{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026page=17","prev":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026page=16","next":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026page=18","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1906\u0026page=23"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":17,"next_page":18,"prev_page":16,"total_pages":23,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":160,"total_count":221,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1928","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Robb-Bernard Papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1928#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1928#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003ePapers, 1800-1901, of and relating to John Hipkins and John Hipkins Bernard (mostly accounts); of and relating to members of the Hipkins, Bernard and Robb families; and relating to the Hipkins-Bernard-Robb home \"Rose Hill,\" Caroline County, Va. (later renamed \"Gay Mont\") and to Bernard's lands in Alabama, Texas and Arkansas. Includes diaries, correspondence, poems, accounts and account books of women (Elizabeth Hipkins, Jane Gay Robertson Bernard, and Helen Struan Bernard Robb); and legal documents and letters of John Taylor of Caroline. Of special interest are the diaries of Eugenia D. Robb while serving with the American Red Cross in Germany and Japan during and after World War II (1999.56A).\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1928#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1928","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1928","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1928","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1928","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_1928.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Robb-Bernard Papers","title_ssm":["Robb-Bernard Papers"],"title_tesim":["Robb-Bernard Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1665-2001","1850-1950"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1850-1950"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1665-2001"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. 65 R54","/repositories/2/resources/1928"],"text":["01/Mss. 65 R54","/repositories/2/resources/1928","Robb-Bernard Papers","Alabama--History--19th century","Canada--Description and travel","Caroline County (Va.)--History--18th century","Caroline County (Va.)--History--19th century","Chandler Court (Williamsburg, Va.)","Germany--History--Allied occupation, 1945-","Maine--Description and travel","Virginia--Genealogy","Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","American Red Cross--History--World War II period","Battleships--United States--History","Chemical warfare--United States--History--20th century.","College of William and Mary--History--19th century","College of William and Mary--History--20th century","College of William and Mary--Students","Genealogy","Legal documents","Matthew Whaley School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Philippines--History","United States--Women--History","Women--History--Virginia","Women--Virginia--Social life and customs","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Japan","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Account books","Correspondence","Diaries","Financial records","Photographs","Poems","Scrapbooks","Yearbooks","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Original Accession and additions physically and intellectually combined in 2009.","See the Finding Aide/Inventory for a brief description."," Original Accession of 14 boxes grouped by type of material, then chronologically within these groups."," Most of the additions to this collections are not yet processed.","John Hipkins Bernard was the son of William Bernard and Fannie Hipkins Bernard. His grandfather was John Hipkins. Bernard inherited \"Rose Hill,\"Caroline County, Va. from his grandfather and renamed it \"Gay Mont\" in honor of his wife Jane Gay Robertson Bernard, the sister of Governor Wyndham Robertson. Bernard's daughter Helen Struan Bernard Robb bought her siblings' interest in \"Gay Mont.\" Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  .","Other Information:"," A PDF document of this inventory is available online."," Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/65_R54_Robb-Bernard.pdf","Original Accession and additions physically and intellectually combined in 2009."," Most additions to this accession have not been processed nor an inventory created.  Please see the short descriptions under each Series in the Box and Folder listing."," Acc. 2012.112 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in April 2012. Acc. 2013.052 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in March 2013.","Papers, 1800-1901, of and relating to John Hipkins and John Hipkins Bernard (mostly accounts); of and relating to members of the Hipkins, Bernard and Robb families; and relating to the Hipkins-Bernard-Robb home \"Rose Hill,\" Caroline County, Va. (later renamed \"Gay Mont\") and to Bernard's lands in Alabama, Texas and Arkansas. Includes diaries, correspondence, poems, accounts and account books of women (Elizabeth Hipkins, Jane Gay Robertson Bernard, and Helen Struan Bernard Robb); and legal documents and letters of John Taylor of Caroline. Of special interest are the diaries of Eugenia D. Robb while serving with the American Red Cross in Germany and Japan during and after World War II (1999.56A)."," Additions include other material on the Robb, Bernard, Upton and Hipkins families from the 19th century through the 20th century."," Check the Finding Aid/Inventory and the PDF Inventory for descriptions and/or folder lists of original accession and all additions.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)","American Chemical Society","American Red Cross","United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization","Bernard Family","Hipkins family","Robb family","Robb-Bernard family","Upton family","Taylor, John, 1753-1824","Tompkins, Sally Louisa, 1833-1916","English French Dutch;Flemish"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. 65 R54","/repositories/2/resources/1928"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Robb-Bernard Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Robb-Bernard Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Robb-Bernard Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Alabama--History--19th century","Canada--Description and travel","Caroline County (Va.)--History--18th century","Caroline County (Va.)--History--19th century","Chandler Court (Williamsburg, Va.)","Germany--History--Allied occupation, 1945-","Maine--Description and travel","Virginia--Genealogy"],"geogname_ssim":["Alabama--History--19th century","Canada--Description and travel","Caroline County (Va.)--History--18th century","Caroline County (Va.)--History--19th century","Chandler Court (Williamsburg, Va.)","Germany--History--Allied occupation, 1945-","Maine--Description and travel","Virginia--Genealogy"],"creator_ssm":["Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Alabama--History--19th century","Canada--Description and travel","Caroline County (Va.)--History--18th century","Caroline County (Va.)--History--19th century","Chandler Court (Williamsburg, Va.)","Germany--History--Allied occupation, 1945-","Maine--Description and travel","Virginia--Genealogy"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials in this collection were donated to William \u0026 Mary Special Collections Research Center by Miss Fannie B. Robb of Caroline County, Virginia, James S. Patton, Frances Robb, and Eugenia Robb in various batches between 1940 and 2007.   1940-28D, 1947.28, 1947.33  - Gift of Fannie B. Robb 1983.28 - Gift of William Y.C. White, Jr. 1983.35 - Gift of Madge G. Baya. 1975.18, 1976.02, 1979.18, 1985.41, 1986.32, 1987.42, 1996.58 - Gift of James Samuel Patton 1999.34, 1999.43, 1999.56, 2000.47, 2000.61, 2002.33 - Gift of Eugenia V. Robb 1993.65, 2005.34, 2005.49, 2007.93 - Gift of Frances Robb 2008.78 - Gift of Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities 1985.40 - Gift of James S. Patton via Williamsburg Historic Records Association. 2010.353 and 2010.385 are gift of Frances Robb. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","American Red Cross--History--World War II period","Battleships--United States--History","Chemical warfare--United States--History--20th century.","College of William and Mary--History--19th century","College of William and Mary--History--20th century","College of William and Mary--Students","Genealogy","Legal documents","Matthew Whaley School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Philippines--History","United States--Women--History","Women--History--Virginia","Women--Virginia--Social life and customs","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Japan","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Account books","Correspondence","Diaries","Financial records","Photographs","Poems","Scrapbooks","Yearbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","American Red Cross--History--World War II period","Battleships--United States--History","Chemical warfare--United States--History--20th century.","College of William and Mary--History--19th century","College of William and Mary--History--20th century","College of William and Mary--Students","Genealogy","Legal documents","Matthew Whaley School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Philippines--History","United States--Women--History","Women--History--Virginia","Women--Virginia--Social life and customs","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Japan","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Account books","Correspondence","Diaries","Financial records","Photographs","Poems","Scrapbooks","Yearbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["26.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["26.00 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Account books","Correspondence","Diaries","Financial records","Photographs","Poems","Scrapbooks","Yearbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOriginal Accession and additions physically and intellectually combined in 2009.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals:"],"accruals_tesim":["Original Accession and additions physically and intellectually combined in 2009."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the Finding Aide/Inventory for a brief description.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Original Accession of 14 boxes grouped by type of material, then chronologically within these groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Most of the additions to this collections are not yet processed.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["See the Finding Aide/Inventory for a brief description."," Original Accession of 14 boxes grouped by type of material, then chronologically within these groups."," Most of the additions to this collections are not yet processed."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Hipkins Bernard was the son of William Bernard and Fannie Hipkins Bernard. His grandfather was John Hipkins. Bernard inherited \"Rose Hill,\"Caroline County, Va. from his grandfather and renamed it \"Gay Mont\" in honor of his wife Jane Gay Robertson Bernard, the sister of Governor Wyndham Robertson. Bernard's daughter Helen Struan Bernard Robb bought her siblings' interest in \"Gay Mont.\" Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Robb-Bernard_Family\" title=\"Robb-Bernard Family\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Family History:"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Hipkins Bernard was the son of William Bernard and Fannie Hipkins Bernard. His grandfather was John Hipkins. Bernard inherited \"Rose Hill,\"Caroline County, Va. from his grandfather and renamed it \"Gay Mont\" in honor of his wife Jane Gay Robertson Bernard, the sister of Governor Wyndham Robertson. Bernard's daughter Helen Struan Bernard Robb bought her siblings' interest in \"Gay Mont.\" Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  ."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOther Information:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e A PDF document of this inventory is available online.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/65_R54_Robb-Bernard.pdf\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Other Information:"," A PDF document of this inventory is available online."," Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/65_R54_Robb-Bernard.pdf"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRobb-Bernard Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Robb-Bernard Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOriginal Accession and additions physically and intellectually combined in 2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Most additions to this accession have not been processed nor an inventory created.  Please see the short descriptions under each Series in the Box and Folder listing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2012.112 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in April 2012. Acc. 2013.052 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in March 2013.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Original Accession and additions physically and intellectually combined in 2009."," Most additions to this accession have not been processed nor an inventory created.  Please see the short descriptions under each Series in the Box and Folder listing."," Acc. 2012.112 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in April 2012. Acc. 2013.052 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in March 2013."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers, 1800-1901, of and relating to John Hipkins and John Hipkins Bernard (mostly accounts); of and relating to members of the Hipkins, Bernard and Robb families; and relating to the Hipkins-Bernard-Robb home \"Rose Hill,\" Caroline County, Va. (later renamed \"Gay Mont\") and to Bernard's lands in Alabama, Texas and Arkansas. Includes diaries, correspondence, poems, accounts and account books of women (Elizabeth Hipkins, Jane Gay Robertson Bernard, and Helen Struan Bernard Robb); and legal documents and letters of John Taylor of Caroline. Of special interest are the diaries of Eugenia D. Robb while serving with the American Red Cross in Germany and Japan during and after World War II (1999.56A).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Additions include other material on the Robb, Bernard, Upton and Hipkins families from the 19th century through the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Check the Finding Aid/Inventory and the PDF Inventory for descriptions and/or folder lists of original accession and all additions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers, 1800-1901, of and relating to John Hipkins and John Hipkins Bernard (mostly accounts); of and relating to members of the Hipkins, Bernard and Robb families; and relating to the Hipkins-Bernard-Robb home \"Rose Hill,\" Caroline County, Va. (later renamed \"Gay Mont\") and to Bernard's lands in Alabama, Texas and Arkansas. Includes diaries, correspondence, poems, accounts and account books of women (Elizabeth Hipkins, Jane Gay Robertson Bernard, and Helen Struan Bernard Robb); and legal documents and letters of John Taylor of Caroline. Of special interest are the diaries of Eugenia D. Robb while serving with the American Red Cross in Germany and Japan during and after World War II (1999.56A)."," Additions include other material on the Robb, Bernard, Upton and Hipkins families from the 19th century through the 20th century."," Check the Finding Aid/Inventory and the PDF Inventory for descriptions and/or folder lists of original accession and all additions."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_coll_ssim":["American Chemical Society","American Red Cross","United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization","Bernard Family","Hipkins family","Robb family","Robb-Bernard family","Upton family","Taylor, John, 1753-1824","Tompkins, Sally Louisa, 1833-1916"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)","American Chemical Society","American Red Cross","United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization","Bernard Family","Hipkins family","Robb family","Robb-Bernard family","Upton family","Taylor, John, 1753-1824","Tompkins, Sally Louisa, 1833-1916"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)","American Chemical Society","American Red Cross","United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization"],"famname_ssim":["Bernard Family","Hipkins family","Robb family","Robb-Bernard family","Upton family"],"persname_ssim":["Taylor, John, 1753-1824","Tompkins, Sally Louisa, 1833-1916"],"language_ssim":["English French Dutch;Flemish"],"total_component_count_is":288,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:23:11.071Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1928","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1928","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1928","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1928","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_1928.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Robb-Bernard Papers","title_ssm":["Robb-Bernard Papers"],"title_tesim":["Robb-Bernard Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1665-2001","1850-1950"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1850-1950"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1665-2001"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["01/Mss. 65 R54","/repositories/2/resources/1928"],"text":["01/Mss. 65 R54","/repositories/2/resources/1928","Robb-Bernard Papers","Alabama--History--19th century","Canada--Description and travel","Caroline County (Va.)--History--18th century","Caroline County (Va.)--History--19th century","Chandler Court (Williamsburg, Va.)","Germany--History--Allied occupation, 1945-","Maine--Description and travel","Virginia--Genealogy","Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","American Red Cross--History--World War II period","Battleships--United States--History","Chemical warfare--United States--History--20th century.","College of William and Mary--History--19th century","College of William and Mary--History--20th century","College of William and Mary--Students","Genealogy","Legal documents","Matthew Whaley School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Philippines--History","United States--Women--History","Women--History--Virginia","Women--Virginia--Social life and customs","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Japan","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Account books","Correspondence","Diaries","Financial records","Photographs","Poems","Scrapbooks","Yearbooks","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Original Accession and additions physically and intellectually combined in 2009.","See the Finding Aide/Inventory for a brief description."," Original Accession of 14 boxes grouped by type of material, then chronologically within these groups."," Most of the additions to this collections are not yet processed.","John Hipkins Bernard was the son of William Bernard and Fannie Hipkins Bernard. His grandfather was John Hipkins. Bernard inherited \"Rose Hill,\"Caroline County, Va. from his grandfather and renamed it \"Gay Mont\" in honor of his wife Jane Gay Robertson Bernard, the sister of Governor Wyndham Robertson. Bernard's daughter Helen Struan Bernard Robb bought her siblings' interest in \"Gay Mont.\" Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  .","Other Information:"," A PDF document of this inventory is available online."," Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/65_R54_Robb-Bernard.pdf","Original Accession and additions physically and intellectually combined in 2009."," Most additions to this accession have not been processed nor an inventory created.  Please see the short descriptions under each Series in the Box and Folder listing."," Acc. 2012.112 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in April 2012. Acc. 2013.052 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in March 2013.","Papers, 1800-1901, of and relating to John Hipkins and John Hipkins Bernard (mostly accounts); of and relating to members of the Hipkins, Bernard and Robb families; and relating to the Hipkins-Bernard-Robb home \"Rose Hill,\" Caroline County, Va. (later renamed \"Gay Mont\") and to Bernard's lands in Alabama, Texas and Arkansas. Includes diaries, correspondence, poems, accounts and account books of women (Elizabeth Hipkins, Jane Gay Robertson Bernard, and Helen Struan Bernard Robb); and legal documents and letters of John Taylor of Caroline. Of special interest are the diaries of Eugenia D. Robb while serving with the American Red Cross in Germany and Japan during and after World War II (1999.56A)."," Additions include other material on the Robb, Bernard, Upton and Hipkins families from the 19th century through the 20th century."," Check the Finding Aid/Inventory and the PDF Inventory for descriptions and/or folder lists of original accession and all additions.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)","American Chemical Society","American Red Cross","United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization","Bernard Family","Hipkins family","Robb family","Robb-Bernard family","Upton family","Taylor, John, 1753-1824","Tompkins, Sally Louisa, 1833-1916","English French Dutch;Flemish"],"unitid_tesim":["01/Mss. 65 R54","/repositories/2/resources/1928"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Robb-Bernard Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Robb-Bernard Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Robb-Bernard Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Alabama--History--19th century","Canada--Description and travel","Caroline County (Va.)--History--18th century","Caroline County (Va.)--History--19th century","Chandler Court (Williamsburg, Va.)","Germany--History--Allied occupation, 1945-","Maine--Description and travel","Virginia--Genealogy"],"geogname_ssim":["Alabama--History--19th century","Canada--Description and travel","Caroline County (Va.)--History--18th century","Caroline County (Va.)--History--19th century","Chandler Court (Williamsburg, Va.)","Germany--History--Allied occupation, 1945-","Maine--Description and travel","Virginia--Genealogy"],"creator_ssm":["Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Alabama--History--19th century","Canada--Description and travel","Caroline County (Va.)--History--18th century","Caroline County (Va.)--History--19th century","Chandler Court (Williamsburg, Va.)","Germany--History--Allied occupation, 1945-","Maine--Description and travel","Virginia--Genealogy"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The materials in this collection were donated to William \u0026 Mary Special Collections Research Center by Miss Fannie B. Robb of Caroline County, Virginia, James S. Patton, Frances Robb, and Eugenia Robb in various batches between 1940 and 2007.   1940-28D, 1947.28, 1947.33  - Gift of Fannie B. Robb 1983.28 - Gift of William Y.C. White, Jr. 1983.35 - Gift of Madge G. Baya. 1975.18, 1976.02, 1979.18, 1985.41, 1986.32, 1987.42, 1996.58 - Gift of James Samuel Patton 1999.34, 1999.43, 1999.56, 2000.47, 2000.61, 2002.33 - Gift of Eugenia V. Robb 1993.65, 2005.34, 2005.49, 2007.93 - Gift of Frances Robb 2008.78 - Gift of Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities 1985.40 - Gift of James S. Patton via Williamsburg Historic Records Association. 2010.353 and 2010.385 are gift of Frances Robb. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","American Red Cross--History--World War II period","Battleships--United States--History","Chemical warfare--United States--History--20th century.","College of William and Mary--History--19th century","College of William and Mary--History--20th century","College of William and Mary--Students","Genealogy","Legal documents","Matthew Whaley School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Philippines--History","United States--Women--History","Women--History--Virginia","Women--Virginia--Social life and customs","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Japan","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Account books","Correspondence","Diaries","Financial records","Photographs","Poems","Scrapbooks","Yearbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","American Red Cross--History--World War II period","Battleships--United States--History","Chemical warfare--United States--History--20th century.","College of William and Mary--History--19th century","College of William and Mary--History--20th century","College of William and Mary--Students","Genealogy","Legal documents","Matthew Whaley School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Philippines--History","United States--Women--History","Women--History--Virginia","Women--Virginia--Social life and customs","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--European Front","World War, 1939-1945--Japan","World War, 1939-1945--Pacific Area","Account books","Correspondence","Diaries","Financial records","Photographs","Poems","Scrapbooks","Yearbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["26.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["26.00 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Account books","Correspondence","Diaries","Financial records","Photographs","Poems","Scrapbooks","Yearbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOriginal Accession and additions physically and intellectually combined in 2009.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals:"],"accruals_tesim":["Original Accession and additions physically and intellectually combined in 2009."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the Finding Aide/Inventory for a brief description.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Original Accession of 14 boxes grouped by type of material, then chronologically within these groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Most of the additions to this collections are not yet processed.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["See the Finding Aide/Inventory for a brief description."," Original Accession of 14 boxes grouped by type of material, then chronologically within these groups."," Most of the additions to this collections are not yet processed."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Hipkins Bernard was the son of William Bernard and Fannie Hipkins Bernard. His grandfather was John Hipkins. Bernard inherited \"Rose Hill,\"Caroline County, Va. from his grandfather and renamed it \"Gay Mont\" in honor of his wife Jane Gay Robertson Bernard, the sister of Governor Wyndham Robertson. Bernard's daughter Helen Struan Bernard Robb bought her siblings' interest in \"Gay Mont.\" Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Robb-Bernard_Family\" title=\"Robb-Bernard Family\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Family History:"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Hipkins Bernard was the son of William Bernard and Fannie Hipkins Bernard. His grandfather was John Hipkins. Bernard inherited \"Rose Hill,\"Caroline County, Va. from his grandfather and renamed it \"Gay Mont\" in honor of his wife Jane Gay Robertson Bernard, the sister of Governor Wyndham Robertson. Bernard's daughter Helen Struan Bernard Robb bought her siblings' interest in \"Gay Mont.\" Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  ."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOther Information:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e A PDF document of this inventory is available online.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/65_R54_Robb-Bernard.pdf\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Other Information:"," A PDF document of this inventory is available online."," Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/65_R54_Robb-Bernard.pdf"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRobb-Bernard Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Robb-Bernard Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOriginal Accession and additions physically and intellectually combined in 2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Most additions to this accession have not been processed nor an inventory created.  Please see the short descriptions under each Series in the Box and Folder listing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2012.112 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in April 2012. Acc. 2013.052 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in March 2013.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Original Accession and additions physically and intellectually combined in 2009."," Most additions to this accession have not been processed nor an inventory created.  Please see the short descriptions under each Series in the Box and Folder listing."," Acc. 2012.112 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in April 2012. Acc. 2013.052 accessioned and minimally processed by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist, in March 2013."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers, 1800-1901, of and relating to John Hipkins and John Hipkins Bernard (mostly accounts); of and relating to members of the Hipkins, Bernard and Robb families; and relating to the Hipkins-Bernard-Robb home \"Rose Hill,\" Caroline County, Va. (later renamed \"Gay Mont\") and to Bernard's lands in Alabama, Texas and Arkansas. Includes diaries, correspondence, poems, accounts and account books of women (Elizabeth Hipkins, Jane Gay Robertson Bernard, and Helen Struan Bernard Robb); and legal documents and letters of John Taylor of Caroline. Of special interest are the diaries of Eugenia D. Robb while serving with the American Red Cross in Germany and Japan during and after World War II (1999.56A).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Additions include other material on the Robb, Bernard, Upton and Hipkins families from the 19th century through the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Check the Finding Aid/Inventory and the PDF Inventory for descriptions and/or folder lists of original accession and all additions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers, 1800-1901, of and relating to John Hipkins and John Hipkins Bernard (mostly accounts); of and relating to members of the Hipkins, Bernard and Robb families; and relating to the Hipkins-Bernard-Robb home \"Rose Hill,\" Caroline County, Va. (later renamed \"Gay Mont\") and to Bernard's lands in Alabama, Texas and Arkansas. Includes diaries, correspondence, poems, accounts and account books of women (Elizabeth Hipkins, Jane Gay Robertson Bernard, and Helen Struan Bernard Robb); and legal documents and letters of John Taylor of Caroline. Of special interest are the diaries of Eugenia D. Robb while serving with the American Red Cross in Germany and Japan during and after World War II (1999.56A)."," Additions include other material on the Robb, Bernard, Upton and Hipkins families from the 19th century through the 20th century."," Check the Finding Aid/Inventory and the PDF Inventory for descriptions and/or folder lists of original accession and all additions."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_coll_ssim":["American Chemical Society","American Red Cross","United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization","Bernard Family","Hipkins family","Robb family","Robb-Bernard family","Upton family","Taylor, John, 1753-1824","Tompkins, Sally Louisa, 1833-1916"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)","American Chemical Society","American Red Cross","United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization","Bernard Family","Hipkins family","Robb family","Robb-Bernard family","Upton family","Taylor, John, 1753-1824","Tompkins, Sally Louisa, 1833-1916"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Williamsburg Historic Records Association (Williamsburg, Va.)","American Chemical Society","American Red Cross","United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization"],"famname_ssim":["Bernard Family","Hipkins family","Robb family","Robb-Bernard family","Upton family"],"persname_ssim":["Taylor, John, 1753-1824","Tompkins, Sally Louisa, 1833-1916"],"language_ssim":["English French Dutch;Flemish"],"total_component_count_is":288,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:23:11.071Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1928"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_521","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Robert and Wilva Breen papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_521#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Breen, Robert","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_521#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Robert and Wilva Breen papers consists of correspondence, memoranda, newsclippings, photographs, notebooks, and audiovisual materials largely related to the creation and running of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA), as well as Robert and Wilva Breen's long-term involvement with the organization. The bulk of the collection originates from 1933 - 2000s, with an outlier date of 1834 from an antique newspaper.