{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":4,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_68","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Archie L. Boswell Papers, 1958/1961","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_68#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Boswell, Archie L.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_68#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Norfolk attorney. 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Fourteen untranscribed cassette tapes containing interviews White conducted with politicians, journalists, police and other city officials from 1975-1991 as background for his ODU doctoral dissertation, \u003cem\u003eSchool Desegregation and Urban Renewal \u003c/em\u003eand the 1992 book\u003cem\u003e Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959\u003c/em\u003e.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_88#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_88","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_88","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_88","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_88","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_88.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/88","title_filing_ssi":"White, Forrest R.","title_ssm":["Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers"],"title_tesim":["Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1974-1991, undated","Date acquired: 09/11/2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1974-1991, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 09/11/2007"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1974/1991"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers, 1974/1991"],"text":["Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers, 1974/1991","MG 96","/repositories/5/resources/88","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is in chronological order as much as possible.","Forrest R. \"Hap\" White was born in 1947 and is the son of Dr. Forrest P. 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His doctoral thesis \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSchool Desegregation and Urban Renewal\u003c/emph\u003e and a later book: \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ePride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959 \u003c/emph\u003eare based on his research which involve the oral histories in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Mel Frizzell\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Forrest R. \"Hap\" White was born in 1947 and is the son of Dr. Forrest P. White and Edith White. The White family was involved with the Norfolk Committee for Public Schools, a group that was strongly opposed to Virginia's Massive Resistance laws. Hap received his Master of Public Administration from ODU in 1987 and his PhD in Urban Services from ODU in 1991. He was the Director of Budget for Norfolk Public Schools.  He also co-edited A Multidisciplinary Approach to Land-Use Planning in Virginia Beach (1972). His doctoral thesis School Desegregation and Urban Renewal and a later book: Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959 are based on his research which involve the oral histories in this collection.","Note written by Mel Frizzell"],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere is currently no playback equipment in Special Collections and University Archives. Please contact a staff member for further assistance.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Access Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["There is currently no playback equipment in Special Collections and University Archives. Please contact a staff member for further assistance."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was processed and the finding aid was developed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2008.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The collection was processed and the finding aid was developed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2008."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBoth his dissertation and book are available in the ODU Library's Special Collections and the General Collections:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSchool Desegregation and Urban Renewal \u003c/emph\u003e(doctoral thesis),\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e \u003c/emph\u003eCall #: LD4331.U54W39\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ePride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959\u003c/emph\u003e, Call #: HT177.N66W45 1992\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Publications"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Both his dissertation and book are available in the ODU Library's Special Collections and the General Collections:","School Desegregation and Urban Renewal (doctoral thesis), Call #: LD4331.U54W39","Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959, Call #: HT177.N66W45 1992"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of 14 audiocassette tapes of oral histories conducted by Forrest R. \"Hap\" White. The interviews were used for his doctoral dissertation and later book: \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ePride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959\u003c/emph\u003e.  Interviewees include politicians, judges, reporters, and business leaders who were involved in the desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools. Audio quality of some of the interviews is extremely poor and not all interviews contain the complete audio of the interview.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of 14 audiocassette tapes of oral histories conducted by Forrest R. \"Hap\" White. The interviews were used for his doctoral dissertation and later book: Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959.  Interviewees include politicians, judges, reporters, and business leaders who were involved in the desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools. Audio quality of some of the interviews is extremely poor and not all interviews contain the complete audio of the interview."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_859f1664613470ef0eb1b97059d99f51\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eFormer Budget Director for the Norfolk Public Schools. Fourteen untranscribed cassette tapes containing interviews White conducted with politicians, journalists, police and other city officials from 1975-1991 as background for his ODU doctoral dissertation, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSchool Desegregation and Urban Renewal \u003c/emph\u003eand the 1992 book\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Former Budget Director for the Norfolk Public Schools. Fourteen untranscribed cassette tapes containing interviews White conducted with politicians, journalists, police and other city officials from 1975-1991 as background for his ODU doctoral dissertation, School Desegregation and Urban Renewal and the 1992 book Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["White, Forest R. (1947-)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","White, Forest R. (1947-)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":15,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:59.322Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_88","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_88","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_88","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_88","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_88.