{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Transportation+--+United+States\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1960","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Transportation+--+United+States\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1960\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":5,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"American Public Transportation Association records, 1898/1999","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"American Public Transportation Association","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_14.xml","title_filing_ssi":"American Public Transportation Association records","title_ssm":["American Public Transportation Association records"],"title_tesim":["American Public Transportation Association records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1898-1999"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1898-1999"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1898/1999"],"normalized_title_ssm":["American Public Transportation Association records, 1898/1999"],"text":["American Public Transportation Association records, 1898/1999","C0051","/repositories/2/resources/14","Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Local transit -- United States","Federal aid to transportation -- United States","Maps","Transportation","Urban transportation","Photographs","Correspondence","There are no access restrictions.","A selection of documents from the collection are available through the .","Arranged into seven series.","Series\n      Series 1: Committees, 1908-1987\n      Series 2: Meetings and Publications, 1928-1997\n      Series 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics, 1927-1992\n      Series 4: Legislation, 1918-1977\n      Series 5: Labor, 1933-1978\n      Series 6: Local Transit, 1898-1992\n      Series 7: Oversize, 1946-1999","The organization that would eventually become APTA first organized as the American Street Railway Association on December 12, 1882, in Boston, Massachusetts.  The initial meetings focused on the price of oats for the horses that pulled transit vehicles, but that focus evolved as more transit companies built electric systems.  In 1905, the group met in New York and reorganized as the American Street and Interurban Railway Transportation and Traffic Association.  To encompass even more modes of electric transit, the group changed its name once again to the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association in 1910.  By 1932, many of the transit systems relied on motor coaches and trolleys in addition to electric streetcars, so the organization executives chose to be known as the American Transit Association (ATA).  In 1966 the ATA relocated from New York City to Washington, D.C., as a result of increasing reliance on federal funding, especially with the passage of the Urban Mass Transportation Act in 1964 and the creation of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (now the Federal Transit Administration).  The American Public Transit Association (APTA) was created in 1974 when the American Transit Association and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT) merged.  The IRT dated back to 1929 and formally organized on June 7, 1961.  In 1976, the Transit Development Corporation also merged with APTA.  In January 2000 the name of the organization was changed to the American Public Transportation Association.  Despite the various name changes, the mission of the organization has more or less remained the same.  The organization specializes in issues dealing with transit equipment, transit management, and labor issues.  In the 1970s, the organization developed a closer working relationship with the federal government as more and more transit systems became publicly financed.  Today APTA is a leading participant in research and legislation regarding the North American transportation industry and issues relating to it.","Processing completed by Jordan Patty in 2013. EAD markup completed in January 2013 by Jordan Patty.","The Special Collections Research Center holds numerous collections on transportation and planning.","The American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.","Series 1: Committees includes correspondence, meeting minutes, and reports created by various committees as well as some subcommittees in APTA and ATA.  The composition of the committees typically included association staff and transit system managers.  The committees largely worked on issues related to equipment and finances with a smaller number devoted to legislation, marketing, and labor issues.  The committees and subcommittees overlap to some extent due to changes in the structure of the association and as a result of changes in transit priorities.  The folders date back to the 1908 and the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association, a precursor to ATA, but many of the folders consist of committee work from the 1970s.","Series 2: Meetings and Publications includes organizational documents such as the constitution, by-laws, annual reports, and press releases.  There is also correspondence and information on industry group meetings attended by APTA officials.  Officials attended local, national, and international conferences on planning, equipment, and management.  There are also files on meetings held by groups with APTA, such as the Rail Transit Group.  The organizational documents date from the 1920s, but many of the meeting files are from the 1960s and 1970s.","Series 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics is the largest series and consists of a wide range of topics on technical and financial issues.  The documents on equipment cover the various vehicles used by transit systems including streetcars, trolley coaches, motor buses, and trains.  In particular there are a large number of files on the testing and technical specifications about the Urban Rapid Rail Vehicle and Systems Program Advanced Concept Train, a joint project undertaken in the late 1970s by both APTA and the U.S. Department of Transportation.  The financial and statistical files overlap to some extent since there are many files on subjects such as fares and accident claims.  Other statistical files consist of data on route configurations and responses to questionnaires on a variety of topics, such as the use of tires.  Also found in this series are files on specific advisory and technology and advisory boards that existed within APTA.  The files in this series largely date from the 1940s through the 1980s.","Series 4: Legislation contains files on legislation, primarily federal, that impacted the transit industry.  Many of files focus on the attempts by Congress to pass legislation in the 1970s to provide large-scale funding for transit by using revenue from the Highway Trust Fund, which was established in 1956 to finance the construction of the national interstate system. Documents include correspondence, congressional testimonies, drafts of bills, and reports.  There are also several folders that document efforts to fund transit at the state level.","Series 5: Labor consists of reports, correspondence, and legislation on various labor and employment subjects.  In particular there are a large number of files on 13(c), a section of the Urban Mass Transportation Act that allowed unions to dispute federal funding for transit systems if they believed that workers would be adversely affected.  Another large group of documents found in this series are annual reports on wages and working conditions compiled from information sent in by transit system managers.  There are also some files on hiring practices and training.  The files largely date from the 1940s to the 1970s.","Series 6: Local Transit consists of files on transit systems in cities and states in the U.S. as well as some files on international cities.  The files mostly consist of clippings sent in by transit system managers, but there are also maps, pamphlets, reports, and other documents in many of the folders.  There is some overlap between the folders with city titles and the folders with state titles.  For instance, there may be some files on Boston found in the \"Massachusetts\" folder, but in general the folders with the city titles contain the bulk of the information on the transit systems in those particular cities.  For the most part, the clippings document the problems faced by the private transit companies following World War II, and some of the folders contain charts and tables on the transit company failures all across the United States.","Series 7: Oversize contains some issues of the APTA publication Passenger Transport, and there are also two reports: one on the Chicago Transit Authority and another one a planning project in Honolulu, Hawaii.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","The American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Public Transportation Association","American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["American Public Transportation Association records, 1898/1999"],"collection_ssim":["American Public Transportation Association records, 1898/1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0051","/repositories/2/resources/14"],"unitid_tesim":["C0051","/repositories/2/resources/14"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["American Public Transportation Association"],"creator_ssim":["American Public Transportation Association"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Public Transportation Association","American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Public Transportation Association","American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Jim Olivetti, Information Center Manager, Department of Transportation, 2000."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Local transit -- United States","Federal aid to transportation -- United States","Maps","Transportation","Urban transportation","Photographs","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Local transit -- United States","Federal aid to transportation -- United States","Maps","Transportation","Urban transportation","Photographs","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["94 Linear Feet 189 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["94 Linear Feet 189 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs","Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA selection of documents from the collection are available through the \u003cextptr title=\"American Public Transportation records online collection\" show=\"new\" href=\"http://images.gmu.edu/luna/servlet/s/xd3dpv\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternate Format Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["A selection of documents from the collection are available through the ."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged into seven series.\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eSeries\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Committees, 1908-1987\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Meetings and Publications, 1928-1997\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics, 1927-1992\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: Legislation, 1918-1977\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 5: Labor, 1933-1978\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 6: Local Transit, 1898-1992\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 7: Oversize, 1946-1999\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged into seven series.","Series\n      Series 1: Committees, 1908-1987\n      Series 2: Meetings and Publications, 1928-1997\n      Series 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics, 1927-1992\n      Series 4: Legislation, 1918-1977\n      Series 5: Labor, 1933-1978\n      Series 6: Local Transit, 1898-1992\n      Series 7: Oversize, 1946-1999"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe organization that would eventually become APTA first organized as the American Street Railway Association on December 12, 1882, in Boston, Massachusetts.  The initial meetings focused on the price of oats for the horses that pulled transit vehicles, but that focus evolved as more transit companies built electric systems.  In 1905, the group met in New York and reorganized as the American Street and Interurban Railway Transportation and Traffic Association.  To encompass even more modes of electric transit, the group changed its name once again to the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association in 1910.  By 1932, many of the transit systems relied on motor coaches and trolleys in addition to electric streetcars, so the organization executives chose to be known as the American Transit Association (ATA).  In 1966 the ATA relocated from New York City to Washington, D.C., as a result of increasing reliance on federal funding, especially with the passage of the Urban Mass Transportation Act in 1964 and the creation of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (now the Federal Transit Administration).  The American Public Transit Association (APTA) was created in 1974 when the American Transit Association and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT) merged.  The IRT dated back to 1929 and formally organized on June 7, 1961.  In 1976, the Transit Development Corporation also merged with APTA.  In January 2000 the name of the organization was changed to the American Public Transportation Association.  Despite the various name changes, the mission of the organization has more or less remained the same.  The organization specializes in issues dealing with transit equipment, transit management, and labor issues.  In the 1970s, the organization developed a closer working relationship with the federal government as more and more transit systems became publicly financed.  Today APTA is a leading participant in research and legislation regarding the North American transportation industry and issues relating to it.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The organization that would eventually become APTA first organized as the American Street Railway Association on December 12, 1882, in Boston, Massachusetts.  The initial meetings focused on the price of oats for the horses that pulled transit vehicles, but that focus evolved as more transit companies built electric systems.  In 1905, the group met in New York and reorganized as the American Street and Interurban Railway Transportation and Traffic Association.  To encompass even more modes of electric transit, the group changed its name once again to the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association in 1910.  By 1932, many of the transit systems relied on motor coaches and trolleys in addition to electric streetcars, so the organization executives chose to be known as the American Transit Association (ATA).  In 1966 the ATA relocated from New York City to Washington, D.C., as a result of increasing reliance on federal funding, especially with the passage of the Urban Mass Transportation Act in 1964 and the creation of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (now the Federal Transit Administration).  The American Public Transit Association (APTA) was created in 1974 when the American Transit Association and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT) merged.  The IRT dated back to 1929 and formally organized on June 7, 1961.  In 1976, the Transit Development Corporation also merged with APTA.  In January 2000 the name of the organization was changed to the American Public Transportation Association.  Despite the various name changes, the mission of the organization has more or less remained the same.  The organization specializes in issues dealing with transit equipment, transit management, and labor issues.  In the 1970s, the organization developed a closer working relationship with the federal government as more and more transit systems became publicly financed.  Today APTA is a leading participant in research and legislation regarding the North American transportation industry and issues relating to it."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Public Transportation Association records, C0051, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["American Public Transportation Association records, C0051, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Jordan Patty in 2013. EAD markup completed in January 2013 by Jordan Patty.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Jordan Patty in 2013. EAD markup completed in January 2013 by Jordan Patty."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds numerous collections on transportation and planning.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds numerous collections on transportation and planning."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Committees includes correspondence, meeting minutes, and reports created by various committees as well as some subcommittees in APTA and ATA.  The composition of the committees typically included association staff and transit system managers.  The committees largely worked on issues related to equipment and finances with a smaller number devoted to legislation, marketing, and labor issues.  The committees and subcommittees overlap to some extent due to changes in the structure of the association and as a result of changes in transit priorities.  The folders date back to the 1908 and the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association, a precursor to ATA, but many of the folders consist of committee work from the 1970s.            \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Meetings and Publications includes organizational documents such as the constitution, by-laws, annual reports, and press releases.  There is also correspondence and information on industry group meetings attended by APTA officials.  Officials attended local, national, and international conferences on planning, equipment, and management.  There are also files on meetings held by groups with APTA, such as the Rail Transit Group.  The organizational documents date from the 1920s, but many of the meeting files are from the 1960s and 1970s.             \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics is the largest series and consists of a wide range of topics on technical and financial issues.  