{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Religion+and+culture\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026view=list","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Religion+and+culture\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=2\u0026view=list","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Religion+and+culture\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=2\u0026view=list"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":2,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":12,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African Qur'an Manuscript","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1657#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eUnbound manuscript of the Qur'an (after 1869) with a leather shoulder bag (undated). Consists of about 700 pages with each page containing about 12 lines of script. Written in Arabic with African decorations throughout. The number of \"ayahs\" in this volume is a variant from Eastern or Ottoman contemporary Qur'ans. All of the verses are separated by three small circles in the form of a pyramid and every tenth verse is separated by two concentric circles.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1657#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_1657.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African Qur'an Manuscript and Shoulder Bag","title_ssm":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"title_tesim":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"unitdate_ssm":["after 1869"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["after 1869"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00093","/repositories/2/resources/1657"],"text":["MS 00093","/repositories/2/resources/1657","African Qur'an Manuscript","Muslims","Quran--Manuscripts, Arabic","Religion and culture","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Unbound manuscript of the Qur'an (after 1869) with a leather shoulder bag (undated). Consists of about 700 pages with each page containing about 12 lines of script. Written in Arabic with African decorations throughout. The number of \"ayahs\" in this volume is a variant from Eastern or Ottoman contemporary Qur'ans. All of the verses are separated by three small circles in the form of a pyramid and every tenth verse is separated by two concentric circles.","The manuscript is written Left to Right (LTR) and reads front to back.  The page numbers in pencil indicate correct reading order.\n   [The following information was compiled by William \u0026 Mary students Alex Wingate, James Sylvester and Professor George Greenia, spring semester 2017]","Nigerian Qur'an","The volume is comprised of a stack of loose sheets, still pristine for their age, never intended to be bound into a book block. The covers are stiff paste board without writing or decoration, the first (\"title\") sheet composed of two sheets pasted together for rigidity and strength. Loose sheets would allow for easy sharing among a group memorizing and chanting a given passage or  sura , one of the 114 chapters of the standard Qur'an whose text was already stabilized within a few decades of the death of the Prophet. The format suggests that this Qur'an was prepared to travel, but in the end was preserved more as a private cultic object than put into service as a study or recitation text in a mosque or  madrasa  (school). There is little sign of normal reader's use or deterioration from travel despite its sturdy goat skin tote bag with decorative stitching and dyed panels and shoulder strap. The muted decoration is non-representational and leans toward the geometric in accordance with Islamic tradition.","The handmade paper was leaf cast in sheets probably four times the size of the current leaves and cut in quarters. The paper molds incorporated two wire watermarks straddling the eventual cut lines so that a portion of each design is visible on each leaf. The watermarks present a curious and decidedly Western intrusion for a sacred Qur'an which avoids imagery other than highly stylized floral or star motifs. The sheets were created extra thick which makes them durable as singlets if less accom­mo­dating to repeated folding or sewing into a normal book block. The writing support is dense and opaque, an advantage for bold script with a deep ink bite and destined for bold illuminations on both sides.","The first watermark, common among British papermakers, offers an image of a seated Britannia with a spear and a shield bearing a 'cross ordinary.' The second is the coat of arms of the Church Missionary Society Bookshop, a shield quartered with a star in the center. The first quarter (top left) has a dove, the second (top right) an open book, the third (bottom left) an elephant, and the fourth (bottom right) a palm tree. A scroll underneath the shield reads \"C.M.S. BOOKSHOP LAGOS.\" The Lagos bookshop was founded in 1869 so the paper which ended up in this Qur'an was made no earlier than that date. According to Terence Walz, the writing support might be better dated to 1900 or later: \"Paper made by Waterlow \u0026 Sons Limited, John Dent \u0026 Co., T.H. Saunders, and C.M.S. Bookshop (Lagos), all British firms, probably dates from the time of formal British occupation (1900) and after\" (in  The Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa  [Eds. Graziano Kra?tli, Ghislaine Lydon. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2011], 102). The paper is made to British standards and the good quality black and red inks are as likely imported from England as not. There is perhaps a gentle irony in the fact that a Christian missionary enterprise supplied the writing supports for a foreign Muslim community to produce a Qur'an.","The scribal hand is uniform throughout, probably written with reeds, the traditional tool of Islamic scribes; by the turn of the twentieth century steel nib pens were becoming common and might have been used for the red vocalization marks. The Arabic alphabet does not include short vowels which are cued for readers through a corrector's second pass – a practice which guarantees the over­sight of two know­ledgeable scribes and therefore a more reliable and accurate text. The decorative touches are traditional designs conforming to Islamic delight in colorful geometric patterns as navigational aids meant to help a reader find his way through the  suras ."," Hand copying Qur'ans is a highly significant cultic practice among Muslims. Paul L. Hover notes that \"Printing was forbidden in the Middle East soon after its invention, and Islamic societies resisted the printing press for several centuries. The most powerful Muslim ruler of the time, the Turkish Sultan Byazid II, banned the possession of printed matter as early as 1485, and his decision was enforced in 1515 by Selim I. (J. Pedersen,  The Arabic book . Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984). The earliest printing press located in the Arab world was established in North Lebanon in 1610 at the Maronite monastery of St. Anthony. … Abandoning manuscripts would be cultural treason, for copying is considered a kind of prayer. Every manuscript was a link in the chain of authority with the past, an assurance that one would not be drawn far from the source of truth. Printing would not only be a gesture of impiety, but rather an act of infidelity that strikes at the heart of Islamic civilization.\" (\"Islamic Book and Information Culture: An Overview.\"  Webology  4.1 (2007). ","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Arabic"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00093","/repositories/2/resources/1657"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"collection_title_tesim":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"collection_ssim":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Muslims","Quran--Manuscripts, Arabic","Religion and culture"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Muslims","Quran--Manuscripts, Arabic","Religion and culture"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["2.00 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1869],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican Qur'an Manuscript, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African Qur'an Manuscript, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnbound manuscript of the Qur'an (after 1869) with a leather shoulder bag (undated). Consists of about 700 pages with each page containing about 12 lines of script. Written in Arabic with African decorations throughout. The number of \"ayahs\" in this volume is a variant from Eastern or Ottoman contemporary Qur'ans. All of the verses are separated by three small circles in the form of a pyramid and every tenth verse is separated by two concentric circles.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe manuscript is written Left to Right (LTR) and reads front to back.  The page numbers in pencil indicate correct reading order.\n  \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e[The following information was compiled by William \u0026amp; Mary students Alex Wingate, James Sylvester and Professor George Greenia, spring semester 2017]\u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eNigerian Qur'an\u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe volume is comprised of a stack of loose sheets, still pristine for their age, never intended to be bound into a book block. The covers are stiff paste board without writing or decoration, the first (\"title\") sheet composed of two sheets pasted together for rigidity and strength. Loose sheets would allow for easy sharing among a group memorizing and chanting a given passage or \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003esura\u003c/emph\u003e, one of the 114 chapters of the standard Qur'an whose text was already stabilized within a few decades of the death of the Prophet. The format suggests that this Qur'an was prepared to travel, but in the end was preserved more as a private cultic object than put into service as a study or recitation text in a mosque or \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003emadrasa\u003c/emph\u003e (school). There is little sign of normal reader's use or deterioration from travel despite its sturdy goat skin tote bag with decorative stitching and dyed panels and shoulder strap. The muted decoration is non-representational and leans toward the geometric in accordance with Islamic tradition.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe handmade paper was leaf cast in sheets probably four times the size of the current leaves and cut in quarters. The paper molds incorporated two wire watermarks straddling the eventual cut lines so that a portion of each design is visible on each leaf. The watermarks present a curious and decidedly Western intrusion for a sacred Qur'an which avoids imagery other than highly stylized floral or star motifs. The sheets were created extra thick which makes them durable as singlets if less accom­mo­dating to repeated folding or sewing into a normal book block. The writing support is dense and opaque, an advantage for bold script with a deep ink bite and destined for bold illuminations on both sides.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe first watermark, common among British papermakers, offers an image of a seated Britannia with a spear and a shield bearing a 'cross ordinary.' The second is the coat of arms of the Church Missionary Society Bookshop, a shield quartered with a star in the center. The first quarter (top left) has a dove, the second (top right) an open book, the third (bottom left) an elephant, and the fourth (bottom right) a palm tree. A scroll underneath the shield reads \"C.M.S. BOOKSHOP LAGOS.\" The Lagos bookshop was founded in 1869 so the paper which ended up in this Qur'an was made no earlier than that date. According to Terence Walz, the writing support might be better dated to 1900 or later: \"Paper made by Waterlow \u0026amp; Sons Limited, John Dent \u0026amp; Co., T.H. Saunders, and C.M.S. Bookshop (Lagos), all British firms, probably dates from the time of formal British occupation (1900) and after\" (in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa\u003c/emph\u003e [Eds. Graziano Kra?tli, Ghislaine Lydon. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2011], 102). The paper is made to British standards and the good quality black and red inks are as likely imported from England as not. There is perhaps a gentle irony in the fact that a Christian missionary enterprise supplied the writing supports for a foreign Muslim community to produce a Qur'an.