{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Race+relations--History--20th+century\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1940","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Race+relations--History--20th+century\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1940\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":4,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_69","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Hugh Lee Butler Papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_69#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Butler, Hugh Lee (1871-1946)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_69#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Served on the Norfolk City Council from 1902 to 1938. Papers relate to his service on the Norfolk City Council during the Great Depression and as chairman of Local Draft Board No. 1 during World War I.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_69#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_69","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_69","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_69","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_69","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_69.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/69","title_filing_ssi":"Butler, Hugh Lee","title_ssm":["Hugh Lee Butler Papers"],"title_tesim":["Hugh Lee Butler Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1896-1953, undated","Date acquired: 01/09/1985"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1896-1953, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 01/09/1985"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 58","/repositories/5/resources/69"],"text":["MG 58","/repositories/5/resources/69","Hugh Lee Butler Papers","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","Open to researchers without restrictions.","Hugh Lee Butler, son of Le Grande Cornelius Butler and Martha Watkins Simpson Butler (d. 1897), was born July 19, 1871 in Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia. He had three brothers: Percy H., Hunter C. (d. 1905), and Stanley W. (d. 1923). Butler's parents moved to Norfolk when he was nine years old. He attended public schools in Farmville and Norfolk.","Butler married Effie Lee Grace, at the residence of W. E. Brown. The ceremony was performed by the Rev. J. T. Whitley. They became the parents of one daughter, Alice, and three sons, Hugh Lee Jr., Willard H., and Robert T., all of whom survived him. His wife died on December 17, 1935.","Butler began as an office boy at the Seaboard Air Line Railway on May 12, 1884. Promotion followed promotion over the years. In 1922, he was promoted to the position of contracting freight agent, a position he held until his retirement. On March 19, 1937, he received a congratulatory letter from L. R. Powell and Col. Henry W. Anderson upon completion of 50 years' service to the Seaboard. G. B. Rice presented him a 50- year service medal on behalf of the company. He retired at age 70, the Seaboard being the only company for which he had ever worked.","Butler's political career was a distinguished one. It began on what was known as the Common Council, July 1, 1902, representing Brambleton. His term as a member of the Norfolk City Council expired August 31, 1938, after 36 years of service.","He began his career as a member of the Charter Commission in 1902 and served on that body and the Select Council until the council-city manager form of government became a reality. Then he served as a member of the new government for 20 years. He also served on such committees as: Finance, Fire, Public Improvement and Annexation. He served many times as a member of the Democratic Committee from Brambleton and as chair of the Local Draft Board No. 1 from April 1, 1917 - March 31, 1919. He became especially involved in responding to citizens whose need for municipal services had not been met and civil servants (teachers, municipal workers) whose salaries had been cut during the Depression. Members of the Afro-American community found him to be a champion for their causes. One evidence of his tie to that community was a note from P. B. Young, publisher of the Afro-American Journal and Guide when Butler's wife died. He also worked on such projects as the introduction of parking meters to Norfolk and a study of school needs, both salaries as well as space.","Butler was known as a person of personal integrity, one who was loyal in his support of the city's welfare and one who had a mastery of the city's business. These traits provide a partial explanation as to the length of his political career. His service of 36 years was the longest in Norfolk's modern history. An appraisal of his life was best expressed in a resolution passed by the City Council on February 5, 1946: \"That in the death of Hugh L. Butler, the citizens of Norfolk have lost a faithful and conscientious public servant, whose interest in their welfare and efforts in their behalf will long be remembered, and the City has lost a valued citizen of outstanding integrity and fidelity.\"\nThough he retired from public office in 1938, he continued as a public servant. His appointment by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on October 12, 1940, as Secretary to Norfolk City Draft Board No. 4 is just one instance of his service.","He was in demand as a speaker before such organizations as the Ballantine Civic Association and the Ocean View Democratic and Social Club. He was made an honorary member of the Norfolk Athletic Club.","He died at his home on January 28, 1946 following two heart attacks the previous week.","Note written by Ellis E. O'Neal, Jr.","All clippings in Folders 16-19 and items in Scrapbook are too fragile for researchers to handle. Please consult Special Collections and University Archives staff for assistance.","The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Hugh Lee Butlers's time on the Norfolk City Council as a representative of Brambleton (parking meters; race relations; Foreman Field; city anniversaries; Museum of Arts and Sciences; blue laws; study of schools); his service on the Local Draft Board from 1917 to 1922 (alleged draft evaders, delinquents, deserters); personal and family papers (tax returns, financial records, obituaries, condolences); pamphlets and brochures of Norfolk; clippings from Norfolk newspapers; and, a scrapbook. The correspondence is arranged chronologically, or in original order as clipped together.","[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Hugh Lee Butler Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Served on the Norfolk City Council from 1902 to 1938. 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He had three brothers: Percy H., Hunter C. (d. 1905), and Stanley W. (d. 1923). Butler's parents moved to Norfolk when he was nine years old. He attended public schools in Farmville and Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eButler married Effie Lee Grace, at the residence of W. E. Brown. The ceremony was performed by the Rev. J. T. Whitley. They became the parents of one daughter, Alice, and three sons, Hugh Lee Jr., Willard H., and Robert T., all of whom survived him. His wife died on December 17, 1935.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eButler began as an office boy at the Seaboard Air Line Railway on May 12, 1884. Promotion followed promotion over the years. In 1922, he was promoted to the position of contracting freight agent, a position he held until his retirement. On March 19, 1937, he received a congratulatory letter from L. R. Powell and Col. Henry W. Anderson upon completion of 50 years' service to the Seaboard. G. B. 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He became especially involved in responding to citizens whose need for municipal services had not been met and civil servants (teachers, municipal workers) whose salaries had been cut during the Depression. Members of the Afro-American community found him to be a champion for their causes. One evidence of his tie to that community was a note from P. B. Young, publisher of the Afro-American Journal and Guide when Butler's wife died. He also worked on such projects as the introduction of parking meters to Norfolk and a study of school needs, both salaries as well as space.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eButler was known as a person of personal integrity, one who was loyal in his support of the city's welfare and one who had a mastery of the city's business. These traits provide a partial explanation as to the length of his political career. His service of 36 years was the longest in Norfolk's modern history. An appraisal of his life was best expressed in a resolution passed by the City Council on February 5, 1946: \"That in the death of Hugh L. Butler, the citizens of Norfolk have lost a faithful and conscientious public servant, whose interest in their welfare and efforts in their behalf will long be remembered, and the City has lost a valued citizen of outstanding integrity and fidelity.\"\nThough he retired from public office in 1938, he continued as a public servant. His appointment by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on October 12, 1940, as Secretary to Norfolk City Draft Board No. 4 is just one instance of his service.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe was in demand as a speaker before such organizations as the Ballantine Civic Association and the Ocean View Democratic and Social Club. He was made an honorary member of the Norfolk Athletic Club.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe died at his home on January 28, 1946 following two heart attacks the previous week.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Ellis E. O'Neal, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Hugh Lee Butler, son of Le Grande Cornelius Butler and Martha Watkins Simpson Butler (d. 1897), was born July 19, 1871 in Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia. He had three brothers: Percy H., Hunter C. (d. 1905), and Stanley W. (d. 1923). Butler's parents moved to Norfolk when he was nine years old. He attended public schools in Farmville and Norfolk.","Butler married Effie Lee Grace, at the residence of W. E. Brown. The ceremony was performed by the Rev. J. T. Whitley. They became the parents of one daughter, Alice, and three sons, Hugh Lee Jr., Willard H., and Robert T., all of whom survived him. His wife died on December 17, 1935.","Butler began as an office boy at the Seaboard Air Line Railway on May 12, 1884. Promotion followed promotion over the years. In 1922, he was promoted to the position of contracting freight agent, a position he held until his retirement. On March 19, 1937, he received a congratulatory letter from L. R. Powell and Col. Henry W. Anderson upon completion of 50 years' service to the Seaboard. G. B. Rice presented him a 50- year service medal on behalf of the company. He retired at age 70, the Seaboard being the only company for which he had ever worked.","Butler's political career was a distinguished one. It began on what was known as the Common Council, July 1, 1902, representing Brambleton. His term as a member of the Norfolk City Council expired August 31, 1938, after 36 years of service.","He began his career as a member of the Charter Commission in 1902 and served on that body and the Select Council until the council-city manager form of government became a reality. Then he served as a member of the new government for 20 years. He also served on such committees as: Finance, Fire, Public Improvement and Annexation. He served many times as a member of the Democratic Committee from Brambleton and as chair of the Local Draft Board No. 1 from April 1, 1917 - March 31, 1919. He became especially involved in responding to citizens whose need for municipal services had not been met and civil servants (teachers, municipal workers) whose salaries had been cut during the Depression. Members of the Afro-American community found him to be a champion for their causes. One evidence of his tie to that community was a note from P. B. Young, publisher of the Afro-American Journal and Guide when Butler's wife died. He also worked on such projects as the introduction of parking meters to Norfolk and a study of school needs, both salaries as well as space.","Butler was known as a person of personal integrity, one who was loyal in his support of the city's welfare and one who had a mastery of the city's business. These traits provide a partial explanation as to the length of his political career. His service of 36 years was the longest in Norfolk's modern history. An appraisal of his life was best expressed in a resolution passed by the City Council on February 5, 1946: \"That in the death of Hugh L. Butler, the citizens of Norfolk have lost a faithful and conscientious public servant, whose interest in their welfare and efforts in their behalf will long be remembered, and the City has lost a valued citizen of outstanding integrity and fidelity.