{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=clippings+%28information+artifacts%29\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=clippings+%28information+artifacts%29\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=2\u0026view=list","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=clippings+%28information+artifacts%29\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=4\u0026view=list"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":4,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":33,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1807","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Albemarle Garden Club Records-Periwinkle Garden (addition 12)","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1807#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Albemarle Garden Club (Charlottesville, Va.)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1807#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis addition to MSS 5520, Albemarle Garden Club records (Periwinkle Cottage), contains one thumb drive with text description of the Garden Club of America's Garden History \u0026amp; Design Committee, 2016 (incl. planting lists, licenses, copies of articles, and possibly photos) and one folder labeled AGC Periwinkle Cottage 2017, Albemarle Garden Club Zone VII, Periwinkle garden Submission 2017. 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It's affiliated with both the Garden Club of Virginia (GCV) and the Garden Club of America (GCA). The club has a rich history, including its role in the founding of the GCV and its contributions to Historic Garden Week","Source:\nhistory of the albemarle garden club AI Google. 8/5/2025","https://www.albemarlegardenclub.com/content.aspx?page_id=22\u0026club_id=90329\u0026module_id=535804","Accession MSS 5520 through 5520-f and Addition 11. The records contain minutes, committee reports, president and treasurer reports, state and national club reports, yearbooks, handbooks, programs, state Board of Governors' meetings reports, a register, and material from the files of the club. Of interest are papers concerning a suit joined against the University of Virginia over \"Morea, \" a Charlottesville estate.\n \n In addition there are miscellaneous letters from Club members as well as histories of the Club written by Elizabeth B. Gamble and Mary Stuart Cocke Goodwin. The former contains many amusing anecdotes documenting the social life and customs of the members who were also among the socially and economically elite of Albemarle County.\n \n These earlier additions are described in the VIRGO catalog.","This addition to MSS 5520, Albemarle Garden Club records (Periwinkle Cottage), contains one thumb drive with text description of the Garden Club of America's Garden History \u0026 Design Committee, 2016 (incl. planting lists, licenses, copies of articles, and possibly photos) and one folder labeled AGC Periwinkle Cottage 2017, Albemarle Garden Club Zone VII, Periwinkle garden Submission 2017. 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Turner to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 13 June 2018."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Gardens","clippings (information artifacts)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Gardens","clippings (information artifacts)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 Folder",".175 Gigabytes 20 files: 7 bmp, 2 bup, 2 ifo, 1job, 4 vob, 1 db, 1pdf, 1 ppt, 1 doc"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 Folder",".175 Gigabytes 20 files: 7 bmp, 2 bup, 2 ifo, 1job, 4 vob, 1 db, 1pdf, 1 ppt, 1 doc"],"physfacet_tesim":["1 usb flash drive and 1 cd"],"genreform_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"date_range_isim":[2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.(Digital materials do have access restrictions)\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research.(Digital materials do have access restrictions)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Albemarle Garden Club, founded in 1913 in Charlottesville, Virginia, is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the knowledge and love of gardening, environmental conservation, and community beautification. It's affiliated with both the Garden Club of Virginia (GCV) and the Garden Club of America (GCA). The club has a rich history, including its role in the founding of the GCV and its contributions to Historic Garden Week\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSource:\nhistory of the albemarle garden club AI Google. 8/5/2025\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ehttps://www.albemarlegardenclub.com/content.aspx?page_id=22\u0026amp;club_id=90329\u0026amp;module_id=535804\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Albemarle Garden Club, founded in 1913 in Charlottesville, Virginia, is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the knowledge and love of gardening, environmental conservation, and community beautification. It's affiliated with both the Garden Club of Virginia (GCV) and the Garden Club of America (GCA). The club has a rich history, including its role in the founding of the GCV and its contributions to Historic Garden Week","Source:\nhistory of the albemarle garden club AI Google. 8/5/2025","https://www.albemarlegardenclub.com/content.aspx?page_id=22\u0026club_id=90329\u0026module_id=535804"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 5520, Albemarle Garden Club Records-Periwinkle Garden (Addition 12) Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 5520, Albemarle Garden Club Records-Periwinkle Garden (Addition 12) Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccession MSS 5520 through 5520-f and Addition 11. The records contain minutes, committee reports, president and treasurer reports, state and national club reports, yearbooks, handbooks, programs, state Board of Governors' meetings reports, a register, and material from the files of the club. Of interest are papers concerning a suit joined against the University of Virginia over \"Morea, \" a Charlottesville estate.\n \n In addition there are miscellaneous letters from Club members as well as histories of the Club written by Elizabeth B. Gamble and Mary Stuart Cocke Goodwin. The former contains many amusing anecdotes documenting the social life and customs of the members who were also among the socially and economically elite of Albemarle County.\n \n These earlier additions are described in the VIRGO catalog.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Accession MSS 5520 through 5520-f and Addition 11. The records contain minutes, committee reports, president and treasurer reports, state and national club reports, yearbooks, handbooks, programs, state Board of Governors' meetings reports, a register, and material from the files of the club. Of interest are papers concerning a suit joined against the University of Virginia over \"Morea, \" a Charlottesville estate.\n \n In addition there are miscellaneous letters from Club members as well as histories of the Club written by Elizabeth B. Gamble and Mary Stuart Cocke Goodwin. The former contains many amusing anecdotes documenting the social life and customs of the members who were also among the socially and economically elite of Albemarle County.\n \n These earlier additions are described in the VIRGO catalog."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis addition to MSS 5520, Albemarle Garden Club records (Periwinkle Cottage), contains one thumb drive with text description of the Garden Club of America's Garden History \u0026amp; Design Committee, 2016 (incl. planting lists, licenses, copies of articles, and possibly photos) and one folder labeled AGC Periwinkle Cottage 2017, Albemarle Garden Club Zone VII, Periwinkle garden Submission 2017. The folder contains miscellaneous papers and one disc labeled \"Smithsonian Archives of American Gardens: Periwinkle Cottage Garden,\" containing photos and captions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This addition to MSS 5520, Albemarle Garden Club records (Periwinkle Cottage), contains one thumb drive with text description of the Garden Club of America's Garden History \u0026 Design Committee, 2016 (incl. planting lists, licenses, copies of articles, and possibly photos) and one folder labeled AGC Periwinkle Cottage 2017, Albemarle Garden Club Zone VII, Periwinkle garden Submission 2017. 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It's affiliated with both the Garden Club of Virginia (GCV) and the Garden Club of America (GCA). The club has a rich history, including its role in the founding of the GCV and its contributions to Historic Garden Week","Source:\nhistory of the albemarle garden club AI Google. 8/5/2025","https://www.albemarlegardenclub.com/content.aspx?page_id=22\u0026club_id=90329\u0026module_id=535804","Accession MSS 5520 through 5520-f and Addition 11. The records contain minutes, committee reports, president and treasurer reports, state and national club reports, yearbooks, handbooks, programs, state Board of Governors' meetings reports, a register, and material from the files of the club. Of interest are papers concerning a suit joined against the University of Virginia over \"Morea, \" a Charlottesville estate.\n \n In addition there are miscellaneous letters from Club members as well as histories of the Club written by Elizabeth B. Gamble and Mary Stuart Cocke Goodwin. The former contains many amusing anecdotes documenting the social life and customs of the members who were also among the socially and economically elite of Albemarle County.\n \n These earlier additions are described in the VIRGO catalog.","This addition to MSS 5520, Albemarle Garden Club records (Periwinkle Cottage), contains one thumb drive with text description of the Garden Club of America's Garden History \u0026 Design Committee, 2016 (incl. planting lists, licenses, copies of articles, and possibly photos) and one folder labeled AGC Periwinkle Cottage 2017, Albemarle Garden Club Zone VII, Periwinkle garden Submission 2017. 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It's affiliated with both the Garden Club of Virginia (GCV) and the Garden Club of America (GCA). The club has a rich history, including its role in the founding of the GCV and its contributions to Historic Garden Week\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSource:\nhistory of the albemarle garden club AI Google. 8/5/2025\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ehttps://www.albemarlegardenclub.com/content.aspx?page_id=22\u0026amp;club_id=90329\u0026amp;module_id=535804\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Albemarle Garden Club, founded in 1913 in Charlottesville, Virginia, is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the knowledge and love of gardening, environmental conservation, and community beautification. It's affiliated with both the Garden Club of Virginia (GCV) and the Garden Club of America (GCA). The club has a rich history, including its role in the founding of the GCV and its contributions to Historic Garden Week","Source:\nhistory of the albemarle garden club AI Google. 8/5/2025","https://www.albemarlegardenclub.com/content.aspx?page_id=22\u0026club_id=90329\u0026module_id=535804"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 5520, Albemarle Garden Club Records-Periwinkle Garden (Addition 12) Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 5520, Albemarle Garden Club Records-Periwinkle Garden (Addition 12) Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccession MSS 5520 through 5520-f and Addition 11. The records contain minutes, committee reports, president and treasurer reports, state and national club reports, yearbooks, handbooks, programs, state Board of Governors' meetings reports, a register, and material from the files of the club. Of interest are papers concerning a suit joined against the University of Virginia over \"Morea, \" a Charlottesville estate.\n \n In addition there are miscellaneous letters from Club members as well as histories of the Club written by Elizabeth B. Gamble and Mary Stuart Cocke Goodwin. The former contains many amusing anecdotes documenting the social life and customs of the members who were also among the socially and economically elite of Albemarle County.\n \n These earlier additions are described in the VIRGO catalog.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Accession MSS 5520 through 5520-f and Addition 11. The records contain minutes, committee reports, president and treasurer reports, state and national club reports, yearbooks, handbooks, programs, state Board of Governors' meetings reports, a register, and material from the files of the club. Of interest are papers concerning a suit joined against the University of Virginia over \"Morea, \" a Charlottesville estate.\n \n In addition there are miscellaneous letters from Club members as well as histories of the Club written by Elizabeth B. Gamble and Mary Stuart Cocke Goodwin. The former contains many amusing anecdotes documenting the social life and customs of the members who were also among the socially and economically elite of Albemarle County.\n \n These earlier additions are described in the VIRGO catalog."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis addition to MSS 5520, Albemarle Garden Club records (Periwinkle Cottage), contains one thumb drive with text description of the Garden Club of America's Garden History \u0026amp; Design Committee, 2016 (incl. planting lists, licenses, copies of articles, and possibly photos) and one folder labeled AGC Periwinkle Cottage 2017, Albemarle Garden Club Zone VII, Periwinkle garden Submission 2017. The folder contains miscellaneous papers and one disc labeled \"Smithsonian Archives of American Gardens: Periwinkle Cottage Garden,\" containing photos and captions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This addition to MSS 5520, Albemarle Garden Club records (Periwinkle Cottage), contains one thumb drive with text description of the Garden Club of America's Garden History \u0026 Design Committee, 2016 (incl. planting lists, licenses, copies of articles, and possibly photos) and one folder labeled AGC Periwinkle Cottage 2017, Albemarle Garden Club Zone VII, Periwinkle garden Submission 2017. The folder contains miscellaneous papers and one disc labeled \"Smithsonian Archives of American Gardens: Periwinkle Cottage Garden,\" containing photos and captions."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Albemarle Garden Club (Charlottesville, Va.)"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Albemarle Garden Club (Charlottesville, Va.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:43:32.416Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1807"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1137#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eNewspaper clippings and photocopies regarding Anna Manahan who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia and purported to be Anastasia Nikolaevna, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1137#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1137.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/124871","title_filing_ssi":"Manahan, Anna, newspaper clippings and photocopies","title_ssm":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies"],"title_tesim":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies"],"unitdate_ssm":["1983-1984"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1983-1984"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16613","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1137"],"text":["MSS 16613","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1137","Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies","clippings (information artifacts)","Anna Anderson Manahan (16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by communist revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the location of her body was unknown until 2007.[2][3]","In 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity.[4] Later, she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained notoriety.