{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=2\u0026view=list","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=2\u0026view=list"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":2,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":11,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1222","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1222#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe papers of Anna Maria (Campbell Hickman) Otis Mead Chalmers (1809-1891) and her family offer a deep look into a 19th century American family with a sharp focus on enslaved and formerly enslaved persons. The collection documents the life of a young, widowed woman, Anna Maria Mead Chalmers, who was the granddaughter of General William Hull (1753-1825). She was a mother of four children and became a businesswoman in Richmond, Virginia. She was a writer, an editor of the Southern Churchmen, an educator and founder of Mrs. Mead's School for Young Ladies, and a director of The Southern Churchmen Cot (\"Retreat for the Sick\"), a hospital for children. Anna Maria's family enslaved people who are represented in the papers including Othello \"Tillo\" Freeman (1790's-1860's?). It includes a letter from William written in [1875], who was their carriage driver, and letters about Sam the fiddler, who settled on the farm after escaping harsher enslavement in Louisianna, and Jordan who was described as being hired out in a letter dated September 8, 1841 from Thomas R. Blair.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1222#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1222","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1222","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1222","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1222","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1222.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/136685","title_filing_ssi":"Chalmers, Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead papers","title_ssm":["Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers"],"title_tesim":["Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1821-1897"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1821-1897"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 4966","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1222"],"text":["MSS 4966","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1222","Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers","United States History Revolution, 1775-1783 Personal narratives","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives","women--education -- Virginia","Enslavers","United States -- History -- War of 1812","University of Virginia -- History","Enslaved laborers","enslaved persons","University of Virginia -- Faculty","letters (correspondence)","human hair","University of Virginia--Students--Correspondence","Fair to good.","The collection is open for research use.","The collection is arranged into fifteen series: 1.William and Sarah Hull papers, 2.Otis Mead Chalmers family correspondence, 3.Anna Maria Mead Chalmers correspondence, 4.Clarke family correspondence, 5. Anna Maria Mead Chalmers business papers, 6. Enslavery, 7. United States Civil War, 8. Financial papers, 9.Diaries and daybooks, 10. Genealogy, 11. Hair collection, 12. Miscellaneous first telegraph of morse code, 13.Photographs 14. Printed items  15.Poetry \u0026 writings","Under Series 1. William and Sarah Hull papers includes letters about  filing a claim in support of General Hull. Information about the claim can also be found throughout the family correspondence in the collection.","Othello Tillo Freeman (1) was enslaved by General William Hull before or at the turn of the nineteenth century. He moved with Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hickman (1787-1847), daughter of General William Hull, from Newton, Massachusetts to Richmond, Virginia in 1838 and continued to be enslaved by the Mead Chalmers family until his death, which may have been in the 1860's. Sam had escaped from an enslaver in Louisiana and worked on the Hull farm for the last thirty years of his life [1800's to 1830's]. Jordan is described as hired out in a letter from Thomas R. Blair dated September 8, 1841. ","Anna Maria Chalmers was the granddaughter of General William Hull (1753-1825) who recollects the memories of Tillo and Sam on her grandparents farm. She was a mother of four children and became a businesswoman in Richmond, Virginia. She was a writer, an editor of the  Southern Churchmen , an educator and founder of Mrs. Mead's School for Young Ladies, and a director of The Southern Churchmen Cot (\"Retreat for the Sick\") a hospital for children. She wrote articles for the  Boston Home Journal , the  New York Tribune , and the  Southern Literary Messenger","Her mother was Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hull Hickman and her father was Harris H. Hickman who served as a captain in the War of 1812 and the United States Navy, and died in 1824 in St. Thomas, South America. Her grandparents General William and Sarah Fuller Hull helped raise her in Newton, Massachusetts. She attended William B. Fowle's school in Boston (2) and after her father and grandparents died, she lived with her Uncle Edward and Aunt Maria Campbell, who ran a school in Marietta, Georgia. Her sister Louisa \"Louly\" Hickman Smith was a published poet who died as a young mother aged 21, in 1832 leaving a husband, Samuel Jenks Smith and their two children. ","Anna Maria Mead Chalmers survived three husbands, George Alexander Otis (1803-1831), Zachariah Mead (1800-1840), and David Chalmers (1779?-1875?), and had three sons, living during the American Civil War, George Alexander Otis, Jr. (1830-1881) who was a field surgeon in the Massachusetts 27th volunteers and assistant surgeon general of the army,  William Zachariah Mead, (1838-1864) who fought at Murfreesboro and died fighting for the Tennessee Army in the Confederacy in the Battle of Resaca, Georgia, and Edward C. Mead (1837-1908) who traveled to Australia in search of financial independence with a stint in gold digging, and settled on a farm in Keswick, Virginia.","Anna Maria's first husband, George Otis was a young lawyer who died from consumption one year after their marriage in 1831. Their first and only son was Dr. George Alexander Otis. Zachariah Mead, her second husband was a reverend at the Grace Episcopal Church in Cismont, Virginia, an assistant clergyman at Monumental, Saint James's, and Saint John's Episcopal Churches in Richmond and the editor of the  Southern Churchmen  also in Richmond, Virginia. They had two sons Edward, and William, and a daughter Louisa who died as a child. She married a third time in 1856 to David Chalmers who was a plantation owner in News Ferry, (Halifax) Virginia. He enslaved people, and educated African Americans at his school. The collection does not mention the school by name and no further details were found in the papers.","In 1881, after her son Dr. George Otis died, Mrs. Chalmers moved in with her son Edward Mead on his farm in Keswick. They were close friends with many prominent Charlottesville families including Peter and Frances (\"Fannie\") Meriwether, Frances Poindexter, Rector, and Mrs. Ebenezer Boyd, William Cabell Rives, Franklin Minor, Thomas Walker Gilmer and Elizabeth Anderson Gilmer, and Dr. Mann Page. William Mead attended the University of Virginia and met with many of the University of Virginia's earliest professors including Basil L. Gildersleeve, Gessner Harrison, Socrates Maupin, John Minor, Schele De Vere, James L. Cabell, Frederick George Holmes, and Alfred T. Bledsoe.","Her grandfather, General William Hull was born in Derby, Connecticut in 1753 and moved to Detroit Michigan when his government work which involved the taking of land from indigenous persons led him to become the Governor of the Territory of Michigan and the commander of the Army of the Northwest Territory during the War of 1812. He was appointed by Thomas Jefferson and was a friend of General Lafayette. After being unsuccessful in fighting off the Canadians, (however claiming that the government did not give him the resources to defend Michigan) he was court-martialed by James Madison who later commuted his sentence. (3) He died in 1825 in Newton, Massachusetts. He was married to Sarah Fuller Hull. Their children were Nancy Ann Binney Hickman, Sarah McKesson (1783-1810), Maria Campbell (1788-1845) Abraham Fuller Hull (1786-1814), Rebecca Parker Clarke (1790-1865), Caroline Hull (1793-1824), Julia Knox Wheeler (1799-1842), Eliza McClellan (1784-1864), and Cornelia Page.","Sources:","1. Hurd, D. Hamilton. \"History of Middlesex County Massachusetts with Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men\" Volume III. Philadelphia:J. W. Lewis and Company. 1890.\nhttps://books.google.com/books?id=mZU6AQAAIAAJ\u0026pg=PA33\u0026lpg=PA33\u0026dq=othello+%22tillo%22+freeman\u0026source=bl\u0026ots=4_Drct_uRZ\u0026sig=ACfU3U21FUtYLt8aQ7PklsGdRfOnEJ09RQ\u0026hl=en\u0026sa=X\u0026ved=2ahUKEwjRqtK1sYr5AhV0EFkFHRYkAg0Q6AF6BAgdEAM#v=onepage\u0026q=othello%20%22tillo%22%20freeman\u0026f=false","\n2.\tDuval, Maria Pendleton. \"The Lengthened Shadow of a Woman\" Richmond Times Dispatch. August 10, 1913 (Description of Anna Maria Mead Chalmers education in William B. Fowle's school as being the best in Boston and Mrs Chalmer's school as being up to the standards of Harvard) From the collection.","\n3.\t\"William Hull\" Detroit Historical Society. Detroit Encyclopedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. \nhttps://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/hull-william","\nOther articles of interest \nMartin, Susan. \"The Unstoppable Anna Maria Mead Chalmers\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. June 7, 2022. https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2015/03/the-unstoppable-anna-maria-mead-chalmers/","The papers of Anna Maria (Campbell Hickman) Otis Mead Chalmers (1809-1891) and her family offer a deep look into a 19th century American family with a sharp focus on enslaved and formerly enslaved persons. The collection documents the life of a young, widowed woman, Anna Maria Mead Chalmers, who was the granddaughter of General William Hull (1753-1825). She was a mother of four children and became a businesswoman in Richmond, Virginia. She was a writer, an editor of the Southern Churchmen, an educator and founder of Mrs. Mead's School for Young Ladies, and a director of The Southern Churchmen Cot (\"Retreat for the Sick\"), a hospital for children. Anna Maria's family enslaved people who are represented in the papers including Othello \"Tillo\" Freeman (1790's-1860's?). It includes a letter from William written in [1875], who was their carriage driver, and letters about Sam the fiddler, who settled on the farm after escaping harsher enslavement in Louisianna, and Jordan who was described as being hired out in a letter dated September 8, 1841 from Thomas R. Blair.","In the correspondence of the Mead-Chalmers family, are letters describing Othello Tillo Freeman. There is also a will of Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hull Hickman (1787-1847), mother of Anna Maria Chalmers, that left a stipulation providing room and board for Tillo. ","Letters also show that the family inquired about slave laws for travelling so that they could bring Tillo with them when they moved from Newton, Massachusetts to Richmond, Virginia in 1838. The family is characterized as being kind to enslaved persons by providing for them and educating them however this description does not take into consideration that they never had the opportunities that existed for free white men. ","There is also a leather-bound account book with the first names of enslaved persons.  It is not clear who owns the book or the location of the enslaved persons, but it has an extensive list of first names and dates from 1767 to 1845. Also included in the account book are records for horses and business transactions. "," The letters from William C. Mead (son of Anna Maria Chalmers) and his friends and family describe skirmishes and battles in the Civil War including Murfreesboro, Tennessee and Resaca, Georgia. Included in the collection are letters about succession and anxiety about the conflict between the states. Also included is a carte de visite of Lieutenant William Mead, n.d.; a testimony to the gallantry of William L. Mead signed by J.E.B. Stuart; an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy; a map of Chattanooga \u0026 Environs November 15, 1863; a notice that William Z. Mead has been appointed 1st Lieutenant, 1st Battalion Sharp Shooters; a pass allowing Mrs. Anna Maria Chambers to cross the lines with a hat box and carpet bag; and a memorandum sent to General Joseph Wheeler, concerning  personal items taken from the body of Lieutenant William Mead following his death at Resaca, Georgia in 1864.","William Mead graduated from the University of Virginia in 1857 before the Civil War began. The collection has many references to Charlottesville and the University of Virginia, including comments about university professors Basil L. Gildersleeve, Gessner Harrison, Socrates Maupin, John Minor, Schele De Vere, James L. Cabell, Frederick George Holmes, and Alfred T. Bledsoe. Charlottesville families include Peter and Frances (\"Fannie\") Meriwether, Frances Poindexter, Rector, and Mrs. Ebenezer Boyd, William Cabell Rives, Franklin Minor, Thomas Walker Gilmer and Elizabeth Anderson Gilmer, and Dr. Mann Page.","Anna Maria Otis Mead Chalmers was extraordinary in having been as well educated as any man in Boston (1) and was able to share her knowledge with other privileged young white girls through her school, including Amélie Rives Troubetzkoy, the famous writer.The collection includes examination questions,correspondence about the school and a newspaper article in the   The Richmond Times Dispatch  dated August 10, 1913 describing Mrs. Mead Chalmers. There are also handwritten poems, short stories, and miscellaneous writings in the collection, including an essay on \"Virginia Before and After the Civil War.\" ","The collection also includes correspondence from Anna Maria Mead Chalmer's cousins, Samuel Clarke,James Freeman Clarke (1810-1888) and his sister, Sarah Ann Freeman Clarke (1808-1896). Sarah Clarke was a landscape artist, a world traveler, and a member of the transcendentalist movement.(2) James Clarke was an American theologian, author, and abolitionist.(3) Mrs. Mead Chalmers and her cousins were friends with literary authors including Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel P. Willis, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Oliver Wendell Holmes.The letters refer to these individuals but there is no correspondence with them.","Unrelated to anything else in the collection, is a miscellaneous item which is a specimen of the first telegraphic writing made on the first telegraph in this country by Professor Morse in 1847.","\nAlso of interest in the collection are letters about General William Hull (1753-1825) who fought in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. His work with the government involved taking land from indigenous persons. In the end, he was charged by the government of not properly defending Detroit in the War of 1812, but President James Madison commuted his sentence.(4) For years, the family and descendants refuted the charges and filed a claim to receive his backpay. In contrast to General Hull's work with the government, is a newspaper clipping of a sermon by Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple (1822-1901) printed in 1876 which displays Whipple's outrage at the United States government for taking lands from indigenous persons.","From the taking away of the  lands of indigenous persons, to enslavement of African Americans, to a widowed woman trying to earn a living in the nineteenth century, with history about the War of 1812 and the American Civil War, as well as politics, religion, transcendentalism, local Charlottesville history and professors at the University of Virginia, this is a collection of letters rich in history that shows the inner workings of government, society, and people and its effects on everyday life. Collections like these help us to envision our collective past and broaden our perspective on our history and our future. This one is worth a deep dive into the history of the nineteenth century locally and nationally.","Sources:","1. Duval, Maria Pendleton. \"The Lengthened Shadow of a Woman\" Richmond Times Dispatch. August 10, 1913 (Description of Anna Maria Mead Chalmers education in William B. Fowle's school as being the best in Boston and Mrs Chalmer's school as being up to the standards of Harvard) ","2. Maas, Judith. \"Sarah Freeman Clarke: Artist, Traveler, Diarist\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. November 21, 2019  \nhttps://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2019/11/sarah-freeman-clarke-artist-traveler-diarist/ ","3.\"James Freeman Clarke.\" Wikipedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Freeman_Clarke","\n4. \"William Hull\" Detroit Historical Society. Detroit Encyclopedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/hull-william","\nOther articles of interest \nMartin, Susan. \"The Unstoppable Anna Maria Mead Chalmers\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. June 7, 2022. https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2015/03/the-unstoppable-anna-maria-mead-chalmers/","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 4966","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1222"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers"],"collection_ssim":["Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States History Revolution, 1775-1783 Personal narratives","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives","women--education -- Virginia","Enslavers","United States -- History -- War of 1812","University of Virginia -- History"],"geogname_ssim":["United States History Revolution, 1775-1783 Personal narratives","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives","women--education -- Virginia","Enslavers","United States -- History -- War of 1812","University of Virginia -- History"],"places_ssim":["United States History Revolution, 1775-1783 Personal narratives","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives","women--education -- Virginia","Enslavers","United States -- History -- War of 1812","University of Virginia -- History"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Part of this collection was a deposit from Ernest C. Mead on January 5, 1955 which became a gift in 1998, another gift from Ernest C. Mead on January 30, 2007, and in 2020. There was an additional gift from James Blizzard Mead on September 27, 2012 to the Small Special Collections library at the University of Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Enslaved laborers","enslaved persons","University of Virginia -- Faculty","letters (correspondence)","human hair","University of Virginia--Students--Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Enslaved laborers","enslaved persons","University of Virginia -- Faculty","letters (correspondence)","human hair","University of Virginia--Students--Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair to good."],"extent_ssm":["4.5 Cubic Feet 9 document boxes"],"extent_tesim":["4.5 Cubic Feet 9 document boxes"],"physfacet_tesim":["9 legal size document boxes, 2 oversize documents and one oversize account book. (and 3 flat boxes in original collection)."],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","human hair","University of Virginia--Students--Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into fifteen series: 1.William and Sarah Hull papers, 2.Otis Mead Chalmers family correspondence, 3.Anna Maria Mead Chalmers correspondence, 4.Clarke family correspondence, 5. Anna Maria Mead Chalmers business papers, 6. Enslavery, 7. United States Civil War, 8. Financial papers, 9.Diaries and daybooks, 10. Genealogy, 11. Hair collection, 12. Miscellaneous first telegraph of morse code, 13.Photographs 14. Printed items  15.Poetry \u0026amp; writings\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnder Series 1. William and Sarah Hull papers includes letters about  filing a claim in support of General Hull. Information about the claim can also be found throughout the family correspondence in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into fifteen series: 1.William and Sarah Hull papers, 2.Otis Mead Chalmers family correspondence, 3.Anna Maria Mead Chalmers correspondence, 4.Clarke family correspondence, 5. Anna Maria Mead Chalmers business papers, 6. Enslavery, 7. United States Civil War, 8. Financial papers, 9.Diaries and daybooks, 10. Genealogy, 11. Hair collection, 12. Miscellaneous first telegraph of morse code, 13.Photographs 14. Printed items  15.Poetry \u0026 writings","Under Series 1. William and Sarah Hull papers includes letters about  filing a claim in support of General Hull. Information about the claim can also be found throughout the family correspondence in the collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOthello Tillo Freeman (1) was enslaved by General William Hull before or at the turn of the nineteenth century. He moved with Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hickman (1787-1847), daughter of General William Hull, from Newton, Massachusetts to Richmond, Virginia in 1838 and continued to be enslaved by the Mead Chalmers family until his death, which may have been in the 1860's. Sam had escaped from an enslaver in Louisiana and worked on the Hull farm for the last thirty years of his life [1800's to 1830's]. Jordan is described as hired out in a letter from Thomas R. Blair dated September 8, 1841. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnna Maria Chalmers was the granddaughter of General William Hull (1753-1825) who recollects the memories of Tillo and Sam on her grandparents farm. She was a mother of four children and became a businesswoman in Richmond, Virginia. She was a writer, an editor of the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSouthern Churchmen\u003c/emph\u003e, an educator and founder of Mrs. Mead's School for Young Ladies, and a director of The Southern Churchmen Cot (\"Retreat for the Sick\") a hospital for children. She wrote articles for the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBoston Home Journal\u003c/emph\u003e, the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eNew York Tribune\u003c/emph\u003e, and the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSouthern Literary Messenger\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHer mother was Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hull Hickman and her father was Harris H. Hickman who served as a captain in the War of 1812 and the United States Navy, and died in 1824 in St. Thomas, South America. Her grandparents General William and Sarah Fuller Hull helped raise her in Newton, Massachusetts. She attended William B. Fowle's school in Boston (2) and after her father and grandparents died, she lived with her Uncle Edward and Aunt Maria Campbell, who ran a school in Marietta, Georgia. Her sister Louisa \"Louly\" Hickman Smith was a published poet who died as a young mother aged 21, in 1832 leaving a husband, Samuel Jenks Smith and their two children. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnna Maria Mead Chalmers survived three husbands, George Alexander Otis (1803-1831), Zachariah Mead (1800-1840), and David Chalmers (1779?-1875?), and had three sons, living during the American Civil War, George Alexander Otis, Jr. (1830-1881) who was a field surgeon in the Massachusetts 27th volunteers and assistant surgeon general of the army,  William Zachariah Mead, (1838-1864) who fought at Murfreesboro and died fighting for the Tennessee Army in the Confederacy in the Battle of Resaca, Georgia, and Edward C. Mead (1837-1908) who traveled to Australia in search of financial independence with a stint in gold digging, and settled on a farm in Keswick, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnna Maria's first husband, George Otis was a young lawyer who died from consumption one year after their marriage in 1831. Their first and only son was Dr. George Alexander Otis. Zachariah Mead, her second husband was a reverend at the Grace Episcopal Church in Cismont, Virginia, an assistant clergyman at Monumental, Saint James's, and Saint John's Episcopal Churches in Richmond and the editor of the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSouthern Churchmen\u003c/emph\u003e also in Richmond, Virginia. They had two sons Edward, and William, and a daughter Louisa who died as a child. She married a third time in 1856 to David Chalmers who was a plantation owner in News Ferry, (Halifax) Virginia. He enslaved people, and educated African Americans at his school. The collection does not mention the school by name and no further details were found in the papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1881, after her son Dr. George Otis died, Mrs. Chalmers moved in with her son Edward Mead on his farm in Keswick. They were close friends with many prominent Charlottesville families including Peter and Frances (\"Fannie\") Meriwether, Frances Poindexter, Rector, and Mrs. Ebenezer Boyd, William Cabell Rives, Franklin Minor, Thomas Walker Gilmer and Elizabeth Anderson Gilmer, and Dr. Mann Page. William Mead attended the University of Virginia and met with many of the University of Virginia's earliest professors including Basil L. Gildersleeve, Gessner Harrison, Socrates Maupin, John Minor, Schele De Vere, James L. Cabell, Frederick George Holmes, and Alfred T. Bledsoe.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHer grandfather, General William Hull was born in Derby, Connecticut in 1753 and moved to Detroit Michigan when his government work which involved the taking of land from indigenous persons led him to become the Governor of the Territory of Michigan and the commander of the Army of the Northwest Territory during the War of 1812. He was appointed by Thomas Jefferson and was a friend of General Lafayette. After being unsuccessful in fighting off the Canadians, (however claiming that the government did not give him the resources to defend Michigan) he was court-martialed by James Madison who later commuted his sentence. (3) He died in 1825 in Newton, Massachusetts. He was married to Sarah Fuller Hull. Their children were Nancy Ann Binney Hickman, Sarah McKesson (1783-1810), Maria Campbell (1788-1845) Abraham Fuller Hull (1786-1814), Rebecca Parker Clarke (1790-1865), Caroline Hull (1793-1824), Julia Knox Wheeler (1799-1842), Eliza McClellan (1784-1864), and Cornelia Page.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Hurd, D. Hamilton. \"History of Middlesex County Massachusetts with Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men\" Volume III. Philadelphia:J. W. Lewis and Company. 1890.\nhttps://books.google.com/books?id=mZU6AQAAIAAJ\u0026amp;pg=PA33\u0026amp;lpg=PA33\u0026amp;dq=othello+%22tillo%22+freeman\u0026amp;source=bl\u0026amp;ots=4_Drct_uRZ\u0026amp;sig=ACfU3U21FUtYLt8aQ7PklsGdRfOnEJ09RQ\u0026amp;hl=en\u0026amp;sa=X\u0026amp;ved=2ahUKEwjRqtK1sYr5AhV0EFkFHRYkAg0Q6AF6BAgdEAM#v=onepage\u0026amp;q=othello%20%22tillo%22%20freeman\u0026amp;f=false\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n2.\tDuval, Maria Pendleton. \"The Lengthened Shadow of a Woman\" Richmond Times Dispatch. August 10, 1913 (Description of Anna Maria Mead Chalmers education in William B. Fowle's school as being the best in Boston and Mrs Chalmer's school as being up to the standards of Harvard) From the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n3.\t\"William Hull\" Detroit Historical Society. Detroit Encyclopedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. \nhttps://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/hull-william\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nOther articles of interest \nMartin, Susan. \"The Unstoppable Anna Maria Mead Chalmers\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. June 7, 2022. https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2015/03/the-unstoppable-anna-maria-mead-chalmers/\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Othello Tillo Freeman (1) was enslaved by General William Hull before or at the turn of the nineteenth century. He moved with Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hickman (1787-1847), daughter of General William Hull, from Newton, Massachusetts to Richmond, Virginia in 1838 and continued to be enslaved by the Mead Chalmers family until his death, which may have been in the 1860's. Sam had escaped from an enslaver in Louisiana and worked on the Hull farm for the last thirty years of his life [1800's to 1830's]. Jordan is described as hired out in a letter from Thomas R. Blair dated September 8, 1841. ","Anna Maria Chalmers was the granddaughter of General William Hull (1753-1825) who recollects the memories of Tillo and Sam on her grandparents farm. She was a mother of four children and became a businesswoman in Richmond, Virginia. She was a writer, an editor of the  Southern Churchmen , an educator and founder of Mrs. Mead's School for Young Ladies, and a director of The Southern Churchmen Cot (\"Retreat for the Sick\") a hospital for children. She wrote articles for the  Boston Home Journal , the  New York Tribune , and the  Southern Literary Messenger","Her mother was Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hull Hickman and her father was Harris H. Hickman who served as a captain in the War of 1812 and the United States Navy, and died in 1824 in St. Thomas, South America. Her grandparents General William and Sarah Fuller Hull helped raise her in Newton, Massachusetts. She attended William B. Fowle's school in Boston (2) and after her father and grandparents died, she lived with her Uncle Edward and Aunt Maria Campbell, who ran a school in Marietta, Georgia. Her sister Louisa \"Louly\" Hickman Smith was a published poet who died as a young mother aged 21, in 1832 leaving a husband, Samuel Jenks Smith and their two children. ","Anna Maria Mead Chalmers survived three husbands, George Alexander Otis (1803-1831), Zachariah Mead (1800-1840), and David Chalmers (1779?-1875?), and had three sons, living during the American Civil War, George Alexander Otis, Jr. (1830-1881) who was a field surgeon in the Massachusetts 27th volunteers and assistant surgeon general of the army,  William Zachariah Mead, (1838-1864) who fought at Murfreesboro and died fighting for the Tennessee Army in the Confederacy in the Battle of Resaca, Georgia, and Edward C. Mead (1837-1908) who traveled to Australia in search of financial independence with a stint in gold digging, and settled on a farm in Keswick, Virginia.","Anna Maria's first husband, George Otis was a young lawyer who died from consumption one year after their marriage in 1831. Their first and only son was Dr. George Alexander Otis. Zachariah Mead, her second husband was a reverend at the Grace Episcopal Church in Cismont, Virginia, an assistant clergyman at Monumental, Saint James's, and Saint John's Episcopal Churches in Richmond and the editor of the  Southern Churchmen  also in Richmond, Virginia. They had two sons Edward, and William, and a daughter Louisa who died as a child. She married a third time in 1856 to David Chalmers who was a plantation owner in News Ferry, (Halifax) Virginia. He enslaved people, and educated African Americans at his school. The collection does not mention the school by name and no further details were found in the papers.","In 1881, after her son Dr. George Otis died, Mrs. Chalmers moved in with her son Edward Mead on his farm in Keswick. They were close friends with many prominent Charlottesville families including Peter and Frances (\"Fannie\") Meriwether, Frances Poindexter, Rector, and Mrs. Ebenezer Boyd, William Cabell Rives, Franklin Minor, Thomas Walker Gilmer and Elizabeth Anderson Gilmer, and Dr. Mann Page. William Mead attended the University of Virginia and met with many of the University of Virginia's earliest professors including Basil L. Gildersleeve, Gessner Harrison, Socrates Maupin, John Minor, Schele De Vere, James L. Cabell, Frederick George Holmes, and Alfred T. Bledsoe.","Her grandfather, General William Hull was born in Derby, Connecticut in 1753 and moved to Detroit Michigan when his government work which involved the taking of land from indigenous persons led him to become the Governor of the Territory of Michigan and the commander of the Army of the Northwest Territory during the War of 1812. He was appointed by Thomas Jefferson and was a friend of General Lafayette. After being unsuccessful in fighting off the Canadians, (however claiming that the government did not give him the resources to defend Michigan) he was court-martialed by James Madison who later commuted his sentence. (3) He died in 1825 in Newton, Massachusetts. He was married to Sarah Fuller Hull. Their children were Nancy Ann Binney Hickman, Sarah McKesson (1783-1810), Maria Campbell (1788-1845) Abraham Fuller Hull (1786-1814), Rebecca Parker Clarke (1790-1865), Caroline Hull (1793-1824), Julia Knox Wheeler (1799-1842), Eliza McClellan (1784-1864), and Cornelia Page.","Sources:","1. Hurd, D. Hamilton. \"History of Middlesex County Massachusetts with Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men\" Volume III. Philadelphia:J. W. Lewis and Company. 1890.\nhttps://books.google.com/books?id=mZU6AQAAIAAJ\u0026pg=PA33\u0026lpg=PA33\u0026dq=othello+%22tillo%22+freeman\u0026source=bl\u0026ots=4_Drct_uRZ\u0026sig=ACfU3U21FUtYLt8aQ7PklsGdRfOnEJ09RQ\u0026hl=en\u0026sa=X\u0026ved=2ahUKEwjRqtK1sYr5AhV0EFkFHRYkAg0Q6AF6BAgdEAM#v=onepage\u0026q=othello%20%22tillo%22%20freeman\u0026f=false","\n2.\tDuval, Maria Pendleton. \"The Lengthened Shadow of a Woman\" Richmond Times Dispatch. August 10, 1913 (Description of Anna Maria Mead Chalmers education in William B. Fowle's school as being the best in Boston and Mrs Chalmer's school as being up to the standards of Harvard) From the collection.","\n3.