\"\nThough he retired from public office in 1938, he continued as a public servant. His appointment by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on October 12, 1940, as Secretary to Norfolk City Draft Board No. 4 is just one instance of his service.","He was in demand as a speaker before such organizations as the Ballantine Civic Association and the Ocean View Democratic and Social Club. He was made an honorary member of the Norfolk Athletic Club.","He died at his home on January 28, 1946 following two heart attacks the previous week.","Note written by Ellis E. O'Neal, Jr."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll clippings in Folders 16-19 and items in Scrapbook are too fragile for researchers to handle. Please consult Special Collections and University Archives staff for assistance.\u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Access Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["All clippings in Folders 16-19 and items in Scrapbook are too fragile for researchers to handle. Please consult Special Collections and University Archives staff for assistance."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Hugh Lee Butler Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Hugh Lee Butler Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of the collection consists of material related to Hugh Lee Butlers's time on the Norfolk City Council as a representative of Brambleton (parking meters; race relations; Foreman Field; city anniversaries; Museum of Arts and Sciences; blue laws; study of schools); his service on the Local Draft Board from 1917 to 1922 (alleged draft evaders, delinquents, deserters); personal and family papers (tax returns, financial records, obituaries, condolences); pamphlets and brochures of Norfolk; clippings from Norfolk newspapers; and, a scrapbook. The correspondence is arranged chronologically, or in original order as clipped together.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Hugh Lee Butlers's time on the Norfolk City Council as a representative of Brambleton (parking meters; race relations; Foreman Field; city anniversaries; Museum of Arts and Sciences; blue laws; study of schools); his service on the Local Draft Board from 1917 to 1922 (alleged draft evaders, delinquents, deserters); personal and family papers (tax returns, financial records, obituaries, condolences); pamphlets and brochures of Norfolk; clippings from Norfolk newspapers; and, a scrapbook. The correspondence is arranged chronologically, or in original order as clipped together."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Hugh Lee Butler Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Hugh Lee Butler Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5350db0a7328f5c63c38300a0fc06adf\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eServed on the Norfolk City Council from 1902 to 1938. Papers relate to his service on the Norfolk City Council during the Great Depression and as chairman of Local Draft Board No. 1 during World War I.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Served on the Norfolk City Council from 1902 to 1938. Papers relate to his service on the Norfolk City Council during the Great Depression and as chairman of Local Draft Board No. 1 during World War I."],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Butler, Hugh Lee (1871-1946)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections"],"names_coll_ssim":["Butler, Hugh Lee (1871-1946)"],"persname_ssim":["Butler, Hugh Lee (1871-1946)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":43,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:49:30.225Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_69","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_69","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_69","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_69","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_69.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/69","title_filing_ssi":"Butler, Hugh Lee","title_ssm":["Hugh Lee Butler Papers"],"title_tesim":["Hugh Lee Butler Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1896-1953, undated","Date acquired: 01/09/1985"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1896-1953, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 01/09/1985"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 58","/repositories/5/resources/69"],"text":["MG 58","/repositories/5/resources/69","Hugh Lee Butler Papers","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","City council members--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","Open to researchers without restrictions.","Hugh Lee Butler, son of Le Grande Cornelius Butler and Martha Watkins Simpson Butler (d. 1897), was born July 19, 1871 in Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia. He had three brothers: Percy H., Hunter C. (d. 1905), and Stanley W. (d. 1923). Butler's parents moved to Norfolk when he was nine years old. He attended public schools in Farmville and Norfolk.","Butler married Effie Lee Grace, at the residence of W. E. Brown. The ceremony was performed by the Rev. J. T. Whitley. They became the parents of one daughter, Alice, and three sons, Hugh Lee Jr., Willard H., and Robert T., all of whom survived him. His wife died on December 17, 1935.","Butler began as an office boy at the Seaboard Air Line Railway on May 12, 1884. Promotion followed promotion over the years. In 1922, he was promoted to the position of contracting freight agent, a position he held until his retirement. On March 19, 1937, he received a congratulatory letter from L. R. Powell and Col. Henry W. Anderson upon completion of 50 years' service to the Seaboard. G. B. Rice presented him a 50- year service medal on behalf of the company. He retired at age 70, the Seaboard being the only company for which he had ever worked.","Butler's political career was a distinguished one. It began on what was known as the Common Council, July 1, 1902, representing Brambleton. His term as a member of the Norfolk City Council expired August 31, 1938, after 36 years of service.","He began his career as a member of the Charter Commission in 1902 and served on that body and the Select Council until the council-city manager form of government became a reality. Then he served as a member of the new government for 20 years. He also served on such committees as: Finance, Fire, Public Improvement and Annexation. He served many times as a member of the Democratic Committee from Brambleton and as chair of the Local Draft Board No. 1 from April 1, 1917 - March 31, 1919. He became especially involved in responding to citizens whose need for municipal services had not been met and civil servants (teachers, municipal workers) whose salaries had been cut during the Depression. Members of the Afro-American community found him to be a champion for their causes. One evidence of his tie to that community was a note from P. B. Young, publisher of the Afro-American Journal and Guide when Butler's wife died. He also worked on such projects as the introduction of parking meters to Norfolk and a study of school needs, both salaries as well as space.","Butler was known as a person of personal integrity, one who was loyal in his support of the city's welfare and one who had a mastery of the city's business. These traits provide a partial explanation as to the length of his political career. His service of 36 years was the longest in Norfolk's modern history. An appraisal of his life was best expressed in a resolution passed by the City Council on February 5, 1946: \"That in the death of Hugh L. Butler, the citizens of Norfolk have lost a faithful and conscientious public servant, whose interest in their welfare and efforts in their behalf will long be remembered, and the City has lost a valued citizen of outstanding integrity and fidelity.\"\nThough he retired from public office in 1938, he continued as a public servant. His appointment by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on October 12, 1940, as Secretary to Norfolk City Draft Board No. 4 is just one instance of his service.","He was in demand as a speaker before such organizations as the Ballantine Civic Association and the Ocean View Democratic and Social Club. He was made an honorary member of the Norfolk Athletic Club.","He died at his home on January 28, 1946 following two heart attacks the previous week.","Note written by Ellis E. 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He had three brothers: Percy H., Hunter C. (d. 1905), and Stanley W. (d. 1923). Butler's parents moved to Norfolk when he was nine years old. He attended public schools in Farmville and Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eButler married Effie Lee Grace, at the residence of W. E. Brown. The ceremony was performed by the Rev. J. T. Whitley. They became the parents of one daughter, Alice, and three sons, Hugh Lee Jr., Willard H., and Robert T., all of whom survived him. His wife died on December 17, 1935.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eButler began as an office boy at the Seaboard Air Line Railway on May 12, 1884. Promotion followed promotion over the years. In 1922, he was promoted to the position of contracting freight agent, a position he held until his retirement. On March 19, 1937, he received a congratulatory letter from L. R. Powell and Col. Henry W. Anderson upon completion of 50 years' service to the Seaboard. G. B. Rice presented him a 50- year service medal on behalf of the company. He retired at age 70, the Seaboard being the only company for which he had ever worked.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eButler's political career was a distinguished one. It began on what was known as the Common Council, July 1, 1902, representing Brambleton. His term as a member of the Norfolk City Council expired August 31, 1938, after 36 years of service.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe began his career as a member of the Charter Commission in 1902 and served on that body and the Select Council until the council-city manager form of government became a reality. Then he served as a member of the new government for 20 years. He also served on such committees as: Finance, Fire, Public Improvement and Annexation. He served many times as a member of the Democratic Committee from Brambleton and as chair of the Local Draft Board No. 1 from April 1, 1917 - March 31, 1919. He became especially involved in responding to citizens whose need for municipal services had not been met and civil servants (teachers, municipal workers) whose salaries had been cut during the Depression. Members of the Afro-American community found him to be a champion for their causes. One evidence of his tie to that community was a note from P. B. Young, publisher of the Afro-American Journal and Guide when Butler's wife died. He also worked on such projects as the introduction of parking meters to Norfolk and a study of school needs, both salaries as well as space.