[5]","Between 1922 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany and the United States with various supporters and in nursing homes and sanatoria, including at least one asylum. She emigrated to the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration of her visa she married history professor Jack Manahan. Upon her death in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon, Germany. ","After the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union, the locations of the bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina, and all five of their children were revealed. Multiple laboratories in different countries confirmed their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a lock of Anderson's hair and surviving medical samples of her tissue showed that her DNA did not match that of the Romanov remains or that of living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA matched that of Karl Maucher, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] Most scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case accept that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]","Sources:\nAnna Anderson Wikipedia retrieved 10/21/2021\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Anderson","Coble et al.; Godl (1998)\nCoble et al.; Rogaev et al.\nDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original on 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009\nKlier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police report, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89\nKlier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53\nTucker\nStoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174\nStoneking et al.\nCoble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p. 249; Sieff; Sykes, p. 75","Newspaper clippings and photocopies regarding Anna Manahan who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia and purported to be Anastasia Nikolaevna, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16613","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1137"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies"],"collection_title_tesim":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies"],"collection_ssim":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_subjects_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"date_range_isim":[1983,1984],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAnna Anderson Manahan (16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by communist revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the location of her body was unknown until 2007.[2][3]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity.[4] Later, she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained notoriety.[5]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBetween 1922 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany and the United States with various supporters and in nursing homes and sanatoria, including at least one asylum. She emigrated to the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration of her visa she married history professor Jack Manahan. Upon her death in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon, Germany. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union, the locations of the bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina, and all five of their children were revealed. Multiple laboratories in different countries confirmed their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a lock of Anderson's hair and surviving medical samples of her tissue showed that her DNA did not match that of the Romanov remains or that of living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA matched that of Karl Maucher, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] Most scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case accept that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\nAnna Anderson Wikipedia retrieved 10/21/2021\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Anderson\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCoble et al.; Godl (1998)\nCoble et al.; Rogaev et al.\nDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original on 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009\nKlier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police report, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89\nKlier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53\nTucker\nStoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174\nStoneking et al.\nCoble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p. 249; Sieff; Sykes, p. 75\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Anna Anderson Manahan (16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by communist revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the location of her body was unknown until 2007.[2][3]","In 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity.[4] Later, she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained notoriety.[5]","Between 1922 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany and the United States with various supporters and in nursing homes and sanatoria, including at least one asylum. She emigrated to the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration of her visa she married history professor Jack Manahan. Upon her death in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon, Germany. ","After the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union, the locations of the bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina, and all five of their children were revealed. Multiple laboratories in different countries confirmed their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a lock of Anderson's hair and surviving medical samples of her tissue showed that her DNA did not match that of the Romanov remains or that of living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA matched that of Karl Maucher, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] Most scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case accept that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]","Sources:\nAnna Anderson Wikipedia retrieved 10/21/2021\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Anderson","Coble et al.; Godl (1998)\nCoble et al.; Rogaev et al.\nDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original on 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009\nKlier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police report, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89\nKlier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53\nTucker\nStoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174\nStoneking et al.\nCoble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p. 249; Sieff; Sykes, p. 75"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNewspaper clippings and photocopies regarding Anna Manahan who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia and purported to be Anastasia Nikolaevna, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Newspaper clippings and photocopies regarding Anna Manahan who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia and purported to be Anastasia Nikolaevna, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:46:11.382Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1137.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/124871","title_filing_ssi":"Manahan, Anna, newspaper clippings and photocopies","title_ssm":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies"],"title_tesim":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies"],"unitdate_ssm":["1983-1984"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1983-1984"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16613","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1137"],"text":["MSS 16613","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1137","Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies","clippings (information artifacts)","Anna Anderson Manahan (16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by communist revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the location of her body was unknown until 2007.[2][3]","In 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity.[4] Later, she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained notoriety.[5]","Between 1922 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany and the United States with various supporters and in nursing homes and sanatoria, including at least one asylum. She emigrated to the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration of her visa she married history professor Jack Manahan. Upon her death in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon, Germany. ","After the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union, the locations of the bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina, and all five of their children were revealed. Multiple laboratories in different countries confirmed their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a lock of Anderson's hair and surviving medical samples of her tissue showed that her DNA did not match that of the Romanov remains or that of living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA matched that of Karl Maucher, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] Most scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case accept that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]","Sources:\nAnna Anderson Wikipedia retrieved 10/21/2021\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Anderson","Coble et al.; Godl (1998)\nCoble et al.; Rogaev et al.\nDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original on 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009\nKlier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police report, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89\nKlier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53\nTucker\nStoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174\nStoneking et al.\nCoble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p. 249; Sieff; Sykes, p. 75","Newspaper clippings and photocopies regarding Anna Manahan who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia and purported to be Anastasia Nikolaevna, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16613","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1137"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies"],"collection_title_tesim":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies"],"collection_ssim":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_subjects_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"date_range_isim":[1983,1984],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAnna Anderson Manahan (16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by communist revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the location of her body was unknown until 2007.[2][3]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity.[4] Later, she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained notoriety.[5]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBetween 1922 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany and the United States with various supporters and in nursing homes and sanatoria, including at least one asylum. She emigrated to the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration of her visa she married history professor Jack Manahan. Upon her death in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon, Germany. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union, the locations of the bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina, and all five of their children were revealed. Multiple laboratories in different countries confirmed their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a lock of Anderson's hair and surviving medical samples of her tissue showed that her DNA did not match that of the Romanov remains or that of living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA matched that of Karl Maucher, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] Most scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case accept that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\nAnna Anderson Wikipedia retrieved 10/21/2021\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Anderson\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCoble et al.; Godl (1998)\nCoble et al.; Rogaev et al.\nDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original on 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009\nKlier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police report, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89\nKlier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53\nTucker\nStoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174\nStoneking et al.\nCoble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p. 249; Sieff; Sykes, p. 75\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Anna Anderson Manahan (16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by communist revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the location of her body was unknown until 2007.[2][3]","In 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity.[4] Later, she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained notoriety.[5]","Between 1922 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany and the United States with various supporters and in nursing homes and sanatoria, including at least one asylum. She emigrated to the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration of her visa she married history professor Jack Manahan. Upon her death in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon, Germany. ","After the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union, the locations of the bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina, and all five of their children were revealed. Multiple laboratories in different countries confirmed their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a lock of Anderson's hair and surviving medical samples of her tissue showed that her DNA did not match that of the Romanov remains or that of living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA matched that of Karl Maucher, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] Most scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case accept that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]","Sources:\nAnna Anderson Wikipedia retrieved 10/21/2021\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Anderson","Coble et al.; Godl (1998)\nCoble et al.; Rogaev et al.\nDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original on 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009\nKlier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police report, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89\nKlier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53\nTucker\nStoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174\nStoneking et al.\nCoble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p. 249; Sieff; Sykes, p. 75"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNewspaper clippings and photocopies regarding Anna Manahan who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia and purported to be Anastasia Nikolaevna, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Newspaper clippings and photocopies regarding Anna Manahan who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia and purported to be Anastasia Nikolaevna, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:46:11.382Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1137"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_634","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Carl McFarland papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_634#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"McFarland, Carl, 1904-1979","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_634#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThese papers, which are almost entirely professional, have been arranged in groups corresponding to the stages of Carl McFarland's career. The earliest records originated during his tenure at the Department of Justice in the 1930's, and contain valuable information concerning the Wagner Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and other New Deal legislation. McFarland's work as chairman of the American Bar Association's committee on administrative law, which resulted in the 1946 passage of the Administrative Procedure Act, is fully documented, as is his brief term as chairman of the Civil Service Commission's Hearing Examiner Board. While there is little material documenting his term as president of the University of Montana, there are records of his activities on the Hoover Commission, the President's Conference on Administrative Law, and the Virginia Code Commission. McFarland's role as literary executor for former Attorney General Homer S. Cummings is documented in detail.