\t\"William Hull\" Detroit Historical Society. Detroit Encyclopedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. \nhttps://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/hull-william","\nOther articles of interest \nMartin, Susan. \"The Unstoppable Anna Maria Mead Chalmers\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. June 7, 2022. https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2015/03/the-unstoppable-anna-maria-mead-chalmers/"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 4966, Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 4966, Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of Anna Maria (Campbell Hickman) Otis Mead Chalmers (1809-1891) and her family offer a deep look into a 19th century American family with a sharp focus on enslaved and formerly enslaved persons. The collection documents the life of a young, widowed woman, Anna Maria Mead Chalmers, who was the granddaughter of General William Hull (1753-1825). She was a mother of four children and became a businesswoman in Richmond, Virginia. She was a writer, an editor of the Southern Churchmen, an educator and founder of Mrs. Mead's School for Young Ladies, and a director of The Southern Churchmen Cot (\"Retreat for the Sick\"), a hospital for children. Anna Maria's family enslaved people who are represented in the papers including Othello \"Tillo\" Freeman (1790's-1860's?). It includes a letter from William written in [1875], who was their carriage driver, and letters about Sam the fiddler, who settled on the farm after escaping harsher enslavement in Louisianna, and Jordan who was described as being hired out in a letter dated September 8, 1841 from Thomas R. Blair.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the correspondence of the Mead-Chalmers family, are letters describing Othello Tillo Freeman. There is also a will of Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hull Hickman (1787-1847), mother of Anna Maria Chalmers, that left a stipulation providing room and board for Tillo. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLetters also show that the family inquired about slave laws for travelling so that they could bring Tillo with them when they moved from Newton, Massachusetts to Richmond, Virginia in 1838. The family is characterized as being kind to enslaved persons by providing for them and educating them however this description does not take into consideration that they never had the opportunities that existed for free white men. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is also a leather-bound account book with the first names of enslaved persons.  It is not clear who owns the book or the location of the enslaved persons, but it has an extensive list of first names and dates from 1767 to 1845. Also included in the account book are records for horses and business transactions. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The letters from William C. Mead (son of Anna Maria Chalmers) and his friends and family describe skirmishes and battles in the Civil War including Murfreesboro, Tennessee and Resaca, Georgia. Included in the collection are letters about succession and anxiety about the conflict between the states. Also included is a carte de visite of Lieutenant William Mead, n.d.; a testimony to the gallantry of William L. Mead signed by J.E.B. Stuart; an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy; a map of Chattanooga \u0026amp; Environs November 15, 1863; a notice that William Z. Mead has been appointed 1st Lieutenant, 1st Battalion Sharp Shooters; a pass allowing Mrs. Anna Maria Chambers to cross the lines with a hat box and carpet bag; and a memorandum sent to General Joseph Wheeler, concerning  personal items taken from the body of Lieutenant William Mead following his death at Resaca, Georgia in 1864.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Mead graduated from the University of Virginia in 1857 before the Civil War began. The collection has many references to Charlottesville and the University of Virginia, including comments about university professors Basil L. Gildersleeve, Gessner Harrison, Socrates Maupin, John Minor, Schele De Vere, James L. Cabell, Frederick George Holmes, and Alfred T. Bledsoe. Charlottesville families include Peter and Frances (\"Fannie\") Meriwether, Frances Poindexter, Rector, and Mrs. Ebenezer Boyd, William Cabell Rives, Franklin Minor, Thomas Walker Gilmer and Elizabeth Anderson Gilmer, and Dr. Mann Page.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnna Maria Otis Mead Chalmers was extraordinary in having been as well educated as any man in Boston (1) and was able to share her knowledge with other privileged young white girls through her school, including Amélie Rives Troubetzkoy, the famous writer.The collection includes examination questions,correspondence about the school and a newspaper article in the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e The Richmond Times Dispatch\u003c/emph\u003e dated August 10, 1913 describing Mrs. Mead Chalmers. There are also handwritten poems, short stories, and miscellaneous writings in the collection, including an essay on \"Virginia Before and After the Civil War.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also includes correspondence from Anna Maria Mead Chalmer's cousins, Samuel Clarke,James Freeman Clarke (1810-1888) and his sister, Sarah Ann Freeman Clarke (1808-1896). Sarah Clarke was a landscape artist, a world traveler, and a member of the transcendentalist movement.(2) James Clarke was an American theologian, author, and abolitionist.(3) Mrs. Mead Chalmers and her cousins were friends with literary authors including Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel P. Willis, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Oliver Wendell Holmes.The letters refer to these individuals but there is no correspondence with them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnrelated to anything else in the collection, is a miscellaneous item which is a specimen of the first telegraphic writing made on the first telegraph in this country by Professor Morse in 1847.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nAlso of interest in the collection are letters about General William Hull (1753-1825) who fought in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. His work with the government involved taking land from indigenous persons. In the end, he was charged by the government of not properly defending Detroit in the War of 1812, but President James Madison commuted his sentence.(4) For years, the family and descendants refuted the charges and filed a claim to receive his backpay. In contrast to General Hull's work with the government, is a newspaper clipping of a sermon by Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple (1822-1901) printed in 1876 which displays Whipple's outrage at the United States government for taking lands from indigenous persons.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrom the taking away of the  lands of indigenous persons, to enslavement of African Americans, to a widowed woman trying to earn a living in the nineteenth century, with history about the War of 1812 and the American Civil War, as well as politics, religion, transcendentalism, local Charlottesville history and professors at the University of Virginia, this is a collection of letters rich in history that shows the inner workings of government, society, and people and its effects on everyday life. Collections like these help us to envision our collective past and broaden our perspective on our history and our future. This one is worth a deep dive into the history of the nineteenth century locally and nationally.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Duval, Maria Pendleton. \"The Lengthened Shadow of a Woman\" Richmond Times Dispatch. August 10, 1913 (Description of Anna Maria Mead Chalmers education in William B. Fowle's school as being the best in Boston and Mrs Chalmer's school as being up to the standards of Harvard) \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Maas, Judith. \"Sarah Freeman Clarke: Artist, Traveler, Diarist\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. November 21, 2019  \nhttps://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2019/11/sarah-freeman-clarke-artist-traveler-diarist/ \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3.\"James Freeman Clarke.\" Wikipedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Freeman_Clarke\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n4. \"William Hull\" Detroit Historical Society. Detroit Encyclopedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/hull-william\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nOther articles of interest \nMartin, Susan. \"The Unstoppable Anna Maria Mead Chalmers\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. June 7, 2022. https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2015/03/the-unstoppable-anna-maria-mead-chalmers/\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of Anna Maria (Campbell Hickman) Otis Mead Chalmers (1809-1891) and her family offer a deep look into a 19th century American family with a sharp focus on enslaved and formerly enslaved persons. The collection documents the life of a young, widowed woman, Anna Maria Mead Chalmers, who was the granddaughter of General William Hull (1753-1825). She was a mother of four children and became a businesswoman in Richmond, Virginia. She was a writer, an editor of the Southern Churchmen, an educator and founder of Mrs. Mead's School for Young Ladies, and a director of The Southern Churchmen Cot (\"Retreat for the Sick\"), a hospital for children. Anna Maria's family enslaved people who are represented in the papers including Othello \"Tillo\" Freeman (1790's-1860's?). It includes a letter from William written in [1875], who was their carriage driver, and letters about Sam the fiddler, who settled on the farm after escaping harsher enslavement in Louisianna, and Jordan who was described as being hired out in a letter dated September 8, 1841 from Thomas R. Blair.","In the correspondence of the Mead-Chalmers family, are letters describing Othello Tillo Freeman. There is also a will of Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hull Hickman (1787-1847), mother of Anna Maria Chalmers, that left a stipulation providing room and board for Tillo. ","Letters also show that the family inquired about slave laws for travelling so that they could bring Tillo with them when they moved from Newton, Massachusetts to Richmond, Virginia in 1838. The family is characterized as being kind to enslaved persons by providing for them and educating them however this description does not take into consideration that they never had the opportunities that existed for free white men. ","There is also a leather-bound account book with the first names of enslaved persons.  It is not clear who owns the book or the location of the enslaved persons, but it has an extensive list of first names and dates from 1767 to 1845. Also included in the account book are records for horses and business transactions. "," The letters from William C. Mead (son of Anna Maria Chalmers) and his friends and family describe skirmishes and battles in the Civil War including Murfreesboro, Tennessee and Resaca, Georgia. Included in the collection are letters about succession and anxiety about the conflict between the states. Also included is a carte de visite of Lieutenant William Mead, n.d.; a testimony to the gallantry of William L. Mead signed by J.E.B. Stuart; an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy; a map of Chattanooga \u0026 Environs November 15, 1863; a notice that William Z. Mead has been appointed 1st Lieutenant, 1st Battalion Sharp Shooters; a pass allowing Mrs. Anna Maria Chambers to cross the lines with a hat box and carpet bag; and a memorandum sent to General Joseph Wheeler, concerning  personal items taken from the body of Lieutenant William Mead following his death at Resaca, Georgia in 1864.","William Mead graduated from the University of Virginia in 1857 before the Civil War began. The collection has many references to Charlottesville and the University of Virginia, including comments about university professors Basil L. Gildersleeve, Gessner Harrison, Socrates Maupin, John Minor, Schele De Vere, James L. Cabell, Frederick George Holmes, and Alfred T. Bledsoe. Charlottesville families include Peter and Frances (\"Fannie\") Meriwether, Frances Poindexter, Rector, and Mrs. Ebenezer Boyd, William Cabell Rives, Franklin Minor, Thomas Walker Gilmer and Elizabeth Anderson Gilmer, and Dr. Mann Page.","Anna Maria Otis Mead Chalmers was extraordinary in having been as well educated as any man in Boston (1) and was able to share her knowledge with other privileged young white girls through her school, including Amélie Rives Troubetzkoy, the famous writer.The collection includes examination questions,correspondence about the school and a newspaper article in the   The Richmond Times Dispatch  dated August 10, 1913 describing Mrs. Mead Chalmers. There are also handwritten poems, short stories, and miscellaneous writings in the collection, including an essay on \"Virginia Before and After the Civil War.\" ","The collection also includes correspondence from Anna Maria Mead Chalmer's cousins, Samuel Clarke,James Freeman Clarke (1810-1888) and his sister, Sarah Ann Freeman Clarke (1808-1896). Sarah Clarke was a landscape artist, a world traveler, and a member of the transcendentalist movement.(2) James Clarke was an American theologian, author, and abolitionist.(3) Mrs. Mead Chalmers and her cousins were friends with literary authors including Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel P. Willis, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Oliver Wendell Holmes.The letters refer to these individuals but there is no correspondence with them.","Unrelated to anything else in the collection, is a miscellaneous item which is a specimen of the first telegraphic writing made on the first telegraph in this country by Professor Morse in 1847.","\nAlso of interest in the collection are letters about General William Hull (1753-1825) who fought in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. His work with the government involved taking land from indigenous persons. In the end, he was charged by the government of not properly defending Detroit in the War of 1812, but President James Madison commuted his sentence.(4) For years, the family and descendants refuted the charges and filed a claim to receive his backpay. In contrast to General Hull's work with the government, is a newspaper clipping of a sermon by Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple (1822-1901) printed in 1876 which displays Whipple's outrage at the United States government for taking lands from indigenous persons.","From the taking away of the  lands of indigenous persons, to enslavement of African Americans, to a widowed woman trying to earn a living in the nineteenth century, with history about the War of 1812 and the American Civil War, as well as politics, religion, transcendentalism, local Charlottesville history and professors at the University of Virginia, this is a collection of letters rich in history that shows the inner workings of government, society, and people and its effects on everyday life. Collections like these help us to envision our collective past and broaden our perspective on our history and our future. This one is worth a deep dive into the history of the nineteenth century locally and nationally.","Sources:","1. Duval, Maria Pendleton. \"The Lengthened Shadow of a Woman\" Richmond Times Dispatch. August 10, 1913 (Description of Anna Maria Mead Chalmers education in William B. Fowle's school as being the best in Boston and Mrs Chalmer's school as being up to the standards of Harvard) ","2. Maas, Judith. \"Sarah Freeman Clarke: Artist, Traveler, Diarist\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. November 21, 2019  \nhttps://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2019/11/sarah-freeman-clarke-artist-traveler-diarist/ ","3.\"James Freeman Clarke.\" Wikipedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Freeman_Clarke","\n4. \"William Hull\" Detroit Historical Society. Detroit Encyclopedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/hull-william","\nOther articles of interest \nMartin, Susan. \"The Unstoppable Anna Maria Mead Chalmers\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. June 7, 2022. https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2015/03/the-unstoppable-anna-maria-mead-chalmers/"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":140,"online_item_count_is":1,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:47:33.962Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1222","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1222","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1222","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1222","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1222.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/136685","title_filing_ssi":"Chalmers, Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead papers","title_ssm":["Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers"],"title_tesim":["Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1821-1897"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1821-1897"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 4966","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1222"],"text":["MSS 4966","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1222","Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers","United States History Revolution, 1775-1783 Personal narratives","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives","women--education -- Virginia","Enslavers","United States -- History -- War of 1812","University of Virginia -- History","Enslaved laborers","enslaved persons","University of Virginia -- Faculty","letters (correspondence)","human hair","University of Virginia--Students--Correspondence","Fair to good.","The collection is open for research use.","The collection is arranged into fifteen series: 1.William and Sarah Hull papers, 2.Otis Mead Chalmers family correspondence, 3.Anna Maria Mead Chalmers correspondence, 4.Clarke family correspondence, 5. Anna Maria Mead Chalmers business papers, 6. Enslavery, 7. United States Civil War, 8. Financial papers, 9.Diaries and daybooks, 10. Genealogy, 11. Hair collection, 12. Miscellaneous first telegraph of morse code, 13.Photographs 14. Printed items  15.Poetry \u0026 writings","Under Series 1. William and Sarah Hull papers includes letters about  filing a claim in support of General Hull. Information about the claim can also be found throughout the family correspondence in the collection.","Othello Tillo Freeman (1) was enslaved by General William Hull before or at the turn of the nineteenth century. He moved with Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hickman (1787-1847), daughter of General William Hull, from Newton, Massachusetts to Richmond, Virginia in 1838 and continued to be enslaved by the Mead Chalmers family until his death, which may have been in the 1860's. Sam had escaped from an enslaver in Louisiana and worked on the Hull farm for the last thirty years of his life [1800's to 1830's]. Jordan is described as hired out in a letter from Thomas R. Blair dated September 8, 1841. ","Anna Maria Chalmers was the granddaughter of General William Hull (1753-1825) who recollects the memories of Tillo and Sam on her grandparents farm. She was a mother of four children and became a businesswoman in Richmond, Virginia. She was a writer, an editor of the  Southern Churchmen , an educator and founder of Mrs. Mead's School for Young Ladies, and a director of The Southern Churchmen Cot (\"Retreat for the Sick\") a hospital for children. She wrote articles for the  Boston Home Journal , the  New York Tribune , and the  Southern Literary Messenger","Her mother was Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hull Hickman and her father was Harris H. Hickman who served as a captain in the War of 1812 and the United States Navy, and died in 1824 in St. Thomas, South America. Her grandparents General William and Sarah Fuller Hull helped raise her in Newton, Massachusetts. She attended William B. Fowle's school in Boston (2) and after her father and grandparents died, she lived with her Uncle Edward and Aunt Maria Campbell, who ran a school in Marietta, Georgia. Her sister Louisa \"Louly\" Hickman Smith was a published poet who died as a young mother aged 21, in 1832 leaving a husband, Samuel Jenks Smith and their two children. ","Anna Maria Mead Chalmers survived three husbands, George Alexander Otis (1803-1831), Zachariah Mead (1800-1840), and David Chalmers (1779?-1875?), and had three sons, living during the American Civil War, George Alexander Otis, Jr. (1830-1881) who was a field surgeon in the Massachusetts 27th volunteers and assistant surgeon general of the army,  William Zachariah Mead, (1838-1864) who fought at Murfreesboro and died fighting for the Tennessee Army in the Confederacy in the Battle of Resaca, Georgia, and Edward C. Mead (1837-1908) who traveled to Australia in search of financial independence with a stint in gold digging, and settled on a farm in Keswick, Virginia.","Anna Maria's first husband, George Otis was a young lawyer who died from consumption one year after their marriage in 1831. Their first and only son was Dr. George Alexander Otis. Zachariah Mead, her second husband was a reverend at the Grace Episcopal Church in Cismont, Virginia, an assistant clergyman at Monumental, Saint James's, and Saint John's Episcopal Churches in Richmond and the editor of the  Southern Churchmen  also in Richmond, Virginia. They had two sons Edward, and William, and a daughter Louisa who died as a child. She married a third time in 1856 to David Chalmers who was a plantation owner in News Ferry, (Halifax) Virginia. He enslaved people, and educated African Americans at his school. The collection does not mention the school by name and no further details were found in the papers.","In 1881, after her son Dr. George Otis died, Mrs. Chalmers moved in with her son Edward Mead on his farm in Keswick. They were close friends with many prominent Charlottesville families including Peter and Frances (\"Fannie\") Meriwether, Frances Poindexter, Rector, and Mrs. Ebenezer Boyd, William Cabell Rives, Franklin Minor, Thomas Walker Gilmer and Elizabeth Anderson Gilmer, and Dr. Mann Page. William Mead attended the University of Virginia and met with many of the University of Virginia's earliest professors including Basil L. Gildersleeve, Gessner Harrison, Socrates Maupin, John Minor, Schele De Vere, James L. Cabell, Frederick George Holmes, and Alfred T. Bledsoe.","Her grandfather, General William Hull was born in Derby, Connecticut in 1753 and moved to Detroit Michigan when his government work which involved the taking of land from indigenous persons led him to become the Governor of the Territory of Michigan and the commander of the Army of the Northwest Territory during the War of 1812. He was appointed by Thomas Jefferson and was a friend of General Lafayette. After being unsuccessful in fighting off the Canadians, (however claiming that the government did not give him the resources to defend Michigan) he was court-martialed by James Madison who later commuted his sentence. (3) He died in 1825 in Newton, Massachusetts. He was married to Sarah Fuller Hull. Their children were Nancy Ann Binney Hickman, Sarah McKesson (1783-1810), Maria Campbell (1788-1845) Abraham Fuller Hull (1786-1814), Rebecca Parker Clarke (1790-1865), Caroline Hull (1793-1824), Julia Knox Wheeler (1799-1842), Eliza McClellan (1784-1864), and Cornelia Page.","Sources:","1. Hurd, D. Hamilton. \"History of Middlesex County Massachusetts with Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men\" Volume III. Philadelphia:J. W. Lewis and Company. 1890.\nhttps://books.google.com/books?id=mZU6AQAAIAAJ\u0026pg=PA33\u0026lpg=PA33\u0026dq=othello+%22tillo%22+freeman\u0026source=bl\u0026ots=4_Drct_uRZ\u0026sig=ACfU3U21FUtYLt8aQ7PklsGdRfOnEJ09RQ\u0026hl=en\u0026sa=X\u0026ved=2ahUKEwjRqtK1sYr5AhV0EFkFHRYkAg0Q6AF6BAgdEAM#v=onepage\u0026q=othello%20%22tillo%22%20freeman\u0026f=false","\n2.\tDuval, Maria Pendleton. \"The Lengthened Shadow of a Woman\" Richmond Times Dispatch. August 10, 1913 (Description of Anna Maria Mead Chalmers education in William B. Fowle's school as being the best in Boston and Mrs Chalmer's school as being up to the standards of Harvard) From the collection.","\n3.\t\"William Hull\" Detroit Historical Society. Detroit Encyclopedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. \nhttps://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/hull-william","\nOther articles of interest \nMartin, Susan. \"The Unstoppable Anna Maria Mead Chalmers\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. June 7, 2022. https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2015/03/the-unstoppable-anna-maria-mead-chalmers/","The papers of Anna Maria (Campbell Hickman) Otis Mead Chalmers (1809-1891) and her family offer a deep look into a 19th century American family with a sharp focus on enslaved and formerly enslaved persons. The collection documents the life of a young, widowed woman, Anna Maria Mead Chalmers, who was the granddaughter of General William Hull (1753-1825). She was a mother of four children and became a businesswoman in Richmond, Virginia. She was a writer, an editor of the Southern Churchmen, an educator and founder of Mrs. Mead's School for Young Ladies, and a director of The Southern Churchmen Cot (\"Retreat for the Sick\"), a hospital for children. Anna Maria's family enslaved people who are represented in the papers including Othello \"Tillo\" Freeman (1790's-1860's?). It includes a letter from William written in [1875], who was their carriage driver, and letters about Sam the fiddler, who settled on the farm after escaping harsher enslavement in Louisianna, and Jordan who was described as being hired out in a letter dated September 8, 1841 from Thomas R. Blair.","In the correspondence of the Mead-Chalmers family, are letters describing Othello Tillo Freeman. There is also a will of Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hull Hickman (1787-1847), mother of Anna Maria Chalmers, that left a stipulation providing room and board for Tillo. ","Letters also show that the family inquired about slave laws for travelling so that they could bring Tillo with them when they moved from Newton, Massachusetts to Richmond, Virginia in 1838. The family is characterized as being kind to enslaved persons by providing for them and educating them however this description does not take into consideration that they never had the opportunities that existed for free white men. ","There is also a leather-bound account book with the first names of enslaved persons.  It is not clear who owns the book or the location of the enslaved persons, but it has an extensive list of first names and dates from 1767 to 1845. Also included in the account book are records for horses and business transactions. "," The letters from William C. Mead (son of Anna Maria Chalmers) and his friends and family describe skirmishes and battles in the Civil War including Murfreesboro, Tennessee and Resaca, Georgia. Included in the collection are letters about succession and anxiety about the conflict between the states. Also included is a carte de visite of Lieutenant William Mead, n.d.; a testimony to the gallantry of William L. Mead signed by J.E.B. Stuart; an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy; a map of Chattanooga \u0026 Environs November 15, 1863; a notice that William Z. Mead has been appointed 1st Lieutenant, 1st Battalion Sharp Shooters; a pass allowing Mrs. Anna Maria Chambers to cross the lines with a hat box and carpet bag; and a memorandum sent to General Joseph Wheeler, concerning  personal items taken from the body of Lieutenant William Mead following his death at Resaca, Georgia in 1864.","William Mead graduated from the University of Virginia in 1857 before the Civil War began. The collection has many references to Charlottesville and the University of Virginia, including comments about university professors Basil L. Gildersleeve, Gessner Harrison, Socrates Maupin, John Minor, Schele De Vere, James L. Cabell, Frederick George Holmes, and Alfred T. Bledsoe. Charlottesville families include Peter and Frances (\"Fannie\") Meriwether, Frances Poindexter, Rector, and Mrs. Ebenezer Boyd, William Cabell Rives, Franklin Minor, Thomas Walker Gilmer and Elizabeth Anderson Gilmer, and Dr. Mann Page.","Anna Maria Otis Mead Chalmers was extraordinary in having been as well educated as any man in Boston (1) and was able to share her knowledge with other privileged young white girls through her school, including Amélie Rives Troubetzkoy, the famous writer.The collection includes examination questions,correspondence about the school and a newspaper article in the   The Richmond Times Dispatch  dated August 10, 1913 describing Mrs. Mead Chalmers. There are also handwritten poems, short stories, and miscellaneous writings in the collection, including an essay on \"Virginia Before and After the Civil War.\" ","The collection also includes correspondence from Anna Maria Mead Chalmer's cousins, Samuel Clarke,James Freeman Clarke (1810-1888) and his sister, Sarah Ann Freeman Clarke (1808-1896). Sarah Clarke was a landscape artist, a world traveler, and a member of the transcendentalist movement.(2) James Clarke was an American theologian, author, and abolitionist.(3) Mrs. Mead Chalmers and her cousins were friends with literary authors including Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel P. Willis, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Oliver Wendell Holmes.The letters refer to these individuals but there is no correspondence with them.","Unrelated to anything else in the collection, is a miscellaneous item which is a specimen of the first telegraphic writing made on the first telegraph in this country by Professor Morse in 1847.","\nAlso of interest in the collection are letters about General William Hull (1753-1825) who fought in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. His work with the government involved taking land from indigenous persons. In the end, he was charged by the government of not properly defending Detroit in the War of 1812, but President James Madison commuted his sentence.(4) For years, the family and descendants refuted the charges and filed a claim to receive his backpay. In contrast to General Hull's work with the government, is a newspaper clipping of a sermon by Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple (1822-1901) printed in 1876 which displays Whipple's outrage at the United States government for taking lands from indigenous persons.","From the taking away of the  lands of indigenous persons, to enslavement of African Americans, to a widowed woman trying to earn a living in the nineteenth century, with history about the War of 1812 and the American Civil War, as well as politics, religion, transcendentalism, local Charlottesville history and professors at the University of Virginia, this is a collection of letters rich in history that shows the inner workings of government, society, and people and its effects on everyday life. Collections like these help us to envision our collective past and broaden our perspective on our history and our future. This one is worth a deep dive into the history of the nineteenth century locally and nationally.","Sources:","1. Duval, Maria Pendleton. \"The Lengthened Shadow of a Woman\" Richmond Times Dispatch. August 10, 1913 (Description of Anna Maria Mead Chalmers education in William B. Fowle's school as being the best in Boston and Mrs Chalmer's school as being up to the standards of Harvard) ","2. Maas, Judith. \"Sarah Freeman Clarke: Artist, Traveler, Diarist\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. November 21, 2019  \nhttps://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2019/11/sarah-freeman-clarke-artist-traveler-diarist/ ","3.\"James Freeman Clarke.\" Wikipedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Freeman_Clarke","\n4. \"William Hull\" Detroit Historical Society. Detroit Encyclopedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/hull-william","\nOther articles of interest \nMartin, Susan. \"The Unstoppable Anna Maria Mead Chalmers\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. June 7, 2022. https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2015/03/the-unstoppable-anna-maria-mead-chalmers/","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 4966","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1222"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers"],"collection_ssim":["Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States History Revolution, 1775-1783 Personal narratives","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives","women--education -- Virginia","Enslavers","United States -- History -- War of 1812","University of Virginia -- History"],"geogname_ssim":["United States History Revolution, 1775-1783 Personal narratives","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives","women--education -- Virginia","Enslavers","United States -- History -- War of 1812","University of Virginia -- History"],"places_ssim":["United States History Revolution, 1775-1783 Personal narratives","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives","women--education -- Virginia","Enslavers","United States -- History -- War of 1812","University of Virginia -- History"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Part of this collection was a deposit from Ernest C. Mead on January 5, 1955 which became a gift in 1998, another gift from Ernest C. Mead on January 30, 2007, and in 2020. There was an additional gift from James Blizzard Mead on September 27, 2012 to the Small Special Collections library at the University of Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Enslaved laborers","enslaved persons","University of Virginia -- Faculty","letters (correspondence)","human hair","University of Virginia--Students--Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Enslaved laborers","enslaved persons","University of Virginia -- Faculty","letters (correspondence)","human hair","University of Virginia--Students--Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair to good."],"extent_ssm":["4.5 Cubic Feet 9 document boxes"],"extent_tesim":["4.5 Cubic Feet 9 document boxes"],"physfacet_tesim":["9 legal size document boxes, 2 oversize documents and one oversize account book. (and 3 flat boxes in original collection)."],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","human hair","University of Virginia--Students--Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into fifteen series: 1.William and Sarah Hull papers, 2.Otis Mead Chalmers family correspondence, 3.Anna Maria Mead Chalmers correspondence, 4.Clarke family correspondence, 5. Anna Maria Mead Chalmers business papers, 6. Enslavery, 7. United States Civil War, 8. Financial papers, 9.Diaries and daybooks, 10. Genealogy, 11. Hair collection, 12. Miscellaneous first telegraph of morse code, 13.Photographs 14. Printed items  15.Poetry \u0026amp; writings\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnder Series 1. William and Sarah Hull papers includes letters about  filing a claim in support of General Hull. Information about the claim can also be found throughout the family correspondence in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into fifteen series: 1.William and Sarah Hull papers, 2.Otis Mead Chalmers family correspondence, 3.Anna Maria Mead Chalmers correspondence, 4.Clarke family correspondence, 5. Anna Maria Mead Chalmers business papers, 6. Enslavery, 7. United States Civil War, 8. Financial papers, 9.Diaries and daybooks, 10. Genealogy, 11. Hair collection, 12. Miscellaneous first telegraph of morse code, 13.Photographs 14. Printed items  15.Poetry \u0026 writings","Under Series 1. William and Sarah Hull papers includes letters about  filing a claim in support of General Hull. Information about the claim can also be found throughout the family correspondence in the collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOthello Tillo Freeman (1) was enslaved by General William Hull before or at the turn of the nineteenth century. He moved with Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hickman (1787-1847), daughter of General William Hull, from Newton, Massachusetts to Richmond, Virginia in 1838 and continued to be enslaved by the Mead Chalmers family until his death, which may have been in the 1860's. Sam had escaped from an enslaver in Louisiana and worked on the Hull farm for the last thirty years of his life [1800's to 1830's]. Jordan is described as hired out in a letter from Thomas R. Blair dated September 8, 1841. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnna Maria Chalmers was the granddaughter of General William Hull (1753-1825) who recollects the memories of Tillo and Sam on her grandparents farm. She was a mother of four children and became a businesswoman in Richmond, Virginia. She was a writer, an editor of the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSouthern Churchmen\u003c/emph\u003e, an educator and founder of Mrs. Mead's School for Young Ladies, and a director of The Southern Churchmen Cot (\"Retreat for the Sick\") a hospital for children. She wrote articles for the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBoston Home Journal\u003c/emph\u003e, the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eNew York Tribune\u003c/emph\u003e, and the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSouthern Literary Messenger\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHer mother was Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hull Hickman and her father was Harris H. Hickman who served as a captain in the War of 1812 and the United States Navy, and died in 1824 in St. Thomas, South America. Her grandparents General William and Sarah Fuller Hull helped raise her in Newton, Massachusetts. She attended William B. Fowle's school in Boston (2) and after her father and grandparents died, she lived with her Uncle Edward and Aunt Maria Campbell, who ran a school in Marietta, Georgia. Her sister Louisa \"Louly\" Hickman Smith was a published poet who died as a young mother aged 21, in 1832 leaving a husband, Samuel Jenks Smith and their two children. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnna Maria Mead Chalmers survived three husbands, George Alexander Otis (1803-1831), Zachariah Mead (1800-1840), and David Chalmers (1779?-1875?), and had three sons, living during the American Civil War, George Alexander Otis, Jr. (1830-1881) who was a field surgeon in the Massachusetts 27th volunteers and assistant surgeon general of the army,  William Zachariah Mead, (1838-1864) who fought at Murfreesboro and died fighting for the Tennessee Army in the Confederacy in the Battle of Resaca, Georgia, and Edward C. Mead (1837-1908) who traveled to Australia in search of financial independence with a stint in gold digging, and settled on a farm in Keswick, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnna Maria's first husband, George Otis was a young lawyer who died from consumption one year after their marriage in 1831. Their first and only son was Dr. George Alexander Otis. Zachariah Mead, her second husband was a reverend at the Grace Episcopal Church in Cismont, Virginia, an assistant clergyman at Monumental, Saint James's, and Saint John's Episcopal Churches in Richmond and the editor of the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSouthern Churchmen\u003c/emph\u003e also in Richmond, Virginia. They had two sons Edward, and William, and a daughter Louisa who died as a child. She married a third time in 1856 to David Chalmers who was a plantation owner in News Ferry, (Halifax) Virginia. He enslaved people, and educated African Americans at his school. The collection does not mention the school by name and no further details were found in the papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1881, after her son Dr. George Otis died, Mrs. Chalmers moved in with her son Edward Mead on his farm in Keswick. They were close friends with many prominent Charlottesville families including Peter and Frances (\"Fannie\") Meriwether, Frances Poindexter, Rector, and Mrs. Ebenezer Boyd, William Cabell Rives, Franklin Minor, Thomas Walker Gilmer and Elizabeth Anderson Gilmer, and Dr. Mann Page. William Mead attended the University of Virginia and met with many of the University of Virginia's earliest professors including Basil L. Gildersleeve, Gessner Harrison, Socrates Maupin, John Minor, Schele De Vere, James L. Cabell, Frederick George Holmes, and Alfred T. Bledsoe.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHer grandfather, General William Hull was born in Derby, Connecticut in 1753 and moved to Detroit Michigan when his government work which involved the taking of land from indigenous persons led him to become the Governor of the Territory of Michigan and the commander of the Army of the Northwest Territory during the War of 1812. He was appointed by Thomas Jefferson and was a friend of General Lafayette. After being unsuccessful in fighting off the Canadians, (however claiming that the government did not give him the resources to defend Michigan) he was court-martialed by James Madison who later commuted his sentence. (3) He died in 1825 in Newton, Massachusetts. He was married to Sarah Fuller Hull. Their children were Nancy Ann Binney Hickman, Sarah McKesson (1783-1810), Maria Campbell (1788-1845) Abraham Fuller Hull (1786-1814), Rebecca Parker Clarke (1790-1865), Caroline Hull (1793-1824), Julia Knox Wheeler (1799-1842), Eliza McClellan (1784-1864), and Cornelia Page.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Hurd, D. Hamilton. \"History of Middlesex County Massachusetts with Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men\" Volume III. Philadelphia:J. W. Lewis and Company. 1890.\nhttps://books.google.com/books?id=mZU6AQAAIAAJ\u0026amp;pg=PA33\u0026amp;lpg=PA33\u0026amp;dq=othello+%22tillo%22+freeman\u0026amp;source=bl\u0026amp;ots=4_Drct_uRZ\u0026amp;sig=ACfU3U21FUtYLt8aQ7PklsGdRfOnEJ09RQ\u0026amp;hl=en\u0026amp;sa=X\u0026amp;ved=2ahUKEwjRqtK1sYr5AhV0EFkFHRYkAg0Q6AF6BAgdEAM#v=onepage\u0026amp;q=othello%20%22tillo%22%20freeman\u0026amp;f=false\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n2.\tDuval, Maria Pendleton. \"The Lengthened Shadow of a Woman\" Richmond Times Dispatch. August 10, 1913 (Description of Anna Maria Mead Chalmers education in William B. Fowle's school as being the best in Boston and Mrs Chalmer's school as being up to the standards of Harvard) From the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n3.\t\"William Hull\" Detroit Historical Society. Detroit Encyclopedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. \nhttps://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/hull-william\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nOther articles of interest \nMartin, Susan. \"The Unstoppable Anna Maria Mead Chalmers\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. June 7, 2022. https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2015/03/the-unstoppable-anna-maria-mead-chalmers/\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Othello Tillo Freeman (1) was enslaved by General William Hull before or at the turn of the nineteenth century. He moved with Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hickman (1787-1847), daughter of General William Hull, from Newton, Massachusetts to Richmond, Virginia in 1838 and continued to be enslaved by the Mead Chalmers family until his death, which may have been in the 1860's. Sam had escaped from an enslaver in Louisiana and worked on the Hull farm for the last thirty years of his life [1800's to 1830's]. Jordan is described as hired out in a letter from Thomas R. Blair dated September 8, 1841. ","Anna Maria Chalmers was the granddaughter of General William Hull (1753-1825) who recollects the memories of Tillo and Sam on her grandparents farm. She was a mother of four children and became a businesswoman in Richmond, Virginia. She was a writer, an editor of the  Southern Churchmen , an educator and founder of Mrs. Mead's School for Young Ladies, and a director of The Southern Churchmen Cot (\"Retreat for the Sick\") a hospital for children. She wrote articles for the  Boston Home Journal , the  New York Tribune , and the  Southern Literary Messenger","Her mother was Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hull Hickman and her father was Harris H. Hickman who served as a captain in the War of 1812 and the United States Navy, and died in 1824 in St. Thomas, South America. Her grandparents General William and Sarah Fuller Hull helped raise her in Newton, Massachusetts. She attended William B. Fowle's school in Boston (2) and after her father and grandparents died, she lived with her Uncle Edward and Aunt Maria Campbell, who ran a school in Marietta, Georgia. Her sister Louisa \"Louly\" Hickman Smith was a published poet who died as a young mother aged 21, in 1832 leaving a husband, Samuel Jenks Smith and their two children. ","Anna Maria Mead Chalmers survived three husbands, George Alexander Otis (1803-1831), Zachariah Mead (1800-1840), and David Chalmers (1779?-1875?), and had three sons, living during the American Civil War, George Alexander Otis, Jr. (1830-1881) who was a field surgeon in the Massachusetts 27th volunteers and assistant surgeon general of the army,  William Zachariah Mead, (1838-1864) who fought at Murfreesboro and died fighting for the Tennessee Army in the Confederacy in the Battle of Resaca, Georgia, and Edward C. Mead (1837-1908) who traveled to Australia in search of financial independence with a stint in gold digging, and settled on a farm in Keswick, Virginia.","Anna Maria's first husband, George Otis was a young lawyer who died from consumption one year after their marriage in 1831. Their first and only son was Dr. George Alexander Otis. Zachariah Mead, her second husband was a reverend at the Grace Episcopal Church in Cismont, Virginia, an assistant clergyman at Monumental, Saint James's, and Saint John's Episcopal Churches in Richmond and the editor of the  Southern Churchmen  also in Richmond, Virginia. They had two sons Edward, and William, and a daughter Louisa who died as a child. She married a third time in 1856 to David Chalmers who was a plantation owner in News Ferry, (Halifax) Virginia. He enslaved people, and educated African Americans at his school. The collection does not mention the school by name and no further details were found in the papers.","In 1881, after her son Dr. George Otis died, Mrs. Chalmers moved in with her son Edward Mead on his farm in Keswick. They were close friends with many prominent Charlottesville families including Peter and Frances (\"Fannie\") Meriwether, Frances Poindexter, Rector, and Mrs. Ebenezer Boyd, William Cabell Rives, Franklin Minor, Thomas Walker Gilmer and Elizabeth Anderson Gilmer, and Dr. Mann Page. William Mead attended the University of Virginia and met with many of the University of Virginia's earliest professors including Basil L. Gildersleeve, Gessner Harrison, Socrates Maupin, John Minor, Schele De Vere, James L. Cabell, Frederick George Holmes, and Alfred T. Bledsoe.","Her grandfather, General William Hull was born in Derby, Connecticut in 1753 and moved to Detroit Michigan when his government work which involved the taking of land from indigenous persons led him to become the Governor of the Territory of Michigan and the commander of the Army of the Northwest Territory during the War of 1812. He was appointed by Thomas Jefferson and was a friend of General Lafayette. After being unsuccessful in fighting off the Canadians, (however claiming that the government did not give him the resources to defend Michigan) he was court-martialed by James Madison who later commuted his sentence. (3) He died in 1825 in Newton, Massachusetts. He was married to Sarah Fuller Hull. Their children were Nancy Ann Binney Hickman, Sarah McKesson (1783-1810), Maria Campbell (1788-1845) Abraham Fuller Hull (1786-1814), Rebecca Parker Clarke (1790-1865), Caroline Hull (1793-1824), Julia Knox Wheeler (1799-1842), Eliza McClellan (1784-1864), and Cornelia Page.","Sources:","1. Hurd, D. Hamilton. \"History of Middlesex County Massachusetts with Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men\" Volume III. Philadelphia:J. W. Lewis and Company. 1890.\nhttps://books.google.com/books?id=mZU6AQAAIAAJ\u0026pg=PA33\u0026lpg=PA33\u0026dq=othello+%22tillo%22+freeman\u0026source=bl\u0026ots=4_Drct_uRZ\u0026sig=ACfU3U21FUtYLt8aQ7PklsGdRfOnEJ09RQ\u0026hl=en\u0026sa=X\u0026ved=2ahUKEwjRqtK1sYr5AhV0EFkFHRYkAg0Q6AF6BAgdEAM#v=onepage\u0026q=othello%20%22tillo%22%20freeman\u0026f=false","\n2.\tDuval, Maria Pendleton. \"The Lengthened Shadow of a Woman\" Richmond Times Dispatch. August 10, 1913 (Description of Anna Maria Mead Chalmers education in William B. Fowle's school as being the best in Boston and Mrs Chalmer's school as being up to the standards of Harvard) From the collection.","\n3.\t\"William Hull\" Detroit Historical Society. Detroit Encyclopedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. \nhttps://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/hull-william","\nOther articles of interest \nMartin, Susan. \"The Unstoppable Anna Maria Mead Chalmers\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. June 7, 2022. https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2015/03/the-unstoppable-anna-maria-mead-chalmers/"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 4966, Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 4966, Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of Anna Maria (Campbell Hickman) Otis Mead Chalmers (1809-1891) and her family offer a deep look into a 19th century American family with a sharp focus on enslaved and formerly enslaved persons. The collection documents the life of a young, widowed woman, Anna Maria Mead Chalmers, who was the granddaughter of General William Hull (1753-1825). She was a mother of four children and became a businesswoman in Richmond, Virginia. She was a writer, an editor of the Southern Churchmen, an educator and founder of Mrs. Mead's School for Young Ladies, and a director of The Southern Churchmen Cot (\"Retreat for the Sick\"), a hospital for children. Anna Maria's family enslaved people who are represented in the papers including Othello \"Tillo\" Freeman (1790's-1860's?). It includes a letter from William written in [1875], who was their carriage driver, and letters about Sam the fiddler, who settled on the farm after escaping harsher enslavement in Louisianna, and Jordan who was described as being hired out in a letter dated September 8, 1841 from Thomas R. Blair.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the correspondence of the Mead-Chalmers family, are letters describing Othello Tillo Freeman. There is also a will of Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hull Hickman (1787-1847), mother of Anna Maria Chalmers, that left a stipulation providing room and board for Tillo. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLetters also show that the family inquired about slave laws for travelling so that they could bring Tillo with them when they moved from Newton, Massachusetts to Richmond, Virginia in 1838. The family is characterized as being kind to enslaved persons by providing for them and educating them however this description does not take into consideration that they never had the opportunities that existed for free white men. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is also a leather-bound account book with the first names of enslaved persons.  It is not clear who owns the book or the location of the enslaved persons, but it has an extensive list of first names and dates from 1767 to 1845. Also included in the account book are records for horses and business transactions. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The letters from William C. Mead (son of Anna Maria Chalmers) and his friends and family describe skirmishes and battles in the Civil War including Murfreesboro, Tennessee and Resaca, Georgia. Included in the collection are letters about succession and anxiety about the conflict between the states. Also included is a carte de visite of Lieutenant William Mead, n.d.; a testimony to the gallantry of William L. Mead signed by J.E.B. Stuart; an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy; a map of Chattanooga \u0026amp; Environs November 15, 1863; a notice that William Z. Mead has been appointed 1st Lieutenant, 1st Battalion Sharp Shooters; a pass allowing Mrs. Anna Maria Chambers to cross the lines with a hat box and carpet bag; and a memorandum sent to General Joseph Wheeler, concerning  personal items taken from the body of Lieutenant William Mead following his death at Resaca, Georgia in 1864.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Mead graduated from the University of Virginia in 1857 before the Civil War began. The collection has many references to Charlottesville and the University of Virginia, including comments about university professors Basil L. Gildersleeve, Gessner Harrison, Socrates Maupin, John Minor, Schele De Vere, James L. Cabell, Frederick George Holmes, and Alfred T. Bledsoe. Charlottesville families include Peter and Frances (\"Fannie\") Meriwether, Frances Poindexter, Rector, and Mrs. Ebenezer Boyd, William Cabell Rives, Franklin Minor, Thomas Walker Gilmer and Elizabeth Anderson Gilmer, and Dr. Mann Page.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnna Maria Otis Mead Chalmers was extraordinary in having been as well educated as any man in Boston (1) and was able to share her knowledge with other privileged young white girls through her school, including Amélie Rives Troubetzkoy, the famous writer.The collection includes examination questions,correspondence about the school and a newspaper article in the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e The Richmond Times Dispatch\u003c/emph\u003e dated August 10, 1913 describing Mrs. Mead Chalmers. There are also handwritten poems, short stories, and miscellaneous writings in the collection, including an essay on \"Virginia Before and After the Civil War.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also includes correspondence from Anna Maria Mead Chalmer's cousins, Samuel Clarke,James Freeman Clarke (1810-1888) and his sister, Sarah Ann Freeman Clarke (1808-1896). Sarah Clarke was a landscape artist, a world traveler, and a member of the transcendentalist movement.(2) James Clarke was an American theologian, author, and abolitionist.(3) Mrs. Mead Chalmers and her cousins were friends with literary authors including Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel P. Willis, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Oliver Wendell Holmes.The letters refer to these individuals but there is no correspondence with them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnrelated to anything else in the collection, is a miscellaneous item which is a specimen of the first telegraphic writing made on the first telegraph in this country by Professor Morse in 1847.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nAlso of interest in the collection are letters about General William Hull (1753-1825) who fought in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. His work with the government involved taking land from indigenous persons. In the end, he was charged by the government of not properly defending Detroit in the War of 1812, but President James Madison commuted his sentence.(4) For years, the family and descendants refuted the charges and filed a claim to receive his backpay. In contrast to General Hull's work with the government, is a newspaper clipping of a sermon by Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple (1822-1901) printed in 1876 which displays Whipple's outrage at the United States government for taking lands from indigenous persons.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrom the taking away of the  lands of indigenous persons, to enslavement of African Americans, to a widowed woman trying to earn a living in the nineteenth century, with history about the War of 1812 and the American Civil War, as well as politics, religion, transcendentalism, local Charlottesville history and professors at the University of Virginia, this is a collection of letters rich in history that shows the inner workings of government, society, and people and its effects on everyday life. Collections like these help us to envision our collective past and broaden our perspective on our history and our future. This one is worth a deep dive into the history of the nineteenth century locally and nationally.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Duval, Maria Pendleton. \"The Lengthened Shadow of a Woman\" Richmond Times Dispatch. August 10, 1913 (Description of Anna Maria Mead Chalmers education in William B. Fowle's school as being the best in Boston and Mrs Chalmer's school as being up to the standards of Harvard) \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Maas, Judith. \"Sarah Freeman Clarke: Artist, Traveler, Diarist\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. November 21, 2019  \nhttps://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2019/11/sarah-freeman-clarke-artist-traveler-diarist/ \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3.\"James Freeman Clarke.\" Wikipedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Freeman_Clarke\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n4. \"William Hull\" Detroit Historical Society. Detroit Encyclopedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/hull-william\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nOther articles of interest \nMartin, Susan. \"The Unstoppable Anna Maria Mead Chalmers\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. June 7, 2022. https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2015/03/the-unstoppable-anna-maria-mead-chalmers/\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of Anna Maria (Campbell Hickman) Otis Mead Chalmers (1809-1891) and her family offer a deep look into a 19th century American family with a sharp focus on enslaved and formerly enslaved persons. The collection documents the life of a young, widowed woman, Anna Maria Mead Chalmers, who was the granddaughter of General William Hull (1753-1825). She was a mother of four children and became a businesswoman in Richmond, Virginia. She was a writer, an editor of the Southern Churchmen, an educator and founder of Mrs. Mead's School for Young Ladies, and a director of The Southern Churchmen Cot (\"Retreat for the Sick\"), a hospital for children. Anna Maria's family enslaved people who are represented in the papers including Othello \"Tillo\" Freeman (1790's-1860's?). It includes a letter from William written in [1875], who was their carriage driver, and letters about Sam the fiddler, who settled on the farm after escaping harsher enslavement in Louisianna, and Jordan who was described as being hired out in a letter dated September 8, 1841 from Thomas R. Blair.","In the correspondence of the Mead-Chalmers family, are letters describing Othello Tillo Freeman. There is also a will of Nancy \"Ann\" Binney Hull Hickman (1787-1847), mother of Anna Maria Chalmers, that left a stipulation providing room and board for Tillo. ","Letters also show that the family inquired about slave laws for travelling so that they could bring Tillo with them when they moved from Newton, Massachusetts to Richmond, Virginia in 1838. The family is characterized as being kind to enslaved persons by providing for them and educating them however this description does not take into consideration that they never had the opportunities that existed for free white men. ","There is also a leather-bound account book with the first names of enslaved persons.  It is not clear who owns the book or the location of the enslaved persons, but it has an extensive list of first names and dates from 1767 to 1845. Also included in the account book are records for horses and business transactions. "," The letters from William C. Mead (son of Anna Maria Chalmers) and his friends and family describe skirmishes and battles in the Civil War including Murfreesboro, Tennessee and Resaca, Georgia. Included in the collection are letters about succession and anxiety about the conflict between the states. Also included is a carte de visite of Lieutenant William Mead, n.d.; a testimony to the gallantry of William L. Mead signed by J.E.B. Stuart; an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy; a map of Chattanooga \u0026 Environs November 15, 1863; a notice that William Z. Mead has been appointed 1st Lieutenant, 1st Battalion Sharp Shooters; a pass allowing Mrs. Anna Maria Chambers to cross the lines with a hat box and carpet bag; and a memorandum sent to General Joseph Wheeler, concerning  personal items taken from the body of Lieutenant William Mead following his death at Resaca, Georgia in 1864.","William Mead graduated from the University of Virginia in 1857 before the Civil War began. The collection has many references to Charlottesville and the University of Virginia, including comments about university professors Basil L. Gildersleeve, Gessner Harrison, Socrates Maupin, John Minor, Schele De Vere, James L. Cabell, Frederick George Holmes, and Alfred T. Bledsoe. Charlottesville families include Peter and Frances (\"Fannie\") Meriwether, Frances Poindexter, Rector, and Mrs. Ebenezer Boyd, William Cabell Rives, Franklin Minor, Thomas Walker Gilmer and Elizabeth Anderson Gilmer, and Dr. Mann Page.","Anna Maria Otis Mead Chalmers was extraordinary in having been as well educated as any man in Boston (1) and was able to share her knowledge with other privileged young white girls through her school, including Amélie Rives Troubetzkoy, the famous writer.The collection includes examination questions,correspondence about the school and a newspaper article in the   The Richmond Times Dispatch  dated August 10, 1913 describing Mrs. Mead Chalmers. There are also handwritten poems, short stories, and miscellaneous writings in the collection, including an essay on \"Virginia Before and After the Civil War.\" ","The collection also includes correspondence from Anna Maria Mead Chalmer's cousins, Samuel Clarke,James Freeman Clarke (1810-1888) and his sister, Sarah Ann Freeman Clarke (1808-1896). Sarah Clarke was a landscape artist, a world traveler, and a member of the transcendentalist movement.(2) James Clarke was an American theologian, author, and abolitionist.(3) Mrs. Mead Chalmers and her cousins were friends with literary authors including Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel P. Willis, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Oliver Wendell Holmes.The letters refer to these individuals but there is no correspondence with them.","Unrelated to anything else in the collection, is a miscellaneous item which is a specimen of the first telegraphic writing made on the first telegraph in this country by Professor Morse in 1847.","\nAlso of interest in the collection are letters about General William Hull (1753-1825) who fought in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. His work with the government involved taking land from indigenous persons. In the end, he was charged by the government of not properly defending Detroit in the War of 1812, but President James Madison commuted his sentence.(4) For years, the family and descendants refuted the charges and filed a claim to receive his backpay. In contrast to General Hull's work with the government, is a newspaper clipping of a sermon by Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple (1822-1901) printed in 1876 which displays Whipple's outrage at the United States government for taking lands from indigenous persons.","From the taking away of the  lands of indigenous persons, to enslavement of African Americans, to a widowed woman trying to earn a living in the nineteenth century, with history about the War of 1812 and the American Civil War, as well as politics, religion, transcendentalism, local Charlottesville history and professors at the University of Virginia, this is a collection of letters rich in history that shows the inner workings of government, society, and people and its effects on everyday life. Collections like these help us to envision our collective past and broaden our perspective on our history and our future. This one is worth a deep dive into the history of the nineteenth century locally and nationally.","Sources:","1. Duval, Maria Pendleton. \"The Lengthened Shadow of a Woman\" Richmond Times Dispatch. August 10, 1913 (Description of Anna Maria Mead Chalmers education in William B. Fowle's school as being the best in Boston and Mrs Chalmer's school as being up to the standards of Harvard) ","2. Maas, Judith. \"Sarah Freeman Clarke: Artist, Traveler, Diarist\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. November 21, 2019  \nhttps://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2019/11/sarah-freeman-clarke-artist-traveler-diarist/ ","3.\"James Freeman Clarke.\" Wikipedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Freeman_Clarke","\n4. \"William Hull\" Detroit Historical Society. Detroit Encyclopedia. Accessed June 7, 2022. https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/hull-william","\nOther articles of interest \nMartin, Susan. \"The Unstoppable Anna Maria Mead Chalmers\" The Beehive. Massachusetts Historical Society. June 7, 2022. https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2015/03/the-unstoppable-anna-maria-mead-chalmers/"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":140,"online_item_count_is":1,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:47:33.962Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1222"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1637#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"James Arsenault and Co.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1637#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single letter from Colonel Archibald McClean to Pennsylvania Congressman Honorable Francis James, dated February 16, 1842. McClean, a well-connected Virginia lawyer, expresses his support for the anti-slavery efforts of John Quincy Adams. McClean notes his interest in \"the debate which has been going on for some time in your House [of Representatives] upon the resolution for censuring Mr. [John Quincy] Adams for presenting a petition which was unpalatable to at least a portion of the members.\" The Gag Rule of 1840 silenced Adams's opposition to slavery. McClean praised Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule. McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. McClean also requests a copy of John Quincy Adams speech on Amistad.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1637#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1637.