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eButler was known as a person of personal integrity, one who was loyal in his support of the city's welfare and one who had a mastery of the city's business. These traits provide a partial explanation as to the length of his political career. His service of 36 years was the longest in Norfolk's modern history. An appraisal of his life was best expressed in a resolution passed by the City Council on February 5, 1946: \"That in the death of Hugh L. Butler, the citizens of Norfolk have lost a faithful and conscientious public servant, whose interest in their welfare and efforts in their behalf will long be remembered, and the City has lost a valued citizen of outstanding integrity and fidelity.\"\nThough he retired from public office in 1938, he continued as a public servant. His appointment by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on October 12, 1940, as Secretary to Norfolk City Draft Board No. 4 is just one instance of his service.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe was in demand as a speaker before such organizations as the Ballantine Civic Association and the Ocean View Democratic and Social Club. He was made an honorary member of the Norfolk Athletic Club.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe died at his home on January 28, 1946 following two heart attacks the previous week.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Ellis E. O'Neal, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Hugh Lee Butler, son of Le Grande Cornelius Butler and Martha Watkins Simpson Butler (d. 1897), was born July 19, 1871 in Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia. He had three brothers: Percy H., Hunter C. (d. 1905), and Stanley W. (d. 1923). Butler's parents moved to Norfolk when he was nine years old. He attended public schools in Farmville and Norfolk.","Butler married Effie Lee Grace, at the residence of W. E. Brown. The ceremony was performed by the Rev. J. T. Whitley. They became the parents of one daughter, Alice, and three sons, Hugh Lee Jr., Willard H., and Robert T., all of whom survived him. His wife died on December 17, 1935.","Butler began as an office boy at the Seaboard Air Line Railway on May 12, 1884. Promotion followed promotion over the years. In 1922, he was promoted to the position of contracting freight agent, a position he held until his retirement. On March 19, 1937, he received a congratulatory letter from L. R. Powell and Col. Henry W. Anderson upon completion of 50 years' service to the Seaboard. G. B. Rice presented him a 50- year service medal on behalf of the company. He retired at age 70, the Seaboard being the only company for which he had ever worked.","Butler's political career was a distinguished one. It began on what was known as the Common Council, July 1, 1902, representing Brambleton. His term as a member of the Norfolk City Council expired August 31, 1938, after 36 years of service.","He began his career as a member of the Charter Commission in 1902 and served on that body and the Select Council until the council-city manager form of government became a reality. Then he served as a member of the new government for 20 years. He also served on such committees as: Finance, Fire, Public Improvement and Annexation. He served many times as a member of the Democratic Committee from Brambleton and as chair of the Local Draft Board No. 1 from April 1, 1917 - March 31, 1919. He became especially involved in responding to citizens whose need for municipal services had not been met and civil servants (teachers, municipal workers) whose salaries had been cut during the Depression. Members of the Afro-American community found him to be a champion for their causes. One evidence of his tie to that community was a note from P. B. Young, publisher of the Afro-American Journal and Guide when Butler's wife died. He also worked on such projects as the introduction of parking meters to Norfolk and a study of school needs, both salaries as well as space.","Butler was known as a person of personal integrity, one who was loyal in his support of the city's welfare and one who had a mastery of the city's business. These traits provide a partial explanation as to the length of his political career. His service of 36 years was the longest in Norfolk's modern history. An appraisal of his life was best expressed in a resolution passed by the City Council on February 5, 1946: \"That in the death of Hugh L. Butler, the citizens of Norfolk have lost a faithful and conscientious public servant, whose interest in their welfare and efforts in their behalf will long be remembered, and the City has lost a valued citizen of outstanding integrity and fidelity.\"\nThough he retired from public office in 1938, he continued as a public servant. His appointment by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on October 12, 1940, as Secretary to Norfolk City Draft Board No. 4 is just one instance of his service.","He was in demand as a speaker before such organizations as the Ballantine Civic Association and the Ocean View Democratic and Social Club. He was made an honorary member of the Norfolk Athletic Club.","He died at his home on January 28, 1946 following two heart attacks the previous week.","Note written by Ellis E. O'Neal, Jr."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll clippings in Folders 16-19 and items in Scrapbook are too fragile for researchers to handle. Please consult Special Collections and University Archives staff for assistance.\u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Access Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["All clippings in Folders 16-19 and items in Scrapbook are too fragile for researchers to handle. Please consult Special Collections and University Archives staff for assistance."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Hugh Lee Butler Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Hugh Lee Butler Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of the collection consists of material related to Hugh Lee Butlers's time on the Norfolk City Council as a representative of Brambleton (parking meters; race relations; Foreman Field; city anniversaries; Museum of Arts and Sciences; blue laws; study of schools); his service on the Local Draft Board from 1917 to 1922 (alleged draft evaders, delinquents, deserters); personal and family papers (tax returns, financial records, obituaries, condolences); pamphlets and brochures of Norfolk; clippings from Norfolk newspapers; and, a scrapbook. The correspondence is arranged chronologically, or in original order as clipped together.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The bulk of the collection consists of material related to Hugh Lee Butlers's time on the Norfolk City Council as a representative of Brambleton (parking meters; race relations; Foreman Field; city anniversaries; Museum of Arts and Sciences; blue laws; study of schools); his service on the Local Draft Board from 1917 to 1922 (alleged draft evaders, delinquents, deserters); personal and family papers (tax returns, financial records, obituaries, condolences); pamphlets and brochures of Norfolk; clippings from Norfolk newspapers; and, a scrapbook. The correspondence is arranged chronologically, or in original order as clipped together."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Hugh Lee Butler Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Hugh Lee Butler Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5350db0a7328f5c63c38300a0fc06adf\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eServed on the Norfolk City Council from 1902 to 1938. Papers relate to his service on the Norfolk City Council during the Great Depression and as chairman of Local Draft Board No. 1 during World War I.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Served on the Norfolk City Council from 1902 to 1938. Papers relate to his service on the Norfolk City Council during the Great Depression and as chairman of Local Draft Board No. 1 during World War I."],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Butler, Hugh Lee (1871-1946)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections"],"names_coll_ssim":["Butler, Hugh Lee (1871-1946)"],"persname_ssim":["Butler, Hugh Lee (1871-1946)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":43,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:49:30.225Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_69"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_29","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Michael D'Orso Collection on the Rosewood Massacre","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_29#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"D'Orso, Michael","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_29#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Writer for the Virginia Pilot Newspaper, author of 13 nonfiction books. This collection contains D'Orso's notes and research material collected while writing \u003cem\u003eLike Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood. \u003c/em\u003eThe collection includes interview tapes and transcripts, photographs, newspaper clippings, and other research materials.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_29#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_29","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_29","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_29","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_29","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_29.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"Archon Finding Aid location","title_filing_ssi":"D'Orso, Michael","title_ssm":["Michael D'Orso Collection on the Rosewood Massacre"],"title_tesim":["Michael D'Orso Collection on the Rosewood Massacre"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1923-1995, undated","Date acquired: 04/22/1999"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1923-1995, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 04/22/1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 67","/repositories/5/resources/29"],"text":["MG 67","/repositories/5/resources/29","Michael D'Orso Collection on the Rosewood Massacre","Rosewood (Fla.)--History","Journalists--United States","Authors--United States","African Americans--Florida--Rosewood--History--20th century","Race relations--History--20th century","Social justice","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Interviewees and Historical Figures; Series II: Background Research; Series III: Legal/Legislative Papers; Series IV: Editing of Manuscript; and Series V: Audio, Video, Electronic Files.","Mike D'Orso earned both his undergraduate degree in philosophy and his master's degree in English from the College of William and Mary. He taught high school English and has been a staff writer for Commonwealth magazine. As a writer for the Virginian-Pilot Newspaper he won numerous national honors including the Penney-Missouri Prize for general feature writing and three Pulitzer Prize nominations.\nD'Orso's work has also appeared in publications such as Sports Illustrated, Fortune, Reader's Digest and People magazine. Additionally he has written a chapter on journalism research methods for The Complete Book of Feature Writing; and his writing on author Jack Kerouac has been included in both Studies in American Fiction and the QPB Literary Review.