The documents on equipment cover the various vehicles used by transit systems including streetcars, trolley coaches, motor buses, and trains.  In particular there are a large number of files on the testing and technical specifications about the Urban Rapid Rail Vehicle and Systems Program Advanced Concept Train, a joint project undertaken in the late 1970s by both APTA and the U.S. Department of Transportation.  The financial and statistical files overlap to some extent since there are many files on subjects such as fares and accident claims.  Other statistical files consist of data on route configurations and responses to questionnaires on a variety of topics, such as the use of tires.  Also found in this series are files on specific advisory and technology and advisory boards that existed within APTA.  The files in this series largely date from the 1940s through the 1980s.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Legislation contains files on legislation, primarily federal, that impacted the transit industry.  Many of files focus on the attempts by Congress to pass legislation in the 1970s to provide large-scale funding for transit by using revenue from the Highway Trust Fund, which was established in 1956 to finance the construction of the national interstate system. Documents include correspondence, congressional testimonies, drafts of bills, and reports.  There are also several folders that document efforts to fund transit at the state level.            \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5: Labor consists of reports, correspondence, and legislation on various labor and employment subjects.  In particular there are a large number of files on 13(c), a section of the Urban Mass Transportation Act that allowed unions to dispute federal funding for transit systems if they believed that workers would be adversely affected.  Another large group of documents found in this series are annual reports on wages and working conditions compiled from information sent in by transit system managers.  There are also some files on hiring practices and training.  The files largely date from the 1940s to the 1970s.         \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6: Local Transit consists of files on transit systems in cities and states in the U.S. as well as some files on international cities.  The files mostly consist of clippings sent in by transit system managers, but there are also maps, pamphlets, reports, and other documents in many of the folders.  There is some overlap between the folders with city titles and the folders with state titles.  For instance, there may be some files on Boston found in the \"Massachusetts\" folder, but in general the folders with the city titles contain the bulk of the information on the transit systems in those particular cities.  For the most part, the clippings document the problems faced by the private transit companies following World War II, and some of the folders contain charts and tables on the transit company failures all across the United States.               \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7: Oversize contains some issues of the APTA publication Passenger Transport, and there are also two reports: one on the Chicago Transit Authority and another one a planning project in Honolulu, Hawaii. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.","Series 1: Committees includes correspondence, meeting minutes, and reports created by various committees as well as some subcommittees in APTA and ATA.  The composition of the committees typically included association staff and transit system managers.  The committees largely worked on issues related to equipment and finances with a smaller number devoted to legislation, marketing, and labor issues.  The committees and subcommittees overlap to some extent due to changes in the structure of the association and as a result of changes in transit priorities.  The folders date back to the 1908 and the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association, a precursor to ATA, but many of the folders consist of committee work from the 1970s.","Series 2: Meetings and Publications includes organizational documents such as the constitution, by-laws, annual reports, and press releases.  There is also correspondence and information on industry group meetings attended by APTA officials.  Officials attended local, national, and international conferences on planning, equipment, and management.  There are also files on meetings held by groups with APTA, such as the Rail Transit Group.  The organizational documents date from the 1920s, but many of the meeting files are from the 1960s and 1970s.","Series 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics is the largest series and consists of a wide range of topics on technical and financial issues.  The documents on equipment cover the various vehicles used by transit systems including streetcars, trolley coaches, motor buses, and trains.  In particular there are a large number of files on the testing and technical specifications about the Urban Rapid Rail Vehicle and Systems Program Advanced Concept Train, a joint project undertaken in the late 1970s by both APTA and the U.S. Department of Transportation.  The financial and statistical files overlap to some extent since there are many files on subjects such as fares and accident claims.  Other statistical files consist of data on route configurations and responses to questionnaires on a variety of topics, such as the use of tires.  Also found in this series are files on specific advisory and technology and advisory boards that existed within APTA.  The files in this series largely date from the 1940s through the 1980s.","Series 4: Legislation contains files on legislation, primarily federal, that impacted the transit industry.  Many of files focus on the attempts by Congress to pass legislation in the 1970s to provide large-scale funding for transit by using revenue from the Highway Trust Fund, which was established in 1956 to finance the construction of the national interstate system. Documents include correspondence, congressional testimonies, drafts of bills, and reports.  There are also several folders that document efforts to fund transit at the state level.","Series 5: Labor consists of reports, correspondence, and legislation on various labor and employment subjects.  In particular there are a large number of files on 13(c), a section of the Urban Mass Transportation Act that allowed unions to dispute federal funding for transit systems if they believed that workers would be adversely affected.  Another large group of documents found in this series are annual reports on wages and working conditions compiled from information sent in by transit system managers.  There are also some files on hiring practices and training.  The files largely date from the 1940s to the 1970s.","Series 6: Local Transit consists of files on transit systems in cities and states in the U.S. as well as some files on international cities.  The files mostly consist of clippings sent in by transit system managers, but there are also maps, pamphlets, reports, and other documents in many of the folders.  There is some overlap between the folders with city titles and the folders with state titles.  For instance, there may be some files on Boston found in the \"Massachusetts\" folder, but in general the folders with the city titles contain the bulk of the information on the transit systems in those particular cities.  For the most part, the clippings document the problems faced by the private transit companies following World War II, and some of the folders contain charts and tables on the transit company failures all across the United States.","Series 7: Oversize contains some issues of the APTA publication Passenger Transport, and there are also two reports: one on the Chicago Transit Authority and another one a planning project in Honolulu, Hawaii."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_faa1e60c83c8659f77ecdee0a39c2732\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Public Transportation Association","American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association"],"names_coll_ssim":["American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Public Transportation Association","American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1799,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:20:18.300Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_14.xml","title_filing_ssi":"American Public Transportation Association records","title_ssm":["American Public Transportation Association records"],"title_tesim":["American Public Transportation Association records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1898-1999"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1898-1999"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1898/1999"],"normalized_title_ssm":["American Public Transportation Association records, 1898/1999"],"text":["American Public Transportation Association records, 1898/1999","C0051","/repositories/2/resources/14","Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Local transit -- United States","Federal aid to transportation -- United States","Maps","Transportation","Urban transportation","Photographs","Correspondence","There are no access restrictions.","A selection of documents from the collection are available through the .","Arranged into seven series.","Series\n      Series 1: Committees, 1908-1987\n      Series 2: Meetings and Publications, 1928-1997\n      Series 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics, 1927-1992\n      Series 4: Legislation, 1918-1977\n      Series 5: Labor, 1933-1978\n      Series 6: Local Transit, 1898-1992\n      Series 7: Oversize, 1946-1999","The organization that would eventually become APTA first organized as the American Street Railway Association on December 12, 1882, in Boston, Massachusetts.  The initial meetings focused on the price of oats for the horses that pulled transit vehicles, but that focus evolved as more transit companies built electric systems.  In 1905, the group met in New York and reorganized as the American Street and Interurban Railway Transportation and Traffic Association.  To encompass even more modes of electric transit, the group changed its name once again to the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association in 1910.  By 1932, many of the transit systems relied on motor coaches and trolleys in addition to electric streetcars, so the organization executives chose to be known as the American Transit Association (ATA).  In 1966 the ATA relocated from New York City to Washington, D.C., as a result of increasing reliance on federal funding, especially with the passage of the Urban Mass Transportation Act in 1964 and the creation of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (now the Federal Transit Administration).  The American Public Transit Association (APTA) was created in 1974 when the American Transit Association and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT) merged.  The IRT dated back to 1929 and formally organized on June 7, 1961.  In 1976, the Transit Development Corporation also merged with APTA.  In January 2000 the name of the organization was changed to the American Public Transportation Association.  Despite the various name changes, the mission of the organization has more or less remained the same.  The organization specializes in issues dealing with transit equipment, transit management, and labor issues.  In the 1970s, the organization developed a closer working relationship with the federal government as more and more transit systems became publicly financed.  Today APTA is a leading participant in research and legislation regarding the North American transportation industry and issues relating to it.","Processing completed by Jordan Patty in 2013. EAD markup completed in January 2013 by Jordan Patty.","The Special Collections Research Center holds numerous collections on transportation and planning.","The American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.","Series 1: Committees includes correspondence, meeting minutes, and reports created by various committees as well as some subcommittees in APTA and ATA.  The composition of the committees typically included association staff and transit system managers.  The committees largely worked on issues related to equipment and finances with a smaller number devoted to legislation, marketing, and labor issues.  The committees and subcommittees overlap to some extent due to changes in the structure of the association and as a result of changes in transit priorities.  The folders date back to the 1908 and the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association, a precursor to ATA, but many of the folders consist of committee work from the 1970s.","Series 2: Meetings and Publications includes organizational documents such as the constitution, by-laws, annual reports, and press releases.  There is also correspondence and information on industry group meetings attended by APTA officials.  Officials attended local, national, and international conferences on planning, equipment, and management.  There are also files on meetings held by groups with APTA, such as the Rail Transit Group.  The organizational documents date from the 1920s, but many of the meeting files are from the 1960s and 1970s.","Series 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics is the largest series and consists of a wide range of topics on technical and financial issues.  The documents on equipment cover the various vehicles used by transit systems including streetcars, trolley coaches, motor buses, and trains.  In particular there are a large number of files on the testing and technical specifications about the Urban Rapid Rail Vehicle and Systems Program Advanced Concept Train, a joint project undertaken in the late 1970s by both APTA and the U.S. Department of Transportation.  The financial and statistical files overlap to some extent since there are many files on subjects such as fares and accident claims.  Other statistical files consist of data on route configurations and responses to questionnaires on a variety of topics, such as the use of tires.  Also found in this series are files on specific advisory and technology and advisory boards that existed within APTA.  The files in this series largely date from the 1940s through the 1980s.","Series 4: Legislation contains files on legislation, primarily federal, that impacted the transit industry.  Many of files focus on the attempts by Congress to pass legislation in the 1970s to provide large-scale funding for transit by using revenue from the Highway Trust Fund, which was established in 1956 to finance the construction of the national interstate system. Documents include correspondence, congressional testimonies, drafts of bills, and reports.  There are also several folders that document efforts to fund transit at the state level.","Series 5: Labor consists of reports, correspondence, and legislation on various labor and employment subjects.  In particular there are a large number of files on 13(c), a section of the Urban Mass Transportation Act that allowed unions to dispute federal funding for transit systems if they believed that workers would be adversely affected.  Another large group of documents found in this series are annual reports on wages and working conditions compiled from information sent in by transit system managers.  There are also some files on hiring practices and training.  The files largely date from the 1940s to the 1970s.","Series 6: Local Transit consists of files on transit systems in cities and states in the U.S. as well as some files on international cities.  The files mostly consist of clippings sent in by transit system managers, but there are also maps, pamphlets, reports, and other documents in many of the folders.  There is some overlap between the folders with city titles and the folders with state titles.  For instance, there may be some files on Boston found in the \"Massachusetts\" folder, but in general the folders with the city titles contain the bulk of the information on the transit systems in those particular cities.  For the most part, the clippings document the problems faced by the private transit companies following World War II, and some of the folders contain charts and tables on the transit company failures all across the United States.","Series 7: Oversize contains some issues of the APTA publication Passenger Transport, and there are also two reports: one on the Chicago Transit Authority and another one a planning project in Honolulu, Hawaii.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","The American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Public Transportation Association","American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["American Public Transportation Association records, 1898/1999"],"collection_ssim":["American Public Transportation Association records, 1898/1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0051","/repositories/2/resources/14"],"unitid_tesim":["C0051","/repositories/2/resources/14"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["American Public Transportation Association"],"creator_ssim":["American Public Transportation Association"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Public Transportation Association","American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Public Transportation Association","American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Jim Olivetti, Information Center Manager, Department of Transportation, 2000."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Local transit -- United States","Federal aid to transportation -- United States","Maps","Transportation","Urban transportation","Photographs","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Local transit -- United States","Federal aid to transportation -- United States","Maps","Transportation","Urban transportation","Photographs","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["94 Linear Feet 189 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["94 Linear Feet 189 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs","Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA selection of documents from the collection are available through the \u003cextptr title=\"American Public Transportation records online collection\" show=\"new\" href=\"http://images.gmu.edu/luna/servlet/s/xd3dpv\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternate Format Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["A selection of documents from the collection are available through the ."