk is significant because of the stature of the three justices Prettyman clerked for at such an important time in the Court's history. Furthermore, records of Supreme Court clerkships are rare. Legal historians of the Brown era will find these papers valuable and interesting.\n  \n  This collection has been digitized.","There are no restrictions.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971","Burton, Harold H., 1888-1964","Clark, Tom C., 1899-1977","Douglas, William O., 1898-1980","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965","Harlan, John M., 1899-1971","Jackson, Robert H., 1892-1954 ","Sobeloff, Simon, 1894-1973","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.86.5","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/100"],"normalized_title_ssm":["E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. papers"],"collection_ssim":["E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971"],"creator_ssim":["Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971"],"creators_ssim":["Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"access_subjects_ssim":["School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","United States. Supreme Court -- History -- 20th century","letters (correspondence)","photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","United States. 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He attended law school at the University of Virginia and served on the editorial board of the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eVirginia Law Review\u003c/emph\u003e. In addition, he was active in the Student Legal Forum, on behalf of which he extended speaking invitations to Justices Robert H. Jackson and Felix Frankfurter, both of whom accepted. In late 1952, Prettyman was selected to clerk for Justice Jackson after his graduation the following June.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The Supreme Court was deeply involved in consideration of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown v. Board of Education\u003c/emph\u003e when Prettyman began his clerkship. In his history of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003e titled \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSimple Justice\u003c/emph\u003e (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1975), Richard Kluger describes in detail the work of the justices in early 1954. \"[Chief Justice Earl] Warren's highest hope, for a single unanimous opinion, did not look especially bright. It rested in large part on his overcoming the philosophical reservations of both Felix Frankfurter and Robert Jackson, men who could talk, write and think rings around the Chief Justice. Neither was likely to curl up at Warren's mere bidding.\"(683)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Justice Frankfurter circulated a memorandum outlining his thoughts in January, and in February Justice Jackson wrote out his ideas in a lengthy draft opinion. He began: \"The race problem would be quickly solved if some way could be found to make us all live up to our hypocrisies.\" Jackson discussed the history of racism from the legislative and judicial perspective and found no acceptable justification for revising the pattern. He finally concluded that segregation should be forcefully put to rest simply because the black population, not the Constitution, had changed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Barrett Prettyman read Jackson's memorandum and wrote a thoughtful reply. Of Prettyman's work, Kluger wrote: \"It is doubtful if any of the many excellent young men who have come fresh out of the law schools or soon thereafter to serve the Justices of the Supreme Court ever served more faithfully or usefully than Barrett Prettyman served Justice Jackson. What part Prettyman's memo played will never be known, but it is a fact that Jackson, having written this much on the segregation cases, wrote no more.\"(691)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Justice Jackson had a heart attack about seven weeks before the decision in\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003ewas handed down in the spring of 1954. During his subsequent extended hospitalization, Prettyman brought work for him to review, including Chief Justice Warren's draft opinion in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003e and Justice Frankfurter's colorful and verbose reports of the justices' conferences. Despite his poor health, Jackson was on the bench on May 17 when the unanimous \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003edecision was handed down.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  During the summer of 1954, Chief Justice Warren appointed six clerks to study and report ways that desegregation might be implemented. Prettyman, a member of this team, was assigned to map out Spartanburg, South Carolina, in terms of its black and white population and to suggest a prototypical plan for integrating its schools; other clerks were given similar assignments. They then pooled their ideas to formulate an approach the Supreme Court should take on implementation of integration, but could not agree on the important question of timing. Prettyman favored a compromise between forcing immediate desegregation and allowing communities an indefinite period of time to act.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Justice Jackson died in the fall of 1954, and Prettyman went to work for Justice Frankfurter, who had the highest praise for the young man's work and clearly took a personal interest in him. John Marshall Harlan, a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, was nominated in November 1954 to take Jackson's place on the Court. Harlan's mere name put Senate conservatives on guard because his grandfather had been the sole dissenter in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ePlessy v. Ferguson\u003c/emph\u003e; consequently, his nomination was held up in the Senate for four months. In the interim he invited Prettyman to be one of his first two clerks, and Prettyman accepted.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  At the conclusion of his clerkship in the early summer of 1955, Barrett Prettyman joined the Washington, D.C., firm of Hogan and Hartson, where he is now a partner.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["E. Barrett Prettyman Jr., a life-long resident of the Washington, DC, area, received his undergraduate degree from Yale University in 1949. He attended law school at the University of Virginia and served on the editorial board of the  Virginia Law Review . In addition, he was active in the Student Legal Forum, on behalf of which he extended speaking invitations to Justices Robert H. Jackson and Felix Frankfurter, both of whom accepted. In late 1952, Prettyman was selected to clerk for Justice Jackson after his graduation the following June.","  The Supreme Court was deeply involved in consideration of  Brown v. Board of Education  when Prettyman began his clerkship. In his history of  Brown  titled  Simple Justice  (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1975), Richard Kluger describes in detail the work of the justices in early 1954. \"[Chief Justice Earl] Warren's highest hope, for a single unanimous opinion, did not look especially bright. It rested in large part on his overcoming the philosophical reservations of both Felix Frankfurter and Robert Jackson, men who could talk, write and think rings around the Chief Justice. Neither was likely to curl up at Warren's mere bidding.