\nMike D'Orso has also written 13 non-fiction books (see Bibliography). Included among those works is Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood, which was a New York Times best- seller, and American Library Association Notable Book of the Year, and winner of the Lillian Smith Book Award for writing on the subject of social justice. The Papers of Mike D'Orso housed in the Old Dominion University Special Collections consists of his notes, interview transcripts, research done while writing Like Judgement Day.","Note written by Special Collections Staff","Bibilography:","Seeds of Hope: A Physician's Personal Triumph Over In Praise of Public Life , with Joseph Lieberman, Simon \u0026 Schuster, 2000;  In Praise of Public Life , with Joseph Lieberman, Simon \u0026 Schuster, 2000;  Winning with Integrity: Getting What You're Worth Without Selling Your Soul , with Leigh Steinberg, Times Books, 1999;  Body-for-Life: 12 Weeks to Mental and Physical Strength , with Bill Phillips, HarperCollins Publishers, 1999;  Somerset Homecoming: Recovering a Lost Heritage , with Dorothy Spruill Redford, University of North Carolina Press, 1998;  Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement , with John Lewis, Harcourt Brace, 1998;  Thin is Just a Four-letter Word: Living Fit--for All Shapes and Sizes , with Dee Hakala, Dell, 1997;  Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood , Boulevard Books, 1996;  Pumping Granite: And Other Portraits of People at Play , Texas Tech University Press, 1994;  Rise and Walk: The Trial and Triumph of Dennis Byrd,  with Dennis Byrd, HarperCollins, 1993;  For the Children: Lessons from a Visionary Principal , with Madeline Cartwright, Doubleday, 1993;  The Cost of Courage: The Journey of an American Congressman , with Carl Eliott, Doubleday, 1992;  Fast Takes: Slices of Life Through a Journalist's Eye , Hampton Roads Publishing Co., 1990.","The collection contains notes and research material collected by Michael D'Orso while writing  Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood . The book concerns the massacre of an African American village in Florida in 1923. Included in the collection are interview tapes and transcripts of survivors; manuscripts and galley proofs for the book; as well as photographs, newspaper clippings, and other background research related to the Rosewood case. In 1994, Florida became the first state to compensate survivors and their dependents for damages incurred due to racial violence.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Writer for the Virginia Pilot Newspaper, author of 13 nonfiction books. This collection contains D'Orso's notes and research material collected while writing  Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood.  The collection includes interview tapes and transcripts, photographs, newspaper clippings, and other research materials.","ODU Community Collections","D'Orso, Michael","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 67","/repositories/5/resources/29"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Michael D'Orso Collection on the Rosewood Massacre"],"collection_title_tesim":["Michael D'Orso Collection on the Rosewood Massacre"],"collection_ssim":["Michael D'Orso Collection on the Rosewood Massacre"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Rosewood (Fla.)--History"],"geogname_ssim":["Rosewood (Fla.)--History"],"creator_ssm":["D'Orso, Michael"],"creator_ssim":["D'Orso, Michael"],"creator_persname_ssim":["D'Orso, Michael"],"creators_ssim":["D'Orso, Michael"],"places_ssim":["Rosewood (Fla.)--History"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Michael D'Orso","Gift. Accession #99-10"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Journalists--United States","Authors--United States","African Americans--Florida--Rosewood--History--20th century","Race relations--History--20th century","Social justice"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Journalists--United States","Authors--United States","African Americans--Florida--Rosewood--History--20th century","Race relations--History--20th century","Social justice"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6.00 Linear Feet","13 Hollinger document cases, 2 cassette boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["6.00 Linear Feet","13 Hollinger document cases, 2 cassette boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into five series: Series I: Interviewees and Historical Figures; Series II: Background Research; Series III: Legal/Legislative Papers; Series IV: Editing of Manuscript; and Series V: Audio, Video, Electronic Files.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Interviewees and Historical Figures; Series II: Background Research; Series III: Legal/Legislative Papers; Series IV: Editing of Manuscript; and Series V: Audio, Video, Electronic Files."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMike D'Orso earned both his undergraduate degree in philosophy and his master's degree in English from the College of William and Mary. He taught high school English and has been a staff writer for Commonwealth magazine. As a writer for the Virginian-Pilot Newspaper he won numerous national honors including the Penney-Missouri Prize for general feature writing and three Pulitzer Prize nominations.\nD'Orso's work has also appeared in publications such as Sports Illustrated, Fortune, Reader's Digest and People magazine. Additionally he has written a chapter on journalism research methods for The Complete Book of Feature Writing; and his writing on author Jack Kerouac has been included in both Studies in American Fiction and the QPB Literary Review.\nMike D'Orso has also written 13 non-fiction books (see Bibliography). Included among those works is Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood, which was a New York Times best- seller, and American Library Association Notable Book of the Year, and winner of the Lillian Smith Book Award for writing on the subject of social justice. The Papers of Mike D'Orso housed in the Old Dominion University Special Collections consists of his notes, interview transcripts, research done while writing Like Judgement Day.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Special Collections Staff\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mike D'Orso earned both his undergraduate degree in philosophy and his master's degree in English from the College of William and Mary. He taught high school English and has been a staff writer for Commonwealth magazine. As a writer for the Virginian-Pilot Newspaper he won numerous national honors including the Penney-Missouri Prize for general feature writing and three Pulitzer Prize nominations.\nD'Orso's work has also appeared in publications such as Sports Illustrated, Fortune, Reader's Digest and People magazine. Additionally he has written a chapter on journalism research methods for The Complete Book of Feature Writing; and his writing on author Jack Kerouac has been included in both Studies in American Fiction and the QPB Literary Review.\nMike D'Orso has also written 13 non-fiction books (see Bibliography). Included among those works is Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood, which was a New York Times best- seller, and American Library Association Notable Book of the Year, and winner of the Lillian Smith Book Award for writing on the subject of social justice. The Papers of Mike D'Orso housed in the Old Dominion University Special Collections consists of his notes, interview transcripts, research done while writing Like Judgement Day.","Note written by Special Collections Staff"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Michael D'Orso Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Michael D'Orso Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBibilography:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSeeds of Hope: A Physician's Personal Triumph Over In Praise of Public Life\u003c/emph\u003e, with Joseph Lieberman, Simon \u0026amp; Schuster, 2000; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eIn Praise of Public Life\u003c/emph\u003e, with Joseph Lieberman, Simon \u0026amp; Schuster, 2000; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eWinning with Integrity: Getting What You're Worth Without Selling Your Soul\u003c/emph\u003e, with Leigh Steinberg, Times Books, 1999; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBody-for-Life: 12 Weeks to Mental and Physical Strength\u003c/emph\u003e, with Bill Phillips, HarperCollins Publishers, 1999; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSomerset Homecoming: Recovering a Lost Heritage\u003c/emph\u003e, with Dorothy Spruill Redford, University of North Carolina Press, 1998; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eWalking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement\u003c/emph\u003e, with John Lewis, Harcourt Brace, 1998; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThin is Just a Four-letter Word: Living Fit--for All Shapes and Sizes\u003c/emph\u003e, with Dee Hakala, Dell, 1997; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eLike Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood\u003c/emph\u003e, Boulevard Books, 1996; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ePumping Granite: And Other Portraits of People at Play\u003c/emph\u003e, Texas Tech University Press, 1994; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRise and Walk: The Trial and Triumph of Dennis Byrd,\u003c/emph\u003e with Dennis Byrd, HarperCollins, 1993; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eFor the Children: Lessons from a Visionary Principal\u003c/emph\u003e, with Madeline Cartwright, Doubleday, 1993; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Cost of Courage: The Journey of an American Congressman\u003c/emph\u003e, with Carl Eliott, Doubleday, 1992; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eFast Takes: Slices of Life Through a Journalist's Eye\u003c/emph\u003e, Hampton Roads Publishing Co., 1990.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Publications"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Bibilography:","Seeds of Hope: A Physician's Personal Triumph Over In Praise of Public Life , with Joseph Lieberman, Simon \u0026 Schuster, 2000;  In Praise of Public Life , with Joseph Lieberman, Simon \u0026 Schuster, 2000;  Winning with Integrity: Getting What You're Worth Without Selling Your Soul , with Leigh Steinberg, Times Books, 1999;  Body-for-Life: 12 Weeks to Mental and Physical Strength , with Bill Phillips, HarperCollins Publishers, 1999;  Somerset Homecoming: Recovering a Lost Heritage , with Dorothy Spruill Redford, University of North Carolina Press, 1998;  Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement , with John Lewis, Harcourt Brace, 1998;  Thin is Just a Four-letter Word: Living Fit--for All Shapes and Sizes , with Dee Hakala, Dell, 1997;  Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood , Boulevard Books, 1996;  Pumping Granite: And Other Portraits of People at Play , Texas Tech University Press, 1994;  Rise and Walk: The Trial and Triumph of Dennis Byrd,  with Dennis Byrd, HarperCollins, 1993;  For the Children: Lessons from a Visionary Principal , with Madeline Cartwright, Doubleday, 1993;  The Cost of Courage: The Journey of an American Congressman , with Carl Eliott, Doubleday, 1992;  Fast Takes: Slices of Life Through a Journalist's Eye , Hampton Roads Publishing Co., 1990."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains notes and research material collected by Michael D'Orso while writing\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood\u003c/emph\u003e. The book concerns the massacre of an African American village in Florida in 1923. Included in the collection are interview tapes and transcripts of survivors; manuscripts and galley proofs for the book; as well as photographs, newspaper clippings, and other background research related to the Rosewood case. In 1994, Florida became the first state to compensate survivors and their dependents for damages incurred due to racial violence.