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe scribal hand is uniform throughout, probably written with reeds, the traditional tool of Islamic scribes; by the turn of the twentieth century steel nib pens were becoming common and might have been used for the red vocalization marks. The Arabic alphabet does not include short vowels which are cued for readers through a corrector's second pass – a practice which guarantees the over­sight of two know­ledgeable scribes and therefore a more reliable and accurate text. The decorative touches are traditional designs conforming to Islamic delight in colorful geometric patterns as navigational aids meant to help a reader find his way through the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003esuras\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Hand copying Qur'ans is a highly significant cultic practice among Muslims. Paul L. Hover notes that \"Printing was forbidden in the Middle East soon after its invention, and Islamic societies resisted the printing press for several centuries. The most powerful Muslim ruler of the time, the Turkish Sultan Byazid II, banned the possession of printed matter as early as 1485, and his decision was enforced in 1515 by Selim I. (J. Pedersen, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Arabic book\u003c/emph\u003e. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984). The earliest printing press located in the Arab world was established in North Lebanon in 1610 at the Maronite monastery of St. Anthony. … Abandoning manuscripts would be cultural treason, for copying is considered a kind of prayer. Every manuscript was a link in the chain of authority with the past, an assurance that one would not be drawn far from the source of truth. Printing would not only be a gesture of impiety, but rather an act of infidelity that strikes at the heart of Islamic civilization.\" (\"Islamic Book and Information Culture: An Overview.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eWebology\u003c/emph\u003e 4.1 (2007). \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Unbound manuscript of the Qur'an (after 1869) with a leather shoulder bag (undated). Consists of about 700 pages with each page containing about 12 lines of script. Written in Arabic with African decorations throughout. The number of \"ayahs\" in this volume is a variant from Eastern or Ottoman contemporary Qur'ans. All of the verses are separated by three small circles in the form of a pyramid and every tenth verse is separated by two concentric circles.","The manuscript is written Left to Right (LTR) and reads front to back.  The page numbers in pencil indicate correct reading order.\n   [The following information was compiled by William \u0026 Mary students Alex Wingate, James Sylvester and Professor George Greenia, spring semester 2017]","Nigerian Qur'an","The volume is comprised of a stack of loose sheets, still pristine for their age, never intended to be bound into a book block. The covers are stiff paste board without writing or decoration, the first (\"title\") sheet composed of two sheets pasted together for rigidity and strength. Loose sheets would allow for easy sharing among a group memorizing and chanting a given passage or  sura , one of the 114 chapters of the standard Qur'an whose text was already stabilized within a few decades of the death of the Prophet. The format suggests that this Qur'an was prepared to travel, but in the end was preserved more as a private cultic object than put into service as a study or recitation text in a mosque or  madrasa  (school). There is little sign of normal reader's use or deterioration from travel despite its sturdy goat skin tote bag with decorative stitching and dyed panels and shoulder strap. The muted decoration is non-representational and leans toward the geometric in accordance with Islamic tradition.","The handmade paper was leaf cast in sheets probably four times the size of the current leaves and cut in quarters. The paper molds incorporated two wire watermarks straddling the eventual cut lines so that a portion of each design is visible on each leaf. The watermarks present a curious and decidedly Western intrusion for a sacred Qur'an which avoids imagery other than highly stylized floral or star motifs. The sheets were created extra thick which makes them durable as singlets if less accom­mo­dating to repeated folding or sewing into a normal book block. The writing support is dense and opaque, an advantage for bold script with a deep ink bite and destined for bold illuminations on both sides.","The first watermark, common among British papermakers, offers an image of a seated Britannia with a spear and a shield bearing a 'cross ordinary.' The second is the coat of arms of the Church Missionary Society Bookshop, a shield quartered with a star in the center. The first quarter (top left) has a dove, the second (top right) an open book, the third (bottom left) an elephant, and the fourth (bottom right) a palm tree. A scroll underneath the shield reads \"C.M.S. BOOKSHOP LAGOS.\" The Lagos bookshop was founded in 1869 so the paper which ended up in this Qur'an was made no earlier than that date. According to Terence Walz, the writing support might be better dated to 1900 or later: \"Paper made by Waterlow \u0026 Sons Limited, John Dent \u0026 Co., T.H. Saunders, and C.M.S. Bookshop (Lagos), all British firms, probably dates from the time of formal British occupation (1900) and after\" (in  The Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa  [Eds. Graziano Kra?tli, Ghislaine Lydon. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2011], 102). The paper is made to British standards and the good quality black and red inks are as likely imported from England as not. There is perhaps a gentle irony in the fact that a Christian missionary enterprise supplied the writing supports for a foreign Muslim community to produce a Qur'an.","The scribal hand is uniform throughout, probably written with reeds, the traditional tool of Islamic scribes; by the turn of the twentieth century steel nib pens were becoming common and might have been used for the red vocalization marks. The Arabic alphabet does not include short vowels which are cued for readers through a corrector's second pass – a practice which guarantees the over­sight of two know­ledgeable scribes and therefore a more reliable and accurate text. The decorative touches are traditional designs conforming to Islamic delight in colorful geometric patterns as navigational aids meant to help a reader find his way through the  suras ."," Hand copying Qur'ans is a highly significant cultic practice among Muslims. Paul L. Hover notes that \"Printing was forbidden in the Middle East soon after its invention, and Islamic societies resisted the printing press for several centuries. The most powerful Muslim ruler of the time, the Turkish Sultan Byazid II, banned the possession of printed matter as early as 1485, and his decision was enforced in 1515 by Selim I. (J. Pedersen,  The Arabic book . Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984). The earliest printing press located in the Arab world was established in North Lebanon in 1610 at the Maronite monastery of St. Anthony. … Abandoning manuscripts would be cultural treason, for copying is considered a kind of prayer. Every manuscript was a link in the chain of authority with the past, an assurance that one would not be drawn far from the source of truth. Printing would not only be a gesture of impiety, but rather an act of infidelity that strikes at the heart of Islamic civilization.\" (\"Islamic Book and Information Culture: An Overview.\"  Webology  4.1 (2007). "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["Arabic"],"total_component_count_is":2,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:03:57.965Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_1657.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African Qur'an Manuscript and Shoulder Bag","title_ssm":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"title_tesim":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"unitdate_ssm":["after 1869"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["after 1869"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00093","/repositories/2/resources/1657"],"text":["MS 00093","/repositories/2/resources/1657","African Qur'an Manuscript","Muslims","Quran--Manuscripts, Arabic","Religion and culture","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Unbound manuscript of the Qur'an (after 1869) with a leather shoulder bag (undated). Consists of about 700 pages with each page containing about 12 lines of script. Written in Arabic with African decorations throughout. The number of \"ayahs\" in this volume is a variant from Eastern or Ottoman contemporary Qur'ans. All of the verses are separated by three small circles in the form of a pyramid and every tenth verse is separated by two concentric circles.","The manuscript is written Left to Right (LTR) and reads front to back.  The page numbers in pencil indicate correct reading order.\n   [The following information was compiled by William \u0026 Mary students Alex Wingate, James Sylvester and Professor George Greenia, spring semester 2017]","Nigerian Qur'an","The volume is comprised of a stack of loose sheets, still pristine for their age, never intended to be bound into a book block. The covers are stiff paste board without writing or decoration, the first (\"title\") sheet composed of two sheets pasted together for rigidity and strength. Loose sheets would allow for easy sharing among a group memorizing and chanting a given passage or  sura , one of the 114 chapters of the standard Qur'an whose text was already stabilized within a few decades of the death of the Prophet. The format suggests that this Qur'an was prepared to travel, but in the end was preserved more as a private cultic object than put into service as a study or recitation text in a mosque or  madrasa  (school). There is little sign of normal reader's use or deterioration from travel despite its sturdy goat skin tote bag with decorative stitching and dyed panels and shoulder strap. The muted decoration is non-representational and leans toward the geometric in accordance with Islamic tradition.","The handmade paper was leaf cast in sheets probably four times the size of the current leaves and cut in quarters. The paper molds incorporated two wire watermarks straddling the eventual cut lines so that a portion of each design is visible on each leaf. The watermarks present a curious and decidedly Western intrusion for a sacred Qur'an which avoids imagery other than highly stylized floral or star motifs. The sheets were created extra thick which makes them durable as singlets if less accom­mo­dating to repeated folding or sewing into a normal book block. The writing support is dense and opaque, an advantage for bold script with a deep ink bite and destined for bold illuminations on both sides.","The first watermark, common among British papermakers, offers an image of a seated Britannia with a spear and a shield bearing a 'cross ordinary.' The second is the coat of arms of the Church Missionary Society Bookshop, a shield quartered with a star in the center. The first quarter (top left) has a dove, the second (top right) an open book, the third (bottom left) an elephant, and the fourth (bottom right) a palm tree. A scroll underneath the shield reads \"C.M.S. BOOKSHOP LAGOS.\" The Lagos bookshop was founded in 1869 so the paper which ended up in this Qur'an was made no earlier than that date. According to Terence Walz, the writing support might be better dated to 1900 or later: \"Paper made by Waterlow \u0026 Sons Limited, John Dent \u0026 Co., T.H. Saunders, and C.M.S. Bookshop (Lagos), all British firms, probably dates from the time of formal British occupation (1900) and after\" (in  The Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa  [Eds. Graziano Kra?tli, Ghislaine Lydon. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2011], 102). The paper is made to British standards and the good quality black and red inks are as likely imported from England as not. There is perhaps a gentle irony in the fact that a Christian missionary enterprise supplied the writing supports for a foreign Muslim community to produce a Qur'an.","The scribal hand is uniform throughout, probably written with reeds, the traditional tool of Islamic scribes; by the turn of the twentieth century steel nib pens were becoming common and might have been used for the red vocalization marks. The Arabic alphabet does not include short vowels which are cued for readers through a corrector's second pass – a practice which guarantees the over­sight of two know­ledgeable scribes and therefore a more reliable and accurate text. The decorative touches are traditional designs conforming to Islamic delight in colorful geometric patterns as navigational aids meant to help a reader find his way through the  suras ."," Hand copying Qur'ans is a highly significant cultic practice among Muslims. Paul L. Hover notes that \"Printing was forbidden in the Middle East soon after its invention, and Islamic societies resisted the printing press for several centuries. The most powerful Muslim ruler of the time, the Turkish Sultan Byazid II, banned the possession of printed matter as early as 1485, and his decision was enforced in 1515 by Selim I. (J. Pedersen,  The Arabic book . Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984). The earliest printing press located in the Arab world was established in North Lebanon in 1610 at the Maronite monastery of St. Anthony. … Abandoning manuscripts would be cultural treason, for copying is considered a kind of prayer. Every manuscript was a link in the chain of authority with the past, an assurance that one would not be drawn far from the source of truth. Printing would not only be a gesture of impiety, but rather an act of infidelity that strikes at the heart of Islamic civilization.\" (\"Islamic Book and Information Culture: An Overview.\"  Webology  4.1 (2007). ","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Arabic"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00093","/repositories/2/resources/1657"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"collection_title_tesim":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"collection_ssim":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Muslims","Quran--Manuscripts, Arabic","Religion and culture"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Muslims","Quran--Manuscripts, Arabic","Religion and culture"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["2.00 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1869],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican Qur'an Manuscript, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African Qur'an Manuscript, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnbound manuscript of the Qur'an (after 1869) with a leather shoulder bag (undated). Consists of about 700 pages with each page containing about 12 lines of script. Written in Arabic with African decorations throughout. The number of \"ayahs\" in this volume is a variant from Eastern or Ottoman contemporary Qur'ans. All of the verses are separated by three small circles in the form of a pyramid and every tenth verse is separated by two concentric circles.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe manuscript is written Left to Right (LTR) and reads front to back.  The page numbers in pencil indicate correct reading order.\n  \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e[The following information was compiled by William \u0026amp; Mary students Alex Wingate, James Sylvester and Professor George Greenia, spring semester 2017]\u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eNigerian Qur'an\u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe volume is comprised of a stack of loose sheets, still pristine for their age, never intended to be bound into a book block. The covers are stiff paste board without writing or decoration, the first (\"title\") sheet composed of two sheets pasted together for rigidity and strength. Loose sheets would allow for easy sharing among a group memorizing and chanting a given passage or \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003esura\u003c/emph\u003e, one of the 114 chapters of the standard Qur'an whose text was already stabilized within a few decades of the death of the Prophet. The format suggests that this Qur'an was prepared to travel, but in the end was preserved more as a private cultic object than put into service as a study or recitation text in a mosque or \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003emadrasa\u003c/emph\u003e (school). There is little sign of normal reader's use or deterioration from travel despite its sturdy goat skin tote bag with decorative stitching and dyed panels and shoulder strap. The muted decoration is non-representational and leans toward the geometric in accordance with Islamic tradition.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe handmade paper was leaf cast in sheets probably four times the size of the current leaves and cut in quarters. The paper molds incorporated two wire watermarks straddling the eventual cut lines so that a portion of each design is visible on each leaf. The watermarks present a curious and decidedly Western intrusion for a sacred Qur'an which avoids imagery other than highly stylized floral or star motifs. The sheets were created extra thick which makes them durable as singlets if less accom­mo­dating to repeated folding or sewing into a normal book block. The writing support is dense and opaque, an advantage for bold script with a deep ink bite and destined for bold illuminations on both sides.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe first watermark, common among British papermakers, offers an image of a seated Britannia with a spear and a shield bearing a 'cross ordinary.' The second is the coat of arms of the Church Missionary Society Bookshop, a shield quartered with a star in the center. The first quarter (top left) has a dove, the second (top right) an open book, the third (bottom left) an elephant, and the fourth (bottom right) a palm tree. A scroll underneath the shield reads \"C.M.S. BOOKSHOP LAGOS.\" The Lagos bookshop was founded in 1869 so the paper which ended up in this Qur'an was made no earlier than that date. According to Terence Walz, the writing support might be better dated to 1900 or later: \"Paper made by Waterlow \u0026amp; Sons Limited, John Dent \u0026amp; Co., T.H. Saunders, and C.M.S. Bookshop (Lagos), all British firms, probably dates from the time of formal British occupation (1900) and after\" (in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa\u003c/emph\u003e [Eds. Graziano Kra?tli, Ghislaine Lydon. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2011], 102). The paper is made to British standards and the good quality black and red inks are as likely imported from England as not. There is perhaps a gentle irony in the fact that a Christian missionary enterprise supplied the writing supports for a foreign Muslim community to produce a Qur'an.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe scribal hand is uniform throughout, probably written with reeds, the traditional tool of Islamic scribes; by the turn of the twentieth century steel nib pens were becoming common and might have been used for the red vocalization marks. The Arabic alphabet does not include short vowels which are cued for readers through a corrector's second pass – a practice which guarantees the over­sight of two know­ledgeable scribes and therefore a more reliable and accurate text. The decorative touches are traditional designs conforming to Islamic delight in colorful geometric patterns as navigational aids meant to help a reader find his way through the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003esuras\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Hand copying Qur'ans is a highly significant cultic practice among Muslims. Paul L. Hover notes that \"Printing was forbidden in the Middle East soon after its invention, and Islamic societies resisted the printing press for several centuries. The most powerful Muslim ruler of the time, the Turkish Sultan Byazid II, banned the possession of printed matter as early as 1485, and his decision was enforced in 1515 by Selim I. (J. Pedersen, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Arabic book\u003c/emph\u003e. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984). The earliest printing press located in the Arab world was established in North Lebanon in 1610 at the Maronite monastery of St. Anthony. … Abandoning manuscripts would be cultural treason, for copying is considered a kind of prayer. Every manuscript was a link in the chain of authority with the past, an assurance that one would not be drawn far from the source of truth. Printing would not only be a gesture of impiety, but rather an act of infidelity that strikes at the heart of Islamic civilization.\" (\"Islamic Book and Information Culture: An Overview.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eWebology\u003c/emph\u003e 4.1 (2007). \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Unbound manuscript of the Qur'an (after 1869) with a leather shoulder bag (undated). Consists of about 700 pages with each page containing about 12 lines of script. Written in Arabic with African decorations throughout. The number of \"ayahs\" in this volume is a variant from Eastern or Ottoman contemporary Qur'ans. All of the verses are separated by three small circles in the form of a pyramid and every tenth verse is separated by two concentric circles.","The manuscript is written Left to Right (LTR) and reads front to back.  The page numbers in pencil indicate correct reading order.\n   [The following information was compiled by William \u0026 Mary students Alex Wingate, James Sylvester and Professor George Greenia, spring semester 2017]","Nigerian Qur'an","The volume is comprised of a stack of loose sheets, still pristine for their age, never intended to be bound into a book block. The covers are stiff paste board without writing or decoration, the first (\"title\") sheet composed of two sheets pasted together for rigidity and strength. Loose sheets would allow for easy sharing among a group memorizing and chanting a given passage or  sura , one of the 114 chapters of the standard Qur'an whose text was already stabilized within a few decades of the death of the Prophet. The format suggests that this Qur'an was prepared to travel, but in the end was preserved more as a private cultic object than put into service as a study or recitation text in a mosque or  madrasa  (school). There is little sign of normal reader's use or deterioration from travel despite its sturdy goat skin tote bag with decorative stitching and dyed panels and shoulder strap. The muted decoration is non-representational and leans toward the geometric in accordance with Islamic tradition.","The handmade paper was leaf cast in sheets probably four times the size of the current leaves and cut in quarters. The paper molds incorporated two wire watermarks straddling the eventual cut lines so that a portion of each design is visible on each leaf. The watermarks present a curious and decidedly Western intrusion for a sacred Qur'an which avoids imagery other than highly stylized floral or star motifs. The sheets were created extra thick which makes them durable as singlets if less accom­mo­dating to repeated folding or sewing into a normal book block. The writing support is dense and opaque, an advantage for bold script with a deep ink bite and destined for bold illuminations on both sides.","The first watermark, common among British papermakers, offers an image of a seated Britannia with a spear and a shield bearing a 'cross ordinary.' The second is the coat of arms of the Church Missionary Society Bookshop, a shield quartered with a star in the center. The first quarter (top left) has a dove, the second (top right) an open book, the third (bottom left) an elephant, and the fourth (bottom right) a palm tree. A scroll underneath the shield reads \"C.M.S. BOOKSHOP LAGOS.\" The Lagos bookshop was founded in 1869 so the paper which ended up in this Qur'an was made no earlier than that date. According to Terence Walz, the writing support might be better dated to 1900 or later: \"Paper made by Waterlow \u0026 Sons Limited, John Dent \u0026 Co., T.H. Saunders, and C.M.S. Bookshop (Lagos), all British firms, probably dates from the time of formal British occupation (1900) and after\" (in  The Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa  [Eds. Graziano Kra?tli, Ghislaine Lydon. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2011], 102). The paper is made to British standards and the good quality black and red inks are as likely imported from England as not. There is perhaps a gentle irony in the fact that a Christian missionary enterprise supplied the writing supports for a foreign Muslim community to produce a Qur'an.","The scribal hand is uniform throughout, probably written with reeds, the traditional tool of Islamic scribes; by the turn of the twentieth century steel nib pens were becoming common and might have been used for the red vocalization marks. The Arabic alphabet does not include short vowels which are cued for readers through a corrector's second pass – a practice which guarantees the over­sight of two know­ledgeable scribes and therefore a more reliable and accurate text. The decorative touches are traditional designs conforming to Islamic delight in colorful geometric patterns as navigational aids meant to help a reader find his way through the  suras ."," Hand copying Qur'ans is a highly significant cultic practice among Muslims. Paul L. Hover notes that \"Printing was forbidden in the Middle East soon after its invention, and Islamic societies resisted the printing press for several centuries. The most powerful Muslim ruler of the time, the Turkish Sultan Byazid II, banned the possession of printed matter as early as 1485, and his decision was enforced in 1515 by Selim I. (J. Pedersen,  The Arabic book . Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984). The earliest printing press located in the Arab world was established in North Lebanon in 1610 at the Maronite monastery of St. Anthony. … Abandoning manuscripts would be cultural treason, for copying is considered a kind of prayer. Every manuscript was a link in the chain of authority with the past, an assurance that one would not be drawn far from the source of truth. Printing would not only be a gesture of impiety, but rather an act of infidelity that strikes at the heart of Islamic civilization.\" (\"Islamic Book and Information Culture: An Overview.\"  Webology  4.1 (2007). "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["Arabic"],"total_component_count_is":2,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:03:57.965Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1657"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9773","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9773#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eA series of 32 black and white self-portraits and nature photography by Prasanna Patel taken in 2023 to create a portrait of the artist's great-grandmother.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9773#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9773","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9773","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9773","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9773","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9773.xml","title_filing_ssi":"\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs ","title_ssm":["\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs"],"title_tesim":["\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["2023 September 20"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["2023 September 20"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 01863","/repositories/2/resources/9773"],"text":["SC 01863","/repositories/2/resources/9773","\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs","Religion and culture","Art","Photographs","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","The photographs are aragnged by file.","Prasanna Pratel 2024' is a graduate of William \u0026 Mary, with a major in Religious Studies and minor in Art and Art History. Her work explores femininity, identity, her family history, and cultural upbringing.","A series of 32 black and white self-portraits and nature photography by Prasanna Patel taken in 2023 to create a portrait of the artist's great-grandmother.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 01863","/repositories/2/resources/9773"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs"],"collection_ssim":["\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["A \"Portait of Her photographs\" were donated by Prasanna Patel"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Religion and culture","Art","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Religion and culture","Art","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Linear Feet 1 legal size folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Linear Feet 1 legal size folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[2023],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe photographs are aragnged by file.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The photographs are aragnged by file."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePrasanna Pratel 2024' is a graduate of William \u0026amp; Mary, with a major in Religious Studies and minor in Art and Art History. Her work explores femininity, identity, her family history, and cultural upbringing.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Prasanna Pratel 2024' is a graduate of William \u0026 Mary, with a major in Religious Studies and minor in Art and Art History. Her work explores femininity, identity, her family history, and cultural upbringing."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA Portrait of Her photographs, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libaries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["A Portrait of Her photographs, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libaries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA series of 32 black and white self-portraits and nature photography by Prasanna Patel taken in 2023 to create a portrait of the artist's great-grandmother.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A series of 32 black and white self-portraits and nature photography by Prasanna Patel taken in 2023 to create a portrait of the artist's great-grandmother."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:29:29.857Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9773","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9773","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9773","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9773","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9773.xml","title_filing_ssi":"\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs ","title_ssm":["\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs"],"title_tesim":["\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["2023 September 20"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["2023 September 20"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 01863","/repositories/2/resources/9773"],"text":["SC 01863","/repositories/2/resources/9773","\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs","Religion and culture","Art","Photographs","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","The photographs are aragnged by file.","Prasanna Pratel 2024' is a graduate of William \u0026 Mary, with a major in Religious Studies and minor in Art and Art History. Her work explores femininity, identity, her family history, and cultural upbringing.","A series of 32 black and white self-portraits and nature photography by Prasanna Patel taken in 2023 to create a portrait of the artist's great-grandmother.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 01863","/repositories/2/resources/9773"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs"],"collection_ssim":["\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["A \"Portait of Her photographs\" were donated by Prasanna Patel"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Religion and culture","Art","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Religion and culture","Art","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Linear Feet 1 legal size folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Linear Feet 1 legal size folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[2023],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. 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The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe photographs are aragnged by file.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The photographs are aragnged by file."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePrasanna Pratel 2024' is a graduate of William \u0026amp; Mary, with a major in Religious Studies and minor in Art and Art History. Her work explores femininity, identity, her family history, and cultural upbringing.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Prasanna Pratel 2024' is a graduate of William \u0026 Mary, with a major in Religious Studies and minor in Art and Art History. Her work explores femininity, identity, her family history, and cultural upbringing."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA Portrait of Her photographs, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libaries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["A Portrait of Her photographs, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libaries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA series of 32 black and white self-portraits and nature photography by Prasanna Patel taken in 2023 to create a portrait of the artist's great-grandmother.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["A series of 32 black and white self-portraits and nature photography by Prasanna Patel taken in 2023 to create a portrait of the artist's great-grandmother."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:29:29.857Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9773"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_3837","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Edward Lynch Papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_3837#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_3837#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection includes letters, photographs, greeting cards, printed religious ephemera, artifacts, and other material pertaining to Edward Lynch of Bayonne, New Jersey while serving in Europe during World War II. The letters were written to him by family and friends. Other correspondence from Lynch's brothers, Joseph and Michael, to their parents, Elizabeth and Michael. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_3837#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_3837","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_3837","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_3837","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_3837","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_3837.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Edward Lynch Papers","title_ssm":["Edward Lynch Papers"],"title_tesim":["Edward Lynch Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1943-1947"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1943-1947"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00029","/repositories/2/resources/3837"],"text":["MS 00029","/repositories/2/resources/3837","Edward Lynch Papers","World War, 1939-1945","Religion and culture","Catholics","Episcopal Church--Clergy","Edward F. Lynch was born on January 1, 1923, in Bayonne, New Jersey. In 1940, according to that year's federal census, he was living with his parents (Michael and Elizabeth, both Irish immigrants), his sisters (Elizabeth, Catherine and Margaret), and a brother (Michael). When he was 20 years old, he enlisted in the U.S. Army during World War II. Edward died on March 20, 2001. According to a published death notice, he worked as a laboratory supervisor for Exxon Corporation in Bayonne, New Jersey, for 45 years. ","These papers mainly consist of correspondence sent to him by family and friends, most dating from 1943 to 1945. Also preserved are letters sent to other members of the Lynch family, notably to his mother Elizabeth in the late 1940s and early 1950s. ","This collection includes letters, photographs, greeting cards, printed religious ephemera, artifacts, and other material pertaining to Edward Lynch of Bayonne, New Jersey while serving in Europe during World War II. The letters were written to him by family and friends. Other correspondence from Lynch's brothers, Joseph and Michael, to their parents, Elizabeth and Michael. ","Some of the artifacts include parts of Edward's uniform, a military issued razor and mirror, and pieces of two Japanese planes that belonged to Edward's brother Joseph while serving as a chaplain in the U.S. Navy in the Pacific.","Special Collections Research Center","Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00029","/repositories/2/resources/3837"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Edward Lynch Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Edward Lynch Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Edward Lynch Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001"],"creator_ssim":["Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001"],"creators_ssim":["Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001"],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1939-1945","Religion and culture","Catholics","Episcopal Church--Clergy"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1939-1945","Religion and culture","Catholics","Episcopal Church--Clergy"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.50 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["1.50 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1943,1944,1945,1946,1947],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEdward F. Lynch was born on January 1, 1923, in Bayonne, New Jersey. In 1940, according to that year's federal census, he was living with his parents (Michael and Elizabeth, both Irish immigrants), his sisters (Elizabeth, Catherine and Margaret), and a brother (Michael). When he was 20 years old, he enlisted in the U.S. Army during World War II. Edward died on March 20, 2001. According to a published death notice, he worked as a laboratory supervisor for Exxon Corporation in Bayonne, New Jersey, for 45 years. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese papers mainly consist of correspondence sent to him by family and friends, most dating from 1943 to 1945. Also preserved are letters sent to other members of the Lynch family, notably to his mother Elizabeth in the late 1940s and early 1950s. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Edward F. Lynch was born on January 1, 1923, in Bayonne, New Jersey. In 1940, according to that year's federal census, he was living with his parents (Michael and Elizabeth, both Irish immigrants), his sisters (Elizabeth, Catherine and Margaret), and a brother (Michael). When he was 20 years old, he enlisted in the U.S. Army during World War II. Edward died on March 20, 2001. According to a published death notice, he worked as a laboratory supervisor for Exxon Corporation in Bayonne, New Jersey, for 45 years. ","These papers mainly consist of correspondence sent to him by family and friends, most dating from 1943 to 1945. Also preserved are letters sent to other members of the Lynch family, notably to his mother Elizabeth in the late 1940s and early 1950s. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection includes letters, photographs, greeting cards, printed religious ephemera, artifacts, and other material pertaining to Edward Lynch of Bayonne, New Jersey while serving in Europe during World War II. The letters were written to him by family and friends. Other correspondence from Lynch's brothers, Joseph and Michael, to their parents, Elizabeth and Michael. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSome of the artifacts include parts of Edward's uniform, a military issued razor and mirror, and pieces of two Japanese planes that belonged to Edward's brother Joseph while serving as a chaplain in the U.S. Navy in the Pacific.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection includes letters, photographs, greeting cards, printed religious ephemera, artifacts, and other material pertaining to Edward Lynch of Bayonne, New Jersey while serving in Europe during World War II. The letters were written to him by family and friends. Other correspondence from Lynch's brothers, Joseph and Michael, to their parents, Elizabeth and Michael. ","Some of the artifacts include parts of Edward's uniform, a military issued razor and mirror, and pieces of two Japanese planes that belonged to Edward's brother Joseph while serving as a chaplain in the U.S. Navy in the Pacific."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":59,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:11:54.033Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_3837","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_3837","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_3837","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_3837","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_3837.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Edward Lynch Papers","title_ssm":["Edward Lynch Papers"],"title_tesim":["Edward Lynch Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1943-1947"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1943-1947"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00029","/repositories/2/resources/3837"],"text":["MS 00029","/repositories/2/resources/3837","Edward Lynch Papers","World War, 1939-1945","Religion and culture","Catholics","Episcopal Church--Clergy","Edward F. Lynch was born on January 1, 1923, in Bayonne, New Jersey. In 1940, according to that year's federal census, he was living with his parents (Michael and Elizabeth, both Irish immigrants), his sisters (Elizabeth, Catherine and Margaret), and a brother (Michael). When he was 20 years old, he enlisted in the U.S. Army during World War II. Edward died on March 20, 2001. According to a published death notice, he worked as a laboratory supervisor for Exxon Corporation in Bayonne, New Jersey, for 45 years. ","These papers mainly consist of correspondence sent to him by family and friends, most dating from 1943 to 1945. Also preserved are letters sent to other members of the Lynch family, notably to his mother Elizabeth in the late 1940s and early 1950s. ","This collection includes letters, photographs, greeting cards, printed religious ephemera, artifacts, and other material pertaining to Edward Lynch of Bayonne, New Jersey while serving in Europe during World War II. The letters were written to him by family and friends. Other correspondence from Lynch's brothers, Joseph and Michael, to their parents, Elizabeth and Michael. ","Some of the artifacts include parts of Edward's uniform, a military issued razor and mirror, and pieces of two Japanese planes that belonged to Edward's brother Joseph while serving as a chaplain in the U.S. Navy in the Pacific.","Special Collections Research Center","Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00029","/repositories/2/resources/3837"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Edward Lynch Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Edward Lynch Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Edward Lynch Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001"],"creator_ssim":["Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001"],"creators_ssim":["Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001"],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1939-1945","Religion and culture","Catholics","Episcopal Church--Clergy"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1939-1945","Religion and culture","Catholics","Episcopal Church--Clergy"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.50 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["1.50 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1943,1944,1945,1946,1947],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEdward F. Lynch was born on January 1, 1923, in Bayonne, New Jersey. In 1940, according to that year's federal census, he was living with his parents (Michael and Elizabeth, both Irish immigrants), his sisters (Elizabeth, Catherine and Margaret), and a brother (Michael). When he was 20 years old, he enlisted in the U.S. Army during World War II. Edward died on March 20, 2001. According to a published death notice, he worked as a laboratory supervisor for Exxon Corporation in Bayonne, New Jersey, for 45 years. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese papers mainly consist of correspondence sent to him by family and friends, most dating from 1943 to 1945. Also preserved are letters sent to other members of the Lynch family, notably to his mother Elizabeth in the late 1940s and early 1950s. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Edward F. Lynch was born on January 1, 1923, in Bayonne, New Jersey. In 1940, according to that year's federal census, he was living with his parents (Michael and Elizabeth, both Irish immigrants), his sisters (Elizabeth, Catherine and Margaret), and a brother (Michael). When he was 20 years old, he enlisted in the U.S. Army during World War II. Edward died on March 20, 2001. According to a published death notice, he worked as a laboratory supervisor for Exxon Corporation in Bayonne, New Jersey, for 45 years. ","These papers mainly consist of correspondence sent to him by family and friends, most dating from 1943 to 1945. Also preserved are letters sent to other members of the Lynch family, notably to his mother Elizabeth in the late 1940s and early 1950s. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection includes letters, photographs, greeting cards, printed religious ephemera, artifacts, and other material pertaining to Edward Lynch of Bayonne, New Jersey while serving in Europe during World War II. The letters were written to him by family and friends. Other correspondence from Lynch's brothers, Joseph and Michael, to their parents, Elizabeth and Michael. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSome of the artifacts include parts of Edward's uniform, a military issued razor and mirror, and pieces of two Japanese planes that belonged to Edward's brother Joseph while serving as a chaplain in the U.S. Navy in the Pacific.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection includes letters, photographs, greeting cards, printed religious ephemera, artifacts, and other material pertaining to Edward Lynch of Bayonne, New Jersey while serving in Europe during World War II. The letters were written to him by family and friends. Other correspondence from Lynch's brothers, Joseph and Michael, to their parents, Elizabeth and Michael. ","Some of the artifacts include parts of Edward's uniform, a military issued razor and mirror, and pieces of two Japanese planes that belonged to Edward's brother Joseph while serving as a chaplain in the U.S. Navy in the Pacific."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Lynch, Edward, 1923-2001"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":59,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:11:54.033Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_3837"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9602","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"First Baptist Church collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9602#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"First Baptist Church of Williamsburg","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9602#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection is formed of materials created by the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg, dating from the mid-1800s to the present day. Inculded in this collection are church records such as member rolls, meeting minutes, photographs, bibles, building blueprints, and audio visual materials.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9602#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9602","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9602","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9602","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9602","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9602.xml","title_filing_ssi":"First Baptist Church Collection","title_ssm":["First Baptist Church collection"],"title_tesim":["First Baptist Church collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1866-2017"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1866-2017"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00341","/repositories/2/resources/9602"],"text":["MS 00341","/repositories/2/resources/9602","First Baptist Church collection","Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","United States -- Religion -- 19th century","Baptist Church--Virginia--History","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Religion and culture","African Americans--Religion","The collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Viewing Series V is restricted to members of the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg.","This collection is arranged into five series. Series I, Administrative Papers; which holds documents related to the oganization and operation of the church such as meeting minutes, notes, member registers, ledgers, and bylaws. Series II, Photographs; contains images of, and pertaining to, the First Baptist Church. Series III, Bibles and Hymnals; Bibles and Hymnals either held by the church itself, or by church members. Series IV, Audiovisual Materials; CDs, audio recordings, and oral histories. And Series V, Blueprints; blueprints of the 1956 church building, as well as other documents pertaining to the construction process.","The history of the First Baptist Church (FBC) can be traced to 1776 when a group of free and enslaved Black people began publicly worshiping after the constraints of British Anglicanism was lifted in Virginia. The First Baptist Church claims to be the oldest continuously operating black congregation in the United States, as it was practicing prior to applying for admittance to the Dover Baptist Association in 1791. ","Worshippers first met under a brush arbor built near Green Spring, a plantation west of Williamsburg.  