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_521#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_521","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_521","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_521","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_521","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_521.xml","title_ssm":["Robert and Wilva Breen papers"],"title_tesim":["Robert and Wilva Breen papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1834, 1933-2000s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1834, 1933-2000s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0004","/repositories/2/resources/521"],"text":["C0004","/repositories/2/resources/521","Robert and Wilva Breen papers","Helsingør (Denmark)","Broadway (New York, N.Y.)","Ballet","Theater and society","Theater -- Europe -- History -- 20th century","Theater -- New York (State) -- New York","Theater -- United States -- History -- 20th century","Theater -- United States","World War, 1939-1945 -- Theater and the war","Theater programs","Experimental theater -- United States","Theater -- Europe","Theater -- Production and direction","Performing arts","Theater","Theatrical posters","Photographs","Box 35, Folder 12; Box 36, Folder 1; and Box 70, Folder 18 are restricted due to their physical fragility.","Box 89, Folder 8 and 9 are restricted due to personally identifiable information.","There are no other access restrictions.","Selections from the Robert and Wilva Breen papers are also available digitally on ","In 2009 and 2022 many of the audiotape reels found in this collection were converted to digital format and are available for use in the Special Collections Research Center's Reading Room.","The collection was originally arranged by subject and then topic. Additional accessions were added and arranged in the order they arrived in Special Collections Research Center.","Strom, Stephanie. \"Robert Breen, 80, Arts Executive And Theatrical Producer, Is Dead.\" Nytimes.com.   (accessed December 12, 2018).","Oliver, Myrna. \"Robert Breen; Initiated Cultural Exchanges.\" Articles.latimes.com.   (accessed December 12, 2018).","Riedel, Michael. \"This theater's chaotic history includes a Titanic survivor, the 'Tonight' show and porn.\" Nypost.com.   (accessed December 12, 2018).","ANTA West records (Collection 1965). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA.   (accessed December 12, 2018).","Robert Breen, born December 26, 1909 in Hibbing, Minnesota, served as the Executive Secretary of the American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA) from 1946-1952, and was instrumental in much of the organization's success, both domestically and internationally. In addition to serving in the U.S. Army Air Corps, Breen had an extensive background in theater. Prior to joining ANTA, Breen founded a theater program at the College of St. Thomas in Saint Paul, Minnesota, as well as established the Chicago unit for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Theatre Project with his wife, Wilva Davis Breen. Wilva herself was instrumental in promoting and guiding ANTA's many and varied operations, and getting the organization off the ground. The Breens' apartment home - situated above the Hudson Theatre in New York City, NY - served as ANTA's early headquarters. Davis Breen served as Breen's constant support and collaborator until he passed away on March 31, 1990."," The American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA) was the United States' first national theater and dance organization, in the tradition of European national theaters. Originating in 1935 with a charter from the U.S. Congress, ANTA continued until 1966 when the National Endowment for the Arts came into being. ANTA was responsible for both the presentation of American theater in the U.S. and abroad."," Although officially formed in 1935, ANTA did not begin actual operation until 1946 due to a variety of factors, including the Great Depression and World War II. During the depression, federal funding was funnelled towards the Works Progress Administration's Federal Theatre Project, another national performing arts program. In addition to these setbacks, the ANTA board, comprised of prominent citizens and business leaders from outside the theater community, could not agree on the goals of ANTA. Eventually, Robert Breen and Robert Porterfield, two men with Army and theater backgrounds, took the reins of ANTA and initiated its revitalization. Porterfield and Breen developed ANTA's \"Foundation Plan,\" with the intention of having ANTA become the foundation for and driving force behind the stimulation of growth of American theater. The plan, successfully undertaken by Breen, Porterfield, and Breen's wife Wilva Davis Breen, called for a National Foundation to make loans and grants, insure theater projects against loss, as well as a National Service Bureau to provide technical assistance for acting companies, as well as a national clearing house for theater information. The plan was adopted by the ANTA Board in 1946."," Under the guidance of Breen, ANTA produced several projects in the U.S. with successful results during the postwar years. From 1946 - 1948, ANTA sponsored a series of plays called the Experimental Theatre. Its goal was to \"present new, interesting plays which would not see production on Broadway due to present high costs.\" Admittedly, the plays were \"not necessarily perfect\" but \"worthy of a trial production in a simplified fashion\" according to an ANTA letter offering subscription to the series, which included high profile playwrights and actors. During the late 1940s and early 1950s ANTA sponsored a number of drama festivals across the U.S., featuring well-known actors. ANTA also featured a televised production of short plays for NBC television. With the intention of promoting theater growth in the U.S. and showcasing new talent, ANTA produced, supported, and promoted theater projects all across the United States."," Internationally, ANTA promoted artistic exchange between the U.S. and Europe, and entertained American troops there. This was initiated with a 1949 tour of William Shakespeare's \"Hamlet\" throughout Europe, produced by and starring Breen in the titular role. This tour famously culminated in a performance at Elsinore Castle in Denmark - the actual setting of the play. Perhaps ANTA's, as well as Breen's, greatest success came with the international tour of George Gershwin's \"Porgy and Bess\" (produced with Blevins Davis), which toured from 1952-1956, visiting 89 cities and 29 countries. The opera's performance in the Soviet Union was considered the first cultural exchange post-World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. ANTA also sponsored the American National Ballet Theatre's tour of Europe in 1950, performing in eighteen cities and eight countries. The tour lasted from August to December of 1950 and played to an audience of over 150,000, and was the first international tour of any American ballet company."," ANTA also produced a number of Broadway plays and musicals out of the formerly named Guild Hall Theatre, renamed the ANTA Theatre in the 1960s and 1970s. ANTA West, which grew out of the Greater Los Angeles Chapter of ANTA in 1957, promoted and facilitated the growth of theater in the Southern California region.","Part of the Robert and Wilva Breen papers was donated to The Ohio State University.","The Special Collections Research Center does not have the equipment necessary to play  obsolete audiovisual material found in the found in the Robert and Wilva Breen papers. Additional time and money may be required to digitize this material for access.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center Staff. EAD markup completed in February 2009 by Jordan Patty. Reprocessed by Amanda Brent from 2017-2018. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in December 2018.","Special Collections Research Center also holds the  , the  , the  , and many other "," The Ohio State University Libraries' Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee Theatre Research Institute holds the "," The UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library holds the ","The Robert and Wilva Breen papers consists of correspondence, memoranda, newsclippings, photographs, notebooks, and audiovisual materials largely related to the creation and running of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA), as well as Robert and Wilva Breen's long-term involvement with the organization from 1944 through the 1950s. The collection also contains many photographs of theaters and theatrical performances from across the United States, including from Broadway and Off-Broadway theaters and shows, as well as numerous colleges, universities, high schools, and local children's theaters. The bulk of the collection originates from the 1940s - 2000s, with an outlier date of 1834 from an antique newspaper.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","The Robert and Wilva Breen papers consists of correspondence, memoranda, newsclippings, photographs, notebooks, and audiovisual materials largely related to the creation and running of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA), as well as Robert and Wilva Breen's long-term involvement with the organization. The bulk of the collection originates from 1933 - 2000s, with an outlier date of 1834 from an antique newspaper.","R2, C9, S3- C11, S7\nR3 C1 S1 - C2, S5\nOSR3, C4, S4\nMap Case 8.1-8.2, 9.1","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American National Ballet Theater","American National Theatre and Academy","ANTA (Organization)","ANTA West (Organization)","Breen, Robert","Breen, Wilva","Porterfield, Robert, 1905-1971","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0004","/repositories/2/resources/521"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Robert and Wilva Breen papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Robert and Wilva Breen papers"],"collection_ssim":["Robert and Wilva Breen papers"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["Helsingør (Denmark)","Broadway (New York, N.Y.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Helsingør (Denmark)","Broadway (New York, N.Y.)"],"creator_ssm":["Breen, Robert","Breen, Wilva"],"creator_ssim":["Breen, Robert","Breen, Wilva"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Breen, Robert","Breen, Wilva"],"creators_ssim":["Breen, Robert","Breen, Wilva"],"places_ssim":["Helsingør (Denmark)","Broadway (New York, N.Y.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was donated by the trustees of the Robert and Wilva Breen papers in 1988, and Wilva Breen and The Ohio State University in 1989. There were multiple accessions of materials throughout the 1990s. Additional materials were donated by Diana Lawrence and Mike Timoney in 2011."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Ballet","Theater and society","Theater -- Europe -- History -- 20th century","Theater -- New York (State) -- New York","Theater -- United States -- History -- 20th century","Theater -- United States","World War, 1939-1945 -- Theater and the war","Theater programs","Experimental theater -- United States","Theater -- Europe","Theater -- Production and direction","Performing arts","Theater","Theatrical posters","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Ballet","Theater and society","Theater -- Europe -- History -- 20th century","Theater -- New York (State) -- New York","Theater -- United States -- History -- 20th century","Theater -- United States","World War, 1939-1945 -- Theater and the war","Theater programs","Experimental theater -- United States","Theater -- Europe","Theater -- Production and direction","Performing arts","Theater","Theatrical posters","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["80.5 Linear Feet 207 boxes, 1 map case"],"extent_tesim":["80.5 Linear Feet 207 boxes, 1 map case"],"genreform_ssim":["Theatrical posters","Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBox 35, Folder 12; Box 36, Folder 1; and Box 70, Folder 18 are restricted due to their physical fragility.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBox 89, Folder 8 and 9 are restricted due to personally identifiable information.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are no other access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Box 35, Folder 12; Box 36, Folder 1; and Box 70, Folder 18 are restricted due to their physical fragility.","Box 89, Folder 8 and 9 are restricted due to personally identifiable information.","There are no other access restrictions."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSelections from the Robert and Wilva Breen papers are also available digitally on \u003cextptr href=\"http://mars.gmu.edu/handle/1920/4609\" title=\"Mason Archival Respository Service (MARS).\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 2009 and 2022 many of the audiotape reels found in this collection were converted to digital format and are available for use in the Special Collections Research Center's Reading Room.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternative Form Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["Selections from the Robert and Wilva Breen papers are also available digitally on ","In 2009 and 2022 many of the audiotape reels found in this collection were converted to digital format and are available for use in the Special Collections Research Center's Reading Room."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was originally arranged by subject and then topic. Additional accessions were added and arranged in the order they arrived in Special Collections Research Center.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection was originally arranged by subject and then topic. Additional accessions were added and arranged in the order they arrived in Special Collections Research Center."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStrom, Stephanie. \"Robert Breen, 80, Arts Executive And Theatrical Producer, Is Dead.\" Nytimes.com. \u003cbibref\u003e\u003cextptr href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/02/obituaries/robert-breen-80-arts-executive-and-theatrical-producer-is-dead.html\" title=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/02/obituaries/robert-breen-80-arts-executive-and-theatrical-producer-is-dead.html\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e (accessed December 12, 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOliver, Myrna. \"Robert Breen; Initiated Cultural Exchanges.\" Articles.latimes.com. \u003cbibref\u003e\u003cextptr href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-04-05/news/mn-617_1_robert-breen\" title=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-04-05/news/mn-617_1_robert-breen\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e (accessed December 12, 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRiedel, Michael. \"This theater's chaotic history includes a Titanic survivor, the 'Tonight' show and porn.\" Nypost.com. \u003cbibref\u003e\u003cextptr href=\"https://nypost.com/2017/03/28/this-theaters-chaotic-history-includes-a-titanic-survivor-the-tonight-show-and-porn/\" title=\"https://nypost.com/2017/03/28/this-theaters-chaotic-history-includes-a-titanic-survivor-the-tonight-show-and-porn/\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e (accessed December 12, 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eANTA West records (Collection 1965). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA. \u003cbibref\u003e\u003cextptr href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8fn1762/\" title=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8fn1762/\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e (accessed December 12, 2018).\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Strom, Stephanie. \"Robert Breen, 80, Arts Executive And Theatrical Producer, Is Dead.\" Nytimes.com.   (accessed December 12, 2018).","Oliver, Myrna. \"Robert Breen; Initiated Cultural Exchanges.\" Articles.latimes.com.   (accessed December 12, 2018).","Riedel, Michael. \"This theater's chaotic history includes a Titanic survivor, the 'Tonight' show and porn.\" Nypost.com.   (accessed December 12, 2018).","ANTA West records (Collection 1965). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA.   (accessed December 12, 2018)."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRobert Breen, born December 26, 1909 in Hibbing, Minnesota, served as the Executive Secretary of the American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA) from 1946-1952, and was instrumental in much of the organization's success, both domestically and internationally. In addition to serving in the U.S. Army Air Corps, Breen had an extensive background in theater. Prior to joining ANTA, Breen founded a theater program at the College of St. Thomas in Saint Paul, Minnesota, as well as established the Chicago unit for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Theatre Project with his wife, Wilva Davis Breen. Wilva herself was instrumental in promoting and guiding ANTA's many and varied operations, and getting the organization off the ground. The Breens' apartment home - situated above the Hudson Theatre in New York City, NY - served as ANTA's early headquarters. Davis Breen served as Breen's constant support and collaborator until he passed away on March 31, 1990.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA) was the United States' first national theater and dance organization, in the tradition of European national theaters. Originating in 1935 with a charter from the U.S. Congress, ANTA continued until 1966 when the National Endowment for the Arts came into being. ANTA was responsible for both the presentation of American theater in the U.S. and abroad.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Although officially formed in 1935, ANTA did not begin actual operation until 1946 due to a variety of factors, including the Great Depression and World War II. During the depression, federal funding was funnelled towards the Works Progress Administration's Federal Theatre Project, another national performing arts program. In addition to these setbacks, the ANTA board, comprised of prominent citizens and business leaders from outside the theater community, could not agree on the goals of ANTA. Eventually, Robert Breen and Robert Porterfield, two men with Army and theater backgrounds, took the reins of ANTA and initiated its revitalization. Porterfield and Breen developed ANTA's \"Foundation Plan,\" with the intention of having ANTA become the foundation for and driving force behind the stimulation of growth of American theater. The plan, successfully undertaken by Breen, Porterfield, and Breen's wife Wilva Davis Breen, called for a National Foundation to make loans and grants, insure theater projects against loss, as well as a National Service Bureau to provide technical assistance for acting companies, as well as a national clearing house for theater information. The plan was adopted by the ANTA Board in 1946.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Under the guidance of Breen, ANTA produced several projects in the U.S. with successful results during the postwar years. From 1946 - 1948, ANTA sponsored a series of plays called the Experimental Theatre. Its goal was to \"present new, interesting plays which would not see production on Broadway due to present high costs.\" Admittedly, the plays were \"not necessarily perfect\" but \"worthy of a trial production in a simplified fashion\" according to an ANTA letter offering subscription to the series, which included high profile playwrights and actors. During the late 1940s and early 1950s ANTA sponsored a number of drama festivals across the U.S., featuring well-known actors. ANTA also featured a televised production of short plays for NBC television. With the intention of promoting theater growth in the U.S. and showcasing new talent, ANTA produced, supported, and promoted theater projects all across the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Internationally, ANTA promoted artistic exchange between the U.S. and Europe, and entertained American troops there. This was initiated with a 1949 tour of William Shakespeare's \"Hamlet\" throughout Europe, produced by and starring Breen in the titular role. This tour famously culminated in a performance at Elsinore Castle in Denmark - the actual setting of the play. Perhaps ANTA's, as well as Breen's, greatest success came with the international tour of George Gershwin's \"Porgy and Bess\" (produced with Blevins Davis), which toured from 1952-1956, visiting 89 cities and 29 countries. The opera's performance in the Soviet Union was considered the first cultural exchange post-World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. ANTA also sponsored the American National Ballet Theatre's tour of Europe in 1950, performing in eighteen cities and eight countries. The tour lasted from August to December of 1950 and played to an audience of over 150,000, and was the first international tour of any American ballet company.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e ANTA also produced a number of Broadway plays and musicals out of the formerly named Guild Hall Theatre, renamed the ANTA Theatre in the 1960s and 1970s. ANTA West, which grew out of the Greater Los Angeles Chapter of ANTA in 1957, promoted and facilitated the growth of theater in the Southern California region.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical and Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Robert Breen, born December 26, 1909 in Hibbing, Minnesota, served as the Executive Secretary of the American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA) from 1946-1952, and was instrumental in much of the organization's success, both domestically and internationally. In addition to serving in the U.S. Army Air Corps, Breen had an extensive background in theater. Prior to joining ANTA, Breen founded a theater program at the College of St. Thomas in Saint Paul, Minnesota, as well as established the Chicago unit for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Theatre Project with his wife, Wilva Davis Breen. Wilva herself was instrumental in promoting and guiding ANTA's many and varied operations, and getting the organization off the ground. The Breens' apartment home - situated above the Hudson Theatre in New York City, NY - served as ANTA's early headquarters. Davis Breen served as Breen's constant support and collaborator until he passed away on March 31, 1990."," The American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA) was the United States' first national theater and dance organization, in the tradition of European national theaters. Originating in 1935 with a charter from the U.S. Congress, ANTA continued until 1966 when the National Endowment for the Arts came into being. ANTA was responsible for both the presentation of American theater in the U.S. and abroad."," Although officially formed in 1935, ANTA did not begin actual operation until 1946 due to a variety of factors, including the Great Depression and World War II. During the depression, federal funding was funnelled towards the Works Progress Administration's Federal Theatre Project, another national performing arts program. In addition to these setbacks, the ANTA board, comprised of prominent citizens and business leaders from outside the theater community, could not agree on the goals of ANTA. Eventually, Robert Breen and Robert Porterfield, two men with Army and theater backgrounds, took the reins of ANTA and initiated its revitalization. Porterfield and Breen developed ANTA's \"Foundation Plan,\" with the intention of having ANTA become the foundation for and driving force behind the stimulation of growth of American theater. The plan, successfully undertaken by Breen, Porterfield, and Breen's wife Wilva Davis Breen, called for a National Foundation to make loans and grants, insure theater projects against loss, as well as a National Service Bureau to provide technical assistance for acting companies, as well as a national clearing house for theater information. The plan was adopted by the ANTA Board in 1946."," Under the guidance of Breen, ANTA produced several projects in the U.S. with successful results during the postwar years. From 1946 - 1948, ANTA sponsored a series of plays called the Experimental Theatre. Its goal was to \"present new, interesting plays which would not see production on Broadway due to present high costs.\" Admittedly, the plays were \"not necessarily perfect\" but \"worthy of a trial production in a simplified fashion\" according to an ANTA letter offering subscription to the series, which included high profile playwrights and actors. During the late 1940s and early 1950s ANTA sponsored a number of drama festivals across the U.S., featuring well-known actors. ANTA also featured a televised production of short plays for NBC television. With the intention of promoting theater growth in the U.S. and showcasing new talent, ANTA produced, supported, and promoted theater projects all across the United States."," Internationally, ANTA promoted artistic exchange between the U.S. and Europe, and entertained American troops there. This was initiated with a 1949 tour of William Shakespeare's \"Hamlet\" throughout Europe, produced by and starring Breen in the titular role. This tour famously culminated in a performance at Elsinore Castle in Denmark - the actual setting of the play. Perhaps ANTA's, as well as Breen's, greatest success came with the international tour of George Gershwin's \"Porgy and Bess\" (produced with Blevins Davis), which toured from 1952-1956, visiting 89 cities and 29 countries. The opera's performance in the Soviet Union was considered the first cultural exchange post-World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. ANTA also sponsored the American National Ballet Theatre's tour of Europe in 1950, performing in eighteen cities and eight countries. The tour lasted from August to December of 1950 and played to an audience of over 150,000, and was the first international tour of any American ballet company."," ANTA also produced a number of Broadway plays and musicals out of the formerly named Guild Hall Theatre, renamed the ANTA Theatre in the 1960s and 1970s. ANTA West, which grew out of the Greater Los Angeles Chapter of ANTA in 1957, promoted and facilitated the growth of theater in the Southern California region."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePart of the Robert and Wilva Breen papers was donated to The Ohio State University.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Part of the Robert and Wilva Breen papers was donated to The Ohio State University."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center does not have the equipment necessary to play  obsolete audiovisual material found in the found in the Robert and Wilva Breen papers. Additional time and money may be required to digitize this material for access.\u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center does not have the equipment necessary to play  obsolete audiovisual material found in the found in the Robert and Wilva Breen papers. Additional time and money may be required to digitize this material for access."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRobert and Wilva Breen papers, C0004, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Robert and Wilva Breen papers, C0004, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections Research Center Staff. EAD markup completed in February 2009 by Jordan Patty. Reprocessed by Amanda Brent from 2017-2018. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in December 2018.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections Research Center Staff. EAD markup completed in February 2009 by Jordan Patty. Reprocessed by Amanda Brent from 2017-2018. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in December 2018."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center also holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0145\" title=\"Porgy and Bess poster collection\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, the \u003cextptr href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0002\" title=\"Federal Theatre Project collection\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, the \u003cextptr href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0043\" title=\"Robert C. Schnitzer papers\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, and many other \u003cextptr href=\"https://scrc.gmu.edu/collections-subject.php#THEATRE\" title=\"performing arts collections.\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The Ohio State University Libraries' Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee Theatre Research Institute holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://library.osu.edu/collections/spec.tri.rb\" title=\"Robert Breen and Wilva papers.\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8fn1762/\" title=\"ANTA West records.\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Special Collections Research Center also holds the  , the  , the  , and many other "," The Ohio State University Libraries' Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee Theatre Research Institute holds the "," The UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library holds the "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Robert and Wilva Breen papers consists of correspondence, memoranda, newsclippings, photographs, notebooks, and audiovisual materials largely related to the creation and running of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA), as well as Robert and Wilva Breen's long-term involvement with the organization from 1944 through the 1950s. The collection also contains many photographs of theaters and theatrical performances from across the United States, including from Broadway and Off-Broadway theaters and shows, as well as numerous colleges, universities, high schools, and local children's theaters. The bulk of the collection originates from the 1940s - 2000s, with an outlier date of 1834 from an antique newspaper.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Robert and Wilva Breen papers consists of correspondence, memoranda, newsclippings, photographs, notebooks, and audiovisual materials largely related to the creation and running of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA), as well as Robert and Wilva Breen's long-term involvement with the organization from 1944 through the 1950s. The collection also contains many photographs of theaters and theatrical performances from across the United States, including from Broadway and Off-Broadway theaters and shows, as well as numerous colleges, universities, high schools, and local children's theaters. The bulk of the collection originates from the 1940s - 2000s, with an outlier date of 1834 from an antique newspaper."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ref348\"\u003eThe Robert and Wilva Breen papers consists of correspondence, memoranda, newsclippings, photographs, notebooks, and audiovisual materials largely related to the creation and running of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA), as well as Robert and Wilva Breen's long-term involvement with the organization. The bulk of the collection originates from 1933 - 2000s, with an outlier date of 1834 from an antique newspaper.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Robert and Wilva Breen papers consists of correspondence, memoranda, newsclippings, photographs, notebooks, and audiovisual materials largely related to the creation and running of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA), as well as Robert and Wilva Breen's long-term involvement with the organization. The bulk of the collection originates from 1933 - 2000s, with an outlier date of 1834 from an antique newspaper."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_ddb931edc4f44bf997d326b2923a7505\"\u003eR2, C9, S3- C11, S7\nR3 C1 S1 - C2, S5\nOSR3, C4, S4\nMap Case 8.1-8.2, 9.1\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R2, C9, S3- C11, S7\nR3 C1 S1 - C2, S5\nOSR3, C4, S4\nMap Case 8.1-8.2, 9.1"],"names_coll_ssim":["American National Ballet Theater","American National Theatre and Academy","ANTA (Organization)","ANTA West (Organization)","Porterfield, Robert, 1905-1971"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American National Ballet Theater","American National Theatre and Academy","ANTA (Organization)","ANTA West (Organization)","Breen, Robert","Breen, Wilva","Porterfield, Robert, 1905-1971"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American National Ballet Theater","American National Theatre and Academy","ANTA (Organization)","ANTA West (Organization)"],"persname_ssim":["Breen, Robert","Breen, Wilva","Porterfield, Robert, 1905-1971"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3014,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-08T07:16:03.204Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_521","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_521","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_521","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_521","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_521.xml","title_ssm":["Robert and Wilva Breen papers"],"title_tesim":["Robert and Wilva Breen papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1834, 1933-2000s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1834, 1933-2000s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0004","/repositories/2/resources/521"],"text":["C0004","/repositories/2/resources/521","Robert and Wilva Breen papers","Helsingør (Denmark)","Broadway (New York, N.Y.)","Ballet","Theater and society","Theater -- Europe -- History -- 20th century","Theater -- New York (State) -- New York","Theater -- United States -- History -- 20th century","Theater -- United States","World War, 1939-1945 -- Theater and the war","Theater programs","Experimental theater -- United States","Theater -- Europe","Theater -- Production and direction","Performing arts","Theater","Theatrical posters","Photographs","Box 35, Folder 12; Box 36, Folder 1; and Box 70, Folder 18 are restricted due to their physical fragility.","Box 89, Folder 8 and 9 are restricted due to personally identifiable information.","There are no other access restrictions.","Selections from the Robert and Wilva Breen papers are also available digitally on ","In 2009 and 2022 many of the audiotape reels found in this collection were converted to digital format and are available for use in the Special Collections Research Center's Reading Room.","The collection was originally arranged by subject and then topic. Additional accessions were added and arranged in the order they arrived in Special Collections Research Center.","Strom, Stephanie. \"Robert Breen, 80, Arts Executive And Theatrical Producer, Is Dead.