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_634#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_634","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_634","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_634","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_634","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_634.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/118521","title_ssm":["Carl McFarland papers"],"title_tesim":["Carl McFarland papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1920 - 1980"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1920 - 1980"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.85.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/634"],"text":["MSS.85.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/634","Carl McFarland papers","Administrative procedure -- United States","Civil service","Law  -- Study and teaching","New Deal, 1933-1939","clippings (information artifacts)","photographs","Born in Seattle, Washington, in 1904, Carl McFarland received his B.A. (1928), his M.A. (1929), and his LL.B. (1930) from the University of Montana. In 1932 he earned an S.J.D. from Harvard Law School, and a year later his dissertation, Judicial Control of the Federal Trade Commission and Interstate Commerce Commission, was published. Returning to Montana in the fall of 1932, McFarland joined the law firm of Toomey and McFarland in Helena. Early in 1933, he accepted the Montana State Supreme Court's offer to act as Commissioner of the codification of the Montana statutes. He had barely begun this work when he left to join the Department of Justice in Washington. First employed as a special assistant anti-trust attorney, McFarland was later appointed assistant attorney general. In charge of the vast Lands Division, he was instrumental in drafting much New Deal legislation. Also during this period McFarland co-wrote  Federal Justice  with Attorney General Homer S. Cummings. He received the American Bar Association's first Ross Award in 1934.","By 1939, both men had left the Justice Department. McFarland joined Cummings in private practice at the latter's Washington firm of Cummings and Stanley (later called McFarland and Sellers). Beginning in 1940, McFarland was active in American Bar Association committees, chiefly the Legislation and Administrative Law Committee. In this capacity he was the principal draftsman of the Administrative Procedure Act, the federal statute which provides for the governing of more than one hundred governmental agencies, and which was voted into law in 1946 without a single dissent in either house. For his contributions to this legislative achievement, McFarland was awarded the American Bar Association's Gold Medallion. Following the passage of the bill, he served a brief term as Chairman of the Civil Service Commission's Hearing Examiner Board in 1948-1949. Leaving private practice in 1951, McFarland began an eight-year stint as president of the University of Montana. He joined the faculty of the University of Virginia Law School in 1959. His courses included Administrative Law and Legislation. An authority on legislative and administrative law, McFarland served on the Hoover Commission, the President's Conference on Administrative Procedure in 1954-1955, and the Virginia Code Commission. He was consultant to the Virginia Commission on Constitutional Revision, and chairman of the 1968 United States Public Land Law Revision Commission. He died in 1979.","These papers, which are almost entirely professional, have been arranged in groups corresponding to the stages of Carl McFarland's career. The earliest records originated during his tenure at the Department of Justice in the 1930's, and contain valuable information concerning the Wagner Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and other New Deal legislation. McFarland's work as chairman of the American Bar Association's committee on administrative law, which resulted in the 1946 passage of the Administrative Procedure Act, is fully documented, as is his brief term as chairman of the Civil Service Commission's Hearing Examiner Board. While there is little material documenting his term as president of the University of Montana, there are records of his activities on the Hoover Commission, the President's Conference on Administrative Law, and the Virginia Code Commission. McFarland's role as literary executor for former Attorney General Homer S. Cummings is documented in detail.","Later files include many drafts of a proposed casebook, Legislation and Administrative Law, as well as much teaching material, primarily notes and exams from courses taught at the University of Virginia. These files contain many folders of research notes and clippings related to his various professional interests. A list of published material found in the collection is enclosed in the control folder.","McFarland's correspondents include Griffin Bell, Raymond Bice, William J. Brennan, Mortimer Caplin, Tom Clark, Homer S. Cummings, Hardy Dillard, Northcutt Ely, Paul Freund, William Harbaugh, Frank Hereford, William Leuchtenberg, Miles Lord, Pat McCarran, Frank Murphy, Allan Nevins, Monrad Paulsen, Stanley Reed, Jack Ritchie, Franklin Roosevelt, Emerson Spies, Robert F. Wagner, Henry A. Wallace, and Sumner Welles.","McFarland's papers will be of interest to scholars of administrative and legislative law, as well as the New Deal era.","There are no restrictions on the use of the Carl McFarland papers.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. Department of Justice","McFarland, Carl, 1904-1979","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.85.3","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/634"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Carl McFarland papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Carl McFarland papers"],"collection_ssim":["Carl McFarland papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["McFarland, Carl, 1904-1979"],"creator_ssim":["McFarland, Carl, 1904-1979"],"creator_persname_ssim":["McFarland, Carl, 1904-1979"],"creators_ssim":["McFarland, Carl, 1904-1979"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the Law School by McFarland's wife, Patricia McFarland, on 1 February 1985. She deposited additional papers in 1989, 1990, 1999."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Administrative procedure -- United States","Civil service","Law  -- Study and teaching","New Deal, 1933-1939","clippings (information artifacts)","photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Administrative procedure -- United States","Civil service","Law  -- Study and teaching","New Deal, 1933-1939","clippings (information artifacts)","photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["16 Cubic Feet 28 archival boxes, plus photographs and some oversized materials."],"extent_tesim":["16 Cubic Feet 28 archival boxes, plus photographs and some oversized materials."],"genreform_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)","photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBorn in Seattle, Washington, in 1904, Carl McFarland received his B.A. (1928), his M.A. (1929), and his LL.B. (1930) from the University of Montana. In 1932 he earned an S.J.D. from Harvard Law School, and a year later his dissertation, Judicial Control of the Federal Trade Commission and Interstate Commerce Commission, was published. Returning to Montana in the fall of 1932, McFarland joined the law firm of Toomey and McFarland in Helena. Early in 1933, he accepted the Montana State Supreme Court's offer to act as Commissioner of the codification of the Montana statutes. He had barely begun this work when he left to join the Department of Justice in Washington. First employed as a special assistant anti-trust attorney, McFarland was later appointed assistant attorney general. In charge of the vast Lands Division, he was instrumental in drafting much New Deal legislation. Also during this period McFarland co-wrote \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eFederal Justice\u003c/emph\u003e with Attorney General Homer S. Cummings. He received the American Bar Association's first Ross Award in 1934.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBy 1939, both men had left the Justice Department. McFarland joined Cummings in private practice at the latter's Washington firm of Cummings and Stanley (later called McFarland and Sellers). Beginning in 1940, McFarland was active in American Bar Association committees, chiefly the Legislation and Administrative Law Committee. In this capacity he was the principal draftsman of the Administrative Procedure Act, the federal statute which provides for the governing of more than one hundred governmental agencies, and which was voted into law in 1946 without a single dissent in either house. For his contributions to this legislative achievement, McFarland was awarded the American Bar Association's Gold Medallion. Following the passage of the bill, he served a brief term as Chairman of the Civil Service Commission's Hearing Examiner Board in 1948-1949. Leaving private practice in 1951, McFarland began an eight-year stint as president of the University of Montana. He joined the faculty of the University of Virginia Law School in 1959. His courses included Administrative Law and Legislation. An authority on legislative and administrative law, McFarland served on the Hoover Commission, the President's Conference on Administrative Procedure in 1954-1955, and the Virginia Code Commission. He was consultant to the Virginia Commission on Constitutional Revision, and chairman of the 1968 United States Public Land Law Revision Commission. He died in 1979.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Born in Seattle, Washington, in 1904, Carl McFarland received his B.A. (1928), his M.A. (1929), and his LL.B. (1930) from the University of Montana. In 1932 he earned an S.J.D. from Harvard Law School, and a year later his dissertation, Judicial Control of the Federal Trade Commission and Interstate Commerce Commission, was published. Returning to Montana in the fall of 1932, McFarland joined the law firm of Toomey and McFarland in Helena. Early in 1933, he accepted the Montana State Supreme Court's offer to act as Commissioner of the codification of the Montana statutes. He had barely begun this work when he left to join the Department of Justice in Washington. First employed as a special assistant anti-trust attorney, McFarland was later appointed assistant attorney general. In charge of the vast Lands Division, he was instrumental in drafting much New Deal legislation. Also during this period McFarland co-wrote  Federal Justice  with Attorney General Homer S. Cummings. He received the American Bar Association's first Ross Award in 1934.","By 1939, both men had left the Justice Department. McFarland joined Cummings in private practice at the latter's Washington firm of Cummings and Stanley (later called McFarland and Sellers). Beginning in 1940, McFarland was active in American Bar Association committees, chiefly the Legislation and Administrative Law Committee. In this capacity he was the principal draftsman of the Administrative Procedure Act, the federal statute which provides for the governing of more than one hundred governmental agencies, and which was voted into law in 1946 without a single dissent in either house. For his contributions to this legislative achievement, McFarland was awarded the American Bar Association's Gold Medallion. Following the passage of the bill, he served a brief term as Chairman of the Civil Service Commission's Hearing Examiner Board in 1948-1949. Leaving private practice in 1951, McFarland began an eight-year stint as president of the University of Montana. He joined the faculty of the University of Virginia Law School in 1959. His courses included Administrative Law and Legislation. An authority on legislative and administrative law, McFarland served on the Hoover Commission, the President's Conference on Administrative Procedure in 1954-1955, and the Virginia Code Commission. He was consultant to the Virginia Commission on Constitutional Revision, and chairman of the 1968 United States Public Land Law Revision Commission. He died in 1979."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese papers, which are almost entirely professional, have been arranged in groups corresponding to the stages of Carl McFarland's career. The earliest records originated during his tenure at the Department of Justice in the 1930's, and contain valuable information concerning the Wagner Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and other New Deal legislation. McFarland's work as chairman of the American Bar Association's committee on administrative law, which resulted in the 1946 passage of the Administrative Procedure Act, is fully documented, as is his brief term as chairman of the Civil Service Commission's Hearing Examiner Board. While there is little material documenting his term as president of the University of Montana, there are records of his activities on the Hoover Commission, the President's Conference on Administrative Law, and the Virginia Code Commission. McFarland's role as literary executor for former Attorney General Homer S. Cummings is documented in detail.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLater files include many drafts of a proposed casebook, Legislation and Administrative Law, as well as much teaching material, primarily notes and exams from courses taught at the University of Virginia. These files contain many folders of research notes and clippings related to his various professional interests. A list of published material found in the collection is enclosed in the control folder.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMcFarland's correspondents include Griffin Bell, Raymond Bice, William J. Brennan, Mortimer Caplin, Tom Clark, Homer S. Cummings, Hardy Dillard, Northcutt Ely, Paul Freund, William Harbaugh, Frank Hereford, William Leuchtenberg, Miles Lord, Pat McCarran, Frank Murphy, Allan Nevins, Monrad Paulsen, Stanley Reed, Jack Ritchie, Franklin Roosevelt, Emerson Spies, Robert F. Wagner, Henry A. Wallace, and Sumner Welles.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMcFarland's papers will be of interest to scholars of administrative and legislative law, as well as the New Deal era.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on the use of the Carl McFarland papers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These papers, which are almost entirely professional, have been arranged in groups corresponding to the stages of Carl McFarland's career. The earliest records originated during his tenure at the Department of Justice in the 1930's, and contain valuable information concerning the Wagner Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and other New Deal legislation. McFarland's work as chairman of the American Bar Association's committee on administrative law, which resulted in the 1946 passage of the Administrative Procedure Act, is fully documented, as is his brief term as chairman of the Civil Service Commission's Hearing Examiner Board. While there is little material documenting his term as president of the University of Montana, there are records of his activities on the Hoover Commission, the President's Conference on Administrative Law, and the Virginia Code Commission. McFarland's role as literary executor for former Attorney General Homer S. Cummings is documented in detail.","Later files include many drafts of a proposed casebook, Legislation and Administrative Law, as well as much teaching material, primarily notes and exams from courses taught at the University of Virginia. These files contain many folders of research notes and clippings related to his various professional interests. A list of published material found in the collection is enclosed in the control folder.","McFarland's correspondents include Griffin Bell, Raymond Bice, William J. Brennan, Mortimer Caplin, Tom Clark, Homer S. Cummings, Hardy Dillard, Northcutt Ely, Paul Freund, William Harbaugh, Frank Hereford, William Leuchtenberg, Miles Lord, Pat McCarran, Frank Murphy, Allan Nevins, Monrad Paulsen, Stanley Reed, Jack Ritchie, Franklin Roosevelt, Emerson Spies, Robert F. Wagner, Henry A. Wallace, and Sumner Welles.","McFarland's papers will be of interest to scholars of administrative and legislative law, as well as the New Deal era.","There are no restrictions on the use of the Carl McFarland papers."],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Department of Justice","McFarland, Carl, 1904-1979"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. Department of Justice","McFarland, Carl, 1904-1979"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. 