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/88","title_filing_ssi":"White, Forrest R.","title_ssm":["Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers"],"title_tesim":["Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1974-1991, undated","Date acquired: 09/11/2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1974-1991, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 09/11/2007"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1974/1991"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers, 1974/1991"],"text":["Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers, 1974/1991","MG 96","/repositories/5/resources/88","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is in chronological order as much as possible.","Forrest R. \"Hap\" White was born in 1947 and is the son of Dr. Forrest P. White and Edith White. The White family was involved with the Norfolk Committee for Public Schools, a group that was strongly opposed to Virginia's Massive Resistance laws. Hap received his Master of Public Administration from ODU in 1987 and his PhD in Urban Services from ODU in 1991. He was the Director of Budget for Norfolk Public Schools.  He also co-edited A Multidisciplinary Approach to Land-Use Planning in Virginia Beach (1972). His doctoral thesis School Desegregation and Urban Renewal and a later book: Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959 are based on his research which involve the oral histories in this collection.","Note written by Mel Frizzell","There is currently no playback equipment in Special Collections and University Archives. Please contact a staff member for further assistance.","The collection was processed and the finding aid was developed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2008.","Both his dissertation and book are available in the ODU Library's Special Collections and the General Collections:","School Desegregation and Urban Renewal (doctoral thesis), Call #: LD4331.U54W39","Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959, Call #: HT177.N66W45 1992","The collection consists of 14 audiocassette tapes of oral histories conducted by Forrest R. \"Hap\" White. The interviews were used for his doctoral dissertation and later book: Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959.  Interviewees include politicians, judges, reporters, and business leaders who were involved in the desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools. Audio quality of some of the interviews is extremely poor and not all interviews contain the complete audio of the interview.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Former Budget Director for the Norfolk Public Schools. Fourteen untranscribed cassette tapes containing interviews White conducted with politicians, journalists, police and other city officials from 1975-1991 as background for his ODU doctoral dissertation, School Desegregation and Urban Renewal and the 1992 book Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","White, Forest R. (1947-)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers, 1974/1991"],"collection_ssim":["Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers, 1974/1991"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 96","/repositories/5/resources/88"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 96","/repositories/5/resources/88"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["White, Forest R. (1947-)"],"creator_ssim":["White, Forest R. (1947-)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["White, Forest R. (1947-)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["White, Forest R. (1947-)","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Forrest R. White","Gift. Accession #A2007-10"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.40 Linear Feet","One multimedia box boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.40 Linear Feet","One multimedia box boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,2007],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is in chronological order as much as possible.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is in chronological order as much as possible."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eForrest R. \"Hap\" White was born in 1947 and is the son of Dr. Forrest P. White and Edith White. The White family was involved with the Norfolk Committee for Public Schools, a group that was strongly opposed to Virginia's Massive Resistance laws. Hap received his Master of Public Administration from ODU in 1987 and his PhD in Urban Services from ODU in 1991. He was the Director of Budget for Norfolk Public Schools.  He also co-edited \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eA Multidisciplinary Approach to Land-Use Planning in Virginia Beach \u003c/emph\u003e(1972). His doctoral thesis \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSchool Desegregation and Urban Renewal\u003c/emph\u003e and a later book: \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ePride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959 \u003c/emph\u003eare based on his research which involve the oral histories in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Mel Frizzell\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Forrest R. \"Hap\" White was born in 1947 and is the son of Dr. Forrest P. White and Edith White. The White family was involved with the Norfolk Committee for Public Schools, a group that was strongly opposed to Virginia's Massive Resistance laws. Hap received his Master of Public Administration from ODU in 1987 and his PhD in Urban Services from ODU in 1991. He was the Director of Budget for Norfolk Public Schools.  He also co-edited A Multidisciplinary Approach to Land-Use Planning in Virginia Beach (1972). His doctoral thesis School Desegregation and Urban Renewal and a later book: Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959 are based on his research which involve the oral histories in this collection.","Note written by Mel Frizzell"],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere is currently no playback equipment in Special Collections and University Archives. Please contact a staff member for further assistance.