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196320","title_filing_ssi":"McClean, Archibald letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia","title_ssm":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia"],"title_tesim":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia"],"unitdate_ssm":["16 February 1842"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["16 February 1842"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16829","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1637"],"text":["MSS 16829","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1637","Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia","Enslavers","Adams, John, Quincy","enslaved persons","Abolitionists","The collection is open for research use.","Archibald McClean (1766-1845), a well connected Virginia lawyer (who was born in Freehold Township, New Jersey and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1792) supports both John Quincy Adams and anti-slavery measures in Virginia in a letter to Francis James (1799-1886). James is a Pennsylvania congressman, lawyer, Anti-Masonic, Whig member. McClean praised John Quincy Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule.In the House, Adams became a champion of free speech, demanding that petitions against slavery be heard despite a \"gag rule\" that said they could not be heard. In 1836 Southern Congressmen voted in a rule, called the \"gag rule,\" that called for the immediate tabling of any petitions about slavery. Congress had been flooded with petitions signed by citizens protesting slavery; most originated from the Anti-Slavery Society based in New York. The Gag rule (of 1840) prevented discussion of slavery from 1836 to 1844, but Adams frequently managed to evade it by parliamentary skill. Adams supported anti-slavery issues during his seventeen-year congressional career, which began after his presidency.Using unconventional tactics, Adams evaded and ignored the gag rule until his persistence irritated his colleagues to the point that he was threatened with censure. Although the House never voted to censure Adams, the discussion ignited by his actions and the attempts of others to quiet him raised questions of the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery. During the censure debate, Adams said that he took delight in the fact that southerners would forever remember him as \"the acutest, the astutest, the archest enemy of southern slavery that ever existed\".","McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. He also requests a copy of Adams speech on the Amistad case.","This item was treated for paper mending in October 2024.","This collection contains a single letter from Colonel Archibald McClean to Pennsylvania Congressman Honorable Francis James, dated February 16, 1842. McClean, a well-connected Virginia lawyer, expresses his support for the anti-slavery efforts of John Quincy Adams. McClean notes his interest in \"the debate which has been going on for some time in your House [of Representatives] upon the resolution for censuring Mr. [John Quincy] Adams for presenting a petition which was unpalatable to at least a portion of the members.\"  The Gag Rule of 1840 silenced Adams's opposition to slavery. McClean praised Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule. McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. McClean also requests a copy of John Quincy Adams speech on Amistad.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16829","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1637"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia"],"collection_title_tesim":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia"],"collection_ssim":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Enslavers"],"geogname_ssim":["Enslavers"],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"creator_persname_ssim":["McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845","James Arsenault and Co."],"places_ssim":["Enslavers"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from James E. Arsenault and Company by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 29 August 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Adams, John, Quincy","enslaved persons","Abolitionists"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Adams, John, Quincy","enslaved persons","Abolitionists"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.04 Cubic Feet Legal-sized file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.04 Cubic Feet Legal-sized file folder"],"date_range_isim":[1842],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArchibald McClean (1766-1845), a well connected Virginia lawyer (who was born in Freehold Township, New Jersey and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1792) supports both John Quincy Adams and anti-slavery measures in Virginia in a letter to Francis James (1799-1886). James is a Pennsylvania congressman, lawyer, Anti-Masonic, Whig member. McClean praised John Quincy Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule.In the House, Adams became a champion of free speech, demanding that petitions against slavery be heard despite a \"gag rule\" that said they could not be heard. In 1836 Southern Congressmen voted in a rule, called the \"gag rule,\" that called for the immediate tabling of any petitions about slavery. Congress had been flooded with petitions signed by citizens protesting slavery; most originated from the Anti-Slavery Society based in New York. The Gag rule (of 1840) prevented discussion of slavery from 1836 to 1844, but Adams frequently managed to evade it by parliamentary skill. Adams supported anti-slavery issues during his seventeen-year congressional career, which began after his presidency.Using unconventional tactics, Adams evaded and ignored the gag rule until his persistence irritated his colleagues to the point that he was threatened with censure. Although the House never voted to censure Adams, the discussion ignited by his actions and the attempts of others to quiet him raised questions of the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery. During the censure debate, Adams said that he took delight in the fact that southerners would forever remember him as \"the acutest, the astutest, the archest enemy of southern slavery that ever existed\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMcClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. He also requests a copy of Adams speech on the Amistad case.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Archibald McClean (1766-1845), a well connected Virginia lawyer (who was born in Freehold Township, New Jersey and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1792) supports both John Quincy Adams and anti-slavery measures in Virginia in a letter to Francis James (1799-1886). James is a Pennsylvania congressman, lawyer, Anti-Masonic, Whig member. McClean praised John Quincy Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule.In the House, Adams became a champion of free speech, demanding that petitions against slavery be heard despite a \"gag rule\" that said they could not be heard. In 1836 Southern Congressmen voted in a rule, called the \"gag rule,\" that called for the immediate tabling of any petitions about slavery. Congress had been flooded with petitions signed by citizens protesting slavery; most originated from the Anti-Slavery Society based in New York. The Gag rule (of 1840) prevented discussion of slavery from 1836 to 1844, but Adams frequently managed to evade it by parliamentary skill. Adams supported anti-slavery issues during his seventeen-year congressional career, which began after his presidency.Using unconventional tactics, Adams evaded and ignored the gag rule until his persistence irritated his colleagues to the point that he was threatened with censure. Although the House never voted to censure Adams, the discussion ignited by his actions and the attempts of others to quiet him raised questions of the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery. During the censure debate, Adams said that he took delight in the fact that southerners would forever remember him as \"the acutest, the astutest, the archest enemy of southern slavery that ever existed\".","McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. He also requests a copy of Adams speech on the Amistad case."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis item was treated for paper mending in October 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Conservation Treatment"],"odd_tesim":["This item was treated for paper mending in October 2024."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16829, Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16829, Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single letter from Colonel Archibald McClean to Pennsylvania Congressman Honorable Francis James, dated February 16, 1842. McClean, a well-connected Virginia lawyer, expresses his support for the anti-slavery efforts of John Quincy Adams. McClean notes his interest in \"the debate which has been going on for some time in your House [of Representatives] upon the resolution for censuring Mr. [John Quincy] Adams for presenting a petition which was unpalatable to at least a portion of the members.\"  The Gag Rule of 1840 silenced Adams's opposition to slavery. McClean praised Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule. McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. McClean also requests a copy of John Quincy Adams speech on Amistad.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a single letter from Colonel Archibald McClean to Pennsylvania Congressman Honorable Francis James, dated February 16, 1842. McClean, a well-connected Virginia lawyer, expresses his support for the anti-slavery efforts of John Quincy Adams. McClean notes his interest in \"the debate which has been going on for some time in your House [of Representatives] upon the resolution for censuring Mr. [John Quincy] Adams for presenting a petition which was unpalatable to at least a portion of the members.\"  The Gag Rule of 1840 silenced Adams's opposition to slavery. McClean praised Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule. McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. McClean also requests a copy of John Quincy Adams speech on Amistad."],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"persname_ssim":["McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:51:05.883Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1637","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1637.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196320","title_filing_ssi":"McClean, Archibald letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia","title_ssm":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia"],"title_tesim":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia"],"unitdate_ssm":["16 February 1842"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["16 February 1842"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16829","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1637"],"text":["MSS 16829","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1637","Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia","Enslavers","Adams, John, Quincy","enslaved persons","Abolitionists","The collection is open for research use.","Archibald McClean (1766-1845), a well connected Virginia lawyer (who was born in Freehold Township, New Jersey and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1792) supports both John Quincy Adams and anti-slavery measures in Virginia in a letter to Francis James (1799-1886). James is a Pennsylvania congressman, lawyer, Anti-Masonic, Whig member. McClean praised John Quincy Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule.In the House, Adams became a champion of free speech, demanding that petitions against slavery be heard despite a \"gag rule\" that said they could not be heard. In 1836 Southern Congressmen voted in a rule, called the \"gag rule,\" that called for the immediate tabling of any petitions about slavery. Congress had been flooded with petitions signed by citizens protesting slavery; most originated from the Anti-Slavery Society based in New York. The Gag rule (of 1840) prevented discussion of slavery from 1836 to 1844, but Adams frequently managed to evade it by parliamentary skill. Adams supported anti-slavery issues during his seventeen-year congressional career, which began after his presidency.Using unconventional tactics, Adams evaded and ignored the gag rule until his persistence irritated his colleagues to the point that he was threatened with censure. Although the House never voted to censure Adams, the discussion ignited by his actions and the attempts of others to quiet him raised questions of the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery. During the censure debate, Adams said that he took delight in the fact that southerners would forever remember him as \"the acutest, the astutest, the archest enemy of southern slavery that ever existed\".","McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. He also requests a copy of Adams speech on the Amistad case.","This item was treated for paper mending in October 2024.","This collection contains a single letter from Colonel Archibald McClean to Pennsylvania Congressman Honorable Francis James, dated February 16, 1842. McClean, a well-connected Virginia lawyer, expresses his support for the anti-slavery efforts of John Quincy Adams. McClean notes his interest in \"the debate which has been going on for some time in your House [of Representatives] upon the resolution for censuring Mr. [John Quincy] Adams for presenting a petition which was unpalatable to at least a portion of the members.\"  The Gag Rule of 1840 silenced Adams's opposition to slavery. McClean praised Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule. McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. McClean also requests a copy of John Quincy Adams speech on Amistad.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16829","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1637"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia"],"collection_title_tesim":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia"],"collection_ssim":["Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Enslavers"],"geogname_ssim":["Enslavers"],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"creator_persname_ssim":["McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845","James Arsenault and Co."],"places_ssim":["Enslavers"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from James E. Arsenault and Company by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 29 August 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Adams, John, Quincy","enslaved persons","Abolitionists"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Adams, John, Quincy","enslaved persons","Abolitionists"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.04 Cubic Feet Legal-sized file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.04 Cubic Feet Legal-sized file folder"],"date_range_isim":[1842],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArchibald McClean (1766-1845), a well connected Virginia lawyer (who was born in Freehold Township, New Jersey and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1792) supports both John Quincy Adams and anti-slavery measures in Virginia in a letter to Francis James (1799-1886). James is a Pennsylvania congressman, lawyer, Anti-Masonic, Whig member. McClean praised John Quincy Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule.In the House, Adams became a champion of free speech, demanding that petitions against slavery be heard despite a \"gag rule\" that said they could not be heard. In 1836 Southern Congressmen voted in a rule, called the \"gag rule,\" that called for the immediate tabling of any petitions about slavery. Congress had been flooded with petitions signed by citizens protesting slavery; most originated from the Anti-Slavery Society based in New York. The Gag rule (of 1840) prevented discussion of slavery from 1836 to 1844, but Adams frequently managed to evade it by parliamentary skill. Adams supported anti-slavery issues during his seventeen-year congressional career, which began after his presidency.Using unconventional tactics, Adams evaded and ignored the gag rule until his persistence irritated his colleagues to the point that he was threatened with censure. Although the House never voted to censure Adams, the discussion ignited by his actions and the attempts of others to quiet him raised questions of the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery. During the censure debate, Adams said that he took delight in the fact that southerners would forever remember him as \"the acutest, the astutest, the archest enemy of southern slavery that ever existed\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMcClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. He also requests a copy of Adams speech on the Amistad case.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Archibald McClean (1766-1845), a well connected Virginia lawyer (who was born in Freehold Township, New Jersey and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1792) supports both John Quincy Adams and anti-slavery measures in Virginia in a letter to Francis James (1799-1886). James is a Pennsylvania congressman, lawyer, Anti-Masonic, Whig member. McClean praised John Quincy Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule.In the House, Adams became a champion of free speech, demanding that petitions against slavery be heard despite a \"gag rule\" that said they could not be heard. In 1836 Southern Congressmen voted in a rule, called the \"gag rule,\" that called for the immediate tabling of any petitions about slavery. Congress had been flooded with petitions signed by citizens protesting slavery; most originated from the Anti-Slavery Society based in New York. The Gag rule (of 1840) prevented discussion of slavery from 1836 to 1844, but Adams frequently managed to evade it by parliamentary skill. Adams supported anti-slavery issues during his seventeen-year congressional career, which began after his presidency.Using unconventional tactics, Adams evaded and ignored the gag rule until his persistence irritated his colleagues to the point that he was threatened with censure. Although the House never voted to censure Adams, the discussion ignited by his actions and the attempts of others to quiet him raised questions of the right to petition, the right to legislative debate, and the morality of slavery. During the censure debate, Adams said that he took delight in the fact that southerners would forever remember him as \"the acutest, the astutest, the archest enemy of southern slavery that ever existed\".","McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. He also requests a copy of Adams speech on the Amistad case."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis item was treated for paper mending in October 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Conservation Treatment"],"odd_tesim":["This item was treated for paper mending in October 2024."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16829, Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16829, Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a single letter from Colonel Archibald McClean to Pennsylvania Congressman Honorable Francis James, dated February 16, 1842. McClean, a well-connected Virginia lawyer, expresses his support for the anti-slavery efforts of John Quincy Adams. McClean notes his interest in \"the debate which has been going on for some time in your House [of Representatives] upon the resolution for censuring Mr. [John Quincy] Adams for presenting a petition which was unpalatable to at least a portion of the members.\"  The Gag Rule of 1840 silenced Adams's opposition to slavery. McClean praised Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule. McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. McClean also requests a copy of John Quincy Adams speech on Amistad.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a single letter from Colonel Archibald McClean to Pennsylvania Congressman Honorable Francis James, dated February 16, 1842. McClean, a well-connected Virginia lawyer, expresses his support for the anti-slavery efforts of John Quincy Adams. McClean notes his interest in \"the debate which has been going on for some time in your House [of Representatives] upon the resolution for censuring Mr. [John Quincy] Adams for presenting a petition which was unpalatable to at least a portion of the members.\"  The Gag Rule of 1840 silenced Adams's opposition to slavery. McClean praised Adams in the letter and voiced his belief that Adams would ultimately prevail against the gag rule. McClean also discusses the Southerners in Congress who opposed Adams and their hypocritical posture toward the enslaved and America's failure to agree with England on a reciprocal right to search each other's vessels to suppress the slave trade, as England had already abolished slavery in 1833. McClean also requests a copy of John Quincy Adams speech on Amistad."],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"persname_ssim":["McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:51:05.883Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1637"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_976","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_976#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_976#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the 1798 bill of sale for an eight year old Creole boy named Jean Baptiste from Port-au-Prince on the Caribbean island of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). It was written by the Bordeaux-born merchant Arnaud André Robertjot Lartigue (1740-1826) to a \" Monsieur Grandidier\". It is a single sheet of paper consisting of eleven lines of french detailing the transaction of enslavement including the name and age of the boy and the price of sale of a hundred livre.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_976#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_976","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_976","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_976","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_976","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_976.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/120544","title_filing_ssi":"Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste","title_ssm":["Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste"],"title_tesim":["Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste"],"unitdate_ssm":["1798-03-03"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1798-03-03"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.16481","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/976"],"text":["MSS.16481","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/976","Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste","Haiti -- History -- Revolution --  1791-1804","Haiti","enslavement","enslaved persons","Fair","This collection is open for research.","Arnaud André Robertjot Lartigue (1740-1826) was a prominent planter on Saint-Domingue.Lartigue seems to have moved after the Haitian Revolution to the Danish island of St. Thomas where he served as agent for the French government.","This collection contains the 1798 bill of sale for an eight year old Creole boy named Jean Baptiste from Port-au-Prince on the Caribbean island of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). It was written by the Bordeaux-born merchant Arnaud André Robertjot Lartigue (1740-1826) to a \" Monsieur Grandidier\". It is a single sheet of paper consisting of eleven lines of french detailing the transaction of enslavement including the name and age of the boy and the price of sale of a hundred livre.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826","Baptiste, Jean","French"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.16481","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste"],"collection_title_tesim":["Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste"],"collection_ssim":["Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Haiti -- History -- Revolution --  1791-1804","Haiti"],"geogname_ssim":["Haiti -- History -- Revolution --  1791-1804","Haiti"],"creator_ssm":["Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826"],"creator_ssim":["Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826"],"creators_ssim":["Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826"],"places_ssim":["Haiti -- History -- Revolution --  1791-1804","Haiti"],"access_subjects_ssim":["enslavement","enslaved persons"],"access_subjects_ssm":["enslavement","enslaved persons"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter sized folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter sized folder"],"date_range_isim":[1798],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArnaud André Robertjot Lartigue (1740-1826) was a prominent planter on Saint-Domingue.Lartigue seems to have moved after the Haitian Revolution to the Danish island of St. Thomas where he served as agent for the French government.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Arnaud André Robertjot Lartigue (1740-1826) was a prominent planter on Saint-Domingue.Lartigue seems to have moved after the Haitian Revolution to the Danish island of St. Thomas where he served as agent for the French government."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16481, Bill of Sale of Jean Baptiste, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16481, Bill of Sale of Jean Baptiste, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the 1798 bill of sale for an eight year old Creole boy named Jean Baptiste from Port-au-Prince on the Caribbean island of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). It was written by the Bordeaux-born merchant Arnaud André Robertjot Lartigue (1740-1826) to a \" Monsieur Grandidier\". It is a single sheet of paper consisting of eleven lines of french detailing the transaction of enslavement including the name and age of the boy and the price of sale of a hundred livre.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the 1798 bill of sale for an eight year old Creole boy named Jean Baptiste from Port-au-Prince on the Caribbean island of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). It was written by the Bordeaux-born merchant Arnaud André Robertjot Lartigue (1740-1826) to a \" Monsieur Grandidier\". It is a single sheet of paper consisting of eleven lines of french detailing the transaction of enslavement including the name and age of the boy and the price of sale of a hundred livre."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826","Baptiste, Jean"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["Baptiste, Jean"],"persname_ssim":["Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826","Baptiste, Jean"],"language_ssim":["French"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:40:44.007Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_976","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_976","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_976","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_976","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_976.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/120544","title_filing_ssi":"Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste","title_ssm":["Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste"],"title_tesim":["Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste"],"unitdate_ssm":["1798-03-03"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1798-03-03"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.16481","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/976"],"text":["MSS.16481","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/976","Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste","Haiti -- History -- Revolution --  1791-1804","Haiti","enslavement","enslaved persons","Fair","This collection is open for research.","Arnaud André Robertjot Lartigue (1740-1826) was a prominent planter on Saint-Domingue.Lartigue seems to have moved after the Haitian Revolution to the Danish island of St. Thomas where he served as agent for the French government.","This collection contains the 1798 bill of sale for an eight year old Creole boy named Jean Baptiste from Port-au-Prince on the Caribbean island of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). It was written by the Bordeaux-born merchant Arnaud André Robertjot Lartigue (1740-1826) to a \" Monsieur Grandidier\". It is a single sheet of paper consisting of eleven lines of french detailing the transaction of enslavement including the name and age of the boy and the price of sale of a hundred livre.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826","Baptiste, Jean","French"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.16481","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste"],"collection_title_tesim":["Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste"],"collection_ssim":["Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Haiti -- History -- Revolution --  1791-1804","Haiti"],"geogname_ssim":["Haiti -- History -- Revolution --  1791-1804","Haiti"],"creator_ssm":["Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826"],"creator_ssim":["Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826"],"creators_ssim":["Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826"],"places_ssim":["Haiti -- History -- Revolution --  1791-1804","Haiti"],"access_subjects_ssim":["enslavement","enslaved persons"],"access_subjects_ssm":["enslavement","enslaved persons"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter sized folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter sized folder"],"date_range_isim":[1798],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArnaud André Robertjot Lartigue (1740-1826) was a prominent planter on Saint-Domingue.Lartigue seems to have moved after the Haitian Revolution to the Danish island of St. Thomas where he served as agent for the French government.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Arnaud André Robertjot Lartigue (1740-1826) was a prominent planter on Saint-Domingue.Lartigue seems to have moved after the Haitian Revolution to the Danish island of St. Thomas where he served as agent for the French government."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16481, Bill of Sale of Jean Baptiste, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16481, Bill of Sale of Jean Baptiste, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the 1798 bill of sale for an eight year old Creole boy named Jean Baptiste from Port-au-Prince on the Caribbean island of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). It was written by the Bordeaux-born merchant Arnaud André Robertjot Lartigue (1740-1826) to a \" Monsieur Grandidier\". It is a single sheet of paper consisting of eleven lines of french detailing the transaction of enslavement including the name and age of the boy and the price of sale of a hundred livre.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the 1798 bill of sale for an eight year old Creole boy named Jean Baptiste from Port-au-Prince on the Caribbean island of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). It was written by the Bordeaux-born merchant Arnaud André Robertjot Lartigue (1740-1826) to a \" Monsieur Grandidier\". It is a single sheet of paper consisting of eleven lines of french detailing the transaction of enslavement including the name and age of the boy and the price of sale of a hundred livre."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826","Baptiste, Jean"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["Baptiste, Jean"],"persname_ssim":["Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826","Baptiste, Jean"],"language_ssim":["French"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:40:44.007Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_976"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1633","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Collection related to stallion Wicked William","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1633#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1633#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains nineteen documents and letters that provide detailed documentation of the ownership of a breeding stallion named Wicked William. The documents include three pedigrees, four stud service tickets, five sales records, and seven stampless letters, which provide a first-hand account of thoroughbred breeding and horse racing in Virginia during the early 19th century. The collection traces the breeding of Wicked William and his pedigree.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1633#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1633","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1633","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1633","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1633","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1633.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196227","title_filing_ssi":"Collection related to stallion Wicked William","title_ssm":["Collection related to stallion Wicked William"],"title_tesim":["Collection related to stallion Wicked William"],"unitdate_ssm":["1832-1845"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1832-1845"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16825","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1633"],"text":["MSS 16825","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1633","Collection related to stallion Wicked William","Horses -- Breeding","Horses","Horses--Pedigrees","enslaved persons","The collection is open for research use.","This collection is related to MSS 11357 the Papers of John Hooe.https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu01259.xml","This collection contains nineteen documents and letters that provide detailed documentation of the ownership of a breeding stallion named Wicked William. The documents include three pedigrees, four stud service tickets, five sales records, and seven stampless letters, which provide a first-hand account of thoroughbred breeding and horse racing in Virginia during the early 19th century. The collection traces the breeding of Wicked William and his pedigree.","The collection also documents the sale of Wicked William from Colonel William White of Hanover County to Captain John Hooe Jr. of Prince William County, a member of a wealthy and influential Virginia family.","William White and John Hooe owned enslaved laborers and used them as horse jockeys in the racing business. There is documentation of White asking Hooe to arrange a pass for two enslaved jockeys to travel without an escort so they would not be harmed or arrested by a slave patrol. ","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16825","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1633"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Collection related to stallion Wicked William"],"collection_title_tesim":["Collection related to stallion Wicked William"],"collection_ssim":["Collection related to stallion Wicked William"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC"],"creator_ssim":["Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC"],"creators_ssim":["Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Kurt A. Sanftleben by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 27 April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Horses -- Breeding","Horses","Horses--Pedigrees","enslaved persons"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Horses -- Breeding","Horses","Horses--Pedigrees","enslaved persons"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".04 Cubic Feet 1 folder (legal)"],"extent_tesim":[".04 Cubic Feet 1 folder (legal)"],"date_range_isim":[1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16825, Collection related to stallion Wicked William, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16825, Collection related to stallion Wicked William, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is related to MSS 11357 the Papers of John Hooe.https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu01259.xml\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["This collection is related to MSS 11357 the Papers of John Hooe.https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu01259.xml"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains nineteen documents and letters that provide detailed documentation of the ownership of a breeding stallion named Wicked William. The documents include three pedigrees, four stud service tickets, five sales records, and seven stampless letters, which provide a first-hand account of thoroughbred breeding and horse racing in Virginia during the early 19th century. The collection traces the breeding of Wicked William and his pedigree.