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(1930) from the University of Montana. In 1932 he earned an S.J.D. from Harvard Law School, and a year later his dissertation, Judicial Control of the Federal Trade Commission and Interstate Commerce Commission, was published. Returning to Montana in the fall of 1932, McFarland joined the law firm of Toomey and McFarland in Helena. Early in 1933, he accepted the Montana State Supreme Court's offer to act as Commissioner of the codification of the Montana statutes. He had barely begun this work when he left to join the Department of Justice in Washington. First employed as a special assistant anti-trust attorney, McFarland was later appointed assistant attorney general. In charge of the vast Lands Division, he was instrumental in drafting much New Deal legislation. Also during this period McFarland co-wrote  Federal Justice  with Attorney General Homer S. Cummings. He received the American Bar Association's first Ross Award in 1934.","By 1939, both men had left the Justice Department. McFarland joined Cummings in private practice at the latter's Washington firm of Cummings and Stanley (later called McFarland and Sellers). Beginning in 1940, McFarland was active in American Bar Association committees, chiefly the Legislation and Administrative Law Committee. In this capacity he was the principal draftsman of the Administrative Procedure Act, the federal statute which provides for the governing of more than one hundred governmental agencies, and which was voted into law in 1946 without a single dissent in either house. For his contributions to this legislative achievement, McFarland was awarded the American Bar Association's Gold Medallion. Following the passage of the bill, he served a brief term as Chairman of the Civil Service Commission's Hearing Examiner Board in 1948-1949. Leaving private practice in 1951, McFarland began an eight-year stint as president of the University of Montana. He joined the faculty of the University of Virginia Law School in 1959. His courses included Administrative Law and Legislation. An authority on legislative and administrative law, McFarland served on the Hoover Commission, the President's Conference on Administrative Procedure in 1954-1955, and the Virginia Code Commission. He was consultant to the Virginia Commission on Constitutional Revision, and chairman of the 1968 United States Public Land Law Revision Commission. He died in 1979.","These papers, which are almost entirely professional, have been arranged in groups corresponding to the stages of Carl McFarland's career. The earliest records originated during his tenure at the Department of Justice in the 1930's, and contain valuable information concerning the Wagner Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and other New Deal legislation. McFarland's work as chairman of the American Bar Association's committee on administrative law, which resulted in the 1946 passage of the Administrative Procedure Act, is fully documented, as is his brief term as chairman of the Civil Service Commission's Hearing Examiner Board. While there is little material documenting his term as president of the University of Montana, there are records of his activities on the Hoover Commission, the President's Conference on Administrative Law, and the Virginia Code Commission. McFarland's role as literary executor for former Attorney General Homer S. Cummings is documented in detail.","Later files include many drafts of a proposed casebook, Legislation and Administrative Law, as well as much teaching material, primarily notes and exams from courses taught at the University of Virginia. These files contain many folders of research notes and clippings related to his various professional interests. A list of published material found in the collection is enclosed in the control folder.","McFarland's correspondents include Griffin Bell, Raymond Bice, William J. Brennan, Mortimer Caplin, Tom Clark, Homer S. Cummings, Hardy Dillard, Northcutt Ely, Paul Freund, William Harbaugh, Frank Hereford, William Leuchtenberg, Miles Lord, Pat McCarran, Frank Murphy, Allan Nevins, Monrad Paulsen, Stanley Reed, Jack Ritchie, Franklin Roosevelt, Emerson Spies, Robert F. Wagner, Henry A. Wallace, and Sumner Welles.","McFarland's papers will be of interest to scholars of administrative and legislative law, as well as the New Deal era.","There are no restrictions on the use of the Carl McFarland papers.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. 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She deposited additional papers in 1989, 1990, 1999."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Administrative procedure -- United States","Civil service","Law  -- Study and teaching","New Deal, 1933-1939","clippings (information artifacts)","photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Administrative procedure -- United States","Civil service","Law  -- Study and teaching","New Deal, 1933-1939","clippings (information artifacts)","photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["16 Cubic Feet 28 archival boxes, plus photographs and some oversized materials."],"extent_tesim":["16 Cubic Feet 28 archival boxes, plus photographs and some oversized materials."],"genreform_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)","photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBorn in Seattle, Washington, in 1904, Carl McFarland received his B.A. (1928), his M.A. (1929), and his LL.B. (1930) from the University of Montana. In 1932 he earned an S.J.D. from Harvard Law School, and a year later his dissertation, Judicial Control of the Federal Trade Commission and Interstate Commerce Commission, was published. Returning to Montana in the fall of 1932, McFarland joined the law firm of Toomey and McFarland in Helena. Early in 1933, he accepted the Montana State Supreme Court's offer to act as Commissioner of the codification of the Montana statutes. He had barely begun this work when he left to join the Department of Justice in Washington. First employed as a special assistant anti-trust attorney, McFarland was later appointed assistant attorney general. In charge of the vast Lands Division, he was instrumental in drafting much New Deal legislation. Also during this period McFarland co-wrote \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eFederal Justice\u003c/emph\u003e with Attorney General Homer S. Cummings. He received the American Bar Association's first Ross Award in 1934.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBy 1939, both men had left the Justice Department. McFarland joined Cummings in private practice at the latter's Washington firm of Cummings and Stanley (later called McFarland and Sellers). Beginning in 1940, McFarland was active in American Bar Association committees, chiefly the Legislation and Administrative Law Committee. In this capacity he was the principal draftsman of the Administrative Procedure Act, the federal statute which provides for the governing of more than one hundred governmental agencies, and which was voted into law in 1946 without a single dissent in either house. For his contributions to this legislative achievement, McFarland was awarded the American Bar Association's Gold Medallion. Following the passage of the bill, he served a brief term as Chairman of the Civil Service Commission's Hearing Examiner Board in 1948-1949. Leaving private practice in 1951, McFarland began an eight-year stint as president of the University of Montana. He joined the faculty of the University of Virginia Law School in 1959. His courses included Administrative Law and Legislation. An authority on legislative and administrative law, McFarland served on the Hoover Commission, the President's Conference on Administrative Procedure in 1954-1955, and the Virginia Code Commission. He was consultant to the Virginia Commission on Constitutional Revision, and chairman of the 1968 United States Public Land Law Revision Commission. He died in 1979.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Born in Seattle, Washington, in 1904, Carl McFarland received his B.A. (1928), his M.A. (1929), and his LL.B. (1930) from the University of Montana. In 1932 he earned an S.J.D. from Harvard Law School, and a year later his dissertation, Judicial Control of the Federal Trade Commission and Interstate Commerce Commission, was published. Returning to Montana in the fall of 1932, McFarland joined the law firm of Toomey and McFarland in Helena. Early in 1933, he accepted the Montana State Supreme Court's offer to act as Commissioner of the codification of the Montana statutes. He had barely begun this work when he left to join the Department of Justice in Washington. First employed as a special assistant anti-trust attorney, McFarland was later appointed assistant attorney general. In charge of the vast Lands Division, he was instrumental in drafting much New Deal legislation. Also during this period McFarland co-wrote  Federal Justice  with Attorney General Homer S. Cummings. He received the American Bar Association's first Ross Award in 1934.","By 1939, both men had left the Justice Department. McFarland joined Cummings in private practice at the latter's Washington firm of Cummings and Stanley (later called McFarland and Sellers). Beginning in 1940, McFarland was active in American Bar Association committees, chiefly the Legislation and Administrative Law Committee. In this capacity he was the principal draftsman of the Administrative Procedure Act, the federal statute which provides for the governing of more than one hundred governmental agencies, and which was voted into law in 1946 without a single dissent in either house. For his contributions to this legislative achievement, McFarland was awarded the American Bar Association's Gold Medallion. Following the passage of the bill, he served a brief term as Chairman of the Civil Service Commission's Hearing Examiner Board in 1948-1949. Leaving private practice in 1951, McFarland began an eight-year stint as president of the University of Montana. He joined the faculty of the University of Virginia Law School in 1959. His courses included Administrative Law and Legislation. An authority on legislative and administrative law, McFarland served on the Hoover Commission, the President's Conference on Administrative Procedure in 1954-1955, and the Virginia Code Commission. He was consultant to the Virginia Commission on Constitutional Revision, and chairman of the 1968 United States Public Land Law Revision Commission. He died in 1979."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese papers, which are almost entirely professional, have been arranged in groups corresponding to the stages of Carl McFarland's career. The earliest records originated during his tenure at the Department of Justice in the 1930's, and contain valuable information concerning the Wagner Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and other New Deal legislation. McFarland's work as chairman of the American Bar Association's committee on administrative law, which resulted in the 1946 passage of the Administrative Procedure Act, is fully documented, as is his brief term as chairman of the Civil Service Commission's Hearing Examiner Board. While there is little material documenting his term as president of the University of Montana, there are records of his activities on the Hoover Commission, the President's Conference on Administrative Law, and the Virginia Code Commission. McFarland's role as literary executor for former Attorney General Homer S. Cummings is documented in detail.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLater files include many drafts of a proposed casebook, Legislation and Administrative Law, as well as much teaching material, primarily notes and exams from courses taught at the University of Virginia. These files contain many folders of research notes and clippings related to his various professional interests. A list of published material found in the collection is enclosed in the control folder.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMcFarland's correspondents include Griffin Bell, Raymond Bice, William J. Brennan, Mortimer Caplin, Tom Clark, Homer S. Cummings, Hardy Dillard, Northcutt Ely, Paul Freund, William Harbaugh, Frank Hereford, William Leuchtenberg, Miles Lord, Pat McCarran, Frank Murphy, Allan Nevins, Monrad Paulsen, Stanley Reed, Jack Ritchie, Franklin Roosevelt, Emerson Spies, Robert F. Wagner, Henry A. Wallace, and Sumner Welles.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMcFarland's papers will be of interest to scholars of administrative and legislative law, as well as the New Deal era.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on the use of the Carl McFarland papers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These papers, which are almost entirely professional, have been arranged in groups corresponding to the stages of Carl McFarland's career. The earliest records originated during his tenure at the Department of Justice in the 1930's, and contain valuable information concerning the Wagner Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and other New Deal legislation. McFarland's work as chairman of the American Bar Association's committee on administrative law, which resulted in the 1946 passage of the Administrative Procedure Act, is fully documented, as is his brief term as chairman of the Civil Service Commission's Hearing Examiner Board. While there is little material documenting his term as president of the University of Montana, there are records of his activities on the Hoover Commission, the President's Conference on Administrative Law, and the Virginia Code Commission. McFarland's role as literary executor for former Attorney General Homer S. Cummings is documented in detail.","Later files include many drafts of a proposed casebook, Legislation and Administrative Law, as well as much teaching material, primarily notes and exams from courses taught at the University of Virginia. These files contain many folders of research notes and clippings related to his various professional interests. A list of published material found in the collection is enclosed in the control folder.","McFarland's correspondents include Griffin Bell, Raymond Bice, William J. Brennan, Mortimer Caplin, Tom Clark, Homer S. Cummings, Hardy Dillard, Northcutt Ely, Paul Freund, William Harbaugh, Frank Hereford, William Leuchtenberg, Miles Lord, Pat McCarran, Frank Murphy, Allan Nevins, Monrad Paulsen, Stanley Reed, Jack Ritchie, Franklin Roosevelt, Emerson Spies, Robert F. Wagner, Henry A. Wallace, and Sumner Welles.","McFarland's papers will be of interest to scholars of administrative and legislative law, as well as the New Deal era.","There are no restrictions on the use of the Carl McFarland papers."],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Department of Justice","McFarland, Carl, 1904-1979"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. Department of Justice","McFarland, Carl, 1904-1979"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. 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He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026 Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","MSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library","Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"collection_title_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"collection_ssim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creator_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creators_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by the Chisholm Foundation (Lex Lindsay) to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssim":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.5 Cubic Feet 1 document box, 1 half-width document box, 1 flat box, and oversize folders"],"extent_tesim":["1.5 Cubic Feet 1 document box, 1 half-width document box, 1 flat box, and oversize folders"],"genreform_ssim":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026 Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16333 Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, Albert and Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16333 Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, Albert and Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["MSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":33,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:49:52.904Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026amp; Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e"],"collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_416.