A white landowner named Robert F. Coles offered the congregation space in his carriage house on Nassau Street around 1776. This is where the congregation was located when they became a part of the Dover Baptist Association as the African Baptist Church. Membership to the Association lapsed and resumed several times between 1776 and 1828. 1828 saw the remodeling of the carriage house to accommodate a growing congregation. After several rebellions against slavery across the country, including one led by Nat Turner in Southampton, Virginia, the Virginia House of Delegates passed an act on March 15, 1832 that required white pastors to lead Black religious organizations. As a result, the membership rolls decreased by nearly half. On Friday, April 14, 1834, a tornado destroyed the remodeled 1828 church building. The congregation moved to worship at the white Zion Baptist Church. In May 1856, the new African Baptist Church on Nassau street was dedicated. ","During the Civil War, the church building was used as a hospital for Confederate soldiers until the Union army took the city. Soon after in 1863, the congregation regained control of the building and changed the name to The First Baptist Church of Williamsburg. The Philadelphia Friends Freedman's Association established a school in the church that same year, which flourished until the establishment of free public schools in 1870. After the Civil War, the requirement for a white pastor was removed and the congregation was able to choose their own leadership. ","1871 saw an additional expansion of the church ground by thirty-five feet of land to the south side. In 1886, the church's womens' auxiliary committee raised funds to add a fence, a belfry and bell, a woodhouse, and in 1887, another twenty feet of land was purchased. A building committee was formed, and the structure was renovated with the side galleries removed in 1893. A fire damaged the building in 1930, but was repaired within a year. An annex was planned to be built in 1953, however, that same year Colonial Williamsburg offered $130,000 as well as a larger plot of land on Scotland street to purchase the church building on Nassau street. In August 18, 1954, the church trustees agreed to the deal. Attorney Lewis Armistead oversaw the legal proceedings while Bernard B. Spiegel was hired as the architect of the new church on Scotland Street. The church was completed in late 1956. Colonial Williamsburg demolished the Nassau street building in 1956 and constructed a parking lot. ","In the spring of 1984, the coordinator of James City County's 350th Anniversary, Mrs. Robinette Fitzsimmons, requested that church members allow visitors to tour the church, view artifacts, and listen to history lessons. That request led to the creation of the Church Historian Position, and Miss. Marie Sheppard was appointed. Sheppard agreed to Colonial Williamsburg's request with the stipulation that a history book be jointly created and requested that Colonial Williamsburg restore the Nassau street church. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation agreed, but on the condition that the 1818 version be restored instead of the 1856 church building that was demolished. The Lilly Foundation provided a grant of $74,000 for an exhibition on the history of First Baptist Church, and it opened to the public in 2003. In 2020, Colonial Williamsburg began archaeological excavations of the original church site, and in 2021 discovered evidence of human remains. Currently, the church burial grounds are undergoing further research. ","This collection is formed of materials created by the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg, dating from the mid-1800s to the present day. Inculded in this collection are church records such as member rolls, meeting minutes, photographs, bibles, building blueprints, and audio visual materials.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from The First Baptist Church.","Special Collections Research Center","First Baptist Church of Williamsburg","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00341","/repositories/2/resources/9602"],"normalized_title_ssm":["First Baptist Church collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["First Baptist Church collection"],"collection_ssim":["First Baptist Church collection"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","United States -- Religion -- 19th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","United States -- Religion -- 19th century"],"creator_ssm":["First Baptist Church of Williamsburg"],"creator_ssim":["First Baptist Church of Williamsburg"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["First Baptist Church of Williamsburg"],"creators_ssim":["First Baptist Church of Williamsburg"],"places_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","United States -- Religion -- 19th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from The First Baptist Church."],"acqinfo_ssim":["On extended loan from the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Baptist Church--Virginia--History","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Religion and culture","African Americans--Religion"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Baptist Church--Virginia--History","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Religion and culture","African Americans--Religion"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["16.7 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["16.7 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eViewing Series V is restricted to members of the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Viewing Series V is restricted to members of the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged into five series. Series I, Administrative Papers; which holds documents related to the oganization and operation of the church such as meeting minutes, notes, member registers, ledgers, and bylaws. Series II, Photographs; contains images of, and pertaining to, the First Baptist Church. Series III, Bibles and Hymnals; Bibles and Hymnals either held by the church itself, or by church members. Series IV, Audiovisual Materials; CDs, audio recordings, and oral histories. And Series V, Blueprints; blueprints of the 1956 church building, as well as other documents pertaining to the construction process.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged into five series. Series I, Administrative Papers; which holds documents related to the oganization and operation of the church such as meeting minutes, notes, member registers, ledgers, and bylaws. Series II, Photographs; contains images of, and pertaining to, the First Baptist Church. Series III, Bibles and Hymnals; Bibles and Hymnals either held by the church itself, or by church members. Series IV, Audiovisual Materials; CDs, audio recordings, and oral histories. And Series V, Blueprints; blueprints of the 1956 church building, as well as other documents pertaining to the construction process."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe history of the First Baptist Church (FBC) can be traced to 1776 when a group of free and enslaved Black people began publicly worshiping after the constraints of British Anglicanism was lifted in Virginia. The First Baptist Church claims to be the oldest continuously operating black congregation in the United States, as it was practicing prior to applying for admittance to the Dover Baptist Association in 1791. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWorshippers first met under a brush arbor built near Green Spring, a plantation west of Williamsburg.  A white landowner named Robert F. Coles offered the congregation space in his carriage house on Nassau Street around 1776. This is where the congregation was located when they became a part of the Dover Baptist Association as the African Baptist Church. Membership to the Association lapsed and resumed several times between 1776 and 1828. 1828 saw the remodeling of the carriage house to accommodate a growing congregation. After several rebellions against slavery across the country, including one led by Nat Turner in Southampton, Virginia, the Virginia House of Delegates passed an act on March 15, 1832 that required white pastors to lead Black religious organizations. As a result, the membership rolls decreased by nearly half. On Friday, April 14, 1834, a tornado destroyed the remodeled 1828 church building. The congregation moved to worship at the white Zion Baptist Church. In May 1856, the new African Baptist Church on Nassau street was dedicated. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring the Civil War, the church building was used as a hospital for Confederate soldiers until the Union army took the city. Soon after in 1863, the congregation regained control of the building and changed the name to The First Baptist Church of Williamsburg. The Philadelphia Friends Freedman's Association established a school in the church that same year, which flourished until the establishment of free public schools in 1870. After the Civil War, the requirement for a white pastor was removed and the congregation was able to choose their own leadership. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1871 saw an additional expansion of the church ground by thirty-five feet of land to the south side. In 1886, the church's womens' auxiliary committee raised funds to add a fence, a belfry and bell, a woodhouse, and in 1887, another twenty feet of land was purchased. A building committee was formed, and the structure was renovated with the side galleries removed in 1893. A fire damaged the building in 1930, but was repaired within a year. An annex was planned to be built in 1953, however, that same year Colonial Williamsburg offered $130,000 as well as a larger plot of land on Scotland street to purchase the church building on Nassau street. In August 18, 1954, the church trustees agreed to the deal. Attorney Lewis Armistead oversaw the legal proceedings while Bernard B. Spiegel was hired as the architect of the new church on Scotland Street. The church was completed in late 1956. Colonial Williamsburg demolished the Nassau street building in 1956 and constructed a parking lot. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the spring of 1984, the coordinator of James City County's 350th Anniversary, Mrs. Robinette Fitzsimmons, requested that church members allow visitors to tour the church, view artifacts, and listen to history lessons. That request led to the creation of the Church Historian Position, and Miss. Marie Sheppard was appointed. Sheppard agreed to Colonial Williamsburg's request with the stipulation that a history book be jointly created and requested that Colonial Williamsburg restore the Nassau street church. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation agreed, but on the condition that the 1818 version be restored instead of the 1856 church building that was demolished. The Lilly Foundation provided a grant of $74,000 for an exhibition on the history of First Baptist Church, and it opened to the public in 2003. In 2020, Colonial Williamsburg began archaeological excavations of the original church site, and in 2021 discovered evidence of human remains. Currently, the church burial grounds are undergoing further research. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The history of the First Baptist Church (FBC) can be traced to 1776 when a group of free and enslaved Black people began publicly worshiping after the constraints of British Anglicanism was lifted in Virginia. The First Baptist Church claims to be the oldest continuously operating black congregation in the United States, as it was practicing prior to applying for admittance to the Dover Baptist Association in 1791. ","Worshippers first met under a brush arbor built near Green Spring, a plantation west of Williamsburg.  A white landowner named Robert F. Coles offered the congregation space in his carriage house on Nassau Street around 1776. This is where the congregation was located when they became a part of the Dover Baptist Association as the African Baptist Church. Membership to the Association lapsed and resumed several times between 1776 and 1828. 