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also documents the sale of Wicked William from Colonel William White of Hanover County to Captain John Hooe Jr. of Prince William County, a member of a wealthy and influential Virginia family.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam White and John Hooe owned enslaved laborers and used them as horse jockeys in the racing business. There is documentation of White asking Hooe to arrange a pass for two enslaved jockeys to travel without an escort so they would not be harmed or arrested by a slave patrol. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains nineteen documents and letters that provide detailed documentation of the ownership of a breeding stallion named Wicked William. The documents include three pedigrees, four stud service tickets, five sales records, and seven stampless letters, which provide a first-hand account of thoroughbred breeding and horse racing in Virginia during the early 19th century. The collection traces the breeding of Wicked William and his pedigree.","The collection also documents the sale of Wicked William from Colonel William White of Hanover County to Captain John Hooe Jr. of Prince William County, a member of a wealthy and influential Virginia family.","William White and John Hooe owned enslaved laborers and used them as horse jockeys in the racing business. There is documentation of White asking Hooe to arrange a pass for two enslaved jockeys to travel without an escort so they would not be harmed or arrested by a slave patrol. "],"names_coll_ssim":["Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:53:36.921Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1633","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1633","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1633","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1633","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1633.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196227","title_filing_ssi":"Collection related to stallion Wicked William","title_ssm":["Collection related to stallion Wicked William"],"title_tesim":["Collection related to stallion Wicked William"],"unitdate_ssm":["1832-1845"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1832-1845"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16825","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1633"],"text":["MSS 16825","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1633","Collection related to stallion Wicked William","Horses -- Breeding","Horses","Horses--Pedigrees","enslaved persons","The collection is open for research use.","This collection is related to MSS 11357 the Papers of John Hooe.https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu01259.xml","This collection contains nineteen documents and letters that provide detailed documentation of the ownership of a breeding stallion named Wicked William. The documents include three pedigrees, four stud service tickets, five sales records, and seven stampless letters, which provide a first-hand account of thoroughbred breeding and horse racing in Virginia during the early 19th century. The collection traces the breeding of Wicked William and his pedigree.","The collection also documents the sale of Wicked William from Colonel William White of Hanover County to Captain John Hooe Jr. of Prince William County, a member of a wealthy and influential Virginia family.","William White and John Hooe owned enslaved laborers and used them as horse jockeys in the racing business. There is documentation of White asking Hooe to arrange a pass for two enslaved jockeys to travel without an escort so they would not be harmed or arrested by a slave patrol. ","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16825","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1633"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Collection related to stallion Wicked William"],"collection_title_tesim":["Collection related to stallion Wicked William"],"collection_ssim":["Collection related to stallion Wicked William"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC"],"creator_ssim":["Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC"],"creators_ssim":["Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Kurt A. Sanftleben by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 27 April 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Horses -- Breeding","Horses","Horses--Pedigrees","enslaved persons"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Horses -- Breeding","Horses","Horses--Pedigrees","enslaved persons"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".04 Cubic Feet 1 folder (legal)"],"extent_tesim":[".04 Cubic Feet 1 folder (legal)"],"date_range_isim":[1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16825, Collection related to stallion Wicked William, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16825, Collection related to stallion Wicked William, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is related to MSS 11357 the Papers of John Hooe.https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu01259.xml\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["This collection is related to MSS 11357 the Papers of John Hooe.https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu01259.xml"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains nineteen documents and letters that provide detailed documentation of the ownership of a breeding stallion named Wicked William. The documents include three pedigrees, four stud service tickets, five sales records, and seven stampless letters, which provide a first-hand account of thoroughbred breeding and horse racing in Virginia during the early 19th century. The collection traces the breeding of Wicked William and his pedigree.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also documents the sale of Wicked William from Colonel William White of Hanover County to Captain John Hooe Jr. of Prince William County, a member of a wealthy and influential Virginia family.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam White and John Hooe owned enslaved laborers and used them as horse jockeys in the racing business. There is documentation of White asking Hooe to arrange a pass for two enslaved jockeys to travel without an escort so they would not be harmed or arrested by a slave patrol. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains nineteen documents and letters that provide detailed documentation of the ownership of a breeding stallion named Wicked William. The documents include three pedigrees, four stud service tickets, five sales records, and seven stampless letters, which provide a first-hand account of thoroughbred breeding and horse racing in Virginia during the early 19th century. The collection traces the breeding of Wicked William and his pedigree.","The collection also documents the sale of Wicked William from Colonel William White of Hanover County to Captain John Hooe Jr. of Prince William County, a member of a wealthy and influential Virginia family.","William White and John Hooe owned enslaved laborers and used them as horse jockeys in the racing business. There is documentation of White asking Hooe to arrange a pass for two enslaved jockeys to travel without an escort so they would not be harmed or arrested by a slave patrol. "],"names_coll_ssim":["Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:53:36.921Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1633"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1413","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1413#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eAutographed signed letter from Dixon Evans to his brother James Evans in Fayetteville, North Carolina with his acccount of his shooting, and killing an unnamed enslaved person from Marion, South Carolina. The enslaved person was trying to obtain food from the dairy and smokehouse. Dixon Evans was being sued by Nathaniel Evans who was the owner of the enslaved person. Dixon Evans blames the enslaved person for Dixon's own murderous actions.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1413#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1413","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1413","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1413","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1413","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1413.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/138856","title_filing_ssi":"Evans, Dixon to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person","title_ssm":["Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person"],"title_tesim":["Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person"],"unitdate_ssm":["1850-10-04"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1850-10-04"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16719","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1413"],"text":["MSS 16719","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1413","Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person","enslaved persons","Enslaved laborers","letters (correspondence)","The collection is open for research use.","Content warning: material is offensive. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","The letter from Dixon Evans tries to justify his killing of an enslaved person. The unnamed person was trying to obtain food from a dairy and smokehouse and was shot and killed by Evans. Nathaniel Evans wanted to sue Dixon Evans for compensation for the loss of his enslaved laborer. Dixon Evans blamed the enslaved person for his own murderous actions.","Autographed signed letter from Dixon Evans to his brother James Evans in Fayetteville, North Carolina with his acccount of his shooting, and killing an unnamed enslaved person from Marion, South Carolina.  The enslaved person was trying to obtain food from the dairy and smokehouse. Dixon Evans was being sued by Nathaniel Evans who was the owner of the enslaved person. Dixon Evans blames the enslaved person for Dixon's own murderous actions.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16719","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1413"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person"],"collection_title_tesim":["Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person"],"collection_ssim":["Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from L \u0026 T Respess Books by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 2 July, 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["enslaved persons","Enslaved laborers","letters (correspondence)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["enslaved persons","Enslaved laborers","letters (correspondence)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 letter size folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 letter size folder"],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)"],"date_range_isim":[1850],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent warning: material is offensive. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe letter from Dixon Evans tries to justify his killing of an enslaved person. The unnamed person was trying to obtain food from a dairy and smokehouse and was shot and killed by Evans. Nathaniel Evans wanted to sue Dixon Evans for compensation for the loss of his enslaved laborer. Dixon Evans blamed the enslaved person for his own murderous actions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Content warning: material is offensive. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","The letter from Dixon Evans tries to justify his killing of an enslaved person. The unnamed person was trying to obtain food from a dairy and smokehouse and was shot and killed by Evans. Nathaniel Evans wanted to sue Dixon Evans for compensation for the loss of his enslaved laborer. Dixon Evans blamed the enslaved person for his own murderous actions."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16719,  Dixon Evans to James Evans about his murder of an enslaved person, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16719,  Dixon Evans to James Evans about his murder of an enslaved person, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAutographed signed letter from Dixon Evans to his brother James Evans in Fayetteville, North Carolina with his acccount of his shooting, and killing an unnamed enslaved person from Marion, South Carolina.  The enslaved person was trying to obtain food from the dairy and smokehouse. Dixon Evans was being sued by Nathaniel Evans who was the owner of the enslaved person. Dixon Evans blames the enslaved person for Dixon's own murderous actions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Autographed signed letter from Dixon Evans to his brother James Evans in Fayetteville, North Carolina with his acccount of his shooting, and killing an unnamed enslaved person from Marion, South Carolina.  The enslaved person was trying to obtain food from the dairy and smokehouse. Dixon Evans was being sued by Nathaniel Evans who was the owner of the enslaved person. Dixon Evans blames the enslaved person for Dixon's own murderous actions."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:52:25.251Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1413","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1413","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1413","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1413","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1413.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/138856","title_filing_ssi":"Evans, Dixon to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person","title_ssm":["Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person"],"title_tesim":["Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person"],"unitdate_ssm":["1850-10-04"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1850-10-04"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16719","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1413"],"text":["MSS 16719","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1413","Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person","enslaved persons","Enslaved laborers","letters (correspondence)","The collection is open for research use.","Content warning: material is offensive. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","The letter from Dixon Evans tries to justify his killing of an enslaved person. The unnamed person was trying to obtain food from a dairy and smokehouse and was shot and killed by Evans. Nathaniel Evans wanted to sue Dixon Evans for compensation for the loss of his enslaved laborer. Dixon Evans blamed the enslaved person for his own murderous actions.","Autographed signed letter from Dixon Evans to his brother James Evans in Fayetteville, North Carolina with his acccount of his shooting, and killing an unnamed enslaved person from Marion, South Carolina.  The enslaved person was trying to obtain food from the dairy and smokehouse. Dixon Evans was being sued by Nathaniel Evans who was the owner of the enslaved person. Dixon Evans blames the enslaved person for Dixon's own murderous actions.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16719","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1413"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person"],"collection_title_tesim":["Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person"],"collection_ssim":["Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from L \u0026 T Respess Books by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 2 July, 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["enslaved persons","Enslaved laborers","letters (correspondence)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["enslaved persons","Enslaved laborers","letters (correspondence)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 letter size folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 letter size folder"],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)"],"date_range_isim":[1850],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent warning: material is offensive. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe letter from Dixon Evans tries to justify his killing of an enslaved person. The unnamed person was trying to obtain food from a dairy and smokehouse and was shot and killed by Evans. Nathaniel Evans wanted to sue Dixon Evans for compensation for the loss of his enslaved laborer. Dixon Evans blamed the enslaved person for his own murderous actions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Content warning: material is offensive. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. ","The letter from Dixon Evans tries to justify his killing of an enslaved person. The unnamed person was trying to obtain food from a dairy and smokehouse and was shot and killed by Evans. Nathaniel Evans wanted to sue Dixon Evans for compensation for the loss of his enslaved laborer. Dixon Evans blamed the enslaved person for his own murderous actions."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16719,  Dixon Evans to James Evans about his murder of an enslaved person, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16719,  Dixon Evans to James Evans about his murder of an enslaved person, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAutographed signed letter from Dixon Evans to his brother James Evans in Fayetteville, North Carolina with his acccount of his shooting, and killing an unnamed enslaved person from Marion, South Carolina.  The enslaved person was trying to obtain food from the dairy and smokehouse. Dixon Evans was being sued by Nathaniel Evans who was the owner of the enslaved person. Dixon Evans blames the enslaved person for Dixon's own murderous actions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Autographed signed letter from Dixon Evans to his brother James Evans in Fayetteville, North Carolina with his acccount of his shooting, and killing an unnamed enslaved person from Marion, South Carolina.  The enslaved person was trying to obtain food from the dairy and smokehouse. Dixon Evans was being sued by Nathaniel Evans who was the owner of the enslaved person. Dixon Evans blames the enslaved person for Dixon's own murderous actions."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:52:25.251Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1413"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1375","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Garland family papers","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1375#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists primarly of 26 letters of correspondence between Thomas Garland, his wife Jane Moore Taylor Garland (1810-1861), her father William Day Taylor (1781-1858), and Jane's sisters and sisters(-in-law?) F. A. Taylor (Frances Ann Taylor), Clarissa \"Clara\" Garland Kean (1816-1845), her husband Dr. Ortho Williams Kean (1813-1865), and Mary Garland from New Kent, British Colonial Virginia (Orange County, Virginia) and other locations including Botetourt County, Goochland, Everettsville, Taylorsville, Boyd's Tavern, and Fredericksburg, Virginia from about 1830-1858. Other family members mentioned in the collection are Angelina \"Ange\" Fitch Mitchell, William Jacquelin \"Jack\" Taylor (1815-1854) and Miriam Nones Jacob Taylor. There is a receipt from a D. J. Cauthen and a photograph of Frank Everett Hartmann and family at his graduation from the University of Virginia in 1911.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1375#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1375","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1375","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1375","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1375","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1375.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/159745","title_filing_ssi":"Garland family papers","title_ssm":["Garland family papers"],"title_tesim":["Garland family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1830-1911"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c. 1830-1911"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS16688","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1375"],"text":["MSS16688","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1375","Garland family papers","enslaved persons","letters (correspondence)","The collection is open for research use.","This collection is arranged chronologically.","Jane Moore (Taylor) Garland (1810-1861) is a 3rd cousin of United States Presidents Zachary Taylor (1784-1850) and James Madison (1751-1836). Presidents Madison and Taylor were second cousins and had the same grandparents, Frances Taylor Madison (1700-1761) and Ambrose Madison (1696-1732). Jane Moore (Taylor) Garland is the daughter of Sarah \"Sallie\" Garland Swan Burnley Day (1780-1815) and William Day and the granddaugher of Frances Taylor Burnley (1753-1825) and Garland Burnley (1753-1793) and the great granddaughter of Erasmus Taylor (1715-1794) who was the brother of President James Madison's grandmother Frances Taylor Madison. Zachary Taylor Sr.(1707-1768) (President Taylor's grandfather) was the brother of Erasmus Taylor (1707-1768). The family is from Orange County, Virginia also known as New Kent British Colonial Virginia. Other residences include Everettsville, Louisa County, and Fredericksbury Virginia.","This collection consists primarly of 26 letters of correspondence between Thomas Garland, his wife Jane Moore Taylor Garland (1810-1861), her father William Day Taylor (1781-1858), and Jane's sisters and sisters(-in-law?) F. A. Taylor (Frances Ann Taylor), Clarissa \"Clara\" Garland Kean (1816-1845), her husband Dr. Ortho Williams Kean (1813-1865), and Mary Garland from New Kent, British Colonial Virginia (Orange County, Virginia) and other locations including Botetourt County, Goochland, Everettsville, Taylorsville, Boyd's Tavern, and Fredericksburg, Virginia from about 1830-1858.  Other family members mentioned in the collection are Angelina \"Ange\" Fitch Mitchell,  William Jacquelin \"Jack\" Taylor (1815-1854) and Miriam Nones Jacob Taylor. There is a receipt from a D. J. Cauthen and a photograph of Frank Everett Hartmann and family at his graduation from the University of Virginia in 1911.","The letters often refer to enslaved persons who were hired out or relocated by the family. Of interest regarding nineteenth century women is a letter (December 19, 1833)from Frances Ann Taylor to her sister Jane Moore Garland describing the difficulties and lack of opportunities for women who were trying to obtain financial security.","Other topics include business and local news about the family. The letters make brief references to local people including Dr. J. Minor, Alex Rives, and the families of Ruffner, Randolph,and Taliaferro.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS16688","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1375"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Garland family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Garland family papers"],"collection_ssim":["Garland family papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift from Margaret L. Newman to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on May 6, 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["enslaved persons","letters (correspondence)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["enslaved persons","letters (correspondence)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.08 Cubic Feet Contains 2 legal folder of materials."],"extent_tesim":["0.08 Cubic Feet Contains 2 legal folder of materials."],"physfacet_tesim":["letters, lists of accounts, and photograph"],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)"],"date_range_isim":[1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJane Moore (Taylor) Garland (1810-1861) is a 3rd cousin of United States Presidents Zachary Taylor (1784-1850) and James Madison (1751-1836). Presidents Madison and Taylor were second cousins and had the same grandparents, Frances Taylor Madison (1700-1761) and Ambrose Madison (1696-1732). Jane Moore (Taylor) Garland is the daughter of Sarah \"Sallie\" Garland Swan Burnley Day (1780-1815) and William Day and the granddaugher of Frances Taylor Burnley (1753-1825) and Garland Burnley (1753-1793) and the great granddaughter of Erasmus Taylor (1715-1794) who was the brother of President James Madison's grandmother Frances Taylor Madison. Zachary Taylor Sr.(1707-1768) (President Taylor's grandfather) was the brother of Erasmus Taylor (1707-1768). The family is from Orange County, Virginia also known as New Kent British Colonial Virginia. Other residences include Everettsville, Louisa County, and Fredericksbury Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jane Moore (Taylor) Garland (1810-1861) is a 3rd cousin of United States Presidents Zachary Taylor (1784-1850) and James Madison (1751-1836). Presidents Madison and Taylor were second cousins and had the same grandparents, Frances Taylor Madison (1700-1761) and Ambrose Madison (1696-1732). Jane Moore (Taylor) Garland is the daughter of Sarah \"Sallie\" Garland Swan Burnley Day (1780-1815) and William Day and the granddaugher of Frances Taylor Burnley (1753-1825) and Garland Burnley (1753-1793) and the great granddaughter of Erasmus Taylor (1715-1794) who was the brother of President James Madison's grandmother Frances Taylor Madison. Zachary Taylor Sr.(1707-1768) (President Taylor's grandfather) was the brother of Erasmus Taylor (1707-1768). The family is from Orange County, Virginia also known as New Kent British Colonial Virginia. Other residences include Everettsville, Louisa County, and Fredericksbury Virginia."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16688, Garland family papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16688, Garland family papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists primarly of 26 letters of correspondence between Thomas Garland, his wife Jane Moore Taylor Garland (1810-1861), her father William Day Taylor (1781-1858), and Jane's sisters and sisters(-in-law?) F. A. Taylor (Frances Ann Taylor), Clarissa \"Clara\" Garland Kean (1816-1845), her husband Dr. Ortho Williams Kean (1813-1865), and Mary Garland from New Kent, British Colonial Virginia (Orange County, Virginia) and other locations including Botetourt County, Goochland, Everettsville, Taylorsville, Boyd's Tavern, and Fredericksburg, Virginia from about 1830-1858.  Other family members mentioned in the collection are Angelina \"Ange\" Fitch Mitchell,  William Jacquelin \"Jack\" Taylor (1815-1854) and Miriam Nones Jacob Taylor. There is a receipt from a D. J. Cauthen and a photograph of Frank Everett Hartmann and family at his graduation from the University of Virginia in 1911.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe letters often refer to enslaved persons who were hired out or relocated by the family. Of interest regarding nineteenth century women is a letter (December 19, 1833)from Frances Ann Taylor to her sister Jane Moore Garland describing the difficulties and lack of opportunities for women who were trying to obtain financial security.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther topics include business and local news about the family. The letters make brief references to local people including Dr. J. Minor, Alex Rives, and the families of Ruffner, Randolph,and Taliaferro.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists primarly of 26 letters of correspondence between Thomas Garland, his wife Jane Moore Taylor Garland (1810-1861), her father William Day Taylor (1781-1858), and Jane's sisters and sisters(-in-law?) F. A. Taylor (Frances Ann Taylor), Clarissa \"Clara\" Garland Kean (1816-1845), her husband Dr. Ortho Williams Kean (1813-1865), and Mary Garland from New Kent, British Colonial Virginia (Orange County, Virginia) and other locations including Botetourt County, Goochland, Everettsville, Taylorsville, Boyd's Tavern, and Fredericksburg, Virginia from about 1830-1858.  Other family members mentioned in the collection are Angelina \"Ange\" Fitch Mitchell,  William Jacquelin \"Jack\" Taylor (1815-1854) and Miriam Nones Jacob Taylor. There is a receipt from a D. J. Cauthen and a photograph of Frank Everett Hartmann and family at his graduation from the University of Virginia in 1911.","The letters often refer to enslaved persons who were hired out or relocated by the family. Of interest regarding nineteenth century women is a letter (December 19, 1833)from Frances Ann Taylor to her sister Jane Moore Garland describing the difficulties and lack of opportunities for women who were trying to obtain financial security.","Other topics include business and local news about the family. The letters make brief references to local people including Dr. J. Minor, Alex Rives, and the families of Ruffner, Randolph,and Taliaferro."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":27,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:42:29.077Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1375","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1375","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1375","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1375","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1375.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/159745","title_filing_ssi":"Garland family papers","title_ssm":["Garland family papers"],"title_tesim":["Garland family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1830-1911"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c. 1830-1911"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS16688","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1375"],"text":["MSS16688","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1375","Garland family papers","enslaved persons","letters (correspondence)","The collection is open for research use.","This collection is arranged chronologically.","Jane Moore (Taylor) Garland (1810-1861) is a 3rd cousin of United States Presidents Zachary Taylor (1784-1850) and James Madison (1751-1836). Presidents Madison and Taylor were second cousins and had the same grandparents, Frances Taylor Madison (1700-1761) and Ambrose Madison (1696-1732). Jane Moore (Taylor) Garland is the daughter of Sarah \"Sallie\" Garland Swan Burnley Day (1780-1815) and William Day and the granddaugher of Frances Taylor Burnley (1753-1825) and Garland Burnley (1753-1793) and the great granddaughter of Erasmus Taylor (1715-1794) who was the brother of President James Madison's grandmother Frances Taylor Madison. Zachary Taylor Sr.(1707-1768) (President Taylor's grandfather) was the brother of Erasmus Taylor (1707-1768). The family is from Orange County, Virginia also known as New Kent British Colonial Virginia. Other residences include Everettsville, Louisa County, and Fredericksbury Virginia.","This collection consists primarly of 26 letters of correspondence between Thomas Garland, his wife Jane Moore Taylor Garland (1810-1861), her father William Day Taylor (1781-1858), and Jane's sisters and sisters(-in-law?) F. A. Taylor (Frances Ann Taylor), Clarissa \"Clara\" Garland Kean (1816-1845), her husband Dr. Ortho Williams Kean (1813-1865), and Mary Garland from New Kent, British Colonial Virginia (Orange County, Virginia) and other locations including Botetourt County, Goochland, Everettsville, Taylorsville, Boyd's Tavern, and Fredericksburg, Virginia from about 1830-1858.  Other family members mentioned in the collection are Angelina \"Ange\" Fitch Mitchell,  William Jacquelin \"Jack\" Taylor (1815-1854) and Miriam Nones Jacob Taylor. There is a receipt from a D. J. Cauthen and a photograph of Frank Everett Hartmann and family at his graduation from the University of Virginia in 1911.","The letters often refer to enslaved persons who were hired out or relocated by the family. Of interest regarding nineteenth century women is a letter (December 19, 1833)from Frances Ann Taylor to her sister Jane Moore Garland describing the difficulties and lack of opportunities for women who were trying to obtain financial security.","Other topics include business and local news about the family. The letters make brief references to local people including Dr. J. Minor, Alex Rives, and the families of Ruffner, Randolph,and Taliaferro.