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged into seven series.\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eSeries\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Committees, 1908-1987\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Meetings and Publications, 1928-1997\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics, 1927-1992\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: Legislation, 1918-1977\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 5: Labor, 1933-1978\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 6: Local Transit, 1898-1992\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 7: Oversize, 1946-1999\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged into seven series.","Series\n      Series 1: Committees, 1908-1987\n      Series 2: Meetings and Publications, 1928-1997\n      Series 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics, 1927-1992\n      Series 4: Legislation, 1918-1977\n      Series 5: Labor, 1933-1978\n      Series 6: Local Transit, 1898-1992\n      Series 7: Oversize, 1946-1999"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe organization that would eventually become APTA first organized as the American Street Railway Association on December 12, 1882, in Boston, Massachusetts.  The initial meetings focused on the price of oats for the horses that pulled transit vehicles, but that focus evolved as more transit companies built electric systems.  In 1905, the group met in New York and reorganized as the American Street and Interurban Railway Transportation and Traffic Association.  To encompass even more modes of electric transit, the group changed its name once again to the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association in 1910.  By 1932, many of the transit systems relied on motor coaches and trolleys in addition to electric streetcars, so the organization executives chose to be known as the American Transit Association (ATA).  In 1966 the ATA relocated from New York City to Washington, D.C., as a result of increasing reliance on federal funding, especially with the passage of the Urban Mass Transportation Act in 1964 and the creation of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (now the Federal Transit Administration).  The American Public Transit Association (APTA) was created in 1974 when the American Transit Association and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT) merged.  The IRT dated back to 1929 and formally organized on June 7, 1961.  In 1976, the Transit Development Corporation also merged with APTA.  In January 2000 the name of the organization was changed to the American Public Transportation Association.  Despite the various name changes, the mission of the organization has more or less remained the same.  The organization specializes in issues dealing with transit equipment, transit management, and labor issues.  In the 1970s, the organization developed a closer working relationship with the federal government as more and more transit systems became publicly financed.  Today APTA is a leading participant in research and legislation regarding the North American transportation industry and issues relating to it.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The organization that would eventually become APTA first organized as the American Street Railway Association on December 12, 1882, in Boston, Massachusetts.  The initial meetings focused on the price of oats for the horses that pulled transit vehicles, but that focus evolved as more transit companies built electric systems.  In 1905, the group met in New York and reorganized as the American Street and Interurban Railway Transportation and Traffic Association.  To encompass even more modes of electric transit, the group changed its name once again to the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association in 1910.  By 1932, many of the transit systems relied on motor coaches and trolleys in addition to electric streetcars, so the organization executives chose to be known as the American Transit Association (ATA).  In 1966 the ATA relocated from New York City to Washington, D.C., as a result of increasing reliance on federal funding, especially with the passage of the Urban Mass Transportation Act in 1964 and the creation of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (now the Federal Transit Administration).  The American Public Transit Association (APTA) was created in 1974 when the American Transit Association and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT) merged.  The IRT dated back to 1929 and formally organized on June 7, 1961.  In 1976, the Transit Development Corporation also merged with APTA.  In January 2000 the name of the organization was changed to the American Public Transportation Association.  Despite the various name changes, the mission of the organization has more or less remained the same.  The organization specializes in issues dealing with transit equipment, transit management, and labor issues.  In the 1970s, the organization developed a closer working relationship with the federal government as more and more transit systems became publicly financed.  Today APTA is a leading participant in research and legislation regarding the North American transportation industry and issues relating to it."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Public Transportation Association records, C0051, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["American Public Transportation Association records, C0051, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Jordan Patty in 2013. EAD markup completed in January 2013 by Jordan Patty.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Jordan Patty in 2013. EAD markup completed in January 2013 by Jordan Patty."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds numerous collections on transportation and planning.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds numerous collections on transportation and planning."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Committees includes correspondence, meeting minutes, and reports created by various committees as well as some subcommittees in APTA and ATA.  The composition of the committees typically included association staff and transit system managers.  The committees largely worked on issues related to equipment and finances with a smaller number devoted to legislation, marketing, and labor issues.  The committees and subcommittees overlap to some extent due to changes in the structure of the association and as a result of changes in transit priorities.  The folders date back to the 1908 and the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association, a precursor to ATA, but many of the folders consist of committee work from the 1970s.            \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Meetings and Publications includes organizational documents such as the constitution, by-laws, annual reports, and press releases.  There is also correspondence and information on industry group meetings attended by APTA officials.  Officials attended local, national, and international conferences on planning, equipment, and management.  There are also files on meetings held by groups with APTA, such as the Rail Transit Group.  The organizational documents date from the 1920s, but many of the meeting files are from the 1960s and 1970s.             \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics is the largest series and consists of a wide range of topics on technical and financial issues.  The documents on equipment cover the various vehicles used by transit systems including streetcars, trolley coaches, motor buses, and trains.  In particular there are a large number of files on the testing and technical specifications about the Urban Rapid Rail Vehicle and Systems Program Advanced Concept Train, a joint project undertaken in the late 1970s by both APTA and the U.S. Department of Transportation.  The financial and statistical files overlap to some extent since there are many files on subjects such as fares and accident claims.  Other statistical files consist of data on route configurations and responses to questionnaires on a variety of topics, such as the use of tires.  Also found in this series are files on specific advisory and technology and advisory boards that existed within APTA.  The files in this series largely date from the 1940s through the 1980s.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Legislation contains files on legislation, primarily federal, that impacted the transit industry.  Many of files focus on the attempts by Congress to pass legislation in the 1970s to provide large-scale funding for transit by using revenue from the Highway Trust Fund, which was established in 1956 to finance the construction of the national interstate system. Documents include correspondence, congressional testimonies, drafts of bills, and reports.  There are also several folders that document efforts to fund transit at the state level.            \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5: Labor consists of reports, correspondence, and legislation on various labor and employment subjects.  In particular there are a large number of files on 13(c), a section of the Urban Mass Transportation Act that allowed unions to dispute federal funding for transit systems if they believed that workers would be adversely affected.  Another large group of documents found in this series are annual reports on wages and working conditions compiled from information sent in by transit system managers.  There are also some files on hiring practices and training.  The files largely date from the 1940s to the 1970s.         \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6: Local Transit consists of files on transit systems in cities and states in the U.S. as well as some files on international cities.  The files mostly consist of clippings sent in by transit system managers, but there are also maps, pamphlets, reports, and other documents in many of the folders.  There is some overlap between the folders with city titles and the folders with state titles.  For instance, there may be some files on Boston found in the \"Massachusetts\" folder, but in general the folders with the city titles contain the bulk of the information on the transit systems in those particular cities.  For the most part, the clippings document the problems faced by the private transit companies following World War II, and some of the folders contain charts and tables on the transit company failures all across the United States.               \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7: Oversize contains some issues of the APTA publication Passenger Transport, and there are also two reports: one on the Chicago Transit Authority and another one a planning project in Honolulu, Hawaii. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.","Series 1: Committees includes correspondence, meeting minutes, and reports created by various committees as well as some subcommittees in APTA and ATA.  The composition of the committees typically included association staff and transit system managers.  The committees largely worked on issues related to equipment and finances with a smaller number devoted to legislation, marketing, and labor issues.  The committees and subcommittees overlap to some extent due to changes in the structure of the association and as a result of changes in transit priorities.  The folders date back to the 1908 and the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association, a precursor to ATA, but many of the folders consist of committee work from the 1970s.","Series 2: Meetings and Publications includes organizational documents such as the constitution, by-laws, annual reports, and press releases.  There is also correspondence and information on industry group meetings attended by APTA officials.  Officials attended local, national, and international conferences on planning, equipment, and management.  There are also files on meetings held by groups with APTA, such as the Rail Transit Group.  The organizational documents date from the 1920s, but many of the meeting files are from the 1960s and 1970s.","Series 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics is the largest series and consists of a wide range of topics on technical and financial issues.  The documents on equipment cover the various vehicles used by transit systems including streetcars, trolley coaches, motor buses, and trains.  In particular there are a large number of files on the testing and technical specifications about the Urban Rapid Rail Vehicle and Systems Program Advanced Concept Train, a joint project undertaken in the late 1970s by both APTA and the U.S. Department of Transportation.  The financial and statistical files overlap to some extent since there are many files on subjects such as fares and accident claims.  Other statistical files consist of data on route configurations and responses to questionnaires on a variety of topics, such as the use of tires.  Also found in this series are files on specific advisory and technology and advisory boards that existed within APTA.  The files in this series largely date from the 1940s through the 1980s.","Series 4: Legislation contains files on legislation, primarily federal, that impacted the transit industry.  Many of files focus on the attempts by Congress to pass legislation in the 1970s to provide large-scale funding for transit by using revenue from the Highway Trust Fund, which was established in 1956 to finance the construction of the national interstate system. Documents include correspondence, congressional testimonies, drafts of bills, and reports.  There are also several folders that document efforts to fund transit at the state level.","Series 5: Labor consists of reports, correspondence, and legislation on various labor and employment subjects.  In particular there are a large number of files on 13(c), a section of the Urban Mass Transportation Act that allowed unions to dispute federal funding for transit systems if they believed that workers would be adversely affected.  Another large group of documents found in this series are annual reports on wages and working conditions compiled from information sent in by transit system managers.  There are also some files on hiring practices and training.  The files largely date from the 1940s to the 1970s.","Series 6: Local Transit consists of files on transit systems in cities and states in the U.S. as well as some files on international cities.  The files mostly consist of clippings sent in by transit system managers, but there are also maps, pamphlets, reports, and other documents in many of the folders.  There is some overlap between the folders with city titles and the folders with state titles.  For instance, there may be some files on Boston found in the \"Massachusetts\" folder, but in general the folders with the city titles contain the bulk of the information on the transit systems in those particular cities.  For the most part, the clippings document the problems faced by the private transit companies following World War II, and some of the folders contain charts and tables on the transit company failures all across the United States.","Series 7: Oversize contains some issues of the APTA publication Passenger Transport, and there are also two reports: one on the Chicago Transit Authority and another one a planning project in Honolulu, Hawaii."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_faa1e60c83c8659f77ecdee0a39c2732\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Public Transportation Association","American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association"],"names_coll_ssim":["American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Public Transportation Association","American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1799,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:20:18.300Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_547","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Charles Lietwiler transportation collection, 1903/2005","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_547#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Lietwiler, Charles","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_547#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"This collection contains Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (WMATA) materials relating to the foundation and construction of the Metro, information regarding American and international mass transit systems, and photographs taken by Charles Lietwiler.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_547#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_547","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_547","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_547","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_547","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_547.xml","title_ssm":["Charles Lietwiler transportation collection"],"title_tesim":["Charles Lietwiler transportation collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1903 - 2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1903 - 2005"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1903/2005"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charles Lietwiler transportation collection, 1903/2005"],"text":["Charles Lietwiler transportation collection, 1903/2005","C0324","/repositories/2/resources/547","D.C.