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Access Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["There is currently no playback equipment in Special Collections and University Archives. Please contact a staff member for further assistance."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was processed and the finding aid was developed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2008.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The collection was processed and the finding aid was developed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, in 2008."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBoth his dissertation and book are available in the ODU Library's Special Collections and the General Collections:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSchool Desegregation and Urban Renewal \u003c/emph\u003e(doctoral thesis),\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e \u003c/emph\u003eCall #: LD4331.U54W39\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ePride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959\u003c/emph\u003e, Call #: HT177.N66W45 1992\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Publications"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Both his dissertation and book are available in the ODU Library's Special Collections and the General Collections:","School Desegregation and Urban Renewal (doctoral thesis), Call #: LD4331.U54W39","Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959, Call #: HT177.N66W45 1992"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of 14 audiocassette tapes of oral histories conducted by Forrest R. \"Hap\" White. The interviews were used for his doctoral dissertation and later book: \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ePride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959\u003c/emph\u003e.  Interviewees include politicians, judges, reporters, and business leaders who were involved in the desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools. Audio quality of some of the interviews is extremely poor and not all interviews contain the complete audio of the interview.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of 14 audiocassette tapes of oral histories conducted by Forrest R. \"Hap\" White. The interviews were used for his doctoral dissertation and later book: Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959.  Interviewees include politicians, judges, reporters, and business leaders who were involved in the desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools. Audio quality of some of the interviews is extremely poor and not all interviews contain the complete audio of the interview."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_859f1664613470ef0eb1b97059d99f51\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eFormer Budget Director for the Norfolk Public Schools. Fourteen untranscribed cassette tapes containing interviews White conducted with politicians, journalists, police and other city officials from 1975-1991 as background for his ODU doctoral dissertation, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSchool Desegregation and Urban Renewal \u003c/emph\u003eand the 1992 book\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Former Budget Director for the Norfolk Public Schools. Fourteen untranscribed cassette tapes containing interviews White conducted with politicians, journalists, police and other city officials from 1975-1991 as background for his ODU doctoral dissertation, School Desegregation and Urban Renewal and the 1992 book Pride and Prejudice: School Desegregation and Urban Renewal in Norfolk, 1950-1959."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["White, Forest R. (1947-)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","White, Forest R. (1947-)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":15,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:59.322Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_88"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_109","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Michael J. Stolee Papers, 1964/2009","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_109#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Stolee, Michael J. (1930-2007)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_109#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The collection contains material related to Stolee's work as an expert witness in 68 school desegregation cases in the US including Norfolk. Stolle helped to design Norfolk 1971 school busing plan.The material includes the court proceedings, testimony, newspaper clippings, photographs, invoices and correspondence as well as his narrative of some of the cases.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_109#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_109","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_109","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_109","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_109","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_109.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/109","title_filing_ssi":"Stolee, Michael J.","title_ssm":["Michael J. Stolee Papers"],"title_tesim":["Michael J. Stolee Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1964-2009, undated","Date acquired: 10/09/2008"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1964-2009, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 10/09/2008"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1964/2009"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Michael J. Stolee Papers, 1964/2009"],"text":["Michael J. Stolee Papers, 1964/2009","MG 102","/repositories/5/resources/109","School integration--Law and legislation--United States--Cases","Busing for school integration--United States","School integration--United States","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into four series: Series I: Historical and Biographical Information; Series II: Miami School Desegregation Center; Series III: School Desegregation Cases; and Series IV: Other Media.","Dr. Michael J. Stolee was a Norwegian Lutheran native of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area in Minnesota, born on August 22, 1930. He attended the city's public schools - Jenny Lind Elementary School and Henry Junior-Senior High School. Later, he enrolled at St. Olaf College where he earned his bachelor's degree with teaching majors in history and speech. Stolee first taught history and speech in rural Minnesota public schools before enrolling in graduate study at the University of Minnesota in late 1952. There he completed his master's degree and his doctorate in Educational Administration with an emphasis on school leadership in the legal context. Stolee completed his Ph.D. in 1963. Following his administrative experience in Minnesota schools, Stolee served as a faculty member at the University of