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS16688","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1375"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Garland family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Garland family papers"],"collection_ssim":["Garland family papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift from Margaret L. Newman to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on May 6, 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["enslaved persons","letters (correspondence)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["enslaved persons","letters (correspondence)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.08 Cubic Feet Contains 2 legal folder of materials."],"extent_tesim":["0.08 Cubic Feet Contains 2 legal folder of materials."],"physfacet_tesim":["letters, lists of accounts, and photograph"],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)"],"date_range_isim":[1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJane Moore (Taylor) Garland (1810-1861) is a 3rd cousin of United States Presidents Zachary Taylor (1784-1850) and James Madison (1751-1836). Presidents Madison and Taylor were second cousins and had the same grandparents, Frances Taylor Madison (1700-1761) and Ambrose Madison (1696-1732). Jane Moore (Taylor) Garland is the daughter of Sarah \"Sallie\" Garland Swan Burnley Day (1780-1815) and William Day and the granddaugher of Frances Taylor Burnley (1753-1825) and Garland Burnley (1753-1793) and the great granddaughter of Erasmus Taylor (1715-1794) who was the brother of President James Madison's grandmother Frances Taylor Madison. Zachary Taylor Sr.(1707-1768) (President Taylor's grandfather) was the brother of Erasmus Taylor (1707-1768). The family is from Orange County, Virginia also known as New Kent British Colonial Virginia. Other residences include Everettsville, Louisa County, and Fredericksbury Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jane Moore (Taylor) Garland (1810-1861) is a 3rd cousin of United States Presidents Zachary Taylor (1784-1850) and James Madison (1751-1836). Presidents Madison and Taylor were second cousins and had the same grandparents, Frances Taylor Madison (1700-1761) and Ambrose Madison (1696-1732). Jane Moore (Taylor) Garland is the daughter of Sarah \"Sallie\" Garland Swan Burnley Day (1780-1815) and William Day and the granddaugher of Frances Taylor Burnley (1753-1825) and Garland Burnley (1753-1793) and the great granddaughter of Erasmus Taylor (1715-1794) who was the brother of President James Madison's grandmother Frances Taylor Madison. Zachary Taylor Sr.(1707-1768) (President Taylor's grandfather) was the brother of Erasmus Taylor (1707-1768). The family is from Orange County, Virginia also known as New Kent British Colonial Virginia. Other residences include Everettsville, Louisa County, and Fredericksbury Virginia."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16688, Garland family papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16688, Garland family papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists primarly of 26 letters of correspondence between Thomas Garland, his wife Jane Moore Taylor Garland (1810-1861), her father William Day Taylor (1781-1858), and Jane's sisters and sisters(-in-law?) F. A. Taylor (Frances Ann Taylor), Clarissa \"Clara\" Garland Kean (1816-1845), her husband Dr. Ortho Williams Kean (1813-1865), and Mary Garland from New Kent, British Colonial Virginia (Orange County, Virginia) and other locations including Botetourt County, Goochland, Everettsville, Taylorsville, Boyd's Tavern, and Fredericksburg, Virginia from about 1830-1858.  Other family members mentioned in the collection are Angelina \"Ange\" Fitch Mitchell,  William Jacquelin \"Jack\" Taylor (1815-1854) and Miriam Nones Jacob Taylor. There is a receipt from a D. J. Cauthen and a photograph of Frank Everett Hartmann and family at his graduation from the University of Virginia in 1911.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe letters often refer to enslaved persons who were hired out or relocated by the family. Of interest regarding nineteenth century women is a letter (December 19, 1833)from Frances Ann Taylor to her sister Jane Moore Garland describing the difficulties and lack of opportunities for women who were trying to obtain financial security.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther topics include business and local news about the family. The letters make brief references to local people including Dr. J. Minor, Alex Rives, and the families of Ruffner, Randolph,and Taliaferro.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists primarly of 26 letters of correspondence between Thomas Garland, his wife Jane Moore Taylor Garland (1810-1861), her father William Day Taylor (1781-1858), and Jane's sisters and sisters(-in-law?) F. A. Taylor (Frances Ann Taylor), Clarissa \"Clara\" Garland Kean (1816-1845), her husband Dr. Ortho Williams Kean (1813-1865), and Mary Garland from New Kent, British Colonial Virginia (Orange County, Virginia) and other locations including Botetourt County, Goochland, Everettsville, Taylorsville, Boyd's Tavern, and Fredericksburg, Virginia from about 1830-1858.  Other family members mentioned in the collection are Angelina \"Ange\" Fitch Mitchell,  William Jacquelin \"Jack\" Taylor (1815-1854) and Miriam Nones Jacob Taylor. There is a receipt from a D. J. Cauthen and a photograph of Frank Everett Hartmann and family at his graduation from the University of Virginia in 1911.","The letters often refer to enslaved persons who were hired out or relocated by the family. Of interest regarding nineteenth century women is a letter (December 19, 1833)from Frances Ann Taylor to her sister Jane Moore Garland describing the difficulties and lack of opportunities for women who were trying to obtain financial security.","Other topics include business and local news about the family. The letters make brief references to local people including Dr. J. Minor, Alex Rives, and the families of Ruffner, Randolph,and Taliaferro."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":27,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:42:29.077Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1375"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_965","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"George Washington Lewis papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_965#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_965#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe George Washington Lewis papers consists chiefly of correspondence to and from George Washington Lewis and between other family members, but also includes a few photographs of the Lewis family and the homes of \"Claymont\", \"Shellfield\" and \"Marmion\"; a plat of \"Claymont\"; newsclippings; notes on Lewis family history and genealogy; and a few financial and legal documents.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_965#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_965","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_965","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_965","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_965","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_965.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/120875","title_filing_ssi":"Lewis, George Washington, papers","title_ssm":["George Washington Lewis papers"],"title_tesim":["George Washington Lewis papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1805-1906, 1966"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1805-1906, 1966"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16413","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/965"],"text":["MSS 16413","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/965","George Washington Lewis papers","Lewis family","Slavery--United States--History--19th Century","Slavery--United States -- Virginia","enslavement","enslaved persons","Politics and government","Manuscripts (documents)","photographs","letters (correspondence)","Good.","The collection has been arranged in two series, Correspondence and the Lewis family miscellany files. The correspondence is arranged alphabetically by the last name of the correspondent.","Judge George Washington Lewis (1803/4-1879) was born at \"Shellfield,\" Colonial Beach, Virginia, and died at \"Claymont,\" Westmoreland County, Virginia, the son of Samuel Lewis (1780-1840) and Sarah Attaway Miller (1785-1822) and grandson of George Lewis (1757-1821) and Catherine Daingerfield (1784-1820). Lewis was a lawyer, educated at the University of Virginia. He was married first to Jane Brockenbrough Lewis (1810-1849) and they had six children: Anna Louisa Lewis (1830-1897); Henry Bankhead Lewis (1831-1862); Dr. Thomas M. Lewis (1833-1910); Samuel Lewis (1836-1849); Robert Byrd Lewis (1841-1897) and Lucy Pratt Lewis Funsten (1844-1909). His second wife was Lucy Anne Robb (1823-1891) and they had two children, Jane Vivian Lewis Long (1858-1931) and Alice Maria Lewis Wallace (1861-190).","This material contains racist language or imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. For archival materials, more specific information about these materials may be available in the finding aid.","The George Washington Lewis papers consists chiefly of correspondence to and from George Washington Lewis and between other family members, but also includes a few photographs of the Lewis family and the homes of \"Claymont\", \"Shellfield\" and \"Marmion\"; a plat of \"Claymont\"; newsclippings; notes on Lewis family history and genealogy; and a few financial and legal documents.","This collection is open for research.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16413","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/965"],"normalized_title_ssm":["George Washington Lewis papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["George Washington Lewis papers"],"collection_ssim":["George Washington Lewis papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Lewis family"],"geogname_ssim":["Lewis family"],"creator_ssm":["Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879"],"creator_ssim":["Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879"],"creators_ssim":["Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879"],"places_ssim":["Lewis family"],"access_terms_ssm":["This collection is open for research."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the University of Virginia Special Collections Library by Betty Works Fuller, a descendant of George Washington Lewis, on April 5, 2018. These papers were received by Lucy Robb Winston Works (1916-2016) from several members of her family and she preserved them as a collection."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Slavery--United States--History--19th Century","Slavery--United States -- Virginia","enslavement","enslaved persons","Politics and government","Manuscripts (documents)","photographs","letters (correspondence)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Slavery--United States--History--19th Century","Slavery--United States -- Virginia","enslavement","enslaved persons","Politics and government","Manuscripts (documents)","photographs","letters (correspondence)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good."],"extent_ssm":[".75 Cubic Feet 2 boxes; 1 legal document box and 1 half-size legal document box."],"extent_tesim":[".75 Cubic Feet 2 boxes; 1 legal document box and 1 half-size legal document box."],"physfacet_tesim":["Roughly 0.75 cubic feet\n of material  "],"genreform_ssim":["Manuscripts (documents)","photographs","letters (correspondence)"],"date_range_isim":[1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection has been arranged in two series, Correspondence and the Lewis family miscellany files. The correspondence is arranged alphabetically by the last name of the correspondent.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection has been arranged in two series, Correspondence and the Lewis family miscellany files. The correspondence is arranged alphabetically by the last name of the correspondent."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJudge George Washington Lewis (1803/4-1879) was born at \"Shellfield,\" Colonial Beach, Virginia, and died at \"Claymont,\" Westmoreland County, Virginia, the son of Samuel Lewis (1780-1840) and Sarah Attaway Miller (1785-1822) and grandson of George Lewis (1757-1821) and Catherine Daingerfield (1784-1820). Lewis was a lawyer, educated at the University of Virginia. He was married first to Jane Brockenbrough Lewis (1810-1849) and they had six children: Anna Louisa Lewis (1830-1897); Henry Bankhead Lewis (1831-1862); Dr. Thomas M. Lewis (1833-1910); Samuel Lewis (1836-1849); Robert Byrd Lewis (1841-1897) and Lucy Pratt Lewis Funsten (1844-1909). His second wife was Lucy Anne Robb (1823-1891) and they had two children, Jane Vivian Lewis Long (1858-1931) and Alice Maria Lewis Wallace (1861-190).\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Judge George Washington Lewis (1803/4-1879) was born at \"Shellfield,\" Colonial Beach, Virginia, and died at \"Claymont,\" Westmoreland County, Virginia, the son of Samuel Lewis (1780-1840) and Sarah Attaway Miller (1785-1822) and grandson of George Lewis (1757-1821) and Catherine Daingerfield (1784-1820). Lewis was a lawyer, educated at the University of Virginia. He was married first to Jane Brockenbrough Lewis (1810-1849) and they had six children: Anna Louisa Lewis (1830-1897); Henry Bankhead Lewis (1831-1862); Dr. Thomas M. Lewis (1833-1910); Samuel Lewis (1836-1849); Robert Byrd Lewis (1841-1897) and Lucy Pratt Lewis Funsten (1844-1909). His second wife was Lucy Anne Robb (1823-1891) and they had two children, Jane Vivian Lewis Long (1858-1931) and Alice Maria Lewis Wallace (1861-190)."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material contains racist language or imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. For archival materials, more specific information about these materials may be available in the finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Content Warning"],"odd_tesim":["This material contains racist language or imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. For archival materials, more specific information about these materials may be available in the finding aid."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGeorge Washington Lewis papers, MSS 16413, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["George Washington Lewis papers, MSS 16413, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe George Washington Lewis papers consists chiefly of correspondence to and from George Washington Lewis and between other family members, but also includes a few photographs of the Lewis family and the homes of \"Claymont\", \"Shellfield\" and \"Marmion\"; a plat of \"Claymont\"; newsclippings; notes on Lewis family history and genealogy; and a few financial and legal documents.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The George Washington Lewis papers consists chiefly of correspondence to and from George Washington Lewis and between other family members, but also includes a few photographs of the Lewis family and the homes of \"Claymont\", \"Shellfield\" and \"Marmion\"; a plat of \"Claymont\"; newsclippings; notes on Lewis family history and genealogy; and a few financial and legal documents."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":99,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:45:03.863Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_965","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_965","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_965","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_965","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_965.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/120875","title_filing_ssi":"Lewis, George Washington, papers","title_ssm":["George Washington Lewis papers"],"title_tesim":["George Washington Lewis papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1805-1906, 1966"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1805-1906, 1966"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16413","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/965"],"text":["MSS 16413","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/965","George Washington Lewis papers","Lewis family","Slavery--United States--History--19th Century","Slavery--United States -- Virginia","enslavement","enslaved persons","Politics and government","Manuscripts (documents)","photographs","letters (correspondence)","Good.","The collection has been arranged in two series, Correspondence and the Lewis family miscellany files. The correspondence is arranged alphabetically by the last name of the correspondent.","Judge George Washington Lewis (1803/4-1879) was born at \"Shellfield,\" Colonial Beach, Virginia, and died at \"Claymont,\" Westmoreland County, Virginia, the son of Samuel Lewis (1780-1840) and Sarah Attaway Miller (1785-1822) and grandson of George Lewis (1757-1821) and Catherine Daingerfield (1784-1820). Lewis was a lawyer, educated at the University of Virginia. He was married first to Jane Brockenbrough Lewis (1810-1849) and they had six children: Anna Louisa Lewis (1830-1897); Henry Bankhead Lewis (1831-1862); Dr. Thomas M. Lewis (1833-1910); Samuel Lewis (1836-1849); Robert Byrd Lewis (1841-1897) and Lucy Pratt Lewis Funsten (1844-1909). His second wife was Lucy Anne Robb (1823-1891) and they had two children, Jane Vivian Lewis Long (1858-1931) and Alice Maria Lewis Wallace (1861-190).","This material contains racist language or imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. For archival materials, more specific information about these materials may be available in the finding aid.","The George Washington Lewis papers consists chiefly of correspondence to and from George Washington Lewis and between other family members, but also includes a few photographs of the Lewis family and the homes of \"Claymont\", \"Shellfield\" and \"Marmion\"; a plat of \"Claymont\"; newsclippings; notes on Lewis family history and genealogy; and a few financial and legal documents.","This collection is open for research.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16413","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/965"],"normalized_title_ssm":["George Washington Lewis papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["George Washington Lewis papers"],"collection_ssim":["George Washington Lewis papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Lewis family"],"geogname_ssim":["Lewis family"],"creator_ssm":["Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879"],"creator_ssim":["Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879"],"creators_ssim":["Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879"],"places_ssim":["Lewis family"],"access_terms_ssm":["This collection is open for research."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the University of Virginia Special Collections Library by Betty Works Fuller, a descendant of George Washington Lewis, on April 5, 2018. These papers were received by Lucy Robb Winston Works (1916-2016) from several members of her family and she preserved them as a collection."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Slavery--United States--History--19th Century","Slavery--United States -- Virginia","enslavement","enslaved persons","Politics and government","Manuscripts (documents)","photographs","letters (correspondence)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Slavery--United States--History--19th Century","Slavery--United States -- Virginia","enslavement","enslaved persons","Politics and government","Manuscripts (documents)","photographs","letters (correspondence)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good."],"extent_ssm":[".75 Cubic Feet 2 boxes; 1 legal document box and 1 half-size legal document box."],"extent_tesim":[".75 Cubic Feet 2 boxes; 1 legal document box and 1 half-size legal document box."],"physfacet_tesim":["Roughly 0.75 cubic feet\n of material  "],"genreform_ssim":["Manuscripts (documents)","photographs","letters (correspondence)"],"date_range_isim":[1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection has been arranged in two series, Correspondence and the Lewis family miscellany files. The correspondence is arranged alphabetically by the last name of the correspondent.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection has been arranged in two series, Correspondence and the Lewis family miscellany files. The correspondence is arranged alphabetically by the last name of the correspondent."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJudge George Washington Lewis (1803/4-1879) was born at \"Shellfield,\" Colonial Beach, Virginia, and died at \"Claymont,\" Westmoreland County, Virginia, the son of Samuel Lewis (1780-1840) and Sarah Attaway Miller (1785-1822) and grandson of George Lewis (1757-1821) and Catherine Daingerfield (1784-1820). Lewis was a lawyer, educated at the University of Virginia. He was married first to Jane Brockenbrough Lewis (1810-1849) and they had six children: Anna Louisa Lewis (1830-1897); Henry Bankhead Lewis (1831-1862); Dr. Thomas M. Lewis (1833-1910); Samuel Lewis (1836-1849); Robert Byrd Lewis (1841-1897) and Lucy Pratt Lewis Funsten (1844-1909). His second wife was Lucy Anne Robb (1823-1891) and they had two children, Jane Vivian Lewis Long (1858-1931) and Alice Maria Lewis Wallace (1861-190).\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Judge George Washington Lewis (1803/4-1879) was born at \"Shellfield,\" Colonial Beach, Virginia, and died at \"Claymont,\" Westmoreland County, Virginia, the son of Samuel Lewis (1780-1840) and Sarah Attaway Miller (1785-1822) and grandson of George Lewis (1757-1821) and Catherine Daingerfield (1784-1820). Lewis was a lawyer, educated at the University of Virginia. He was married first to Jane Brockenbrough Lewis (1810-1849) and they had six children: Anna Louisa Lewis (1830-1897); Henry Bankhead Lewis (1831-1862); Dr. Thomas M. Lewis (1833-1910); Samuel Lewis (1836-1849); Robert Byrd Lewis (1841-1897) and Lucy Pratt Lewis Funsten (1844-1909). His second wife was Lucy Anne Robb (1823-1891) and they had two children, Jane Vivian Lewis Long (1858-1931) and Alice Maria Lewis Wallace (1861-190)."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material contains racist language or imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. For archival materials, more specific information about these materials may be available in the finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Content Warning"],"odd_tesim":["This material contains racist language or imagery. The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials. For archival materials, more specific information about these materials may be available in the finding aid."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGeorge Washington Lewis papers, MSS 16413, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["George Washington Lewis papers, MSS 16413, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe George Washington Lewis papers consists chiefly of correspondence to and from George Washington Lewis and between other family members, but also includes a few photographs of the Lewis family and the homes of \"Claymont\", \"Shellfield\" and \"Marmion\"; a plat of \"Claymont\"; newsclippings; notes on Lewis family history and genealogy; and a few financial and legal documents.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The George Washington Lewis papers consists chiefly of correspondence to and from George Washington Lewis and between other family members, but also includes a few photographs of the Lewis family and the homes of \"Claymont\", \"Shellfield\" and \"Marmion\"; a plat of \"Claymont\"; newsclippings; notes on Lewis family history and genealogy; and a few financial and legal documents."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":99,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:45:03.863Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_965"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"I.T. Walton dental account book","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1638#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"James Arsenault and Co.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1638#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains an account book of a Virginia dentist, Dr. I.T. Walton, who worked in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, and Albemarle Counties. The book recorded services for white, enslaved, and free Black patients between 1857 and 1861. The account book documents procedures, tooth conditions, and overall health assessment of patients and includes prices for cleanings, toothache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs,\" resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\" Each entry records the name of the patient and, if different, the name of the person paying the bill. Most of the volume proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work on the same patient. Walton delineates race within his account book, with forty individuals referred to as either \"negro\" or \"negress\". Walton notes two Black patients as free, and the rest were evidently enslaved. No mention of the Civil War appears. A few entries note Walton's renting rooms- evidence of an itinerant practice- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857 to 1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1638#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1638.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196321","title_filing_ssi":"Walton, I. T. dental account book","title_ssm":["I.T. Walton dental account book"],"title_tesim":["I.T. Walton dental account book"],"unitdate_ssm":["1857-1861"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1857-1861"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16830","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1638"],"text":["MSS 16830","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1638","I.T. Walton dental account book","enslaved persons","Dentistry","The collection is open for research use.","Dr. I. T. Walton dental account book recording dental treatments of whites and African Americans both free and enslaved in 1857-1861 in Central and Southern Virginia. Most of the records pertain to his dental transactions during 1860 and 1861. They are particularly important for their inclusion of some 40 African American patients. Most of these people were evidently enslaved, and Walton's records are more attentive to the names of their owners -- or those financially responsible for them, though he usually records the first names of enslaved people. ","Two patients, however, are recorded as \"free\": \"Jim White free negro at Toneys,\" possibly P.F. Toney, who is known to have employed African American laborers in Buckingham County in the 1860s -- paid one dollar for \"Extracting tooth for self\" on March 16th, 1861. ","More notable is Walton's record for \"Candy Bartlett, free negress,\" who paid two dollars for \"1 gold plug\" on March 13th, 1861. She was the only African American in his accounts to receive anything other than an extraction, suggesting a reluctance on the part of the owners of enslaved people to pay for anything other than the most basic care.","Treatments and prices are listed for cleanings, tooth ache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs\", resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\" ","Each entry records the name of the patient, and if different, the name of the person paying the bill. For example, \"Thos. Price\" paid two dollars for \"1 God Plug for self,\" while \"Jack Watson\" paid $2.50 for \"1 gold plug for wife.\" ","Numerous entries record the patient's profession: \"John H. Harvey (Teacher at Richardsons)\" paid a total of five dollars for \"Extracting 3 teeth for self\" and \"killing nerve \u0026 feeling with cement,\" and \"Rev. Charles Chaplin\" received his filling at no charge, in exchange \"for preaching.\" ","The majority of the account book proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work done on the same patient. A few entries note Walton's having rented rooms -- evidence of an itinerant practice -- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857-1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.","This collection contains an account book of a Virginia dentist, Dr. I.T. Walton, who worked in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, and Albemarle Counties. The book recorded services for white, enslaved, and free Black patients between 1857 and 1861. The account book documents procedures, tooth conditions, and overall health assessment of patients and includes prices for cleanings, toothache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs,\" resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"  Each entry records the name of the patient and, if different, the name of the person paying the bill. Most of the volume proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work on the same patient. Walton delineates race within his account book, with forty individuals referred to as either \"negro\" or \"negress\". Walton notes two Black patients as free, and the rest were evidently enslaved. No mention of the Civil War appears. A few entries note Walton's renting rooms- evidence of an itinerant practice- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857 to 1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16830","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1638"],"normalized_title_ssm":["I.T. Walton dental account book"],"collection_title_tesim":["I.T. Walton dental account book"],"collection_ssim":["I.T. Walton dental account book"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T."],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Walton, I.T."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["Walton, I.T.","James Arsenault and Co."],"access_subjects_ssim":["enslaved persons","Dentistry"],"access_subjects_ssm":["enslaved persons","Dentistry"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"date_range_isim":[1857,1858,1859,1860,1861],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDr. I. T. Walton dental account book recording dental treatments of whites and African Americans both free and enslaved in 1857-1861 in Central and Southern Virginia. Most of the records pertain to his dental transactions during 1860 and 1861. They are particularly important for their inclusion of some 40 African American patients. Most of these people were evidently enslaved, and Walton's records are more attentive to the names of their owners -- or those financially responsible for them, though he usually records the first names of enslaved people. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTwo patients, however, are recorded as \"free\": \"Jim White free negro at Toneys,\" possibly P.F. Toney, who is known to have employed African American laborers in Buckingham County in the 1860s -- paid one dollar for \"Extracting tooth for self\" on March 16th, 1861. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMore notable is Walton's record for \"Candy Bartlett, free negress,\" who paid two dollars for \"1 gold plug\" on March 13th, 1861. She was the only African American in his accounts to receive anything other than an extraction, suggesting a reluctance on the part of the owners of enslaved people to pay for anything other than the most basic care.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTreatments and prices are listed for cleanings, tooth ache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs\", resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEach entry records the name of the patient, and if different, the name of the person paying the bill. For example, \"Thos. Price\" paid two dollars for \"1 God Plug for self,\" while \"Jack Watson\" paid $2.50 for \"1 gold plug for wife.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNumerous entries record the patient's profession: \"John H. Harvey (Teacher at Richardsons)\" paid a total of five dollars for \"Extracting 3 teeth for self\" and \"killing nerve \u0026amp; feeling with cement,\" and \"Rev. Charles Chaplin\" received his filling at no charge, in exchange \"for preaching.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the account book proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work done on the same patient. A few entries note Walton's having rented rooms -- evidence of an itinerant practice -- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857-1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Dr. I. T. Walton dental account book recording dental treatments of whites and African Americans both free and enslaved in 1857-1861 in Central and Southern Virginia. Most of the records pertain to his dental transactions during 1860 and 1861. They are particularly important for their inclusion of some 40 African American patients. Most of these people were evidently enslaved, and Walton's records are more attentive to the names of their owners -- or those financially responsible for them, though he usually records the first names of enslaved people. ","Two patients, however, are recorded as \"free\": \"Jim White free negro at Toneys,\" possibly P.F. Toney, who is known to have employed African American laborers in Buckingham County in the 1860s -- paid one dollar for \"Extracting tooth for self\" on March 16th, 1861. ","More notable is Walton's record for \"Candy Bartlett, free negress,\" who paid two dollars for \"1 gold plug\" on March 13th, 1861. She was the only African American in his accounts to receive anything other than an extraction, suggesting a reluctance on the part of the owners of enslaved people to pay for anything other than the most basic care.","Treatments and prices are listed for cleanings, tooth ache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs\", resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\" ","Each entry records the name of the patient, and if different, the name of the person paying the bill. For example, \"Thos. Price\" paid two dollars for \"1 God Plug for self,\" while \"Jack Watson\" paid $2.50 for \"1 gold plug for wife.