{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=clippings+%28information+artifacts%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1983\u0026view=compact","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=clippings+%28information+artifacts%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1983\u0026page=2\u0026view=compact","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=clippings+%28information+artifacts%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1983\u0026page=2\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":2,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":14,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies, 1983/1984","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1137#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eNewspaper clippings and photocopies regarding Anna Manahan who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia and purported to be Anastasia Nikolaevna, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1137#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1137.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/124871","title_filing_ssi":"Manahan, Anna, newspaper clippings and photocopies","title_ssm":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies"],"title_tesim":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies"],"unitdate_ssm":["1983-1984"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1983-1984"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1983/1984"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies, 1983/1984"],"text":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies, 1983/1984","MSS 16613","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1137","clippings (information artifacts)","Anna Anderson Manahan (16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by communist revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the location of her body was unknown until 2007.[2][3]","In 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity.[4] Later, she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained notoriety.[5]","Between 1922 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany and the United States with various supporters and in nursing homes and sanatoria, including at least one asylum. She emigrated to the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration of her visa she married history professor Jack Manahan. Upon her death in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon, Germany.","After the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union, the locations of the bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina, and all five of their children were revealed. Multiple laboratories in different countries confirmed their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a lock of Anderson's hair and surviving medical samples of her tissue showed that her DNA did not match that of the Romanov remains or that of living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA matched that of Karl Maucher, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] Most scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case accept that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]","Sources:\nAnna Anderson Wikipedia retrieved 10/21/2021\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Anderson","Coble et al.; Godl (1998)\nCoble et al.; Rogaev et al.\nDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original on 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009\nKlier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police report, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89\nKlier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53\nTucker\nStoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174\nStoneking et al.\nCoble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p. 249; Sieff; Sykes, p. 75","Newspaper clippings and photocopies regarding Anna Manahan who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia and purported to be Anastasia Nikolaevna, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies, 1983/1984"],"collection_ssim":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies, 1983/1984"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16613","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1137"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16613","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1137"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"access_subjects_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"date_range_isim":[1983,1984],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAnna Anderson Manahan (16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by communist revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the location of her body was unknown until 2007.[2][3]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity.[4] Later, she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained notoriety.[5]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBetween 1922 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany and the United States with various supporters and in nursing homes and sanatoria, including at least one asylum. She emigrated to the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration of her visa she married history professor Jack Manahan. Upon her death in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon, Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union, the locations of the bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina, and all five of their children were revealed. Multiple laboratories in different countries confirmed their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a lock of Anderson's hair and surviving medical samples of her tissue showed that her DNA did not match that of the Romanov remains or that of living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA matched that of Karl Maucher, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] Most scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case accept that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSources:\nAnna Anderson Wikipedia retrieved 10/21/2021\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Anderson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCoble et al.; Godl (1998)\nCoble et al.; Rogaev et al.\nDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original on 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009\nKlier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police report, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89\nKlier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53\nTucker\nStoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174\nStoneking et al.\nCoble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p. 249; Sieff; Sykes, p. 75\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Anna Anderson Manahan (16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by communist revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the location of her body was unknown until 2007.[2][3]","In 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity.[4] Later, she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained notoriety.[5]","Between 1922 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany and the United States with various supporters and in nursing homes and sanatoria, including at least one asylum. She emigrated to the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration of her visa she married history professor Jack Manahan. Upon her death in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon, Germany.","After the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union, the locations of the bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina, and all five of their children were revealed. Multiple laboratories in different countries confirmed their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a lock of Anderson's hair and surviving medical samples of her tissue showed that her DNA did not match that of the Romanov remains or that of living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA matched that of Karl Maucher, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] Most scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case accept that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]","Sources:\nAnna Anderson Wikipedia retrieved 10/21/2021\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Anderson","Coble et al.; Godl (1998)\nCoble et al.; Rogaev et al.\nDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original on 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009\nKlier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police report, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89\nKlier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53\nTucker\nStoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174\nStoneking et al.\nCoble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p. 249; Sieff; Sykes, p. 75"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNewspaper clippings and photocopies regarding Anna Manahan who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia and purported to be Anastasia Nikolaevna, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Newspaper clippings and photocopies regarding Anna Manahan who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia and purported to be Anastasia Nikolaevna, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:24.943Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1137","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1137.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/124871","title_filing_ssi":"Manahan, Anna, newspaper clippings and photocopies","title_ssm":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies"],"title_tesim":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies"],"unitdate_ssm":["1983-1984"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1983-1984"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1983/1984"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies, 1983/1984"],"text":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies, 1983/1984","MSS 16613","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1137","clippings (information artifacts)","Anna Anderson Manahan (16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by communist revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the location of her body was unknown until 2007.[2][3]","In 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity.[4] Later, she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained notoriety.[5]","Between 1922 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany and the United States with various supporters and in nursing homes and sanatoria, including at least one asylum. She emigrated to the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration of her visa she married history professor Jack Manahan. Upon her death in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon, Germany.","After the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union, the locations of the bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina, and all five of their children were revealed. Multiple laboratories in different countries confirmed their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a lock of Anderson's hair and surviving medical samples of her tissue showed that her DNA did not match that of the Romanov remains or that of living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA matched that of Karl Maucher, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] Most scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case accept that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]","Sources:\nAnna Anderson Wikipedia retrieved 10/21/2021\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Anderson","Coble et al.; Godl (1998)\nCoble et al.; Rogaev et al.\nDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original on 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009\nKlier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police report, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89\nKlier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53\nTucker\nStoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174\nStoneking et al.\nCoble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p. 249; Sieff; Sykes, p. 75","Newspaper clippings and photocopies regarding Anna Manahan who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia and purported to be Anastasia Nikolaevna, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies, 1983/1984"],"collection_ssim":["Anna Manahan newspaper clippings and photocopies, 1983/1984"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16613","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1137"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16613","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1137"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"access_subjects_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"genreform_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"date_range_isim":[1983,1984],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAnna Anderson Manahan (16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by communist revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the location of her body was unknown until 2007.[2][3]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity.[4] Later, she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained notoriety.[5]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBetween 1922 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany and the United States with various supporters and in nursing homes and sanatoria, including at least one asylum. She emigrated to the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration of her visa she married history professor Jack Manahan. Upon her death in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon, Germany. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union, the locations of the bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina, and all five of their children were revealed. Multiple laboratories in different countries confirmed their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a lock of Anderson's hair and surviving medical samples of her tissue showed that her DNA did not match that of the Romanov remains or that of living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA matched that of Karl Maucher, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] Most scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case accept that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSources:\nAnna Anderson Wikipedia retrieved 10/21/2021\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Anderson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCoble et al.; Godl (1998)\nCoble et al.; Rogaev et al.\nDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original on 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009\nKlier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police report, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89\nKlier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53\nTucker\nStoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174\nStoneking et al.\nCoble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p. 249; Sieff; Sykes, p. 75\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Anna Anderson Manahan (16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by communist revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the location of her body was unknown until 2007.[2][3]","In 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity.[4] Later, she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained notoriety.[5]","Between 1922 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany and the United States with various supporters and in nursing homes and sanatoria, including at least one asylum. She emigrated to the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration of her visa she married history professor Jack Manahan. Upon her death in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon, Germany.","After the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union, the locations of the bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina, and all five of their children were revealed. Multiple laboratories in different countries confirmed their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a lock of Anderson's hair and surviving medical samples of her tissue showed that her DNA did not match that of the Romanov remains or that of living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA matched that of Karl Maucher, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] Most scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case accept that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]","Sources:\nAnna Anderson Wikipedia retrieved 10/21/2021\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Anderson","Coble et al.; Godl (1998)\nCoble et al.; Rogaev et al.\nDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original on 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009\nKlier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police report, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89\nKlier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53\nTucker\nStoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174\nStoneking et al.\nCoble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p. 249; Sieff; Sykes, p. 75"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNewspaper clippings and photocopies regarding Anna Manahan who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia and purported to be Anastasia Nikolaevna, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Newspaper clippings and photocopies regarding Anna Manahan who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia and purported to be Anastasia Nikolaevna, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:24.943Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1137"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, 1909/1997","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_416#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_416#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eChisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia, 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_416#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_416.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/114086","title_filing_ssi":"Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner","title_ssm":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"title_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"unitdate_ssm":["1909-1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1909-1997"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1909/1997"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, 1909/1997"],"text":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, 1909/1997","MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416","photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks","The collection is open for research use.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026 Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","MSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library","Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, 1909/1997"],"collection_ssim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, 1909/1997"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creator_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by the Chisholm Foundation (Lex Lindsay) to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssim":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.5 Cubic Feet 1 document box, 1 half-width document box, 1 flat box, and oversize folders"],"extent_tesim":["1.5 Cubic Feet 1 document box, 1 half-width document box, 1 flat box, and oversize folders"],"genreform_ssim":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026 Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16333 Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, Albert and Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16333 Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, Albert and Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["MSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":33,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026amp; Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_416","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_416.