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/114086","title_filing_ssi":"Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner","title_ssm":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"title_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"unitdate_ssm":["1909-1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1909-1997"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416"],"text":["MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416","Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner","photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks","The collection is open for research use.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026 Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","MSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library","Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"collection_title_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"collection_ssim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creator_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creators_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by the Chisholm Foundation (Lex Lindsay) to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssim":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.5 Cubic Feet 1 document box, 1 half-width document box, 1 flat box, and oversize folders"],"extent_tesim":["1.5 Cubic Feet 1 document box, 1 half-width document box, 1 flat box, and oversize folders"],"genreform_ssim":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026 Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16333 Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, Albert and Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16333 Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, Albert and Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["MSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":33,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:49:52.904Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026amp; Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e"]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_416"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_659#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Lang Leback, Chloe","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_659#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCollection contains personal correspondence from Theresa Pollak to Tom Leback and Chloe Lang Leback, photos, fabric patches, collected news clippings about Theresa Pollak, and two copies of the book European Drawings by Theresa Pollak. Collection also includes one drawing of Chloe Lang by Theresa Pollak.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_659#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_659.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/659","title_filing_ssi":"Lang, Chloe and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection","title_ssm":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection"],"title_tesim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1962-2003","1974-2003"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1974-2003"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1962-2003"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 581","/repositories/5/resources/659"],"text":["M 581","/repositories/5/resources/659","Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection","Women painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs","The collection is open to research.","Letters are arranged chronologically. Collection folders are arranged alphabetically.","Theresa Pollak (1899-2002) was a Virginia artist and art educator who was instrumental in the founding of Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts. Born in Richmond, Virginia, Pollak was a nationally recognized painter whose art works have been exhibited in institutions such as the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Art in Boston, and the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D. C. More importantly, Pollak is credited with the introduction of modern art to Richmond.","Born August 13th, 1899, Pollak graduated from Westhampton College of the University of Richmond. In 1920 she was accepted at the Art Students League of New York, and with the support of Dr. Orie Latham Hatcher, who helped her get a tuition scholarship, she was able to continue her work at the League after graduating from Westhampton in 1921. During Pollak's stay in New York, one of her drawings was awarded the first prize at the Studio club of New York (1926). She continued her training with post-graduate work at the Fogg Museum of Harvard University, and later she studied at the Hans Hoffmann School of Painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts.","In 1928 Pollak became the first full time art teacher at Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), at that time a division of William and Mary College. Two years later she also helped start an art program at Westhampton College. In 1935 she began teaching full time at RPI and devoted much of her other time to her own work. A year after RPI merged in 1968 with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Pollak retired from the school. In 1971, the newly completed fine arts building on what is now the Monroe Park campus of VCU was named in her honor. Her forty-one year teaching career influenced generations of Virginia artists.","A noted Virginia artist with paintings in the permanent collections of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the University of Virginia, Mary Baldwin College, and in numerous private collections, Pollak's paintings are part of the Permanent Research Collection at Virginia Commonwealth University's Anderson Gallery. She died at the age of 103 on September 18th, 2002.","Theresa Pollak papers","\nChloe Lang and Tom Leback also donated artwork by Theresa Pollak, which is part of the VCU Libraries Anderson Gallery collection.\n","List of artwork by Theresa Pollak donated by Lang and Leback in the Anderson Gallery collection: Accession 2003.2.1  Untitled (Garden) (1979), pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2003.2.2 Capon Springs (1964) pastel drawing on paper  Accession 2012.1.1  Rehearsal II (1962) pencil drawing on paper  Accession 2012.1.2 Puilly, Switzerland (1962) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.3 Untitled (Flowers) (1973) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.4 Untitled (Girl) (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.5 Untitled (Flute Player) (1969) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.6 Fran with Baby Linda at Christmas (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper M 581 Untitled (Chloe Lang) (undated) pastel drawing on paper","Collection contains personal correspondence from Theresa Pollak to Tom Leback and Chloe Lang Leback, photos, fabric patches, collected news clippings about Theresa Pollak, and two copies of the book European Drawings by Theresa Pollak. Collection also includes one drawing of Chloe Lang by Theresa Pollak.","There are no restrictions.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty","Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence","English"],"unitid_tesim":["M 581","/repositories/5/resources/659"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection"],"collection_ssim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Leback, Tom"],"creator_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Leback, Tom"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Leback, Tom"],"creators_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Leback, Tom"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Chloe Lang Leback and Tom Leback, 2025-04-22."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.42 Linear Feet One letter document box."],"extent_tesim":["0.42 Linear Feet One letter document box."],"genreform_ssim":["Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLetters are arranged chronologically. Collection folders are arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Letters are arranged chronologically. Collection folders are arranged alphabetically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTheresa Pollak (1899-2002) was a Virginia artist and art educator who was instrumental in the founding of Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts. Born in Richmond, Virginia, Pollak was a nationally recognized painter whose art works have been exhibited in institutions such as the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Art in Boston, and the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D. C. More importantly, Pollak is credited with the introduction of modern art to Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBorn August 13th, 1899, Pollak graduated from Westhampton College of the University of Richmond. In 1920 she was accepted at the Art Students League of New York, and with the support of Dr. Orie Latham Hatcher, who helped her get a tuition scholarship, she was able to continue her work at the League after graduating from Westhampton in 1921. During Pollak's stay in New York, one of her drawings was awarded the first prize at the Studio club of New York (1926). She continued her training with post-graduate work at the Fogg Museum of Harvard University, and later she studied at the Hans Hoffmann School of Painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1928 Pollak became the first full time art teacher at Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), at that time a division of William and Mary College. Two years later she also helped start an art program at Westhampton College. In 1935 she began teaching full time at RPI and devoted much of her other time to her own work. A year after RPI merged in 1968 with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Pollak retired from the school. In 1971, the newly completed fine arts building on what is now the Monroe Park campus of VCU was named in her honor. Her forty-one year teaching career influenced generations of Virginia artists.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA noted Virginia artist with paintings in the permanent collections of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the University of Virginia, Mary Baldwin College, and in numerous private collections, Pollak's paintings are part of the Permanent Research Collection at Virginia Commonwealth University's Anderson Gallery. She died at the age of 103 on September 18th, 2002.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Theresa Pollak (1899-2002) was a Virginia artist and art educator who was instrumental in the founding of Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts. Born in Richmond, Virginia, Pollak was a nationally recognized painter whose art works have been exhibited in institutions such as the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Art in Boston, and the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D. C. More importantly, Pollak is credited with the introduction of modern art to Richmond.","Born August 13th, 1899, Pollak graduated from Westhampton College of the University of Richmond. In 1920 she was accepted at the Art Students League of New York, and with the support of Dr. Orie Latham Hatcher, who helped her get a tuition scholarship, she was able to continue her work at the League after graduating from Westhampton in 1921. During Pollak's stay in New York, one of her drawings was awarded the first prize at the Studio club of New York (1926). She continued her training with post-graduate work at the Fogg Museum of Harvard University, and later she studied at the Hans Hoffmann School of Painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts.","In 1928 Pollak became the first full time art teacher at Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), at that time a division of William and Mary College. Two years later she also helped start an art program at Westhampton College. In 1935 she began teaching full time at RPI and devoted much of her other time to her own work. A year after RPI merged in 1968 with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Pollak retired from the school. In 1971, the newly completed fine arts building on what is now the Monroe Park campus of VCU was named in her honor. Her forty-one year teaching career influenced generations of Virginia artists.","A noted Virginia artist with paintings in the permanent collections of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the University of Virginia, Mary Baldwin College, and in numerous private collections, Pollak's paintings are part of the Permanent Research Collection at Virginia Commonwealth University's Anderson Gallery. She died at the age of 103 on September 18th, 2002."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1974-2003, Collection # M 581, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1974-2003, Collection # M 581, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003ca href=\"https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/265\"\u003eTheresa Pollak papers\u003c/a\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nChloe Lang and Tom Leback also donated artwork by Theresa Pollak, which is part of the VCU Libraries Anderson Gallery collection.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"deflist\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eList of artwork by Theresa Pollak donated by Lang and Leback in the Anderson Gallery collection:\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2003.2.1 \u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Garden) (1979), pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2003.2.2\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eCapon Springs (1964) pastel drawing on paper \u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.1 \u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eRehearsal II (1962) pencil drawing on paper \u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.2\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003ePuilly, Switzerland (1962) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.3\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Flowers) (1973) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.4\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Girl) (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.5\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Flute Player) (1969) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.6\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eFran with Baby Linda at Christmas (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eM 581\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Chloe Lang) (undated) pastel drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Theresa Pollak papers","\nChloe Lang and Tom Leback also donated artwork by Theresa Pollak, which is part of the VCU Libraries Anderson Gallery collection.\n","List of artwork by Theresa Pollak donated by Lang and Leback in the Anderson Gallery collection: Accession 2003.2.1  Untitled (Garden) (1979), pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2003.2.2 Capon Springs (1964) pastel drawing on paper  Accession 2012.1.1  Rehearsal II (1962) pencil drawing on paper  Accession 2012.1.2 Puilly, Switzerland (1962) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.3 Untitled (Flowers) (1973) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.4 Untitled (Girl) (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.5 Untitled (Flute Player) (1969) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.6 Fran with Baby Linda at Christmas (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper M 581 Untitled (Chloe Lang) (undated) pastel drawing on paper"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection contains personal correspondence from Theresa Pollak to Tom Leback and Chloe Lang Leback, photos, fabric patches, collected news clippings about Theresa Pollak, and two copies of the book European Drawings by Theresa Pollak. Collection also includes one drawing of Chloe Lang by Theresa Pollak.