\"(683)","  Justice Frankfurter circulated a memorandum outlining his thoughts in January, and in February Justice Jackson wrote out his ideas in a lengthy draft opinion. He began: \"The race problem would be quickly solved if some way could be found to make us all live up to our hypocrisies.\" Jackson discussed the history of racism from the legislative and judicial perspective and found no acceptable justification for revising the pattern. He finally concluded that segregation should be forcefully put to rest simply because the black population, not the Constitution, had changed.","  Barrett Prettyman read Jackson's memorandum and wrote a thoughtful reply. Of Prettyman's work, Kluger wrote: \"It is doubtful if any of the many excellent young men who have come fresh out of the law schools or soon thereafter to serve the Justices of the Supreme Court ever served more faithfully or usefully than Barrett Prettyman served Justice Jackson. What part Prettyman's memo played will never be known, but it is a fact that Jackson, having written this much on the segregation cases, wrote no more.\"(691)","  Justice Jackson had a heart attack about seven weeks before the decision in Brown was handed down in the spring of 1954. During his subsequent extended hospitalization, Prettyman brought work for him to review, including Chief Justice Warren's draft opinion in  Brown  and Justice Frankfurter's colorful and verbose reports of the justices' conferences. Despite his poor health, Jackson was on the bench on May 17 when the unanimous  Brown decision was handed down.","  During the summer of 1954, Chief Justice Warren appointed six clerks to study and report ways that desegregation might be implemented. Prettyman, a member of this team, was assigned to map out Spartanburg, South Carolina, in terms of its black and white population and to suggest a prototypical plan for integrating its schools; other clerks were given similar assignments. They then pooled their ideas to formulate an approach the Supreme Court should take on implementation of integration, but could not agree on the important question of timing. Prettyman favored a compromise between forcing immediate desegregation and allowing communities an indefinite period of time to act.","  Justice Jackson died in the fall of 1954, and Prettyman went to work for Justice Frankfurter, who had the highest praise for the young man's work and clearly took a personal interest in him. John Marshall Harlan, a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, was nominated in November 1954 to take Jackson's place on the Court. Harlan's mere name put Senate conservatives on guard because his grandfather had been the sole dissenter in  Plessy v. Ferguson ; consequently, his nomination was held up in the Senate for four months. In the interim he invited Prettyman to be one of his first two clerks, and Prettyman accepted.","  At the conclusion of his clerkship in the early summer of 1955, Barrett Prettyman joined the Washington, D.C., firm of Hogan and Hartson, where he is now a partner."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. consist of correspondence files dating from 1944 to 1982, as well as the working papers from his clerkship for Justices Robert H. Jackson, Felix Frankfurter, and John M. Harlan (1953-1955).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Prettyman had arranged the correspondence by name of the justice who was the correspondent/subject. For each man there is correspondence from Prettyman's clerkship period, and later correspondence with other former clerks about reunions. In addition, the Jackson correspondence contains a few letters from Jackson and a good many related to his death. In the Frankfurter file there are many short, handwritten notes from Frankfurter to his clerk commenting on cases before the Court as they were being heard, making requests, or expressing opinions about other justices' views. Frankfurter's notes are also sprinkled throughout the case materials. The Harlan letters date from the period just before he went on the Court until the time of his death, since Justice and Mrs. Harlan maintained their friendship with Prettyman and his wife Evelyn after the short clerkship ended.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The working papers contain one or more folders on a dozen specific cases, several folders on an assortment of cases, and twelve folders containing Prettyman's certiorari petition memoranda annotated by the three justices. Of the case material, the most significant concerns \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown v. Board of Education\u003c/emph\u003e and includes drafts of Prettyman's memoranda to Jackson regarding the justice's draft opinion, the map of Spartanburg, Prettyman's memo concerning implementation, and signed copies of the opinion and the decree.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  This collection documenting the work of a Supreme Court law clerk is significant because of the stature of the three justices Prettyman clerked for at such an important time in the Court's history. Furthermore, records of Supreme Court clerkships are rare. Legal historians of the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003eera will find these papers valuable and interesting.\n  \n  This collection has been digitized.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of E. Barrett Prettyman Jr. consist of correspondence files dating from 1944 to 1982, as well as the working papers from his clerkship for Justices Robert H. Jackson, Felix Frankfurter, and John M. Harlan (1953-1955).","  Prettyman had arranged the correspondence by name of the justice who was the correspondent/subject. For each man there is correspondence from Prettyman's clerkship period, and later correspondence with other former clerks about reunions. In addition, the Jackson correspondence contains a few letters from Jackson and a good many related to his death. In the Frankfurter file there are many short, handwritten notes from Frankfurter to his clerk commenting on cases before the Court as they were being heard, making requests, or expressing opinions about other justices' views. Frankfurter's notes are also sprinkled throughout the case materials. The Harlan letters date from the period just before he went on the Court until the time of his death, since Justice and Mrs. Harlan maintained their friendship with Prettyman and his wife Evelyn after the short clerkship ended.","  The working papers contain one or more folders on a dozen specific cases, several folders on an assortment of cases, and twelve folders containing Prettyman's certiorari petition memoranda annotated by the three justices. Of the case material, the most significant concerns  Brown v. Board of Education  and includes drafts of Prettyman's memoranda to Jackson regarding the justice's draft opinion, the map of Spartanburg, Prettyman's memo concerning implementation, and signed copies of the opinion and the decree.","  This collection documenting the work of a Supreme Court law clerk is significant because of the stature of the three justices Prettyman clerked for at such an important time in the Court's history. Furthermore, records of Supreme Court clerkships are rare. Legal historians of the Brown era will find these papers valuable and interesting.\n  \n  This collection has been digitized."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Prettyman, E. Barrett, 1891-1971","Burton, Harold H., 1888-1964","Clark, Tom C., 1899-1977","Douglas, William O., 1898-1980","Frankfurter, Felix, 1882-1965","Harlan, John M., 1899-1971","Jackson, Robert H., 1892-1954 ","Sobeloff, Simon, 1894-1973"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"names_coll_ssim":["Prettyman, E. 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