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/114086","title_filing_ssi":"Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner","title_ssm":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"title_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner"],"unitdate_ssm":["1909-1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1909-1997"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1909/1997"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, 1909/1997"],"text":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, 1909/1997","MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416","photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks","The collection is open for research use.","Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026 Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.","MSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library","Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, 1909/1997"],"collection_ssim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, 1909/1997"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16333","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/416"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creator_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by the Chisholm Foundation (Lex Lindsay) to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssim":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.5 Cubic Feet 1 document box, 1 half-width document box, 1 flat box, and oversize folders"],"extent_tesim":["1.5 Cubic Feet 1 document box, 1 half-width document box, 1 flat box, and oversize folders"],"genreform_ssim":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Scrapbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026 Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).","Wisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16333 Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, Albert and Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16333 Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner, Albert and Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["MSS 15049 Frank Gardiner Wisner Papers in Small Special Collections Library"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Chisholm Foundation collection on Frank Gardiner Wisner (1900-2001; 2 cubic feet) consists of letters, newspaper clippings,scrapbooks, and photographs from the life of Frank Gardiner Wisner including his intelligence career, track achievements and scholarship at the University of Virginia,  1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, and his family."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"persname_ssim":["Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Wisner, Frank, 1909-1965"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":33,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrank Gardiner Wisner who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency for more than two decades was born in 1909 in Laurel, Mississippi and attended boarding school at Woodberry Forest in Orange, Virginia, after completing high school in Laurel, Mississippi. He obtained his undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Virginia (1934) and became an attorney for Carter, Ledyard \u0026amp; Milburn in New York from 1934 to 1947.  His intelligence career began in 1941 as an Officer of the Navy Censor's Office. From 1941 to 1946, he was promoted to positions of increasing responsibility with the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Strategic Services Unit. He received the Legion of Merit award and the Kings Insignia from the British Empire. In 1948, Mr. Wisner joined the Central Intelligence Agency, serving as Assistant Director for Policy Coordination until 1951, as Deputy Director (Plans) until 1959, and later as Chief of Station, London. In those demanding and difficult capacities, often under conditions of great stress, Mr. Wisner demonstrated a wide range of the most admirable qualities and talents, which he gave to the service of his country without stint. His breadth and depth of knowledge, his professional competence, his precise judgement, his utter dedication to duty, his imagination, resourcefulness, integrity and courage won the respect of subordinates, peers, and superiors alike. His natural leadership was founded upon an unusually sensitive understanding of other people, as well as upon his own precept and example. Under his able guidance, an important element of the Agency was developed from meager beginnings and achieved substantial accomplishments. Mr. Wisner's distinguished career, matched by very few other intelligence officers of any country or any time, contributed greatly to the security of the United States, in keeping with the best traditions of patriotic service and reflected high credit on him and the Central Intelligence Agency. (Taken in part from his citation in being awarded the Distinguished Intelligence Medal).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWisner's early service career was characterized by his outstanding communication skills and superior management style. He openly shared information with his colleagues and was known for his methodical analysis and clarity of thought. He was responsible for gathering information and building communications between the Rumanians, Soviets, and British. He had a close relationship with Rica Georgescu which gave him access to high officials in the Rumanian government. For a time his close work with the Russians allowed him access to their daily bomb information.  He also obtained permission from the Rumanian government for the United States to evacuate thousands of allied prisoners of war.\n       He established a program to influence domestic and foreign media against communism. He collaborated closely with newspaper editors and journalists, giving them important public relations information that promoted patriotism. He also oversaw the finances of the CIA and strongly supported pro-American forces in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1951). \n     Wisner was passionate about stopping the spread of Communism, which came from his experiences in Rumania when he watched the Soviets plan to take over Eastern Europe. When the Soviets invaded Hungary in 1956, Wisner was devastated that the U. S. did not come to their aid. After this crushing blow, he struggled with illness, received psychological treatment and significantly reduced his workload, although he was still a consultant for the government, and a station chief in London from 1960 to 1962.     \n     After twenty-one years in the government service (from 1941 to 1962) he retired and directed his interests towards private industry where he felt that he could improve international business interests and promote the education of the public, particularly young people, in their knowledge of history and democracy.  He was involved in fund raising for St. Antony's College at Oxford, (with President William Deakin), and The Conservation Foundation.  He also studied the growth of several profitable companies, carefully invested in their stock and acted as a consultant to promote diversification and growth of the companies. He made investments in oil, land, farms, timber, and paper.  \n    As an attorney, he gave legal advice to colleagues, literary agents, and businesspersons and was an advisor for authors and publishers of novels about spies, former Nazis or world leaders. He helped to ensure that their manuscripts were historically accurate accounts or at least credible to readers. He was also keen to make sure that national security interests were always protected.\n    He made himself available to others who were interested in a career in the government. He studied resumes and gave very high recommendations to well- educated young people who showed promise. His letters from colleagues and friends reveal that he was a very kind person that cared about the careers of other people. He helped individuals from all over the world and in all positions in life with obtaining citizenship, visas or employment.\n    He worked under several presidents, Harry S. Truman, David Eisenhower, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He also worked very closely with other C.I.A. Directors including Allen W. Dulles, John McCone, and Richard Helms (who was initially Deputy to Wisner), as well as other well-known individuals in intelligence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, ambassadors, diplomats, scholars, and journalists in the major American newspapers, including The New York Times and The Washington Post.  \n   He was also passionate about hunting and he travelled across the country and to Spain several times a year to attend shooting parties while discussing the problems of the world with his close friends. In addition to his love for hunting, he had been a star athlete in track and was eligible for the 1936 Olympics. In October of 1965, he succumbed to the illness that made him escalate between high and low mood swings, by taking his own life. Many of his friends wrote that he was a hero who gave his life for his country.\u003c/p\u003e  "]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_416"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1962/2003, bulk 1974/2003","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_659#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Lang Leback, Chloe","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_659#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCollection contains personal correspondence from Theresa Pollak to Tom Leback and Chloe Lang Leback, photos, fabric patches, collected news clippings about Theresa Pollak, and two copies of the book European Drawings by Theresa Pollak. Collection also includes one drawing of Chloe Lang by Theresa Pollak.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_659#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_659.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/659","title_filing_ssi":"Lang, Chloe and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection","title_ssm":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection"],"title_tesim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1962-2003","1974-2003"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1962-2003"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1974-2003"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1962/2003, bulk 1974/2003"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1962/2003, bulk 1974/2003"],"text":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1962/2003, bulk 1974/2003","M 581","/repositories/5/resources/659","Women painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs","The collection is open to research.","Letters are arranged chronologically. Collection folders are arranged alphabetically.","Theresa Pollak (1899-2002) was a Virginia artist and art educator who was instrumental in the founding of Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts. Born in Richmond, Virginia, Pollak was a nationally recognized painter whose art works have been exhibited in institutions such as the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Art in Boston, and the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D. C. More importantly, Pollak is credited with the introduction of modern art to Richmond.","Born August 13th, 1899, Pollak graduated from Westhampton College of the University of Richmond. In 1920 she was accepted at the Art Students League of New York, and with the support of Dr. Orie Latham Hatcher, who helped her get a tuition scholarship, she was able to continue her work at the League after graduating from Westhampton in 1921. During Pollak's stay in New York, one of her drawings was awarded the first prize at the Studio club of New York (1926). She continued her training with post-graduate work at the Fogg Museum of Harvard University, and later she studied at the Hans Hoffmann School of Painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts.","In 1928 Pollak became the first full time art teacher at Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), at that time a division of William and Mary College. Two years later she also helped start an art program at Westhampton College. In 1935 she began teaching full time at RPI and devoted much of her other time to her own work. A year after RPI merged in 1968 with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Pollak retired from the school. In 1971, the newly completed fine arts building on what is now the Monroe Park campus of VCU was named in her honor. Her forty-one year teaching career influenced generations of Virginia artists.","A noted Virginia artist with paintings in the permanent collections of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the University of Virginia, Mary Baldwin College, and in numerous private collections, Pollak's paintings are part of the Permanent Research Collection at Virginia Commonwealth University's Anderson Gallery. She died at the age of 103 on September 18th, 2002.","Theresa Pollak papers","Chloe Lang and Tom Leback also donated artwork by Theresa Pollak, which is part of the VCU Libraries Anderson Gallery collection.","List of artwork by Theresa Pollak donated by Lang and Leback in the Anderson Gallery collection:\n      \n        Accession 2003.2.1 \n        Untitled (Garden) (1979), pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2003.2.2\n        Capon Springs (1964) pastel drawing on paper \n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.1 \n        Rehearsal II (1962) pencil drawing on paper \n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.2\n        Puilly, Switzerland (1962) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.3\n        Untitled (Flowers) (1973) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.4\n        Untitled (Girl) (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.5\n        Untitled (Flute Player) (1969) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.6\n        Fran with Baby Linda at Christmas (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        M 581\n        Untitled (Chloe Lang) (undated) pastel drawing on paper","Collection contains personal correspondence from Theresa Pollak to Tom Leback and Chloe Lang Leback, photos, fabric patches, collected news clippings about Theresa Pollak, and two copies of the book European Drawings by Theresa Pollak. Collection also includes one drawing of Chloe Lang by Theresa Pollak.","There are no restrictions.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty","Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1962/2003, bulk 1974/2003"],"collection_ssim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1962/2003, bulk 1974/2003"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 581","/repositories/5/resources/659"],"unitid_tesim":["M 581","/repositories/5/resources/659"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Leback, Tom"],"creator_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Leback, Tom"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty"],"creators_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Chloe Lang Leback and Tom Leback, 2025-04-22."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.42 Linear Feet One letter document box."],"extent_tesim":["0.42 Linear Feet One letter document box."],"genreform_ssim":["Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLetters are arranged chronologically. Collection folders are arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Letters are arranged chronologically. Collection folders are arranged alphabetically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTheresa Pollak (1899-2002) was a Virginia artist and art educator who was instrumental in the founding of Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts. Born in Richmond, Virginia, Pollak was a nationally recognized painter whose art works have been exhibited in institutions such as the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Art in Boston, and the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D. C. More importantly, Pollak is credited with the introduction of modern art to Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBorn August 13th, 1899, Pollak graduated from Westhampton College of the University of Richmond. In 1920 she was accepted at the Art Students League of New York, and with the support of Dr. Orie Latham Hatcher, who helped her get a tuition scholarship, she was able to continue her work at the League after graduating from Westhampton in 1921. During Pollak's stay in New York, one of her drawings was awarded the first prize at the Studio club of New York (1926). She continued her training with post-graduate work at the Fogg Museum of Harvard University, and later she studied at the Hans Hoffmann School of Painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1928 Pollak became the first full time art teacher at Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), at that time a division of William and Mary College. Two years later she also helped start an art program at Westhampton College. In 1935 she began teaching full time at RPI and devoted much of her other time to her own work. A year after RPI merged in 1968 with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Pollak retired from the school. In 1971, the newly completed fine arts building on what is now the Monroe Park campus of VCU was named in her honor. Her forty-one year teaching career influenced generations of Virginia artists.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA noted Virginia artist with paintings in the permanent collections of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the University of Virginia, Mary Baldwin College, and in numerous private collections, Pollak's paintings are part of the Permanent Research Collection at Virginia Commonwealth University's Anderson Gallery. She died at the age of 103 on September 18th, 2002.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Theresa Pollak (1899-2002) was a Virginia artist and art educator who was instrumental in the founding of Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts. Born in Richmond, Virginia, Pollak was a nationally recognized painter whose art works have been exhibited in institutions such as the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Art in Boston, and the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D. C. More importantly, Pollak is credited with the introduction of modern art to Richmond.","Born August 13th, 1899, Pollak graduated from Westhampton College of the University of Richmond. In 1920 she was accepted at the Art Students League of New York, and with the support of Dr. Orie Latham Hatcher, who helped her get a tuition scholarship, she was able to continue her work at the League after graduating from Westhampton in 1921. During Pollak's stay in New York, one of her drawings was awarded the first prize at the Studio club of New York (1926). She continued her training with post-graduate work at the Fogg Museum of Harvard University, and later she studied at the Hans Hoffmann School of Painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts.","In 1928 Pollak became the first full time art teacher at Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), at that time a division of William and Mary College. Two years later she also helped start an art program at Westhampton College. In 1935 she began teaching full time at RPI and devoted much of her other time to her own work. A year after RPI merged in 1968 with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Pollak retired from the school. In 1971, the newly completed fine arts building on what is now the Monroe Park campus of VCU was named in her honor. Her forty-one year teaching career influenced generations of Virginia artists.","A noted Virginia artist with paintings in the permanent collections of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the University of Virginia, Mary Baldwin College, and in numerous private collections, Pollak's paintings are part of the Permanent Research Collection at Virginia Commonwealth University's Anderson Gallery. She died at the age of 103 on September 18th, 2002."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1974-2003, Collection # M 581, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1974-2003, Collection # M 581, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003ca href=\"https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/265\"\u003eTheresa Pollak papers\u003c/a\u003e.\n","\u003cp\u003e\nChloe Lang and Tom Leback also donated artwork by Theresa Pollak, which is part of the VCU Libraries Anderson Gallery collection.\n\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"deflist\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eList of artwork by Theresa Pollak donated by Lang and Leback in the Anderson Gallery collection:\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2003.2.1 \u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Garden) (1979), pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2003.2.2\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eCapon Springs (1964) pastel drawing on paper \u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.1 \u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eRehearsal II (1962) pencil drawing on paper \u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.2\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003ePuilly, Switzerland (1962) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.3\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Flowers) (1973) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.4\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Girl) (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.5\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Flute Player) (1969) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.6\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eFran with Baby Linda at Christmas (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eM 581\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Chloe Lang) (undated) pastel drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Theresa Pollak papers","Chloe Lang and Tom Leback also donated artwork by Theresa Pollak, which is part of the VCU Libraries Anderson Gallery collection.","List of artwork by Theresa Pollak donated by Lang and Leback in the Anderson Gallery collection:\n      \n        Accession 2003.2.1 \n        Untitled (Garden) (1979), pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2003.2.2\n        Capon Springs (1964) pastel drawing on paper \n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.1 \n        Rehearsal II (1962) pencil drawing on paper \n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.2\n        Puilly, Switzerland (1962) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.3\n        Untitled (Flowers) (1973) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.4\n        Untitled (Girl) (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.5\n        Untitled (Flute Player) (1969) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.6\n        Fran with Baby Linda at Christmas (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        M 581\n        Untitled (Chloe Lang) (undated) pastel drawing on paper"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection contains personal correspondence from Theresa Pollak to Tom Leback and Chloe Lang Leback, photos, fabric patches, collected news clippings about Theresa Pollak, and two copies of the book European Drawings by Theresa Pollak. Collection also includes one drawing of Chloe Lang by Theresa Pollak.