-Metro area","Photography","Transportation -- Virginia, Northern -- Planning -- History -- 20th century","Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Transportation -- Washington Metropolitan Area -- Planning","There are no access restrictions.","This collection is arranged in into six series:","Series\n      Series 1: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, 1960-1990s (Boxes 1-4)\n      Series 2: United States mass transit, 1932-2000 (Boxes 5-7)\n      Series 3: International mass transit, 1903-1992(Boxes 7-9)\n      Series 4: Slides and photographs, 1950s-2005 (Boxes 10-39)\n      Series 5: Audio and video reels, 1960s-1970s (Box 40)\n      Series 6: Maps and blueprints, 1950s-1960s (Map Cases 35.3 - 35.4)","Charles J. Lietwiler was born in Gallipolis, Ohio on August 22, 1933. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business Administration from the University of Washington in 1955, and a Master of Arts degree in Business Administration in Transportation from the George Washington University in 1966. Lietwiler served as a regional transit planner throughout his professional career. Within the D.C. Metropolitan area, he held various positions with the federal government, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Metropolitan Planning Association. Lietwiler also worked with the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission where he served as the Senior Transportation Planner beginning in 1965. He took part in the Airlie conferences in 1967, where local officials and transit experts created the D.C. Metro system. Lietwiler performed research for the U.S. Army Reserve Transportation Railway Service, and was an amateur photographer and filmmaker.","The Special Collections Research Center does not have the equipment necessary to watch reel-to-reel film and audio contained in Series 5. Additional time and money may be required to digitize this material for access.","Processing completed by Christopher Babbitt in March 2020. EAD markup completed by Christopher Babbitt in March 2020. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in October 2022.","Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections related to transportation and planning, such as the  and the  Click  to see all transportation and planning materials held by Special Collections Research Center.","The Charles Lietwiler transportation collection contains Lietwiler's work on the founding of Metro at the Airlie Conferences in 1967. An avid photographer, Lietwiler diligently photographed its construction and opening ceremonies. The collection also represents his work with a variety of other organizations, such as the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission, where he held a senior position. Lietwiler was a well-traveled man, collecting a variety of souvenirs on his trips. A plurality of the collection relates to his work as an amateur photographer and filmmaker.","Series 1: Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (1960-1990s): This series contains Lietwiler's work on the founding of Metro, including his work at the Airlie Conferences of 1967. Materials include: Analytical reports by various organizations such as the U.S. Department of Transportation, Metrobus and rail schedules, and published materials such as Metro Memos. It also contains Metro-related photographs taken by Lietwiler.","Series 2: United States Mass Transit (1932-2000): This series contains Lietwiler's work with other American transit organizations, including planning materials and analysis reports, as well as published materials, such as the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission Newsletter.","Series 3: International Mass Transit (1903-1992): This series contains published journals and newspapers examining international transportation systems, analytical reports on Japanese rail systems, and maps/brochures collected on Lietwiler's many trips.","Series 4: Slides and Photographs (1950s-1990s): This series contains all non-WMATA related photographs taken by Lietwiler, both personal and transit-related. Transit-related photographs usually depict transit systems embedded in cities and towns, while personal photography showcases nature or family gatherings. This series contains three subseries. Subseries 4.1: United States mass transit photographs. Subseries 4.2: International mass transit photographs. Subseries 4.3: Personal photos.","Series 5: Audio and Video reels (1960s-1970s): This series contains Lietwiler's work as an amateur filmmaker, mostly from his personal travels.","Series 6: Maps and Blueprints (1950s-1960s): This series contains 56 maps of Washington, D.C., 26 blueprints, and 41 topographical maps of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","This collection contains Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (WMATA) materials relating to the foundation and construction of the Metro, information regarding American and international mass transit systems, and photographs taken by Charles Lietwiler.","R 72, C 1, S 1 - R 72, C 2, S 3\n\n\nMap Cases 35.3 - 35.4","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Northern Virginia Transportation Commission","Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority","Lietwiler, Charles","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charles Lietwiler transportation collection, 1903/2005"],"collection_ssim":["Charles Lietwiler transportation collection, 1903/2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0324","/repositories/2/resources/547"],"unitid_tesim":["C0324","/repositories/2/resources/547"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["D.C.-Metro area"],"geogname_ssim":["D.C.-Metro area"],"places_ssim":["D.C.-Metro area"],"creator_ssm":["Lietwiler, Charles"],"creator_ssim":["Lietwiler, Charles"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lietwiler, Charles"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Northern Virginia Transportation Commission","Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority"],"creators_ssim":["Lietwiler, Charles","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Northern Virginia Transportation Commission","Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission on September 20, 2018."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Photography","Transportation -- Virginia, Northern -- Planning -- History -- 20th century","Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Transportation -- Washington Metropolitan Area -- Planning"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Photography","Transportation -- Virginia, Northern -- Planning -- History -- 20th century","Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Transportation -- Washington Metropolitan Area -- Planning"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["33.0 Linear Feet 40 boxes, 2 map cases"],"extent_tesim":["33.0 Linear Feet 40 boxes, 2 map cases"],"date_range_isim":[1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged in into six series:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eSeries\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, 1960-1990s (Boxes 1-4)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: United States mass transit, 1932-2000 (Boxes 5-7)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: International mass transit, 1903-1992(Boxes 7-9)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: Slides and photographs, 1950s-2005 (Boxes 10-39)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 5: Audio and video reels, 1960s-1970s (Box 40)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 6: Maps and blueprints, 1950s-1960s (Map Cases 35.3 - 35.4)\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged in into six series:","Series\n      Series 1: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, 1960-1990s (Boxes 1-4)\n      Series 2: United States mass transit, 1932-2000 (Boxes 5-7)\n      Series 3: International mass transit, 1903-1992(Boxes 7-9)\n      Series 4: Slides and photographs, 1950s-2005 (Boxes 10-39)\n      Series 5: Audio and video reels, 1960s-1970s (Box 40)\n      Series 6: Maps and blueprints, 1950s-1960s (Map Cases 35.3 - 35.4)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles J. Lietwiler was born in Gallipolis, Ohio on August 22, 1933. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business Administration from the University of Washington in 1955, and a Master of Arts degree in Business Administration in Transportation from the George Washington University in 1966. Lietwiler served as a regional transit planner throughout his professional career. Within the D.C. Metropolitan area, he held various positions with the federal government, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Metropolitan Planning Association. Lietwiler also worked with the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission where he served as the Senior Transportation Planner beginning in 1965. He took part in the Airlie conferences in 1967, where local officials and transit experts created the D.C. Metro system. Lietwiler performed research for the U.S. Army Reserve Transportation Railway Service, and was an amateur photographer and filmmaker.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Charles J. Lietwiler was born in Gallipolis, Ohio on August 22, 1933. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business Administration from the University of Washington in 1955, and a Master of Arts degree in Business Administration in Transportation from the George Washington University in 1966. Lietwiler served as a regional transit planner throughout his professional career. Within the D.C. Metropolitan area, he held various positions with the federal government, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Metropolitan Planning Association. Lietwiler also worked with the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission where he served as the Senior Transportation Planner beginning in 1965. He took part in the Airlie conferences in 1967, where local officials and transit experts created the D.C. Metro system. Lietwiler performed research for the U.S. Army Reserve Transportation Railway Service, and was an amateur photographer and filmmaker."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center does not have the equipment necessary to watch reel-to-reel film and audio contained in Series 5. Additional time and money may be required to digitize this material for access.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Technical requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center does not have the equipment necessary to watch reel-to-reel film and audio contained in Series 5. Additional time and money may be required to digitize this material for access."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Lietwiler transportation collection, C0324, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Charles Lietwiler transportation collection, C0324, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Christopher Babbitt in March 2020. EAD markup completed by Christopher Babbitt in March 2020. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in October 2022.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Christopher Babbitt in March 2020. EAD markup completed by Christopher Babbitt in March 2020. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in October 2022."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center holds many other collections related to transportation and planning, such as the \u003cextptr href=\"https://scrc.gmu.edu/finding_aids/mertz.html\" title=\"William L. Mertz transportation collection\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e and the \u003cextptr href=\"https://scrc.gmu.edu/finding_aids/apta.html\" title=\"American Public Transportation records.\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e Click \u003cextptr href=\"https://scrc.gmu.edu/collections-subject.php#TRANSPORTATION\" title=\"here\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e to see all transportation and planning materials held by Special Collections Research Center.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections related to transportation and planning, such as the  and the  Click  to see all transportation and planning materials held by Special Collections Research Center."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Charles Lietwiler transportation collection contains Lietwiler's work on the founding of Metro at the Airlie Conferences in 1967. An avid photographer, Lietwiler diligently photographed its construction and opening ceremonies. The collection also represents his work with a variety of other organizations, such as the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission, where he held a senior position. Lietwiler was a well-traveled man, collecting a variety of souvenirs on his trips. A plurality of the collection relates to his work as an amateur photographer and filmmaker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (1960-1990s): This series contains Lietwiler's work on the founding of Metro, including his work at the Airlie Conferences of 1967. Materials include: Analytical reports by various organizations such as the U.S. Department of Transportation, Metrobus and rail schedules, and published materials such as Metro Memos. It also contains Metro-related photographs taken by Lietwiler.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: United States Mass Transit (1932-2000): This series contains Lietwiler's work with other American transit organizations, including planning materials and analysis reports, as well as published materials, such as the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission Newsletter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: International Mass Transit (1903-1992): This series contains published journals and newspapers examining international transportation systems, analytical reports on Japanese rail systems, and maps/brochures collected on Lietwiler's many trips.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Slides and Photographs (1950s-1990s): This series contains all non-WMATA related photographs taken by Lietwiler, both personal and transit-related. Transit-related photographs usually depict transit systems embedded in cities and towns, while personal photography showcases nature or family gatherings. This series contains three subseries. Subseries 4.1: United States mass transit photographs. Subseries 4.2: International mass transit photographs. Subseries 4.3: Personal photos.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5: Audio and Video reels (1960s-1970s): This series contains Lietwiler's work as an amateur filmmaker, mostly from his personal travels.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6: Maps and Blueprints (1950s-1960s): This series contains 56 maps of Washington, D.C., 26 blueprints, and 41 topographical maps of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Charles Lietwiler transportation collection contains Lietwiler's work on the founding of Metro at the Airlie Conferences in 1967. An avid photographer, Lietwiler diligently photographed its construction and opening ceremonies. The collection also represents his work with a variety of other organizations, such as the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission, where he held a senior position. Lietwiler was a well-traveled man, collecting a variety of souvenirs on his trips. A plurality of the collection relates to his work as an amateur photographer and filmmaker.","Series 1: Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (1960-1990s): This series contains Lietwiler's work on the founding of Metro, including his work at the Airlie Conferences of 1967. Materials include: Analytical reports by various organizations such as the U.S. Department of Transportation, Metrobus and rail schedules, and published materials such as Metro Memos. It also contains Metro-related photographs taken by Lietwiler.","Series 2: United States Mass Transit (1932-2000): This series contains Lietwiler's work with other American transit organizations, including planning materials and analysis reports, as well as published materials, such as the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission Newsletter.","Series 3: International Mass Transit (1903-1992): This series contains published journals and newspapers examining international transportation systems, analytical reports on Japanese rail systems, and maps/brochures collected on Lietwiler's many trips.","Series 4: Slides and Photographs (1950s-1990s): This series contains all non-WMATA related photographs taken by Lietwiler, both personal and transit-related. Transit-related photographs usually depict transit systems embedded in cities and towns, while personal photography showcases nature or family gatherings. This series contains three subseries. Subseries 4.1: United States mass transit photographs. Subseries 4.2: International mass transit photographs. Subseries 4.3: Personal photos.","Series 5: Audio and Video reels (1960s-1970s): This series contains Lietwiler's work as an amateur filmmaker, mostly from his personal travels.","Series 6: Maps and Blueprints (1950s-1960s): This series contains 56 maps of Washington, D.C., 26 blueprints, and 41 topographical maps of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ref348\"\u003eThis collection contains Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (WMATA) materials relating to the foundation and construction of the Metro, information regarding American and international mass transit systems, and photographs taken by Charles Lietwiler.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (WMATA) materials relating to the foundation and construction of the Metro, information regarding American and international mass transit systems, and photographs taken by Charles Lietwiler."