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Collection contains personal correspondence from Theresa Pollak to Tom Leback and Chloe Lang Leback, photos, fabric patches, collected news clippings about Theresa Pollak, and two copies of the book European Drawings by Theresa Pollak. Collection also includes one drawing of Chloe Lang by Theresa Pollak."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"names_coll_ssim":["Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom"],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty","Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence"],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty"],"persname_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:13:03.818Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_659.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/659","title_filing_ssi":"Lang, Chloe and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection","title_ssm":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection"],"title_tesim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1962-2003","1974-2003"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1974-2003"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1962-2003"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 581","/repositories/5/resources/659"],"text":["M 581","/repositories/5/resources/659","Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection","Women painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs","The collection is open to research.","Letters are arranged chronologically. Collection folders are arranged alphabetically.","Theresa Pollak (1899-2002) was a Virginia artist and art educator who was instrumental in the founding of Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts. Born in Richmond, Virginia, Pollak was a nationally recognized painter whose art works have been exhibited in institutions such as the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Art in Boston, and the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D. C. More importantly, Pollak is credited with the introduction of modern art to Richmond.","Born August 13th, 1899, Pollak graduated from Westhampton College of the University of Richmond. In 1920 she was accepted at the Art Students League of New York, and with the support of Dr. Orie Latham Hatcher, who helped her get a tuition scholarship, she was able to continue her work at the League after graduating from Westhampton in 1921. During Pollak's stay in New York, one of her drawings was awarded the first prize at the Studio club of New York (1926). She continued her training with post-graduate work at the Fogg Museum of Harvard University, and later she studied at the Hans Hoffmann School of Painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts.","In 1928 Pollak became the first full time art teacher at Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), at that time a division of William and Mary College. Two years later she also helped start an art program at Westhampton College. In 1935 she began teaching full time at RPI and devoted much of her other time to her own work. A year after RPI merged in 1968 with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Pollak retired from the school. In 1971, the newly completed fine arts building on what is now the Monroe Park campus of VCU was named in her honor. Her forty-one year teaching career influenced generations of Virginia artists.","A noted Virginia artist with paintings in the permanent collections of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the University of Virginia, Mary Baldwin College, and in numerous private collections, Pollak's paintings are part of the Permanent Research Collection at Virginia Commonwealth University's Anderson Gallery. She died at the age of 103 on September 18th, 2002.","Theresa Pollak papers","\nChloe Lang and Tom Leback also donated artwork by Theresa Pollak, which is part of the VCU Libraries Anderson Gallery collection.\n","List of artwork by Theresa Pollak donated by Lang and Leback in the Anderson Gallery collection: Accession 2003.2.1  Untitled (Garden) (1979), pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2003.2.2 Capon Springs (1964) pastel drawing on paper  Accession 2012.1.1  Rehearsal II (1962) pencil drawing on paper  Accession 2012.1.2 Puilly, Switzerland (1962) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.3 Untitled (Flowers) (1973) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.4 Untitled (Girl) (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.5 Untitled (Flute Player) (1969) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.6 Fran with Baby Linda at Christmas (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper M 581 Untitled (Chloe Lang) (undated) pastel drawing on paper","Collection contains personal correspondence from Theresa Pollak to Tom Leback and Chloe Lang Leback, photos, fabric patches, collected news clippings about Theresa Pollak, and two copies of the book European Drawings by Theresa Pollak. Collection also includes one drawing of Chloe Lang by Theresa Pollak.","There are no restrictions.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty","Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence","English"],"unitid_tesim":["M 581","/repositories/5/resources/659"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection"],"collection_ssim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Leback, Tom"],"creator_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Leback, Tom"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Leback, Tom"],"creators_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Leback, Tom"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Chloe Lang Leback and Tom Leback, 2025-04-22."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.42 Linear Feet One letter document box."],"extent_tesim":["0.42 Linear Feet One letter document box."],"genreform_ssim":["Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLetters are arranged chronologically. Collection folders are arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Letters are arranged chronologically. Collection folders are arranged alphabetically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTheresa Pollak (1899-2002) was a Virginia artist and art educator who was instrumental in the founding of Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts. Born in Richmond, Virginia, Pollak was a nationally recognized painter whose art works have been exhibited in institutions such as the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Art in Boston, and the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D. C. More importantly, Pollak is credited with the introduction of modern art to Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBorn August 13th, 1899, Pollak graduated from Westhampton College of the University of Richmond. In 1920 she was accepted at the Art Students League of New York, and with the support of Dr. Orie Latham Hatcher, who helped her get a tuition scholarship, she was able to continue her work at the League after graduating from Westhampton in 1921. During Pollak's stay in New York, one of her drawings was awarded the first prize at the Studio club of New York (1926). She continued her training with post-graduate work at the Fogg Museum of Harvard University, and later she studied at the Hans Hoffmann School of Painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1928 Pollak became the first full time art teacher at Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), at that time a division of William and Mary College. Two years later she also helped start an art program at Westhampton College. In 1935 she began teaching full time at RPI and devoted much of her other time to her own work. A year after RPI merged in 1968 with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Pollak retired from the school. In 1971, the newly completed fine arts building on what is now the Monroe Park campus of VCU was named in her honor. Her forty-one year teaching career influenced generations of Virginia artists.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA noted Virginia artist with paintings in the permanent collections of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the University of Virginia, Mary Baldwin College, and in numerous private collections, Pollak's paintings are part of the Permanent Research Collection at Virginia Commonwealth University's Anderson Gallery. She died at the age of 103 on September 18th, 2002.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Theresa Pollak (1899-2002) was a Virginia artist and art educator who was instrumental in the founding of Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts. Born in Richmond, Virginia, Pollak was a nationally recognized painter whose art works have been exhibited in institutions such as the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Art in Boston, and the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D. C. More importantly, Pollak is credited with the introduction of modern art to Richmond.","Born August 13th, 1899, Pollak graduated from Westhampton College of the University of Richmond. In 1920 she was accepted at the Art Students League of New York, and with the support of Dr. Orie Latham Hatcher, who helped her get a tuition scholarship, she was able to continue her work at the League after graduating from Westhampton in 1921. During Pollak's stay in New York, one of her drawings was awarded the first prize at the Studio club of New York (1926). She continued her training with post-graduate work at the Fogg Museum of Harvard University, and later she studied at the Hans Hoffmann School of Painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts.","In 1928 Pollak became the first full time art teacher at Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), at that time a division of William and Mary College. Two years later she also helped start an art program at Westhampton College. In 1935 she began teaching full time at RPI and devoted much of her other time to her own work. A year after RPI merged in 1968 with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Pollak retired from the school. In 1971, the newly completed fine arts building on what is now the Monroe Park campus of VCU was named in her honor. Her forty-one year teaching career influenced generations of Virginia artists.","A noted Virginia artist with paintings in the permanent collections of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the University of Virginia, Mary Baldwin College, and in numerous private collections, Pollak's paintings are part of the Permanent Research Collection at Virginia Commonwealth University's Anderson Gallery. She died at the age of 103 on September 18th, 2002."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1974-2003, Collection # M 581, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1974-2003, Collection # M 581, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003ca href=\"https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/265\"\u003eTheresa Pollak papers\u003c/a\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nChloe Lang and Tom Leback also donated artwork by Theresa Pollak, which is part of the VCU Libraries Anderson Gallery collection.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"deflist\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eList of artwork by Theresa Pollak donated by Lang and Leback in the Anderson Gallery collection:\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2003.2.1 \u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Garden) (1979), pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2003.2.2\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eCapon Springs (1964) pastel drawing on paper \u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.1 \u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eRehearsal II (1962) pencil drawing on paper \u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.2\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003ePuilly, Switzerland (1962) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.3\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Flowers) (1973) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.4\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Girl) (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.5\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Flute Player) (1969) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.6\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eFran with Baby Linda at Christmas (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eM 581\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Chloe Lang) (undated) pastel drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Theresa Pollak papers","\nChloe Lang and Tom Leback also donated artwork by Theresa Pollak, which is part of the VCU Libraries Anderson Gallery collection.\n","List of artwork by Theresa Pollak donated by Lang and Leback in the Anderson Gallery collection: Accession 2003.2.1  Untitled (Garden) (1979), pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2003.2.2 Capon Springs (1964) pastel drawing on paper  Accession 2012.1.1  Rehearsal II (1962) pencil drawing on paper  Accession 2012.1.2 Puilly, Switzerland (1962) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.3 Untitled (Flowers) (1973) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.4 Untitled (Girl) (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.5 Untitled (Flute Player) (1969) pen and ink drawing on paper Accession 2012.1.6 Fran with Baby Linda at Christmas (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper M 581 Untitled (Chloe Lang) (undated) pastel drawing on paper"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection contains personal correspondence from Theresa Pollak to Tom Leback and Chloe Lang Leback, photos, fabric patches, collected news clippings about Theresa Pollak, and two copies of the book European Drawings by Theresa Pollak. Collection also includes one drawing of Chloe Lang by Theresa Pollak.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Collection contains personal correspondence from Theresa Pollak to Tom Leback and Chloe Lang Leback, photos, fabric patches, collected news clippings about Theresa Pollak, and two copies of the book European Drawings by Theresa Pollak. Collection also includes one drawing of Chloe Lang by Theresa Pollak."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"names_coll_ssim":["Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom"],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty","Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence"],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty"],"persname_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:13:03.818Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_659"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_909","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"DeWitt Clinton Gallaher scrapbook and diary transcript","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_909#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe DeWitt Clinton Gallaher scrapbook and diary transcript (1863-1925; 0.25 cubic feet) consists of a travel diary of New England and Europe (1869-1870), chronology of Civil War battles (October 1863- April 1865) and an album of newspaper clippings on general topics including the University of Virginia and Professor Basil Gildersleeve (1915-1925). The transcript of his travel diary contains vivid descriptions of his travels.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_909#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_909","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_909","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_909","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_909","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_909.