\" ","Numerous entries record the patient's profession: \"John H. Harvey (Teacher at Richardsons)\" paid a total of five dollars for \"Extracting 3 teeth for self\" and \"killing nerve \u0026 feeling with cement,\" and \"Rev. Charles Chaplin\" received his filling at no charge, in exchange \"for preaching.\" ","The majority of the account book proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work done on the same patient. A few entries note Walton's having rented rooms -- evidence of an itinerant practice -- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857-1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16830, I. T. Walton dental account book, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16830, I. T. Walton dental account book, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains an account book of a Virginia dentist, Dr. I.T. Walton, who worked in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, and Albemarle Counties. The book recorded services for white, enslaved, and free Black patients between 1857 and 1861. The account book documents procedures, tooth conditions, and overall health assessment of patients and includes prices for cleanings, toothache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs,\" resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"  Each entry records the name of the patient and, if different, the name of the person paying the bill. Most of the volume proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work on the same patient. Walton delineates race within his account book, with forty individuals referred to as either \"negro\" or \"negress\". Walton notes two Black patients as free, and the rest were evidently enslaved. No mention of the Civil War appears. A few entries note Walton's renting rooms- evidence of an itinerant practice- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857 to 1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains an account book of a Virginia dentist, Dr. I.T. Walton, who worked in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, and Albemarle Counties. The book recorded services for white, enslaved, and free Black patients between 1857 and 1861. The account book documents procedures, tooth conditions, and overall health assessment of patients and includes prices for cleanings, toothache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs,\" resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"  Each entry records the name of the patient and, if different, the name of the person paying the bill. Most of the volume proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work on the same patient. Walton delineates race within his account book, with forty individuals referred to as either \"negro\" or \"negress\". Walton notes two Black patients as free, and the rest were evidently enslaved. No mention of the Civil War appears. A few entries note Walton's renting rooms- evidence of an itinerant practice- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857 to 1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries."],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"persname_ssim":["Walton, I.T."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:40:57.677Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1638","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1638.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196321","title_filing_ssi":"Walton, I. T. dental account book","title_ssm":["I.T. Walton dental account book"],"title_tesim":["I.T. Walton dental account book"],"unitdate_ssm":["1857-1861"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1857-1861"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16830","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1638"],"text":["MSS 16830","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1638","I.T. Walton dental account book","enslaved persons","Dentistry","The collection is open for research use.","Dr. I. T. Walton dental account book recording dental treatments of whites and African Americans both free and enslaved in 1857-1861 in Central and Southern Virginia. Most of the records pertain to his dental transactions during 1860 and 1861. They are particularly important for their inclusion of some 40 African American patients. Most of these people were evidently enslaved, and Walton's records are more attentive to the names of their owners -- or those financially responsible for them, though he usually records the first names of enslaved people. ","Two patients, however, are recorded as \"free\": \"Jim White free negro at Toneys,\" possibly P.F. Toney, who is known to have employed African American laborers in Buckingham County in the 1860s -- paid one dollar for \"Extracting tooth for self\" on March 16th, 1861. ","More notable is Walton's record for \"Candy Bartlett, free negress,\" who paid two dollars for \"1 gold plug\" on March 13th, 1861. She was the only African American in his accounts to receive anything other than an extraction, suggesting a reluctance on the part of the owners of enslaved people to pay for anything other than the most basic care.","Treatments and prices are listed for cleanings, tooth ache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs\", resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\" ","Each entry records the name of the patient, and if different, the name of the person paying the bill. For example, \"Thos. Price\" paid two dollars for \"1 God Plug for self,\" while \"Jack Watson\" paid $2.50 for \"1 gold plug for wife.\" ","Numerous entries record the patient's profession: \"John H. Harvey (Teacher at Richardsons)\" paid a total of five dollars for \"Extracting 3 teeth for self\" and \"killing nerve \u0026 feeling with cement,\" and \"Rev. Charles Chaplin\" received his filling at no charge, in exchange \"for preaching.\" ","The majority of the account book proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work done on the same patient. A few entries note Walton's having rented rooms -- evidence of an itinerant practice -- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857-1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.","This collection contains an account book of a Virginia dentist, Dr. I.T. Walton, who worked in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, and Albemarle Counties. The book recorded services for white, enslaved, and free Black patients between 1857 and 1861. The account book documents procedures, tooth conditions, and overall health assessment of patients and includes prices for cleanings, toothache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs,\" resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"  Each entry records the name of the patient and, if different, the name of the person paying the bill. Most of the volume proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work on the same patient. Walton delineates race within his account book, with forty individuals referred to as either \"negro\" or \"negress\". Walton notes two Black patients as free, and the rest were evidently enslaved. No mention of the Civil War appears. A few entries note Walton's renting rooms- evidence of an itinerant practice- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857 to 1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16830","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1638"],"normalized_title_ssm":["I.T. Walton dental account book"],"collection_title_tesim":["I.T. Walton dental account book"],"collection_ssim":["I.T. Walton dental account book"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T."],"creator_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Walton, I.T."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"creators_ssim":["Walton, I.T.","James Arsenault and Co."],"access_subjects_ssim":["enslaved persons","Dentistry"],"access_subjects_ssm":["enslaved persons","Dentistry"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"date_range_isim":[1857,1858,1859,1860,1861],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDr. I. T. Walton dental account book recording dental treatments of whites and African Americans both free and enslaved in 1857-1861 in Central and Southern Virginia. Most of the records pertain to his dental transactions during 1860 and 1861. They are particularly important for their inclusion of some 40 African American patients. Most of these people were evidently enslaved, and Walton's records are more attentive to the names of their owners -- or those financially responsible for them, though he usually records the first names of enslaved people. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTwo patients, however, are recorded as \"free\": \"Jim White free negro at Toneys,\" possibly P.F. Toney, who is known to have employed African American laborers in Buckingham County in the 1860s -- paid one dollar for \"Extracting tooth for self\" on March 16th, 1861. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMore notable is Walton's record for \"Candy Bartlett, free negress,\" who paid two dollars for \"1 gold plug\" on March 13th, 1861. She was the only African American in his accounts to receive anything other than an extraction, suggesting a reluctance on the part of the owners of enslaved people to pay for anything other than the most basic care.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTreatments and prices are listed for cleanings, tooth ache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs\", resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEach entry records the name of the patient, and if different, the name of the person paying the bill. For example, \"Thos. Price\" paid two dollars for \"1 God Plug for self,\" while \"Jack Watson\" paid $2.50 for \"1 gold plug for wife.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNumerous entries record the patient's profession: \"John H. Harvey (Teacher at Richardsons)\" paid a total of five dollars for \"Extracting 3 teeth for self\" and \"killing nerve \u0026amp; feeling with cement,\" and \"Rev. Charles Chaplin\" received his filling at no charge, in exchange \"for preaching.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the account book proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work done on the same patient. A few entries note Walton's having rented rooms -- evidence of an itinerant practice -- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857-1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Dr. I. T. Walton dental account book recording dental treatments of whites and African Americans both free and enslaved in 1857-1861 in Central and Southern Virginia. Most of the records pertain to his dental transactions during 1860 and 1861. They are particularly important for their inclusion of some 40 African American patients. Most of these people were evidently enslaved, and Walton's records are more attentive to the names of their owners -- or those financially responsible for them, though he usually records the first names of enslaved people. ","Two patients, however, are recorded as \"free\": \"Jim White free negro at Toneys,\" possibly P.F. Toney, who is known to have employed African American laborers in Buckingham County in the 1860s -- paid one dollar for \"Extracting tooth for self\" on March 16th, 1861. ","More notable is Walton's record for \"Candy Bartlett, free negress,\" who paid two dollars for \"1 gold plug\" on March 13th, 1861. She was the only African American in his accounts to receive anything other than an extraction, suggesting a reluctance on the part of the owners of enslaved people to pay for anything other than the most basic care.","Treatments and prices are listed for cleanings, tooth ache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs\", resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\" ","Each entry records the name of the patient, and if different, the name of the person paying the bill. For example, \"Thos. Price\" paid two dollars for \"1 God Plug for self,\" while \"Jack Watson\" paid $2.50 for \"1 gold plug for wife.\" ","Numerous entries record the patient's profession: \"John H. Harvey (Teacher at Richardsons)\" paid a total of five dollars for \"Extracting 3 teeth for self\" and \"killing nerve \u0026 feeling with cement,\" and \"Rev. Charles Chaplin\" received his filling at no charge, in exchange \"for preaching.\" ","The majority of the account book proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work done on the same patient. A few entries note Walton's having rented rooms -- evidence of an itinerant practice -- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857-1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16830, I. T. Walton dental account book, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16830, I. T. Walton dental account book, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains an account book of a Virginia dentist, Dr. I.T. Walton, who worked in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, and Albemarle Counties. The book recorded services for white, enslaved, and free Black patients between 1857 and 1861. The account book documents procedures, tooth conditions, and overall health assessment of patients and includes prices for cleanings, toothache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs,\" resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"  Each entry records the name of the patient and, if different, the name of the person paying the bill. Most of the volume proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work on the same patient. Walton delineates race within his account book, with forty individuals referred to as either \"negro\" or \"negress\". Walton notes two Black patients as free, and the rest were evidently enslaved. No mention of the Civil War appears. A few entries note Walton's renting rooms- evidence of an itinerant practice- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857 to 1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains an account book of a Virginia dentist, Dr. I.T. Walton, who worked in Appomattox, Prince Edward, Charlotte, Mecklenburg, and Albemarle Counties. The book recorded services for white, enslaved, and free Black patients between 1857 and 1861. The account book documents procedures, tooth conditions, and overall health assessment of patients and includes prices for cleanings, toothache drops, \"gold plugs,\" and various \"temporary\" and \"amalgam\" fillings, as well as for \"extracting\" teeth and \"fangs,\" resetting teeth, and occasionally \"killing nerve[s].\"  Each entry records the name of the patient and, if different, the name of the person paying the bill. Most of the volume proceeds chronologically, though Walton regularly returns to entries to record later work on the same patient. Walton delineates race within his account book, with forty individuals referred to as either \"negro\" or \"negress\". Walton notes two Black patients as free, and the rest were evidently enslaved. No mention of the Civil War appears. A few entries note Walton's renting rooms- evidence of an itinerant practice- while others, apparently from Key West, Florida, indicate that he spent some time there in the late 1850s. A few early pages contain dental account entries from 1857 through 1859, and some twenty pages at the end contain brief entries on Walton's personal and dental accounts from 1857 to 1861. A number of poems, some apparently authored by Walton, are interspersed between dental entries."],"names_coll_ssim":["James Arsenault and Co."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co.","Walton, I.T."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","James Arsenault and Co."],"persname_ssim":["Walton, I.T."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:40:57.677Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1638"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1787","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1787#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Kendal, John","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1787#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a two-page letter written by John Kendal, a partially freed Black man from Tortola, in the British Virgin Islands, to his former enslaver, Thomas Watters. Watters was a British trader from Kendal in Cumbria who worked in the West Indies. Also included is a transcription of the letter provided by the dealer. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1787#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1787","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1787","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1787","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1787","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1787.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/221440","title_filing_ssi":"Kendal, John, letter to enslaver Thomas Watters","title_ssm":["Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters"],"title_tesim":["Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters"],"unitdate_ssm":["September 8, 1816"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["September 8, 1816"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16902","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1787"],"text":["MSS 16902","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1787","Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters","Enslavers","Tortola (British Virgin Islands)","enslaved persons","This collection is open for research.","This collection contains a two-page letter written by John Kendal, a partially freed Black man from Tortola, in the British Virgin Islands, to his former enslaver, Thomas Watters. Watters was a British trader from Kendal in Cumbria who worked in the West Indies. Also included is a transcription of the letter provided by the dealer. ","Kendal writes to Watters so he may \"fulfil the favor that you promised\" and grant his full release from enslavement so he could receive payment for work and sue those who renege on contracts with him. ","The passing of the 1807 Act on the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the British Empire officially ended the trade in enslaved peoples between Africa, the West Indies, and America by Britain. However, it did not end slavery in the British Empire. Those enslaved remained enslaved unless they were given their freedom. This was the case for Kendal, who was freed at some point by Watters but could not receive protections under the law without the expressed release by Watters.  ","\nThe letter makes clear that the colonial merchants and seamen took advantage of the legal limbo and refused to pay wages to Kendal, knowing he would be unable to take advantage of any legal protection.","He shares two stories where he works and when he asks for his wages \"the first thing they told me, that I must Sue the Law for it Because they knew it was not in my Power to Sue the Law for it...\" Kendal expresses worry in the letter, reminding Watters that he has written several times and received no response. Kendal's desperate letter mentions his interest in caring for his family with a wage, stating that he has \"two children to maintain.\" ","He also shows a certain amount of closeness to Watters, asking him to send his regards to his wife and children and saying that he was sorry to hear that Watters had been ill. He also leaves Watters' instructions on how to contact him. ","The letter is important because it provides rare insight in to the life of a Black enslaved person on the cusp of freedom shortly after the passing of the British Slave Trade Act. Kendal's voice shows through the words of the letter allowing us to witness the appalling insecurity of the position of a former enslaved person who was forced to beg for the basic rights which the abolition of slavery had promised. (Maggs Bros. description)","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Kendal, John","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16902","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1787"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters"],"collection_title_tesim":["Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters"],"collection_ssim":["Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Enslavers","Tortola (British Virgin Islands)"],"geogname_ssim":["Enslavers","Tortola (British Virgin Islands)"],"creator_ssm":["Kendal, John"],"creator_ssim":["Kendal, John"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Kendal, John"],"creators_ssim":["Kendal, John"],"places_ssim":["Enslavers","Tortola (British Virgin Islands)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Maggs Bros. Ltd.,to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 24 April 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["enslaved persons"],"access_subjects_ssm":["enslaved persons"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"date_range_isim":[1816],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16902, Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16902, Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a two-page letter written by John Kendal, a partially freed Black man from Tortola, in the British Virgin Islands, to his former enslaver, Thomas Watters. Watters was a British trader from Kendal in Cumbria who worked in the West Indies. Also included is a transcription of the letter provided by the dealer. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eKendal writes to Watters so he may \"fulfil the favor that you promised\" and grant his full release from enslavement so he could receive payment for work and sue those who renege on contracts with him. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe passing of the 1807 Act on the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the British Empire officially ended the trade in enslaved peoples between Africa, the West Indies, and America by Britain. However, it did not end slavery in the British Empire. Those enslaved remained enslaved unless they were given their freedom. This was the case for Kendal, who was freed at some point by Watters but could not receive protections under the law without the expressed release by Watters.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe letter makes clear that the colonial merchants and seamen took advantage of the legal limbo and refused to pay wages to Kendal, knowing he would be unable to take advantage of any legal protection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe shares two stories where he works and when he asks for his wages \"the first thing they told me, that I must Sue the Law for it Because they knew it was not in my Power to Sue the Law for it...\" Kendal expresses worry in the letter, reminding Watters that he has written several times and received no response. Kendal's desperate letter mentions his interest in caring for his family with a wage, stating that he has \"two children to maintain.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe also shows a certain amount of closeness to Watters, asking him to send his regards to his wife and children and saying that he was sorry to hear that Watters had been ill. He also leaves Watters' instructions on how to contact him. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe letter is important because it provides rare insight in to the life of a Black enslaved person on the cusp of freedom shortly after the passing of the British Slave Trade Act. Kendal's voice shows through the words of the letter allowing us to witness the appalling insecurity of the position of a former enslaved person who was forced to beg for the basic rights which the abolition of slavery had promised. (Maggs Bros. description)\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a two-page letter written by John Kendal, a partially freed Black man from Tortola, in the British Virgin Islands, to his former enslaver, Thomas Watters. Watters was a British trader from Kendal in Cumbria who worked in the West Indies. Also included is a transcription of the letter provided by the dealer. ","Kendal writes to Watters so he may \"fulfil the favor that you promised\" and grant his full release from enslavement so he could receive payment for work and sue those who renege on contracts with him. ","The passing of the 1807 Act on the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the British Empire officially ended the trade in enslaved peoples between Africa, the West Indies, and America by Britain. However, it did not end slavery in the British Empire. Those enslaved remained enslaved unless they were given their freedom. This was the case for Kendal, who was freed at some point by Watters but could not receive protections under the law without the expressed release by Watters.  ","\nThe letter makes clear that the colonial merchants and seamen took advantage of the legal limbo and refused to pay wages to Kendal, knowing he would be unable to take advantage of any legal protection.","He shares two stories where he works and when he asks for his wages \"the first thing they told me, that I must Sue the Law for it Because they knew it was not in my Power to Sue the Law for it...\" Kendal expresses worry in the letter, reminding Watters that he has written several times and received no response. Kendal's desperate letter mentions his interest in caring for his family with a wage, stating that he has \"two children to maintain.\" ","He also shows a certain amount of closeness to Watters, asking him to send his regards to his wife and children and saying that he was sorry to hear that Watters had been ill. He also leaves Watters' instructions on how to contact him. ","The letter is important because it provides rare insight in to the life of a Black enslaved person on the cusp of freedom shortly after the passing of the British Slave Trade Act. Kendal's voice shows through the words of the letter allowing us to witness the appalling insecurity of the position of a former enslaved person who was forced to beg for the basic rights which the abolition of slavery had promised. (Maggs Bros. description)"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Kendal, John"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Kendal, John"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:47:40.503Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1787","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1787","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1787","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1787","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1787.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/221440","title_filing_ssi":"Kendal, John, letter to enslaver Thomas Watters","title_ssm":["Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters"],"title_tesim":["Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters"],"unitdate_ssm":["September 8, 1816"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["September 8, 1816"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16902","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1787"],"text":["MSS 16902","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1787","Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters","Enslavers","Tortola (British Virgin Islands)","enslaved persons","This collection is open for research.","This collection contains a two-page letter written by John Kendal, a partially freed Black man from Tortola, in the British Virgin Islands, to his former enslaver, Thomas Watters. Watters was a British trader from Kendal in Cumbria who worked in the West Indies. Also included is a transcription of the letter provided by the dealer. ","Kendal writes to Watters so he may \"fulfil the favor that you promised\" and grant his full release from enslavement so he could receive payment for work and sue those who renege on contracts with him. ","The passing of the 1807 Act on the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the British Empire officially ended the trade in enslaved peoples between Africa, the West Indies, and America by Britain. However, it did not end slavery in the British Empire. Those enslaved remained enslaved unless they were given their freedom. This was the case for Kendal, who was freed at some point by Watters but could not receive protections under the law without the expressed release by Watters.  ","\nThe letter makes clear that the colonial merchants and seamen took advantage of the legal limbo and refused to pay wages to Kendal, knowing he would be unable to take advantage of any legal protection.","He shares two stories where he works and when he asks for his wages \"the first thing they told me, that I must Sue the Law for it Because they knew it was not in my Power to Sue the Law for it...\" Kendal expresses worry in the letter, reminding Watters that he has written several times and received no response. Kendal's desperate letter mentions his interest in caring for his family with a wage, stating that he has \"two children to maintain.\" ","He also shows a certain amount of closeness to Watters, asking him to send his regards to his wife and children and saying that he was sorry to hear that Watters had been ill. He also leaves Watters' instructions on how to contact him. ","The letter is important because it provides rare insight in to the life of a Black enslaved person on the cusp of freedom shortly after the passing of the British Slave Trade Act. Kendal's voice shows through the words of the letter allowing us to witness the appalling insecurity of the position of a former enslaved person who was forced to beg for the basic rights which the abolition of slavery had promised. (Maggs Bros. description)","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Kendal, John","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16902","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1787"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters"],"collection_title_tesim":["Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters"],"collection_ssim":["Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Enslavers","Tortola (British Virgin Islands)"],"geogname_ssim":["Enslavers","Tortola (British Virgin Islands)"],"creator_ssm":["Kendal, John"],"creator_ssim":["Kendal, John"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Kendal, John"],"creators_ssim":["Kendal, John"],"places_ssim":["Enslavers","Tortola (British Virgin Islands)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a purchase from Maggs Bros. Ltd.,to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 24 April 2025."],"access_subjects_ssim":["enslaved persons"],"access_subjects_ssm":["enslaved persons"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.04 Cubic Feet One legal-sized file folder"],"date_range_isim":[1816],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16902, Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16902, Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a two-page letter written by John Kendal, a partially freed Black man from Tortola, in the British Virgin Islands, to his former enslaver, Thomas Watters. Watters was a British trader from Kendal in Cumbria who worked in the West Indies. Also included is a transcription of the letter provided by the dealer. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eKendal writes to Watters so he may \"fulfil the favor that you promised\" and grant his full release from enslavement so he could receive payment for work and sue those who renege on contracts with him. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe passing of the 1807 Act on the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the British Empire officially ended the trade in enslaved peoples between Africa, the West Indies, and America by Britain. However, it did not end slavery in the British Empire. Those enslaved remained enslaved unless they were given their freedom. This was the case for Kendal, who was freed at some point by Watters but could not receive protections under the law without the expressed release by Watters.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe letter makes clear that the colonial merchants and seamen took advantage of the legal limbo and refused to pay wages to Kendal, knowing he would be unable to take advantage of any legal protection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe shares two stories where he works and when he asks for his wages \"the first thing they told me, that I must Sue the Law for it Because they knew it was not in my Power to Sue the Law for it...\" Kendal expresses worry in the letter, reminding Watters that he has written several times and received no response. Kendal's desperate letter mentions his interest in caring for his family with a wage, stating that he has \"two children to maintain.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe also shows a certain amount of closeness to Watters, asking him to send his regards to his wife and children and saying that he was sorry to hear that Watters had been ill. He also leaves Watters' instructions on how to contact him. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe letter is important because it provides rare insight in to the life of a Black enslaved person on the cusp of freedom shortly after the passing of the British Slave Trade Act. Kendal's voice shows through the words of the letter allowing us to witness the appalling insecurity of the position of a former enslaved person who was forced to beg for the basic rights which the abolition of slavery had promised. (Maggs Bros. description)\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a two-page letter written by John Kendal, a partially freed Black man from Tortola, in the British Virgin Islands, to his former enslaver, Thomas Watters. Watters was a British trader from Kendal in Cumbria who worked in the West Indies. Also included is a transcription of the letter provided by the dealer. ","Kendal writes to Watters so he may \"fulfil the favor that you promised\" and grant his full release from enslavement so he could receive payment for work and sue those who renege on contracts with him. ","The passing of the 1807 Act on the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the British Empire officially ended the trade in enslaved peoples between Africa, the West Indies, and America by Britain. However, it did not end slavery in the British Empire. Those enslaved remained enslaved unless they were given their freedom. This was the case for Kendal, who was freed at some point by Watters but could not receive protections under the law without the expressed release by Watters.  ","\nThe letter makes clear that the colonial merchants and seamen took advantage of the legal limbo and refused to pay wages to Kendal, knowing he would be unable to take advantage of any legal protection.","He shares two stories where he works and when he asks for his wages \"the first thing they told me, that I must Sue the Law for it Because they knew it was not in my Power to Sue the Law for it...\" Kendal expresses worry in the letter, reminding Watters that he has written several times and received no response. Kendal's desperate letter mentions his interest in caring for his family with a wage, stating that he has \"two children to maintain.\" ","He also shows a certain amount of closeness to Watters, asking him to send his regards to his wife and children and saying that he was sorry to hear that Watters had been ill. He also leaves Watters' instructions on how to contact him. ","The letter is important because it provides rare insight in to the life of a Black enslaved person on the cusp of freedom shortly after the passing of the British Slave Trade Act. Kendal's voice shows through the words of the letter allowing us to witness the appalling insecurity of the position of a former enslaved person who was forced to beg for the basic rights which the abolition of slavery had promised. (Maggs Bros. description)"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Kendal, John"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Kendal, John"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:47:40.503Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1787"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1477","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1477#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains one photograph of Edmund Parker (1827-1898), formerly enslaved at Mount Vernon, standing guard at George Washington's Tomb circa 1890. In 1841, Parker was brought to Mount Vernon, at the age of fourteen, as one of the enslaved people owned by John Augustine Washington III. He married Susan, an enslaved woman Augustine had purchased in 1852, and the couple went on to have nineteen children, including two sets of twins. Parker fled from Mount Vernon during the Civil War, seeking refuge in Union-occupied Alexandria, Virginia. He later lived as a free man, followed by a stint in Pennsylvania, before settling back in Washington. In 1882, the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association hired him to serve as the watchman at Washington's tomb, and he served until shortly before his death in 1898.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1477#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1477","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1477","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1477","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1477","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1477.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/151442","title_filing_ssi":"Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb","title_ssm":["Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb"],"title_tesim":["Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb"],"unitdate_ssm":["1890"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1890"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16755","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1477"],"text":["MSS 16755","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1477","Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb","enslaved persons","The collection is open for research use.","Edmund Parker (1827-1898) was brought to Mount Vernon in 1841 at the age of 14, as one of the enslaved people owned by John Augustine Washington III. Parker recalled that enslavery had been \"mighty hard work. Had more put on me than I could perform...\" He married Susan, an enslaved woman who Augusting had purchased in 182, and the couple went on to have 19 children, including two sets of twins.","During the Civil War, Parker fled from Mount Vernon, seeking refuge in Union-occupied Alexandria, Virginia. He later lived as a free man, followed by a stint in Pennsylvania, before settling back in Washington. In 1882 he was hired by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association to serve as the watchman at Washington's Tomb, and served until shortly before his death in 1898.","This collection contains one photograph of Edmund Parker (1827-1898), formerly enslaved at Mount Vernon, standing guard at George Washington's Tomb circa 1890. In 1841, Parker was brought to Mount Vernon, at the age of fourteen, as one of the enslaved people owned by John Augustine Washington III. He married Susan, an enslaved woman Augustine had purchased in 1852, and the couple went on to have nineteen children, including two sets of twins. Parker fled from Mount Vernon during the Civil War, seeking refuge in Union-occupied Alexandria, Virginia. He later lived as a free man, followed by a stint in Pennsylvania, before settling back in Washington. In 1882, the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association hired him to serve as the watchman at Washington's tomb, and he served until shortly before his death in 1898.","It is an albumen photograph 61/2 by 4 1/2 mounted on thick card stock measuring 7 by 5. Edmund Parker is dressed in his customary blue uniform with a silver badge. It is an uncommon view of a much-photographed subject.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16755","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1477"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb"],"collection_title_tesim":["Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb"],"collection_ssim":["Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Between the Covers by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 10 January 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["enslaved persons"],"access_subjects_ssm":["enslaved persons"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"physfacet_tesim":["1 photograph"],"date_range_isim":[1890],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEdmund Parker (1827-1898) was brought to Mount Vernon in 1841 at the age of 14, as one of the enslaved people owned by John Augustine Washington III. Parker recalled that enslavery had been \"mighty hard work. Had more put on me than I could perform...\" He married Susan, an enslaved woman who Augusting had purchased in 182, and the couple went on to have 19 children, including two sets of twins.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring the Civil War, Parker fled from Mount Vernon, seeking refuge in Union-occupied Alexandria, Virginia. He later lived as a free man, followed by a stint in Pennsylvania, before settling back in Washington. In 1882 he was hired by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association to serve as the watchman at Washington's Tomb, and served until shortly before his death in 1898.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Edmund Parker (1827-1898) was brought to Mount Vernon in 1841 at the age of 14, as one of the enslaved people owned by John Augustine Washington III. Parker recalled that enslavery had been \"mighty hard work. Had more put on me than I could perform...\" He married Susan, an enslaved woman who Augusting had purchased in 182, and the couple went on to have 19 children, including two sets of twins.","During the Civil War, Parker fled from Mount Vernon, seeking refuge in Union-occupied Alexandria, Virginia. He later lived as a free man, followed by a stint in Pennsylvania, before settling back in Washington. In 1882 he was hired by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association to serve as the watchman at Washington's Tomb, and served until shortly before his death in 1898."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16755, Portrait of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16755, Portrait of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains one photograph of Edmund Parker (1827-1898), formerly enslaved at Mount Vernon, standing guard at George Washington's Tomb circa 1890. In 1841, Parker was brought to Mount Vernon, at the age of fourteen, as one of the enslaved people owned by John Augustine Washington III. He married Susan, an enslaved woman Augustine had purchased in 1852, and the couple went on to have nineteen children, including two sets of twins. Parker fled from Mount Vernon during the Civil War, seeking refuge in Union-occupied Alexandria, Virginia. He later lived as a free man, followed by a stint in Pennsylvania, before settling back in Washington. In 1882, the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association hired him to serve as the watchman at Washington's tomb, and he served until shortly before his death in 1898.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIt is an albumen photograph 61/2 by 4 1/2 mounted on thick card stock measuring 7 by 5. Edmund Parker is dressed in his customary blue uniform with a silver badge. It is an uncommon view of a much-photographed subject.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains one photograph of Edmund Parker (1827-1898), formerly enslaved at Mount Vernon, standing guard at George Washington's Tomb circa 1890. In 1841, Parker was brought to Mount Vernon, at the age of fourteen, as one of the enslaved people owned by John Augustine Washington III. He married Susan, an enslaved woman Augustine had purchased in 1852, and the couple went on to have nineteen children, including two sets of twins. Parker fled from Mount Vernon during the Civil War, seeking refuge in Union-occupied Alexandria, Virginia. He later lived as a free man, followed by a stint in Pennsylvania, before settling back in Washington. In 1882, the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association hired him to serve as the watchman at Washington's tomb, and he served until shortly before his death in 1898.","It is an albumen photograph 61/2 by 4 1/2 mounted on thick card stock measuring 7 by 5. Edmund Parker is dressed in his customary blue uniform with a silver badge. It is an uncommon view of a much-photographed subject."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898"],"persname_ssim":["Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:48:01.722Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1477","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1477","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1477","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1477","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1477.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/151442","title_filing_ssi":"Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb","title_ssm":["Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb"],"title_tesim":["Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb"],"unitdate_ssm":["1890"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1890"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16755","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1477"],"text":["MSS 16755","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1477","Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb","enslaved persons","The collection is open for research use.","Edmund Parker (1827-1898) was brought to Mount Vernon in 1841 at the age of 14, as one of the enslaved people owned by John Augustine Washington III. Parker recalled that enslavery had been \"mighty hard work. Had more put on me than I could perform...\" He married Susan, an enslaved woman who Augusting had purchased in 182, and the couple went on to have 19 children, including two sets of twins.","During the Civil War, Parker fled from Mount Vernon, seeking refuge in Union-occupied Alexandria, Virginia. He later lived as a free man, followed by a stint in Pennsylvania, before settling back in Washington. In 1882 he was hired by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association to serve as the watchman at Washington's Tomb, and served until shortly before his death in 1898.","This collection contains one photograph of Edmund Parker (1827-1898), formerly enslaved at Mount Vernon, standing guard at George Washington's Tomb circa 1890. In 1841, Parker was brought to Mount Vernon, at the age of fourteen, as one of the enslaved people owned by John Augustine Washington III. He married Susan, an enslaved woman Augustine had purchased in 1852, and the couple went on to have nineteen children, including two sets of twins. Parker fled from Mount Vernon during the Civil War, seeking refuge in Union-occupied Alexandria, Virginia. He later lived as a free man, followed by a stint in Pennsylvania, before settling back in Washington. In 1882, the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association hired him to serve as the watchman at Washington's tomb, and he served until shortly before his death in 1898.","It is an albumen photograph 61/2 by 4 1/2 mounted on thick card stock measuring 7 by 5. Edmund Parker is dressed in his customary blue uniform with a silver badge. It is an uncommon view of a much-photographed subject.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16755","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1477"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb"],"collection_title_tesim":["Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb"],"collection_ssim":["Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Between the Covers by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 10 January 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["enslaved persons"],"access_subjects_ssm":["enslaved persons"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"physfacet_tesim":["1 photograph"],"date_range_isim":[1890],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEdmund Parker (1827-1898) was brought to Mount Vernon in 1841 at the age of 14, as one of the enslaved people owned by John Augustine Washington III. Parker recalled that enslavery had been \"mighty hard work. Had more put on me than I could perform...\" He married Susan, an enslaved woman who Augusting had purchased in 182, and the couple went on to have 19 children, including two sets of twins.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring the Civil War, Parker fled from Mount Vernon, seeking refuge in Union-occupied Alexandria, Virginia. He later lived as a free man, followed by a stint in Pennsylvania, before settling back in Washington. In 1882 he was hired by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association to serve as the watchman at Washington's Tomb, and served until shortly before his death in 1898.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Edmund Parker (1827-1898) was brought to Mount Vernon in 1841 at the age of 14, as one of the enslaved people owned by John Augustine Washington III. Parker recalled that enslavery had been \"mighty hard work. Had more put on me than I could perform...\" He married Susan, an enslaved woman who Augusting had purchased in 182, and the couple went on to have 19 children, including two sets of twins.","During the Civil War, Parker fled from Mount Vernon, seeking refuge in Union-occupied Alexandria, Virginia. He later lived as a free man, followed by a stint in Pennsylvania, before settling back in Washington. In 1882 he was hired by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association to serve as the watchman at Washington's Tomb, and served until shortly before his death in 1898."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16755, Portrait of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16755, Portrait of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains one photograph of Edmund Parker (1827-1898), formerly enslaved at Mount Vernon, standing guard at George Washington's Tomb circa 1890. In 1841, Parker was brought to Mount Vernon, at the age of fourteen, as one of the enslaved people owned by John Augustine Washington III. He married Susan, an enslaved woman Augustine had purchased in 1852, and the couple went on to have nineteen children, including two sets of twins. Parker fled from Mount Vernon during the Civil War, seeking refuge in Union-occupied Alexandria, Virginia. He later lived as a free man, followed by a stint in Pennsylvania, before settling back in Washington. In 1882, the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association hired him to serve as the watchman at Washington's tomb, and he served until shortly before his death in 1898.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIt is an albumen photograph 61/2 by 4 1/2 mounted on thick card stock measuring 7 by 5. Edmund Parker is dressed in his customary blue uniform with a silver badge. It is an uncommon view of a much-photographed subject.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains one photograph of Edmund Parker (1827-1898), formerly enslaved at Mount Vernon, standing guard at George Washington's Tomb circa 1890. In 1841, Parker was brought to Mount Vernon, at the age of fourteen, as one of the enslaved people owned by John Augustine Washington III. He married Susan, an enslaved woman Augustine had purchased in 1852, and the couple went on to have nineteen children, including two sets of twins. Parker fled from Mount Vernon during the Civil War, seeking refuge in Union-occupied Alexandria, Virginia. He later lived as a free man, followed by a stint in Pennsylvania, before settling back in Washington. In 1882, the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association hired him to serve as the watchman at Washington's tomb, and he served until shortly before his death in 1898.","It is an albumen photograph 61/2 by 4 1/2 mounted on thick card stock measuring 7 by 5. Edmund Parker is dressed in his customary blue uniform with a silver badge. It is an uncommon view of a much-photographed subject."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898"],"persname_ssim":["Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:48:01.722Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1477"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","value":"University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept.","hits":11},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers","value":"Anna Maria Hickman Otis Mead Chalmers family papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Anna+Maria+Hickman+Otis+Mead+Chalmers+family+papers\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia","value":"Archibald McClean letter to Francis James supporting anti-slavery measures in Virginia","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Archibald+McClean+letter+to+Francis+James+supporting+anti-slavery+measures+in+Virginia\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste","value":"Bill of sale of Jean Baptiste","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Bill+of+sale+of+Jean+Baptiste\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Collection related to stallion Wicked William","value":"Collection related to stallion Wicked William","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Collection+related+to+stallion+Wicked+William\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person","value":"Dixon Evans letter to James Evans about Dixon's murder of an enslaved person","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Dixon+Evans+letter+to+James+Evans+about+Dixon%27s+murder+of+an+enslaved+person\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Garland family papers","value":"Garland family papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Garland+family+papers\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Washington Lewis papers","value":"George Washington Lewis papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=George+Washington+Lewis+papers\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"I.T. Walton dental account book","value":"I.T. Walton dental account book","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=I.T.+Walton+dental+account+book\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters","value":"Letter from John Kendal, to enslaver Thomas Watters","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Letter+from+John+Kendal%2C+to+enslaver+Thomas+Watters\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb","value":"Photograph of Edmund Parker Standing Guard at George Washington's Tomb","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Photograph+of+Edmund+Parker+Standing+Guard+at+George+Washington%27s+Tomb\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Virgil Maxwell Ward letters","value":"Virgil Maxwell Ward letters","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Virgil+Maxwell+Ward+letters\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/collection_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"date_range_isim","attributes":{"label":"Date range","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"1798","value":"1798","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1798\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1805","value":"1805","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1805\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1806","value":"1806","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1806\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1807","value":"1807","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1807\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1808","value":"1808","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1808\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1809","value":"1809","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1809\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1810","value":"1810","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1810\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1811","value":"1811","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1811\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1812","value":"1812","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1812\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1813","value":"1813","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1813\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1814","value":"1814","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1814\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/date_range_isim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"creator_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Creator","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"James Arsenault and Co.","value":"James Arsenault and Co.","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=James+Arsenault+and+Co.\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Kendal, John","value":"Kendal, John","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Kendal%2C+John\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC","value":"Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Kurt+A+Sanftleben%2C+LLC\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826","value":"Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Lartigue%2C+Arnaud+Andr%C3%A9+Robertjot+de+%2C+1740-1826\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879","value":"Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Lewis%2C+George+Washington%2C+1804-1879\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845","value":"McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=McClean%2C+Archibald%2C+1766-1845\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Walton, I.T.","value":"Walton, I.T.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Walton%2C+I.T.\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ward, Virgil Maxwell, 1827-1898","value":"Ward, Virgil Maxwell, 1827-1898","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Ward%2C+Virgil+Maxwell%2C+1827-1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/creator_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"names_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Names","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","value":"Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","hits":11},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Albert+and+Shirley+Small+Special+Collections+Library\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Baptiste, Jean","value":"Baptiste, Jean","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Baptiste%2C+Jean\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"James Arsenault and Co.","value":"James Arsenault and Co.","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=James+Arsenault+and+Co.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Kendal, John","value":"Kendal, John","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Kendal%2C+John\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC","value":"Kurt A Sanftleben, LLC","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Kurt+A+Sanftleben%2C+LLC\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826","value":"Lartigue, Arnaud André Robertjot de , 1740-1826","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Lartigue%2C+Arnaud+Andr%C3%A9+Robertjot+de+%2C+1740-1826\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879","value":"Lewis, George Washington, 1804-1879","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Lewis%2C+George+Washington%2C+1804-1879\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845","value":"McClean, Archibald, 1766-1845","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=McClean%2C+Archibald%2C+1766-1845\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898","value":"Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Parker%2C+Edmund%2C+1827-1898\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Walton, I.T.","value":"Walton, I.T.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Walton%2C+I.T.\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ward, Virgil Maxwell, 1827-1898","value":"Ward, Virgil Maxwell, 1827-1898","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Ward%2C+Virgil+Maxwell%2C+1827-1898\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/names_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"geogname_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Places","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Enslavers","value":"Enslavers","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Enslavers\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Haiti","value":"Haiti","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Haiti\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Haiti -- History -- Revolution --  1791-1804","value":"Haiti -- History -- Revolution --  1791-1804","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Haiti+--+History+--+Revolution+--++1791-1804\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Lewis family","value":"Lewis family","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Lewis+family\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Tortola (British Virgin Islands)","value":"Tortola (British Virgin Islands)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Tortola+%28British+Virgin+Islands%29\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","value":"United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=United+States+--+History+--+Civil+War%2C+1861-1865+--+Participation%2C+African+American\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives","value":"United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Personal narratives","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=United+States+--+History+--+Civil+War%2C+1861-1865+--+Personal+narratives\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"United States -- History -- War of 1812","value":"United States -- History -- War of 1812","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=United+States+--+History+--+War+of+1812\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"United States History Revolution, 1775-1783 Personal narratives","value":"United States History Revolution, 1775-1783 Personal narratives","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=United+States+History+Revolution%2C+1775-1783+Personal+narratives\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"University of Virginia -- History","value":"University of Virginia -- History","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia+--+History\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"women--education -- Virginia","value":"women--education -- Virginia","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=women--education+--+Virginia\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/geogname_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access_subjects_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Subjects","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Abolitionists","value":"Abolitionists","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Abolitionists\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adams, John, Quincy","value":"Adams, John, Quincy","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Adams%2C+John%2C+Quincy\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Dentistry","value":"Dentistry","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Dentistry\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Enslaved laborers","value":"Enslaved laborers","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Enslaved+laborers\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Horses","value":"Horses","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Horses\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Horses -- Breeding","value":"Horses -- Breeding","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Horses+--+Breeding\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Horses--Pedigrees","value":"Horses--Pedigrees","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Horses--Pedigrees\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Manuscripts (documents)","value":"Manuscripts (documents)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Manuscripts+%28documents%29\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Politics and government","value":"Politics and government","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Politics+and+government\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Slavery--United States -- Virginia","value":"Slavery--United States -- Virginia","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Slavery--United+States+--+Virginia\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Slavery--United States--History--19th Century","value":"Slavery--United States--History--19th Century","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Slavery--United+States--History--19th+Century\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access_subjects_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"level_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Level","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Collection","value":"Collection","hits":11},"links":{"remove":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/level_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access","attributes":{"label":"Access","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Online access","value":"online","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"all_fields","attributes":{"label":"All Fields"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=all_fields\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"keyword","attributes":{"label":"Keyword"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=keyword\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"name","attributes":{"label":"Name"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=name\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"place","attributes":{"label":"Place"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=place\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"subject","attributes":{"label":"Subject"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=subject\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"title","attributes":{"label":"Title"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=title\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"container","attributes":{"label":"Container"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=container\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"identifier","attributes":{"label":"Identifier"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026search_field=identifier\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"score desc, title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"relevance"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026sort=score+desc%2C+title_sort+asc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"date (ascending)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026sort=date_sort+asc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"date (descending)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026sort=date_sort+desc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"creator (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026sort=creator_sort+asc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"creator (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026sort=creator_sort+desc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"title (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026sort=title_sort+asc\u0026view=list"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"title (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=enslaved+persons\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026sort=title_sort+desc\u0026view=list"}}]}