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_ac7d219b7a43e34bd672980dfe90dff9\"\u003e\nR 72, C 1, S 1 - R 72, C 2, S 3\n\n\nMap Cases 35.3 - 35.4\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 1, S 1 - R 72, C 2, S 3\n\n\nMap Cases 35.3 - 35.4"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Northern Virginia Transportation Commission","Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority"],"names_coll_ssim":["Northern Virginia Transportation Commission","Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority"],"persname_ssim":["Lietwiler, Charles"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Northern Virginia Transportation Commission","Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority","Lietwiler, Charles"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":425,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:21:02.579Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_547","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_547","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_547","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_547","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_547.xml","title_ssm":["Charles Lietwiler transportation collection"],"title_tesim":["Charles Lietwiler transportation collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1903 - 2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1903 - 2005"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1903/2005"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charles Lietwiler transportation collection, 1903/2005"],"text":["Charles Lietwiler transportation collection, 1903/2005","C0324","/repositories/2/resources/547","D.C.-Metro area","Photography","Transportation -- Virginia, Northern -- Planning -- History -- 20th century","Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Transportation -- Washington Metropolitan Area -- Planning","There are no access restrictions.","This collection is arranged in into six series:","Series\n      Series 1: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, 1960-1990s (Boxes 1-4)\n      Series 2: United States mass transit, 1932-2000 (Boxes 5-7)\n      Series 3: International mass transit, 1903-1992(Boxes 7-9)\n      Series 4: Slides and photographs, 1950s-2005 (Boxes 10-39)\n      Series 5: Audio and video reels, 1960s-1970s (Box 40)\n      Series 6: Maps and blueprints, 1950s-1960s (Map Cases 35.3 - 35.4)","Charles J. Lietwiler was born in Gallipolis, Ohio on August 22, 1933. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business Administration from the University of Washington in 1955, and a Master of Arts degree in Business Administration in Transportation from the George Washington University in 1966. Lietwiler served as a regional transit planner throughout his professional career. Within the D.C. Metropolitan area, he held various positions with the federal government, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Metropolitan Planning Association. Lietwiler also worked with the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission where he served as the Senior Transportation Planner beginning in 1965. He took part in the Airlie conferences in 1967, where local officials and transit experts created the D.C. Metro system. Lietwiler performed research for the U.S. Army Reserve Transportation Railway Service, and was an amateur photographer and filmmaker.","The Special Collections Research Center does not have the equipment necessary to watch reel-to-reel film and audio contained in Series 5. Additional time and money may be required to digitize this material for access.","Processing completed by Christopher Babbitt in March 2020. EAD markup completed by Christopher Babbitt in March 2020. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in October 2022.","Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections related to transportation and planning, such as the  and the  Click  to see all transportation and planning materials held by Special Collections Research Center.","The Charles Lietwiler transportation collection contains Lietwiler's work on the founding of Metro at the Airlie Conferences in 1967. An avid photographer, Lietwiler diligently photographed its construction and opening ceremonies. The collection also represents his work with a variety of other organizations, such as the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission, where he held a senior position. Lietwiler was a well-traveled man, collecting a variety of souvenirs on his trips. A plurality of the collection relates to his work as an amateur photographer and filmmaker.","Series 1: Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (1960-1990s): This series contains Lietwiler's work on the founding of Metro, including his work at the Airlie Conferences of 1967. Materials include: Analytical reports by various organizations such as the U.S. Department of Transportation, Metrobus and rail schedules, and published materials such as Metro Memos. It also contains Metro-related photographs taken by Lietwiler.","Series 2: United States Mass Transit (1932-2000): This series contains Lietwiler's work with other American transit organizations, including planning materials and analysis reports, as well as published materials, such as the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission Newsletter.","Series 3: International Mass Transit (1903-1992): This series contains published journals and newspapers examining international transportation systems, analytical reports on Japanese rail systems, and maps/brochures collected on Lietwiler's many trips.","Series 4: Slides and Photographs (1950s-1990s): This series contains all non-WMATA related photographs taken by Lietwiler, both personal and transit-related. Transit-related photographs usually depict transit systems embedded in cities and towns, while personal photography showcases nature or family gatherings. This series contains three subseries. Subseries 4.1: United States mass transit photographs. Subseries 4.2: International mass transit photographs. Subseries 4.3: Personal photos.","Series 5: Audio and Video reels (1960s-1970s): This series contains Lietwiler's work as an amateur filmmaker, mostly from his personal travels.","Series 6: Maps and Blueprints (1950s-1960s): This series contains 56 maps of Washington, D.C., 26 blueprints, and 41 topographical maps of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","This collection contains Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (WMATA) materials relating to the foundation and construction of the Metro, information regarding American and international mass transit systems, and photographs taken by Charles Lietwiler.","R 72, C 1, S 1 - R 72, C 2, S 3\n\n\nMap Cases 35.3 - 35.4","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Northern Virginia Transportation Commission","Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority","Lietwiler, Charles","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charles Lietwiler transportation collection, 1903/2005"],"collection_ssim":["Charles Lietwiler transportation collection, 1903/2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0324","/repositories/2/resources/547"],"unitid_tesim":["C0324","/repositories/2/resources/547"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["D.C.-Metro area"],"geogname_ssim":["D.C.-Metro area"],"places_ssim":["D.C.-Metro area"],"creator_ssm":["Lietwiler, Charles"],"creator_ssim":["Lietwiler, Charles"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lietwiler, Charles"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Northern Virginia Transportation Commission","Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority"],"creators_ssim":["Lietwiler, Charles","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Northern Virginia Transportation Commission","Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission on September 20, 2018."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Photography","Transportation -- Virginia, Northern -- Planning -- History -- 20th century","Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Transportation -- Washington Metropolitan Area -- Planning"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Photography","Transportation -- Virginia, Northern -- Planning -- History -- 20th century","Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Transportation -- Washington Metropolitan Area -- Planning"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["33.0 Linear Feet 40 boxes, 2 map cases"],"extent_tesim":["33.0 Linear Feet 40 boxes, 2 map cases"],"date_range_isim":[1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged in into six series:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eSeries\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, 1960-1990s (Boxes 1-4)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: United States mass transit, 1932-2000 (Boxes 5-7)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: International mass transit, 1903-1992(Boxes 7-9)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: Slides and photographs, 1950s-2005 (Boxes 10-39)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 5: Audio and video reels, 1960s-1970s (Box 40)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 6: Maps and blueprints, 1950s-1960s (Map Cases 35.3 - 35.4)\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged in into six series:","Series\n      Series 1: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, 1960-1990s (Boxes 1-4)\n      Series 2: United States mass transit, 1932-2000 (Boxes 5-7)\n      Series 3: International mass transit, 1903-1992(Boxes 7-9)\n      Series 4: Slides and photographs, 1950s-2005 (Boxes 10-39)\n      Series 5: Audio and video reels, 1960s-1970s (Box 40)\n      Series 6: Maps and blueprints, 1950s-1960s (Map Cases 35.3 - 35.4)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles J. Lietwiler was born in Gallipolis, Ohio on August 22, 1933. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business Administration from the University of Washington in 1955, and a Master of Arts degree in Business Administration in Transportation from the George Washington University in 1966. Lietwiler served as a regional transit planner throughout his professional career. Within the D.C. Metropolitan area, he held various positions with the federal government, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Metropolitan Planning Association. Lietwiler also worked with the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission where he served as the Senior Transportation Planner beginning in 1965. He took part in the Airlie conferences in 1967, where local officials and transit experts created the D.C. Metro system. Lietwiler performed research for the U.S. Army Reserve Transportation Railway Service, and was an amateur photographer and filmmaker.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Charles J. Lietwiler was born in Gallipolis, Ohio on August 22, 1933. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business Administration from the University of Washington in 1955, and a Master of Arts degree in Business Administration in Transportation from the George Washington University in 1966. Lietwiler served as a regional transit planner throughout his professional career. Within the D.C. Metropolitan area, he held various positions with the federal government, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Metropolitan Planning Association. Lietwiler also worked with the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission where he served as the Senior Transportation Planner beginning in 1965. He took part in the Airlie conferences in 1967, where local officials and transit experts created the D.C. Metro system. Lietwiler performed research for the U.S. Army Reserve Transportation Railway Service, and was an amateur photographer and filmmaker."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center does not have the equipment necessary to watch reel-to-reel film and audio contained in Series 5. Additional time and money may be required to digitize this material for access.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Technical requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center does not have the equipment necessary to watch reel-to-reel film and audio contained in Series 5. Additional time and money may be required to digitize this material for access."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Lietwiler transportation collection, C0324, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Charles Lietwiler transportation collection, C0324, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Christopher Babbitt in March 2020. EAD markup completed by Christopher Babbitt in March 2020. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in October 2022.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Christopher Babbitt in March 2020. EAD markup completed by Christopher Babbitt in March 2020. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in October 2022."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center holds many other collections related to transportation and planning, such as the \u003cextptr href=\"https://scrc.gmu.edu/finding_aids/mertz.html\" title=\"William L. Mertz transportation collection\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e and the \u003cextptr href=\"https://scrc.gmu.edu/finding_aids/apta.html\" title=\"American Public Transportation records.\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e Click \u003cextptr href=\"https://scrc.gmu.edu/collections-subject.php#TRANSPORTATION\" title=\"here\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e to see all transportation and planning materials held by Special Collections Research Center.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Special Collections Research Center holds many other collections related to transportation and planning, such as the  and the  Click  to see all transportation and planning materials held by Special Collections Research Center."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Charles Lietwiler transportation collection contains Lietwiler's work on the founding of Metro at the Airlie Conferences in 1967. An avid photographer, Lietwiler diligently photographed its construction and opening ceremonies. The collection also represents his work with a variety of other organizations, such as the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission, where he held a senior position. Lietwiler was a well-traveled man, collecting a variety of souvenirs on his trips. A plurality of the collection relates to his work as an amateur photographer and filmmaker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (1960-1990s): This series contains Lietwiler's work on the founding of Metro, including his work at the Airlie Conferences of 1967. Materials include: Analytical reports by various organizations such as the U.S. Department of Transportation, Metrobus and rail schedules, and published materials such as Metro Memos. It also contains Metro-related photographs taken by Lietwiler.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: United States Mass Transit (1932-2000): This series contains Lietwiler's work with other American transit organizations, including planning materials and analysis reports, as well as published materials, such as the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission Newsletter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: International Mass Transit (1903-1992): This series contains published journals and newspapers examining international transportation systems, analytical reports on Japanese rail systems, and maps/brochures collected on Lietwiler's many trips.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Slides and Photographs (1950s-1990s): This series contains all non-WMATA related photographs taken by Lietwiler, both personal and transit-related. Transit-related photographs usually depict transit systems embedded in cities and towns, while personal photography showcases nature or family gatherings. This series contains three subseries. Subseries 4.1: United States mass transit photographs. Subseries 4.2: International mass transit photographs. Subseries 4.3: Personal photos.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5: Audio and Video reels (1960s-1970s): This series contains Lietwiler's work as an amateur filmmaker, mostly from his personal travels.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6: Maps and Blueprints (1950s-1960s): This series contains 56 maps of Washington, D.C., 26 blueprints, and 41 topographical maps of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Charles Lietwiler transportation collection contains Lietwiler's work on the founding of Metro at the Airlie Conferences in 1967. An avid photographer, Lietwiler diligently photographed its construction and opening ceremonies. The collection also represents his work with a variety of other organizations, such as the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission, where he held a senior position. Lietwiler was a well-traveled man, collecting a variety of souvenirs on his trips. A plurality of the collection relates to his work as an amateur photographer and filmmaker.","Series 1: Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (1960-1990s): This series contains Lietwiler's work on the founding of Metro, including his work at the Airlie Conferences of 1967. Materials include: Analytical reports by various organizations such as the U.S. Department of Transportation, Metrobus and rail schedules, and published materials such as Metro Memos. It also contains Metro-related photographs taken by Lietwiler.","Series 2: United States Mass Transit (1932-2000): This series contains Lietwiler's work with other American transit organizations, including planning materials and analysis reports, as well as published materials, such as the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission Newsletter.","Series 3: International Mass Transit (1903-1992): This series contains published journals and newspapers examining international transportation systems, analytical reports on Japanese rail systems, and maps/brochures collected on Lietwiler's many trips.","Series 4: Slides and Photographs (1950s-1990s): This series contains all non-WMATA related photographs taken by Lietwiler, both personal and transit-related. Transit-related photographs usually depict transit systems embedded in cities and towns, while personal photography showcases nature or family gatherings. This series contains three subseries. Subseries 4.1: United States mass transit photographs. Subseries 4.2: International mass transit photographs. Subseries 4.3: Personal photos.","Series 5: Audio and Video reels (1960s-1970s): This series contains Lietwiler's work as an amateur filmmaker, mostly from his personal travels.","Series 6: Maps and Blueprints (1950s-1960s): This series contains 56 maps of Washington, D.C., 26 blueprints, and 41 topographical maps of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ref348\"\u003eThis collection contains Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (WMATA) materials relating to the foundation and construction of the Metro, information regarding American and international mass transit systems, and photographs taken by Charles Lietwiler.