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/809","title_filing_ssi":"Gallagher, DeWitt Clinton, scrapbook and diary transcript","title_ssm":["DeWitt Clinton Gallaher scrapbook and diary transcript"],"title_tesim":["DeWitt Clinton Gallaher scrapbook and diary transcript"],"unitdate_ssm":["1863-1925"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1863-1925"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 15598","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/909"],"text":["MSS 15598","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/909","DeWitt Clinton Gallaher scrapbook and diary transcript","diaries","Scrapbooks","clippings (information artifacts)","DeWitt Clinton Gallaher (1845-1926) of Jefferson County, Virginia (now West Virginia) and Waynesboro, Virginia served in the Army of Northern Virginia from October 1863 to April 1865 in the Company E, 1st Virginia Cavalry and on the staff of General J. E. B. Stuart, General Fitzhugh Lee, and General Thomas Rosser. He was also a student of Georgetown University, Washington and Lee University, Hampden-Sidney College, and the University of Virginia. He studied law in Berlin and was an attorney for more than half a century in Charleston, West Virginia.  For more information, see \"A Dairy Depicting the Experiences of DeWitt Cllinton Gallaher in the War Between the States While Serving in the Confederate Army\"","The DeWitt Clinton Gallaher scrapbook and diary transcript (1863-1925; 0.25 cubic feet) consists of a travel diary of New England and Europe (1869-1870), chronology of Civil War battles (October 1863- April 1865) and an album of newspaper clippings on general topics including the University of Virginia and Professor Basil Gildersleeve (1915-1925). 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E. B. Stuart, General Fitzhugh Lee, and General Thomas Rosser. He was also a student of Georgetown University, Washington and Lee University, Hampden-Sidney College, and the University of Virginia. He studied law in Berlin and was an attorney for more than half a century in Charleston, West Virginia.  For more information, see \"A Dairy Depicting the Experiences of DeWitt Cllinton Gallaher in the War Between the States While Serving in the Confederate Army\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["DeWitt Clinton Gallaher (1845-1926) of Jefferson County, Virginia (now West Virginia) and Waynesboro, Virginia served in the Army of Northern Virginia from October 1863 to April 1865 in the Company E, 1st Virginia Cavalry and on the staff of General J. E. B. Stuart, General Fitzhugh Lee, and General Thomas Rosser. He was also a student of Georgetown University, Washington and Lee University, Hampden-Sidney College, and the University of Virginia. 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Correspondence, Series 2. Federal Executive Institute, and Series 3. Newspaper columns, articles, lectures, and courses. However this collection is processed at level 1 and these materials can sometimes be found throughout the collection as that is how they came to us from the creator. This arrangement is in chronological order whenever possible.","Nuechterlein (1925-2022), originally from Saginaw, Michigan, the son of Edwin William and Laura Anna Nuechterlein. He earned his bachelor's master's and PhD degrees from the University of Michigan and served in World War II. He became an American diplomat and a professor of International Relations.His career continued as an analyst for the government as well as a University of Virginia adjunct professor, and international foreign relations analyst from the 1960's to the 1990's. He was also a writer and lived in Charlottesville, Virginia from 1968 to 2022. 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He had a regular political opinion column in The Daily Progress in Charlottesville and frequently wrote for other Virginia newspapers. He was also the author of a dozen books on the United States and world politics. Even though he retired in the 1990's, he was still writing until his death at age 97. ","He was an ensign in World War II stationed in Bremerhaven, Germany. He was an assistant reports officer in Berlin from 1946 to 1947. He was a research analyst for the U. S. Department of State from 1952 to 1954. He was stationed in Reykjavik, Iceland in 1954-1956. From 1957 to 1960 he worked for the State Department in Washington D.C. He was also a Cultural Attache at the U. S. Embassy in Bangkok, Thailand from 1960-1963 and a senior staff officer at the Department of Defense from 1964 to 1968. ","In 1968 he co- founded (with Frank Sherwood who was appointed by former president of the United States, Lyndon F. Johnson) the Federal Executive Institute, a center of advanced executive study for advanced government employees, on Emmet Street which is still in operation today. At the Institute, he taught top government officials from the CIA, State Department, and many similar national agency high level directors about foreign policy and leadership. He also led workshops on team building and facilitated support groups that showed empathy and understanding.  "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 10798, Donald Nuechterlein papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 10798, Donald Nuechterlein papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of papers originated from the career and personal life of Donald Nuechterlein (1925-2022), who was originally from Saginaw, Michigan, served in World War II and became an American diplomat and a professor of International Relations. He was a University of Virginia adjunct professor, and international foreign relations analyst from the 1960's to the 1990's. He lived in Charlottesville and wrote a regular political opinion column in the local paper, The Daily Progress. He frequently wrote for other Virginia newspapers and was the author of a dozen books on the United States and world politics. 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Bush, Sr., William Colby (CIA),Karl Rove, Alexander Haig (Nixon's administration), Warren Christopher, Henry Kissinger, John D. Erhlickman, Lawrence Eagleburger, Ben Bradlee (head of The Washington Post during Watergate), and many heads of State and well known (and secret) political operatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are also parts of his manuscript which was titled \"A Tale of Four Cities\" and was published as \"A Cold War Odyssey.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe papers give an inside look into the Federal Executive Institute and its 4 week sessions. There are also newspaper columns written by Donald Nuechterlein that are informative regarding the political history of the United States and its engagement on the world stage. This collection is an addition to the Donald Nuechterlein papers. Previous additions are mentioned under related materials. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of papers originated from the career and personal life of Donald Nuechterlein (1925-2022), who was originally from Saginaw, Michigan, served in World War II and became an American diplomat and a professor of International Relations. He was a University of Virginia adjunct professor, and international foreign relations analyst from the 1960's to the 1990's. He lived in Charlottesville and wrote a regular political opinion column in the local paper, The Daily Progress. He frequently wrote for other Virginia newspapers and was the author of a dozen books on the United States and world politics. Even though he retired in the 1990's, he was still writing until his death at age 97.","\nIn 1968 he co-founded (with Frank Sherwood who was appointed by former president of the United States, Lyndon F. Johnson) the Federal Executive Institute on Emmet Street which is still in operation today. At the Institute, he taught top government officials from the CIA, the State Department, and many similar national agency directors about foreign policy and leadership. He also led workshops on team building and facilitated support groups that showed empathy and understanding to its participants.  ","The collection is mostly correspondence and lectures of Donald Nuechterlein. (Lectures can be found in the correspondence and in a separate category). Included is correspondence from speakers, faculty, and attendees of the Federal Executive Institute including George H. Bush, Sr., William Colby (CIA),Karl Rove, Alexander Haig (Nixon's administration), Warren Christopher, Henry Kissinger, John D. Erhlickman, Lawrence Eagleburger, Ben Bradlee (head of The Washington Post during Watergate), and many heads of State and well known (and secret) political operatives.","There are also parts of his manuscript which was titled \"A Tale of Four Cities\" and was published as \"A Cold War Odyssey.\" ","The papers give an inside look into the Federal Executive Institute and its 4 week sessions. There are also newspaper columns written by Donald Nuechterlein that are informative regarding the political history of the United States and its engagement on the world stage. This collection is an addition to the Donald Nuechterlein papers. Previous additions are mentioned under related materials. "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere is restricted material (grades) due to FERPA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["There is restricted material (grades) due to FERPA."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":90,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:51:17.647Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1664","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1664","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1664","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1664","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1664.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196667","title_filing_ssi":"Nuechterlein, Donald, Additional Papers","title_ssm":["Donald Nuechterlein Additional Papers"],"title_tesim":["Donald Nuechterlein Additional Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1969-2019"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1969-2019"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 10798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1664"],"text":["MSS 10798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1664","Donald Nuechterlein Additional Papers","National Interest","Politics and government","letters (correspondence)","clippings (information artifacts)","The collection is open for research use except for restricted materials (grades) due to FERPA.","This addition 13 and 14 of Donald Nuechterlein papers is arranged into 3 Series: Series 1. Correspondence, Series 2. Federal Executive Institute, and Series 3. Newspaper columns, articles, lectures, and courses. However this collection is processed at level 1 and these materials can sometimes be found throughout the collection as that is how they came to us from the creator. This arrangement is in chronological order whenever possible.","Nuechterlein (1925-2022), originally from Saginaw, Michigan, the son of Edwin William and Laura Anna Nuechterlein. He earned his bachelor's master's and PhD degrees from the University of Michigan and served in World War II. He became an American diplomat and a professor of International Relations.His career continued as an analyst for the government as well as a University of Virginia adjunct professor, and international foreign relations analyst from the 1960's to the 1990's. He was also a writer and lived in Charlottesville, Virginia from 1968 to 2022. He had a regular political opinion column in The Daily Progress in Charlottesville and frequently wrote for other Virginia newspapers. He was also the author of a dozen books on the United States and world politics. Even though he retired in the 1990's, he was still writing until his death at age 97. ","He was an ensign in World War II stationed in Bremerhaven, Germany. He was an assistant reports officer in Berlin from 1946 to 1947. He was a research analyst for the U. S. Department of State from 1952 to 1954. He was stationed in Reykjavik, Iceland in 1954-1956. From 1957 to 1960 he worked for the State Department in Washington D.C. He was also a Cultural Attache at the U. S. Embassy in Bangkok, Thailand from 1960-1963 and a senior staff officer at the Department of Defense from 1964 to 1968. ","In 1968 he co- founded (with Frank Sherwood who was appointed by former president of the United States, Lyndon F. Johnson) the Federal Executive Institute, a center of advanced executive study for advanced government employees, on Emmet Street which is still in operation today. At the Institute, he taught top government officials from the CIA, State Department, and many similar national agency high level directors about foreign policy and leadership. He also led workshops on team building and facilitated support groups that showed empathy and understanding.  ","This collection of papers originated from the career and personal life of Donald Nuechterlein (1925-2022), who was originally from Saginaw, Michigan, served in World War II and became an American diplomat and a professor of International Relations. He was a University of Virginia adjunct professor, and international foreign relations analyst from the 1960's to the 1990's. He lived in Charlottesville and wrote a regular political opinion column in the local paper, The Daily Progress. He frequently wrote for other Virginia newspapers and was the author of a dozen books on the United States and world politics. Even though he retired in the 1990's, he was still writing until his death at age 97.","\nIn 1968 he co-founded (with Frank Sherwood who was appointed by former president of the United States, Lyndon F. Johnson) the Federal Executive Institute on Emmet Street which is still in operation today. At the Institute, he taught top government officials from the CIA, the State Department, and many similar national agency directors about foreign policy and leadership. He also led workshops on team building and facilitated support groups that showed empathy and understanding to its participants.  ","The collection is mostly correspondence and lectures of Donald Nuechterlein. (Lectures can be found in the correspondence and in a separate category). Included is correspondence from speakers, faculty, and attendees of the Federal Executive Institute including George H. Bush, Sr., William Colby (CIA),Karl Rove, Alexander Haig (Nixon's administration), Warren Christopher, Henry Kissinger, John D. Erhlickman, Lawrence Eagleburger, Ben Bradlee (head of The Washington Post during Watergate), and many heads of State and well known (and secret) political operatives.","There are also parts of his manuscript which was titled \"A Tale of Four Cities\" and was published as \"A Cold War Odyssey.\" ","The papers give an inside look into the Federal Executive Institute and its 4 week sessions. There are also newspaper columns written by Donald Nuechterlein that are informative regarding the political history of the United States and its engagement on the world stage. This collection is an addition to the Donald Nuechterlein papers. Previous additions are mentioned under related materials. ","There is restricted material (grades) due to FERPA.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 10798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1664"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Donald Nuechterlein Additional Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Donald Nuechterlein Additional Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Donald Nuechterlein Additional Papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["National Interest"],"geogname_ssim":["National Interest"],"places_ssim":["National Interest"],"access_terms_ssm":["There is restricted material (grades) due to FERPA."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Politics and government","letters (correspondence)","clippings (information artifacts)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Politics and government","letters (correspondence)","clippings (information artifacts)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4.5 Cubic Feet 10 document boxes"],"extent_tesim":["4.5 Cubic Feet 10 document boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","clippings (information artifacts)"],"date_range_isim":[1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use except for restricted materials (grades) due to FERPA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use except for restricted materials (grades) due to FERPA."