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains notes and research material collected by Michael D'Orso while writing  Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood . The book concerns the massacre of an African American village in Florida in 1923. Included in the collection are interview tapes and transcripts of survivors; manuscripts and galley proofs for the book; as well as photographs, newspaper clippings, and other background research related to the Rosewood case. In 1994, Florida became the first state to compensate survivors and their dependents for damages incurred due to racial violence."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_429007aafe74161222122e97e08bd106\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eWriter for the Virginia Pilot Newspaper, author of 13 nonfiction books. This collection contains D'Orso's notes and research material collected while writing \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eLike Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood. \u003c/emph\u003eThe collection includes interview tapes and transcripts, photographs, newspaper clippings, and other research materials.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Writer for the Virginia Pilot Newspaper, author of 13 nonfiction books. This collection contains D'Orso's notes and research material collected while writing  Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood.  The collection includes interview tapes and transcripts, photographs, newspaper clippings, and other research materials."],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","D'Orso, Michael"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections"],"persname_ssim":["D'Orso, Michael"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":401,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:50:31.898Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_29","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_29","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_29","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_29","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_29.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"Archon Finding Aid location","title_filing_ssi":"D'Orso, Michael","title_ssm":["Michael D'Orso Collection on the Rosewood Massacre"],"title_tesim":["Michael D'Orso Collection on the Rosewood Massacre"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1923-1995, undated","Date acquired: 04/22/1999"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1923-1995, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 04/22/1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 67","/repositories/5/resources/29"],"text":["MG 67","/repositories/5/resources/29","Michael D'Orso Collection on the Rosewood Massacre","Rosewood (Fla.)--History","Journalists--United States","Authors--United States","African Americans--Florida--Rosewood--History--20th century","Race relations--History--20th century","Social justice","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Interviewees and Historical Figures; Series II: Background Research; Series III: Legal/Legislative Papers; Series IV: Editing of Manuscript; and Series V: Audio, Video, Electronic Files.","Mike D'Orso earned both his undergraduate degree in philosophy and his master's degree in English from the College of William and Mary. He taught high school English and has been a staff writer for Commonwealth magazine. As a writer for the Virginian-Pilot Newspaper he won numerous national honors including the Penney-Missouri Prize for general feature writing and three Pulitzer Prize nominations.\nD'Orso's work has also appeared in publications such as Sports Illustrated, Fortune, Reader's Digest and People magazine. Additionally he has written a chapter on journalism research methods for The Complete Book of Feature Writing; and his writing on author Jack Kerouac has been included in both Studies in American Fiction and the QPB Literary Review.\nMike D'Orso has also written 13 non-fiction books (see Bibliography). Included among those works is Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood, which was a New York Times best- seller, and American Library Association Notable Book of the Year, and winner of the Lillian Smith Book Award for writing on the subject of social justice. The Papers of Mike D'Orso housed in the Old Dominion University Special Collections consists of his notes, interview transcripts, research done while writing Like Judgement Day.","Note written by Special Collections Staff","Bibilography:","Seeds of Hope: A Physician's Personal Triumph Over In Praise of Public Life , with Joseph Lieberman, Simon \u0026 Schuster, 2000;  In Praise of Public Life , with Joseph Lieberman, Simon \u0026 Schuster, 2000;  Winning with Integrity: Getting What You're Worth Without Selling Your Soul , with Leigh Steinberg, Times Books, 1999;  Body-for-Life: 12 Weeks to Mental and Physical Strength , with Bill Phillips, HarperCollins Publishers, 1999;  Somerset Homecoming: Recovering a Lost Heritage , with Dorothy Spruill Redford, University of North Carolina Press, 1998;  Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement , with John Lewis, Harcourt Brace, 1998;  Thin is Just a Four-letter Word: Living Fit--for All Shapes and Sizes , with Dee Hakala, Dell, 1997;  Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood , Boulevard Books, 1996;  Pumping Granite: And Other Portraits of People at Play , Texas Tech University Press, 1994;  Rise and Walk: The Trial and Triumph of Dennis Byrd,  with Dennis Byrd, HarperCollins, 1993;  For the Children: Lessons from a Visionary Principal , with Madeline Cartwright, Doubleday, 1993;  The Cost of Courage: The Journey of an American Congressman , with Carl Eliott, Doubleday, 1992;  Fast Takes: Slices of Life Through a Journalist's Eye , Hampton Roads Publishing Co., 1990.","The collection contains notes and research material collected by Michael D'Orso while writing  Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood . The book concerns the massacre of an African American village in Florida in 1923. Included in the collection are interview tapes and transcripts of survivors; manuscripts and galley proofs for the book; as well as photographs, newspaper clippings, and other background research related to the Rosewood case. In 1994, Florida became the first state to compensate survivors and their dependents for damages incurred due to racial violence.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Writer for the Virginia Pilot Newspaper, author of 13 nonfiction books. This collection contains D'Orso's notes and research material collected while writing  Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood.  The collection includes interview tapes and transcripts, photographs, newspaper clippings, and other research materials.","ODU Community Collections","D'Orso, Michael","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 67","/repositories/5/resources/29"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Michael D'Orso Collection on the Rosewood Massacre"],"collection_title_tesim":["Michael D'Orso Collection on the Rosewood Massacre"],"collection_ssim":["Michael D'Orso Collection on the Rosewood Massacre"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Rosewood (Fla.)--History"],"geogname_ssim":["Rosewood (Fla.)--History"],"creator_ssm":["D'Orso, Michael"],"creator_ssim":["D'Orso, Michael"],"creator_persname_ssim":["D'Orso, Michael"],"creators_ssim":["D'Orso, Michael"],"places_ssim":["Rosewood (Fla.)--History"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Michael D'Orso","Gift. Accession #99-10"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Journalists--United States","Authors--United States","African Americans--Florida--Rosewood--History--20th century","Race relations--History--20th century","Social justice"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Journalists--United States","Authors--United States","African Americans--Florida--Rosewood--History--20th century","Race relations--History--20th century","Social justice"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6.00 Linear Feet","13 Hollinger document cases, 2 cassette boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["6.00 Linear Feet","13 Hollinger document cases, 2 cassette boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into five series: Series I: Interviewees and Historical Figures; Series II: Background Research; Series III: Legal/Legislative Papers; Series IV: Editing of Manuscript; and Series V: Audio, Video, Electronic Files.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Interviewees and Historical Figures; Series II: Background Research; Series III: Legal/Legislative Papers; Series IV: Editing of Manuscript; and Series V: Audio, Video, Electronic Files."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMike D'Orso earned both his undergraduate degree in philosophy and his master's degree in English from the College of William and Mary. He taught high school English and has been a staff writer for Commonwealth magazine. As a writer for the Virginian-Pilot Newspaper he won numerous national honors including the Penney-Missouri Prize for general feature writing and three Pulitzer Prize nominations.\nD'Orso's work has also appeared in publications such as Sports Illustrated, Fortune, Reader's Digest and People magazine. Additionally he has written a chapter on journalism research methods for The Complete Book of Feature Writing; and his writing on author Jack Kerouac has been included in both Studies in American Fiction and the QPB Literary Review.\nMike D'Orso has also written 13 non-fiction books (see Bibliography). Included among those works is Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood, which was a New York Times best- seller, and American Library Association Notable Book of the Year, and winner of the Lillian Smith Book Award for writing on the subject of social justice. The Papers of Mike D'Orso housed in the Old Dominion University Special Collections consists of his notes, interview transcripts, research done while writing Like Judgement Day.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Special Collections Staff\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mike D'Orso earned both his undergraduate degree in philosophy and his master's degree in English from the College of William and Mary. He taught high school English and has been a staff writer for Commonwealth magazine. As a writer for the Virginian-Pilot Newspaper he won numerous national honors including the Penney-Missouri Prize for general feature writing and three Pulitzer Prize nominations.\nD'Orso's work has also appeared in publications such as Sports Illustrated, Fortune, Reader's Digest and People magazine. Additionally he has written a chapter on journalism research methods for The Complete Book of Feature Writing; and his writing on author Jack Kerouac has been included in both Studies in American Fiction and the QPB Literary Review.