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority (WMATA) materials relating to the foundation and construction of the Metro, information regarding American and international mass transit systems, and photographs taken by Charles Lietwiler."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_ac7d219b7a43e34bd672980dfe90dff9\"\u003e\nR 72, C 1, S 1 - R 72, C 2, S 3\n\n\nMap Cases 35.3 - 35.4\n\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["R 72, C 1, S 1 - R 72, C 2, S 3\n\n\nMap Cases 35.3 - 35.4"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Northern Virginia Transportation Commission","Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority"],"names_coll_ssim":["Northern Virginia Transportation Commission","Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority"],"persname_ssim":["Lietwiler, Charles"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Northern Virginia Transportation Commission","Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority","Lietwiler, Charles"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":425,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:21:02.579Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_547"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_69","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Jonathan Gifford transportation collection, 1919/1999","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_69#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Gifford, Jonathan Lewis","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_69#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"This collection contains tapes, documents, and books on transportation planning. Included is a VHS videotape of footage from 1919 on a US Army convoy traveling across the country on Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway in America.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_69#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_69","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_69","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_69","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_69","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_69.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Jonathan Gifford transportation collection","title_ssm":["Jonathan Gifford transportation collection"],"title_tesim":["Jonathan Gifford transportation collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1919, 1980s-1990s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1919, 1980s-1990s"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1919/1999"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jonathan Gifford transportation collection, 1919/1999"],"text":["Jonathan Gifford transportation collection, 1919/1999","C0119","/repositories/2/resources/69","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Transportation","Transportation -- Planning","Transportation -- United States","Highway planning -- United States","Video recordings","There are no access restrictions.","Organized by title.","Jonathan L. Gifford is a Dean in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University, and the director of the Master's in Transportation Policy, Operations and Logistics program.","Dean Gifford's primary area of expertise is transportation and public policy, with a particular focus on transportation and land use. His recent research investigates transportation finance and the role of public private partnerships, and behavioral considerations in transportation planning.","He received a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, and an M.S. and Ph.D. (1983) in Civil Engineering (Transportation) at the University of California, Berkeley, with doctoral minors in economics, and urban and regional planning. His dissertation examined the history and development of the Interstate Highway System from its origins in the 1930s through its design and deployment in the 1960s and beyond.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009.","The Special Collections Research Center also holds many other .","This collection contains tapes, documents, and books on transportation planning. Included is a VHS videotape of footage from 1919 on a US Army convoy traveling across the country on Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway in America.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","This collection contains tapes, documents, and books on transportation planning. Included is a VHS videotape of footage from 1919 on a US Army convoy traveling across the country on Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway in America.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Gifford, Jonathan Lewis","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jonathan Gifford transportation collection, 1919/1999"],"collection_ssim":["Jonathan Gifford transportation collection, 1919/1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0119","/repositories/2/resources/69"],"unitid_tesim":["C0119","/repositories/2/resources/69"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Gifford, Jonathan Lewis"],"creator_ssim":["Gifford, Jonathan Lewis"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Gifford, Jonathan Lewis"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["Gifford, Jonathan Lewis","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection donated by Jonathan Gifford in 1999."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Transportation","Transportation -- Planning","Transportation -- United States","Highway planning -- United States","Video recordings"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Transportation","Transportation -- Planning","Transportation -- United States","Highway planning -- United States","Video recordings"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.25 Linear Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.25 Linear Feet 1 box"],"genreform_ssim":["Video recordings"],"date_range_isim":[1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized by title.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized by title."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJonathan L. Gifford is a Dean in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University, and the director of the Master's in Transportation Policy, Operations and Logistics program. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDean Gifford's primary area of expertise is transportation and public policy, with a particular focus on transportation and land use. His recent research investigates transportation finance and the role of public private partnerships, and behavioral considerations in transportation planning. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe received a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, and an M.S. and Ph.D. (1983) in Civil Engineering (Transportation) at the University of California, Berkeley, with doctoral minors in economics, and urban and regional planning. His dissertation examined the history and development of the Interstate Highway System from its origins in the 1930s through its design and deployment in the 1960s and beyond. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jonathan L. Gifford is a Dean in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University, and the director of the Master's in Transportation Policy, Operations and Logistics program.","Dean Gifford's primary area of expertise is transportation and public policy, with a particular focus on transportation and land use. His recent research investigates transportation finance and the role of public private partnerships, and behavioral considerations in transportation planning.","He received a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, and an M.S. and Ph.D. (1983) in Civil Engineering (Transportation) at the University of California, Berkeley, with doctoral minors in economics, and urban and regional planning. His dissertation examined the history and development of the Interstate Highway System from its origins in the 1930s through its design and deployment in the 1960s and beyond."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJonathan Gifford transportation collection, C0119, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Jonathan Gifford transportation collection, C0119, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center also holds many other \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"transportation collections\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/subjects/sh85137027\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center also holds many other ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains tapes, documents, and books on transportation planning. Included is a VHS videotape of footage from 1919 on a US Army convoy traveling across the country on Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway in America.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains tapes, documents, and books on transportation planning. Included is a VHS videotape of footage from 1919 on a US Army convoy traveling across the country on Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway in America."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_a6f32c9d8c1bba4e0a1a1824fa58a3d3\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection contains tapes, documents, and books on transportation planning. Included is a VHS videotape of footage from 1919 on a US Army convoy traveling across the country on Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway in America.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains tapes, documents, and books on transportation planning. Included is a VHS videotape of footage from 1919 on a US Army convoy traveling across the country on Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway in America."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Gifford, Jonathan Lewis"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Gifford, Jonathan Lewis"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:21:16.850Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_69","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_69","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_69","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_69","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_69.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Jonathan Gifford transportation collection","title_ssm":["Jonathan Gifford transportation collection"],"title_tesim":["Jonathan Gifford transportation collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1919, 1980s-1990s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1919, 1980s-1990s"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1919/1999"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jonathan Gifford transportation collection, 1919/1999"],"text":["Jonathan Gifford transportation collection, 1919/1999","C0119","/repositories/2/resources/69","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Transportation","Transportation -- Planning","Transportation -- United States","Highway planning -- United States","Video recordings","There are no access restrictions.","Organized by title.","Jonathan L. Gifford is a Dean in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University, and the director of the Master's in Transportation Policy, Operations and Logistics program.","Dean Gifford's primary area of expertise is transportation and public policy, with a particular focus on transportation and land use. His recent research investigates transportation finance and the role of public private partnerships, and behavioral considerations in transportation planning.","He received a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, and an M.S. and Ph.D. (1983) in Civil Engineering (Transportation) at the University of California, Berkeley, with doctoral minors in economics, and urban and regional planning. His dissertation examined the history and development of the Interstate Highway System from its origins in the 1930s through its design and deployment in the 1960s and beyond.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009.","The Special Collections Research Center also holds many other .","This collection contains tapes, documents, and books on transportation planning. Included is a VHS videotape of footage from 1919 on a US Army convoy traveling across the country on Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway in America.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","This collection contains tapes, documents, and books on transportation planning. Included is a VHS videotape of footage from 1919 on a US Army convoy traveling across the country on Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway in America.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Gifford, Jonathan Lewis","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jonathan Gifford transportation collection, 1919/1999"],"collection_ssim":["Jonathan Gifford transportation collection, 1919/1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0119","/repositories/2/resources/69"],"unitid_tesim":["C0119","/repositories/2/resources/69"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Gifford, Jonathan Lewis"],"creator_ssim":["Gifford, Jonathan Lewis"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Gifford, Jonathan Lewis"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["Gifford, Jonathan Lewis","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Collection donated by Jonathan Gifford in 1999."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Transportation","Transportation -- Planning","Transportation -- United States","Highway planning -- United States","Video recordings"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Transportation","Transportation -- Planning","Transportation -- United States","Highway planning -- United States","Video recordings"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.25 Linear Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.25 Linear Feet 1 box"],"genreform_ssim":["Video recordings"],"date_range_isim":[1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized by title.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized by title."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJonathan L. Gifford is a Dean in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University, and the director of the Master's in Transportation Policy, Operations and Logistics program. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDean Gifford's primary area of expertise is transportation and public policy, with a particular focus on transportation and land use. His recent research investigates transportation finance and the role of public private partnerships, and behavioral considerations in transportation planning. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe received a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, and an M.S. and Ph.D. (1983) in Civil Engineering (Transportation) at the University of California, Berkeley, with doctoral minors in economics, and urban and regional planning. His dissertation examined the history and development of the Interstate Highway System from its origins in the 1930s through its design and deployment in the 1960s and beyond. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jonathan L. Gifford is a Dean in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University, and the director of the Master's in Transportation Policy, Operations and Logistics program.","Dean Gifford's primary area of expertise is transportation and public policy, with a particular focus on transportation and land use. His recent research investigates transportation finance and the role of public private partnerships, and behavioral considerations in transportation planning.","He received a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, and an M.S. and Ph.D. (1983) in Civil Engineering (Transportation) at the University of California, Berkeley, with doctoral minors in economics, and urban and regional planning. 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EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty in August 2009."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center also holds many other \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"transportation collections\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/subjects/sh85137027\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center also holds many other ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains tapes, documents, and books on transportation planning. Included is a VHS videotape of footage from 1919 on a US Army convoy traveling across the country on Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway in America.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains tapes, documents, and books on transportation planning. Included is a VHS videotape of footage from 1919 on a US Army convoy traveling across the country on Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway in America."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_a6f32c9d8c1bba4e0a1a1824fa58a3d3\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection contains tapes, documents, and books on transportation planning. Included is a VHS videotape of footage from 1919 on a US Army convoy traveling across the country on Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway in America.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains tapes, documents, and books on transportation planning. Included is a VHS videotape of footage from 1919 on a US Army convoy traveling across the country on Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway in America."