\" Nytimes.com.   (accessed December 12, 2018).","Oliver, Myrna. \"Robert Breen; Initiated Cultural Exchanges.\" Articles.latimes.com.   (accessed December 12, 2018).","Riedel, Michael. \"This theater's chaotic history includes a Titanic survivor, the 'Tonight' show and porn.\" Nypost.com.   (accessed December 12, 2018).","ANTA West records (Collection 1965). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA.   (accessed December 12, 2018).","Robert Breen, born December 26, 1909 in Hibbing, Minnesota, served as the Executive Secretary of the American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA) from 1946-1952, and was instrumental in much of the organization's success, both domestically and internationally. In addition to serving in the U.S. Army Air Corps, Breen had an extensive background in theater. Prior to joining ANTA, Breen founded a theater program at the College of St. Thomas in Saint Paul, Minnesota, as well as established the Chicago unit for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Theatre Project with his wife, Wilva Davis Breen. Wilva herself was instrumental in promoting and guiding ANTA's many and varied operations, and getting the organization off the ground. The Breens' apartment home - situated above the Hudson Theatre in New York City, NY - served as ANTA's early headquarters. Davis Breen served as Breen's constant support and collaborator until he passed away on March 31, 1990."," The American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA) was the United States' first national theater and dance organization, in the tradition of European national theaters. Originating in 1935 with a charter from the U.S. Congress, ANTA continued until 1966 when the National Endowment for the Arts came into being. ANTA was responsible for both the presentation of American theater in the U.S. and abroad."," Although officially formed in 1935, ANTA did not begin actual operation until 1946 due to a variety of factors, including the Great Depression and World War II. During the depression, federal funding was funnelled towards the Works Progress Administration's Federal Theatre Project, another national performing arts program. In addition to these setbacks, the ANTA board, comprised of prominent citizens and business leaders from outside the theater community, could not agree on the goals of ANTA. Eventually, Robert Breen and Robert Porterfield, two men with Army and theater backgrounds, took the reins of ANTA and initiated its revitalization. Porterfield and Breen developed ANTA's \"Foundation Plan,\" with the intention of having ANTA become the foundation for and driving force behind the stimulation of growth of American theater. The plan, successfully undertaken by Breen, Porterfield, and Breen's wife Wilva Davis Breen, called for a National Foundation to make loans and grants, insure theater projects against loss, as well as a National Service Bureau to provide technical assistance for acting companies, as well as a national clearing house for theater information. The plan was adopted by the ANTA Board in 1946."," Under the guidance of Breen, ANTA produced several projects in the U.S. with successful results during the postwar years. From 1946 - 1948, ANTA sponsored a series of plays called the Experimental Theatre. Its goal was to \"present new, interesting plays which would not see production on Broadway due to present high costs.\" Admittedly, the plays were \"not necessarily perfect\" but \"worthy of a trial production in a simplified fashion\" according to an ANTA letter offering subscription to the series, which included high profile playwrights and actors. During the late 1940s and early 1950s ANTA sponsored a number of drama festivals across the U.S., featuring well-known actors. ANTA also featured a televised production of short plays for NBC television. With the intention of promoting theater growth in the U.S. and showcasing new talent, ANTA produced, supported, and promoted theater projects all across the United States."," Internationally, ANTA promoted artistic exchange between the U.S. and Europe, and entertained American troops there. This was initiated with a 1949 tour of William Shakespeare's \"Hamlet\" throughout Europe, produced by and starring Breen in the titular role. This tour famously culminated in a performance at Elsinore Castle in Denmark - the actual setting of the play. Perhaps ANTA's, as well as Breen's, greatest success came with the international tour of George Gershwin's \"Porgy and Bess\" (produced with Blevins Davis), which toured from 1952-1956, visiting 89 cities and 29 countries. The opera's performance in the Soviet Union was considered the first cultural exchange post-World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. ANTA also sponsored the American National Ballet Theatre's tour of Europe in 1950, performing in eighteen cities and eight countries. The tour lasted from August to December of 1950 and played to an audience of over 150,000, and was the first international tour of any American ballet company."," ANTA also produced a number of Broadway plays and musicals out of the formerly named Guild Hall Theatre, renamed the ANTA Theatre in the 1960s and 1970s. ANTA West, which grew out of the Greater Los Angeles Chapter of ANTA in 1957, promoted and facilitated the growth of theater in the Southern California region.","Part of the Robert and Wilva Breen papers was donated to The Ohio State University.","The Special Collections Research Center does not have the equipment necessary to play  obsolete audiovisual material found in the found in the Robert and Wilva Breen papers. Additional time and money may be required to digitize this material for access.","Processed by Special Collections Research Center Staff. EAD markup completed in February 2009 by Jordan Patty. Reprocessed by Amanda Brent from 2017-2018. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in December 2018.","Special Collections Research Center also holds the  , the  , the  , and many other "," The Ohio State University Libraries' Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee Theatre Research Institute holds the "," The UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library holds the ","The Robert and Wilva Breen papers consists of correspondence, memoranda, newsclippings, photographs, notebooks, and audiovisual materials largely related to the creation and running of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA), as well as Robert and Wilva Breen's long-term involvement with the organization from 1944 through the 1950s. The collection also contains many photographs of theaters and theatrical performances from across the United States, including from Broadway and Off-Broadway theaters and shows, as well as numerous colleges, universities, high schools, and local children's theaters. The bulk of the collection originates from the 1940s - 2000s, with an outlier date of 1834 from an antique newspaper.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).","The Robert and Wilva Breen papers consists of correspondence, memoranda, newsclippings, photographs, notebooks, and audiovisual materials largely related to the creation and running of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA), as well as Robert and Wilva Breen's long-term involvement with the organization. The bulk of the collection originates from 1933 - 2000s, with an outlier date of 1834 from an antique newspaper.","R2, C9, S3- C11, S7\nR3 C1 S1 - C2, S5\nOSR3, C4, S4\nMap Case 8.1-8.2, 9.1","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American National Ballet Theater","American National Theatre and Academy","ANTA (Organization)","ANTA West (Organization)","Breen, Robert","Breen, Wilva","Porterfield, Robert, 1905-1971","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0004","/repositories/2/resources/521"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Robert and Wilva Breen papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Robert and Wilva Breen papers"],"collection_ssim":["Robert and Wilva Breen papers"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["Helsingør (Denmark)","Broadway (New York, N.Y.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Helsingør (Denmark)","Broadway (New York, N.Y.)"],"creator_ssm":["Breen, Robert","Breen, Wilva"],"creator_ssim":["Breen, Robert","Breen, Wilva"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Breen, Robert","Breen, Wilva"],"creators_ssim":["Breen, Robert","Breen, Wilva"],"places_ssim":["Helsingør (Denmark)","Broadway (New York, N.Y.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was donated by the trustees of the Robert and Wilva Breen papers in 1988, and Wilva Breen and The Ohio State University in 1989. There were multiple accessions of materials throughout the 1990s. Additional materials were donated by Diana Lawrence and Mike Timoney in 2011."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Ballet","Theater and society","Theater -- Europe -- History -- 20th century","Theater -- New York (State) -- New York","Theater -- United States -- History -- 20th century","Theater -- United States","World War, 1939-1945 -- Theater and the war","Theater programs","Experimental theater -- United States","Theater -- Europe","Theater -- Production and direction","Performing arts","Theater","Theatrical posters","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Ballet","Theater and society","Theater -- Europe -- History -- 20th century","Theater -- New York (State) -- New York","Theater -- United States -- History -- 20th century","Theater -- United States","World War, 1939-1945 -- Theater and the war","Theater programs","Experimental theater -- United States","Theater -- Europe","Theater -- Production and direction","Performing arts","Theater","Theatrical posters","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["80.5 Linear Feet 207 boxes, 1 map case"],"extent_tesim":["80.5 Linear Feet 207 boxes, 1 map case"],"genreform_ssim":["Theatrical posters","Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBox 35, Folder 12; Box 36, Folder 1; and Box 70, Folder 18 are restricted due to their physical fragility.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBox 89, Folder 8 and 9 are restricted due to personally identifiable information.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are no other access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Box 35, Folder 12; Box 36, Folder 1; and Box 70, Folder 18 are restricted due to their physical fragility.","Box 89, Folder 8 and 9 are restricted due to personally identifiable information.","There are no other access restrictions."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSelections from the Robert and Wilva Breen papers are also available digitally on \u003cextptr href=\"http://mars.gmu.edu/handle/1920/4609\" title=\"Mason Archival Respository Service (MARS).\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 2009 and 2022 many of the audiotape reels found in this collection were converted to digital format and are available for use in the Special Collections Research Center's Reading Room.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternative Form Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["Selections from the Robert and Wilva Breen papers are also available digitally on ","In 2009 and 2022 many of the audiotape reels found in this collection were converted to digital format and are available for use in the Special Collections Research Center's Reading Room."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was originally arranged by subject and then topic. Additional accessions were added and arranged in the order they arrived in Special Collections Research Center.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection was originally arranged by subject and then topic. Additional accessions were added and arranged in the order they arrived in Special Collections Research Center."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStrom, Stephanie. \"Robert Breen, 80, Arts Executive And Theatrical Producer, Is Dead.\" Nytimes.com. \u003cbibref\u003e\u003cextptr href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/02/obituaries/robert-breen-80-arts-executive-and-theatrical-producer-is-dead.html\" title=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/02/obituaries/robert-breen-80-arts-executive-and-theatrical-producer-is-dead.html\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e (accessed December 12, 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOliver, Myrna. \"Robert Breen; Initiated Cultural Exchanges.\" Articles.latimes.com. \u003cbibref\u003e\u003cextptr href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-04-05/news/mn-617_1_robert-breen\" title=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-04-05/news/mn-617_1_robert-breen\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e (accessed December 12, 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRiedel, Michael. \"This theater's chaotic history includes a Titanic survivor, the 'Tonight' show and porn.\" Nypost.com. \u003cbibref\u003e\u003cextptr href=\"https://nypost.com/2017/03/28/this-theaters-chaotic-history-includes-a-titanic-survivor-the-tonight-show-and-porn/\" title=\"https://nypost.com/2017/03/28/this-theaters-chaotic-history-includes-a-titanic-survivor-the-tonight-show-and-porn/\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e (accessed December 12, 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eANTA West records (Collection 1965). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA. \u003cbibref\u003e\u003cextptr href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8fn1762/\" title=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8fn1762/\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e (accessed December 12, 2018).\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Strom, Stephanie. \"Robert Breen, 80, Arts Executive And Theatrical Producer, Is Dead.\" Nytimes.com.   (accessed December 12, 2018).","Oliver, Myrna. \"Robert Breen; Initiated Cultural Exchanges.\" Articles.latimes.com.   (accessed December 12, 2018).","Riedel, Michael. \"This theater's chaotic history includes a Titanic survivor, the 'Tonight' show and porn.\" Nypost.com.   (accessed December 12, 2018).","ANTA West records (Collection 1965). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA.   (accessed December 12, 2018)."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRobert Breen, born December 26, 1909 in Hibbing, Minnesota, served as the Executive Secretary of the American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA) from 1946-1952, and was instrumental in much of the organization's success, both domestically and internationally. In addition to serving in the U.S. Army Air Corps, Breen had an extensive background in theater. Prior to joining ANTA, Breen founded a theater program at the College of St. Thomas in Saint Paul, Minnesota, as well as established the Chicago unit for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Theatre Project with his wife, Wilva Davis Breen. Wilva herself was instrumental in promoting and guiding ANTA's many and varied operations, and getting the organization off the ground. The Breens' apartment home - situated above the Hudson Theatre in New York City, NY - served as ANTA's early headquarters. Davis Breen served as Breen's constant support and collaborator until he passed away on March 31, 1990.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA) was the United States' first national theater and dance organization, in the tradition of European national theaters. Originating in 1935 with a charter from the U.S. Congress, ANTA continued until 1966 when the National Endowment for the Arts came into being. ANTA was responsible for both the presentation of American theater in the U.S. and abroad.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Although officially formed in 1935, ANTA did not begin actual operation until 1946 due to a variety of factors, including the Great Depression and World War II. During the depression, federal funding was funnelled towards the Works Progress Administration's Federal Theatre Project, another national performing arts program. In addition to these setbacks, the ANTA board, comprised of prominent citizens and business leaders from outside the theater community, could not agree on the goals of ANTA. Eventually, Robert Breen and Robert Porterfield, two men with Army and theater backgrounds, took the reins of ANTA and initiated its revitalization. Porterfield and Breen developed ANTA's \"Foundation Plan,\" with the intention of having ANTA become the foundation for and driving force behind the stimulation of growth of American theater. The plan, successfully undertaken by Breen, Porterfield, and Breen's wife Wilva Davis Breen, called for a National Foundation to make loans and grants, insure theater projects against loss, as well as a National Service Bureau to provide technical assistance for acting companies, as well as a national clearing house for theater information. The plan was adopted by the ANTA Board in 1946.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Under the guidance of Breen, ANTA produced several projects in the U.S. with successful results during the postwar years. From 1946 - 1948, ANTA sponsored a series of plays called the Experimental Theatre. Its goal was to \"present new, interesting plays which would not see production on Broadway due to present high costs.\" Admittedly, the plays were \"not necessarily perfect\" but \"worthy of a trial production in a simplified fashion\" according to an ANTA letter offering subscription to the series, which included high profile playwrights and actors. During the late 1940s and early 1950s ANTA sponsored a number of drama festivals across the U.S., featuring well-known actors. ANTA also featured a televised production of short plays for NBC television. With the intention of promoting theater growth in the U.S. and showcasing new talent, ANTA produced, supported, and promoted theater projects all across the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Internationally, ANTA promoted artistic exchange between the U.S. and Europe, and entertained American troops there. This was initiated with a 1949 tour of William Shakespeare's \"Hamlet\" throughout Europe, produced by and starring Breen in the titular role. This tour famously culminated in a performance at Elsinore Castle in Denmark - the actual setting of the play. Perhaps ANTA's, as well as Breen's, greatest success came with the international tour of George Gershwin's \"Porgy and Bess\" (produced with Blevins Davis), which toured from 1952-1956, visiting 89 cities and 29 countries. The opera's performance in the Soviet Union was considered the first cultural exchange post-World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. ANTA also sponsored the American National Ballet Theatre's tour of Europe in 1950, performing in eighteen cities and eight countries. The tour lasted from August to December of 1950 and played to an audience of over 150,000, and was the first international tour of any American ballet company.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e ANTA also produced a number of Broadway plays and musicals out of the formerly named Guild Hall Theatre, renamed the ANTA Theatre in the 1960s and 1970s. ANTA West, which grew out of the Greater Los Angeles Chapter of ANTA in 1957, promoted and facilitated the growth of theater in the Southern California region.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical and Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Robert Breen, born December 26, 1909 in Hibbing, Minnesota, served as the Executive Secretary of the American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA) from 1946-1952, and was instrumental in much of the organization's success, both domestically and internationally. In addition to serving in the U.S. Army Air Corps, Breen had an extensive background in theater. Prior to joining ANTA, Breen founded a theater program at the College of St. Thomas in Saint Paul, Minnesota, as well as established the Chicago unit for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Theatre Project with his wife, Wilva Davis Breen. Wilva herself was instrumental in promoting and guiding ANTA's many and varied operations, and getting the organization off the ground. The Breens' apartment home - situated above the Hudson Theatre in New York City, NY - served as ANTA's early headquarters. Davis Breen served as Breen's constant support and collaborator until he passed away on March 31, 1990."," The American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA) was the United States' first national theater and dance organization, in the tradition of European national theaters. Originating in 1935 with a charter from the U.S. Congress, ANTA continued until 1966 when the National Endowment for the Arts came into being. ANTA was responsible for both the presentation of American theater in the U.S. and abroad."," Although officially formed in 1935, ANTA did not begin actual operation until 1946 due to a variety of factors, including the Great Depression and World War II. During the depression, federal funding was funnelled towards the Works Progress Administration's Federal Theatre Project, another national performing arts program. In addition to these setbacks, the ANTA board, comprised of prominent citizens and business leaders from outside the theater community, could not agree on the goals of ANTA. Eventually, Robert Breen and Robert Porterfield, two men with Army and theater backgrounds, took the reins of ANTA and initiated its revitalization. Porterfield and Breen developed ANTA's \"Foundation Plan,\" with the intention of having ANTA become the foundation for and driving force behind the stimulation of growth of American theater. The plan, successfully undertaken by Breen, Porterfield, and Breen's wife Wilva Davis Breen, called for a National Foundation to make loans and grants, insure theater projects against loss, as well as a National Service Bureau to provide technical assistance for acting companies, as well as a national clearing house for theater information. The plan was adopted by the ANTA Board in 1946."," Under the guidance of Breen, ANTA produced several projects in the U.S. with successful results during the postwar years. From 1946 - 1948, ANTA sponsored a series of plays called the Experimental Theatre. Its goal was to \"present new, interesting plays which would not see production on Broadway due to present high costs.\" Admittedly, the plays were \"not necessarily perfect\" but \"worthy of a trial production in a simplified fashion\" according to an ANTA letter offering subscription to the series, which included high profile playwrights and actors. During the late 1940s and early 1950s ANTA sponsored a number of drama festivals across the U.S., featuring well-known actors. ANTA also featured a televised production of short plays for NBC television. With the intention of promoting theater growth in the U.S. and showcasing new talent, ANTA produced, supported, and promoted theater projects all across the United States."," Internationally, ANTA promoted artistic exchange between the U.S. and Europe, and entertained American troops there. This was initiated with a 1949 tour of William Shakespeare's \"Hamlet\" throughout Europe, produced by and starring Breen in the titular role. This tour famously culminated in a performance at Elsinore Castle in Denmark - the actual setting of the play. Perhaps ANTA's, as well as Breen's, greatest success came with the international tour of George Gershwin's \"Porgy and Bess\" (produced with Blevins Davis), which toured from 1952-1956, visiting 89 cities and 29 countries. The opera's performance in the Soviet Union was considered the first cultural exchange post-World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. ANTA also sponsored the American National Ballet Theatre's tour of Europe in 1950, performing in eighteen cities and eight countries. The tour lasted from August to December of 1950 and played to an audience of over 150,000, and was the first international tour of any American ballet company."," ANTA also produced a number of Broadway plays and musicals out of the formerly named Guild Hall Theatre, renamed the ANTA Theatre in the 1960s and 1970s. ANTA West, which grew out of the Greater Los Angeles Chapter of ANTA in 1957, promoted and facilitated the growth of theater in the Southern California region."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePart of the Robert and Wilva Breen papers was donated to The Ohio State University.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Part of the Robert and Wilva Breen papers was donated to The Ohio State University."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center does not have the equipment necessary to play  obsolete audiovisual material found in the found in the Robert and Wilva Breen papers. Additional time and money may be required to digitize this material for access.\u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center does not have the equipment necessary to play  obsolete audiovisual material found in the found in the Robert and Wilva Breen papers. Additional time and money may be required to digitize this material for access."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRobert and Wilva Breen papers, C0004, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Robert and Wilva Breen papers, C0004, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections Research Center Staff. EAD markup completed in February 2009 by Jordan Patty. Reprocessed by Amanda Brent from 2017-2018. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in December 2018.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections Research Center Staff. EAD markup completed in February 2009 by Jordan Patty. Reprocessed by Amanda Brent from 2017-2018. EAD markup completed by Amanda Brent in December 2018."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center also holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0145\" title=\"Porgy and Bess poster collection\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, the \u003cextptr href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0002\" title=\"Federal Theatre Project collection\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, the \u003cextptr href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0043\" title=\"Robert C. Schnitzer papers\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e, and many other \u003cextptr href=\"https://scrc.gmu.edu/collections-subject.php#THEATRE\" title=\"performing arts collections.\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The Ohio State University Libraries' Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee Theatre Research Institute holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://library.osu.edu/collections/spec.tri.rb\" title=\"Robert Breen and Wilva papers.\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8fn1762/\" title=\"ANTA West records.\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Special Collections Research Center also holds the  , the  , the  , and many other "," The Ohio State University Libraries' Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee Theatre Research Institute holds the "," The UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library holds the "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Robert and Wilva Breen papers consists of correspondence, memoranda, newsclippings, photographs, notebooks, and audiovisual materials largely related to the creation and running of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA), as well as Robert and Wilva Breen's long-term involvement with the organization from 1944 through the 1950s. The collection also contains many photographs of theaters and theatrical performances from across the United States, including from Broadway and Off-Broadway theaters and shows, as well as numerous colleges, universities, high schools, and local children's theaters. The bulk of the collection originates from the 1940s - 2000s, with an outlier date of 1834 from an antique newspaper.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Robert and Wilva Breen papers consists of correspondence, memoranda, newsclippings, photographs, notebooks, and audiovisual materials largely related to the creation and running of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA), as well as Robert and Wilva Breen's long-term involvement with the organization from 1944 through the 1950s. The collection also contains many photographs of theaters and theatrical performances from across the United States, including from Broadway and Off-Broadway theaters and shows, as well as numerous colleges, universities, high schools, and local children's theaters. The bulk of the collection originates from the 1940s - 2000s, with an outlier date of 1834 from an antique newspaper."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ref348\"\u003eThe Robert and Wilva Breen papers consists of correspondence, memoranda, newsclippings, photographs, notebooks, and audiovisual materials largely related to the creation and running of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA), as well as Robert and Wilva Breen's long-term involvement with the organization. The bulk of the collection originates from 1933 - 2000s, with an outlier date of 1834 from an antique newspaper.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Robert and Wilva Breen papers consists of correspondence, memoranda, newsclippings, photographs, notebooks, and audiovisual materials largely related to the creation and running of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA), as well as Robert and Wilva Breen's long-term involvement with the organization. The bulk of the collection originates from 1933 - 2000s, with an outlier date of 1834 from an antique newspaper."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_ddb931edc4f44bf997d326b2923a7505\"\u003eR2, C9, S3- C11, S7\nR3 C1 S1 - C2, S5\nOSR3, C4, S4\nMap Case 8.1-8.2, 9.1\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["R2, C9, S3- C11, S7\nR3 C1 S1 - C2, S5\nOSR3, C4, S4\nMap Case 8.1-8.2, 9.1"],"names_coll_ssim":["American National Ballet Theater","American National Theatre and Academy","ANTA (Organization)","ANTA West (Organization)","Porterfield, Robert, 1905-1971"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American National Ballet Theater","American National Theatre and Academy","ANTA (Organization)","ANTA West (Organization)","Breen, Robert","Breen, Wilva","Porterfield, Robert, 1905-1971"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American National Ballet Theater","American National Theatre and Academy","ANTA (Organization)","ANTA West (Organization)"],"persname_ssim":["Breen, Robert","Breen, Wilva","Porterfield, Robert, 1905-1971"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3014,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-08T07:16:03.204Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_521"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_399","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Robert E. Lee Family papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_399#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_399#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains primary and secondary resources pertaining to Robert E. Lee and the Lee family. Included are correspondences from, to, and about Lee and various family members; memorabilia, pamphlets, photographs, reminiscences, miscellaneous personal papers, family history and genealogy. The collection includes materials acquired from the Lee family and items donated to and purchased and compiled by W\u0026amp;L University since Lee's tenure as president of Washington College from 1865 - 1870. Adminstrative papers, such as President's Reports, etc..., from Robert E. Lee's presidency of the school may be found within the W\u0026amp;L University Archives. Please contact W\u0026amp;L Special Collections for information regarding the University Archives.