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Collection contains personal correspondence from Theresa Pollak to Tom Leback and Chloe Lang Leback, photos, fabric patches, collected news clippings about Theresa Pollak, and two copies of the book European Drawings by Theresa Pollak. Collection also includes one drawing of Chloe Lang by Theresa Pollak."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty"],"names_coll_ssim":["Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom"],"persname_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence"],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty","Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:40:16.668Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_659","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_659.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/659","title_filing_ssi":"Lang, Chloe and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection","title_ssm":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection"],"title_tesim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1962-2003","1974-2003"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1962-2003"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1974-2003"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1962/2003, bulk 1974/2003"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1962/2003, bulk 1974/2003"],"text":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1962/2003, bulk 1974/2003","M 581","/repositories/5/resources/659","Women painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs","The collection is open to research.","Letters are arranged chronologically. Collection folders are arranged alphabetically.","Theresa Pollak (1899-2002) was a Virginia artist and art educator who was instrumental in the founding of Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts. Born in Richmond, Virginia, Pollak was a nationally recognized painter whose art works have been exhibited in institutions such as the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Art in Boston, and the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D. C. More importantly, Pollak is credited with the introduction of modern art to Richmond.","Born August 13th, 1899, Pollak graduated from Westhampton College of the University of Richmond. In 1920 she was accepted at the Art Students League of New York, and with the support of Dr. Orie Latham Hatcher, who helped her get a tuition scholarship, she was able to continue her work at the League after graduating from Westhampton in 1921. During Pollak's stay in New York, one of her drawings was awarded the first prize at the Studio club of New York (1926). She continued her training with post-graduate work at the Fogg Museum of Harvard University, and later she studied at the Hans Hoffmann School of Painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts.","In 1928 Pollak became the first full time art teacher at Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), at that time a division of William and Mary College. Two years later she also helped start an art program at Westhampton College. In 1935 she began teaching full time at RPI and devoted much of her other time to her own work. A year after RPI merged in 1968 with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Pollak retired from the school. In 1971, the newly completed fine arts building on what is now the Monroe Park campus of VCU was named in her honor. Her forty-one year teaching career influenced generations of Virginia artists.","A noted Virginia artist with paintings in the permanent collections of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the University of Virginia, Mary Baldwin College, and in numerous private collections, Pollak's paintings are part of the Permanent Research Collection at Virginia Commonwealth University's Anderson Gallery. She died at the age of 103 on September 18th, 2002.","Theresa Pollak papers","Chloe Lang and Tom Leback also donated artwork by Theresa Pollak, which is part of the VCU Libraries Anderson Gallery collection.","List of artwork by Theresa Pollak donated by Lang and Leback in the Anderson Gallery collection:\n      \n        Accession 2003.2.1 \n        Untitled (Garden) (1979), pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2003.2.2\n        Capon Springs (1964) pastel drawing on paper \n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.1 \n        Rehearsal II (1962) pencil drawing on paper \n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.2\n        Puilly, Switzerland (1962) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.3\n        Untitled (Flowers) (1973) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.4\n        Untitled (Girl) (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.5\n        Untitled (Flute Player) (1969) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.6\n        Fran with Baby Linda at Christmas (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        M 581\n        Untitled (Chloe Lang) (undated) pastel drawing on paper","Collection contains personal correspondence from Theresa Pollak to Tom Leback and Chloe Lang Leback, photos, fabric patches, collected news clippings about Theresa Pollak, and two copies of the book European Drawings by Theresa Pollak. Collection also includes one drawing of Chloe Lang by Theresa Pollak.","There are no restrictions.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty","Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1962/2003, bulk 1974/2003"],"collection_ssim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1962/2003, bulk 1974/2003"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 581","/repositories/5/resources/659"],"unitid_tesim":["M 581","/repositories/5/resources/659"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Leback, Tom"],"creator_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Leback, Tom"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty"],"creators_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Chloe Lang Leback and Tom Leback, 2025-04-22."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Painters -- Virginia -- Richmond","Women artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Artists -- Virginia -- Richmond","Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.42 Linear Feet One letter document box."],"extent_tesim":["0.42 Linear Feet One letter document box."],"genreform_ssim":["Personal correspondence","Correspondence","clippings (information artifacts)","textile patches","Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLetters are arranged chronologically. Collection folders are arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Letters are arranged chronologically. Collection folders are arranged alphabetically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTheresa Pollak (1899-2002) was a Virginia artist and art educator who was instrumental in the founding of Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts. Born in Richmond, Virginia, Pollak was a nationally recognized painter whose art works have been exhibited in institutions such as the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Art in Boston, and the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D. C. More importantly, Pollak is credited with the introduction of modern art to Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBorn August 13th, 1899, Pollak graduated from Westhampton College of the University of Richmond. In 1920 she was accepted at the Art Students League of New York, and with the support of Dr. Orie Latham Hatcher, who helped her get a tuition scholarship, she was able to continue her work at the League after graduating from Westhampton in 1921. During Pollak's stay in New York, one of her drawings was awarded the first prize at the Studio club of New York (1926). She continued her training with post-graduate work at the Fogg Museum of Harvard University, and later she studied at the Hans Hoffmann School of Painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1928 Pollak became the first full time art teacher at Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), at that time a division of William and Mary College. Two years later she also helped start an art program at Westhampton College. In 1935 she began teaching full time at RPI and devoted much of her other time to her own work. A year after RPI merged in 1968 with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Pollak retired from the school. In 1971, the newly completed fine arts building on what is now the Monroe Park campus of VCU was named in her honor. Her forty-one year teaching career influenced generations of Virginia artists.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA noted Virginia artist with paintings in the permanent collections of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the University of Virginia, Mary Baldwin College, and in numerous private collections, Pollak's paintings are part of the Permanent Research Collection at Virginia Commonwealth University's Anderson Gallery. She died at the age of 103 on September 18th, 2002.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Theresa Pollak (1899-2002) was a Virginia artist and art educator who was instrumental in the founding of Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts. Born in Richmond, Virginia, Pollak was a nationally recognized painter whose art works have been exhibited in institutions such as the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Museum of Fine Art in Boston, and the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D. C. More importantly, Pollak is credited with the introduction of modern art to Richmond.","Born August 13th, 1899, Pollak graduated from Westhampton College of the University of Richmond. In 1920 she was accepted at the Art Students League of New York, and with the support of Dr. Orie Latham Hatcher, who helped her get a tuition scholarship, she was able to continue her work at the League after graduating from Westhampton in 1921. During Pollak's stay in New York, one of her drawings was awarded the first prize at the Studio club of New York (1926). She continued her training with post-graduate work at the Fogg Museum of Harvard University, and later she studied at the Hans Hoffmann School of Painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts.","In 1928 Pollak became the first full time art teacher at Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), at that time a division of William and Mary College. Two years later she also helped start an art program at Westhampton College. In 1935 she began teaching full time at RPI and devoted much of her other time to her own work. A year after RPI merged in 1968 with the Medical College of Virginia to become Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Pollak retired from the school. In 1971, the newly completed fine arts building on what is now the Monroe Park campus of VCU was named in her honor. Her forty-one year teaching career influenced generations of Virginia artists.","A noted Virginia artist with paintings in the permanent collections of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the University of Virginia, Mary Baldwin College, and in numerous private collections, Pollak's paintings are part of the Permanent Research Collection at Virginia Commonwealth University's Anderson Gallery. She died at the age of 103 on September 18th, 2002."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1974-2003, Collection # M 581, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Chloe Lang and Tom Leback Theresa Pollak collection, 1974-2003, Collection # M 581, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003ca href=\"https://archives.library.vcu.edu/repositories/5/resources/265\"\u003eTheresa Pollak papers\u003c/a\u003e.\n","\u003cp\u003e\nChloe Lang and Tom Leback also donated artwork by Theresa Pollak, which is part of the VCU Libraries Anderson Gallery collection.\n\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"deflist\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eList of artwork by Theresa Pollak donated by Lang and Leback in the Anderson Gallery collection:\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2003.2.1 \u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Garden) (1979), pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2003.2.2\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eCapon Springs (1964) pastel drawing on paper \u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.1 \u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eRehearsal II (1962) pencil drawing on paper \u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.2\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003ePuilly, Switzerland (1962) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.3\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Flowers) (1973) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.4\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Girl) (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.5\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Flute Player) (1969) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eAccession 2012.1.6\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eFran with Baby Linda at Christmas (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eM 581\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eUntitled (Chloe Lang) (undated) pastel drawing on paper\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Theresa Pollak papers","Chloe Lang and Tom Leback also donated artwork by Theresa Pollak, which is part of the VCU Libraries Anderson Gallery collection.","List of artwork by Theresa Pollak donated by Lang and Leback in the Anderson Gallery collection:\n      \n        Accession 2003.2.1 \n        Untitled (Garden) (1979), pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2003.2.2\n        Capon Springs (1964) pastel drawing on paper \n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.1 \n        Rehearsal II (1962) pencil drawing on paper \n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.2\n        Puilly, Switzerland (1962) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.3\n        Untitled (Flowers) (1973) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.4\n        Untitled (Girl) (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.5\n        Untitled (Flute Player) (1969) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        Accession 2012.1.6\n        Fran with Baby Linda at Christmas (1970) pen and ink drawing on paper\n      \n      \n        M 581\n        Untitled (Chloe Lang) (undated) pastel drawing on paper"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection contains personal correspondence from Theresa Pollak to Tom Leback and Chloe Lang Leback, photos, fabric patches, collected news clippings about Theresa Pollak, and two copies of the book European Drawings by Theresa Pollak. Collection also includes one drawing of Chloe Lang by Theresa Pollak.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Collection contains personal correspondence from Theresa Pollak to Tom Leback and Chloe Lang Leback, photos, fabric patches, collected news clippings about Theresa Pollak, and two copies of the book European Drawings by Theresa Pollak. Collection also includes one drawing of Chloe Lang by Theresa Pollak."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty"],"names_coll_ssim":["Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom"],"persname_ssim":["Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence"],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Richmond Professional Institute -- Faculty","Virginia Commonwealth University. School of Art -- Faculty","Lang Leback, Chloe","Leback, Tom","Pollak, Theresa, 1899-2002","Lang Leback, Chloe -- Correspondence","Leback, Tom -- Correspondence"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:40:16.668Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_659"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1664","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Donald Nuechterlein Additional Papers, 1969/2019","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1664#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection of papers originated from the career and personal life of Donald Nuechterlein (1925-2022), who was originally from Saginaw, Michigan, served in World War II and became an American diplomat and a professor of International Relations. He was a University of Virginia adjunct professor, and international foreign relations analyst from the 1960's to the 1990's. He lived in Charlottesville and wrote a regular political opinion column in the local paper, The Daily Progress. He frequently wrote for other Virginia newspapers and was the author of a dozen books on the United States and world politics. 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He also led workshops on team building and facilitated support groups that showed empathy and understanding."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 10798, Donald Nuechterlein papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 10798, Donald Nuechterlein papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of papers originated from the career and personal life of Donald Nuechterlein (1925-2022), who was originally from Saginaw, Michigan, served in World War II and became an American diplomat and a professor of International Relations. He was a University of Virginia adjunct professor, and international foreign relations analyst from the 1960's to the 1990's. He lived in Charlottesville and wrote a regular political opinion column in the local paper, The Daily Progress. He frequently wrote for other Virginia newspapers and was the author of a dozen books on the United States and world politics. Even though he retired in the 1990's, he was still writing until his death at age 97.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1968 he co-founded (with Frank Sherwood who was appointed by former president of the United States, Lyndon F. Johnson) the Federal Executive Institute on Emmet Street which is still in operation today. At the Institute, he taught top government officials from the CIA, the State Department, and many similar national agency directors about foreign policy and leadership. He also led workshops on team building and facilitated support groups that showed empathy and understanding to its participants.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is mostly correspondence and lectures of Donald Nuechterlein. (Lectures can be found in the correspondence and in a separate category). Included is correspondence from speakers, faculty, and attendees of the Federal Executive Institute including George H. Bush, Sr., William Colby (CIA),Karl Rove, Alexander Haig (Nixon's administration), Warren Christopher, Henry Kissinger, John D. Erhlickman, Lawrence Eagleburger, Ben Bradlee (head of The Washington Post during Watergate), and many heads of State and well known (and secret) political operatives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also parts of his manuscript which was titled \"A Tale of Four Cities\" and was published as \"A Cold War Odyssey.\" \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe papers give an inside look into the Federal Executive Institute and its 4 week sessions. There are also newspaper columns written by Donald Nuechterlein that are informative regarding the political history of the United States and its engagement on the world stage. This collection is an addition to the Donald Nuechterlein papers. Previous additions are mentioned under related materials. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of papers originated from the career and personal life of Donald Nuechterlein (1925-2022), who was originally from Saginaw, Michigan, served in World War II and became an American diplomat and a professor of International Relations. He was a University of Virginia adjunct professor, and international foreign relations analyst from the 1960's to the 1990's. He lived in Charlottesville and wrote a regular political opinion column in the local paper, The Daily Progress. He frequently wrote for other Virginia newspapers and was the author of a dozen books on the United States and world politics. Even though he retired in the 1990's, he was still writing until his death at age 97.","In 1968 he co-founded (with Frank Sherwood who was appointed by former president of the United States, Lyndon F. Johnson) the Federal Executive Institute on Emmet Street which is still in operation today. At the Institute, he taught top government officials from the CIA, the State Department, and many similar national agency directors about foreign policy and leadership. He also led workshops on team building and facilitated support groups that showed empathy and understanding to its participants.","The collection is mostly correspondence and lectures of Donald Nuechterlein. (Lectures can be found in the correspondence and in a separate category). Included is correspondence from speakers, faculty, and attendees of the Federal Executive Institute including George H. Bush, Sr., William Colby (CIA),Karl Rove, Alexander Haig (Nixon's administration), Warren Christopher, Henry Kissinger, John D. Erhlickman, Lawrence Eagleburger, Ben Bradlee (head of The Washington Post during Watergate), and many heads of State and well known (and secret) political operatives.","There are also parts of his manuscript which was titled \"A Tale of Four Cities\" and was published as \"A Cold War Odyssey.\"","The papers give an inside look into the Federal Executive Institute and its 4 week sessions. There are also newspaper columns written by Donald Nuechterlein that are informative regarding the political history of the United States and its engagement on the world stage. This collection is an addition to the Donald Nuechterlein papers. Previous additions are mentioned under related materials."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere is restricted material (grades) due to FERPA.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["There is restricted material (grades) due to FERPA."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":90,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:53:38.700Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1664"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Edward O. McCue papers, 1967/1983","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_673#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"McCue, Edward O., III, 1923-2011","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_673#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains copies of records compiled by Edward O. McCue to disclaim assertions made against General William Westmoreland on a CBS program aired on January 23, 1982.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_673#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_673.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/130981","title_ssm":["Edward O. McCue papers"],"title_tesim":["Edward O. McCue papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1967-1983"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1967-1983"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1967/1983"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Edward O. McCue papers, 1967/1983"],"text":["Edward O. McCue papers, 1967/1983","MSS.88.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/673","Trials (Libel)","Vietnam War, 1961-1975","photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Mike Wallace interviewed Westmoreland for the CBS special The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception. The documentary, shown on January 23, 1982, and prepared largely by CBS producer George Crile III, alleged that Westmoreland and others had deliberately underestimated Viet Cong troop strength during 1967 in order to maintain US troop morale and domestic support for the war. Westmoreland filed a lawsuit against CBS.","In Westmoreland v. CBS, Westmoreland sued Wallace and CBS for libel, and a lengthy legal process began. After the trial was in progress, Westmoreland suddenly settled with CBS for an apology, no more than CBS had originally offered. Some contend that Judge Leval's instructions to the jury over what constituted \"actual malice\" to prove libel convinced Westmoreland's lawyers that he was certain to lose. Others point out that the settlement occurred after two of Westmoreland's former intelligence officers, Major General Joseph McChristian and Colonel Gains Hawkins, testified to the accuracy of the substantive allegations of the broadcast, which were that Westmoreland ordered changes in intelligence reports on Viet Cong troop strengths for political reasons. Disagreements persist about the appropriateness of some of the journalistic methods of Mike Wallace in particular.","A deposition by McChristian indicates that his organization developed improved intelligence on the number of irregular Viet Cong combatants shortly before he left Vietnam on a regularly scheduled rotation. The numbers troubled Westmoreland, who feared that the press would not understand them. He did not order them changed, but instead did not include the information in reporting to Washington, which in his view was a decision that the data were not appropriate to report.","Based on later analysis of the information from all sides, it appears clear that Westmoreland could not sustain a libel suit because CBS's principal allegation was that he had caused intelligence officers to suppress facts. Westmoreland's anger was caused by the implication of the broadcast that his intent was fraudulent and that he ordered others to lie.","Wikipedia contributors, \"William Westmoreland,\" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland","This collection contains copies of records compiled by Edward O. McCue to disclaim assertions made against General William Westmoreland on a CBS program aired on January 23, 1982.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","CBS Television Network","McCue, Edward O., III, 1923-2011","Westmoreland, William, 1914-2005","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Edward O. McCue papers, 1967/1983"],"collection_ssim":["Edward O. McCue papers, 1967/1983"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.88.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/673"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.88.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/673"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["McCue, Edward O., III, 1923-2011"],"creator_ssim":["McCue, Edward O., III, 1923-2011"],"creator_persname_ssim":["McCue, Edward O., III, 1923-2011","Westmoreland, William, 1914-2005"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","CBS Television Network"],"creators_ssim":["McCue, Edward O., III, 1923-2011","Westmoreland, William, 1914-2005","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","CBS Television Network"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These materials were donated by Edward O. McCue III to Special Collections in two installments in 1982 and 1988."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Trials (Libel)","Vietnam War, 1961-1975","photographs","clippings (information artifacts)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Trials (Libel)","Vietnam War, 1961-1975","photographs","clippings (information artifacts)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["2 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)"],"date_range_isim":[1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nMike Wallace interviewed Westmoreland for the CBS special The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception. The documentary, shown on January 23, 1982, and prepared largely by CBS producer George Crile III, alleged that Westmoreland and others had deliberately underestimated Viet Cong troop strength during 1967 in order to maintain US troop morale and domestic support for the war. Westmoreland filed a lawsuit against CBS.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn Westmoreland v. CBS, Westmoreland sued Wallace and CBS for libel, and a lengthy legal process began. After the trial was in progress, Westmoreland suddenly settled with CBS for an apology, no more than CBS had originally offered. Some contend that Judge Leval's instructions to the jury over what constituted \"actual malice\" to prove libel convinced Westmoreland's lawyers that he was certain to lose. Others point out that the settlement occurred after two of Westmoreland's former intelligence officers, Major General Joseph McChristian and Colonel Gains Hawkins, testified to the accuracy of the substantive allegations of the broadcast, which were that Westmoreland ordered changes in intelligence reports on Viet Cong troop strengths for political reasons. Disagreements persist about the appropriateness of some of the journalistic methods of Mike Wallace in particular.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA deposition by McChristian indicates that his organization developed improved intelligence on the number of irregular Viet Cong combatants shortly before he left Vietnam on a regularly scheduled rotation. The numbers troubled Westmoreland, who feared that the press would not understand them. He did not order them changed, but instead did not include the information in reporting to Washington, which in his view was a decision that the data were not appropriate to report.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBased on later analysis of the information from all sides, it appears clear that Westmoreland could not sustain a libel suit because CBS's principal allegation was that he had caused intelligence officers to suppress facts. Westmoreland's anger was caused by the implication of the broadcast that his intent was fraudulent and that he ordered others to lie.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nWikipedia contributors, \"William Westmoreland,\" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mike Wallace interviewed Westmoreland for the CBS special The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception. The documentary, shown on January 23, 1982, and prepared largely by CBS producer George Crile III, alleged that Westmoreland and others had deliberately underestimated Viet Cong troop strength during 1967 in order to maintain US troop morale and domestic support for the war. Westmoreland filed a lawsuit against CBS.","In Westmoreland v. CBS, Westmoreland sued Wallace and CBS for libel, and a lengthy legal process began. After the trial was in progress, Westmoreland suddenly settled with CBS for an apology, no more than CBS had originally offered. Some contend that Judge Leval's instructions to the jury over what constituted \"actual malice\" to prove libel convinced Westmoreland's lawyers that he was certain to lose. Others point out that the settlement occurred after two of Westmoreland's former intelligence officers, Major General Joseph McChristian and Colonel Gains Hawkins, testified to the accuracy of the substantive allegations of the broadcast, which were that Westmoreland ordered changes in intelligence reports on Viet Cong troop strengths for political reasons. Disagreements persist about the appropriateness of some of the journalistic methods of Mike Wallace in particular.","A deposition by McChristian indicates that his organization developed improved intelligence on the number of irregular Viet Cong combatants shortly before he left Vietnam on a regularly scheduled rotation. The numbers troubled Westmoreland, who feared that the press would not understand them. He did not order them changed, but instead did not include the information in reporting to Washington, which in his view was a decision that the data were not appropriate to report.","Based on later analysis of the information from all sides, it appears clear that Westmoreland could not sustain a libel suit because CBS's principal allegation was that he had caused intelligence officers to suppress facts. Westmoreland's anger was caused by the implication of the broadcast that his intent was fraudulent and that he ordered others to lie.","Wikipedia contributors, \"William Westmoreland,\" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains copies of records compiled by Edward O. McCue to disclaim assertions made against General William Westmoreland on a CBS program aired on January 23, 1982.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains copies of records compiled by Edward O. McCue to disclaim assertions made against General William Westmoreland on a CBS program aired on January 23, 1982."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","CBS Television Network"],"names_coll_ssim":["CBS Television Network","McCue, Edward O., III, 1923-2011","Westmoreland, William, 1914-2005"],"persname_ssim":["McCue, Edward O., III, 1923-2011","Westmoreland, William, 1914-2005"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","CBS Television Network","McCue, Edward O., III, 1923-2011","Westmoreland, William, 1914-2005"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":36,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:37.886Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_673.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/130981","title_ssm":["Edward O. McCue papers"],"title_tesim":["Edward O. McCue papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1967-1983"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1967-1983"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1967/1983"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Edward O. McCue papers, 1967/1983"],"text":["Edward O. McCue papers, 1967/1983","MSS.88.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/673","Trials (Libel)","Vietnam War, 1961-1975","photographs","clippings (information artifacts)","Mike Wallace interviewed Westmoreland for the CBS special The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception. The documentary, shown on January 23, 1982, and prepared largely by CBS producer George Crile III, alleged that Westmoreland and others had deliberately underestimated Viet Cong troop strength during 1967 in order to maintain US troop morale and domestic support for the war. Westmoreland filed a lawsuit against CBS.","In Westmoreland v. CBS, Westmoreland sued Wallace and CBS for libel, and a lengthy legal process began. After the trial was in progress, Westmoreland suddenly settled with CBS for an apology, no more than CBS had originally offered. Some contend that Judge Leval's instructions to the jury over what constituted \"actual malice\" to prove libel convinced Westmoreland's lawyers that he was certain to lose. Others point out that the settlement occurred after two of Westmoreland's former intelligence officers, Major General Joseph McChristian and Colonel Gains Hawkins, testified to the accuracy of the substantive allegations of the broadcast, which were that Westmoreland ordered changes in intelligence reports on Viet Cong troop strengths for political reasons. Disagreements persist about the appropriateness of some of the journalistic methods of Mike Wallace in particular.","A deposition by McChristian indicates that his organization developed improved intelligence on the number of irregular Viet Cong combatants shortly before he left Vietnam on a regularly scheduled rotation. The numbers troubled Westmoreland, who feared that the press would not understand them. He did not order them changed, but instead did not include the information in reporting to Washington, which in his view was a decision that the data were not appropriate to report.","Based on later analysis of the information from all sides, it appears clear that Westmoreland could not sustain a libel suit because CBS's principal allegation was that he had caused intelligence officers to suppress facts. Westmoreland's anger was caused by the implication of the broadcast that his intent was fraudulent and that he ordered others to lie.","Wikipedia contributors, \"William Westmoreland,\" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland","This collection contains copies of records compiled by Edward O. McCue to disclaim assertions made against General William Westmoreland on a CBS program aired on January 23, 1982.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","CBS Television Network","McCue, Edward O., III, 1923-2011","Westmoreland, William, 1914-2005","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Edward O. McCue papers, 1967/1983"],"collection_ssim":["Edward O. 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McCue III to Special Collections in two installments in 1982 and 1988."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Trials (Libel)","Vietnam War, 1961-1975","photographs","clippings (information artifacts)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Trials (Libel)","Vietnam War, 1961-1975","photographs","clippings (information artifacts)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["2 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["photographs","clippings (information artifacts)"],"date_range_isim":[1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nMike Wallace interviewed Westmoreland for the CBS special The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception. The documentary, shown on January 23, 1982, and prepared largely by CBS producer George Crile III, alleged that Westmoreland and others had deliberately underestimated Viet Cong troop strength during 1967 in order to maintain US troop morale and domestic support for the war. 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Westmoreland's anger was caused by the implication of the broadcast that his intent was fraudulent and that he ordered others to lie.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nWikipedia contributors, \"William Westmoreland,\" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mike Wallace interviewed Westmoreland for the CBS special The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception. The documentary, shown on January 23, 1982, and prepared largely by CBS producer George Crile III, alleged that Westmoreland and others had deliberately underestimated Viet Cong troop strength during 1967 in order to maintain US troop morale and domestic support for the war. Westmoreland filed a lawsuit against CBS.","In Westmoreland v. CBS, Westmoreland sued Wallace and CBS for libel, and a lengthy legal process began. After the trial was in progress, Westmoreland suddenly settled with CBS for an apology, no more than CBS had originally offered. Some contend that Judge Leval's instructions to the jury over what constituted \"actual malice\" to prove libel convinced Westmoreland's lawyers that he was certain to lose. Others point out that the settlement occurred after two of Westmoreland's former intelligence officers, Major General Joseph McChristian and Colonel Gains Hawkins, testified to the accuracy of the substantive allegations of the broadcast, which were that Westmoreland ordered changes in intelligence reports on Viet Cong troop strengths for political reasons. Disagreements persist about the appropriateness of some of the journalistic methods of Mike Wallace in particular.","A deposition by McChristian indicates that his organization developed improved intelligence on the number of irregular Viet Cong combatants shortly before he left Vietnam on a regularly scheduled rotation. The numbers troubled Westmoreland, who feared that the press would not understand them. He did not order them changed, but instead did not include the information in reporting to Washington, which in his view was a decision that the data were not appropriate to report.","Based on later analysis of the information from all sides, it appears clear that Westmoreland could not sustain a libel suit because CBS's principal allegation was that he had caused intelligence officers to suppress facts. Westmoreland's anger was caused by the implication of the broadcast that his intent was fraudulent and that he ordered others to lie.","Wikipedia contributors, \"William Westmoreland,\" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains copies of records compiled by Edward O. McCue to disclaim assertions made against General William Westmoreland on a CBS program aired on January 23, 1982.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains copies of records compiled by Edward O. McCue to disclaim assertions made against General William Westmoreland on a CBS program aired on January 23, 1982."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","CBS Television Network"],"names_coll_ssim":["CBS Television Network","McCue, Edward O., III, 1923-2011","Westmoreland, William, 1914-2005"],"persname_ssim":["McCue, Edward O., III, 1923-2011","Westmoreland, William, 1914-2005"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","CBS Television Network","McCue, Edward O., III, 1923-2011","Westmoreland, William, 1914-2005"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":36,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:37.886Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_673"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_79","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Frances Farmer papers, 1900/1993","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_79#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Farmer, Frances, 1909-1993","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_79#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe papers of Frances Farmer have received minimal organization to make them readily accessible. Her files labeled \"personal correspondence\" are arranged chronologically (1931-1992), and concern both personal and professional matters. Other files that were organized by subject remain as they were. These documents are primarily administrative regarding the Law Library. There are also copies of her speeches, memorabilia, numerous copies of newspaper clippings, awards, and resolutions. Finally, there is an extensive collection of photographs of Farmer, her family, and members of the Law School community.