Miami, the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, teaching the legal aspects of school administration. At the latter, he served as Dean of the School of Education for nine years. In addition to his regular faculty appointments, Dr. Stolee was a visiting professor at Appalachian State University and was an external examiner for the faculties of education at the University of Guyana and the University of the West Indies. At the University of Miami, he was co-director of an institute on desegregation for school board members and superintendents in Florida and South Georgia. This was the first institute funded under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.","Dr. Stolee's education and personal experience prepared him to address the issues created by the Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954. Stolee cited his experience with black students at the University of Minnesota during graduate school as one of the first that indicated to him the future need for addressing racial cooperation in the education world.","In 1965, Dr. Stolee and a colleague, Dr. Robert Wey, suggested that a consultation center be established at Miami for the purpose of helping to put the law into practice regarding Brown v. Board. The Florida School Desegregation Consulting Center at the University of Miami ran from 1965 until 1981. The center served as an advisory entity to school systems across the nation. While acting as Director of the Center, Dr. Stolee participated in the desegregation proceedings of many school systems across the United States. The city of Norfolk, Virginia is one of over 350 school jurisdictions where Dr. Stolee advised on school desegregation methods and busing plans.","Dr. Stolee had an impact on the Hampton Roads area as an expert witness on the 1971 Norfolk Public Schools busing desegregation plan. Stolee testified on several occasions between May 7, 1969 and April 1971. Dr. Michael J. Stolee passed away in March 29, 2007 at the age of 76.","The collection was processed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, from 2009 to 2010.","Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection (MG 92).","The collection contains material related to Michael J. Stolee's work as a court and school system-appointed advisor in school desegregation cases in 68 school districts in the United States. The most documented case in the collection is the legal battle centering on Benton Harbor, Michigan, and efforts to integrate its school systems. The collection also includes biographical material on Stolee, historical material on school desegregation and material about the establishment and operation of the Florida Desegregation Center at the University of Miami.","Materials in the collection include newspaper clippings, lecture transparencies, court orders and depositions, work schedules, school desegregation plans, Congressional records, term papers, photographs, handwritten notes, brochures, bound notebooks, and speeches, among others.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","The collection contains material related to Stolee's work as an expert witness in 68 school desegregation cases in the US including Norfolk. Stolle helped to design Norfolk 1971 school busing plan.The material includes the court proceedings, testimony, newspaper clippings, photographs, invoices and correspondence as well as his narrative of some of the cases.","ODU Community Collections","University of Miami. School of Education. Florida School Desegregation Center","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Stolee, Michael J. (1930-2007)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Michael J. Stolee Papers, 1964/2009"],"collection_ssim":["Michael J. Stolee Papers, 1964/2009"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 102","/repositories/5/resources/109"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 102","/repositories/5/resources/109"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Stolee, Michael J. (1930-2007)"],"creator_ssim":["Stolee, Michael J. (1930-2007)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Stolee, Michael J. (1930-2007)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","University of Miami. School of Education. Florida School Desegregation Center","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Stolee, Michael J. (1930-2007)","ODU Community Collections","University of Miami. School of Education. Florida School Desegregation Center","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Marilyn Stolee","Gift. Accession #A2008-24"],"access_subjects_ssim":["School integration--Law and legislation--United States--Cases","Busing for school integration--United States","School integration--United States","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century"],"access_subjects_ssm":["School integration--Law and legislation--United States--Cases","Busing for school integration--United States","School integration--United States","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["9.90 Linear Feet","21 Hollinger document cases, 1 half Hollinger document case, 1 oversized box, and 1 multimedia box boxes"],"extent_tesim":["9.90 Linear Feet","21 Hollinger document cases, 1 half Hollinger document case, 1 oversized box, and 1 multimedia box boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into four series: Series I: Historical and Biographical Information; Series II: Miami School Desegregation Center; Series III: School Desegregation Cases; and Series IV: Other Media.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into four series: Series I: Historical and Biographical Information; Series II: Miami School Desegregation Center; Series III: School Desegregation Cases; and Series IV: Other Media."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDr. Michael J. Stolee was a Norwegian Lutheran native of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area in Minnesota, born on August 22, 1930. He attended the city's public schools - Jenny Lind Elementary School and Henry Junior-Senior High School. Later, he enrolled at St. Olaf College where he earned his bachelor's degree with teaching majors in history and speech. Stolee first taught history and speech in rural Minnesota public schools before enrolling in graduate study at the University of Minnesota in late 1952. There he completed his master's degree and his doctorate in Educational Administration with an emphasis on school leadership in the legal context. Stolee completed his Ph.D. in 1963. Following his administrative experience in Minnesota schools, Stolee served as a faculty member at the University of Miami, the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, teaching the legal aspects of school administration. At the latter, he served as Dean of the School of Education for nine years. In addition to his regular faculty appointments, Dr. Stolee was a visiting professor at Appalachian State University and was an external examiner