\nMike D'Orso has also written 13 non-fiction books (see Bibliography). Included among those works is Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood, which was a New York Times best- seller, and American Library Association Notable Book of the Year, and winner of the Lillian Smith Book Award for writing on the subject of social justice. The Papers of Mike D'Orso housed in the Old Dominion University Special Collections consists of his notes, interview transcripts, research done while writing Like Judgement Day.","Note written by Special Collections Staff"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Michael D'Orso Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Michael D'Orso Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBibilography:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSeeds of Hope: A Physician's Personal Triumph Over In Praise of Public Life\u003c/emph\u003e, with Joseph Lieberman, Simon \u0026amp; Schuster, 2000; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eIn Praise of Public Life\u003c/emph\u003e, with Joseph Lieberman, Simon \u0026amp; Schuster, 2000; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eWinning with Integrity: Getting What You're Worth Without Selling Your Soul\u003c/emph\u003e, with Leigh Steinberg, Times Books, 1999; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBody-for-Life: 12 Weeks to Mental and Physical Strength\u003c/emph\u003e, with Bill Phillips, HarperCollins Publishers, 1999; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSomerset Homecoming: Recovering a Lost Heritage\u003c/emph\u003e, with Dorothy Spruill Redford, University of North Carolina Press, 1998; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eWalking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement\u003c/emph\u003e, with John Lewis, Harcourt Brace, 1998; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThin is Just a Four-letter Word: Living Fit--for All Shapes and Sizes\u003c/emph\u003e, with Dee Hakala, Dell, 1997; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eLike Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood\u003c/emph\u003e, Boulevard Books, 1996; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ePumping Granite: And Other Portraits of People at Play\u003c/emph\u003e, Texas Tech University Press, 1994; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eRise and Walk: The Trial and Triumph of Dennis Byrd,\u003c/emph\u003e with Dennis Byrd, HarperCollins, 1993; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eFor the Children: Lessons from a Visionary Principal\u003c/emph\u003e, with Madeline Cartwright, Doubleday, 1993; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Cost of Courage: The Journey of an American Congressman\u003c/emph\u003e, with Carl Eliott, Doubleday, 1992; \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eFast Takes: Slices of Life Through a Journalist's Eye\u003c/emph\u003e, Hampton Roads Publishing Co., 1990.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Publications"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Bibilography:","Seeds of Hope: A Physician's Personal Triumph Over In Praise of Public Life , with Joseph Lieberman, Simon \u0026 Schuster, 2000;  In Praise of Public Life , with Joseph Lieberman, Simon \u0026 Schuster, 2000;  Winning with Integrity: Getting What You're Worth Without Selling Your Soul , with Leigh Steinberg, Times Books, 1999;  Body-for-Life: 12 Weeks to Mental and Physical Strength , with Bill Phillips, HarperCollins Publishers, 1999;  Somerset Homecoming: Recovering a Lost Heritage , with Dorothy Spruill Redford, University of North Carolina Press, 1998;  Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement , with John Lewis, Harcourt Brace, 1998;  Thin is Just a Four-letter Word: Living Fit--for All Shapes and Sizes , with Dee Hakala, Dell, 1997;  Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood , Boulevard Books, 1996;  Pumping Granite: And Other Portraits of People at Play , Texas Tech University Press, 1994;  Rise and Walk: The Trial and Triumph of Dennis Byrd,  with Dennis Byrd, HarperCollins, 1993;  For the Children: Lessons from a Visionary Principal , with Madeline Cartwright, Doubleday, 1993;  The Cost of Courage: The Journey of an American Congressman , with Carl Eliott, Doubleday, 1992;  Fast Takes: Slices of Life Through a Journalist's Eye , Hampton Roads Publishing Co., 1990."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains notes and research material collected by Michael D'Orso while writing\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood\u003c/emph\u003e. The book concerns the massacre of an African American village in Florida in 1923. Included in the collection are interview tapes and transcripts of survivors; manuscripts and galley proofs for the book; as well as photographs, newspaper clippings, and other background research related to the Rosewood case. In 1994, Florida became the first state to compensate survivors and their dependents for damages incurred due to racial violence.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains notes and research material collected by Michael D'Orso while writing  Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood . The book concerns the massacre of an African American village in Florida in 1923. Included in the collection are interview tapes and transcripts of survivors; manuscripts and galley proofs for the book; as well as photographs, newspaper clippings, and other background research related to the Rosewood case. In 1994, Florida became the first state to compensate survivors and their dependents for damages incurred due to racial violence."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_429007aafe74161222122e97e08bd106\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eWriter for the Virginia Pilot Newspaper, author of 13 nonfiction books. This collection contains D'Orso's notes and research material collected while writing \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eLike Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood. \u003c/emph\u003eThe collection includes interview tapes and transcripts, photographs, newspaper clippings, and other research materials.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Writer for the Virginia Pilot Newspaper, author of 13 nonfiction books. This collection contains D'Orso's notes and research material collected while writing  Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood.  The collection includes interview tapes and transcripts, photographs, newspaper clippings, and other research materials."],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","D'Orso, Michael"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections"],"persname_ssim":["D'Orso, Michael"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":401,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:50:31.898Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_29"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_187.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/187","title_filing_ssi":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation","title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated","Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"text":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187","Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.","Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.","From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.","The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.","This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the  Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Norfolk, Virginia, Public Schools","Gift. Accession #A2007-006"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["18.40 Linear Feet","34 Hollinger document cases; 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["18.40 Linear Feet","34 Hollinger document cases; 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNorfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrom 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3Acollection|80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Related Digital Material"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["ODU Digital Collections"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the \u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eOld Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the  Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_cc312911e0755655711aff73f46b1cbc\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation."],"names_coll_ssim":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":425,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:40:26.566Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_187.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/187","title_filing_ssi":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation","title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated","Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"text":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187","Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.","Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.","From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.","The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.","This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the  Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Norfolk, Virginia, Public Schools","Gift. Accession #A2007-006"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["18.40 Linear Feet","34 Hollinger document cases; 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["18.40 Linear Feet","34 Hollinger document cases; 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNorfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrom 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3Acollection|80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Related Digital Material"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["ODU Digital Collections"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the \u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eOld Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the  Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_cc312911e0755655711aff73f46b1cbc\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation."],"names_coll_ssim":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":425,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:40:26.566Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_240#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_240#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Founded in 1945 as an interracial organization designed to address concerns with education, health, and housing among the Afro-American community in Norfolk. Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. Bulk of the organization's records are in the archives at Norfolk State University.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_240#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_240.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/240","title_filing_ssi":"Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation","title_ssm":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records"],"title_tesim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1939-1964, undated","Date acquired: 07/19/1982"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1964, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 07/19/1982"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 54","/repositories/5/resources/240"],"text":["MG 54","/repositories/5/resources/240","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government","Women--Virginia--Social conditions","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","African Americans--Civil rights","Race relations--History--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government--1865-1950","Racism--Prevention","Open to researchers without restrictions.","On April 17, 1945, eight black and eleven white women met in the vestry room of Ohef Sholom Temple in Norfolk. Mrs. Vivian Carter Mason had invited these women in order to consider forming an interracial committee. All the women present were active in civic organizations, and came from different religious backgrounds.","At that first meeting it was decided that such an interracial group could indeed be beneficial to Norfolk. Furthermore, they decided that their organization should be autonomous - not affiliated with any other organization, but working in cooperation with them.","Mrs. Mason was appointed temporary chairman and the group held meetings in May, June, and September. The first two meetings were devoted to establishing a constitution and coming up with a name. By December, there were 86 members.","Early in 1946, the WCIC was becoming active in the public school system, and worked with the public libraries and the Boy Scouts to