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_399#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_399","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_399","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_399","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_399","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_399.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Robert E. Lee Family papers","title_ssm":["Robert E. Lee Family papers"],"title_tesim":["Robert E. Lee Family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["Inclusive 1792-1935","1833-1870"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1833-1870"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Inclusive 1792-1935"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0064","/repositories/5/resources/399"],"text":["WLU.Coll.0064","/repositories/5/resources/399","Robert E. Lee Family papers","Virginia -- Lexington","United States -- Confederate States of America","Virginia","Virginia--Arlington","Printed ephemera","Military orders","Correspondence","Postwar reconstruction","University purchasing","Administration","University autonomy","University towns","Civil war","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Printed ephemera","Pamphlets","Photographs","The collection is open for research use. When available, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents.","View materials from this collection online via W \u0026 L's Digital Archive","This collection contains primary and secondary resources pertaining to Robert E. Lee and the Lee family. Included are correspondences from, to, and about Lee and various family members; memorabilia, pamphlets, photographs, reminiscences, miscellaneous personal papers, family history and genealogy. The collection includes materials acquired from the Lee family and items donated to and purchased and compiled by W\u0026L University since Lee's tenure as president of Washington College from 1865 - 1870. Adminstrative papers, such as President's Reports, etc..., from Robert E. Lee's presidency of the school may be found within the W\u0026L University Archives. Please contact W\u0026L Special Collections for information regarding the University Archives.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial (Va.) -- Robert E. Lee","Washington College (Lexington, Va.)","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia","United States Military Academy","United States. Army","Confederate States of America. Army","Confederate States of America","Bank of Lexington (Lexington, Va.)","Richardson \u0026 Co.","Washington and Lee University. Graham Philanthropic Society","Franklin Society and Library Company of Lexington (Lexington, Va.)","Jones Bros. \u0026 Co. Subscription Book Publishers","Bethany College","Clariosophic Society","Southern University (Greensboro, Alabama)","Virginia Central Railroad Company","Virginia Military Institute","Philodemic Society","Georgetown University","Lancaster \u0026 Co.","Washington College","Southern Express Company","Burke, Herbert \u0026 Co.","Southern Relief Association","Blakeney \u0026 Co.","Philologic Society","Westminster College (Fulton, MO)","Leslie \u0026 Botts, Attorneys at Law","Butler, Perrigo and Way","Demosthenian Society","University of Georgia","Roanoke College","Great Southern \u0026 Western Accident \u0026 Life Insurance Co.","Stonewall Institute","Jefferson Davis Society","James River and Kanawha Company (Richmond, Va.)","Virginia Mining and Manufacturing Bureau","Centre College (Danville, Ky. : 1918- )","Periclean Society","University of Kentucky","Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge, La.)","Lee Society","University of Maryland","American Publishing Company","College of William \u0026 Mary","Jackson Society","American Civil War (United States : 1861-1865)","United States--Confederate States of America","Eunomian Literary Society","Masonic College (La Grange, Ky.)","The Teachers' Association of Virginia","United States. Army. Ohio Infantry Regiment, 145th (1864)","Confederate States of America. Army. Virginia Cavalry Regiment, 4th","Big Sandy Coal, Oil and Mining Company","Sargent, Wilson \u0026 Hinkle","University of Virginia","Confederate States of America. Army. Sibley Brigade","The Houston Telegraph","Soule University","Coal River Navigation Company","Silver Sunbeam Photography Studio","The National Star","Confederate States of America. Army. Mississippi Infantry Regiment, 30th","Philp \u0026 Solomon","Gardner's Photographic Art Gallery","Fairview Academy","Department of Western Kentucky","The Memphis Commercial","Charles Town Christian Association","Woods, Yeatman, \u0026 Co.","Urbana Union","Virginia Hotel","Jenifer \u0026 Brother General Purchasing and Sale Agency","Confederate States of America. Army. Virginia Cavalry Regiment, 8th","Strobridge Lithographing Company","Stonewall Literary Society","Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris","H. Myers \u0026 Co.","Messers. Bellot des Miniers, Bros. \u0026 Co.","Confederate States of America. Army. Cavalry","Confederate States of America. Army. Tennessee Brigade","Automatic Gas Company of Baltimore","Confederate States of America. Congress.","United States. Congress","United States. Army of the Potomac","Virginia. Militia. Richmond Light Infantry Blues","Raleigh Sentinel Newspaper","Confederate States of America. Army. Texas Brigade","Dolbear Commercial College","Confederate States of America. Navy","Confederate States of America. War Department","Blelock \u0026 Co","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Early's Division","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Corps, 3rd","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Corps, 2nd","John Murray (Firm)","Longman (Firm)","Confederate States of America. Army. Staunton Artillery","Great Southern and Western Life and Accident Insurance Company","Mount de Chental Visitation Academy","Mercer University","Dover Mines","Natchez Institute","Hampden-Sydney College","The Brandon Republican","Summerville Institute","Educational Association of Virginia","Sohier and Welch","Lee family","Jackson family","Washington Family","Cordes Family","Leyburn family","Carson family","Lutz family","Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870","Bowe, William McCloud","Washington, John Augustine, 1821 - 1861","Turner, Edward","Taylor, Walter H.","Gray, Granville, Lieutenant","Marshall, Charles","Campbell, J. L. (John Lyle)","Root, V. M.","White, William S. (William Spotswood)","Kinckle, William H.","Stuart, Caroline","Waddill, Frank A.","Mackay, John","Kemble, Fanny","Eliason, W. A., Captain","Beauregard, G. T. (Gustave Toutant), 1818-1893","Lee, George Washington Custis","Lee, William Henry Fitzhugh, 1837-1891","Gratiot, Julia","Totten, Joseph Gilbert, 1788-1864","Lee, Annie Carter","Bonaparte, Jérôme Napoléon, 1805-1870","Bonaparte, Jérôme Napoléon, 1830-1893","Conrad, Charles Magill, 1804-1878","Peters (Benson), Caroline Cora","Burwell, Nat","Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889","Scott, Winfield, 1786-1866","Lee, Charles Carter","Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall)","Ewell, Richard Stoddert, 1817-1872","Clark, Henry T. (Henry Toole), 1808-1874","McClellan, George B. (George Brinton), 1826-1885","Imboden, John D. (John Daniel)","Pendleton, William Nelson, 1809-1883","Burnside, Ambrose Everett","Long, A. L. (Armistead Lindsay), 1827-1891","Lee, Mary Custis","Edmondson, James K., Colonel","Leech, J. M.","McGuire, Hunter, M.D.","Conner, W. C.","Polk, James K. (James Knox)","Smith, William E.","Hearne, C. C.","Swayne, John F","Clay, John C. J.","Castleman, J. G.","Owen, G. L.","Mitchell, J. A.","Preston, Frank","Graves, W. S.","Lee, Henry","Hotchkiss, Jedediah, 1828-1899","McCutchan, Frank, Rev.","Gratiot, Charles, 1786-1855","Putnam, Haldibrand Sumner, 1836 - 1863","Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885","Letcher, John","Brockenbrough, John","Reid, Samuel McDowell","Leyburn, Alfred","Christian, Bolivar","Kirkpatrick, Thomas J. (Jellis), 1829-1897","Mahone, William","Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Hill, A. P.  (A. Powell)","Early, Jubal Anderson, 1816-1894","Smith, Francis H., Colonel (Francis Henney)","Jackson, Mary Anna Morrison, 1831 - 1915","Walker, John George","Trimble, Isaac Ridgeway","Parker, William Harwar","Glore, W. Scott","Dorman, J. B.","Tucker, John Randolph","Cocke, William Archer, Judge","Temple, J.","Williams, J. B.","Anderson, W. W.","Patterson, Robert H.","Finnegan, Joseph","Snow, William Parker","Richardson, C. B.","Taylor, M.","Magruder, H. B.","Dabney, R. L.","Stewart, George J. ","Jones, Sam Beach","Wilson, Rathmell","Wilson, Thomas Bellerby","Woodward, C. H. , Major","Anderson, Samuel H.","Lawton, Alexander Robert","Jackson, Henry Rootes","Anderson, Edward Clifford","Mays, John B.","Garmany, George Washington","DeLahoussaye, Charles O.","Gibbs, M. A.","Tyler, Samuel","Davis, L.","Black, W. M.","Glascock, John Raglan","Heck, J. B.","Branch, J. P.","Jervey, L.","Robertson, A. B.","Farrar, E. F., Mrs.","De Moss, Annie","Buford, A. S.","Marlin, William P.","Lee, Sydney Smith","Warner, J.","Joannes, George, Count","Clarke, M. S.","Dawson, Henry B.","Hubbard, C. R.","Magruder, Frank","Mulee, D. S.","Taylor, John M.","Waters, Charles E.","Lee, Robert E., Jr., 1843-1914","Saulsbury, J. Lawrence","Moore, W. P.","Gillespie, George L., Jr., Maj.","Gillespie, Thomas","Sheley, Horace","Botts, Willam H.","Leslie, Bedford","Brazelton, William","Johns, J., Bishop","Cordes, Theodora","Cordes, Amelia","Byrnes, Mary","Cordes, Theodore, Captain","Wittecher, Louisa","Slaughter, Mary G.","Arnold, Stark William, Rev","Leyburn, George W.","Smith, M. B., Mrs.","Handely, J. M.","Pollard, Edward A. (Edward Alfred), 1831-1872","Neal, W. S.","Longstreet, J.","Johns, J., Jr.","Doetsh, Julius Edmund, M.D.","McGuire, W. H.","Ellis, Thomas Harding","Howarth, J. Speer","Emanuel, J.","Branner, George M.","Branner, Hardy Bryan","Bryan, Rudolph","Middleton, E. C.","Brady, Mathew","Lapsley, John Whitfield, Col.","Lapsley, John B.","Stith, Benjamin B.","McNeill, Thomas E.","Early, William W.","Ray, N. S.","Hunter, William","Hadden, E. L.","Hocker, J. L.","Newton, C.","Dancey, William F.","Barnett, Sam","Barnett, William H.","von Clausenwitz, Lt.","Dent, John Marshall","Freuman, C. G.","Kinnon, William H.","Stuart, S. D.","Green, George William","Moore, P. T.","Antisell, Thomas","Willard, Emma","Burr, J. B.","Scranton, S. S.","Williamson, John A. G., 1844-1891","Woodson, Meade, 1843-1882","Folkes, William C., 1845-1890","Bain, Fanny","Munford, Thomas Taylor, 1831-1916","Kilpatrick, Judson, 1836-1881","Leavenworth, Abner Johnson, Rev., 1803-1869","Cole, Charles W., 1842-1923","Williams, R. G.","Hedden, Edward Long, 1828-1893","Henderson, S. J.","McConnell, Charles Lewis, Judge, 1825-1906","Nelson, Alexander Lockhart, 1827-1910","McGuffey, William Holmes, 1800-1873","McLean, Wilmer, 1814-1882","Reily, Ellen Hart, b. ca. 1814","Reily, James, 1811-1863","Mason, Emily V. (Emily Virginia), 1815-1909","Hull, Edward Bordie, Jr., 1839-1921","Vigus, Algernon Sidney, c.1808-d.1873","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","Lee, Mary Randolph Custis, 1807-1883","Brown, Hezekiah George David (H. G. D.), 1824-1877","Andrews, C. W. (Charles Wesley), 1807-1875","Andrews, Sarah Walker (Page), 1811-1863","Elliott, Benjamin S., 1830-1884","Hill, David Edgar, 1819-1873","Clark, Robert S., Rev.","Turner, George Paul","Davis, William Van, 1828-1884","Ellert, W., Captain","Sallis, P. G., M.D.","Gossing, Sam, Captain","Hope, William H.","Richardson, Charles B.","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Conner, Lemuel Parker, 1827-1891","Conner, William C.","Sullivan, John O.","Cunningham, S. P.","Newcomb, Warren, 1814-1866","Newcomb, R. E., Judge","Warren, Joseph, 1741-1775","Roman, André Bienvenu, 1795-1866","Quarles, William Andrew, 1825-1893","Venable, Charles S. (Charles Scott), 1827-1900","Holiday, Alexander","Walton, Edward Payson, Reverend, 1829-1900","Harris, Carter James","Caskie, James Kerr, 1818-1868","Lee, Mary Anna Custis Randolph, 1807-1873","Lee, Mildred Childe, 1846-1905","Alexander, Agnes Caskie","Vannerson, Julian, 1827-","Smith, M. L. (Martin Luther), 1819-1866","Campbell, E. H.","Banks, Clara","Barringer, Lewin Wethered, 1850-1900","Greer, J. L.","Bowie, Oden, 1826-1894","Smith, James Woods","Rosan, S. D.","Myrick, Elizabeth S. (Dowdell), 1824-1889","Myrick, James Dowdell, 1846-1910","Barling, Henry A.","Tonge, Samuel D.","Winston, John Reynolds, 1839-1888","Matthews, John E.","Mayer, Henry F.","Mitchell, James A.","James, John Hough, 1800-1881","Peyton, George Lyttleton, 1829-1909","Cochrane, S. S. Louisa, 1820-1897","Cochrane, William G. (William Gilbert) \"Gilly\", 1848-1913","Dillon, Dominick James, 1825-1908","Megan, R. L.","Jenifer, Walter Hanson, 1823-1878","Netterville, Chestley, 1847-1924","Carson, William Waller, 1845-1930","Carson, James Green, Jr., 1847-1887","Carson, Edward Lees, 1848-1905","Lees, Catharine Waller, 1815-1888","Landes, S. G.","Jackson, Stonewall, 1824-1863","Bullwinkle, F.","Bishop, Carter Richard, 1849-1941","Jones, Edward B.","Scott, G. W.","Baugh, James, d. 1877","Rothwell, Richard P. (Richard Pennefather), 1836-1901","Richardson, Robert V., 1820-1870","Reneau, N. S.","Slicer, Thomas Roberts, 1847-1916","Slicer, Henry, 1801-1874","Wright, Daniel F.","Frazier","Bell, Caspar Wistar, 1819-1898","Heagan, John","Clark, John B. (John Bullock), 1802-1885","Barlow, Warren S.","Middleton, Elijah C.","Buckner, Simon Bolivar, 1823-1914","Cooke, J. Esten, Jr.","Jones, J. B. (John Beauchamp), 1810-1866","Wynne, Charles H., 1822-1870","Lee, Henry, 1756-1818","Burr, Ancrum B.","Johnston, Edward","Johnston, B. W.","Mimms, John","O'Brien, Edwin","Levy, Ezekiel Jacob, 1833-1908","Jarvis, George William, 1832-1913","DePriest, Emmett E., 1842-1903","Rucker, Houston, 1835-1911","Gales, Seaton, 1828-1878","Ramseur, Stephen Dodson, 1837-1864","Appleton, George Dawes, 1818-1890","Appleton, George Hough, 1854-1930","Adkisson, John T., 1841-1880","Dumble, James F., 1829-1911","Dumble, E. T. (Edwin Theodore), 1852-1927","Ward, William Norvell, Reverend, 1805-1881","Ward, Mattie","Heun, J. F.","Nettleton, W. H.","Warren, Josiah","Moore, Horatio Richardson, 1833-1926","Somervell, William T., 1846-1920","Lovell, Mansfield, 1822-1884","McLaws, Lafayette, 1821-1897","Dabney, Robert Lewis, 1820-1898","Hull, Lizzie C.","Walworth, Jeannette H., 1837-1918","Johnson, Edward, 1816-1873","Hunter, David, 1802-1886","Sheridan, Philip Henry, 1831-1888","Magruder, John Bankhead, 1807-1871","Letcher, John, 1813-1884","Pierson, Aaron Howell, Sr., 1810-1875","Pierson, Aaron Howell, Jr., 1847-1921","McCabe, James D., 1842-1883","Thompson, R.","Jones, Samuel Beach, Rev., 1811-1883","Lewis, Robert W., Jr., 1839-1920","Atkinson, Charles A.","Freemantle, Arthur James Lyon, Sir, 1835-1901","Stuart, J.E.B. (James Ewell Brown), 1833-1864","Reed, William B. (William Bradford), 1806-1876","Stephens, Alexander H. (Alexander Hamilton), 1812-1883","LaFever, John Speck, 1848-1888","Gatwood, Wesley Emmett, Dr., 1845-1924","Garber, Augustus Machim, ca.1811-d.1890","O'Donovan, William Rudolph, 1844-1920","Williams, C.","Linton, Mary B. (Mary Baptista), Sister, 1822-1901","Miley, Michael, 1841-1918","Barnard, Frederick A. P. (Frederick Augustus Porter), 1809-1889","White, Robert B., D. D., ca.1817-ca.1882","Stone, Charles Pomeroy, 1824-1887","Guild, Lafayette, 1825-1870","Stevens, W. H. (Walter H.)","McCown, B. H. (Burr Harrison), 1806-1881","Henry, Joseph, b. ca. 1847","Moore, J. B., b. ca. 1847","Hewett, J.","Rogers, James P. (James Patterson), 1839-1904","Mathers, Samuel S., Lieutenant, b. ca. 1840","Park, W. C.","Schele de Vere, M. (Maximilian), 1820-1898","Moses, A. J. (Andrew Jackson), b. ca.1847-1911","Ditzler, J.","Bledsoe, Albert Taylor, 1809-1877","Jones, Caroline Wright","Lee, Anne Carter, 1839-1862","Rolfe, W. G. (William Greenleaf), 1826-1909","Hardaway, Mary","Hobday, George J. (George Jonadab), 1847-ca.1927","Rogers, William A., ca.1820-d.1881","Jones, Charles R., b. ca. 1845","Allen, Mary C.","Montgomery, A. J. (Albert Jefer), b. ca. 1844","Kemper, Delaware B. \"Del\", 1833-1899","Wash, W. A.","Green, Duff, 1791-1875","Maynard, Benjamin G. (Benjamin Green), b. ca. 1848","Hampton, Wade, 1818-1902","Heatley, J. W., b. ca. 1849","Bullock, Waller O. (Waller Overton), 1842-1903","Frantz, A. J.","Eaton, T. T. (Thomas Treadwell), 1845-1907","Smith, Adelbert","Harrison, John T.","Mayse, George Anderson, 1826-1903","McKinley, Alexander","McClellan, R. M.","Anderson, David L.","Wethered, Samuel, 1814-1874","Edwards, J. S. (James Springfield)","Burson, John Edward","McCulloh, R. S. (Richard Sears), 1818-1894","French, B. F. (Benjamin Franklin), 1799-1877","Rains, Gabriel James, 1803-1881","Shanks, Jesse W.","Brown, W. A. (William A.), b. ca. 1849","Collins, William W.","Abbott, W. R.","Rice, H. A. (Hampton A.), 1840-1884","Jernigan, H. L. (Hampton Lea), Jr., 1848-1882","Welch, Charles A. (Charles Alfred), Sr., 1815-1908","Welch, Francis C. (Francis Clarke), 1850-1919","Gordon, E. C. (Edward Clifford), 1842-1922","Allan, William, 1837-1889","Hill, D. H. (Daniel Harvey), 1821-1889","Johnston, Joseph E. (Joseph Eggleston), 1807-1891","Porter, Fitz-John, 1822-1901","Bond, Christiana","Bailey, William Whitman, 1843 - 1914","Campbell, Henry Donald","Hobson, John P. (John Peyton), 1850-1934","Chester, Samuel H.","Cooke, Giles B.","Johnston, William Preston","Dixon, Frank McClung, 1900-1980","Denison, George T.  (George Taylor), 1839-1925","Jones, Carter H., Dr. (Carter Helm), 1861-1946","Joynes, Edward S.","Bruce, George S. , 1859 - ?","Bruce, Sarah Helen, 1860 - 1955","Barbour, Edward Alexander, 1859-1937","McCorkle, Emmett W., Dr., 1855-1938","Norfleet, Thomas S. (Thomas Spruill), 1849-1942","Lamar, L. Q. C. (Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus), 1825-1893","Lee , George Taylor, 1848-1933","Lacy, John Alexander, 1850-1923","Signaigo, Augustine John, II, 1861-1943","McRae, David","Randolph, Mary Henry T. (Mary Henry Taylor), 1859-1935","Vaughan , James English, 1846-","English"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0064","/repositories/5/resources/399"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Robert E. Lee Family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Robert E. Lee Family papers"],"collection_ssim":["Robert E. Lee Family papers"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- Lexington","United States -- Confederate States of America","Virginia","Virginia--Arlington"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- Lexington","United States -- Confederate States of America","Virginia","Virginia--Arlington"],"creator_ssm":["Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870"],"creator_ssim":["Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870"],"creators_ssim":["Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- Lexington","United States -- Confederate States of America","Virginia","Virginia--Arlington"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Printed ephemera","Military orders","Correspondence","Postwar reconstruction","University purchasing","Administration","University autonomy","University towns","Civil war","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Printed ephemera","Pamphlets","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Printed ephemera","Military orders","Correspondence","Postwar reconstruction","University purchasing","Administration","University autonomy","University towns","Civil war","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Printed ephemera","Pamphlets","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["24 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["24 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use. When available, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use. When available, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://repository.wlu.edu/handle/11021/24004\"\u003eView materials from this collection online via W \u0026amp; L's Digital Archive\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Online Access"],"altformavail_tesim":["View materials from this collection online via W \u0026 L's Digital Archive"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Robert E. Lee Family Papers, WLU Coll 0064, Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA.\u003cp\u003eIn some cases the citation format may vary. Please contact Special Collections' staff to verify the appropriate format.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Robert E. Lee Family Papers, WLU Coll 0064, Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA. In some cases the citation format may vary. Please contact Special Collections' staff to verify the appropriate format."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains primary and secondary resources pertaining to Robert E. Lee and the Lee family. Included are correspondences from, to, and about Lee and various family members; memorabilia, pamphlets, photographs, reminiscences, miscellaneous personal papers, family history and genealogy. The collection includes materials acquired from the Lee family and items donated to and purchased and compiled by W\u0026amp;L University since Lee's tenure as president of Washington College from 1865 - 1870. Adminstrative papers, such as President's Reports, etc..., from Robert E. Lee's presidency of the school may be found within the W\u0026amp;L University Archives. Please contact W\u0026amp;L Special Collections for information regarding the University Archives.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains primary and secondary resources pertaining to Robert E. Lee and the Lee family. Included are correspondences from, to, and about Lee and various family members; memorabilia, pamphlets, photographs, reminiscences, miscellaneous personal papers, family history and genealogy. The collection includes materials acquired from the Lee family and items donated to and purchased and compiled by W\u0026L University since Lee's tenure as president of Washington College from 1865 - 1870. Adminstrative papers, such as President's Reports, etc..., from Robert E. Lee's presidency of the school may be found within the W\u0026L University Archives. Please contact W\u0026L Special Collections for information regarding the University Archives."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"names_coll_ssim":["Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial (Va.) -- Robert E. Lee","Washington College (Lexington, Va.)","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial (Va.) -- Robert E. Lee","Washington College (Lexington, Va.)","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia","United States Military Academy","United States. Army","Confederate States of America. Army","Confederate States of America","Bank of Lexington (Lexington, Va.)","Richardson \u0026 Co.","Washington and Lee University. Graham Philanthropic Society","Franklin Society and Library Company of Lexington (Lexington, Va.)","Jones Bros. \u0026 Co. Subscription Book Publishers","Bethany College","Clariosophic Society","Southern University (Greensboro, Alabama)","Virginia Central Railroad Company","Virginia Military Institute","Philodemic Society","Georgetown University","Lancaster \u0026 Co.","Washington College","Southern Express Company","Burke, Herbert \u0026 Co.","Southern Relief Association","Blakeney \u0026 Co.","Philologic Society","Westminster College (Fulton, MO)","Leslie \u0026 Botts, Attorneys at Law","Butler, Perrigo and Way","Demosthenian Society","University of Georgia","Roanoke College","Great Southern \u0026 Western Accident \u0026 Life Insurance Co.","Stonewall Institute","Jefferson Davis Society","James River and Kanawha Company (Richmond, Va.)","Virginia Mining and Manufacturing Bureau","Centre College (Danville, Ky. : 1918- )","Periclean Society","University of Kentucky","Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge, La.)","Lee Society","University of Maryland","American Publishing Company","College of William \u0026 Mary","Jackson Society","American Civil War (United States : 1861-1865)","United States--Confederate States of America","Eunomian Literary Society","Masonic College (La Grange, Ky.)","The Teachers' Association of Virginia","United States. Army. Ohio Infantry Regiment, 145th (1864)","Confederate States of America. Army. Virginia Cavalry Regiment, 4th","Big Sandy Coal, Oil and Mining Company","Sargent, Wilson \u0026 Hinkle","University of Virginia","Confederate States of America. Army. Sibley Brigade","The Houston Telegraph","Soule University","Coal River Navigation Company","Silver Sunbeam Photography Studio","The National Star","Confederate States of America. Army. Mississippi Infantry Regiment, 30th","Philp \u0026 Solomon","Gardner's Photographic Art Gallery","Fairview Academy","Department of Western Kentucky","The Memphis Commercial","Charles Town Christian Association","Woods, Yeatman, \u0026 Co.","Urbana Union","Virginia Hotel","Jenifer \u0026 Brother General Purchasing and Sale Agency","Confederate States of America. Army. Virginia Cavalry Regiment, 8th","Strobridge Lithographing Company","Stonewall Literary Society","Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris","H. Myers \u0026 Co.","Messers. Bellot des Miniers, Bros. \u0026 Co.","Confederate States of America. Army. Cavalry","Confederate States of America. Army. Tennessee Brigade","Automatic Gas Company of Baltimore","Confederate States of America. Congress.","United States. Congress","United States. Army of the Potomac","Virginia. Militia. Richmond Light Infantry Blues","Raleigh Sentinel Newspaper","Confederate States of America. Army. Texas Brigade","Dolbear Commercial College","Confederate States of America. Navy","Confederate States of America. War Department","Blelock \u0026 Co","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Early's Division","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Corps, 3rd","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Corps, 2nd","John Murray (Firm)","Longman (Firm)","Confederate States of America. Army. Staunton Artillery","Great Southern and Western Life and Accident Insurance Company","Mount de Chental Visitation Academy","Mercer University","Dover Mines","Natchez Institute","Hampden-Sydney College","The Brandon Republican","Summerville Institute","Educational Association of Virginia","Sohier and Welch","Lee family","Jackson family","Washington Family","Cordes Family","Leyburn family","Carson family","Lutz family","Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870","Bowe, William McCloud","Washington, John Augustine, 1821 - 1861","Turner, Edward","Taylor, Walter H.","Gray, Granville, Lieutenant","Marshall, Charles","Campbell, J. L. (John Lyle)","Root, V. M.","White, William S. (William Spotswood)","Kinckle, William H.","Stuart, Caroline","Waddill, Frank A.","Mackay, John","Kemble, Fanny","Eliason, W. A., Captain","Beauregard, G. T. (Gustave Toutant), 1818-1893","Lee, George Washington Custis","Lee, William Henry Fitzhugh, 1837-1891","Gratiot, Julia","Totten, Joseph Gilbert, 1788-1864","Lee, Annie Carter","Bonaparte, Jérôme Napoléon, 1805-1870","Bonaparte, Jérôme Napoléon, 1830-1893","Conrad, Charles Magill, 1804-1878","Peters (Benson), Caroline Cora","Burwell, Nat","Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889","Scott, Winfield, 1786-1866","Lee, Charles Carter","Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall)","Ewell, Richard Stoddert, 1817-1872","Clark, Henry T. (Henry Toole), 1808-1874","McClellan, George B. (George Brinton), 1826-1885","Imboden, John D. (John Daniel)","Pendleton, William Nelson, 1809-1883","Burnside, Ambrose Everett","Long, A. L. (Armistead Lindsay), 1827-1891","Lee, Mary Custis","Edmondson, James K., Colonel","Leech, J. M.","McGuire, Hunter, M.D.","Conner, W. C.","Polk, James K. (James Knox)","Smith, William E.","Hearne, C. C.","Swayne, John F","Clay, John C. J.","Castleman, J. G.","Owen, G. L.","Mitchell, J. A.","Preston, Frank","Graves, W. S.","Lee, Henry","Hotchkiss, Jedediah, 1828-1899","McCutchan, Frank, Rev.","Gratiot, Charles, 1786-1855","Putnam, Haldibrand Sumner, 1836 - 1863","Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885","Letcher, John","Brockenbrough, John","Reid, Samuel McDowell","Leyburn, Alfred","Christian, Bolivar","Kirkpatrick, Thomas J. (Jellis), 1829-1897","Mahone, William","Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Hill, A. P.  (A. Powell)","Early, Jubal Anderson, 1816-1894","Smith, Francis H., Colonel (Francis Henney)","Jackson, Mary Anna Morrison, 1831 - 1915","Walker, John George","Trimble, Isaac Ridgeway","Parker, William Harwar","Glore, W. Scott","Dorman, J. B.","Tucker, John Randolph","Cocke, William Archer, Judge","Temple, J.","Williams, J. B.","Anderson, W. W.","Patterson, Robert H.","Finnegan, Joseph","Snow, William Parker","Richardson, C. B.","Taylor, M.","Magruder, H. B.","Dabney, R. L.","Stewart, George J. ","Jones, Sam Beach","Wilson, Rathmell","Wilson, Thomas Bellerby","Woodward, C. H. , Major","Anderson, Samuel H.","Lawton, Alexander Robert","Jackson, Henry Rootes","Anderson, Edward Clifford","Mays, John B.","Garmany, George Washington","DeLahoussaye, Charles O.","Gibbs, M. A.","Tyler, Samuel","Davis, L.","Black, W. M.","Glascock, John Raglan","Heck, J. B.","Branch, J. P.","Jervey, L.","Robertson, A. B.","Farrar, E. F., Mrs.","De Moss, Annie","Buford, A. S.","Marlin, William P.","Lee, Sydney Smith","Warner, J.","Joannes, George, Count","Clarke, M. S.","Dawson, Henry B.","Hubbard, C. R.","Magruder, Frank","Mulee, D. S.","Taylor, John M.","Waters, Charles E.","Lee, Robert E., Jr., 1843-1914","Saulsbury, J. Lawrence","Moore, W. P.","Gillespie, George L., Jr., Maj.","Gillespie, Thomas","Sheley, Horace","Botts, Willam H.","Leslie, Bedford","Brazelton, William","Johns, J., Bishop","Cordes, Theodora","Cordes, Amelia","Byrnes, Mary","Cordes, Theodore, Captain","Wittecher, Louisa","Slaughter, Mary G.","Arnold, Stark William, Rev","Leyburn, George W.","Smith, M. B., Mrs.","Handely, J. M.","Pollard, Edward A. (Edward Alfred), 1831-1872","Neal, W. S.","Longstreet, J.","Johns, J., Jr.","Doetsh, Julius Edmund, M.D.","McGuire, W. H.","Ellis, Thomas Harding","Howarth, J. Speer","Emanuel, J.","Branner, George M.","Branner, Hardy Bryan","Bryan, Rudolph","Middleton, E. C.","Brady, Mathew","Lapsley, John Whitfield, Col.","Lapsley, John B.","Stith, Benjamin B.","McNeill, Thomas E.","Early, William W.","Ray, N. S.","Hunter, William","Hadden, E. L.","Hocker, J. L.","Newton, C.","Dancey, William F.","Barnett, Sam","Barnett, William H.","von Clausenwitz, Lt.","Dent, John Marshall","Freuman, C. G.","Kinnon, William H.","Stuart, S. D.","Green, George William","Moore, P. T.","Antisell, Thomas","Willard, Emma","Burr, J. B.","Scranton, S. S.","Williamson, John A. G., 1844-1891","Woodson, Meade, 1843-1882","Folkes, William C., 1845-1890","Bain, Fanny","Munford, Thomas Taylor, 1831-1916","Kilpatrick, Judson, 1836-1881","Leavenworth, Abner Johnson, Rev., 1803-1869","Cole, Charles W., 1842-1923","Williams, R. G.","Hedden, Edward Long, 1828-1893","Henderson, S. J.","McConnell, Charles Lewis, Judge, 1825-1906","Nelson, Alexander Lockhart, 1827-1910","McGuffey, William Holmes, 1800-1873","McLean, Wilmer, 1814-1882","Reily, Ellen Hart, b. ca. 1814","Reily, James, 1811-1863","Mason, Emily V. (Emily Virginia), 1815-1909","Hull, Edward Bordie, Jr., 1839-1921","Vigus, Algernon Sidney, c.1808-d.1873","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","Lee, Mary Randolph Custis, 1807-1883","Brown, Hezekiah George David (H. G. D.), 1824-1877","Andrews, C. W. (Charles Wesley), 1807-1875","Andrews, Sarah Walker (Page), 1811-1863","Elliott, Benjamin S., 1830-1884","Hill, David Edgar, 1819-1873","Clark, Robert S., Rev.","Turner, George Paul","Davis, William Van, 1828-1884","Ellert, W., Captain","Sallis, P. G., M.D.","Gossing, Sam, Captain","Hope, William H.","Richardson, Charles B.","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Conner, Lemuel Parker, 1827-1891","Conner, William C.","Sullivan, John O.","Cunningham, S. P.","Newcomb, Warren, 1814-1866","Newcomb, R. E., Judge","Warren, Joseph, 1741-1775","Roman, André Bienvenu, 1795-1866","Quarles, William Andrew, 1825-1893","Venable, Charles S. (Charles Scott), 1827-1900","Holiday, Alexander","Walton, Edward Payson, Reverend, 1829-1900","Harris, Carter James","Caskie, James Kerr, 1818-1868","Lee, Mary Anna Custis Randolph, 1807-1873","Lee, Mildred Childe, 1846-1905","Alexander, Agnes Caskie","Vannerson, Julian, 1827-","Smith, M. L. (Martin Luther), 1819-1866","Campbell, E. H.","Banks, Clara","Barringer, Lewin Wethered, 1850-1900","Greer, J. L.","Bowie, Oden, 1826-1894","Smith, James Woods","Rosan, S. D.","Myrick, Elizabeth S. (Dowdell), 1824-1889","Myrick, James Dowdell, 1846-1910","Barling, Henry A.","Tonge, Samuel D.","Winston, John Reynolds, 1839-1888","Matthews, John E.","Mayer, Henry F.","Mitchell, James A.","James, John Hough, 1800-1881","Peyton, George Lyttleton, 1829-1909","Cochrane, S. S. Louisa, 1820-1897","Cochrane, William G. (William Gilbert) \"Gilly\", 1848-1913","Dillon, Dominick James, 1825-1908","Megan, R. L.","Jenifer, Walter Hanson, 1823-1878","Netterville, Chestley, 1847-1924","Carson, William Waller, 1845-1930","Carson, James Green, Jr., 1847-1887","Carson, Edward Lees, 1848-1905","Lees, Catharine Waller, 1815-1888","Landes, S. G.","Jackson, Stonewall, 1824-1863","Bullwinkle, F.","Bishop, Carter Richard, 1849-1941","Jones, Edward B.","Scott, G. W.","Baugh, James, d. 1877","Rothwell, Richard P. (Richard Pennefather), 1836-1901","Richardson, Robert V., 1820-1870","Reneau, N. S.","Slicer, Thomas Roberts, 1847-1916","Slicer, Henry, 1801-1874","Wright, Daniel F.","Frazier","Bell, Caspar Wistar, 1819-1898","Heagan, John","Clark, John B. (John Bullock), 1802-1885","Barlow, Warren S.","Middleton, Elijah C.","Buckner, Simon Bolivar, 1823-1914","Cooke, J. Esten, Jr.","Jones, J. B. (John Beauchamp), 1810-1866","Wynne, Charles H., 1822-1870","Lee, Henry, 1756-1818","Burr, Ancrum B.","Johnston, Edward","Johnston, B. W.","Mimms, John","O'Brien, Edwin","Levy, Ezekiel Jacob, 1833-1908","Jarvis, George William, 1832-1913","DePriest, Emmett E., 1842-1903","Rucker, Houston, 1835-1911","Gales, Seaton, 1828-1878","Ramseur, Stephen Dodson, 1837-1864","Appleton, George Dawes, 1818-1890","Appleton, George Hough, 1854-1930","Adkisson, John T., 1841-1880","Dumble, James F., 1829-1911","Dumble, E. T. (Edwin Theodore), 1852-1927","Ward, William Norvell, Reverend, 1805-1881","Ward, Mattie","Heun, J. F.","Nettleton, W. H.","Warren, Josiah","Moore, Horatio Richardson, 1833-1926","Somervell, William T., 1846-1920","Lovell, Mansfield, 1822-1884","McLaws, Lafayette, 1821-1897","Dabney, Robert Lewis, 1820-1898","Hull, Lizzie C.","Walworth, Jeannette H., 1837-1918","Johnson, Edward, 1816-1873","Hunter, David, 1802-1886","Sheridan, Philip Henry, 1831-1888","Magruder, John Bankhead, 1807-1871","Letcher, John, 1813-1884","Pierson, Aaron Howell, Sr., 1810-1875","Pierson, Aaron Howell, Jr., 1847-1921","McCabe, James D., 1842-1883","Thompson, R.","Jones, Samuel Beach, Rev., 1811-1883","Lewis, Robert W., Jr., 1839-1920","Atkinson, Charles A.","Freemantle, Arthur James Lyon, Sir, 1835-1901","Stuart, J.E.B. (James Ewell Brown), 1833-1864","Reed, William B. (William Bradford), 1806-1876","Stephens, Alexander H. (Alexander Hamilton), 1812-1883","LaFever, John Speck, 1848-1888","Gatwood, Wesley Emmett, Dr., 1845-1924","Garber, Augustus Machim, ca.1811-d.1890","O'Donovan, William Rudolph, 1844-1920","Williams, C.","Linton, Mary B. (Mary Baptista), Sister, 1822-1901","Miley, Michael, 1841-1918","Barnard, Frederick A. P. (Frederick Augustus Porter), 1809-1889","White, Robert B., D. D., ca.1817-ca.1882","Stone, Charles Pomeroy, 1824-1887","Guild, Lafayette, 1825-1870","Stevens, W. H. (Walter H.)","McCown, B. H. (Burr Harrison), 1806-1881","Henry, Joseph, b. ca. 1847","Moore, J. B., b. ca. 1847","Hewett, J.","Rogers, James P. (James Patterson), 1839-1904","Mathers, Samuel S., Lieutenant, b. ca. 1840","Park, W. C.","Schele de Vere, M. (Maximilian), 1820-1898","Moses, A. J. (Andrew Jackson), b. ca.1847-1911","Ditzler, J.","Bledsoe, Albert Taylor, 1809-1877","Jones, Caroline Wright","Lee, Anne Carter, 1839-1862","Rolfe, W. G. (William Greenleaf), 1826-1909","Hardaway, Mary","Hobday, George J. (George Jonadab), 1847-ca.1927","Rogers, William A., ca.1820-d.1881","Jones, Charles R., b. ca. 1845","Allen, Mary C.","Montgomery, A. J. (Albert Jefer), b. ca. 1844","Kemper, Delaware B. \"Del\", 1833-1899","Wash, W. A.","Green, Duff, 1791-1875","Maynard, Benjamin G. (Benjamin Green), b. ca. 1848","Hampton, Wade, 1818-1902","Heatley, J. W., b. ca. 1849","Bullock, Waller O. (Waller Overton), 1842-1903","Frantz, A. J.","Eaton, T. T. (Thomas Treadwell), 1845-1907","Smith, Adelbert","Harrison, John T.","Mayse, George Anderson, 1826-1903","McKinley, Alexander","McClellan, R. M.","Anderson, David L.","Wethered, Samuel, 1814-1874","Edwards, J. S. (James Springfield)","Burson, John Edward","McCulloh, R. S. (Richard Sears), 1818-1894","French, B. F. (Benjamin Franklin), 1799-1877","Rains, Gabriel James, 1803-1881","Shanks, Jesse W.","Brown, W. A. (William A.), b. ca. 1849","Collins, William W.","Abbott, W. R.","Rice, H. A. (Hampton A.), 1840-1884","Jernigan, H. L. (Hampton Lea), Jr., 1848-1882","Welch, Charles A. (Charles Alfred), Sr., 1815-1908","Welch, Francis C. (Francis Clarke), 1850-1919","Gordon, E. C. (Edward Clifford), 1842-1922","Allan, William, 1837-1889","Hill, D. H. (Daniel Harvey), 1821-1889","Johnston, Joseph E. (Joseph Eggleston), 1807-1891","Porter, Fitz-John, 1822-1901","Bond, Christiana","Bailey, William Whitman, 1843 - 1914","Campbell, Henry Donald","Hobson, John P. (John Peyton), 1850-1934","Chester, Samuel H.","Cooke, Giles B.","Johnston, William Preston","Dixon, Frank McClung, 1900-1980","Denison, George T.  (George Taylor), 1839-1925","Jones, Carter H., Dr. (Carter Helm), 1861-1946","Joynes, Edward S.","Bruce, George S. , 1859 - ?","Bruce, Sarah Helen, 1860 - 1955","Barbour, Edward Alexander, 1859-1937","McCorkle, Emmett W., Dr., 1855-1938","Norfleet, Thomas S. (Thomas Spruill), 1849-1942","Lamar, L. Q. C. (Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus), 1825-1893","Lee , George Taylor, 1848-1933","Lacy, John Alexander, 1850-1923","Signaigo, Augustine John, II, 1861-1943","McRae, David","Randolph, Mary Henry T. (Mary Henry Taylor), 1859-1935","Vaughan , James English, 1846-"],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial (Va.) -- Robert E. Lee","Washington College (Lexington, Va.)","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia","United States Military Academy","United States. Army","Confederate States of America. Army","Confederate States of America","Bank of Lexington (Lexington, Va.)","Richardson \u0026 Co.","Washington and Lee University. Graham Philanthropic Society","Franklin Society and Library Company of Lexington (Lexington, Va.)","Jones Bros. \u0026 Co. Subscription Book Publishers","Bethany College","Clariosophic Society","Southern University (Greensboro, Alabama)","Virginia Central Railroad Company","Virginia Military Institute","Philodemic Society","Georgetown University","Lancaster \u0026 Co.","Washington College","Southern Express Company","Burke, Herbert \u0026 Co.","Southern Relief Association","Blakeney \u0026 Co.","Philologic Society","Westminster College (Fulton, MO)","Leslie \u0026 Botts, Attorneys at Law","Butler, Perrigo and Way","Demosthenian Society","University of Georgia","Roanoke College","Great Southern \u0026 Western Accident \u0026 Life Insurance Co.","Stonewall Institute","Jefferson Davis Society","James River and Kanawha Company (Richmond, Va.)","Virginia Mining and Manufacturing Bureau","Centre College (Danville, Ky. : 1918- )","Periclean Society","University of Kentucky","Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge, La.)","Lee Society","University of Maryland","American Publishing Company","College of William \u0026 Mary","Jackson Society","American Civil War (United States : 1861-1865)","United States--Confederate States of America","Eunomian Literary Society","Masonic College (La Grange, Ky.)","The Teachers' Association of Virginia","United States. Army. Ohio Infantry Regiment, 145th (1864)","Confederate States of America. Army. Virginia Cavalry Regiment, 4th","Big Sandy Coal, Oil and Mining Company","Sargent, Wilson \u0026 Hinkle","University of Virginia","Confederate States of America. Army. Sibley Brigade","The Houston Telegraph","Soule University","Coal River Navigation Company","Silver Sunbeam Photography Studio","The National Star","Confederate States of America. Army. Mississippi Infantry Regiment, 30th","Philp \u0026 Solomon","Gardner's Photographic Art Gallery","Fairview Academy","Department of Western Kentucky","The Memphis Commercial","Charles Town Christian Association","Woods, Yeatman, \u0026 Co.","Urbana Union","Virginia Hotel","Jenifer \u0026 Brother General Purchasing and Sale Agency","Confederate States of America. Army. Virginia Cavalry Regiment, 8th","Strobridge Lithographing Company","Stonewall Literary Society","Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris","H. Myers \u0026 Co.","Messers. Bellot des Miniers, Bros. \u0026 Co.","Confederate States of America. Army. Cavalry","Confederate States of America. Army. Tennessee Brigade","Automatic Gas Company of Baltimore","Confederate States of America. Congress.","United States. Congress","United States. Army of the Potomac","Virginia. Militia. Richmond Light Infantry Blues","Raleigh Sentinel Newspaper","Confederate States of America. Army. Texas Brigade","Dolbear Commercial College","Confederate States of America. Navy","Confederate States of America. War Department","Blelock \u0026 Co","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Early's Division","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Corps, 3rd","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Corps, 2nd","John Murray (Firm)","Longman (Firm)","Confederate States of America. Army. Staunton Artillery","Great Southern and Western Life and Accident Insurance Company","Mount de Chental Visitation Academy","Mercer University","Dover Mines","Natchez Institute","Hampden-Sydney College","The Brandon Republican","Summerville Institute","Educational Association of Virginia","Sohier and Welch"],"famname_ssim":["Lee family","Jackson family","Washington Family","Cordes Family","Leyburn family","Carson family","Lutz family"],"persname_ssim":["Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870","Bowe, William McCloud","Washington, John Augustine, 1821 - 1861","Turner, Edward","Taylor, Walter H.","Gray, Granville, Lieutenant","Marshall, Charles","Campbell, J. L. (John Lyle)","Root, V. M.","White, William S. (William Spotswood)","Kinckle, William H.","Stuart, Caroline","Waddill, Frank A.","Mackay, John","Kemble, Fanny","Eliason, W. A., Captain","Beauregard, G. T. (Gustave Toutant), 1818-1893","Lee, George Washington Custis","Lee, William Henry Fitzhugh, 1837-1891","Gratiot, Julia","Totten, Joseph Gilbert, 1788-1864","Lee, Annie Carter","Bonaparte, Jérôme Napoléon, 1805-1870","Bonaparte, Jérôme Napoléon, 1830-1893","Conrad, Charles Magill, 1804-1878","Peters (Benson), Caroline Cora","Burwell, Nat","Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889","Scott, Winfield, 1786-1866","Lee, Charles Carter","Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall)","Ewell, Richard Stoddert, 1817-1872","Clark, Henry T. (Henry Toole), 1808-1874","McClellan, George B. (George Brinton), 1826-1885","Imboden, John D. (John Daniel)","Pendleton, William Nelson, 1809-1883","Burnside, Ambrose Everett","Long, A. L. (Armistead Lindsay), 1827-1891","Lee, Mary Custis","Edmondson, James K., Colonel","Leech, J. M.","McGuire, Hunter, M.D.","Conner, W. C.","Polk, James K. (James Knox)","Smith, William E.","Hearne, C. C.","Swayne, John F","Clay, John C. J.","Castleman, J. G.","Owen, G. L.","Mitchell, J. A.","Preston, Frank","Graves, W. S.","Lee, Henry","Hotchkiss, Jedediah, 1828-1899","McCutchan, Frank, Rev.","Gratiot, Charles, 1786-1855","Putnam, Haldibrand Sumner, 1836 - 1863","Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885","Letcher, John","Brockenbrough, John","Reid, Samuel McDowell","Leyburn, Alfred","Christian, Bolivar","Kirkpatrick, Thomas J. (Jellis), 1829-1897","Mahone, William","Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Hill, A. P.  (A. Powell)","Early, Jubal Anderson, 1816-1894","Smith, Francis H., Colonel (Francis Henney)","Jackson, Mary Anna Morrison, 1831 - 1915","Walker, John George","Trimble, Isaac Ridgeway","Parker, William Harwar","Glore, W. Scott","Dorman, J. B.","Tucker, John Randolph","Cocke, William Archer, Judge","Temple, J.","Williams, J. B.","Anderson, W. W.","Patterson, Robert H.","Finnegan, Joseph","Snow, William Parker","Richardson, C. B.","Taylor, M.","Magruder, H. B.","Dabney, R. L.","Stewart, George J. ","Jones, Sam Beach","Wilson, Rathmell","Wilson, Thomas Bellerby","Woodward, C. H. , Major","Anderson, Samuel H.","Lawton, Alexander Robert","Jackson, Henry Rootes","Anderson, Edward Clifford","Mays, John B.","Garmany, George Washington","DeLahoussaye, Charles O.","Gibbs, M. A.","Tyler, Samuel","Davis, L.","Black, W. M.","Glascock, John Raglan","Heck, J. B.","Branch, J. P.","Jervey, L.","Robertson, A. B.","Farrar, E. F., Mrs.","De Moss, Annie","Buford, A. S.","Marlin, William P.","Lee, Sydney Smith","Warner, J.","Joannes, George, Count","Clarke, M. S.","Dawson, Henry B.","Hubbard, C. R.","Magruder, Frank","Mulee, D. S.","Taylor, John M.","Waters, Charles E.","Lee, Robert E., Jr., 1843-1914","Saulsbury, J. Lawrence","Moore, W. P.","Gillespie, George L., Jr., Maj.","Gillespie, Thomas","Sheley, Horace","Botts, Willam H.","Leslie, Bedford","Brazelton, William","Johns, J., Bishop","Cordes, Theodora","Cordes, Amelia","Byrnes, Mary","Cordes, Theodore, Captain","Wittecher, Louisa","Slaughter, Mary G.","Arnold, Stark William, Rev","Leyburn, George W.","Smith, M. B., Mrs.","Handely, J. M.","Pollard, Edward A. (Edward Alfred), 1831-1872","Neal, W. S.","Longstreet, J.","Johns, J., Jr.","Doetsh, Julius Edmund, M.D.","McGuire, W. H.","Ellis, Thomas Harding","Howarth, J. Speer","Emanuel, J.","Branner, George M.","Branner, Hardy Bryan","Bryan, Rudolph","Middleton, E. C.","Brady, Mathew","Lapsley, John Whitfield, Col.","Lapsley, John B.","Stith, Benjamin B.","McNeill, Thomas E.","Early, William W.","Ray, N. S.","Hunter, William","Hadden, E. L.","Hocker, J. L.","Newton, C.","Dancey, William F.","Barnett, Sam","Barnett, William H.","von Clausenwitz, Lt.","Dent, John Marshall","Freuman, C. G.","Kinnon, William H.","Stuart, S. D.","Green, George William","Moore, P. T.","Antisell, Thomas","Willard, Emma","Burr, J. B.","Scranton, S. S.","Williamson, John A. G., 1844-1891","Woodson, Meade, 1843-1882","Folkes, William C., 1845-1890","Bain, Fanny","Munford, Thomas Taylor, 1831-1916","Kilpatrick, Judson, 1836-1881","Leavenworth, Abner Johnson, Rev., 1803-1869","Cole, Charles W., 1842-1923","Williams, R. G.","Hedden, Edward Long, 1828-1893","Henderson, S. J.","McConnell, Charles Lewis, Judge, 1825-1906","Nelson, Alexander Lockhart, 1827-1910","McGuffey, William Holmes, 1800-1873","McLean, Wilmer, 1814-1882","Reily, Ellen Hart, b. ca. 1814","Reily, James, 1811-1863","Mason, Emily V. (Emily Virginia), 1815-1909","Hull, Edward Bordie, Jr., 1839-1921","Vigus, Algernon Sidney, c.1808-d.1873","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","Lee, Mary Randolph Custis, 1807-1883","Brown, Hezekiah George David (H. G. D.), 1824-1877","Andrews, C. W. (Charles Wesley), 1807-1875","Andrews, Sarah Walker (Page), 1811-1863","Elliott, Benjamin S., 1830-1884","Hill, David Edgar, 1819-1873","Clark, Robert S., Rev.","Turner, George Paul","Davis, William Van, 1828-1884","Ellert, W., Captain","Sallis, P. G., M.D.","Gossing, Sam, Captain","Hope, William H.","Richardson, Charles B.","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Conner, Lemuel Parker, 1827-1891","Conner, William C.","Sullivan, John O.","Cunningham, S. P.","Newcomb, Warren, 1814-1866","Newcomb, R. E., Judge","Warren, Joseph, 1741-1775","Roman, André Bienvenu, 1795-1866","Quarles, William Andrew, 1825-1893","Venable, Charles S. (Charles Scott), 1827-1900","Holiday, Alexander","Walton, Edward Payson, Reverend, 1829-1900","Harris, Carter James","Caskie, James Kerr, 1818-1868","Lee, Mary Anna Custis Randolph, 1807-1873","Lee, Mildred Childe, 1846-1905","Alexander, Agnes Caskie","Vannerson, Julian, 1827-","Smith, M. L. (Martin Luther), 1819-1866","Campbell, E. H.","Banks, Clara","Barringer, Lewin Wethered, 1850-1900","Greer, J. L.","Bowie, Oden, 1826-1894","Smith, James Woods","Rosan, S. D.","Myrick, Elizabeth S. (Dowdell), 1824-1889","Myrick, James Dowdell, 1846-1910","Barling, Henry A.","Tonge, Samuel D.","Winston, John Reynolds, 1839-1888","Matthews, John E.","Mayer, Henry F.","Mitchell, James A.","James, John Hough, 1800-1881","Peyton, George Lyttleton, 1829-1909","Cochrane, S. S. Louisa, 1820-1897","Cochrane, William G. (William Gilbert) \"Gilly\", 1848-1913","Dillon, Dominick James, 1825-1908","Megan, R. L.","Jenifer, Walter Hanson, 1823-1878","Netterville, Chestley, 1847-1924","Carson, William Waller, 1845-1930","Carson, James Green, Jr., 1847-1887","Carson, Edward Lees, 1848-1905","Lees, Catharine Waller, 1815-1888","Landes, S. G.","Jackson, Stonewall, 1824-1863","Bullwinkle, F.","Bishop, Carter Richard, 1849-1941","Jones, Edward B.","Scott, G. W.","Baugh, James, d. 1877","Rothwell, Richard P. (Richard Pennefather), 1836-1901","Richardson, Robert V., 1820-1870","Reneau, N. S.","Slicer, Thomas Roberts, 1847-1916","Slicer, Henry, 1801-1874","Wright, Daniel F.","Frazier","Bell, Caspar Wistar, 1819-1898","Heagan, John","Clark, John B. (John Bullock), 1802-1885","Barlow, Warren S.","Middleton, Elijah C.","Buckner, Simon Bolivar, 1823-1914","Cooke, J. Esten, Jr.","Jones, J. B. (John Beauchamp), 1810-1866","Wynne, Charles H., 1822-1870","Lee, Henry, 1756-1818","Burr, Ancrum B.","Johnston, Edward","Johnston, B. W.","Mimms, John","O'Brien, Edwin","Levy, Ezekiel Jacob, 1833-1908","Jarvis, George William, 1832-1913","DePriest, Emmett E., 1842-1903","Rucker, Houston, 1835-1911","Gales, Seaton, 1828-1878","Ramseur, Stephen Dodson, 1837-1864","Appleton, George Dawes, 1818-1890","Appleton, George Hough, 1854-1930","Adkisson, John T., 1841-1880","Dumble, James F., 1829-1911","Dumble, E. T. (Edwin Theodore), 1852-1927","Ward, William Norvell, Reverend, 1805-1881","Ward, Mattie","Heun, J. F.","Nettleton, W. H.","Warren, Josiah","Moore, Horatio Richardson, 1833-1926","Somervell, William T., 1846-1920","Lovell, Mansfield, 1822-1884","McLaws, Lafayette, 1821-1897","Dabney, Robert Lewis, 1820-1898","Hull, Lizzie C.","Walworth, Jeannette H., 1837-1918","Johnson, Edward, 1816-1873","Hunter, David, 1802-1886","Sheridan, Philip Henry, 1831-1888","Magruder, John Bankhead, 1807-1871","Letcher, John, 1813-1884","Pierson, Aaron Howell, Sr., 1810-1875","Pierson, Aaron Howell, Jr., 1847-1921","McCabe, James D., 1842-1883","Thompson, R.","Jones, Samuel Beach, Rev., 1811-1883","Lewis, Robert W., Jr., 1839-1920","Atkinson, Charles A.","Freemantle, Arthur James Lyon, Sir, 1835-1901","Stuart, J.E.B. (James Ewell Brown), 1833-1864","Reed, William B. (William Bradford), 1806-1876","Stephens, Alexander H. (Alexander Hamilton), 1812-1883","LaFever, John Speck, 1848-1888","Gatwood, Wesley Emmett, Dr., 1845-1924","Garber, Augustus Machim, ca.1811-d.1890","O'Donovan, William Rudolph, 1844-1920","Williams, C.","Linton, Mary B. (Mary Baptista), Sister, 1822-1901","Miley, Michael, 1841-1918","Barnard, Frederick A. P. (Frederick Augustus Porter), 1809-1889","White, Robert B., D. D., ca.1817-ca.1882","Stone, Charles Pomeroy, 1824-1887","Guild, Lafayette, 1825-1870","Stevens, W. H. (Walter H.)","McCown, B. H. (Burr Harrison), 1806-1881","Henry, Joseph, b. ca. 1847","Moore, J. B., b. ca. 1847","Hewett, J.","Rogers, James P. (James Patterson), 1839-1904","Mathers, Samuel S., Lieutenant, b. ca. 1840","Park, W. C.","Schele de Vere, M. (Maximilian), 1820-1898","Moses, A. J. (Andrew Jackson), b. ca.1847-1911","Ditzler, J.","Bledsoe, Albert Taylor, 1809-1877","Jones, Caroline Wright","Lee, Anne Carter, 1839-1862","Rolfe, W. G. (William Greenleaf), 1826-1909","Hardaway, Mary","Hobday, George J. (George Jonadab), 1847-ca.1927","Rogers, William A., ca.1820-d.1881","Jones, Charles R., b. ca. 1845","Allen, Mary C.","Montgomery, A. J. (Albert Jefer), b. ca. 1844","Kemper, Delaware B. \"Del\", 1833-1899","Wash, W. A.","Green, Duff, 1791-1875","Maynard, Benjamin G. (Benjamin Green), b. ca. 1848","Hampton, Wade, 1818-1902","Heatley, J. W., b. ca. 1849","Bullock, Waller O. (Waller Overton), 1842-1903","Frantz, A. J.","Eaton, T. T. (Thomas Treadwell), 1845-1907","Smith, Adelbert","Harrison, John T.","Mayse, George Anderson, 1826-1903","McKinley, Alexander","McClellan, R. M.","Anderson, David L.","Wethered, Samuel, 1814-1874","Edwards, J. S. (James Springfield)","Burson, John Edward","McCulloh, R. S. (Richard Sears), 1818-1894","French, B. F. (Benjamin Franklin), 1799-1877","Rains, Gabriel James, 1803-1881","Shanks, Jesse W.","Brown, W. A. (William A.), b. ca. 1849","Collins, William W.","Abbott, W. R.","Rice, H. A. (Hampton A.), 1840-1884","Jernigan, H. L. (Hampton Lea), Jr., 1848-1882","Welch, Charles A. (Charles Alfred), Sr., 1815-1908","Welch, Francis C. (Francis Clarke), 1850-1919","Gordon, E. C. (Edward Clifford), 1842-1922","Allan, William, 1837-1889","Hill, D. H. (Daniel Harvey), 1821-1889","Johnston, Joseph E. (Joseph Eggleston), 1807-1891","Porter, Fitz-John, 1822-1901","Bond, Christiana","Bailey, William Whitman, 1843 - 1914","Campbell, Henry Donald","Hobson, John P. (John Peyton), 1850-1934","Chester, Samuel H.","Cooke, Giles B.","Johnston, William Preston","Dixon, Frank McClung, 1900-1980","Denison, George T.  (George Taylor), 1839-1925","Jones, Carter H., Dr. (Carter Helm), 1861-1946","Joynes, Edward S.","Bruce, George S. , 1859 - ?","Bruce, Sarah Helen, 1860 - 1955","Barbour, Edward Alexander, 1859-1937","McCorkle, Emmett W., Dr., 1855-1938","Norfleet, Thomas S. (Thomas Spruill), 1849-1942","Lamar, L. Q. C. (Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus), 1825-1893","Lee , George Taylor, 1848-1933","Lacy, John Alexander, 1850-1923","Signaigo, Augustine John, II, 1861-1943","McRae, David","Randolph, Mary Henry T. (Mary Henry Taylor), 1859-1935","Vaughan , James English, 1846-"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1234,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-09T07:04:27.774Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_399","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_399","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_399","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_399","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_399.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Robert E. Lee Family papers","title_ssm":["Robert E. Lee Family papers"],"title_tesim":["Robert E. Lee Family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["Inclusive 1792-1935","1833-1870"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1833-1870"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Inclusive 1792-1935"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0064","/repositories/5/resources/399"],"text":["WLU.Coll.0064","/repositories/5/resources/399","Robert E. Lee Family papers","Virginia -- Lexington","United States -- Confederate States of America","Virginia","Virginia--Arlington","Printed ephemera","Military orders","Correspondence","Postwar reconstruction","University purchasing","Administration","University autonomy","University towns","Civil war","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Printed ephemera","Pamphlets","Photographs","The collection is open for research use. When available, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents.","View materials from this collection online via W \u0026 L's Digital Archive","This collection contains primary and secondary resources pertaining to Robert E. Lee and the Lee family. Included are correspondences from, to, and about Lee and various family members; memorabilia, pamphlets, photographs, reminiscences, miscellaneous personal papers, family history and genealogy. The collection includes materials acquired from the Lee family and items donated to and purchased and compiled by W\u0026L University since Lee's tenure as president of Washington College from 1865 - 1870. Adminstrative papers, such as President's Reports, etc..., from Robert E. Lee's presidency of the school may be found within the W\u0026L University Archives. Please contact W\u0026L Special Collections for information regarding the University Archives.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial (Va.) -- Robert E. Lee","Washington College (Lexington, Va.)","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia","United States Military Academy","United States. Army","Confederate States of America. Army","Confederate States of America","Bank of Lexington (Lexington, Va.)","Richardson \u0026 Co.","Washington and Lee University. Graham Philanthropic Society","Franklin Society and Library Company of Lexington (Lexington, Va.)","Jones Bros. \u0026 Co. Subscription Book Publishers","Bethany College","Clariosophic Society","Southern University (Greensboro, Alabama)","Virginia Central Railroad Company","Virginia Military Institute","Philodemic Society","Georgetown University","Lancaster \u0026 Co.","Washington College","Southern Express Company","Burke, Herbert \u0026 Co.","Southern Relief Association","Blakeney \u0026 Co.","Philologic Society","Westminster College (Fulton, MO)","Leslie \u0026 Botts, Attorneys at Law","Butler, Perrigo and Way","Demosthenian Society","University of Georgia","Roanoke College","Great Southern \u0026 Western Accident \u0026 Life Insurance Co.","Stonewall Institute","Jefferson Davis Society","James River and Kanawha Company (Richmond, Va.)","Virginia Mining and Manufacturing Bureau","Centre College (Danville, Ky. : 1918- )","Periclean Society","University of Kentucky","Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge, La.)","Lee Society","University of Maryland","American Publishing Company","College of William \u0026 Mary","Jackson Society","American Civil War (United States : 1861-1865)","United States--Confederate States of America","Eunomian Literary Society","Masonic College (La Grange, Ky.)","The Teachers' Association of Virginia","United States. Army. Ohio Infantry Regiment, 145th (1864)","Confederate States of America. Army. Virginia Cavalry Regiment, 4th","Big Sandy Coal, Oil and Mining Company","Sargent, Wilson \u0026 Hinkle","University of Virginia","Confederate States of America. Army. Sibley Brigade","The Houston Telegraph","Soule University","Coal River Navigation Company","Silver Sunbeam Photography Studio","The National Star","Confederate States of America. Army. Mississippi Infantry Regiment, 30th","Philp \u0026 Solomon","Gardner's Photographic Art Gallery","Fairview Academy","Department of Western Kentucky","The Memphis Commercial","Charles Town Christian Association","Woods, Yeatman, \u0026 Co.","Urbana Union","Virginia Hotel","Jenifer \u0026 Brother General Purchasing and Sale Agency","Confederate States of America. Army. Virginia Cavalry Regiment, 8th","Strobridge Lithographing Company","Stonewall Literary Society","Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris","H. Myers \u0026 Co.","Messers. Bellot des Miniers, Bros. \u0026 Co.","Confederate States of America. Army. Cavalry","Confederate States of America. Army. Tennessee Brigade","Automatic Gas Company of Baltimore","Confederate States of America. Congress.","United States. Congress","United States. Army of the Potomac","Virginia. Militia. Richmond Light Infantry Blues","Raleigh Sentinel Newspaper","Confederate States of America. Army. Texas Brigade","Dolbear Commercial College","Confederate States of America. Navy","Confederate States of America. War Department","Blelock \u0026 Co","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Early's Division","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Corps, 3rd","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Corps, 2nd","John Murray (Firm)","Longman (Firm)","Confederate States of America. Army. Staunton Artillery","Great Southern and Western Life and Accident Insurance Company","Mount de Chental Visitation Academy","Mercer University","Dover Mines","Natchez Institute","Hampden-Sydney College","The Brandon Republican","Summerville Institute","Educational Association of Virginia","Sohier and Welch","Lee family","Jackson family","Washington Family","Cordes Family","Leyburn family","Carson family","Lutz family","Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870","Bowe, William McCloud","Washington, John Augustine, 1821 - 1861","Turner, Edward","Taylor, Walter H.","Gray, Granville, Lieutenant","Marshall, Charles","Campbell, J. L. (John Lyle)","Root, V. M.","White, William S. (William Spotswood)","Kinckle, William H.","Stuart, Caroline","Waddill, Frank A.","Mackay, John","Kemble, Fanny","Eliason, W. A., Captain","Beauregard, G. T. (Gustave Toutant), 1818-1893","Lee, George Washington Custis","Lee, William Henry Fitzhugh, 1837-1891","Gratiot, Julia","Totten, Joseph Gilbert, 1788-1864","Lee, Annie Carter","Bonaparte, Jérôme Napoléon, 1805-1870","Bonaparte, Jérôme Napoléon, 1830-1893","Conrad, Charles Magill, 1804-1878","Peters (Benson), Caroline Cora","Burwell, Nat","Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889","Scott, Winfield, 1786-1866","Lee, Charles Carter","Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall)","Ewell, Richard Stoddert, 1817-1872","Clark, Henry T. (Henry Toole), 1808-1874","McClellan, George B. (George Brinton), 1826-1885","Imboden, John D. (John Daniel)","Pendleton, William Nelson, 1809-1883","Burnside, Ambrose Everett","Long, A. L. (Armistead Lindsay), 1827-1891","Lee, Mary Custis","Edmondson, James K., Colonel","Leech, J. M.","McGuire, Hunter, M.D.","Conner, W. C.","Polk, James K. (James Knox)","Smith, William E.","Hearne, C. C.","Swayne, John F","Clay, John C. J.","Castleman, J. G.","Owen, G. L.","Mitchell, J. A.","Preston, Frank","Graves, W. S.","Lee, Henry","Hotchkiss, Jedediah, 1828-1899","McCutchan, Frank, Rev.","Gratiot, Charles, 1786-1855","Putnam, Haldibrand Sumner, 1836 - 1863","Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885","Letcher, John","Brockenbrough, John","Reid, Samuel McDowell","Leyburn, Alfred","Christian, Bolivar","Kirkpatrick, Thomas J. (Jellis), 1829-1897","Mahone, William","Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Hill, A. P.  (A. Powell)","Early, Jubal Anderson, 1816-1894","Smith, Francis H., Colonel (Francis Henney)","Jackson, Mary Anna Morrison, 1831 - 1915","Walker, John George","Trimble, Isaac Ridgeway","Parker, William Harwar","Glore, W. Scott","Dorman, J. B.","Tucker, John Randolph","Cocke, William Archer, Judge","Temple, J.","Williams, J. B.","Anderson, W. W.","Patterson, Robert H.","Finnegan, Joseph","Snow, William Parker","Richardson, C. B.","Taylor, M.","Magruder, H. B.","Dabney, R. L.","Stewart, George J. ","Jones, Sam Beach","Wilson, Rathmell","Wilson, Thomas Bellerby","Woodward, C. H. , Major","Anderson, Samuel H.","Lawton, Alexander Robert","Jackson, Henry Rootes","Anderson, Edward Clifford","Mays, John B.","Garmany, George Washington","DeLahoussaye, Charles O.","Gibbs, M. A.","Tyler, Samuel","Davis, L.","Black, W. M.","Glascock, John Raglan","Heck, J. B.","Branch, J. P.","Jervey, L.","Robertson, A. B.","Farrar, E. F., Mrs.","De Moss, Annie","Buford, A. S.","Marlin, William P.","Lee, Sydney Smith","Warner, J.","Joannes, George, Count","Clarke, M. S.","Dawson, Henry B.","Hubbard, C. R.","Magruder, Frank","Mulee, D. S.","Taylor, John M.","Waters, Charles E.","Lee, Robert E., Jr., 1843-1914","Saulsbury, J. Lawrence","Moore, W. P.","Gillespie, George L., Jr., Maj.","Gillespie, Thomas","Sheley, Horace","Botts, Willam H.","Leslie, Bedford","Brazelton, William","Johns, J., Bishop","Cordes, Theodora","Cordes, Amelia","Byrnes, Mary","Cordes, Theodore, Captain","Wittecher, Louisa","Slaughter, Mary G.","Arnold, Stark William, Rev","Leyburn, George W.","Smith, M. B., Mrs.","Handely, J. M.","Pollard, Edward A. (Edward Alfred), 1831-1872","Neal, W. S.","Longstreet, J.","Johns, J., Jr.","Doetsh, Julius Edmund, M.D.","McGuire, W. H.","Ellis, Thomas Harding","Howarth, J. Speer","Emanuel, J.","Branner, George M.","Branner, Hardy Bryan","Bryan, Rudolph","Middleton, E. C.","Brady, Mathew","Lapsley, John Whitfield, Col.","Lapsley, John B.","Stith, Benjamin B.","McNeill, Thomas E.","Early, William W.","Ray, N. S.","Hunter, William","Hadden, E. L.","Hocker, J. L.","Newton, C.","Dancey, William F.","Barnett, Sam","Barnett, William H.","von Clausenwitz, Lt.","Dent, John Marshall","Freuman, C. G.","Kinnon, William H.","Stuart, S. D.","Green, George William","Moore, P. T.","Antisell, Thomas","Willard, Emma","Burr, J. B.","Scranton, S. S.","Williamson, John A. G., 1844-1891","Woodson, Meade, 1843-1882","Folkes, William C., 1845-1890","Bain, Fanny","Munford, Thomas Taylor, 1831-1916","Kilpatrick, Judson, 1836-1881","Leavenworth, Abner Johnson, Rev., 1803-1869","Cole, Charles W., 1842-1923","Williams, R. G.","Hedden, Edward Long, 1828-1893","Henderson, S. J.","McConnell, Charles Lewis, Judge, 1825-1906","Nelson, Alexander Lockhart, 1827-1910","McGuffey, William Holmes, 1800-1873","McLean, Wilmer, 1814-1882","Reily, Ellen Hart, b. ca. 1814","Reily, James, 1811-1863","Mason, Emily V. (Emily Virginia), 1815-1909","Hull, Edward Bordie, Jr., 1839-1921","Vigus, Algernon Sidney, c.1808-d.1873","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","Lee, Mary Randolph Custis, 1807-1883","Brown, Hezekiah George David (H. G. D.), 1824-1877","Andrews, C. W. (Charles Wesley), 1807-1875","Andrews, Sarah Walker (Page), 1811-1863","Elliott, Benjamin S., 1830-1884","Hill, David Edgar, 1819-1873","Clark, Robert S., Rev.","Turner, George Paul","Davis, William Van, 1828-1884","Ellert, W., Captain","Sallis, P. G., M.D.","Gossing, Sam, Captain","Hope, William H.","Richardson, Charles B.","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Conner, Lemuel Parker, 1827-1891","Conner, William C.","Sullivan, John O.","Cunningham, S. P.","Newcomb, Warren, 1814-1866","Newcomb, R. E., Judge","Warren, Joseph, 1741-1775","Roman, André Bienvenu, 1795-1866","Quarles, William Andrew, 1825-1893","Venable, Charles S. (Charles Scott), 1827-1900","Holiday, Alexander","Walton, Edward Payson, Reverend, 1829-1900","Harris, Carter James","Caskie, James Kerr, 1818-1868","Lee, Mary Anna Custis Randolph, 1807-1873","Lee, Mildred Childe, 1846-1905","Alexander, Agnes Caskie","Vannerson, Julian, 1827-","Smith, M. L. (Martin Luther), 1819-1866","Campbell, E. H.","Banks, Clara","Barringer, Lewin Wethered, 1850-1900","Greer, J. L.","Bowie, Oden, 1826-1894","Smith, James Woods","Rosan, S. D.","Myrick, Elizabeth S. (Dowdell), 1824-1889","Myrick, James Dowdell, 1846-1910","Barling, Henry A.","Tonge, Samuel D.","Winston, John Reynolds, 1839-1888","Matthews, John E.","Mayer, Henry F.","Mitchell, James A.","James, John Hough, 1800-1881","Peyton, George Lyttleton, 1829-1909","Cochrane, S. S. Louisa, 1820-1897","Cochrane, William G. (William Gilbert) \"Gilly\", 1848-1913","Dillon, Dominick James, 1825-1908","Megan, R. L.","Jenifer, Walter Hanson, 1823-1878","Netterville, Chestley, 1847-1924","Carson, William Waller, 1845-1930","Carson, James Green, Jr., 1847-1887","Carson, Edward Lees, 1848-1905","Lees, Catharine Waller, 1815-1888","Landes, S. G.","Jackson, Stonewall, 1824-1863","Bullwinkle, F.","Bishop, Carter Richard, 1849-1941","Jones, Edward B.","Scott, G. W.","Baugh, James, d. 1877","Rothwell, Richard P. (Richard Pennefather), 1836-1901","Richardson, Robert V., 1820-1870","Reneau, N. S.","Slicer, Thomas Roberts, 1847-1916","Slicer, Henry, 1801-1874","Wright, Daniel F.","Frazier","Bell, Caspar Wistar, 1819-1898","Heagan, John","Clark, John B. (John Bullock), 1802-1885","Barlow, Warren S.","Middleton, Elijah C.","Buckner, Simon Bolivar, 1823-1914","Cooke, J. Esten, Jr.","Jones, J. B. (John Beauchamp), 1810-1866","Wynne, Charles H., 1822-1870","Lee, Henry, 1756-1818","Burr, Ancrum B.","Johnston, Edward","Johnston, B. W.","Mimms, John","O'Brien, Edwin","Levy, Ezekiel Jacob, 1833-1908","Jarvis, George William, 1832-1913","DePriest, Emmett E., 1842-1903","Rucker, Houston, 1835-1911","Gales, Seaton, 1828-1878","Ramseur, Stephen Dodson, 1837-1864","Appleton, George Dawes, 1818-1890","Appleton, George Hough, 1854-1930","Adkisson, John T., 1841-1880","Dumble, James F., 1829-1911","Dumble, E. T. (Edwin Theodore), 1852-1927","Ward, William Norvell, Reverend, 1805-1881","Ward, Mattie","Heun, J. F.","Nettleton, W. H.","Warren, Josiah","Moore, Horatio Richardson, 1833-1926","Somervell, William T., 1846-1920","Lovell, Mansfield, 1822-1884","McLaws, Lafayette, 1821-1897","Dabney, Robert Lewis, 1820-1898","Hull, Lizzie C.","Walworth, Jeannette H., 1837-1918","Johnson, Edward, 1816-1873","Hunter, David, 1802-1886","Sheridan, Philip Henry, 1831-1888","Magruder, John Bankhead, 1807-1871","Letcher, John, 1813-1884","Pierson, Aaron Howell, Sr., 1810-1875","Pierson, Aaron Howell, Jr., 1847-1921","McCabe, James D., 1842-1883","Thompson, R.","Jones, Samuel Beach, Rev., 1811-1883","Lewis, Robert W., Jr., 1839-1920","Atkinson, Charles A.","Freemantle, Arthur James Lyon, Sir, 1835-1901","Stuart, J.E.B. (James Ewell Brown), 1833-1864","Reed, William B. (William Bradford), 1806-1876","Stephens, Alexander H. (Alexander Hamilton), 1812-1883","LaFever, John Speck, 1848-1888","Gatwood, Wesley Emmett, Dr., 1845-1924","Garber, Augustus Machim, ca.1811-d.1890","O'Donovan, William Rudolph, 1844-1920","Williams, C.","Linton, Mary B. (Mary Baptista), Sister, 1822-1901","Miley, Michael, 1841-1918","Barnard, Frederick A. P. (Frederick Augustus Porter), 1809-1889","White, Robert B., D. D., ca.1817-ca.1882","Stone, Charles Pomeroy, 1824-1887","Guild, Lafayette, 1825-1870","Stevens, W. H. (Walter H.)","McCown, B. H. (Burr Harrison), 1806-1881","Henry, Joseph, b. ca. 1847","Moore, J. B., b. ca. 1847","Hewett, J.","Rogers, James P. (James Patterson), 1839-1904","Mathers, Samuel S., Lieutenant, b. ca. 1840","Park, W. C.","Schele de Vere, M. (Maximilian), 1820-1898","Moses, A. J. (Andrew Jackson), b. ca.1847-1911","Ditzler, J.","Bledsoe, Albert Taylor, 1809-1877","Jones, Caroline Wright","Lee, Anne Carter, 1839-1862","Rolfe, W. G. (William Greenleaf), 1826-1909","Hardaway, Mary","Hobday, George J. (George Jonadab), 1847-ca.1927","Rogers, William A., ca.1820-d.1881","Jones, Charles R., b. ca. 1845","Allen, Mary C.","Montgomery, A. J. (Albert Jefer), b. ca. 1844","Kemper, Delaware B. \"Del\", 1833-1899","Wash, W. A.","Green, Duff, 1791-1875","Maynard, Benjamin G. (Benjamin Green), b. ca. 1848","Hampton, Wade, 1818-1902","Heatley, J. W., b. ca. 1849","Bullock, Waller O. (Waller Overton), 1842-1903","Frantz, A. J.","Eaton, T. T. (Thomas Treadwell), 1845-1907","Smith, Adelbert","Harrison, John T.","Mayse, George Anderson, 1826-1903","McKinley, Alexander","McClellan, R. M.","Anderson, David L.","Wethered, Samuel, 1814-1874","Edwards, J. S. (James Springfield)","Burson, John Edward","McCulloh, R. S. (Richard Sears), 1818-1894","French, B. F. (Benjamin Franklin), 1799-1877","Rains, Gabriel James, 1803-1881","Shanks, Jesse W.","Brown, W. A. (William A.), b. ca. 1849","Collins, William W.","Abbott, W. R.","Rice, H. A. (Hampton A.), 1840-1884","Jernigan, H. L. (Hampton Lea), Jr., 1848-1882","Welch, Charles A. (Charles Alfred), Sr., 1815-1908","Welch, Francis C. (Francis Clarke), 1850-1919","Gordon, E. C. (Edward Clifford), 1842-1922","Allan, William, 1837-1889","Hill, D. H. (Daniel Harvey), 1821-1889","Johnston, Joseph E. (Joseph Eggleston), 1807-1891","Porter, Fitz-John, 1822-1901","Bond, Christiana","Bailey, William Whitman, 1843 - 1914","Campbell, Henry Donald","Hobson, John P. (John Peyton), 1850-1934","Chester, Samuel H.","Cooke, Giles B.","Johnston, William Preston","Dixon, Frank McClung, 1900-1980","Denison, George T.  (George Taylor), 1839-1925","Jones, Carter H., Dr. (Carter Helm), 1861-1946","Joynes, Edward S.","Bruce, George S. , 1859 - ?","Bruce, Sarah Helen, 1860 - 1955","Barbour, Edward Alexander, 1859-1937","McCorkle, Emmett W., Dr., 1855-1938","Norfleet, Thomas S. (Thomas Spruill), 1849-1942","Lamar, L. Q. C. (Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus), 1825-1893","Lee , George Taylor, 1848-1933","Lacy, John Alexander, 1850-1923","Signaigo, Augustine John, II, 1861-1943","McRae, David","Randolph, Mary Henry T. (Mary Henry Taylor), 1859-1935","Vaughan , James English, 1846-","English"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0064","/repositories/5/resources/399"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Robert E. Lee Family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Robert E. Lee Family papers"],"collection_ssim":["Robert E. Lee Family papers"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- Lexington","United States -- Confederate States of America","Virginia","Virginia--Arlington"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- Lexington","United States -- Confederate States of America","Virginia","Virginia--Arlington"],"creator_ssm":["Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870"],"creator_ssim":["Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870"],"creators_ssim":["Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- Lexington","United States -- Confederate States of America","Virginia","Virginia--Arlington"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Printed ephemera","Military orders","Correspondence","Postwar reconstruction","University purchasing","Administration","University autonomy","University towns","Civil war","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Printed ephemera","Pamphlets","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Printed ephemera","Military orders","Correspondence","Postwar reconstruction","University purchasing","Administration","University autonomy","University towns","Civil war","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Printed ephemera","Pamphlets","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["24 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["24 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use. When available, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use. When available, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://repository.wlu.edu/handle/11021/24004\"\u003eView materials from this collection online via W \u0026amp; L's Digital Archive\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Online Access"],"altformavail_tesim":["View materials from this collection online via W \u0026 L's Digital Archive"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Robert E. Lee Family Papers, WLU Coll 0064, Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA.\u003cp\u003eIn some cases the citation format may vary. Please contact Special Collections' staff to verify the appropriate format.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Robert E. Lee Family Papers, WLU Coll 0064, Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA. In some cases the citation format may vary. Please contact Special Collections' staff to verify the appropriate format."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains primary and secondary resources pertaining to Robert E. Lee and the Lee family. Included are correspondences from, to, and about Lee and various family members; memorabilia, pamphlets, photographs, reminiscences, miscellaneous personal papers, family history and genealogy. The collection includes materials acquired from the Lee family and items donated to and purchased and compiled by W\u0026amp;L University since Lee's tenure as president of Washington College from 1865 - 1870. Adminstrative papers, such as President's Reports, etc..., from Robert E. Lee's presidency of the school may be found within the W\u0026amp;L University Archives. Please contact W\u0026amp;L Special Collections for information regarding the University Archives.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains primary and secondary resources pertaining to Robert E. Lee and the Lee family. Included are correspondences from, to, and about Lee and various family members; memorabilia, pamphlets, photographs, reminiscences, miscellaneous personal papers, family history and genealogy. The collection includes materials acquired from the Lee family and items donated to and purchased and compiled by W\u0026L University since Lee's tenure as president of Washington College from 1865 - 1870. Adminstrative papers, such as President's Reports, etc..., from Robert E. Lee's presidency of the school may be found within the W\u0026L University Archives. Please contact W\u0026L Special Collections for information regarding the University Archives."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"names_coll_ssim":["Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial (Va.) -- Robert E. Lee","Washington College (Lexington, Va.)","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial (Va.) -- Robert E. Lee","Washington College (Lexington, Va.)","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia","United States Military Academy","United States. Army","Confederate States of America. Army","Confederate States of America","Bank of Lexington (Lexington, Va.)","Richardson \u0026 Co.","Washington and Lee University. Graham Philanthropic Society","Franklin Society and Library Company of Lexington (Lexington, Va.)","Jones Bros. \u0026 Co. Subscription Book Publishers","Bethany College","Clariosophic Society","Southern University (Greensboro, Alabama)","Virginia Central Railroad Company","Virginia Military Institute","Philodemic Society","Georgetown University","Lancaster \u0026 Co.","Washington College","Southern Express Company","Burke, Herbert \u0026 Co.","Southern Relief Association","Blakeney \u0026 Co.","Philologic Society","Westminster College (Fulton, MO)","Leslie \u0026 Botts, Attorneys at Law","Butler, Perrigo and Way","Demosthenian Society","University of Georgia","Roanoke College","Great Southern \u0026 Western Accident \u0026 Life Insurance Co.","Stonewall Institute","Jefferson Davis Society","James River and Kanawha Company (Richmond, Va.)","Virginia Mining and Manufacturing Bureau","Centre College (Danville, Ky. : 1918- )","Periclean Society","University of Kentucky","Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge, La.)","Lee Society","University of Maryland","American Publishing Company","College of William \u0026 Mary","Jackson Society","American Civil War (United States : 1861-1865)","United States--Confederate States of America","Eunomian Literary Society","Masonic College (La Grange, Ky.)","The Teachers' Association of Virginia","United States. Army. Ohio Infantry Regiment, 145th (1864)","Confederate States of America. Army. Virginia Cavalry Regiment, 4th","Big Sandy Coal, Oil and Mining Company","Sargent, Wilson \u0026 Hinkle","University of Virginia","Confederate States of America. Army. Sibley Brigade","The Houston Telegraph","Soule University","Coal River Navigation Company","Silver Sunbeam Photography Studio","The National Star","Confederate States of America. Army. Mississippi Infantry Regiment, 30th","Philp \u0026 Solomon","Gardner's Photographic Art Gallery","Fairview Academy","Department of Western Kentucky","The Memphis Commercial","Charles Town Christian Association","Woods, Yeatman, \u0026 Co.","Urbana Union","Virginia Hotel","Jenifer \u0026 Brother General Purchasing and Sale Agency","Confederate States of America. Army. Virginia Cavalry Regiment, 8th","Strobridge Lithographing Company","Stonewall Literary Society","Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris","H. Myers \u0026 Co.","Messers. Bellot des Miniers, Bros. \u0026 Co.","Confederate States of America. Army. Cavalry","Confederate States of America. Army. Tennessee Brigade","Automatic Gas Company of Baltimore","Confederate States of America. Congress.","United States. Congress","United States. Army of the Potomac","Virginia. Militia. Richmond Light Infantry Blues","Raleigh Sentinel Newspaper","Confederate States of America. Army. Texas Brigade","Dolbear Commercial College","Confederate States of America. Navy","Confederate States of America. War Department","Blelock \u0026 Co","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Early's Division","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Corps, 3rd","Confederate States of America. Army of Northern Virginia. Corps, 2nd","John Murray (Firm)","Longman (Firm)","Confederate States of America. Army. Staunton Artillery","Great Southern and Western Life and Accident Insurance Company","Mount de Chental Visitation Academy","Mercer University","Dover Mines","Natchez Institute","Hampden-Sydney College","The Brandon Republican","Summerville Institute","Educational Association of Virginia","Sohier and Welch","Lee family","Jackson family","Washington Family","Cordes Family","Leyburn family","Carson family","Lutz family","Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870","Bowe, William McCloud","Washington, John Augustine, 1821 - 1861","Turner, Edward","Taylor, Walter H.","Gray, Granville, Lieutenant","Marshall, Charles","Campbell, J. L. (John Lyle)","Root, V. M.","White, William S. (William Spotswood)","Kinckle, William H.","Stuart, Caroline","Waddill, Frank A.","Mackay, John","Kemble, Fanny","Eliason, W. A., Captain","Beauregard, G. T. (Gustave Toutant), 1818-1893","Lee, George Washington Custis","Lee, William Henry Fitzhugh, 1837-1891","Gratiot, Julia","Totten, Joseph Gilbert, 1788-1864","Lee, Annie Carter","Bonaparte, Jérôme Napoléon, 1805-1870","Bonaparte, Jérôme Napoléon, 1830-1893","Conrad, Charles Magill, 1804-1878","Peters (Benson), Caroline Cora","Burwell, Nat","Davis, Jefferson, 1808-1889","Scott, Winfield, 1786-1866","Lee, Charles Carter","Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall)","Ewell, Richard Stoddert, 1817-1872","Clark, Henry T. (Henry Toole), 1808-1874","McClellan, George B. (George Brinton), 1826-1885","Imboden, John D. (John Daniel)","Pendleton, William Nelson, 1809-1883","Burnside, Ambrose Everett","Long, A. L. (Armistead Lindsay), 1827-1891","Lee, Mary Custis","Edmondson, James K., Colonel","Leech, J. M.","McGuire, Hunter, M.D.","Conner, W. C.","Polk, James K. (James Knox)","Smith, William E.","Hearne, C. C.","Swayne, John F","Clay, John C. J.","Castleman, J. G.","Owen, G. L.","Mitchell, J. A.","Preston, Frank","Graves, W. S.","Lee, Henry","Hotchkiss, Jedediah, 1828-1899","McCutchan, Frank, Rev.","Gratiot, Charles, 1786-1855","Putnam, Haldibrand Sumner, 1836 - 1863","Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885","Letcher, John","Brockenbrough, John","Reid, Samuel McDowell","Leyburn, Alfred","Christian, Bolivar","Kirkpatrick, Thomas J. (Jellis), 1829-1897","Mahone, William","Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Hill, A. P.  (A. Powell)","Early, Jubal Anderson, 1816-1894","Smith, Francis H., Colonel (Francis Henney)","Jackson, Mary Anna Morrison, 1831 - 1915","Walker, John George","Trimble, Isaac Ridgeway","Parker, William Harwar","Glore, W. Scott","Dorman, J. B.","Tucker, John Randolph","Cocke, William Archer, Judge","Temple, J.","Williams, J. B.","Anderson, W. W.","Patterson, Robert H.","Finnegan, Joseph","Snow, William Parker","Richardson, C. B.","Taylor, M.","Magruder, H. B.","Dabney, R. L.","Stewart, George J. 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Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Churches of Christ","Census","Scrapbooks","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Churches of Christ","Census","Scrapbooks","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.5 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["1.5 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Rockbridge Historical Society files on churches, RHS Coll. 0040, Special Collections and Archives, James G. 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Lee Memorial Episcopal Church (Lexington, Va.)","Randolph Street Methodist Church (Lexington, Va.)","St. Patrick's Church (Lexington, Va.)","Trinity Episcopal Church (Staunton, Va.)","Timber Ridge Presybterian Church (Lexington, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","First Baptist Church (Lexington, Va.)","Lexington Presbyterian Church (Lexington, Va.)","New Monmouth Presbyterian Church (Lexington, Va.)","New Providence Presbyterian Church (Rockbridge County, Va.)","R. E. Lee Memorial Episcopal Church (Lexington, Va.)","Randolph Street Methodist Church (Lexington, Va.)","St. Patrick's Church (Lexington, Va.)","Trinity Episcopal Church (Staunton, Va.)","Timber Ridge Presybterian Church (Lexington, Va.)","Mother Emanuel AME Church, Charleston, SC","Williams, McKinely Anthony, Rev.","Brooks, Elvia Davis","Eason, Delreese Laverne","Morrison, Omega Mahala Fields","Nicholas, George Washington","Pleasants, Jacqueline Corbin","Stewart, Tammi Carter"],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","First Baptist Church (Lexington, Va.)","Lexington Presbyterian Church (Lexington, Va.)","New Monmouth Presbyterian Church (Lexington, Va.)","New Providence Presbyterian Church (Rockbridge County, Va.)","R. E. 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Lee Memorial Episcopal Church (Lexington, Va.)","Randolph Street Methodist Church (Lexington, Va.)","St. Patrick's Church (Lexington, Va.)","Trinity Episcopal Church (Staunton, Va.)","Timber Ridge Presybterian Church (Lexington, Va.)","Mother Emanuel AME Church, Charleston, SC","Williams, McKinely Anthony, Rev.","Brooks, Elvia Davis","Eason, Delreese Laverne","Morrison, Omega Mahala Fields","Nicholas, George Washington","Pleasants, Jacqueline Corbin","Stewart, Tammi Carter"],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","First Baptist Church (Lexington, Va.)","Lexington Presbyterian Church (Lexington, Va.)","New Monmouth Presbyterian Church (Lexington, Va.)","New Providence Presbyterian Church (Rockbridge County, Va.)","R. E. 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Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Couper, William, Colonel, 1884-1964","Hadsel, Winifred","Tompkins, Edmund Pendleton","Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall)"],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"names_coll_ssim":["Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall)"],"persname_ssim":["Couper, William, Colonel, 1884-1964","Hadsel, Winifred","Tompkins, Edmund Pendleton","Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall)"],"language_ssim":["This collection is in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":4,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:50:51.622Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1003","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1003","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1003","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1003","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1003.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge Historical Society files on farms"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge Historical Society files on farms"],"unitdate_ssm":["1860-1988"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1860-1988"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RHS.Coll.0046","/repositories/5/resources/1003"],"text":["RHS.Coll.0046","/repositories/5/resources/1003","Rockbridge Historical Society files on farms","Agriculture","Farms","Photographs","The collection is open for research use.","This collection contains: a letter advertising a medication, on the other side of which is a note about the sale of the Galbraith Farm and a note about a trial; a letter from the Rockbridge Historical Society concerning a landmark next to the Stonewall Jackson Farm; a copy of an address delivered before the Rockbridge Historical Society by Colonel William Couper about the Virginia Military Institute; a memorande concerning a farm owned and operated by Major T.J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson; maps of different parts of Rockbridge County; a memo by Winifred Hadsel on the location of the Stonewall Jackson Farm; photographs taken at and near the Stonewall Jackson Farm; and a paper on Short Hill Farm.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  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Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Agriculture","Farms","Photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Agriculture","Farms","Photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4 Item"],"extent_tesim":["4 Item"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Rockbridge Historical Society files on farms, RHS Coll. 0046, Rockbridge Historical Society, Special Collections and Archives, James G. 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Please contact Special Collections' staff to verify the appropriate format."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains: a letter advertising a medication, on the other side of which is a note about the sale of the Galbraith Farm and a note about a trial; a letter from the Rockbridge Historical Society concerning a landmark next to the Stonewall Jackson Farm; a copy of an address delivered before the Rockbridge Historical Society by Colonel William Couper about the Virginia Military Institute; a memorande concerning a farm owned and operated by Major T.J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson; maps of different parts of Rockbridge County; a memo by Winifred Hadsel on the location of the Stonewall Jackson Farm; photographs taken at and near the Stonewall Jackson Farm; and a paper on Short Hill Farm.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains: a letter advertising a medication, on the other side of which is a note about the sale of the Galbraith Farm and a note about a trial; a letter from the Rockbridge Historical Society concerning a landmark next to the Stonewall Jackson Farm; a copy of an address delivered before the Rockbridge Historical Society by Colonel William Couper about the Virginia Military Institute; a memorande concerning a farm owned and operated by Major T.J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson; maps of different parts of Rockbridge County; a memo by Winifred Hadsel on the location of the Stonewall Jackson Farm; photographs taken at and near the Stonewall Jackson Farm; and a paper on Short Hill Farm."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Couper, William, Colonel, 1884-1964","Hadsel, Winifred","Tompkins, Edmund Pendleton","Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall)"],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"names_coll_ssim":["Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall)"],"persname_ssim":["Couper, William, Colonel, 1884-1964","Hadsel, Winifred","Tompkins, Edmund Pendleton","Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (Stonewall)"],"language_ssim":["This collection is in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":4,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:50:51.622Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1003"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1015","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockbridge Historical Society files on hotels","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1015#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1015","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1015","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1015","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1015","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1015.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge Historical Society files on hotels"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge Historical Society files on hotels"],"unitdate_ssm":["1822-1987"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1822-1987"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RHS.Coll.0057","/repositories/5/resources/1015"],"text":["RHS.Coll.0057","/repositories/5/resources/1015","Rockbridge Historical Society files on hotels","Virginia -- Goshen","Virginia -- Lexington","Virginia -- Natural Bridge","Hotels","Photographs","The collection is available for research use.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Robert E. 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Printed ephemera includes a Dayton High School commencement program, basketball schedule, and a Turner Ashby High School vs. Harrisonburg High School football program and roster. Shenandoah Collegiate Institute and School of Music (Dayton) ephemera includes an addressed postcard and felt pennant. Photographs document several historic Rockingham County schools: Harmony School, Oak Grove School, Victory Hill School, Sunnyside School, Mt. Tom School, Shady Oakes/Oak Shade School, first school in Keezletown, and Montezuma School.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","Artificially compiled collection of photographs, papers, and ephemera relating to Rockingham County Schools.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Jeffrey S. 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Educational Report and History of Schools of County\u003c/emph\u003e published by the Rockingham County Board of Editors.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Due to the artificial and expansive nature of this collection, a biographical/historical note is not provided.","Researchers interested in the history of Rockingham County Schools should consult Larry Huffman's  Old Schools in Rockingham County  and  The Public Schools of Rockingham County, Virginia. Educational Report and History of Schools of County  published by the Rockingham County Board of Editors."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrom the estate of Larry Derrer, Harrisonburg, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["From the estate of Larry Derrer, Harrisonburg, Virginia."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Rockingham County Schools Collection, 1895-1961, SC 0371, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Rockingham County Schools Collection, 1895-1961, SC 0371, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArtificially compiled collection of photographs and papers relating to Rockingham County Schools. Papers include Charles A. 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Turner's (1875-1969) teaching contracts and teaching certificates for schools in Rockingham County and Hardy County, West Virginia. Printed ephemera includes a Dayton High School commencement program, basketball schedule, and a Turner Ashby High School vs. Harrisonburg High School football program and roster. Shenandoah Collegiate Institute and School of Music (Dayton) ephemera includes an addressed postcard and felt pennant. Photographs document several historic Rockingham County schools: Harmony School, Oak Grove School, Victory Hill School, Sunnyside School, Mt. Tom School, Shady Oakes/Oak Shade School, first school in Keezletown, and Montezuma School."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_0b7b2c837e4d6250ce62f309a5dd00c5\"\u003eArtificially compiled collection of photographs, papers, and ephemera relating to Rockingham County Schools.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Artificially compiled collection of photographs, papers, and ephemera relating to Rockingham County Schools."],"names_coll_ssim":["Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates"],"persname_ssim":["Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":4,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:58:43.394Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_748","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_748","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_748","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_748","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_748.xml","title_ssm":["Rockingham County Schools collection"],"title_tesim":["Rockingham County Schools collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1895-1961"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1895-1961"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0371","/repositories/4/resources/748"],"text":["SC 0371","/repositories/4/resources/748","Rockingham County Schools collection","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Education -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History","Schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History","Photographs","Certificates","Printed Ephemera","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Due to the artificial and expansive nature of this collection, a biographical/historical note is not provided.","Researchers interested in the history of Rockingham County Schools should consult Larry Huffman's  Old Schools in Rockingham County  and  The Public Schools of Rockingham County, Virginia. Educational Report and History of Schools of County  published by the Rockingham County Board of Editors.","From the estate of Larry Derrer, Harrisonburg, Virginia.","Artificially compiled collection of photographs and papers relating to Rockingham County Schools. Papers include Charles A. Turner's (1875-1969) teaching contracts and teaching certificates for schools in Rockingham County and Hardy County, West Virginia. Printed ephemera includes a Dayton High School commencement program, basketball schedule, and a Turner Ashby High School vs. Harrisonburg High School football program and roster. Shenandoah Collegiate Institute and School of Music (Dayton) ephemera includes an addressed postcard and felt pennant. Photographs document several historic Rockingham County schools: Harmony School, Oak Grove School, Victory Hill School, Sunnyside School, Mt. Tom School, Shady Oakes/Oak Shade School, first school in Keezletown, and Montezuma School.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","Artificially compiled collection of photographs, papers, and ephemera relating to Rockingham County Schools.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0371","/repositories/4/resources/748"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockingham County Schools collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockingham County Schools collection"],"collection_ssim":["Rockingham County Schools collection"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History"],"geogname_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History"],"creator_ssm":["Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022","Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022"],"creator_ssim":["Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022","Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022","Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates"],"creators_ssim":["Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022","Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022","Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates"],"places_ssim":["Rockingham County (Va.) -- History"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased at Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates' Americana Auction on March 22, 2024."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Education -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History","Schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History","Photographs","Certificates","Printed Ephemera"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Education -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History","Schools -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- History","Photographs","Certificates","Printed Ephemera"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 cubic feet 4 folders"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 cubic feet 4 folders"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs","Certificates","Printed Ephemera"],"date_range_isim":[1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDue to the artificial and expansive nature of this collection, a biographical/historical note is not provided.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eResearchers interested in the history of Rockingham County Schools should consult Larry Huffman's \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eOld Schools in Rockingham County\u003c/emph\u003e and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Public Schools of Rockingham County, Virginia. Educational Report and History of Schools of County\u003c/emph\u003e published by the Rockingham County Board of Editors.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Due to the artificial and expansive nature of this collection, a biographical/historical note is not provided.","Researchers interested in the history of Rockingham County Schools should consult Larry Huffman's  Old Schools in Rockingham County  and  The Public Schools of Rockingham County, Virginia. Educational Report and History of Schools of County  published by the Rockingham County Board of Editors."