for the faculties of education at the University of Guyana and the University of the West Indies. At the University of Miami, he was co-director of an institute on desegregation for school board members and superintendents in Florida and South Georgia. This was the first institute funded under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Stolee's education and personal experience prepared him to address the issues created by the Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954. Stolee cited his experience with black students at the University of Minnesota during graduate school as one of the first that indicated to him the future need for addressing racial cooperation in the education world. \n    \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, Dr. Stolee and a colleague, Dr. Robert Wey, suggested that a consultation center be established at Miami for the purpose of helping to put the law into practice regarding Brown v. Board. The Florida School Desegregation Consulting Center at the University of Miami ran from 1965 until 1981. The center served as an advisory entity to school systems across the nation. While acting as Director of the Center, Dr. Stolee participated in the desegregation proceedings of many school systems across the United States. The city of Norfolk, Virginia is one of over 350 school jurisdictions where Dr. Stolee advised on school desegregation methods and busing plans.\n    \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Stolee had an impact on the Hampton Roads area as an expert witness on the 1971 Norfolk Public Schools busing desegregation plan. Stolee testified on several occasions between May 7, 1969 and April 1971. Dr. Michael J. Stolee passed away in March 29, 2007 at the age of 76.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Dr. Michael J. Stolee was a Norwegian Lutheran native of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area in Minnesota, born on August 22, 1930. He attended the city's public schools - Jenny Lind Elementary School and Henry Junior-Senior High School. Later, he enrolled at St. Olaf College where he earned his bachelor's degree with teaching majors in history and speech. Stolee first taught history and speech in rural Minnesota public schools before enrolling in graduate study at the University of Minnesota in late 1952. There he completed his master's degree and his doctorate in Educational Administration with an emphasis on school leadership in the legal context. Stolee completed his Ph.D. in 1963. Following his administrative experience in Minnesota schools, Stolee served as a faculty member at the University of Miami, the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, teaching the legal aspects of school administration. At the latter, he served as Dean of the School of Education for nine years. In addition to his regular faculty appointments, Dr. Stolee was a visiting professor at Appalachian State University and was an external examiner for the faculties of education at the University of Guyana and the University of the West Indies. At the University of Miami, he was co-director of an institute on desegregation for school board members and superintendents in Florida and South Georgia. This was the first institute funded under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.","Dr. Stolee's education and personal experience prepared him to address the issues created by the Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954. Stolee cited his experience with black students at the University of Minnesota during graduate school as one of the first that indicated to him the future need for addressing racial cooperation in the education world.","In 1965, Dr. Stolee and a colleague, Dr. Robert Wey, suggested that a consultation center be established at Miami for the purpose of helping to put the law into practice regarding Brown v. Board. The Florida School Desegregation Consulting Center at the University of Miami ran from 1965 until 1981. The center served as an advisory entity to school systems across the nation. While acting as Director of the Center, Dr. Stolee participated in the desegregation proceedings of many school systems across the United States. The city of Norfolk, Virginia is one of over 350 school jurisdictions where Dr. Stolee advised on school desegregation methods and busing plans.","Dr. Stolee had an impact on the Hampton Roads area as an expert witness on the 1971 Norfolk Public Schools busing desegregation plan. Stolee testified on several occasions between May 7, 1969 and April 1971. Dr. Michael J. Stolee passed away in March 29, 2007 at the age of 76."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Michael J. Stolee Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Michael J. Stolee Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was processed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, from 2009 to 2010.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The collection was processed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, from 2009 to 2010."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNorfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection (MG 92).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection (MG 92)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains material related to Michael J. Stolee's work as a court and school system-appointed advisor in school desegregation cases in 68 school districts in the United States. The most documented case in the collection is the legal battle centering on Benton Harbor, Michigan, and efforts to integrate its school systems. The collection also includes biographical material on Stolee, historical material on school desegregation and material about the establishment and operation of the Florida Desegregation Center at the University of Miami.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterials in the collection include newspaper clippings, lecture transparencies, court orders and depositions, work schedules, school desegregation plans, Congressional records, term papers, photographs, handwritten notes, brochures, bound notebooks, and speeches, among others.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains material related to Michael J. Stolee's work as a court and school system-appointed advisor in school desegregation cases in 68 school districts in the United States. The most documented case in the collection is the legal battle centering on Benton Harbor, Michigan, and efforts to integrate its school systems. The collection also includes biographical material on Stolee, historical material on school desegregation and material about the establishment and operation of the Florida Desegregation Center at the University of Miami.","Materials in the collection include newspaper clippings, lecture transparencies, court orders and depositions, work schedules, school desegregation plans, Congressional records, term papers, photographs, handwritten notes, brochures, bound notebooks, and speeches, among others."