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_79#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_79","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_79","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_79","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_79","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_79.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/106879","title_ssm":["Frances Farmer papers"],"title_tesim":["Frances Farmer papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1900 - 1993"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1900 - 1993"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1900/1993"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Frances Farmer papers, 1900/1993"],"text":["Frances Farmer papers, 1900/1993","MSS.93.1","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/79","Law  -- Study and teaching","Law librarians","Law libraries -- United States","University of Virginia. School of Law -- Alumni and alumnae","University of Virginia. School of Law -- History","Awards","clippings (information artifacts)","diplomas","photographs","There are no restrictions.","Frances Farmer was born in Keysville, Virginia, on 9 December 1909, but she spent most of her younger years in Richmond, where she moved with her family in 1915. She attended John Marshall High School (1923- 1927), and then studied at Westhampton College, where she majored in history and had considerable success in the debating society. After her junior year of college, she enrolled at T. C. Williams School of Law at the University of Richmond and received her LLB in 1933. The only female in her law class, she graduated with honors and was awarded the O. H. Berry Medal, given to the \"best all-around graduate in law.\" She passed the State Bar Examination in December of the same year.","In October of 1931, Frances Farmer began to work for Dr. Ray Doubles, dean of the University of Richmond Law School as part-time secretary, a position she kept after her graduation. Despite her outstanding academic record, she learned that good positions for female lawyers were extremely difficult to find at that time.","Meanwhile, she became very active in Richmond community affairs. She held a number of offices in the Richmond Branch of University Women (AAUW) (1934-36) and was secretary of the Virginia Consumers' League (1935), the Virginia Social Science Association (1935), and the Virginia Women's Council of Legislative Chairmen of States Organizations (1936). She was also a member of the Board of Directors of the Richmond League of Women Voters and the local YMCA.","Farmer's experience as law librarian began when she entered law school and became the assistant law librarian, in addition to secretary to the dean. In 1934, in the absence of the law librarian, she undertook all the administrative work of the library, including accessioning, selecting and purchasing books, keeping financial records, etc. After completing a course in law library administration at the School of Library Service at Columbia University, she was appointed law librarian at the University of Richmond in 1938. Also in that year, she joined the American Association of Law Libraries and became a member of the Committee on the Library Journal.","In July 1942, Farmer accepted the position of senior cataloguer and executive secretary at the University of Virginia Law Library, with an annual salary of $2400.00. At that time the library had fewer than 40,000 books, all of them uncataloged, and she was hired to carry out the cataloguing project and to begin a book purchasing program. In 1943 she began teaching legal bibliography and the following year was appointed law librarian. Under her leadership the library grew to 100,000 cataloged volumes by the early 1950s.","Because state funding was never adequate for the growth of a major law library, at the outset Farmer sought the support of the Law School Alumni Association which she found willing to match or exceed state money. Thus began a life-long partnership which helped to make the Law Library one of the top ten in the nation. In return Farmer gave unstintingly to the Alumni Association, masterminding and for many years overseeing the annual spring alumni weekend and serving sixteen years as secretary/treasurer of the Association.","Farmer eventually gained faculty status at the Law School, making her its first female law professor. She was also active in professional organizations. She had lifetime membership in the American Association of Law Libraries, serving as president in 1959-60. In addition, she was a member of the Virginia State Bar and the State Bar Association, was active in University of Richmond alumni groups, and held membership in Phi Beta Kappa and Order of the Coif. She was a consultant to many US law libraries and to the government law library in Nigeria. In February-March of 1975 she was one of the three American law librarians who served as faculty members of the First Conference of Law Librarians in Nigeria, at the Nigerian Law School on Victoria Island, in Lagos. She was active in promoting interest in microforms for law libraries and was appointed by the attorney general of Virginia in 1976 to explore computerized legal research for Virginia lawyers and public officials.","She retired in August of 1976, and became library consultant to the Center for Oceans Law and Policy at the Law School. The same year, she was designated professor emerita by the Board of Visitors of the University, and her alma mater awarded her an honorary degree in recognition of her outstanding achievements in law librarianship.","Farmer cowrote with Ray Doubles a Manual of Legal Bibliography(The Michie Company, 1947) and editedThe Wilson Reader(Oceana Publications, 1956). In retirement, she compiled an oral history of the second century of the Law School.","A Law School Alumni Association resolution recognizing Frances Farmer's contributions at the thirty-year mark of her tenure stated, \"As a result of her creative mind, an inexhaustible supply of energy, resourcefulness and ability, and her indomitable spirit, the Law Library at the University of Virginia has grown and prospered.\"","Frances Farmer died in Charlottesville on 13 September 1993.","The papers of Frances Farmer have received minimal organization to make them readily accessible. Her files labeled \"personal correspondence\" are arranged chronologically (1931-1992), and concern both personal and professional matters. Other files that were organized by subject remain as they were. These documents are primarily administrative regarding the Law Library. There are also copies of her speeches, memorabilia, numerous copies of newspaper clippings, awards, and resolutions. Finally, there is an extensive collection of photographs of Farmer, her family, and members of the Law School community.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law. Arthur J. Morris Law Library","American Association of Law Libraries","University of Virginia. Center for Oceans Law and Policy","University of Virginia. School of Law. 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She attended John Marshall High School (1923- 1927), and then studied at Westhampton College, where she majored in history and had considerable success in the debating society. After her junior year of college, she enrolled at T. C. Williams School of Law at the University of Richmond and received her LLB in 1933. The only female in her law class, she graduated with honors and was awarded the O. H. Berry Medal, given to the \"best all-around graduate in law.\" She passed the State Bar Examination in December of the same year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn October of 1931, Frances Farmer began to work for Dr. Ray Doubles, dean of the University of Richmond Law School as part-time secretary, a position she kept after her graduation. Despite her outstanding academic record, she learned that good positions for female lawyers were extremely difficult to find at that time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, she became very active in Richmond community affairs. She held a number of offices in the Richmond Branch of University Women (AAUW) (1934-36) and was secretary of the Virginia Consumers' League (1935), the Virginia Social Science Association (1935), and the Virginia Women's Council of Legislative Chairmen of States Organizations (1936). She was also a member of the Board of Directors of the Richmond League of Women Voters and the local YMCA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Farmer's experience as law librarian began when she entered law school and became the assistant law librarian, in addition to secretary to the dean. In 1934, in the absence of the law librarian, she undertook all the administrative work of the library, including accessioning, selecting and purchasing books, keeping financial records, etc. After completing a course in law library administration at the School of Library Service at Columbia University, she was appointed law librarian at the University of Richmond in 1938. Also in that year, she joined the American Association of Law Libraries and became a member of the Committee on the Library Journal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In July 1942, Farmer accepted the position of senior cataloguer and executive secretary at the University of Virginia Law Library, with an annual salary of $2400.00. At that time the library had fewer than 40,000 books, all of them uncataloged, and she was hired to carry out the cataloguing project and to begin a book purchasing program. In 1943 she began teaching legal bibliography and the following year was appointed law librarian. Under her leadership the library grew to 100,000 cataloged volumes by the early 1950s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause state funding was never adequate for the growth of a major law library, at the outset Farmer sought the support of the Law School Alumni Association which she found willing to match or exceed state money. Thus began a life-long partnership which helped to make the Law Library one of the top ten in the nation. In return Farmer gave unstintingly to the Alumni Association, masterminding and for many years overseeing the annual spring alumni weekend and serving sixteen years as secretary/treasurer of the Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer eventually gained faculty status at the Law School, making her its first female law professor. She was also active in professional organizations. She had lifetime membership in the American Association of Law Libraries, serving as president in 1959-60. In addition, she was a member of the Virginia State Bar and the State Bar Association, was active in University of Richmond alumni groups, and held membership in Phi Beta Kappa and Order of the Coif. She was a consultant to many US law libraries and to the government law library in Nigeria. In February-March of 1975 she was one of the three American law librarians who served as faculty members of the First Conference of Law Librarians in Nigeria, at the Nigerian Law School on Victoria Island, in Lagos. She was active in promoting interest in microforms for law libraries and was appointed by the attorney general of Virginia in 1976 to explore computerized legal research for Virginia lawyers and public officials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe retired in August of 1976, and became library consultant to the Center for Oceans Law and Policy at the Law School. The same year, she was designated professor emerita by the Board of Visitors of the University, and her alma mater awarded her an honorary degree in recognition of her outstanding achievements in law librarianship.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer cowrote with Ray Doubles a \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eManual of Legal Bibliography\u003c/emph\u003e(The Michie Company, 1947) and edited\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Wilson Reader\u003c/emph\u003e(Oceana Publications, 1956). In retirement, she compiled an oral history of the second century of the Law School.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA Law School Alumni Association resolution recognizing Frances Farmer's contributions at the thirty-year mark of her tenure stated, \"As a result of her creative mind, an inexhaustible supply of energy, resourcefulness and ability, and her indomitable spirit, the Law Library at the University of Virginia has grown and prospered.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrances Farmer died in Charlottesville on 13 September 1993.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frances Farmer was born in Keysville, Virginia, on 9 December 1909, but she spent most of her younger years in Richmond, where she moved with her family in 1915. She attended John Marshall High School (1923- 1927), and then studied at Westhampton College, where she majored in history and had considerable success in the debating society. After her junior year of college, she enrolled at T. C. Williams School of Law at the University of Richmond and received her LLB in 1933. The only female in her law class, she graduated with honors and was awarded the O. H. Berry Medal, given to the \"best all-around graduate in law.\" She passed the State Bar Examination in December of the same year.","In October of 1931, Frances Farmer began to work for Dr. Ray Doubles, dean of the University of Richmond Law School as part-time secretary, a position she kept after her graduation. Despite her outstanding academic record, she learned that good positions for female lawyers were extremely difficult to find at that time.","Meanwhile, she became very active in Richmond community affairs. She held a number of offices in the Richmond Branch of University Women (AAUW) (1934-36) and was secretary of the Virginia Consumers' League (1935), the Virginia Social Science Association (1935), and the Virginia Women's Council of Legislative Chairmen of States Organizations (1936). She was also a member of the Board of Directors of the Richmond League of Women Voters and the local YMCA.","Farmer's experience as law librarian began when she entered law school and became the assistant law librarian, in addition to secretary to the dean. In 1934, in the absence of the law librarian, she undertook all the administrative work of the library, including accessioning, selecting and purchasing books, keeping financial records, etc. After completing a course in law library administration at the School of Library Service at Columbia University, she was appointed law librarian at the University of Richmond in 1938. Also in that year, she joined the American Association of Law Libraries and became a member of the Committee on the Library Journal.","In July 1942, Farmer accepted the position of senior cataloguer and executive secretary at the University of Virginia Law Library, with an annual salary of $2400.00. At that time the library had fewer than 40,000 books, all of them uncataloged, and she was hired to carry out the cataloguing project and to begin a book purchasing program. In 1943 she began teaching legal bibliography and the following year was appointed law librarian. Under her leadership the library grew to 100,000 cataloged volumes by the early 1950s.","Because state funding was never adequate for the growth of a major law library, at the outset Farmer sought the support of the Law School Alumni Association which she found willing to match or exceed state money. Thus began a life-long partnership which helped to make the Law Library one of the top ten in the nation. In return Farmer gave unstintingly to the Alumni Association, masterminding and for many years overseeing the annual spring alumni weekend and serving sixteen years as secretary/treasurer of the Association.","Farmer eventually gained faculty status at the Law School, making her its first female law professor. She was also active in professional organizations. She had lifetime membership in the American Association of Law Libraries, serving as president in 1959-60. In addition, she was a member of the Virginia State Bar and the State Bar Association, was active in University of Richmond alumni groups, and held membership in Phi Beta Kappa and Order of the Coif. She was a consultant to many US law libraries and to the government law library in Nigeria. In February-March of 1975 she was one of the three American law librarians who served as faculty members of the First Conference of Law Librarians in Nigeria, at the Nigerian Law School on Victoria Island, in Lagos. She was active in promoting interest in microforms for law libraries and was appointed by the attorney general of Virginia in 1976 to explore computerized legal research for Virginia lawyers and public officials.","She retired in August of 1976, and became library consultant to the Center for Oceans Law and Policy at the Law School. The same year, she was designated professor emerita by the Board of Visitors of the University, and her alma mater awarded her an honorary degree in recognition of her outstanding achievements in law librarianship.","Farmer cowrote with Ray Doubles a Manual of Legal Bibliography(The Michie Company, 1947) and editedThe Wilson Reader(Oceana Publications, 1956). In retirement, she compiled an oral history of the second century of the Law School.","A Law School Alumni Association resolution recognizing Frances Farmer's contributions at the thirty-year mark of her tenure stated, \"As a result of her creative mind, an inexhaustible supply of energy, resourcefulness and ability, and her indomitable spirit, the Law Library at the University of Virginia has grown and prospered.\"","Frances Farmer died in Charlottesville on 13 September 1993."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of Frances Farmer have received minimal organization to make them readily accessible. Her files labeled \"personal correspondence\" are arranged chronologically (1931-1992), and concern both personal and professional matters. Other files that were organized by subject remain as they were. These documents are primarily administrative regarding the Law Library. There are also copies of her speeches, memorabilia, numerous copies of newspaper clippings, awards, and resolutions. Finally, there is an extensive collection of photographs of Farmer, her family, and members of the Law School community.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of Frances Farmer have received minimal organization to make them readily accessible. Her files labeled \"personal correspondence\" are arranged chronologically (1931-1992), and concern both personal and professional matters. Other files that were organized by subject remain as they were. These documents are primarily administrative regarding the Law Library. There are also copies of her speeches, memorabilia, numerous copies of newspaper clippings, awards, and resolutions. Finally, there is an extensive collection of photographs of Farmer, her family, and members of the Law School community."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. 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She was also a member of the Board of Directors of the Richmond League of Women Voters and the local YMCA.","Farmer's experience as law librarian began when she entered law school and became the assistant law librarian, in addition to secretary to the dean. In 1934, in the absence of the law librarian, she undertook all the administrative work of the library, including accessioning, selecting and purchasing books, keeping financial records, etc. After completing a course in law library administration at the School of Library Service at Columbia University, she was appointed law librarian at the University of Richmond in 1938. Also in that year, she joined the American Association of Law Libraries and became a member of the Committee on the Library Journal.","In July 1942, Farmer accepted the position of senior cataloguer and executive secretary at the University of Virginia Law Library, with an annual salary of $2400.00. At that time the library had fewer than 40,000 books, all of them uncataloged, and she was hired to carry out the cataloguing project and to begin a book purchasing program. In 1943 she began teaching legal bibliography and the following year was appointed law librarian. Under her leadership the library grew to 100,000 cataloged volumes by the early 1950s.","Because state funding was never adequate for the growth of a major law library, at the outset Farmer sought the support of the Law School Alumni Association which she found willing to match or exceed state money. Thus began a life-long partnership which helped to make the Law Library one of the top ten in the nation. In return Farmer gave unstintingly to the Alumni Association, masterminding and for many years overseeing the annual spring alumni weekend and serving sixteen years as secretary/treasurer of the Association.","Farmer eventually gained faculty status at the Law School, making her its first female law professor. She was also active in professional organizations. She had lifetime membership in the American Association of Law Libraries, serving as president in 1959-60. In addition, she was a member of the Virginia State Bar and the State Bar Association, was active in University of Richmond alumni groups, and held membership in Phi Beta Kappa and Order of the Coif. She was a consultant to many US law libraries and to the government law library in Nigeria. In February-March of 1975 she was one of the three American law librarians who served as faculty members of the First Conference of Law Librarians in Nigeria, at the Nigerian Law School on Victoria Island, in Lagos. She was active in promoting interest in microforms for law libraries and was appointed by the attorney general of Virginia in 1976 to explore computerized legal research for Virginia lawyers and public officials.","She retired in August of 1976, and became library consultant to the Center for Oceans Law and Policy at the Law School. The same year, she was designated professor emerita by the Board of Visitors of the University, and her alma mater awarded her an honorary degree in recognition of her outstanding achievements in law librarianship.","Farmer cowrote with Ray Doubles a Manual of Legal Bibliography(The Michie Company, 1947) and editedThe Wilson Reader(Oceana Publications, 1956). In retirement, she compiled an oral history of the second century of the Law School.","A Law School Alumni Association resolution recognizing Frances Farmer's contributions at the thirty-year mark of her tenure stated, \"As a result of her creative mind, an inexhaustible supply of energy, resourcefulness and ability, and her indomitable spirit, the Law Library at the University of Virginia has grown and prospered.