1828 saw the remodeling of the carriage house to accommodate a growing congregation. After several rebellions against slavery across the country, including one led by Nat Turner in Southampton, Virginia, the Virginia House of Delegates passed an act on March 15, 1832 that required white pastors to lead Black religious organizations. As a result, the membership rolls decreased by nearly half. On Friday, April 14, 1834, a tornado destroyed the remodeled 1828 church building. The congregation moved to worship at the white Zion Baptist Church. In May 1856, the new African Baptist Church on Nassau street was dedicated. ","During the Civil War, the church building was used as a hospital for Confederate soldiers until the Union army took the city. Soon after in 1863, the congregation regained control of the building and changed the name to The First Baptist Church of Williamsburg. The Philadelphia Friends Freedman's Association established a school in the church that same year, which flourished until the establishment of free public schools in 1870. After the Civil War, the requirement for a white pastor was removed and the congregation was able to choose their own leadership. ","1871 saw an additional expansion of the church ground by thirty-five feet of land to the south side. In 1886, the church's womens' auxiliary committee raised funds to add a fence, a belfry and bell, a woodhouse, and in 1887, another twenty feet of land was purchased. A building committee was formed, and the structure was renovated with the side galleries removed in 1893. A fire damaged the building in 1930, but was repaired within a year. An annex was planned to be built in 1953, however, that same year Colonial Williamsburg offered $130,000 as well as a larger plot of land on Scotland street to purchase the church building on Nassau street. In August 18, 1954, the church trustees agreed to the deal. Attorney Lewis Armistead oversaw the legal proceedings while Bernard B. Spiegel was hired as the architect of the new church on Scotland Street. The church was completed in late 1956. Colonial Williamsburg demolished the Nassau street building in 1956 and constructed a parking lot. ","In the spring of 1984, the coordinator of James City County's 350th Anniversary, Mrs. Robinette Fitzsimmons, requested that church members allow visitors to tour the church, view artifacts, and listen to history lessons. That request led to the creation of the Church Historian Position, and Miss. Marie Sheppard was appointed. Sheppard agreed to Colonial Williamsburg's request with the stipulation that a history book be jointly created and requested that Colonial Williamsburg restore the Nassau street church. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation agreed, but on the condition that the 1818 version be restored instead of the 1856 church building that was demolished. The Lilly Foundation provided a grant of $74,000 for an exhibition on the history of First Baptist Church, and it opened to the public in 2003. In 2020, Colonial Williamsburg began archaeological excavations of the original church site, and in 2021 discovered evidence of human remains. Currently, the church burial grounds are undergoing further research. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFirst Baptist Church Collection, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["First Baptist Church Collection, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is formed of materials created by the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg, dating from the mid-1800s to the present day. Inculded in this collection are church records such as member rolls, meeting minutes, photographs, bibles, building blueprints, and audio visual materials.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is formed of materials created by the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg, dating from the mid-1800s to the present day. Inculded in this collection are church records such as member rolls, meeting minutes, photographs, bibles, building blueprints, and audio visual materials."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from The First Baptist Church.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from The First Baptist Church."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","First Baptist Church of Williamsburg"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","First Baptist Church of Williamsburg"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":75,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:07:51.075Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9602","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9602","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9602","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9602","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9602.xml","title_filing_ssi":"First Baptist Church Collection","title_ssm":["First Baptist Church collection"],"title_tesim":["First Baptist Church collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1866-2017"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1866-2017"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00341","/repositories/2/resources/9602"],"text":["MS 00341","/repositories/2/resources/9602","First Baptist Church collection","Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","United States -- Religion -- 19th century","Baptist Church--Virginia--History","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Religion and culture","African Americans--Religion","The collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Viewing Series V is restricted to members of the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg.","This collection is arranged into five series. Series I, Administrative Papers; which holds documents related to the oganization and operation of the church such as meeting minutes, notes, member registers, ledgers, and bylaws. Series II, Photographs; contains images of, and pertaining to, the First Baptist Church. Series III, Bibles and Hymnals; Bibles and Hymnals either held by the church itself, or by church members. Series IV, Audiovisual Materials; CDs, audio recordings, and oral histories. And Series V, Blueprints; blueprints of the 1956 church building, as well as other documents pertaining to the construction process.","The history of the First Baptist Church (FBC) can be traced to 1776 when a group of free and enslaved Black people began publicly worshiping after the constraints of British Anglicanism was lifted in Virginia. The First Baptist Church claims to be the oldest continuously operating black congregation in the United States, as it was practicing prior to applying for admittance to the Dover Baptist Association in 1791. ","Worshippers first met under a brush arbor built near Green Spring, a plantation west of Williamsburg.  A white landowner named Robert F. Coles offered the congregation space in his carriage house on Nassau Street around 1776. This is where the congregation was located when they became a part of the Dover Baptist Association as the African Baptist Church. Membership to the Association lapsed and resumed several times between 1776 and 1828. 1828 saw the remodeling of the carriage house to accommodate a growing congregation. After several rebellions against slavery across the country, including one led by Nat Turner in Southampton, Virginia, the Virginia House of Delegates passed an act on March 15, 1832 that required white pastors to lead Black religious organizations. As a result, the membership rolls decreased by nearly half. On Friday, April 14, 1834, a tornado destroyed the remodeled 1828 church building. The congregation moved to worship at the white Zion Baptist Church. In May 1856, the new African Baptist Church on Nassau street was dedicated. ","During the Civil War, the church building was used as a hospital for Confederate soldiers until the Union army took the city. Soon after in 1863, the congregation regained control of the building and changed the name to The First Baptist Church of Williamsburg. The Philadelphia Friends Freedman's Association established a school in the church that same year, which flourished until the establishment of free public schools in 1870. After the Civil War, the requirement for a white pastor was removed and the congregation was able to choose their own leadership. ","1871 saw an additional expansion of the church ground by thirty-five feet of land to the south side. In 1886, the church's womens' auxiliary committee raised funds to add a fence, a belfry and bell, a woodhouse, and in 1887, another twenty feet of land was purchased. A building committee was formed, and the structure was renovated with the side galleries removed in 1893. A fire damaged the building in 1930, but was repaired within a year. An annex was planned to be built in 1953, however, that same year Colonial Williamsburg offered $130,000 as well as a larger plot of land on Scotland street to purchase the church building on Nassau street. In August 18, 1954, the church trustees agreed to the deal. Attorney Lewis Armistead oversaw the legal proceedings while Bernard B. Spiegel was hired as the architect of the new church on Scotland Street. The church was completed in late 1956. Colonial Williamsburg demolished the Nassau street building in 1956 and constructed a parking lot. ","In the spring of 1984, the coordinator of James City County's 350th Anniversary, Mrs. Robinette Fitzsimmons, requested that church members allow visitors to tour the church, view artifacts, and listen to history lessons. That request led to the creation of the Church Historian Position, and Miss. Marie Sheppard was appointed. Sheppard agreed to Colonial Williamsburg's request with the stipulation that a history book be jointly created and requested that Colonial Williamsburg restore the Nassau street church. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation agreed, but on the condition that the 1818 version be restored instead of the 1856 church building that was demolished. The Lilly Foundation provided a grant of $74,000 for an exhibition on the history of First Baptist Church, and it opened to the public in 2003. In 2020, Colonial Williamsburg began archaeological excavations of the original church site, and in 2021 discovered evidence of human remains. Currently, the church burial grounds are undergoing further research. ","This collection is formed of materials created by the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg, dating from the mid-1800s to the present day. Inculded in this collection are church records such as member rolls, meeting minutes, photographs, bibles, building blueprints, and audio visual materials.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from The First Baptist Church.","Special Collections Research Center","First Baptist Church of Williamsburg","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00341","/repositories/2/resources/9602"],"normalized_title_ssm":["First Baptist Church collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["First Baptist Church collection"],"collection_ssim":["First Baptist Church collection"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","United States -- Religion -- 19th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","United States -- Religion -- 19th century"],"creator_ssm":["First Baptist Church of Williamsburg"],"creator_ssim":["First Baptist Church of Williamsburg"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["First Baptist Church of Williamsburg"],"creators_ssim":["First Baptist Church of Williamsburg"],"places_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","United States -- Religion -- 19th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from The First Baptist Church."],"acqinfo_ssim":["On extended loan from the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Baptist Church--Virginia--History","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Religion and culture","African Americans--Religion"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Baptist Church--Virginia--History","African Americans--Virginia--Williamsburg--History","Religion and culture","African Americans--Religion"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["16.7 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["16.7 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eViewing Series V is restricted to members of the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Viewing Series V is restricted to members of the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged into five series. Series I, Administrative Papers; which holds documents related to the oganization and operation of the church such as meeting minutes, notes, member registers, ledgers, and bylaws. Series II, Photographs; contains images of, and pertaining to, the First Baptist Church. Series III, Bibles and Hymnals; Bibles and Hymnals either held by the church itself, or by church members. Series IV, Audiovisual Materials; CDs, audio recordings, and oral histories. And Series V, Blueprints; blueprints of the 1956 church building, as well as other documents pertaining to the construction process.