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_85327b871dc562d8d18a7a9f9f3bce60\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection contains material related to Stolee's work as an expert witness in 68 school desegregation cases in the US including Norfolk. Stolle helped to design Norfolk 1971 school busing plan.The material includes the court proceedings, testimony, newspaper clippings, photographs, invoices and correspondence as well as his narrative of some of the cases.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The collection contains material related to Stolee's work as an expert witness in 68 school desegregation cases in the US including Norfolk. Stolle helped to design Norfolk 1971 school busing plan.The material includes the court proceedings, testimony, newspaper clippings, photographs, invoices and correspondence as well as his narrative of some of the cases."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","University of Miami. School of Education. Florida School Desegregation Center","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["University of Miami. School of Education. Florida School Desegregation Center","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Stolee, Michael J. (1930-2007)"],"persname_ssim":["Stolee, Michael J. (1930-2007)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","University of Miami. School of Education. Florida School Desegregation Center","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Stolee, Michael J. (1930-2007)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":641,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:36.986Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_109","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_109","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_109","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_109","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_109.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/109","title_filing_ssi":"Stolee, Michael J.","title_ssm":["Michael J. Stolee Papers"],"title_tesim":["Michael J. Stolee Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1964-2009, undated","Date acquired: 10/09/2008"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1964-2009, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 10/09/2008"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1964/2009"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Michael J. Stolee Papers, 1964/2009"],"text":["Michael J. Stolee Papers, 1964/2009","MG 102","/repositories/5/resources/109","School integration--Law and legislation--United States--Cases","Busing for school integration--United States","School integration--United States","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into four series: Series I: Historical and Biographical Information; Series II: Miami School Desegregation Center; Series III: School Desegregation Cases; and Series IV: Other Media.","Dr. Michael J. Stolee was a Norwegian Lutheran native of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area in Minnesota, born on August 22, 1930. He attended the city's public schools - Jenny Lind Elementary School and Henry Junior-Senior High School. Later, he enrolled at St. Olaf College where he earned his bachelor's degree with teaching majors in history and speech. Stolee first taught history and speech in rural Minnesota public schools before enrolling in graduate study at the University of Minnesota in late 1952. There he completed his master's degree and his doctorate in Educational Administration with an emphasis on school leadership in the legal context. Stolee completed his Ph.D. in 1963. Following his administrative experience in Minnesota schools, Stolee served as a faculty member at the University of Miami, the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, teaching the legal aspects of school administration. At the latter, he served as Dean of the School of Education for nine years. In addition to his regular faculty appointments, Dr. Stolee was a visiting professor at Appalachian State University and was an external examiner for the faculties of education at the University of Guyana and the University of the West Indies. At the University of Miami, he was co-director of an institute on desegregation for school board members and superintendents in Florida and South Georgia. This was the first institute funded under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.","Dr. Stolee's education and personal experience prepared him to address the issues created by the Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954. Stolee cited his experience with black students at the University of Minnesota during graduate school as one of the first that indicated to him the future need for addressing racial cooperation in the education world.","In 1965, Dr. Stolee and a colleague, Dr. Robert Wey, suggested that a consultation center be established at Miami for the purpose of helping to put the law into practice regarding Brown v. Board. The Florida School Desegregation Consulting Center at the University of Miami ran from 1965 until 1981. The center served as an advisory entity to school systems across the nation. While acting as Director of the Center, Dr. Stolee participated in the desegregation proceedings of many school systems across the United States. The city of Norfolk, Virginia is one of over 350 school jurisdictions where Dr. Stolee advised on school desegregation methods and busing plans.","Dr. Stolee had an impact on the Hampton Roads area as an expert witness on the 1971 Norfolk Public Schools busing desegregation plan. Stolee testified on several occasions between May 7, 1969 and April 1971. Dr. Michael J. Stolee passed away in March 29, 2007 at the age of 76.","The collection was processed by Mel Frizzell, Special Collections Assistant, from 2009 to 2010.","Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection (MG 92).","The collection contains material related to Michael J. Stolee's work as a court and school system-appointed advisor in school desegregation cases in 68 school districts in the United States. The most documented case in the collection is the legal battle centering on Benton Harbor, Michigan, and efforts to integrate its school systems. The collection also includes biographical material on Stolee, historical material on school desegregation and material about the establishment and operation of the Florida Desegregation Center at the University of Miami.","Materials in the collection include newspaper clippings, lecture transparencies, court orders and depositions, work schedules, school desegregation plans, Congressional records, term papers, photographs, handwritten notes, brochures, bound notebooks, and speeches, among others.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","The collection contains material related to Stolee's work as an expert witness in 68 school desegregation cases in the US including Norfolk. 