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrom the estate of Larry Derrer, Harrisonburg, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["From the estate of Larry Derrer, Harrisonburg, Virginia."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Rockingham County Schools Collection, 1895-1961, SC 0371, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Rockingham County Schools Collection, 1895-1961, SC 0371, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArtificially compiled collection of photographs and papers relating to Rockingham County Schools. Papers include Charles A. Turner's (1875-1969) teaching contracts and teaching certificates for schools in Rockingham County and Hardy County, West Virginia. Printed ephemera includes a Dayton High School commencement program, basketball schedule, and a Turner Ashby High School vs. Harrisonburg High School football program and roster. Shenandoah Collegiate Institute and School of Music (Dayton) ephemera includes an addressed postcard and felt pennant. Photographs document several historic Rockingham County schools: Harmony School, Oak Grove School, Victory Hill School, Sunnyside School, Mt. Tom School, Shady Oakes/Oak Shade School, first school in Keezletown, and Montezuma School.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Artificially compiled collection of photographs and papers relating to Rockingham County Schools. Papers include Charles A. Turner's (1875-1969) teaching contracts and teaching certificates for schools in Rockingham County and Hardy County, West Virginia. Printed ephemera includes a Dayton High School commencement program, basketball schedule, and a Turner Ashby High School vs. Harrisonburg High School football program and roster. Shenandoah Collegiate Institute and School of Music (Dayton) ephemera includes an addressed postcard and felt pennant. Photographs document several historic Rockingham County schools: Harmony School, Oak Grove School, Victory Hill School, Sunnyside School, Mt. Tom School, Shady Oakes/Oak Shade School, first school in Keezletown, and Montezuma School."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_0b7b2c837e4d6250ce62f309a5dd00c5\"\u003eArtificially compiled collection of photographs, papers, and ephemera relating to Rockingham County Schools.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Artificially compiled collection of photographs, papers, and ephemera relating to Rockingham County Schools."],"names_coll_ssim":["Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates"],"persname_ssim":["Derrer, Larry, 1944-2022"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":4,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:58:43.394Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_748"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_679","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rupp Family papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_679#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_679#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The collection documents the Rupp family of New Market, Virginia and includes correspondence, photographs, financial documents, account books, legal documents, and pencil drawings.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_679#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_679","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_679","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_679","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_679","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_679.xml","title_ssm":["Rupp Family papers"],"title_tesim":["Rupp Family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1831-1973"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1831-1973"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0342","/repositories/4/resources/679"],"text":["SC 0342","/repositories/4/resources/679","Rupp Family papers","New Market (Va.) -- History","Luray (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Mural painting and decoration","Pencil drawing","Legal documents","Financial Records","Letters (correspondence)","Photographs","Account books","Pencil drawings","Autograph albums","Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","A small wooden box of pencils and sketching implements was not retained. Two leather wallets were not retained.","The collection is arranged in two series:","Personal papers, 1831-1940 Photographs, 1840-1973","William F. Rupp (1834-1908) was a German-born frescoer, plain and ornamental painter, and paperhanger from New Market, Virginia. While a youth in Germany, Rupp attended design school. He immigrated from Heilbronn, Germany and arrived in New York on July 17, 1854. Rupp resided in Luray for approximately one year and moved to New Market permanently in July 1855. He married Mary Catherine Spitzer (1837-1900) in 1862. Her father, Charles Spitzer, was a New Market gunsmith. In 1866, Rupp purchased what is now known as the Spitzer-Rupp House (located at 9295 Congress Street, New Market) from members of the Spitzer family. William and Mary Rupp had three sons, Charles E. (1863-1930), William \"Willie\" H. (1866-1925), and Joseph H. (1869-1923), all of whom are documented in the collection. While William F. Rupp worked primarily in the Shenandoah Valley, documentary evidence confirms that he also frescoed and painted in North Carolina and Pennsylvania. His fresco painting included churches, public buildings, and private residences, some of which are still extant.","Many members of the immediate and extended Rupp family are buried in New Market's St. Matthew's Cemetery.","Researchers should reference the \"Rupp family obituaries\" file for additional and more complete biographical information.","The materials descended through the Fritz and Loretta Orebaugh family of New Market, Virginia. Fritz's mother, Mary Rupp Orebaugh, was the granddaughter of William F. Rupp.","Papers were removed from non-archival document sleeves. Several leather document cases were discarded due to lack of research value and overall condition.","Charles E. Rupp. Papers, 1869-1942. Accession 36719, Personal papers collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.","The collection documents the Rupp family of New Market, Virginia and includes correspondence, photographs, financial documents, account books, legal documents, and pencil drawings.","Most notably, the collection documents the work of William F. Rupp, a German-born frescoer, plain and ornamental painter, and paperhanger from New Market, Virginia. Rupp's account books list the name and place of buildings he painted, frescoed, and wallpapered including frescoing Rader's Lutheran Church in Timberville and the Shenandoah County Courthouse courtroom in Woodstock. Bound accounts also document his work painting signs and gilding. One book is devoted to Rupp's sketches, including a birds-eye view of Luray, Virginia, but his pencil drawings are also scattered throughout the bound account books.","The collection also comprises photographs, financial documents, tax receipts, correspondence, and photographs related to William Rupp's immediate family including his wife Mary; sons Charles E., William \"Willie\" H., and Joseph H. Rupp, wife Rose, and their daughter Mary E., as well as others.","Two printed volumes were separated and cataloged individually.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The collection documents the Rupp family of New Market, Virginia and includes correspondence, photographs, financial documents, account books, legal documents, and pencil drawings.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Rupp family","Rupp, William F., 1834-1908","English German"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0342","/repositories/4/resources/679"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rupp Family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rupp Family papers"],"collection_ssim":["Rupp Family papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["New Market (Va.) -- History","Luray (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History"],"geogname_ssim":["New Market (Va.) -- History","Luray (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History"],"creator_ssm":["Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Rupp, William F., 1834-1908","Rupp family"],"creator_ssim":["Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Rupp, William F., 1834-1908","Rupp family"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Rupp, William F., 1834-1908"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Rupp family"],"creators_ssim":["Rupp, William F., 1834-1908","Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Rupp family"],"places_ssim":["New Market (Va.) -- History","Luray (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Acquired at Jeffrey S. Evans's 37th Semi-Annual Americana/Fine Antiques auction on November 16, 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Mural painting and decoration","Pencil drawing","Legal documents","Financial Records","Letters (correspondence)","Photographs","Account books","Pencil drawings","Autograph albums"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Mural painting and decoration","Pencil drawing","Legal documents","Financial Records","Letters (correspondence)","Photographs","Account books","Pencil drawings","Autograph albums"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.39 cubic feet 4 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["1.39 cubic feet 4 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Legal documents","Financial Records","Letters (correspondence)","Photographs","Account books","Pencil drawings","Autograph albums"],"date_range_isim":[1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"appraisal_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA small wooden box of pencils and sketching implements was not retained. Two leather wallets were not retained.\u003c/p\u003e"],"appraisal_heading_ssm":["Appraisal"],"appraisal_tesim":["A small wooden box of pencils and sketching implements was not retained. Two leather wallets were not retained."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in two series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePersonal papers, 1831-1940\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePhotographs, 1840-1973\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in two series:","Personal papers, 1831-1940 Photographs, 1840-1973"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam F. Rupp (1834-1908) was a German-born frescoer, plain and ornamental painter, and paperhanger from New Market, Virginia. While a youth in Germany, Rupp attended design school. He immigrated from Heilbronn, Germany and arrived in New York on July 17, 1854. Rupp resided in Luray for approximately one year and moved to New Market permanently in July 1855. He married Mary Catherine Spitzer (1837-1900) in 1862. Her father, Charles Spitzer, was a New Market gunsmith. In 1866, Rupp purchased what is now known as the Spitzer-Rupp House (located at 9295 Congress Street, New Market) from members of the Spitzer family. William and Mary Rupp had three sons, Charles E. (1863-1930), William \"Willie\" H. (1866-1925), and Joseph H. (1869-1923), all of whom are documented in the collection. While William F. Rupp worked primarily in the Shenandoah Valley, documentary evidence confirms that he also frescoed and painted in North Carolina and Pennsylvania. His fresco painting included churches, public buildings, and private residences, some of which are still extant.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMany members of the immediate and extended Rupp family are buried in New Market's St. Matthew's Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eResearchers should reference the \"Rupp family obituaries\" file for additional and more complete biographical information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["William F. Rupp (1834-1908) was a German-born frescoer, plain and ornamental painter, and paperhanger from New Market, Virginia. While a youth in Germany, Rupp attended design school. He immigrated from Heilbronn, Germany and arrived in New York on July 17, 1854. Rupp resided in Luray for approximately one year and moved to New Market permanently in July 1855. He married Mary Catherine Spitzer (1837-1900) in 1862. Her father, Charles Spitzer, was a New Market gunsmith. In 1866, Rupp purchased what is now known as the Spitzer-Rupp House (located at 9295 Congress Street, New Market) from members of the Spitzer family. William and Mary Rupp had three sons, Charles E. (1863-1930), William \"Willie\" H. (1866-1925), and Joseph H. (1869-1923), all of whom are documented in the collection. While William F. Rupp worked primarily in the Shenandoah Valley, documentary evidence confirms that he also frescoed and painted in North Carolina and Pennsylvania. His fresco painting included churches, public buildings, and private residences, some of which are still extant.","Many members of the immediate and extended Rupp family are buried in New Market's St. Matthew's Cemetery.","Researchers should reference the \"Rupp family obituaries\" file for additional and more complete biographical information."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials descended through the Fritz and Loretta Orebaugh family of New Market, Virginia. Fritz's mother, Mary Rupp Orebaugh, was the granddaughter of William F. Rupp.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["The materials descended through the Fritz and Loretta Orebaugh family of New Market, Virginia. Fritz's mother, Mary Rupp Orebaugh, was the granddaughter of William F. Rupp."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Rupp Family Papers, 1831-1973, SC 0342, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Rupp Family Papers, 1831-1973, SC 0342, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers were removed from non-archival document sleeves. Several leather document cases were discarded due to lack of research value and overall condition.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Papers were removed from non-archival document sleeves. Several leather document cases were discarded due to lack of research value and overall condition."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles E. Rupp. Papers, 1869-1942. Accession 36719, Personal papers collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Charles E. Rupp. Papers, 1869-1942. Accession 36719, Personal papers collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection documents the Rupp family of New Market, Virginia and includes correspondence, photographs, financial documents, account books, legal documents, and pencil drawings.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMost notably, the collection documents the work of William F. Rupp, a German-born frescoer, plain and ornamental painter, and paperhanger from New Market, Virginia. Rupp's account books list the name and place of buildings he painted, frescoed, and wallpapered including frescoing Rader's Lutheran Church in Timberville and the Shenandoah County Courthouse courtroom in Woodstock. Bound accounts also document his work painting signs and gilding. One book is devoted to Rupp's sketches, including a birds-eye view of Luray, Virginia, but his pencil drawings are also scattered throughout the bound account books.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also comprises photographs, financial documents, tax receipts, correspondence, and photographs related to William Rupp's immediate family including his wife Mary; sons Charles E., William \"Willie\" H., and Joseph H. Rupp, wife Rose, and their daughter Mary E., as well as others.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection documents the Rupp family of New Market, Virginia and includes correspondence, photographs, financial documents, account books, legal documents, and pencil drawings.","Most notably, the collection documents the work of William F. Rupp, a German-born frescoer, plain and ornamental painter, and paperhanger from New Market, Virginia. Rupp's account books list the name and place of buildings he painted, frescoed, and wallpapered including frescoing Rader's Lutheran Church in Timberville and the Shenandoah County Courthouse courtroom in Woodstock. Bound accounts also document his work painting signs and gilding. One book is devoted to Rupp's sketches, including a birds-eye view of Luray, Virginia, but his pencil drawings are also scattered throughout the bound account books.","The collection also comprises photographs, financial documents, tax receipts, correspondence, and photographs related to William Rupp's immediate family including his wife Mary; sons Charles E., William \"Willie\" H., and Joseph H. Rupp, wife Rose, and their daughter Mary E., as well as others."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTwo printed volumes were separated and cataloged individually.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Two printed volumes were separated and cataloged individually."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_055eb20ddf8f91318397f15cdb672218\"\u003eThe collection documents the Rupp family of New Market, Virginia and includes correspondence, photographs, financial documents, account books, legal documents, and pencil drawings.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection documents the Rupp family of New Market, Virginia and includes correspondence, photographs, financial documents, account books, legal documents, and pencil drawings."],"names_coll_ssim":["Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Rupp family","Rupp, William F., 1834-1908"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates"],"famname_ssim":["Rupp family"],"persname_ssim":["Rupp, William F., 1834-1908"],"language_ssim":["English German"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":42,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:59:18.143Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_679","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_679","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_679","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_679","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_679.xml","title_ssm":["Rupp Family papers"],"title_tesim":["Rupp Family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1831-1973"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1831-1973"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0342","/repositories/4/resources/679"],"text":["SC 0342","/repositories/4/resources/679","Rupp Family papers","New Market (Va.) -- History","Luray (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History","Mural painting and decoration","Pencil drawing","Legal documents","Financial Records","Letters (correspondence)","Photographs","Account books","Pencil drawings","Autograph albums","Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","A small wooden box of pencils and sketching implements was not retained. Two leather wallets were not retained.","The collection is arranged in two series:","Personal papers, 1831-1940 Photographs, 1840-1973","William F. Rupp (1834-1908) was a German-born frescoer, plain and ornamental painter, and paperhanger from New Market, Virginia. While a youth in Germany, Rupp attended design school. He immigrated from Heilbronn, Germany and arrived in New York on July 17, 1854. Rupp resided in Luray for approximately one year and moved to New Market permanently in July 1855. He married Mary Catherine Spitzer (1837-1900) in 1862. Her father, Charles Spitzer, was a New Market gunsmith. In 1866, Rupp purchased what is now known as the Spitzer-Rupp House (located at 9295 Congress Street, New Market) from members of the Spitzer family. William and Mary Rupp had three sons, Charles E. (1863-1930), William \"Willie\" H. (1866-1925), and Joseph H. (1869-1923), all of whom are documented in the collection. While William F. Rupp worked primarily in the Shenandoah Valley, documentary evidence confirms that he also frescoed and painted in North Carolina and Pennsylvania. His fresco painting included churches, public buildings, and private residences, some of which are still extant.","Many members of the immediate and extended Rupp family are buried in New Market's St. Matthew's Cemetery.","Researchers should reference the \"Rupp family obituaries\" file for additional and more complete biographical information.","The materials descended through the Fritz and Loretta Orebaugh family of New Market, Virginia. Fritz's mother, Mary Rupp Orebaugh, was the granddaughter of William F. Rupp.","Papers were removed from non-archival document sleeves. Several leather document cases were discarded due to lack of research value and overall condition.","Charles E. Rupp. Papers, 1869-1942. Accession 36719, Personal papers collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.","The collection documents the Rupp family of New Market, Virginia and includes correspondence, photographs, financial documents, account books, legal documents, and pencil drawings.","Most notably, the collection documents the work of William F. Rupp, a German-born frescoer, plain and ornamental painter, and paperhanger from New Market, Virginia. Rupp's account books list the name and place of buildings he painted, frescoed, and wallpapered including frescoing Rader's Lutheran Church in Timberville and the Shenandoah County Courthouse courtroom in Woodstock. Bound accounts also document his work painting signs and gilding. One book is devoted to Rupp's sketches, including a birds-eye view of Luray, Virginia, but his pencil drawings are also scattered throughout the bound account books.","The collection also comprises photographs, financial documents, tax receipts, correspondence, and photographs related to William Rupp's immediate family including his wife Mary; sons Charles E., William \"Willie\" H., and Joseph H. Rupp, wife Rose, and their daughter Mary E., as well as others.","Two printed volumes were separated and cataloged individually.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The collection documents the Rupp family of New Market, Virginia and includes correspondence, photographs, financial documents, account books, legal documents, and pencil drawings.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Rupp family","Rupp, William F., 1834-1908","English German"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0342","/repositories/4/resources/679"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rupp Family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rupp Family papers"],"collection_ssim":["Rupp Family papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["New Market (Va.) -- History","Luray (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History"],"geogname_ssim":["New Market (Va.) -- History","Luray (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History"],"creator_ssm":["Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Rupp, William F., 1834-1908","Rupp family"],"creator_ssim":["Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Rupp, William F., 1834-1908","Rupp family"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Rupp, William F., 1834-1908"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Rupp family"],"creators_ssim":["Rupp, William F., 1834-1908","Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Rupp family"],"places_ssim":["New Market (Va.) -- History","Luray (Va.) -- History","Shenandoah River Valley (Va. and W. Va.) -- History"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Acquired at Jeffrey S. Evans's 37th Semi-Annual Americana/Fine Antiques auction on November 16, 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Mural painting and decoration","Pencil drawing","Legal documents","Financial Records","Letters (correspondence)","Photographs","Account books","Pencil drawings","Autograph albums"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Mural painting and decoration","Pencil drawing","Legal documents","Financial Records","Letters (correspondence)","Photographs","Account books","Pencil drawings","Autograph albums"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.39 cubic feet 4 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["1.39 cubic feet 4 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Legal documents","Financial Records","Letters (correspondence)","Photographs","Account books","Pencil drawings","Autograph albums"],"date_range_isim":[1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"appraisal_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA small wooden box of pencils and sketching implements was not retained. Two leather wallets were not retained.\u003c/p\u003e"],"appraisal_heading_ssm":["Appraisal"],"appraisal_tesim":["A small wooden box of pencils and sketching implements was not retained. Two leather wallets were not retained."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in two series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePersonal papers, 1831-1940\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePhotographs, 1840-1973\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in two series:","Personal papers, 1831-1940 Photographs, 1840-1973"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam F. Rupp (1834-1908) was a German-born frescoer, plain and ornamental painter, and paperhanger from New Market, Virginia. While a youth in Germany, Rupp attended design school. He immigrated from Heilbronn, Germany and arrived in New York on July 17, 1854. Rupp resided in Luray for approximately one year and moved to New Market permanently in July 1855. He married Mary Catherine Spitzer (1837-1900) in 1862. Her father, Charles Spitzer, was a New Market gunsmith. In 1866, Rupp purchased what is now known as the Spitzer-Rupp House (located at 9295 Congress Street, New Market) from members of the Spitzer family. William and Mary Rupp had three sons, Charles E. (1863-1930), William \"Willie\" H. (1866-1925), and Joseph H. (1869-1923), all of whom are documented in the collection. While William F. Rupp worked primarily in the Shenandoah Valley, documentary evidence confirms that he also frescoed and painted in North Carolina and Pennsylvania. His fresco painting included churches, public buildings, and private residences, some of which are still extant.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMany members of the immediate and extended Rupp family are buried in New Market's St. Matthew's Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eResearchers should reference the \"Rupp family obituaries\" file for additional and more complete biographical information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["William F. Rupp (1834-1908) was a German-born frescoer, plain and ornamental painter, and paperhanger from New Market, Virginia. While a youth in Germany, Rupp attended design school. He immigrated from Heilbronn, Germany and arrived in New York on July 17, 1854. Rupp resided in Luray for approximately one year and moved to New Market permanently in July 1855. He married Mary Catherine Spitzer (1837-1900) in 1862. Her father, Charles Spitzer, was a New Market gunsmith. In 1866, Rupp purchased what is now known as the Spitzer-Rupp House (located at 9295 Congress Street, New Market) from members of the Spitzer family. William and Mary Rupp had three sons, Charles E. (1863-1930), William \"Willie\" H. (1866-1925), and Joseph H. (1869-1923), all of whom are documented in the collection. While William F. Rupp worked primarily in the Shenandoah Valley, documentary evidence confirms that he also frescoed and painted in North Carolina and Pennsylvania. His fresco painting included churches, public buildings, and private residences, some of which are still extant.","Many members of the immediate and extended Rupp family are buried in New Market's St. Matthew's Cemetery.","Researchers should reference the \"Rupp family obituaries\" file for additional and more complete biographical information."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials descended through the Fritz and Loretta Orebaugh family of New Market, Virginia. Fritz's mother, Mary Rupp Orebaugh, was the granddaughter of William F. Rupp.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["The materials descended through the Fritz and Loretta Orebaugh family of New Market, Virginia. Fritz's mother, Mary Rupp Orebaugh, was the granddaughter of William F. Rupp."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Rupp Family Papers, 1831-1973, SC 0342, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Rupp Family Papers, 1831-1973, SC 0342, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers were removed from non-archival document sleeves. Several leather document cases were discarded due to lack of research value and overall condition.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Papers were removed from non-archival document sleeves. Several leather document cases were discarded due to lack of research value and overall condition."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles E. Rupp. Papers, 1869-1942. Accession 36719, Personal papers collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Charles E. Rupp. Papers, 1869-1942. Accession 36719, Personal papers collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection documents the Rupp family of New Market, Virginia and includes correspondence, photographs, financial documents, account books, legal documents, and pencil drawings.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMost notably, the collection documents the work of William F. Rupp, a German-born frescoer, plain and ornamental painter, and paperhanger from New Market, Virginia. Rupp's account books list the name and place of buildings he painted, frescoed, and wallpapered including frescoing Rader's Lutheran Church in Timberville and the Shenandoah County Courthouse courtroom in Woodstock. Bound accounts also document his work painting signs and gilding. One book is devoted to Rupp's sketches, including a birds-eye view of Luray, Virginia, but his pencil drawings are also scattered throughout the bound account books.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also comprises photographs, financial documents, tax receipts, correspondence, and photographs related to William Rupp's immediate family including his wife Mary; sons Charles E., William \"Willie\" H., and Joseph H. Rupp, wife Rose, and their daughter Mary E., as well as others.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection documents the Rupp family of New Market, Virginia and includes correspondence, photographs, financial documents, account books, legal documents, and pencil drawings.","Most notably, the collection documents the work of William F. Rupp, a German-born frescoer, plain and ornamental painter, and paperhanger from New Market, Virginia. Rupp's account books list the name and place of buildings he painted, frescoed, and wallpapered including frescoing Rader's Lutheran Church in Timberville and the Shenandoah County Courthouse courtroom in Woodstock. Bound accounts also document his work painting signs and gilding. One book is devoted to Rupp's sketches, including a birds-eye view of Luray, Virginia, but his pencil drawings are also scattered throughout the bound account books.","The collection also comprises photographs, financial documents, tax receipts, correspondence, and photographs related to William Rupp's immediate family including his wife Mary; sons Charles E., William \"Willie\" H., and Joseph H. Rupp, wife Rose, and their daughter Mary E., as well as others."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTwo printed volumes were separated and cataloged individually.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Two printed volumes were separated and cataloged individually."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_055eb20ddf8f91318397f15cdb672218\"\u003eThe collection documents the Rupp family of New Market, Virginia and includes correspondence, photographs, financial documents, account books, legal documents, and pencil drawings.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection documents the Rupp family of New Market, Virginia and includes correspondence, photographs, financial documents, account books, legal documents, and pencil drawings."],"names_coll_ssim":["Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates","Rupp family","Rupp, William F., 1834-1908"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Jeffrey S. Evans \u0026 Associates"],"famname_ssim":["Rupp family"],"persname_ssim":["Rupp, William F., 1834-1908"],"language_ssim":["English German"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":42,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:59:18.143Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_679"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_644","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_644#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Toliver, Ruth M.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_644#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, comprises a manuscript, writings, personal papers, facsimile photographs, church records, and correspondence related to George A. Newman (1855-1944), his daughter Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983), his grandsons Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005) and Wendell Temple (1923-2005), and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood and Newtown.