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis addition 13 and 14 of Donald Nuechterlein papers is arranged into 3 Series: Series 1. 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This arrangement is in chronological order whenever possible."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNuechterlein (1925-2022), originally from Saginaw, Michigan, the son of Edwin William and Laura Anna Nuechterlein. He earned his bachelor's master's and PhD degrees from the University of Michigan and served in World War II. He became an American diplomat and a professor of International Relations.His career continued as an analyst for the government as well as a University of Virginia adjunct professor, and international foreign relations analyst from the 1960's to the 1990's. He was also a writer and lived in Charlottesville, Virginia from 1968 to 2022. He had a regular political opinion column in The Daily Progress in Charlottesville and frequently wrote for other Virginia newspapers. He was also the author of a dozen books on the United States and world politics. Even though he retired in the 1990's, he was still writing until his death at age 97. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe was an ensign in World War II stationed in Bremerhaven, Germany. He was an assistant reports officer in Berlin from 1946 to 1947. He was a research analyst for the U. S. Department of State from 1952 to 1954. He was stationed in Reykjavik, Iceland in 1954-1956. From 1957 to 1960 he worked for the State Department in Washington D.C. He was also a Cultural Attache at the U. S. Embassy in Bangkok, Thailand from 1960-1963 and a senior staff officer at the Department of Defense from 1964 to 1968. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1968 he co- founded (with Frank Sherwood who was appointed by former president of the United States, Lyndon F. Johnson) the Federal Executive Institute, a center of advanced executive study for advanced government employees, on Emmet Street which is still in operation today. At the Institute, he taught top government officials from the CIA, State Department, and many similar national agency high level directors about foreign policy and leadership. He also led workshops on team building and facilitated support groups that showed empathy and understanding.  \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Nuechterlein (1925-2022), originally from Saginaw, Michigan, the son of Edwin William and Laura Anna Nuechterlein. He earned his bachelor's master's and PhD degrees from the University of Michigan and served in World War II. He became an American diplomat and a professor of International Relations.His career continued as an analyst for the government as well as a University of Virginia adjunct professor, and international foreign relations analyst from the 1960's to the 1990's. He was also a writer and lived in Charlottesville, Virginia from 1968 to 2022. He had a regular political opinion column in The Daily Progress in Charlottesville and frequently wrote for other Virginia newspapers. He was also the author of a dozen books on the United States and world politics. Even though he retired in the 1990's, he was still writing until his death at age 97. ","He was an ensign in World War II stationed in Bremerhaven, Germany. He was an assistant reports officer in Berlin from 1946 to 1947. He was a research analyst for the U. S. Department of State from 1952 to 1954. He was stationed in Reykjavik, Iceland in 1954-1956. From 1957 to 1960 he worked for the State Department in Washington D.C. He was also a Cultural Attache at the U. S. Embassy in Bangkok, Thailand from 1960-1963 and a senior staff officer at the Department of Defense from 1964 to 1968. ","In 1968 he co- founded (with Frank Sherwood who was appointed by former president of the United States, Lyndon F. Johnson) the Federal Executive Institute, a center of advanced executive study for advanced government employees, on Emmet Street which is still in operation today. At the Institute, he taught top government officials from the CIA, State Department, and many similar national agency high level directors about foreign policy and leadership. He also led workshops on team building and facilitated support groups that showed empathy and understanding.  "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 10798, Donald Nuechterlein papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 10798, Donald Nuechterlein papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of papers originated from the career and personal life of Donald Nuechterlein (1925-2022), who was originally from Saginaw, Michigan, served in World War II and became an American diplomat and a professor of International Relations. He was a University of Virginia adjunct professor, and international foreign relations analyst from the 1960's to the 1990's. He lived in Charlottesville and wrote a regular political opinion column in the local paper, The Daily Progress. He frequently wrote for other Virginia newspapers and was the author of a dozen books on the United States and world politics. Even though he retired in the 1990's, he was still writing until his death at age 97.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1968 he co-founded (with Frank Sherwood who was appointed by former president of the United States, Lyndon F. Johnson) the Federal Executive Institute on Emmet Street which is still in operation today. At the Institute, he taught top government officials from the CIA, the State Department, and many similar national agency directors about foreign policy and leadership. He also led workshops on team building and facilitated support groups that showed empathy and understanding to its participants.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is mostly correspondence and lectures of Donald Nuechterlein. (Lectures can be found in the correspondence and in a separate category). Included is correspondence from speakers, faculty, and attendees of the Federal Executive Institute including George H. Bush, Sr., William Colby (CIA),Karl Rove, Alexander Haig (Nixon's administration), Warren Christopher, Henry Kissinger, John D. Erhlickman, Lawrence Eagleburger, Ben Bradlee (head of The Washington Post during Watergate), and many heads of State and well known (and secret) political operatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are also parts of his manuscript which was titled \"A Tale of Four Cities\" and was published as \"A Cold War Odyssey.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe papers give an inside look into the Federal Executive Institute and its 4 week sessions. There are also newspaper columns written by Donald Nuechterlein that are informative regarding the political history of the United States and its engagement on the world stage. This collection is an addition to the Donald Nuechterlein papers. Previous additions are mentioned under related materials. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of papers originated from the career and personal life of Donald Nuechterlein (1925-2022), who was originally from Saginaw, Michigan, served in World War II and became an American diplomat and a professor of International Relations. He was a University of Virginia adjunct professor, and international foreign relations analyst from the 1960's to the 1990's. He lived in Charlottesville and wrote a regular political opinion column in the local paper, The Daily Progress. He frequently wrote for other Virginia newspapers and was the author of a dozen books on the United States and world politics. Even though he retired in the 1990's, he was still writing until his death at age 97.","\nIn 1968 he co-founded (with Frank Sherwood who was appointed by former president of the United States, Lyndon F. Johnson) the Federal Executive Institute on Emmet Street which is still in operation today. At the Institute, he taught top government officials from the CIA, the State Department, and many similar national agency directors about foreign policy and leadership. He also led workshops on team building and facilitated support groups that showed empathy and understanding to its participants.  ","The collection is mostly correspondence and lectures of Donald Nuechterlein. (Lectures can be found in the correspondence and in a separate category). Included is correspondence from speakers, faculty, and attendees of the Federal Executive Institute including George H. Bush, Sr., William Colby (CIA),Karl Rove, Alexander Haig (Nixon's administration), Warren Christopher, Henry Kissinger, John D. Erhlickman, Lawrence Eagleburger, Ben Bradlee (head of The Washington Post during Watergate), and many heads of State and well known (and secret) political operatives.","There are also parts of his manuscript which was titled \"A Tale of Four Cities\" and was published as \"A Cold War Odyssey.\" ","The papers give an inside look into the Federal Executive Institute and its 4 week sessions. There are also newspaper columns written by Donald Nuechterlein that are informative regarding the political history of the United States and its engagement on the world stage. This collection is an addition to the Donald Nuechterlein papers. Previous additions are mentioned under related materials. "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere is restricted material (grades) due to FERPA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["There is restricted material (grades) due to FERPA."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":90,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:51:17.647Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1664"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1656","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Donald Nuechterlein papers","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1656#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1656","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1656","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1656","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1656","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1656.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196593","title_filing_ssi":"Nuechterlein Donald papers","title_ssm":["Donald Nuechterlein papers"],"title_tesim":["Donald Nuechterlein papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1974-2019"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1974-2019"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 10798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1656"],"text":["MSS 10798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1656","Donald Nuechterlein papers","letters (correspondence)","clippings (information artifacts)","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 10798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1656"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Donald Nuechterlein papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Donald Nuechterlein papers"],"collection_ssim":["Donald Nuechterlein papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_subjects_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","clippings (information artifacts)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["letters (correspondence)","clippings (information artifacts)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["7.5 Cubic Feet 15 legal size document boxes"],"extent_tesim":["7.5 Cubic Feet 15 legal size document boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","clippings (information artifacts)"],"date_range_isim":[1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:40:44.007Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1656","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1656","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1656","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1656","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1656.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/196593","title_filing_ssi":"Nuechterlein Donald papers","title_ssm":["Donald Nuechterlein papers"],"title_tesim":["Donald Nuechterlein papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1974-2019"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1974-2019"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 10798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1656"],"text":["MSS 10798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1656","Donald Nuechterlein papers","letters (correspondence)","clippings (information artifacts)","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 10798","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1656"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Donald Nuechterlein papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Donald Nuechterlein papers"],"collection_ssim":["Donald Nuechterlein papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_subjects_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","clippings (information artifacts)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["letters (correspondence)","clippings (information artifacts)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["7.5 Cubic Feet 15 legal size document boxes"],"extent_tesim":["7.5 Cubic Feet 15 legal size document boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["letters (correspondence)","clippings (information artifacts)"],"date_range_isim":[1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:40:44.007Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1656"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Edward O. McCue papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_673#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"McCue, Edward O., III, 1923-2011","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_673#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains copies of records compiled by Edward O. McCue to disclaim assertions made against General William Westmoreland on a CBS program aired on January 23, 1982.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_673#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_673.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/130981","title_ssm":["Edward O. McCue papers"],"title_tesim":["Edward O. McCue papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1967-1983"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1967-1983"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.88.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/673"],"text":["MSS.88.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/673","Edward O. McCue papers","Trials (Libel)","Vietnam War, 1961-1975","photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","\nMike Wallace interviewed Westmoreland for the CBS special The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception. The documentary, shown on January 23, 1982, and prepared largely by CBS producer George Crile III, alleged that Westmoreland and others had deliberately underestimated Viet Cong troop strength during 1967 in order to maintain US troop morale and domestic support for the war. Westmoreland filed a lawsuit against CBS.","In Westmoreland v. CBS, Westmoreland sued Wallace and CBS for libel, and a lengthy legal process began. After the trial was in progress, Westmoreland suddenly settled with CBS for an apology, no more than CBS had originally offered. Some contend that Judge Leval's instructions to the jury over what constituted \"actual malice\" to prove libel convinced Westmoreland's lawyers that he was certain to lose. Others point out that the settlement occurred after two of Westmoreland's former intelligence officers, Major General Joseph McChristian and Colonel Gains Hawkins, testified to the accuracy of the substantive allegations of the broadcast, which were that Westmoreland ordered changes in intelligence reports on Viet Cong troop strengths for political reasons. Disagreements persist about the appropriateness of some of the journalistic methods of Mike Wallace in particular.","A deposition by McChristian indicates that his organization developed improved intelligence on the number of irregular Viet Cong combatants shortly before he left Vietnam on a regularly scheduled rotation. The numbers troubled Westmoreland, who feared that the press would not understand them. 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