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Gifford, Jonathan Lewis"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Gifford, Jonathan Lewis"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:21:16.850Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_69"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_145","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Northern Virginia oral history project collection, 1958/1996","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_145#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Northern Virginia Oral History Project","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_145#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The collection contains 201 taped interviews of Northern Virginia residents. Transcripts or abstracts accompany most of the recordings. 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The interviews document community and family life, and careers in the Northern Virginia Area as well as changes in Northern Virginia since World War II.","The collection was previously housed in the Fairfax County Library from 1962-1983. It was transferred to George Mason University Libraries in 1984.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed in February 2009 by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty. EAD markup revised in September 2014 by Michelle Page.","Special Collections and Archives also holds many other oral histories about Northern Virginia, particularly Reston, Virginia.","The collection contains 201 taped interviews of Northern Virginia residents. Transcripts or abstracts accompany most of the recordings. Topics such as agriculture, development, education, health, politics, transportation, and religion, with respect to Northern Virginia in the 19th and 20th centuries, are discussed.","Series 1: Northern Virginia Community; contains 141 taped interviews between 1958 and 1990.  The interviews document community and family life, careers, etc. in the Northern Virginia Area.","Series 2: Northern Virginia Changes; contains 60 taped interviews between 1962 and 1990. The interviews deal primarily with changes in Northern Virginia since World War II.","Series 3: Transcripts: Northern Virginia Community; contains 50 interview transcripts and abstracts between 1962 and 1988 that document community and family life, careers, etc… in the Northern Virginia Area.","Series 4: Transcripts: Northern Virginia Changes; contains 44 interview transcripts and abstracts between 1972 and 1989 that deal primarily with changes in Northern Virginia since World War II.","Series 5: Interview Documentation; contains biographical notes and photos for interviewees, interview release forms, interviewer notes, and abstract worksheet and form.","Series 6: Northern Virginia Leadership Project; contains the Northern Virginia Leadership Project interviews. Roy Rosenzweig, a professor in Mason's History Department, supervised the final phase of the project. The Northern Virginia Leadership Project is a collection of interviews with prominent figures from the Northern Virginia area. The collection includes interviews conducted between the years 1990 and 1996 as well as other interview documentation such as interview forms and questions, and permissible use forms.","Series 7: Sound Reels; contains sound reels of interviews that document community and family life, careers, etc…. in the Northern Virginia Area as well as interviews that deal primarily with changes in Northern Virginia since World War II.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","The collection contains 201 taped interviews of Northern Virginia residents. Transcripts or abstracts accompany most of the recordings. Topics such as agriculture, development, education, health, politics, transportation, and religion, with respect to Northern Virginia in the 19th and 20th centuries, are discussed.","R16 C1 S1 - S3; C2 S1","George Mason University. Libraries. 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The Northern Virginia Leadership Project is a collection of interviews with prominent figures from the Northern Virginia area. The collection includes interviews conducted between the years 1990 and 1996 as well as other interview documentation such as interview forms and questions, and permissible use forms.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7: Sound Reels; contains sound reels of interviews that document community and family life, careers, etc…. in the Northern Virginia Area as well as interviews that deal primarily with changes in Northern Virginia since World War II.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains 201 taped interviews of Northern Virginia residents. Transcripts or abstracts accompany most of the recordings. Topics such as agriculture, development, education, health, politics, transportation, and religion, with respect to Northern Virginia in the 19th and 20th centuries, are discussed.","Series 1: Northern Virginia Community; contains 141 taped interviews between 1958 and 1990.  The interviews document community and family life, careers, etc. in the Northern Virginia Area.","Series 2: Northern Virginia Changes; contains 60 taped interviews between 1962 and 1990. The interviews deal primarily with changes in Northern Virginia since World War II.","Series 3: Transcripts: Northern Virginia Community; contains 50 interview transcripts and abstracts between 1962 and 1988 that document community and family life, careers, etc… in the Northern Virginia Area.","Series 4: Transcripts: Northern Virginia Changes; contains 44 interview transcripts and abstracts between 1972 and 1989 that deal primarily with changes in Northern Virginia since World War II.","Series 5: Interview Documentation; contains biographical notes and photos for interviewees, interview release forms, interviewer notes, and abstract worksheet and form.","Series 6: Northern Virginia Leadership Project; contains the Northern Virginia Leadership Project interviews. Roy Rosenzweig, a professor in Mason's History Department, supervised the final phase of the project. The Northern Virginia Leadership Project is a collection of interviews with prominent figures from the Northern Virginia area. The collection includes interviews conducted between the years 1990 and 1996 as well as other interview documentation such as interview forms and questions, and permissible use forms.","Series 7: Sound Reels; contains sound reels of interviews that document community and family life, careers, etc…. in the Northern Virginia Area as well as interviews that deal primarily with changes in Northern Virginia since World War II."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_50e30ff1aa011c898d9561c09e995483\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection contains 201 taped interviews of Northern Virginia residents. Transcripts or abstracts accompany most of the recordings. Topics such as agriculture, development, education, health, politics, transportation, and religion, with respect to Northern Virginia in the 19th and 20th centuries, are discussed.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The collection contains 201 taped interviews of Northern Virginia residents. Transcripts or abstracts accompany most of the recordings. Topics such as agriculture, development, education, health, politics, transportation, and religion, with respect to Northern Virginia in the 19th and 20th centuries, are discussed."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_fd936c3898128a0d6e8f58562a12154d\"\u003eR16 C1 S1 - S3; C2 S1\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["R16 C1 S1 - S3; C2 S1"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. 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The interviews document community and family life, and careers in the Northern Virginia Area as well as changes in Northern Virginia since World War II.","The collection was previously housed in the Fairfax County Library from 1962-1983. It was transferred to George Mason University Libraries in 1984.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. EAD markup completed in February 2009 by Eron Ackerman and Jordan Patty. EAD markup revised in September 2014 by Michelle Page.","Special Collections and Archives also holds many other oral histories about Northern Virginia, particularly Reston, Virginia.","The collection contains 201 taped interviews of Northern Virginia residents. Transcripts or abstracts accompany most of the recordings. Topics such as agriculture, development, education, health, politics, transportation, and religion, with respect to Northern Virginia in the 19th and 20th centuries, are discussed.","Series 1: Northern Virginia Community; contains 141 taped interviews between 1958 and 1990.  The interviews document community and family life, careers, etc. in the Northern Virginia Area.","Series 2: Northern Virginia Changes; contains 60 taped interviews between 1962 and 1990. The interviews deal primarily with changes in Northern Virginia since World War II.","Series 3: Transcripts: Northern Virginia Community; contains 50 interview transcripts and abstracts between 1962 and 1988 that document community and family life, careers, etc… in the Northern Virginia Area.","Series 4: Transcripts: Northern Virginia Changes; contains 44 interview transcripts and abstracts between 1972 and 1989 that deal primarily with changes in Northern Virginia since World War II.","Series 5: Interview Documentation; contains biographical notes and photos for interviewees, interview release forms, interviewer notes, and abstract worksheet and form.","Series 6: Northern Virginia Leadership Project; contains the Northern Virginia Leadership Project interviews. Roy Rosenzweig, a professor in Mason's History Department, supervised the final phase of the project. 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Topics such as agriculture, development, education, health, politics, transportation, and religion, with respect to Northern Virginia in the 19th and 20th centuries, are discussed.","R16 C1 S1 - S3; C2 S1","George Mason University. Libraries. 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The Northern Virginia Leadership Project is a collection of interviews with prominent figures from the Northern Virginia area. The collection includes interviews conducted between the years 1990 and 1996 as well as other interview documentation such as interview forms and questions, and permissible use forms.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7: Sound Reels; contains sound reels of interviews that document community and family life, careers, etc…. in the Northern Virginia Area as well as interviews that deal primarily with changes in Northern Virginia since World War II.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains 201 taped interviews of Northern Virginia residents. Transcripts or abstracts accompany most of the recordings. Topics such as agriculture, development, education, health, politics, transportation, and religion, with respect to Northern Virginia in the 19th and 20th centuries, are discussed.","Series 1: Northern Virginia Community; contains 141 taped interviews between 1958 and 1990.  The interviews document community and family life, careers, etc. in the Northern Virginia Area.","Series 2: Northern Virginia Changes; contains 60 taped interviews between 1962 and 1990. The interviews deal primarily with changes in Northern Virginia since World War II.","Series 3: Transcripts: Northern Virginia Community; contains 50 interview transcripts and abstracts between 1962 and 1988 that document community and family life, careers, etc… in the Northern Virginia Area.","Series 4: Transcripts: Northern Virginia Changes; contains 44 interview transcripts and abstracts between 1972 and 1989 that deal primarily with changes in Northern Virginia since World War II.","Series 5: Interview Documentation; contains biographical notes and photos for interviewees, interview release forms, interviewer notes, and abstract worksheet and form.","Series 6: Northern Virginia Leadership Project; contains the Northern Virginia Leadership Project interviews. Roy Rosenzweig, a professor in Mason's History Department, supervised the final phase of the project. The Northern Virginia Leadership Project is a collection of interviews with prominent figures from the Northern Virginia area. The collection includes interviews conducted between the years 1990 and 1996 as well as other interview documentation such as interview forms and questions, and permissible use forms.","Series 7: Sound Reels; contains sound reels of interviews that document community and family life, careers, etc…. in the Northern Virginia Area as well as interviews that deal primarily with changes in Northern Virginia since World War II."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_50e30ff1aa011c898d9561c09e995483\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection contains 201 taped interviews of Northern Virginia residents. Transcripts or abstracts accompany most of the recordings. Topics such as agriculture, development, education, health, politics, transportation, and religion, with respect to Northern Virginia in the 19th and 20th centuries, are discussed.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The collection contains 201 taped interviews of Northern Virginia residents. Transcripts or abstracts accompany most of the recordings. Topics such as agriculture, development, education, health, politics, transportation, and religion, with respect to Northern Virginia in the 19th and 20th centuries, are discussed."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_fd936c3898128a0d6e8f58562a12154d\"\u003eR16 C1 S1 - S3; C2 S1\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["R16 C1 S1 - S3; C2 S1"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Northern Virginia Oral History Project","George Mason University"],"names_coll_ssim":["George Mason University"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Northern Virginia Oral History Project","George Mason University"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":463,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:20:18.300Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_145"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_169","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Winslow Roper Hatch papers, 1958/1979","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_169#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Hatch, Winslow Roper, 1908-1980","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_169#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Winslow Roper Hatch collection contains essays, letters, and publications on primary, secondary, and post-secondary education, several of which were written by Hatch. The collection also includes papers on parks and old roads in Fairfax County.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_169#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_169","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_169","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_169","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_169","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_169.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Winslow Roper Hatch papers","title_ssm":["Winslow Roper Hatch papers"],"title_tesim":["Winslow Roper Hatch papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1958-1979"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1958-1979"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1958/1979"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Winslow Roper Hatch papers, 1958/1979"],"text":["Winslow Roper Hatch papers, 1958/1979","C0099","/repositories/2/resources/169","Fairfax County (Va.) -- History","Fairfax County (Va.) -- Politics and government","Transportation -- United States","Education, Higher","There are no access restrictions.","Documents in this collection are arranged by subject.","Series\n      Series 1: Education, circa 1958-1970 (Boxes 1-2)\n      Series 2: Parkland and Roads, circa 1958-1970 (Box 2)","Winslow Roper Hatch was born 1908 in Lexington Massachusetts. He graduated with a Bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College in 1930 and received his Ph.D. in 1934 from Johns Hopkins University where he was appointed a student assistant for Botany classes. After leaving Johns Hopkins, Hatch served as professor and associate dean at the State College of Washington and in 1955 became Dean of the College of General Education at Boston University. In the 1960s Dr. Hatch worked for the U.S Office of Health, Education and Welfare. Dr. Hatch wrote extensively on education throughout his career publishing works such as Approach to Independent Study, published 1965 by U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, and Effectiveness in teaching, published 1960 by U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. Dr. Hatch passed away in 1980 in Princeton Massachusetts.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in March 2024.","The Special Collections Research Center holds multiple collections on the history of Fairfax County and Northern Virginia.","The Winslow Roper Hatch papers contains several essays, letters, and publications on primary, secondary, and post-secondary education, written by Hatch and others in his field. The collection also includes papers on parks and old roads in Fairfax County, Virginia.","Series 1 contains education documents. The majority of the documents date from Hatch's time at the Bureau of Research in Higher Education, and pertain to studies conducted by the bureau. The documents are in varying states of completion including project proposals, literature surveys and working drafts. Included with many of the documents is correspondence relating to the content of the documents, the status of the projects and discussion of previously published material.","Series 2 contains documents relating to parks and old roads in the Fairfax, Virginia, area. Documents in Series 2 include letters relating to the preservation of parkland authored by concerned citizens and correspondence detailing Dr. Hatch's own involvement in researching national parkland. Other documents provide information on trails in Fairfax county parkland and information on the benefits of studying old roads. Also included are documents detailing the historic significance of the areas of Fairfax County parklands.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","The Winslow Roper Hatch collection contains essays, letters, and publications on primary, secondary, and post-secondary education, several of which were written by Hatch. The collection also includes papers on parks and old roads in Fairfax County.