notify the public of their humanitarian goals. These goals were: to improve city facilities for education, recreation, employment, and health; improve interracial attitudes; to seek equality of opportunity for everyone; and to work towards full citizenship privileges for all","The WCIC implemented these goals by calling attention to the need for more blacks in civic occupations; worked with health organizations in providing testing for diseases and public health information; held public meetings and other activities with nationally known speakers to advance the ideas of integration; and met with city officials concerning proper housing for the poor. For the first two years the group met in different churches and kept their files and printed materials in the homes of its officers and chairmen. Finally the WCIC was able to get space for an office and meetings at the YWCA. This lasted for several years.","As stress in Norfolk over the desegregation of public schools reached a climax, the WCIC found itself pitted against many opponents of desegregation. It became more difficult to find meeting places open to such a group. Also, when they did find a place, they often could not advertise their meeting because of criticism and possible censure it would draw towards those who allowed such a meeting to take place at their establishment. Consequently, for a period of time, the WCIC worked more \"behind the scenes\" than in the public eye. However the effectiveness of the group endured and through their studies and reports of other cities with integrated school systems, the group helped Norfolk overcome the crisis in 1958 when the public high schools were shut down.","Note written by Jan Halecki","Vivian Carter Mason Interviews (MG 53)","Edith R. White Papers (MG 109)","The Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (WCIC) was an organization of white and black women devoted to fostering racial harmony. The records include the organization's constitution, minutes of meetings, correspondence, speeches, annual reports, member lists, booklets, pamphlets, programs, invitations, newspaper clippings and published articles. Of interest is a transcribed panel report titled, \"How Norfolk Opened Her Schools,\" dated February 2, 1959, and Susan Slaughter's personal account of the \"First Fifteen Years of WCIC.\" In addition, there is material relating to the inception and early history of the Human Relations Council, which superseded the WCIC.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Founded in 1945 as an interracial organization designed to address concerns with education, health, and housing among the Afro-American community in Norfolk. Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. Bulk of the organization's records are in the archives at Norfolk State University.","ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 54","/repositories/5/resources/240"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records"],"collection_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"creator_ssm":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. H. 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Mrs. Vivian Carter Mason had invited these women in order to consider forming an interracial committee. All the women present were active in civic organizations, and came from different religious backgrounds.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAt that first meeting it was decided that such an interracial group could indeed be beneficial to Norfolk. Furthermore, they decided that their organization should be autonomous - not affiliated with any other organization, but working in cooperation with them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Mason was appointed temporary chairman and the group held meetings in May, June, and September. The first two meetings were devoted to establishing a constitution and coming up with a name. By December, there were 86 members.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEarly in 1946, the WCIC was becoming active in the public school system, and worked with the public libraries and the Boy Scouts to notify the public of their humanitarian goals. These goals were: to improve city facilities for education, recreation, employment, and health; improve interracial attitudes; to seek equality of opportunity for everyone; and to work towards full citizenship privileges for all\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe WCIC implemented these goals by calling attention to the need for more blacks in civic occupations; worked with health organizations in providing testing for diseases and public health information; held public meetings and other activities with nationally known speakers to advance the ideas of integration; and met with city officials concerning proper housing for the poor. For the first two years the group met in different churches and kept their files and printed materials in the homes of its officers and chairmen. Finally the WCIC was able to get space for an office and meetings at the YWCA. This lasted for several years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs stress in Norfolk over the desegregation of public schools reached a climax, the WCIC found itself pitted against many opponents of desegregation. It became more difficult to find meeting places open to such a group. Also, when they did find a place, they often could not advertise their meeting because of criticism and possible censure it would draw towards those who allowed such a meeting to take place at their establishment. Consequently, for a period of time, the WCIC worked more \"behind the scenes\" than in the public eye. However the effectiveness of the group endured and through their studies and reports of other cities with integrated school systems, the group helped Norfolk overcome the crisis in 1958 when the public high schools were shut down.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Jan Halecki\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["On April 17, 1945, eight black and eleven white women met in the vestry room of Ohef Sholom Temple in Norfolk. Mrs. Vivian Carter Mason had invited these women in order to consider forming an interracial committee. All the women present were active in civic organizations, and came from different religious backgrounds.","At that first meeting it was decided that such an interracial group could indeed be beneficial to Norfolk. Furthermore, they decided that their organization should be autonomous - not affiliated with any other organization, but working in cooperation with them.","Mrs. Mason was appointed temporary chairman and the group held meetings in May, June, and September. The first two meetings were devoted to establishing a constitution and coming up with a name. By December, there were 86 members.","Early in 1946, the WCIC was becoming active in the public school system, and worked with the public libraries and the Boy Scouts to notify the public of their humanitarian goals. These goals were: to improve city facilities for education, recreation, employment, and health; improve interracial attitudes; to seek equality of opportunity for everyone; and to work towards full citizenship privileges for all","The WCIC implemented these goals by calling attention to the need for more blacks in civic occupations; worked with health organizations in providing testing for diseases and public health information; held public meetings and other activities with nationally known speakers to advance the ideas of integration; and met with city officials concerning proper housing for the poor. For the first two years the group met in different churches and kept their files and printed materials in the homes of its officers and chairmen. Finally the WCIC was able to get space for an office and meetings at the YWCA. This lasted for several years.","As stress in Norfolk over the desegregation of public schools reached a climax, the WCIC found itself pitted against many opponents of desegregation. It became more difficult to find meeting places open to such a group. Also, when they did find a place, they often could not advertise their meeting because of criticism and possible censure it would draw towards those who allowed such a meeting to take place at their establishment. Consequently, for a period of time, the WCIC worked more \"behind the scenes\" than in the public eye. However the effectiveness of the group endured and through their studies and reports of other cities with integrated school systems, the group helped Norfolk overcome the crisis in 1958 when the public high schools were shut down.","Note written by Jan Halecki"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVivian Carter Mason Interviews (MG 53)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEdith R. White Papers (MG 109)\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Vivian Carter Mason Interviews (MG 53)","Edith R. White Papers (MG 109)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (WCIC) was an organization of white and black women devoted to fostering racial harmony. The records include the organization's constitution, minutes of meetings, correspondence, speeches, annual reports, member lists, booklets, pamphlets, programs, invitations, newspaper clippings and published articles. Of interest is a transcribed panel report titled, \"How Norfolk Opened Her Schools,\" dated February 2, 1959, and Susan Slaughter's personal account of the \"First Fifteen Years of WCIC.\" In addition, there is material relating to the inception and early history of the Human Relations Council, which superseded the WCIC.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (WCIC) was an organization of white and black women devoted to fostering racial harmony. The records include the organization's constitution, minutes of meetings, correspondence, speeches, annual reports, member lists, booklets, pamphlets, programs, invitations, newspaper clippings and published articles. Of interest is a transcribed panel report titled, \"How Norfolk Opened Her Schools,\" dated February 2, 1959, and Susan Slaughter's personal account of the \"First Fifteen Years of WCIC.\" In addition, there is material relating to the inception and early history of the Human Relations Council, which superseded the WCIC."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d5119a8d33254e74d2d467937505f48c\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eFounded in 1945 as an interracial organization designed to address concerns with education, health, and housing among the Afro-American community in Norfolk. Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. Bulk of the organization's records are in the archives at Norfolk State University.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Founded in 1945 as an interracial organization designed to address concerns with education, health, and housing among the Afro-American community in Norfolk. Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. Bulk of the organization's records are in the archives at Norfolk State University."],"names_coll_ssim":["Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":27,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:42:28.789Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_240","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_240.