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At the latter, he served as Dean of the School of Education for nine years. In addition to his regular faculty appointments, Dr. Stolee was a visiting professor at Appalachian State University and was an external examiner for the faculties of education at the University of Guyana and the University of the West Indies. At the University of Miami, he was co-director of an institute on desegregation for school board members and superintendents in Florida and South Georgia. This was the first institute funded under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDr. Stolee's education and personal experience prepared him to address the issues created by the Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954. 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Stolee first taught history and speech in rural Minnesota public schools before enrolling in graduate study at the University of Minnesota in late 1952. There he completed his master's degree and his doctorate in Educational Administration with an emphasis on school leadership in the legal context. Stolee completed his Ph.D. in 1963. Following his administrative experience in Minnesota schools, Stolee served as a faculty member at the University of Miami, the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, teaching the legal aspects of school administration. At the latter, he served as Dean of the School of Education for nine years. In addition to his regular faculty appointments, Dr. Stolee was a visiting professor at Appalachian State University and was an external examiner for the faculties of education at the University of Guyana and the University of the West Indies. At the University of Miami, he was co-director of an institute on desegregation for school board members and superintendents in Florida and South Georgia. This was the first institute funded under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.","Dr. Stolee's education and personal experience prepared him to address the issues created by the Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954. Stolee cited his experience with black students at the University of Minnesota during graduate school as one of the first that indicated to him the future need for addressing racial cooperation in the education world.","In 1965, Dr. Stolee and a colleague, Dr. Robert Wey, suggested that a consultation center be established at Miami for the purpose of helping to put the law into practice regarding Brown v. Board. The Florida School Desegregation Consulting Center at the University of Miami ran from 1965 until 1981. The center served as an advisory entity to school systems across the nation. While acting as Director of the Center, Dr. Stolee participated in the desegregation proceedings of many school systems across the United States. The city of Norfolk, Virginia is one of over 350 school jurisdictions where Dr. Stolee advised on school desegregation methods and busing plans.","Dr. Stolee had an impact on the Hampton Roads area as an expert witness on the 1971 Norfolk Public Schools busing desegregation plan. Stolee testified on several occasions between May 7, 1969 and April 1971. Dr. Michael J. Stolee passed away in March 29, 2007 at the age of 76."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Michael J. Stolee Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Michael J. 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The most documented case in the collection is the legal battle centering on Benton Harbor, Michigan, and efforts to integrate its school systems. The collection also includes biographical material on Stolee, historical material on school desegregation and material about the establishment and operation of the Florida Desegregation Center at the University of Miami.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterials in the collection include newspaper clippings, lecture transparencies, court orders and depositions, work schedules, school desegregation plans, Congressional records, term papers, photographs, handwritten notes, brochures, bound notebooks, and speeches, among others.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains material related to Michael J. Stolee's work as a court and school system-appointed advisor in school desegregation cases in 68 school districts in the United States. The most documented case in the collection is the legal battle centering on Benton Harbor, Michigan, and efforts to integrate its school systems. The collection also includes biographical material on Stolee, historical material on school desegregation and material about the establishment and operation of the Florida Desegregation Center at the University of Miami.","Materials in the collection include newspaper clippings, lecture transparencies, court orders and depositions, work schedules, school desegregation plans, Congressional records, term papers, photographs, handwritten notes, brochures, bound notebooks, and speeches, among others."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_85327b871dc562d8d18a7a9f9f3bce60\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection contains material related to Stolee's work as an expert witness in 68 school desegregation cases in the US including Norfolk. Stolle helped to design Norfolk 1971 school busing plan.The material includes the court proceedings, testimony, newspaper clippings, photographs, invoices and correspondence as well as his narrative of some of the cases.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The collection contains material related to Stolee's work as an expert witness in 68 school desegregation cases in the US including Norfolk. Stolle helped to design Norfolk 1971 school busing plan.The material includes the court proceedings, testimony, newspaper clippings, photographs, invoices and correspondence as well as his narrative of some of the cases."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","University of Miami. School of Education. Florida School Desegregation Center","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["University of Miami. School of Education. Florida School Desegregation Center","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Stolee, Michael J. (1930-2007)"],"persname_ssim":["Stolee, Michael J. (1930-2007)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","University of Miami. School of Education. Florida School Desegregation Center","Norfolk School Board (Norfolk, Va.)","Stolee, Michael J. (1930-2007)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":641,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:36.986Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_109"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_187.