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged into five series. Series I, Administrative Papers; which holds documents related to the oganization and operation of the church such as meeting minutes, notes, member registers, ledgers, and bylaws. Series II, Photographs; contains images of, and pertaining to, the First Baptist Church. Series III, Bibles and Hymnals; Bibles and Hymnals either held by the church itself, or by church members. Series IV, Audiovisual Materials; CDs, audio recordings, and oral histories. And Series V, Blueprints; blueprints of the 1956 church building, as well as other documents pertaining to the construction process."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe history of the First Baptist Church (FBC) can be traced to 1776 when a group of free and enslaved Black people began publicly worshiping after the constraints of British Anglicanism was lifted in Virginia. The First Baptist Church claims to be the oldest continuously operating black congregation in the United States, as it was practicing prior to applying for admittance to the Dover Baptist Association in 1791. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWorshippers first met under a brush arbor built near Green Spring, a plantation west of Williamsburg.  A white landowner named Robert F. Coles offered the congregation space in his carriage house on Nassau Street around 1776. This is where the congregation was located when they became a part of the Dover Baptist Association as the African Baptist Church. Membership to the Association lapsed and resumed several times between 1776 and 1828. 1828 saw the remodeling of the carriage house to accommodate a growing congregation. After several rebellions against slavery across the country, including one led by Nat Turner in Southampton, Virginia, the Virginia House of Delegates passed an act on March 15, 1832 that required white pastors to lead Black religious organizations. As a result, the membership rolls decreased by nearly half. On Friday, April 14, 1834, a tornado destroyed the remodeled 1828 church building. The congregation moved to worship at the white Zion Baptist Church. In May 1856, the new African Baptist Church on Nassau street was dedicated. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring the Civil War, the church building was used as a hospital for Confederate soldiers until the Union army took the city. Soon after in 1863, the congregation regained control of the building and changed the name to The First Baptist Church of Williamsburg. The Philadelphia Friends Freedman's Association established a school in the church that same year, which flourished until the establishment of free public schools in 1870. After the Civil War, the requirement for a white pastor was removed and the congregation was able to choose their own leadership. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1871 saw an additional expansion of the church ground by thirty-five feet of land to the south side. In 1886, the church's womens' auxiliary committee raised funds to add a fence, a belfry and bell, a woodhouse, and in 1887, another twenty feet of land was purchased. A building committee was formed, and the structure was renovated with the side galleries removed in 1893. A fire damaged the building in 1930, but was repaired within a year. An annex was planned to be built in 1953, however, that same year Colonial Williamsburg offered $130,000 as well as a larger plot of land on Scotland street to purchase the church building on Nassau street. In August 18, 1954, the church trustees agreed to the deal. Attorney Lewis Armistead oversaw the legal proceedings while Bernard B. Spiegel was hired as the architect of the new church on Scotland Street. The church was completed in late 1956. Colonial Williamsburg demolished the Nassau street building in 1956 and constructed a parking lot. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the spring of 1984, the coordinator of James City County's 350th Anniversary, Mrs. Robinette Fitzsimmons, requested that church members allow visitors to tour the church, view artifacts, and listen to history lessons. That request led to the creation of the Church Historian Position, and Miss. Marie Sheppard was appointed. Sheppard agreed to Colonial Williamsburg's request with the stipulation that a history book be jointly created and requested that Colonial Williamsburg restore the Nassau street church. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation agreed, but on the condition that the 1818 version be restored instead of the 1856 church building that was demolished. The Lilly Foundation provided a grant of $74,000 for an exhibition on the history of First Baptist Church, and it opened to the public in 2003. In 2020, Colonial Williamsburg began archaeological excavations of the original church site, and in 2021 discovered evidence of human remains. Currently, the church burial grounds are undergoing further research. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The history of the First Baptist Church (FBC) can be traced to 1776 when a group of free and enslaved Black people began publicly worshiping after the constraints of British Anglicanism was lifted in Virginia. The First Baptist Church claims to be the oldest continuously operating black congregation in the United States, as it was practicing prior to applying for admittance to the Dover Baptist Association in 1791. ","Worshippers first met under a brush arbor built near Green Spring, a plantation west of Williamsburg.  A white landowner named Robert F. Coles offered the congregation space in his carriage house on Nassau Street around 1776. This is where the congregation was located when they became a part of the Dover Baptist Association as the African Baptist Church. Membership to the Association lapsed and resumed several times between 1776 and 1828. 1828 saw the remodeling of the carriage house to accommodate a growing congregation. After several rebellions against slavery across the country, including one led by Nat Turner in Southampton, Virginia, the Virginia House of Delegates passed an act on March 15, 1832 that required white pastors to lead Black religious organizations. As a result, the membership rolls decreased by nearly half. On Friday, April 14, 1834, a tornado destroyed the remodeled 1828 church building. The congregation moved to worship at the white Zion Baptist Church. In May 1856, the new African Baptist Church on Nassau street was dedicated. ","During the Civil War, the church building was used as a hospital for Confederate soldiers until the Union army took the city. Soon after in 1863, the congregation regained control of the building and changed the name to The First Baptist Church of Williamsburg. The Philadelphia Friends Freedman's Association established a school in the church that same year, which flourished until the establishment of free public schools in 1870. After the Civil War, the requirement for a white pastor was removed and the congregation was able to choose their own leadership. ","1871 saw an additional expansion of the church ground by thirty-five feet of land to the south side. In 1886, the church's womens' auxiliary committee raised funds to add a fence, a belfry and bell, a woodhouse, and in 1887, another twenty feet of land was purchased. A building committee was formed, and the structure was renovated with the side galleries removed in 1893. A fire damaged the building in 1930, but was repaired within a year. An annex was planned to be built in 1953, however, that same year Colonial Williamsburg offered $130,000 as well as a larger plot of land on Scotland street to purchase the church building on Nassau street. In August 18, 1954, the church trustees agreed to the deal. Attorney Lewis Armistead oversaw the legal proceedings while Bernard B. Spiegel was hired as the architect of the new church on Scotland Street. The church was completed in late 1956. Colonial Williamsburg demolished the Nassau street building in 1956 and constructed a parking lot. ","In the spring of 1984, the coordinator of James City County's 350th Anniversary, Mrs. Robinette Fitzsimmons, requested that church members allow visitors to tour the church, view artifacts, and listen to history lessons. That request led to the creation of the Church Historian Position, and Miss. Marie Sheppard was appointed. Sheppard agreed to Colonial Williamsburg's request with the stipulation that a history book be jointly created and requested that Colonial Williamsburg restore the Nassau street church. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation agreed, but on the condition that the 1818 version be restored instead of the 1856 church building that was demolished. The Lilly Foundation provided a grant of $74,000 for an exhibition on the history of First Baptist Church, and it opened to the public in 2003. In 2020, Colonial Williamsburg began archaeological excavations of the original church site, and in 2021 discovered evidence of human remains. Currently, the church burial grounds are undergoing further research. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFirst Baptist Church Collection, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["First Baptist Church Collection, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is formed of materials created by the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg, dating from the mid-1800s to the present day. Inculded in this collection are church records such as member rolls, meeting minutes, photographs, bibles, building blueprints, and audio visual materials.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is formed of materials created by the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg, dating from the mid-1800s to the present day. Inculded in this collection are church records such as member rolls, meeting minutes, photographs, bibles, building blueprints, and audio visual materials."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from The First Baptist Church.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from The First Baptist Church."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","First Baptist Church of Williamsburg"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","First Baptist Church of Williamsburg"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":75,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:07:51.075Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9602"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9873","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"George P. Mell Family letters","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9873#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Barranger \u0026 Company, Inc.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9873#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCollection contains letters addressed to a George P. Mell during his naval career in World War II. Letters arrive from his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Mell, as well as pastor Evan D. Welch \u0026amp; other family members.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9873#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9873","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9873","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9873","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9873","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9873.xml","title_filing_ssi":"George P. Mell Family letters","title_ssm":["George P. Mell Family letters"],"title_tesim":["George P. Mell Family letters"],"unitdate_ssm":["1942-1946"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1942-1946"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 01912","/repositories/2/resources/9873"],"text":["SC 01912","/repositories/2/resources/9873","George P. Mell Family letters","World War, 1939-1945","United States. Navy","United States. Navy--History--World War, 1939-1945","Religion and culture","Christian life--United States","Correspondence","Letters (correspondence)","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Collection contains one series and is arranged by file: Series I. 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