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/240","title_filing_ssi":"Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation","title_ssm":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records"],"title_tesim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1939-1964, undated","Date acquired: 07/19/1982"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1964, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 07/19/1982"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 54","/repositories/5/resources/240"],"text":["MG 54","/repositories/5/resources/240","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government","Women--Virginia--Social conditions","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","African Americans--Civil rights","Race relations--History--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government--1865-1950","Racism--Prevention","Open to researchers without restrictions.","On April 17, 1945, eight black and eleven white women met in the vestry room of Ohef Sholom Temple in Norfolk. Mrs. Vivian Carter Mason had invited these women in order to consider forming an interracial committee. All the women present were active in civic organizations, and came from different religious backgrounds.","At that first meeting it was decided that such an interracial group could indeed be beneficial to Norfolk. Furthermore, they decided that their organization should be autonomous - not affiliated with any other organization, but working in cooperation with them.","Mrs. Mason was appointed temporary chairman and the group held meetings in May, June, and September. The first two meetings were devoted to establishing a constitution and coming up with a name. By December, there were 86 members.","Early in 1946, the WCIC was becoming active in the public school system, and worked with the public libraries and the Boy Scouts to notify the public of their humanitarian goals. These goals were: to improve city facilities for education, recreation, employment, and health; improve interracial attitudes; to seek equality of opportunity for everyone; and to work towards full citizenship privileges for all","The WCIC implemented these goals by calling attention to the need for more blacks in civic occupations; worked with health organizations in providing testing for diseases and public health information; held public meetings and other activities with nationally known speakers to advance the ideas of integration; and met with city officials concerning proper housing for the poor. For the first two years the group met in different churches and kept their files and printed materials in the homes of its officers and chairmen. Finally the WCIC was able to get space for an office and meetings at the YWCA. This lasted for several years.","As stress in Norfolk over the desegregation of public schools reached a climax, the WCIC found itself pitted against many opponents of desegregation. It became more difficult to find meeting places open to such a group. Also, when they did find a place, they often could not advertise their meeting because of criticism and possible censure it would draw towards those who allowed such a meeting to take place at their establishment. Consequently, for a period of time, the WCIC worked more \"behind the scenes\" than in the public eye. However the effectiveness of the group endured and through their studies and reports of other cities with integrated school systems, the group helped Norfolk overcome the crisis in 1958 when the public high schools were shut down.","Note written by Jan Halecki","Vivian Carter Mason Interviews (MG 53)","Edith R. White Papers (MG 109)","The Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (WCIC) was an organization of white and black women devoted to fostering racial harmony. The records include the organization's constitution, minutes of meetings, correspondence, speeches, annual reports, member lists, booklets, pamphlets, programs, invitations, newspaper clippings and published articles. Of interest is a transcribed panel report titled, \"How Norfolk Opened Her Schools,\" dated February 2, 1959, and Susan Slaughter's personal account of the \"First Fifteen Years of WCIC.\" In addition, there is material relating to the inception and early history of the Human Relations Council, which superseded the WCIC.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Founded in 1945 as an interracial organization designed to address concerns with education, health, and housing among the Afro-American community in Norfolk. Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. Bulk of the organization's records are in the archives at Norfolk State University.","ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Human Relations Council (Norfolk, Va.)","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 54","/repositories/5/resources/240"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records"],"collection_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"creator_ssm":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. H. 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Mrs. Vivian Carter Mason had invited these women in order to consider forming an interracial committee. All the women present were active in civic organizations, and came from different religious backgrounds.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAt that first meeting it was decided that such an interracial group could indeed be beneficial to Norfolk. Furthermore, they decided that their organization should be autonomous - not affiliated with any other organization, but working in cooperation with them.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Mason was appointed temporary chairman and the group held meetings in May, June, and September. The first two meetings were devoted to establishing a constitution and coming up with a name. By December, there were 86 members.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEarly in 1946, the WCIC was becoming active in the public school system, and worked with the public libraries and the Boy Scouts to notify the public of their humanitarian goals. These goals were: to improve city facilities for education, recreation, employment, and health; improve interracial attitudes; to seek equality of opportunity for everyone; and to work towards full citizenship privileges for all\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe WCIC implemented these goals by calling attention to the need for more blacks in civic occupations; worked with health organizations in providing testing for diseases and public health information; held public meetings and other activities with nationally known speakers to advance the ideas of integration; and met with city officials concerning proper housing for the poor. For the first two years the group met in different churches and kept their files and printed materials in the homes of its officers and chairmen. Finally the WCIC was able to get space for an office and meetings at the YWCA. This lasted for several years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs stress in Norfolk over the desegregation of public schools reached a climax, the WCIC found itself pitted against many opponents of desegregation. It became more difficult to find meeting places open to such a group. Also, when they did find a place, they often could not advertise their meeting because of criticism and possible censure it would draw towards those who allowed such a meeting to take place at their establishment. Consequently, for a period of time, the WCIC worked more \"behind the scenes\" than in the public eye. However the effectiveness of the group endured and through their studies and reports of other cities with integrated school systems, the group helped Norfolk overcome the crisis in 1958 when the public high schools were shut down.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Jan Halecki\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["On April 17, 1945, eight black and eleven white women met in the vestry room of Ohef Sholom Temple in Norfolk. Mrs. Vivian Carter Mason had invited these women in order to consider forming an interracial committee. All the women present were active in civic organizations, and came from different religious backgrounds.","At that first meeting it was decided that such an interracial group could indeed be beneficial to Norfolk. Furthermore, they decided that their organization should be autonomous - not affiliated with any other organization, but working in cooperation with them.","Mrs. Mason was appointed temporary chairman and the group held meetings in May, June, and September. The first two meetings were devoted to establishing a constitution and coming up with a name. By December, there were 86 members.","Early in 1946, the WCIC was becoming active in the public school system, and worked with the public libraries and the Boy Scouts to notify the public of their humanitarian goals. These goals were: to improve city facilities for education, recreation, employment, and health; improve interracial attitudes; to seek equality of opportunity for everyone; and to work towards full citizenship privileges for all","The WCIC implemented these goals by calling attention to the need for more blacks in civic occupations; worked with health organizations in providing testing for diseases and public health information; held public meetings and other activities with nationally known speakers to advance the ideas of integration; and met with city officials concerning proper housing for the poor. For the first two years the group met in different churches and kept their files and printed materials in the homes of its officers and chairmen. Finally the WCIC was able to get space for an office and meetings at the YWCA. This lasted for several years.","As stress in Norfolk over the desegregation of public schools reached a climax, the WCIC found itself pitted against many opponents of desegregation. It became more difficult to find meeting places open to such a group. Also, when they did find a place, they often could not advertise their meeting because of criticism and possible censure it would draw towards those who allowed such a meeting to take place at their establishment. Consequently, for a period of time, the WCIC worked more \"behind the scenes\" than in the public eye. However the effectiveness of the group endured and through their studies and reports of other cities with integrated school systems, the group helped Norfolk overcome the crisis in 1958 when the public high schools were shut down.","Note written by Jan Halecki"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVivian Carter Mason Interviews (MG 53)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEdith R. White Papers (MG 109)\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Vivian Carter Mason Interviews (MG 53)","Edith R. White Papers (MG 109)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (WCIC) was an organization of white and black women devoted to fostering racial harmony. The records include the organization's constitution, minutes of meetings, correspondence, speeches, annual reports, member lists, booklets, pamphlets, programs, invitations, newspaper clippings and published articles. Of interest is a transcribed panel report titled, \"How Norfolk Opened Her Schools,\" dated February 2, 1959, and Susan Slaughter's personal account of the \"First Fifteen Years of WCIC.\" In addition, there is material relating to the inception and early history of the Human Relations Council, which superseded the WCIC.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (WCIC) was an organization of white and black women devoted to fostering racial harmony. The records include the organization's constitution, minutes of meetings, correspondence, speeches, annual reports, member lists, booklets, pamphlets, programs, invitations, newspaper clippings and published articles. 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Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. Bulk of the organization's records are in the archives at Norfolk State University.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Founded in 1945 as an interracial organization designed to address concerns with education, health, and housing among the Afro-American community in Norfolk. Predecessor to the Norfolk Human Relations Council. Includes correspondence, newspapers clippings, minutes, reports, pamphlets, and membership lists. 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