\"","Frances Farmer died in Charlottesville on 13 September 1993.","The papers of Frances Farmer have received minimal organization to make them readily accessible. Her files labeled \"personal correspondence\" are arranged chronologically (1931-1992), and concern both personal and professional matters. Other files that were organized by subject remain as they were. These documents are primarily administrative regarding the Law Library. There are also copies of her speeches, memorabilia, numerous copies of newspaper clippings, awards, and resolutions. 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She attended John Marshall High School (1923- 1927), and then studied at Westhampton College, where she majored in history and had considerable success in the debating society. After her junior year of college, she enrolled at T. C. Williams School of Law at the University of Richmond and received her LLB in 1933. The only female in her law class, she graduated with honors and was awarded the O. H. Berry Medal, given to the \"best all-around graduate in law.\" She passed the State Bar Examination in December of the same year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn October of 1931, Frances Farmer began to work for Dr. Ray Doubles, dean of the University of Richmond Law School as part-time secretary, a position she kept after her graduation. Despite her outstanding academic record, she learned that good positions for female lawyers were extremely difficult to find at that time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, she became very active in Richmond community affairs. She held a number of offices in the Richmond Branch of University Women (AAUW) (1934-36) and was secretary of the Virginia Consumers' League (1935), the Virginia Social Science Association (1935), and the Virginia Women's Council of Legislative Chairmen of States Organizations (1936). She was also a member of the Board of Directors of the Richmond League of Women Voters and the local YMCA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Farmer's experience as law librarian began when she entered law school and became the assistant law librarian, in addition to secretary to the dean. In 1934, in the absence of the law librarian, she undertook all the administrative work of the library, including accessioning, selecting and purchasing books, keeping financial records, etc. After completing a course in law library administration at the School of Library Service at Columbia University, she was appointed law librarian at the University of Richmond in 1938. Also in that year, she joined the American Association of Law Libraries and became a member of the Committee on the Library Journal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In July 1942, Farmer accepted the position of senior cataloguer and executive secretary at the University of Virginia Law Library, with an annual salary of $2400.00. At that time the library had fewer than 40,000 books, all of them uncataloged, and she was hired to carry out the cataloguing project and to begin a book purchasing program. In 1943 she began teaching legal bibliography and the following year was appointed law librarian. Under her leadership the library grew to 100,000 cataloged volumes by the early 1950s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause state funding was never adequate for the growth of a major law library, at the outset Farmer sought the support of the Law School Alumni Association which she found willing to match or exceed state money. Thus began a life-long partnership which helped to make the Law Library one of the top ten in the nation. In return Farmer gave unstintingly to the Alumni Association, masterminding and for many years overseeing the annual spring alumni weekend and serving sixteen years as secretary/treasurer of the Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer eventually gained faculty status at the Law School, making her its first female law professor. She was also active in professional organizations. She had lifetime membership in the American Association of Law Libraries, serving as president in 1959-60. In addition, she was a member of the Virginia State Bar and the State Bar Association, was active in University of Richmond alumni groups, and held membership in Phi Beta Kappa and Order of the Coif. She was a consultant to many US law libraries and to the government law library in Nigeria. In February-March of 1975 she was one of the three American law librarians who served as faculty members of the First Conference of Law Librarians in Nigeria, at the Nigerian Law School on Victoria Island, in Lagos. She was active in promoting interest in microforms for law libraries and was appointed by the attorney general of Virginia in 1976 to explore computerized legal research for Virginia lawyers and public officials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe retired in August of 1976, and became library consultant to the Center for Oceans Law and Policy at the Law School. The same year, she was designated professor emerita by the Board of Visitors of the University, and her alma mater awarded her an honorary degree in recognition of her outstanding achievements in law librarianship.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarmer cowrote with Ray Doubles a \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eManual of Legal Bibliography\u003c/emph\u003e(The Michie Company, 1947) and edited\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Wilson Reader\u003c/emph\u003e(Oceana Publications, 1956). In retirement, she compiled an oral history of the second century of the Law School.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA Law School Alumni Association resolution recognizing Frances Farmer's contributions at the thirty-year mark of her tenure stated, \"As a result of her creative mind, an inexhaustible supply of energy, resourcefulness and ability, and her indomitable spirit, the Law Library at the University of Virginia has grown and prospered.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrances Farmer died in Charlottesville on 13 September 1993.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Frances Farmer was born in Keysville, Virginia, on 9 December 1909, but she spent most of her younger years in Richmond, where she moved with her family in 1915. She attended John Marshall High School (1923- 1927), and then studied at Westhampton College, where she majored in history and had considerable success in the debating society. After her junior year of college, she enrolled at T. C. Williams School of Law at the University of Richmond and received her LLB in 1933. The only female in her law class, she graduated with honors and was awarded the O. H. Berry Medal, given to the \"best all-around graduate in law.\" She passed the State Bar Examination in December of the same year.","In October of 1931, Frances Farmer began to work for Dr. Ray Doubles, dean of the University of Richmond Law School as part-time secretary, a position she kept after her graduation. Despite her outstanding academic record, she learned that good positions for female lawyers were extremely difficult to find at that time.","Meanwhile, she became very active in Richmond community affairs. She held a number of offices in the Richmond Branch of University Women (AAUW) (1934-36) and was secretary of the Virginia Consumers' League (1935), the Virginia Social Science Association (1935), and the Virginia Women's Council of Legislative Chairmen of States Organizations (1936). She was also a member of the Board of Directors of the Richmond League of Women Voters and the local YMCA.","Farmer's experience as law librarian began when she entered law school and became the assistant law librarian, in addition to secretary to the dean. In 1934, in the absence of the law librarian, she undertook all the administrative work of the library, including accessioning, selecting and purchasing books, keeping financial records, etc. After completing a course in law library administration at the School of Library Service at Columbia University, she was appointed law librarian at the University of Richmond in 1938. Also in that year, she joined the American Association of Law Libraries and became a member of the Committee on the Library Journal.","In July 1942, Farmer accepted the position of senior cataloguer and executive secretary at the University of Virginia Law Library, with an annual salary of $2400.00. At that time the library had fewer than 40,000 books, all of them uncataloged, and she was hired to carry out the cataloguing project and to begin a book purchasing program. In 1943 she began teaching legal bibliography and the following year was appointed law librarian. Under her leadership the library grew to 100,000 cataloged volumes by the early 1950s.","Because state funding was never adequate for the growth of a major law library, at the outset Farmer sought the support of the Law School Alumni Association which she found willing to match or exceed state money. Thus began a life-long partnership which helped to make the Law Library one of the top ten in the nation. In return Farmer gave unstintingly to the Alumni Association, masterminding and for many years overseeing the annual spring alumni weekend and serving sixteen years as secretary/treasurer of the Association.","Farmer eventually gained faculty status at the Law School, making her its first female law professor. She was also active in professional organizations. She had lifetime membership in the American Association of Law Libraries, serving as president in 1959-60. In addition, she was a member of the Virginia State Bar and the State Bar Association, was active in University of Richmond alumni groups, and held membership in Phi Beta Kappa and Order of the Coif. She was a consultant to many US law libraries and to the government law library in Nigeria. In February-March of 1975 she was one of the three American law librarians who served as faculty members of the First Conference of Law Librarians in Nigeria, at the Nigerian Law School on Victoria Island, in Lagos. She was active in promoting interest in microforms for law libraries and was appointed by the attorney general of Virginia in 1976 to explore computerized legal research for Virginia lawyers and public officials.","She retired in August of 1976, and became library consultant to the Center for Oceans Law and Policy at the Law School. The same year, she was designated professor emerita by the Board of Visitors of the University, and her alma mater awarded her an honorary degree in recognition of her outstanding achievements in law librarianship.","Farmer cowrote with Ray Doubles a Manual of Legal Bibliography(The Michie Company, 1947) and editedThe Wilson Reader(Oceana Publications, 1956). In retirement, she compiled an oral history of the second century of the Law School.","A Law School Alumni Association resolution recognizing Frances Farmer's contributions at the thirty-year mark of her tenure stated, \"As a result of her creative mind, an inexhaustible supply of energy, resourcefulness and ability, and her indomitable spirit, the Law Library at the University of Virginia has grown and prospered.\"","Frances Farmer died in Charlottesville on 13 September 1993."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of Frances Farmer have received minimal organization to make them readily accessible. Her files labeled \"personal correspondence\" are arranged chronologically (1931-1992), and concern both personal and professional matters. Other files that were organized by subject remain as they were. These documents are primarily administrative regarding the Law Library. There are also copies of her speeches, memorabilia, numerous copies of newspaper clippings, awards, and resolutions. Finally, there is an extensive collection of photographs of Farmer, her family, and members of the Law School community.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of Frances Farmer have received minimal organization to make them readily accessible. Her files labeled \"personal correspondence\" are arranged chronologically (1931-1992), and concern both personal and professional matters. Other files that were organized by subject remain as they were. These documents are primarily administrative regarding the Law Library. There are also copies of her speeches, memorabilia, numerous copies of newspaper clippings, awards, and resolutions. Finally, there is an extensive collection of photographs of Farmer, her family, and members of the Law School community."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law. Arthur J. Morris Law Library","American Association of Law Libraries","University of Virginia. Center for Oceans Law and Policy","University of Virginia. School of Law. Law School Foundation"],"names_coll_ssim":["University of Virginia. School of Law. Arthur J. Morris Law Library","American Association of Law Libraries","University of Virginia. Center for Oceans Law and Policy","University of Virginia. School of Law. Law School Foundation","Farmer, Frances, 1909-1993"],"persname_ssim":["Farmer, Frances, 1909-1993"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law. Arthur J. Morris Law Library","American Association of Law Libraries","University of Virginia. Center for Oceans Law and Policy","University of Virginia. School of Law. Law School Foundation","Farmer, Frances, 1909-1993"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":142,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:46.871Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_79"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_580","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Frank W. McCulloch papers, 1960/1998","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_580#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_580#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection of papers documents Frank McCulloch's extracurricular work in the field of labor law after his retirement from the National Labor Relations Board. The collection contains case files and annual reports from Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers (1971-1987); public employee rights; documents on the ILO and the United States S withdrawal from the organization; correspondence, miscellaneous files and published materials. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_580#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_580","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_580","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_580","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_580","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_580.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/107197","title_ssm":["Frank W. McCulloch papers"],"title_tesim":["Frank W. McCulloch papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1960 - 1998"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1960 - 1998"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1960/1998"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Frank W. McCulloch papers, 1960/1998"],"text":["Frank W. McCulloch papers, 1960/1998","MSS.85.13","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/580","Labor unions -- United States","Labor laws and legislation, International","Labor laws and legislation -- United States","Migrant agricultural laborers -- United States","clippings (information artifacts)","photographs","Born in Evanston, Illinois, Frank Waugh McCulloch was the son of two lawyers, both of whom were active in civic and social causes. He attended Williams College, where he received his AB degree in 1926, and Harvard University, where he received his LLB in 1929. From 1930 to 1935 McCulloch worked by day for the Chicago firm of Sonnenschein, Berkson, Lautmann, Levinson \u0026 Morse, and in the evenings he did social settlement work in the Chicago Commons. From 1935 to 1946, he was the Industrial Relations Secretary for the Council for Social Action of the Congregational Christian Churches of America at its Chicago office. In 1940 he was appointed director of the James Mullenbach Industrial Institute, a joint project of the Chicago Congregational Union and the Council for Social Action, for which he worked until 1946. In addition, McCulloch was active in a great variety of organizations, including the Chicago Chapter of the League For Industrial Democracy, the North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy, the Union for Democratic Action, the Executive Committee of Americans for Democratic Action, the Conscientious Objector's Information and Service Bureau, the Chicago Workers Committee on Unemployment, the American Society for Cultural Relations with Russia, and the Mid-West Institute of International Relations.","In 1946 he became director of the Labor Education Division of Roosevelt University, a position he resigned in 1949 in order to become an administrative assistant to U.S. Senator Paul H. Douglas of Illinois. He held this post until President John F. Kennedy appointed him Chairman of the National Labor Relations Board in 1961, and Lyndon B. Johnson reappointed him to a second term. A firm believer in industrial democracy, McCulloch remained in his position at the NLRB for ten years and then joined the law faculty at the University of Virginia. His courses included Labor Law and Labor Law in Action. From 1971 to 1988 he served on the Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers. In 1972 he became a member of the Virginia Commission on Public Employee Rights, serving for four years. In 1974 he was appointed to succeed former Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren on the Committee of Experts of the International Labor Organization, a United Nations agency, where he served until 1985. For ten years, starting in 1977, he was a member of the Albemarle County Industrial Development Authority. He died in 1996.","This collection of papers documents Frank McCulloch's extracurricular work in the field of labor law after his retirement from the National Labor Relations Board. The collection contains case files and annual reports  from Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers (1971-1987); public employee rights; documents on the ILO and the United States S withdrawal from the organization; correspondence, miscellaneous files and published materials.","The collection is divided in the four series. Series I, the largest group (boxes 1-46 and 63-70) contains the case files he has kept as a member of the Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers, 1971-1987. Series II is comprised of files which record his work as a member of the Virginia Commission of Public Employee Rights from 1972 to 1976, as well as the aid he gave the Virginia Education Association in its attempt to get collective bargaining powers in the early 1970's. He was a member of the Board of Directors of the Migrant Legal Action Program beginning in 1971, and the Series III files concerning that program extend from 1971 to 1984. Finally, in Series IV there are records dating from 1974 to 1983 regarding the Legal Services Corporation.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","International Labor Organization","International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America","Legal Services Corporation","Migrant Legal Action Program","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Virginia. Commission to Study the Rights of Public Employees","McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Frank W. McCulloch papers, 1960/1998"],"collection_ssim":["Frank W. McCulloch papers, 1960/1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.85.13","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/580"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.85.13","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/580"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996"],"creator_ssim":["McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996"],"creator_persname_ssim":["McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","International Labor Organization","International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America","Legal Services Corporation","Migrant Legal Action Program","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Virginia. Commission to Study the Rights of Public Employees"],"creators_ssim":["McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","International Labor Organization","International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America","Legal Services Corporation","Migrant Legal Action Program","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Virginia. Commission to Study the Rights of Public Employees"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the Law Library by Frank W. McCulloch in June of 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1993, and 1996."