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/187","title_filing_ssi":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation","title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated","Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1922/2008"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"text":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008","MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.","Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.","From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.","The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.","This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"collection_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"creators_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Norfolk, Virginia, Public Schools","Gift. Accession #A2007-006"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["18.40 Linear Feet","34 Hollinger document cases; 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["18.40 Linear Feet","34 Hollinger document cases; 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNorfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrom 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3Acollection|80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Related Digital Material"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["ODU Digital Collections"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the \u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eOld Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_cc312911e0755655711aff73f46b1cbc\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"names_coll_ssim":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":425,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:42.407Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_187.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/187","title_filing_ssi":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation","title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated","Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1922/2008"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"text":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008","MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.","Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.","From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.","The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.","This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"collection_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"creators_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Norfolk, Virginia, Public Schools","Gift. Accession #A2007-006"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["18.40 Linear Feet","34 Hollinger document cases; 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["18.40 Linear Feet","34 Hollinger document cases; 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNorfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrom 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3Acollection|80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Related Digital Material"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["ODU Digital Collections"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the \u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eOld Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_cc312911e0755655711aff73f46b1cbc\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"names_coll_ssim":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":425,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:42.407Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Old Dominion University","value":"Old Dominion University","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Archie L. Boswell Papers, 1958/1961","value":"Archie L. Boswell Papers, 1958/1961","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Archie+L.+Boswell+Papers%2C+1958%2F1961\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers, 1974/1991","value":"Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers, 1974/1991","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Forrest+R.+%22Hap%22+White+Papers%2C+1974%2F1991\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Michael J. Stolee Papers, 1964/2009","value":"Michael J. Stolee Papers, 1964/2009","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Michael+J.+Stolee+Papers%2C+1964%2F2009\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008","value":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Norfolk+Public+Schools+Desegregation+Collection%2C+1922%2F2008\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/collection_ssim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990"}},{"type":"facet","id":"date_range_isim","attributes":{"label":"Date range","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"1922","value":"1922","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1922"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1923","value":"1923","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1923"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1924","value":"1924","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1924"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1925","value":"1925","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1925"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1926","value":"1926","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1926"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1927","value":"1927","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1927"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1928","value":"1928","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1929","value":"1929","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1929"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1930","value":"1930","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1930"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1931","value":"1931","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1931"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1932","value":"1932","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1932"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/date_range_isim.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990"}},{"type":"facet","id":"creator_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Creator","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Boswell, Archie L.","value":"Boswell, Archie L.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Boswell%2C+Archie+L.\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","value":"Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Public+schools--Virginia--Norfolk\u0026f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Norfolk+Public+Schools+%28Norfolk%2C+Va.%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1990"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Stolee, Michael J. 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