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Hatch, Winslow Roper, 1908-1980","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Winslow Roper Hatch papers, 1958/1979"],"collection_ssim":["Winslow Roper Hatch papers, 1958/1979"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0099","/repositories/2/resources/169"],"unitid_tesim":["C0099","/repositories/2/resources/169"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["Fairfax County (Va.) -- History","Fairfax County (Va.) -- Politics and government"],"geogname_ssim":["Fairfax County (Va.) -- History","Fairfax County (Va.) -- Politics and government"],"places_ssim":["Fairfax County (Va.) -- History","Fairfax County (Va.) -- Politics and government"],"creator_ssm":["Hatch, Winslow Roper, 1908-1980"],"creator_ssim":["Hatch, Winslow Roper, 1908-1980"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Hatch, Winslow Roper, 1908-1980"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["Hatch, Winslow Roper, 1908-1980","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Dita Keith Hatch, wife of Winslow Roper Hatch, in 1981."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Transportation -- United States","Education, Higher"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Transportation -- United States","Education, Higher"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Linear Feet 2 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["1 Linear Feet 2 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDocuments in this collection are arranged by subject.\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eSeries\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Education, circa 1958-1970 (Boxes 1-2)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Parkland and Roads, circa 1958-1970 (Box 2)\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Documents in this collection are arranged by subject.","Series\n      Series 1: Education, circa 1958-1970 (Boxes 1-2)\n      Series 2: Parkland and Roads, circa 1958-1970 (Box 2)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWinslow Roper Hatch was born 1908 in Lexington Massachusetts. He graduated with a Bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College in 1930 and received his Ph.D. in 1934 from Johns Hopkins University where he was appointed a student assistant for Botany classes. After leaving Johns Hopkins, Hatch served as professor and associate dean at the State College of Washington and in 1955 became Dean of the College of General Education at Boston University. In the 1960s Dr. Hatch worked for the U.S Office of Health, Education and Welfare. Dr. Hatch wrote extensively on education throughout his career publishing works such as Approach to Independent Study, published 1965 by U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, and Effectiveness in teaching, published 1960 by U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. Dr. Hatch passed away in 1980 in Princeton Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Winslow Roper Hatch was born 1908 in Lexington Massachusetts. He graduated with a Bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College in 1930 and received his Ph.D. in 1934 from Johns Hopkins University where he was appointed a student assistant for Botany classes. After leaving Johns Hopkins, Hatch served as professor and associate dean at the State College of Washington and in 1955 became Dean of the College of General Education at Boston University. In the 1960s Dr. Hatch worked for the U.S Office of Health, Education and Welfare. Dr. Hatch wrote extensively on education throughout his career publishing works such as Approach to Independent Study, published 1965 by U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, and Effectiveness in teaching, published 1960 by U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. Dr. Hatch passed away in 1980 in Princeton Massachusetts."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWinslow Roper Hatch papers, C0099, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Winslow Roper Hatch papers, C0099, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections Research Center staff. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in March 2024.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in March 2024."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds multiple collections on the history of Fairfax County and Northern Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds multiple collections on the history of Fairfax County and Northern Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Winslow Roper Hatch papers contains several essays, letters, and publications on primary, secondary, and post-secondary education, written by Hatch and others in his field. The collection also includes papers on parks and old roads in Fairfax County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 contains education documents. The majority of the documents date from Hatch's time at the Bureau of Research in Higher Education, and pertain to studies conducted by the bureau. The documents are in varying states of completion including project proposals, literature surveys and working drafts. Included with many of the documents is correspondence relating to the content of the documents, the status of the projects and discussion of previously published material. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2 contains documents relating to parks and old roads in the Fairfax, Virginia, area. Documents in Series 2 include letters relating to the preservation of parkland authored by concerned citizens and correspondence detailing Dr. Hatch's own involvement in researching national parkland. Other documents provide information on trails in Fairfax county parkland and information on the benefits of studying old roads. Also included are documents detailing the historic significance of the areas of Fairfax County parklands. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Winslow Roper Hatch papers contains several essays, letters, and publications on primary, secondary, and post-secondary education, written by Hatch and others in his field. The collection also includes papers on parks and old roads in Fairfax County, Virginia.","Series 1 contains education documents. The majority of the documents date from Hatch's time at the Bureau of Research in Higher Education, and pertain to studies conducted by the bureau. The documents are in varying states of completion including project proposals, literature surveys and working drafts. Included with many of the documents is correspondence relating to the content of the documents, the status of the projects and discussion of previously published material.","Series 2 contains documents relating to parks and old roads in the Fairfax, Virginia, area. Documents in Series 2 include letters relating to the preservation of parkland authored by concerned citizens and correspondence detailing Dr. Hatch's own involvement in researching national parkland. Other documents provide information on trails in Fairfax county parkland and information on the benefits of studying old roads. Also included are documents detailing the historic significance of the areas of Fairfax County parklands."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_53027b6d2ab01a54367727ba6c67c099\"\u003eThe Winslow Roper Hatch collection contains essays, letters, and publications on primary, secondary, and post-secondary education, several of which were written by Hatch. The collection also includes papers on parks and old roads in Fairfax County.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The Winslow Roper Hatch collection contains essays, letters, and publications on primary, secondary, and post-secondary education, several of which were written by Hatch. The collection also includes papers on parks and old roads in Fairfax County."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Hatch, Winslow Roper, 1908-1980"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Hatch, Winslow Roper, 1908-1980"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":33,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:20:22.040Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_169","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_169","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_169","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_169","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_169.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Winslow Roper Hatch papers","title_ssm":["Winslow Roper Hatch papers"],"title_tesim":["Winslow Roper Hatch papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1958-1979"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1958-1979"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1958/1979"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Winslow Roper Hatch papers, 1958/1979"],"text":["Winslow Roper Hatch papers, 1958/1979","C0099","/repositories/2/resources/169","Fairfax County (Va.) -- History","Fairfax County (Va.) -- Politics and government","Transportation -- United States","Education, Higher","There are no access restrictions.","Documents in this collection are arranged by subject.","Series\n      Series 1: Education, circa 1958-1970 (Boxes 1-2)\n      Series 2: Parkland and Roads, circa 1958-1970 (Box 2)","Winslow Roper Hatch was born 1908 in Lexington Massachusetts. He graduated with a Bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College in 1930 and received his Ph.D. in 1934 from Johns Hopkins University where he was appointed a student assistant for Botany classes. After leaving Johns Hopkins, Hatch served as professor and associate dean at the State College of Washington and in 1955 became Dean of the College of General Education at Boston University. In the 1960s Dr. Hatch worked for the U.S Office of Health, Education and Welfare. Dr. Hatch wrote extensively on education throughout his career publishing works such as Approach to Independent Study, published 1965 by U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, and Effectiveness in teaching, published 1960 by U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. Dr. Hatch passed away in 1980 in Princeton Massachusetts.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in March 2024.","The Special Collections Research Center holds multiple collections on the history of Fairfax County and Northern Virginia.","The Winslow Roper Hatch papers contains several essays, letters, and publications on primary, secondary, and post-secondary education, written by Hatch and others in his field. The collection also includes papers on parks and old roads in Fairfax County, Virginia.","Series 1 contains education documents. The majority of the documents date from Hatch's time at the Bureau of Research in Higher Education, and pertain to studies conducted by the bureau. The documents are in varying states of completion including project proposals, literature surveys and working drafts. Included with many of the documents is correspondence relating to the content of the documents, the status of the projects and discussion of previously published material.","Series 2 contains documents relating to parks and old roads in the Fairfax, Virginia, area. Documents in Series 2 include letters relating to the preservation of parkland authored by concerned citizens and correspondence detailing Dr. Hatch's own involvement in researching national parkland. Other documents provide information on trails in Fairfax county parkland and information on the benefits of studying old roads. Also included are documents detailing the historic significance of the areas of Fairfax County parklands.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","The Winslow Roper Hatch collection contains essays, letters, and publications on primary, secondary, and post-secondary education, several of which were written by Hatch. The collection also includes papers on parks and old roads in Fairfax County.","George Mason University. Libraries. 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Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["Hatch, Winslow Roper, 1908-1980","George Mason University. Libraries. 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He graduated with a Bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College in 1930 and received his Ph.D. in 1934 from Johns Hopkins University where he was appointed a student assistant for Botany classes. After leaving Johns Hopkins, Hatch served as professor and associate dean at the State College of Washington and in 1955 became Dean of the College of General Education at Boston University. In the 1960s Dr. Hatch worked for the U.S Office of Health, Education and Welfare. Dr. Hatch wrote extensively on education throughout his career publishing works such as Approach to Independent Study, published 1965 by U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, and Effectiveness in teaching, published 1960 by U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. Dr. Hatch passed away in 1980 in Princeton Massachusetts.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Winslow Roper Hatch was born 1908 in Lexington Massachusetts. He graduated with a Bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College in 1930 and received his Ph.D. in 1934 from Johns Hopkins University where he was appointed a student assistant for Botany classes. After leaving Johns Hopkins, Hatch served as professor and associate dean at the State College of Washington and in 1955 became Dean of the College of General Education at Boston University. In the 1960s Dr. Hatch worked for the U.S Office of Health, Education and Welfare. Dr. Hatch wrote extensively on education throughout his career publishing works such as Approach to Independent Study, published 1965 by U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, and Effectiveness in teaching, published 1960 by U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. Dr. Hatch passed away in 1980 in Princeton Massachusetts."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWinslow Roper Hatch papers, C0099, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Winslow Roper Hatch papers, C0099, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections Research Center staff. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in March 2024.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections Research Center staff. Finding aid updated by Amanda Menjivar in March 2024."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds multiple collections on the history of Fairfax County and Northern Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds multiple collections on the history of Fairfax County and Northern Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Winslow Roper Hatch papers contains several essays, letters, and publications on primary, secondary, and post-secondary education, written by Hatch and others in his field. The collection also includes papers on parks and old roads in Fairfax County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 contains education documents. The majority of the documents date from Hatch's time at the Bureau of Research in Higher Education, and pertain to studies conducted by the bureau. The documents are in varying states of completion including project proposals, literature surveys and working drafts. Included with many of the documents is correspondence relating to the content of the documents, the status of the projects and discussion of previously published material. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2 contains documents relating to parks and old roads in the Fairfax, Virginia, area. Documents in Series 2 include letters relating to the preservation of parkland authored by concerned citizens and correspondence detailing Dr. Hatch's own involvement in researching national parkland. Other documents provide information on trails in Fairfax county parkland and information on the benefits of studying old roads. Also included are documents detailing the historic significance of the areas of Fairfax County parklands. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Winslow Roper Hatch papers contains several essays, letters, and publications on primary, secondary, and post-secondary education, written by Hatch and others in his field. The collection also includes papers on parks and old roads in Fairfax County, Virginia.","Series 1 contains education documents. The majority of the documents date from Hatch's time at the Bureau of Research in Higher Education, and pertain to studies conducted by the bureau. The documents are in varying states of completion including project proposals, literature surveys and working drafts. Included with many of the documents is correspondence relating to the content of the documents, the status of the projects and discussion of previously published material.","Series 2 contains documents relating to parks and old roads in the Fairfax, Virginia, area. Documents in Series 2 include letters relating to the preservation of parkland authored by concerned citizens and correspondence detailing Dr. Hatch's own involvement in researching national parkland. Other documents provide information on trails in Fairfax county parkland and information on the benefits of studying old roads. Also included are documents detailing the historic significance of the areas of Fairfax County parklands."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_53027b6d2ab01a54367727ba6c67c099\"\u003eThe Winslow Roper Hatch collection contains essays, letters, and publications on primary, secondary, and post-secondary education, several of which were written by Hatch. The collection also includes papers on parks and old roads in Fairfax County.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The Winslow Roper Hatch collection contains essays, letters, and publications on primary, secondary, and post-secondary education, several of which were written by Hatch. The collection also includes papers on parks and old roads in Fairfax County."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Hatch, Winslow Roper, 1908-1980"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. 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