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Labor unions -- United States","Labor laws and legislation, International","Labor laws and legislation -- United States","Migrant agricultural laborers -- United States","clippings (information artifacts)","photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Labor unions -- United States","Labor laws and legislation, International","Labor laws and legislation -- United States","Migrant agricultural laborers -- United States","clippings (information artifacts)","photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["42 Linear Feet 105 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["42 Linear Feet 105 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)","photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBorn in Evanston, Illinois, Frank Waugh McCulloch was the son of two lawyers, both of whom were active in civic and social causes. He attended Williams College, where he received his AB degree in 1926, and Harvard University, where he received his LLB in 1929. From 1930 to 1935 McCulloch worked by day for the Chicago firm of Sonnenschein, Berkson, Lautmann, Levinson \u0026amp; Morse, and in the evenings he did social settlement work in the Chicago Commons. From 1935 to 1946, he was the Industrial Relations Secretary for the Council for Social Action of the Congregational Christian Churches of America at its Chicago office. In 1940 he was appointed director of the James Mullenbach Industrial Institute, a joint project of the Chicago Congregational Union and the Council for Social Action, for which he worked until 1946. In addition, McCulloch was active in a great variety of organizations, including the Chicago Chapter of the League For Industrial Democracy, the North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy, the Union for Democratic Action, the Executive Committee of Americans for Democratic Action, the Conscientious Objector's Information and Service Bureau, the Chicago Workers Committee on Unemployment, the American Society for Cultural Relations with Russia, and the Mid-West Institute of International Relations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1946 he became director of the Labor Education Division of Roosevelt University, a position he resigned in 1949 in order to become an administrative assistant to U.S. Senator Paul H. Douglas of Illinois. He held this post until President John F. Kennedy appointed him Chairman of the National Labor Relations Board in 1961, and Lyndon B. Johnson reappointed him to a second term. A firm believer in industrial democracy, McCulloch remained in his position at the NLRB for ten years and then joined the law faculty at the University of Virginia. His courses included Labor Law and Labor Law in Action. From 1971 to 1988 he served on the Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers. In 1972 he became a member of the Virginia Commission on Public Employee Rights, serving for four years. In 1974 he was appointed to succeed former Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren on the Committee of Experts of the International Labor Organization, a United Nations agency, where he served until 1985. For ten years, starting in 1977, he was a member of the Albemarle County Industrial Development Authority. He died in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Born in Evanston, Illinois, Frank Waugh McCulloch was the son of two lawyers, both of whom were active in civic and social causes. He attended Williams College, where he received his AB degree in 1926, and Harvard University, where he received his LLB in 1929. From 1930 to 1935 McCulloch worked by day for the Chicago firm of Sonnenschein, Berkson, Lautmann, Levinson \u0026 Morse, and in the evenings he did social settlement work in the Chicago Commons. From 1935 to 1946, he was the Industrial Relations Secretary for the Council for Social Action of the Congregational Christian Churches of America at its Chicago office. In 1940 he was appointed director of the James Mullenbach Industrial Institute, a joint project of the Chicago Congregational Union and the Council for Social Action, for which he worked until 1946. In addition, McCulloch was active in a great variety of organizations, including the Chicago Chapter of the League For Industrial Democracy, the North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy, the Union for Democratic Action, the Executive Committee of Americans for Democratic Action, the Conscientious Objector's Information and Service Bureau, the Chicago Workers Committee on Unemployment, the American Society for Cultural Relations with Russia, and the Mid-West Institute of International Relations.","In 1946 he became director of the Labor Education Division of Roosevelt University, a position he resigned in 1949 in order to become an administrative assistant to U.S. Senator Paul H. Douglas of Illinois. He held this post until President John F. Kennedy appointed him Chairman of the National Labor Relations Board in 1961, and Lyndon B. Johnson reappointed him to a second term. A firm believer in industrial democracy, McCulloch remained in his position at the NLRB for ten years and then joined the law faculty at the University of Virginia. His courses included Labor Law and Labor Law in Action. From 1971 to 1988 he served on the Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers. In 1972 he became a member of the Virginia Commission on Public Employee Rights, serving for four years. In 1974 he was appointed to succeed former Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren on the Committee of Experts of the International Labor Organization, a United Nations agency, where he served until 1985. For ten years, starting in 1977, he was a member of the Albemarle County Industrial Development Authority. He died in 1996."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of papers documents Frank McCulloch's extracurricular work in the field of labor law after his retirement from the National Labor Relations Board. The collection contains case files and annual reports  from Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers (1971-1987); public employee rights; documents on the ILO and the United States S withdrawal from the organization; correspondence, miscellaneous files and published materials.   \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided in the four series. Series I, the largest group (boxes 1-46 and 63-70) contains the case files he has kept as a member of the Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers, 1971-1987. Series II is comprised of files which record his work as a member of the Virginia Commission of Public Employee Rights from 1972 to 1976, as well as the aid he gave the Virginia Education Association in its attempt to get collective bargaining powers in the early 1970's. He was a member of the Board of Directors of the Migrant Legal Action Program beginning in 1971, and the Series III files concerning that program extend from 1971 to 1984. Finally, in Series IV there are records dating from 1974 to 1983 regarding the Legal Services Corporation.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of papers documents Frank McCulloch's extracurricular work in the field of labor law after his retirement from the National Labor Relations Board. The collection contains case files and annual reports  from Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers (1971-1987); public employee rights; documents on the ILO and the United States S withdrawal from the organization; correspondence, miscellaneous files and published materials.","The collection is divided in the four series. Series I, the largest group (boxes 1-46 and 63-70) contains the case files he has kept as a member of the Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers, 1971-1987. Series II is comprised of files which record his work as a member of the Virginia Commission of Public Employee Rights from 1972 to 1976, as well as the aid he gave the Virginia Education Association in its attempt to get collective bargaining powers in the early 1970's. He was a member of the Board of Directors of the Migrant Legal Action Program beginning in 1971, and the Series III files concerning that program extend from 1971 to 1984. Finally, in Series IV there are records dating from 1974 to 1983 regarding the Legal Services Corporation."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","International Labor Organization","International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America","Legal Services Corporation","Migrant Legal Action Program","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Virginia. Commission to Study the Rights of Public Employees"],"names_coll_ssim":["International Labor Organization","International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America","Legal Services Corporation","Migrant Legal Action Program","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Virginia. Commission to Study the Rights of Public Employees","McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996"],"persname_ssim":["McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","International Labor Organization","International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America","Legal Services Corporation","Migrant Legal Action Program","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Virginia. 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McCulloch papers, 1960/1998","MSS.85.13","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/580","Labor unions -- United States","Labor laws and legislation, International","Labor laws and legislation -- United States","Migrant agricultural laborers -- United States","clippings (information artifacts)","photographs","Born in Evanston, Illinois, Frank Waugh McCulloch was the son of two lawyers, both of whom were active in civic and social causes. He attended Williams College, where he received his AB degree in 1926, and Harvard University, where he received his LLB in 1929. From 1930 to 1935 McCulloch worked by day for the Chicago firm of Sonnenschein, Berkson, Lautmann, Levinson \u0026 Morse, and in the evenings he did social settlement work in the Chicago Commons. From 1935 to 1946, he was the Industrial Relations Secretary for the Council for Social Action of the Congregational Christian Churches of America at its Chicago office. In 1940 he was appointed director of the James Mullenbach Industrial Institute, a joint project of the Chicago Congregational Union and the Council for Social Action, for which he worked until 1946. In addition, McCulloch was active in a great variety of organizations, including the Chicago Chapter of the League For Industrial Democracy, the North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy, the Union for Democratic Action, the Executive Committee of Americans for Democratic Action, the Conscientious Objector's Information and Service Bureau, the Chicago Workers Committee on Unemployment, the American Society for Cultural Relations with Russia, and the Mid-West Institute of International Relations.","In 1946 he became director of the Labor Education Division of Roosevelt University, a position he resigned in 1949 in order to become an administrative assistant to U.S. Senator Paul H. Douglas of Illinois. He held this post until President John F. Kennedy appointed him Chairman of the National Labor Relations Board in 1961, and Lyndon B. Johnson reappointed him to a second term. A firm believer in industrial democracy, McCulloch remained in his position at the NLRB for ten years and then joined the law faculty at the University of Virginia. His courses included Labor Law and Labor Law in Action. From 1971 to 1988 he served on the Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers. In 1972 he became a member of the Virginia Commission on Public Employee Rights, serving for four years. In 1974 he was appointed to succeed former Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren on the Committee of Experts of the International Labor Organization, a United Nations agency, where he served until 1985. For ten years, starting in 1977, he was a member of the Albemarle County Industrial Development Authority. He died in 1996.","This collection of papers documents Frank McCulloch's extracurricular work in the field of labor law after his retirement from the National Labor Relations Board. The collection contains case files and annual reports  from Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers (1971-1987); public employee rights; documents on the ILO and the United States S withdrawal from the organization; correspondence, miscellaneous files and published materials.","The collection is divided in the four series. Series I, the largest group (boxes 1-46 and 63-70) contains the case files he has kept as a member of the Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers, 1971-1987. Series II is comprised of files which record his work as a member of the Virginia Commission of Public Employee Rights from 1972 to 1976, as well as the aid he gave the Virginia Education Association in its attempt to get collective bargaining powers in the early 1970's. He was a member of the Board of Directors of the Migrant Legal Action Program beginning in 1971, and the Series III files concerning that program extend from 1971 to 1984. Finally, in Series IV there are records dating from 1974 to 1983 regarding the Legal Services Corporation.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","International Labor Organization","International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America","Legal Services Corporation","Migrant Legal Action Program","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Virginia. Commission to Study the Rights of Public Employees","McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Frank W. McCulloch papers, 1960/1998"],"collection_ssim":["Frank W. McCulloch papers, 1960/1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.85.13","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/580"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.85.13","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/580"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996"],"creator_ssim":["McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996"],"creator_persname_ssim":["McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","International Labor Organization","International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America","Legal Services Corporation","Migrant Legal Action Program","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Virginia. Commission to Study the Rights of Public Employees"],"creators_ssim":["McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","International Labor Organization","International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America","Legal Services Corporation","Migrant Legal Action Program","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Virginia. Commission to Study the Rights of Public Employees"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the Law Library by Frank W. McCulloch in June of 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1993, and 1996."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Labor unions -- United States","Labor laws and legislation, International","Labor laws and legislation -- United States","Migrant agricultural laborers -- United States","clippings (information artifacts)","photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Labor unions -- United States","Labor laws and legislation, International","Labor laws and legislation -- United States","Migrant agricultural laborers -- United States","clippings (information artifacts)","photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["42 Linear Feet 105 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["42 Linear Feet 105 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)","photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBorn in Evanston, Illinois, Frank Waugh McCulloch was the son of two lawyers, both of whom were active in civic and social causes. He attended Williams College, where he received his AB degree in 1926, and Harvard University, where he received his LLB in 1929. From 1930 to 1935 McCulloch worked by day for the Chicago firm of Sonnenschein, Berkson, Lautmann, Levinson \u0026amp; Morse, and in the evenings he did social settlement work in the Chicago Commons. From 1935 to 1946, he was the Industrial Relations Secretary for the Council for Social Action of the Congregational Christian Churches of America at its Chicago office. In 1940 he was appointed director of the James Mullenbach Industrial Institute, a joint project of the Chicago Congregational Union and the Council for Social Action, for which he worked until 1946. In addition, McCulloch was active in a great variety of organizations, including the Chicago Chapter of the League For Industrial Democracy, the North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy, the Union for Democratic Action, the Executive Committee of Americans for Democratic Action, the Conscientious Objector's Information and Service Bureau, the Chicago Workers Committee on Unemployment, the American Society for Cultural Relations with Russia, and the Mid-West Institute of International Relations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1946 he became director of the Labor Education Division of Roosevelt University, a position he resigned in 1949 in order to become an administrative assistant to U.S. Senator Paul H. Douglas of Illinois. He held this post until President John F. Kennedy appointed him Chairman of the National Labor Relations Board in 1961, and Lyndon B. Johnson reappointed him to a second term. A firm believer in industrial democracy, McCulloch remained in his position at the NLRB for ten years and then joined the law faculty at the University of Virginia. His courses included Labor Law and Labor Law in Action. From 1971 to 1988 he served on the Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers. In 1972 he became a member of the Virginia Commission on Public Employee Rights, serving for four years. In 1974 he was appointed to succeed former Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren on the Committee of Experts of the International Labor Organization, a United Nations agency, where he served until 1985. For ten years, starting in 1977, he was a member of the Albemarle County Industrial Development Authority. He died in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Born in Evanston, Illinois, Frank Waugh McCulloch was the son of two lawyers, both of whom were active in civic and social causes. He attended Williams College, where he received his AB degree in 1926, and Harvard University, where he received his LLB in 1929. From 1930 to 1935 McCulloch worked by day for the Chicago firm of Sonnenschein, Berkson, Lautmann, Levinson \u0026 Morse, and in the evenings he did social settlement work in the Chicago Commons. From 1935 to 1946, he was the Industrial Relations Secretary for the Council for Social Action of the Congregational Christian Churches of America at its Chicago office. In 1940 he was appointed director of the James Mullenbach Industrial Institute, a joint project of the Chicago Congregational Union and the Council for Social Action, for which he worked until 1946. In addition, McCulloch was active in a great variety of organizations, including the Chicago Chapter of the League For Industrial Democracy, the North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy, the Union for Democratic Action, the Executive Committee of Americans for Democratic Action, the Conscientious Objector's Information and Service Bureau, the Chicago Workers Committee on Unemployment, the American Society for Cultural Relations with Russia, and the Mid-West Institute of International Relations.","In 1946 he became director of the Labor Education Division of Roosevelt University, a position he resigned in 1949 in order to become an administrative assistant to U.S. Senator Paul H. Douglas of Illinois. He held this post until President John F. Kennedy appointed him Chairman of the National Labor Relations Board in 1961, and Lyndon B. Johnson reappointed him to a second term. A firm believer in industrial democracy, McCulloch remained in his position at the NLRB for ten years and then joined the law faculty at the University of Virginia. His courses included Labor Law and Labor Law in Action. From 1971 to 1988 he served on the Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers. In 1972 he became a member of the Virginia Commission on Public Employee Rights, serving for four years. In 1974 he was appointed to succeed former Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren on the Committee of Experts of the International Labor Organization, a United Nations agency, where he served until 1985. For ten years, starting in 1977, he was a member of the Albemarle County Industrial Development Authority. He died in 1996."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of papers documents Frank McCulloch's extracurricular work in the field of labor law after his retirement from the National Labor Relations Board. The collection contains case files and annual reports  from Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers (1971-1987); public employee rights; documents on the ILO and the United States S withdrawal from the organization; correspondence, miscellaneous files and published materials.   \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided in the four series. Series I, the largest group (boxes 1-46 and 63-70) contains the case files he has kept as a member of the Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers, 1971-1987. Series II is comprised of files which record his work as a member of the Virginia Commission of Public Employee Rights from 1972 to 1976, as well as the aid he gave the Virginia Education Association in its attempt to get collective bargaining powers in the early 1970's. He was a member of the Board of Directors of the Migrant Legal Action Program beginning in 1971, and the Series III files concerning that program extend from 1971 to 1984. Finally, in Series IV there are records dating from 1974 to 1983 regarding the Legal Services Corporation.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of papers documents Frank McCulloch's extracurricular work in the field of labor law after his retirement from the National Labor Relations Board. The collection contains case files and annual reports  from Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers (1971-1987); public employee rights; documents on the ILO and the United States S withdrawal from the organization; correspondence, miscellaneous files and published materials.","The collection is divided in the four series. Series I, the largest group (boxes 1-46 and 63-70) contains the case files he has kept as a member of the Public Review Board of the United Auto Workers, 1971-1987. Series II is comprised of files which record his work as a member of the Virginia Commission of Public Employee Rights from 1972 to 1976, as well as the aid he gave the Virginia Education Association in its attempt to get collective bargaining powers in the early 1970's. He was a member of the Board of Directors of the Migrant Legal Action Program beginning in 1971, and the Series III files concerning that program extend from 1971 to 1984. Finally, in Series IV there are records dating from 1974 to 1983 regarding the Legal Services Corporation."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","International Labor Organization","International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America","Legal Services Corporation","Migrant Legal Action Program","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Virginia. Commission to Study the Rights of Public Employees"],"names_coll_ssim":["International Labor Organization","International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America","Legal Services Corporation","Migrant Legal Action Program","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Virginia. Commission to Study the Rights of Public Employees","McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996"],"persname_ssim":["McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","International Labor Organization","International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America","Legal Services Corporation","Migrant Legal Action Program","United States. National Labor Relations Board","Virginia. Commission to Study the Rights of Public Employees","McCulloch, Frank W., 1905-1996"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":739,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-15T00:04:47.156Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_580"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_52","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts, 1979/2005","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_52#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of files pertaining to events sponsored by CHALFA (Charlottesville/Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts) (1979-2005; cubic foot) and include clippings, articles about Bill Weedon and Marion Nolan, invitations, guest lists, publicity, financial papers, programs, newsletters, ticket stubs, and posters. The collection also contains original charcoal sketches of Marion Nolan and Bill Weedon and \"Notes on Marion Nolan and CHALFA,\" a speech given to the Contemporary Club, January 13, 2005, by Stanton Nolan.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_52#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_52","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_52","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_52","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_52","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_52.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/52","title_filing_ssi":"Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts","title_ssm":["Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts"],"title_tesim":["Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts"],"unitdate_ssm":["1979-1998, 2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1979-1998, 2005"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1979/2005"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts, 1979/2005"],"text":["Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts, 1979/2005","MSS 13233","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/52","posters","Newsletters","clippings (information artifacts)","This collection is open for research use.","The collection is arranged alphabetically by folder heading and in reverse chronological order within the folder.","The Charlottesville/Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts was established by Marion Nolan (1933-2011) in 1976, where she served as the Chief Executive Officer and Chair of the Board. The mission of the independent nonprofit tax-exempt organization was to \"enrich the cultural life of the entire community, to provide programs in the city and county school systems, to enhance the core curriculum and to encourage and develop future performing artists and enthusiasts.\" She retired from CHALFA in 1996. She attended George Washington University, majoring in history, and was married to University of Virginia professor, Stan Nolan.","The collection consists of files pertaining to events sponsored by CHALFA (Charlottesville/Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts) (1979-2005; cubic foot) and include clippings, articles about Bill Weedon and Marion Nolan, invitations, guest lists, publicity, financial papers, programs, newsletters, ticket stubs, and posters. The collection also contains original charcoal sketches of Marion Nolan and Bill Weedon and \"Notes on Marion Nolan and CHALFA,\" a speech given to the Contemporary Club, January 13, 2005, by Stanton Nolan.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts, 1979/2005"],"collection_ssim":["Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts, 1979/2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 13233","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/52"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 13233","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/52"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Ruth Ferguson, 13 January 2005."],"access_subjects_ssim":["posters","Newsletters","clippings (information artifacts)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["posters","Newsletters","clippings (information artifacts)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet 2 document boxes"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet 2 document boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["posters","Newsletters","clippings (information artifacts)"],"date_range_isim":[1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged alphabetically by folder heading and in reverse chronological order within the folder.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged alphabetically by folder heading and in reverse chronological order within the folder."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Charlottesville/Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts was established by Marion Nolan (1933-2011) in 1976, where she served as the Chief Executive Officer and Chair of the Board. The mission of the independent nonprofit tax-exempt organization was to \"enrich the cultural life of the entire community, to provide programs in the city and county school systems, to enhance the core curriculum and to encourage and develop future performing artists and enthusiasts.\" She retired from CHALFA in 1996. She attended George Washington University, majoring in history, and was married to University of Virginia professor, Stan Nolan.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Charlottesville/Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts was established by Marion Nolan (1933-2011) in 1976, where she served as the Chief Executive Officer and Chair of the Board. The mission of the independent nonprofit tax-exempt organization was to \"enrich the cultural life of the entire community, to provide programs in the city and county school systems, to enhance the core curriculum and to encourage and develop future performing artists and enthusiasts.\" She retired from CHALFA in 1996. She attended George Washington University, majoring in history, and was married to University of Virginia professor, Stan Nolan."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of files pertaining to events sponsored by CHALFA (Charlottesville/Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts) (1979-2005; cubic foot) and include clippings, articles about Bill Weedon and Marion Nolan, invitations, guest lists, publicity, financial papers, programs, newsletters, ticket stubs, and posters. The collection also contains original charcoal sketches of Marion Nolan and Bill Weedon and \"Notes on Marion Nolan and CHALFA,\" a speech given to the Contemporary Club, January 13, 2005, by Stanton Nolan.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of files pertaining to events sponsored by CHALFA (Charlottesville/Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts) (1979-2005; cubic foot) and include clippings, articles about Bill Weedon and Marion Nolan, invitations, guest lists, publicity, financial papers, programs, newsletters, ticket stubs, and posters. The collection also contains original charcoal sketches of Marion Nolan and Bill Weedon and \"Notes on Marion Nolan and CHALFA,\" a speech given to the Contemporary Club, January 13, 2005, by Stanton Nolan."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":25,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_52","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_52","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_52","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_52","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_52.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/52","title_filing_ssi":"Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts","title_ssm":["Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts"],"title_tesim":["Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts"],"unitdate_ssm":["1979-1998, 2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1979-1998, 2005"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1979/2005"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts, 1979/2005"],"text":["Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts, 1979/2005","MSS 13233","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/52","posters","Newsletters","clippings (information artifacts)","This collection is open for research use.","The collection is arranged alphabetically by folder heading and in reverse chronological order within the folder.","The Charlottesville/Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts was established by Marion Nolan (1933-2011) in 1976, where she served as the Chief Executive Officer and Chair of the Board. The mission of the independent nonprofit tax-exempt organization was to \"enrich the cultural life of the entire community, to provide programs in the city and county school systems, to enhance the core curriculum and to encourage and develop future performing artists and enthusiasts.\" She retired from CHALFA in 1996. She attended George Washington University, majoring in history, and was married to University of Virginia professor, Stan Nolan.","The collection consists of files pertaining to events sponsored by CHALFA (Charlottesville/Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts) (1979-2005; cubic foot) and include clippings, articles about Bill Weedon and Marion Nolan, invitations, guest lists, publicity, financial papers, programs, newsletters, ticket stubs, and posters. The collection also contains original charcoal sketches of Marion Nolan and Bill Weedon and \"Notes on Marion Nolan and CHALFA,\" a speech given to the Contemporary Club, January 13, 2005, by Stanton Nolan.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts, 1979/2005"],"collection_ssim":["Marion Nolan and Ruth Ferguson collection on Charlottesville/ Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts, 1979/2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 13233","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/52"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 13233","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/52"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Ruth Ferguson, 13 January 2005."],"access_subjects_ssim":["posters","Newsletters","clippings (information artifacts)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["posters","Newsletters","clippings (information artifacts)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet 2 document boxes"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet 2 document boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["posters","Newsletters","clippings (information artifacts)"],"date_range_isim":[1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged alphabetically by folder heading and in reverse chronological order within the folder.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged alphabetically by folder heading and in reverse chronological order within the folder."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Charlottesville/Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts was established by Marion Nolan (1933-2011) in 1976, where she served as the Chief Executive Officer and Chair of the Board. The mission of the independent nonprofit tax-exempt organization was to \"enrich the cultural life of the entire community, to provide programs in the city and county school systems, to enhance the core curriculum and to encourage and develop future performing artists and enthusiasts.\" She retired from CHALFA in 1996. She attended George Washington University, majoring in history, and was married to University of Virginia professor, Stan Nolan.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Charlottesville/Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts was established by Marion Nolan (1933-2011) in 1976, where she served as the Chief Executive Officer and Chair of the Board. The mission of the independent nonprofit tax-exempt organization was to \"enrich the cultural life of the entire community, to provide programs in the city and county school systems, to enhance the core curriculum and to encourage and develop future performing artists and enthusiasts.\" She retired from CHALFA in 1996. She attended George Washington University, majoring in history, and was married to University of Virginia professor, Stan Nolan."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of files pertaining to events sponsored by CHALFA (Charlottesville/Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts) (1979-2005; cubic foot) and include clippings, articles about Bill Weedon and Marion Nolan, invitations, guest lists, publicity, financial papers, programs, newsletters, ticket stubs, and posters. The collection also contains original charcoal sketches of Marion Nolan and Bill Weedon and \"Notes on Marion Nolan and CHALFA,\" a speech given to the Contemporary Club, January 13, 2005, by Stanton Nolan.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of files pertaining to events sponsored by CHALFA (Charlottesville/Albemarle Foundation for the Encouragement of the Arts) (1979-2005; cubic foot) and include clippings, articles about Bill Weedon and Marion Nolan, invitations, guest lists, publicity, financial papers, programs, newsletters, ticket stubs, and posters. The collection also contains original charcoal sketches of Marion Nolan and Bill Weedon and \"Notes on Marion Nolan and CHALFA,\" a speech given to the Contemporary Club, January 13, 2005, by Stanton Nolan."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":25,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_52"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_881","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Norfolk Poet's Club records, 1896/1983","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_881#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eNorfolk Poet's Club Records (1912-1983; 2 cubic feet) include manuscripts of Josephine Johnson and Margaret Haley Carpenter; and correspondence of Mary Sinton Leitch, Josephine Johnson, Julia Johnson Davis, and William Stanley Braithwaite. There are also press releases, newspaper clippings, printed items, and scrapbooks about these poets and editors and their colleagues as well as their poetry and the creative writing process.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_881#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_881","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_881","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_881","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_881","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_881.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/781","title_filing_ssi":"Norfolk Poet's Club records","title_ssm":["Norfolk Poet's Club records"],"title_tesim":["Norfolk Poet's Club records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1896; 1912-1983"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1896; 1912-1983"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1896/1983"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Norfolk Poet's Club records, 1896/1983"],"text":["Norfolk Poet's Club records, 1896/1983","MSS 14245","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/881","letters (correspondence)","Scrapbooks","poetry","clippings (information artifacts)","This collection is open for research use.","This collection is arranged into 5 series. Series 1. Manuscripts; Series 2. Correspondence; Series 3. Press releases, newspaper clippings, and printed items; Series 4. Scrapbooks (and acccount book of poems sold to publications); Series 5. Miscellaneous (hobbies of Josephine Johnson and business receipts from 1896 {Turner Family])","The Norfolk Poet's Club originally consisted of five women: Josephine Johnson, her sister Julia Johnson Davis, Mary Sinton Leach, Virginia Taylor McCormick, and Virginia Lynne Tunstall. In 1921, they sponsored the formation of a literary magazine called \"The Lyric\" (originally edited by John R. Moreland) which has been called \"America's oldest traditional poetry magazine of independent and continuous publication,\" and has operated under different editorships for over 50 years. \nSource:\nDealers notes","Josephine Johnson, one of the outstanding poets in the country, and a sonneteer of note, was awarded first prize for her collection of poems, \"The Unwilling Gypsy,\" in the sixth book publication contest of the Kaleidograph Press, Dallas, Texas in 1936. Miss Johnson was vice-president of the poetry Society of Virginia, and a member of the Poetry Society of America, the Catholic Poetry Society, and the Writers' Club of Norfolk. She was born in Norfolk and attended the University of Virginia and Harvard College. Her poems have appeared in \"The American Mercury\", \"The New Republic\", \"Harpers Magazine\", \"The London Mercury, \"The Commonwealth\", \"The Personalist\", \"The New York Times\", \"The New York Sun\", and the \"Boston Transcript\". Josephine Johnson \"is a poet of a single theme-that of life's challenge to the spirit to endure.z'\nSource:\nScrapbook","William Stanley Braithwaite (1878-1962)was a poet, editor, publisher, and anthologist who was born and raised in Boston, Massachussetts. In 1890 upon his father's death, he had to quit school and educate himself while working as a typesetter in a Boston printing firm. He developed a love of lyric poetry and wrote several poems that were published. Writing a regular column for the \"Boston Transcript\" he brought serious attention to the works of many African American poets and eventually edited \"The Anthology of Magazine Verse\". Throughout the years of compiling the Anthology, he remained committed to the notion that verse should be an expression of spiritual truth and eternal beauty beyond what he conceived of as the limits of merely political or racial concerns. 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