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_644#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_644","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_644","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_644","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_644","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_644.xml","title_ssm":["Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1875-2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1875-2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0313","/repositories/4/resources/644"],"text":["SC 0313","/repositories/4/resources/644","Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers","Newtown (Rockingham County, Va.)","African Americans -- Education","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","African American neighborhoods -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","Urban renewal -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","African American churches -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","Family papers","Photographs","Minutes (administrative records)","Manuscripts (documents)","Ledgers (account books)","Letters (correspondence)","Pamphlets","Speeches (Documents)","Brochures","Church records","Sheet music","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","George Newman's manuscript and the individual photographs comprising the twelve tri-folds were digitized per the donor's request. George Newman's speech was also digitized. The digital scans are available to researchers upon request.","Newman's manuscript \"A Miserable Revenge: A story of life in Virginia\" was published for the first time in 2025 and edited by Mollie Godfrey, Brooks E. Hefner, Jeslyn Poole, and Evan Sizemore. It is available in printed form or online at  https://pressbooks.lib.jmu.edu/newmanmiserablerevenge/ .","The collection is arranged chronologically with the exception of the Gerald Harris and Wendell Temple papers which are intellectually and physically arranged as sub-groups at the end of the collection.","George Newman's manuscript is housed in one folder and two archival quality binders. The first two manuscript pages are on legal sized paper and were removed to a folder to ensure their physical integrity. Folder 1 includes manuscript pages 1-2. Binder 1 includes manuscript pages 3-140. The first four manuscript pages, approximately, were transcribed at an unknown time and are included in binder 1. Binder 2 includes manuscript pages 141-480. Missing pages are outlined in the Scope and Content note. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order. Each page is individually sleeved with a few exceptions, for example when it was discovered during scanning that two pages were in the same sleeve. In these instances the pages were kept in the same sleeve but repositioned so that both could be viewed.","Toliver, Ruth M. Keeping Up With Yesterday. Olney, MD: Lowell A. or Ruth M. Toliver, 2009.","Toliver, Ruth M. History of Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church, Newtown, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 1892-1906. Gaithersburg, MD: Signature Books, 1998.","Obituary for Austin G. Harris, Daily News-Record, April 8, 2005.","Ruth M. Toliver is a retired English teacher, local and family historian, and the author of   History of Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church, Newtown, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 1892-1906  (1998) and  Keeping Up With Yesterday  (2009). She is the daughter of Eugene Murdock and Myrtle Newman Murdock (1901-2000) and the granddaughter of George Ambrose Newman and Mary Dallard Newman. Ruth Toliver inherited many of the family papers that comprise this collection from her cousin Wendell Temple (d. 2005), son of Ruby Newman Temple. She married Lowell Toliver, son of Theodore Tolliver (1902-1967) and Phoebe Harper Tolliver (1906-1982). Lowell Toliver, who was born and raised in Harrisonburg, entered the U. S. Army in January 1953 and it was at this point that the spelling of his last name changed from Tolliver to Toliver.","Born February 4, 1855 in Winchester, Virginia to free Black parents, George Ambrose Newman moved to Harrisonburg in 1875 to serve as principal of the local African American school. Newman learned to read and write at an early age and also pursued his interests in music. He served for 33 years as a teacher and administrator in the city school system—chiefly at the Effinger Street School—and also held teaching positions in Warren County, Augusta County, and West Virginia. Six of Newman's children also pursued teaching and began their careers in Rockingham County. Along with Ulysses G. Wilson, local educator and half-brother of Lucy F. Simms, Newman paid the poll taxes of local Black men in response to disenfranchisement tactics during segregation. In addition to being an influential educator Newman was a minister, musician, a member of the Mt. Zion Lodge of Masons in Staunton, and a member of the John Wesley United Methodist Church (variously known as John Wesley Methodist Church and John Wesley M. E. Church) in Harrisonburg. Outside of teaching, Newman took positions as an agent of the Internal Revenue Service and a U.S. Deputy Marshall. ","George A. Newman married Margaret \"Maggie\" Dallard (1859-1887), daughter of Ambrose and Harriett Dallard, in 1877 and together they had four children. After Maggie's death in 1887, George Newman married Maggie's sister, Mary F. Dallard (1869-1968), as was Ghanian tradition. They had ten children. Newman is remembered as a trailblazing member of Harrisonburg's early African American community and a respected educational leader. Per his obituary, Newman had started his 66th reading of the Bible just months prior to his death. Newman passed away on April 6, 1944 at the age of 89.","Ruby Edith Newman (1898-1983) was born in Harrisonburg to George A. Newman and Mary Dallard Newman. She married Junius Leroy Temple in 1920. Ruby Newman Temple was a member of the John Wesley United Methodist Church and served for many years as the secretary of the church's Woman's Society of Christian Service (WSCS). WSCS met monthly at either the church or the home of a society member.","Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005) was born in Harrisonburg to Carlotta Newman Harris and Austin St. Clair \"Dick\" Harris. He was the grandson of George A. Newman and Mary Dallard Newman on his mother's side and W. N. P. Harris and Geraldine Robinson Harris on his father's side. Harris attended Lucy F. Simms School and while a student entered a local \"How To Beautify Your City\" contest sponsored by the Spotswood Garden Club's Road Beautification Committee. Due to Harrisonburg and Rockingham County's connection to turkeys, Harris submitted the idea and complementary design for turkey monuments to be placed at the highway approaches to Rockingham County. Harris's submission was selected as the winner and the monuments were subsequently dedicated in December 1955. Harris also attended Banneker Junior High School and Theodore Roosevelt High School in Washington, DC. After graduation from Roosevelt, Harris matriculated at Howard University where he graduated in 1964. While a student at Howard, Harris was a member of the ROTC. Harris obtained his master's degree from Syracuse University and later worked at Niagara Mohawk Power Company (Syracuse) and Associated Utilities Company (New Jersey).","Wendell Ambrose Temple (1923-2005) was born in Harrisonburg, Virginia to Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983) and Junius Leroy Temple (1898-1937). Locally, he attended Effinger High School and Lucy F. Simms School. He was an accomplished pianist and musician, and described as a child prodigy in the local newspaper. As a youth, Temple won state-wide music contests and performed at Harrisonburg's State Theater. He received his early training almost exclusively by local music instructor Thurston DeMasters. Temple graduated from Oberlin Conservatory of Music and the University of Iowa. He taught at Florida A\u0026M University and Wilberforce University.","George A. Newman, Ruby Newman Temple, and Gerald Harris are all buried in Newtown Cemetery along with many of their immediate and extended family members.","Beyond the Newman family, much of this collection more generally documents Newtown, Harrisonburg's historically African American community located in the northeast section of the city. After Emancipation, this area was settled by formerly enslaved people who began purchasing lots in the Zirkle addition which was farmland located on the northeast edge of town that was newly opened up to residential development. During the 1950s and 1960s, Harrisonburg engaged in urban renewal (Project R4) during which the city identified \"blight\" areas and after acquiring homes and land under eminent domain, sold the property to developers. As a result many Black-owned homes and businesses in the Newtown area were razed, and community members were forced to relocate.","A portion of the original photographs copied for the tri-folds were provided to the Tolivers by community and family members.","George Newman's manuscript was digitized per the donor's request in February 2021. The digital scans are available to researchers upon request. Numerous manuscript pages have writing on their verso side (back) though these were not scanned. All of those pages were flagged by the archivist with a \"SEE VERSO\" slip of paper. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order.","Original description of the photographs created by the donor was largely retained within descriptive elements of the container list (e.g. thematic titles of tri-folds and item-level titles).","Loose programs and handwritten documents were removed from George Newman's notebook documenting the history of the John Wesley M. E. Church and arranged according to material type.","Materials related to Gerald Harris were largely kept in the same topical order in which they were received.","Allison Lyttle, JMU Libraries Music \u0026 Media Metadata Specialist, assisted in identifying, sorting, and describing Wendell Temple's sheet music which was donated in no discernable order.","Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church (Harrisonburg, Va.). Records, 1892-1905. Accession 37081, Church records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.","The Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, comprises a manuscript, writings, personal papers, facsimile photographs, church records, and correspondence related to George A. Newman (1855-1944), his daughter Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983), his grandson Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005), and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood and Newtown.","According to Ruth Toliver, George A. Newman's 480-page manuscript titled \"A Miserable Revenge: A story of life in Virginia\" is a work of fiction with autobiographical elements. The manuscript is divided into 40 chapters and begins: \"A finer estate than that of Joshua Sowers could not be found in all Virginia. We will not give the exact date, let it suffice for us to say we begin our story April the first, in a certain part of the nineteenth century. The morning was a clear, beautiful one. We locate the scene of our story in the county of Frederick, a short distance from the then small town of Winchester. The estate was rightly named Brookland, for the land was covered with brooks. Mr. Sowers owned a large mill.\" Newman introduces a character named William G. Reed as the hero of the story who is leaving Brookland for Chicago. While not explicitly discussed in the manuscript, it is presumed that both Sowers and Reed are white men. African American characters include Jack, Joshua Sowers's \"faithful servant;\" Aunt Sally, the Sowers' enslaved cook; and George, a free child who lived with Sowers. Researchers should note that the manuscript contains the use of racial slurs and further, the enslaved African American characters are depicted as speaking in a stereotypical dialect as was common practice in late 19th century American literature. George, on the other hand, \"had learned to read and write and he always spoke very fluently.\" ","The manuscript was published for the first time in 2025 by James Madison University Libraries Press Books and was edited by Mollie Godfrey, Brooks E. Hefner, Jeslyn Poole, and Evan Sizemore. The back cover book blurb provides the following context and summary:  \"In the mid-1870s, a young African American educator arrived in Harrisonburg, Virginia, where he wrote a novel about antebellum life in the Shenandoah Valley. George A. Newman's A Miserable Revenge: A Story of Life in Virginia appears here in print for the first time, nearly 150 years after its composition. The earliest known example of a 'white life' novel--a Black-authored novel about white protagonists--A Miserable Revenge is set in and around Winchester, Virginia, in the 1840s. It draws on the sensationalist conventions of popular fiction of the time to spin a story of dark secrets, lost relatives, mistaken identities, crime and detection, and romance. In the novel, Newman describes the relationship between free and enslaved Black Virginians, drawing on his experience as a free Black child indentured to a white landowner in Winchester before the Civil War.\"","The manuscript pages are numbered in the same hand as the manuscript (George A. Newman's). The following pages are not extant and are missing from the manuscript entirely: pages 71-72, 76-82, 84, 267, 272-275, 289-291, and 375. Newman's page number for page 331 was torn away and at a later time was numbered as page 332, but contextual clues confirm that it is in fact page 331. The page was marked as such by the archivist and the incorrect page number was also retained. Only two pages are present between pages 346-349, and for both of the extant pages the page numbers are at least partially torn away rendering them illegible and their exact order unclear. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order.","While the manuscript is undated, writings potentially in Newman's hand and appearing on select verso pages date to 1875 and 1876. Editors of the published version of the manuscript date the document to mid-1870s. The aforementioned writings largely appear to be handwriting exercises or draft correspondence and also include a nine page essay titled \"An Essay on Truth\" which begins on the verso of page 391 continuing through page 409 on the odd page numbers with a few pages skipped. While undated, context clues within the essay, specifically an anecdote regarding New York Senator Roscoe Conkling recently returning from Europe, suggest a date of 1877. Internal evidence suggests that the remarks were likely given by Newman to the local order of the African American fraternal organization Independent Sons and Daughters of Purity, only identified in the essay by the abbreviation \"I. S. \u0026 D. P.\" and \"Sons \u0026 D. of P.\" In this same essay, Newman writes about having to keep his remarks brief due to an upcoming teacher's examination. All of the manuscript pages with writing on their versos were flagged by the archivist with a \"SEE VERSO\" slip of paper.","George Newman's speech \"Observations on the Negro Problem\" primarily concerns education with commentary on industrial education, choice of occupation, and a comparison of education funding for American Indian students vs. African American students. Newman also discusses the topic of African colonization of Black individuals as proposed by \"so-called statesmen and mis-named philanthropists.\" Newman argues \"It is paradoxical to speak of sending him to a place when he is already there. We are to the manor born. This is now our native home....\" Newman recognizes that certain voting laws that require meeting educational and property qualifications are examples of \"adverse legislation,\" but argues that they might be a \"blessing in disguise.\" Newman concludes with a call for an equitably educated citizenry regardless of status. Edits made to the speech suggest that it may have originally been written circa 1902 and presented again in 1913. As such, a date of 1913 is applied to the speech given the contextual clues within despite the document being undated. A draft transcript created by Special Collections staff is filed with the speech.","Twelve cardboard tri-folds compiled by Lowell Toliver include approximately 133 facsimile photographs documenting people and places in Newtown and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood. The photograph descriptions were also compiled by Toliver as was the thematic arrangement of each tri-fold. Family names of people identified in the photographs include Harper, Tolliver/Toliver, Sampson, Yokley, Newman, Bundy, Dallard, Temple, Vickers, Brown, Nickens, and Johnson. Local churches and schools include John Wesley Methodist Church, Bethel AME Church, Effinger Street School, and Simms School. Researchers should note that the surname Toliver is spelled variously as Tolover, Tolliver, etc. in the collection. Lowell Toliver's last name was changed slightly from Tolliver to Toliver when he enlisted in the military.","Six minute books document the financial and administrative functions of the John Wesley Methodist Church's Woman's Society of Christian Service (WSCS) between 1943 and 1976. Ruby Newman Temple served as WSCS's secretary for a period of time and kept monthly minutes for the society. Member lists and membership dues are also documented in the minute books. WSCS meetings typically included prayer, scripture reading, hymn singing, a business report, and a program or a topic of discussion. WSCS engaged in community outreach by providing Christmas baskets for the sick in the community, sending sympathy cards, and making charitable donations. The Ruby Newman Temple correspondence primarily relates to her work with WSCS. ","Other materials related to John Wesley Methodist Church include anniversary programs as well as member lists and a brief church history compiled by George Newman. Printed materials related to the United Methodist Church but not specific to John Wesley Methodist Church are also included. ","Four hand-colored sketches by George A. Newman, son of Frederick Newman (1883-1959) are dated August 28, 1929. ","Materials related to Gerald Harris largely concern his design of the turkey monuments that are located on the highway approaches into Harrisonburg and his schooling and coursework at Lucy F. Simms School, Banneker Junior High School, Theodore Roosevelt Senior High School, and Howard University. Report cards and tuition receipts are included. Of interest is a 1954 letter from A. M. Stitt, Lucy F. Simms School principal, certifying that Harris was vaccinated as well as Harris's polio vaccination card.","Materials created by Wendell Temple primarily comprise original handwritten sheet music for piano. Pieces specifically written for the organ, pianoforte, and violin are also included. The bulk of the sheet music is undated but likely dates to the mid-1930s to late 1940s. The compositions are in various states of completeness and order. Sheet music was written on lined notebook paper, blank pages of voter rolls for the 1928 presidential election, and the back of letterhead for the Castle Hall of Rockingham Star Lodge No. 72 Knights of Pythias and the Democratic Campaign Committee. Additional papers include correspondence from Temple to his mother Ruby Newman Temple and an Effinger High School report card.","One copy of the pamphlet Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the John Wesley Methodist Church, Harrisonburg, Virginia, October 20th through 27th, 1940 was removed from the collection and cataloged separately as part of Special Collections' rare book holdings. A second copy remains in the collection.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, comprises a manuscript, writings, personal papers, facsimile photographs, church records, and correspondence related to George A. Newman (1855-1944), his daughter Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983), his grandsons Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005) and Wendell Temple (1923-2005), and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood and Newtown.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Lucy F. Simms School (Public school)","John Wesley United Methodist Church (Harrisonburg, Va.)","John Wesley United Methodist Church (Harrisonburg, Va.). Woman's Society of Christian Service","Effinger Street School","Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church (Newtown, Rockingham County, Va.)","Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983","Harris, Austin Gerald, 1941-2005","Temple, Wendell A. (Wendell Ambrose), 1923-2005","Allen, Doris Harper, 1927-2021","Rhodes, Elon W. (Elon Walter), 1922-2006","Simms, Lucy F. (Lucy Frances), 1856-1934","Fairfax, Mary Awkard, 1912-2006","Harris, W.N.P. (William Nelson Pendleton), 1881-1977","Dickerson, Eugene, (Physician)","Friml, Rudolf, 1879-1972","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0313","/repositories/4/resources/644"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Newtown (Rockingham County, Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Newtown (Rockingham County, Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983","Harris, Austin Gerald, 1941-2005","Temple, Wendell A. (Wendell Ambrose), 1923-2005"],"creator_ssim":["Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983","Harris, Austin Gerald, 1941-2005","Temple, Wendell A. (Wendell Ambrose), 1923-2005"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983","Harris, Austin Gerald, 1941-2005","Temple, Wendell A. (Wendell Ambrose), 1923-2005"],"creators_ssim":["Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983","Harris, Austin Gerald, 1941-2005","Temple, Wendell A. (Wendell Ambrose), 1923-2005"],"places_ssim":["Newtown (Rockingham County, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated to Special Collections by Ruth and Lowell Toliver in February 2021. Ruth Toliver is George A. Newman's granddaughter. The Tolivers made additional donations in September 2021, October 2021, and January 2022."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Education","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","African American neighborhoods -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","Urban renewal -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","African American churches -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","Family papers","Photographs","Minutes (administrative records)","Manuscripts (documents)","Ledgers (account books)","Letters (correspondence)","Pamphlets","Speeches (Documents)","Brochures","Church records","Sheet music"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Education","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","African American neighborhoods -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","Urban renewal -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","African American churches -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","Family papers","Photographs","Minutes (administrative records)","Manuscripts (documents)","Ledgers (account books)","Letters (correspondence)","Pamphlets","Speeches (Documents)","Brochures","Church records","Sheet music"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.8 cubic feet in 3 boxes and 12 tri-folds"],"extent_tesim":["3.8 cubic feet in 3 boxes and 12 tri-folds"],"genreform_ssim":["Family papers","Photographs","Minutes (administrative records)","Manuscripts (documents)","Ledgers (account books)","Letters (correspondence)","Pamphlets","Speeches (Documents)","Brochures","Church records","Sheet music"],"date_range_isim":[1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGeorge Newman's manuscript and the individual photographs comprising the twelve tri-folds were digitized per the donor's request. George Newman's speech was also digitized. The digital scans are available to researchers upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNewman's manuscript \"A Miserable Revenge: A story of life in Virginia\" was published for the first time in 2025 and edited by Mollie Godfrey, Brooks E. Hefner, Jeslyn Poole, and Evan Sizemore. It is available in printed form or online at \u003cextref href=\"https://pressbooks.lib.jmu.edu/newmanmiserablerevenge/\" show=\"new\"\u003ehttps://pressbooks.lib.jmu.edu/newmanmiserablerevenge/\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Other Formats Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["George Newman's manuscript and the individual photographs comprising the twelve tri-folds were digitized per the donor's request. George Newman's speech was also digitized. The digital scans are available to researchers upon request.","Newman's manuscript \"A Miserable Revenge: A story of life in Virginia\" was published for the first time in 2025 and edited by Mollie Godfrey, Brooks E. Hefner, Jeslyn Poole, and Evan Sizemore. It is available in printed form or online at  https://pressbooks.lib.jmu.edu/newmanmiserablerevenge/ ."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically with the exception of the Gerald Harris and Wendell Temple papers which are intellectually and physically arranged as sub-groups at the end of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Newman's manuscript is housed in one folder and two archival quality binders. The first two manuscript pages are on legal sized paper and were removed to a folder to ensure their physical integrity. Folder 1 includes manuscript pages 1-2. Binder 1 includes manuscript pages 3-140. The first four manuscript pages, approximately, were transcribed at an unknown time and are included in binder 1. Binder 2 includes manuscript pages 141-480. Missing pages are outlined in the Scope and Content note. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order. Each page is individually sleeved with a few exceptions, for example when it was discovered during scanning that two pages were in the same sleeve. In these instances the pages were kept in the same sleeve but repositioned so that both could be viewed.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically with the exception of the Gerald Harris and Wendell Temple papers which are intellectually and physically arranged as sub-groups at the end of the collection.","George Newman's manuscript is housed in one folder and two archival quality binders. The first two manuscript pages are on legal sized paper and were removed to a folder to ensure their physical integrity. Folder 1 includes manuscript pages 1-2. Binder 1 includes manuscript pages 3-140. The first four manuscript pages, approximately, were transcribed at an unknown time and are included in binder 1. Binder 2 includes manuscript pages 141-480. Missing pages are outlined in the Scope and Content note. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order. Each page is individually sleeved with a few exceptions, for example when it was discovered during scanning that two pages were in the same sleeve. In these instances the pages were kept in the same sleeve but repositioned so that both could be viewed."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eToliver, Ruth M. Keeping Up With Yesterday. Olney, MD: Lowell A. or Ruth M. Toliver, 2009.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eToliver, Ruth M. History of Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church, Newtown, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 1892-1906. Gaithersburg, MD: Signature Books, 1998.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eObituary for Austin G. Harris, Daily News-Record, April 8, 2005.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Toliver, Ruth M. Keeping Up With Yesterday. Olney, MD: Lowell A. or Ruth M. Toliver, 2009.","Toliver, Ruth M. History of Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church, Newtown, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 1892-1906. Gaithersburg, MD: Signature Books, 1998.","Obituary for Austin G. Harris, Daily News-Record, April 8, 2005."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRuth M. Toliver is a retired English teacher, local and family historian, and the author of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e History of Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church, Newtown, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 1892-1906\u003c/emph\u003e (1998) and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eKeeping Up With Yesterday\u003c/emph\u003e (2009). She is the daughter of Eugene Murdock and Myrtle Newman Murdock (1901-2000) and the granddaughter of George Ambrose Newman and Mary Dallard Newman. Ruth Toliver inherited many of the family papers that comprise this collection from her cousin Wendell Temple (d. 2005), son of Ruby Newman Temple. She married Lowell Toliver, son of Theodore Tolliver (1902-1967) and Phoebe Harper Tolliver (1906-1982). Lowell Toliver, who was born and raised in Harrisonburg, entered the U. S. Army in January 1953 and it was at this point that the spelling of his last name changed from Tolliver to Toliver.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBorn February 4, 1855 in Winchester, Virginia to free Black parents, George Ambrose Newman moved to Harrisonburg in 1875 to serve as principal of the local African American school. Newman learned to read and write at an early age and also pursued his interests in music. He served for 33 years as a teacher and administrator in the city school system—chiefly at the Effinger Street School—and also held teaching positions in Warren County, Augusta County, and West Virginia. Six of Newman's children also pursued teaching and began their careers in Rockingham County. Along with Ulysses G. Wilson, local educator and half-brother of Lucy F. Simms, Newman paid the poll taxes of local Black men in response to disenfranchisement tactics during segregation. In addition to being an influential educator Newman was a minister, musician, a member of the Mt. Zion Lodge of Masons in Staunton, and a member of the John Wesley United Methodist Church (variously known as John Wesley Methodist Church and John Wesley M. E. Church) in Harrisonburg. Outside of teaching, Newman took positions as an agent of the Internal Revenue Service and a U.S. Deputy Marshall. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGeorge A. Newman married Margaret \"Maggie\" Dallard (1859-1887), daughter of Ambrose and Harriett Dallard, in 1877 and together they had four children. After Maggie's death in 1887, George Newman married Maggie's sister, Mary F. Dallard (1869-1968), as was Ghanian tradition. They had ten children. Newman is remembered as a trailblazing member of Harrisonburg's early African American community and a respected educational leader. Per his obituary, Newman had started his 66th reading of the Bible just months prior to his death. Newman passed away on April 6, 1944 at the age of 89.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRuby Edith Newman (1898-1983) was born in Harrisonburg to George A. Newman and Mary Dallard Newman. She married Junius Leroy Temple in 1920. Ruby Newman Temple was a member of the John Wesley United Methodist Church and served for many years as the secretary of the church's Woman's Society of Christian Service (WSCS). WSCS met monthly at either the church or the home of a society member.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAustin Gerald Harris (1941-2005) was born in Harrisonburg to Carlotta Newman Harris and Austin St. Clair \"Dick\" Harris. He was the grandson of George A. Newman and Mary Dallard Newman on his mother's side and W. N. P. Harris and Geraldine Robinson Harris on his father's side. Harris attended Lucy F. Simms School and while a student entered a local \"How To Beautify Your City\" contest sponsored by the Spotswood Garden Club's Road Beautification Committee. Due to Harrisonburg and Rockingham County's connection to turkeys, Harris submitted the idea and complementary design for turkey monuments to be placed at the highway approaches to Rockingham County. Harris's submission was selected as the winner and the monuments were subsequently dedicated in December 1955. Harris also attended Banneker Junior High School and Theodore Roosevelt High School in Washington, DC. After graduation from Roosevelt, Harris matriculated at Howard University where he graduated in 1964. While a student at Howard, Harris was a member of the ROTC. Harris obtained his master's degree from Syracuse University and later worked at Niagara Mohawk Power Company (Syracuse) and Associated Utilities Company (New Jersey).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWendell Ambrose Temple (1923-2005) was born in Harrisonburg, Virginia to Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983) and Junius Leroy Temple (1898-1937). Locally, he attended Effinger High School and Lucy F. Simms School. He was an accomplished pianist and musician, and described as a child prodigy in the local newspaper. As a youth, Temple won state-wide music contests and performed at Harrisonburg's State Theater. He received his early training almost exclusively by local music instructor Thurston DeMasters. Temple graduated from Oberlin Conservatory of Music and the University of Iowa. He taught at Florida A\u0026amp;M University and Wilberforce University.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGeorge A. Newman, Ruby Newman Temple, and Gerald Harris are all buried in Newtown Cemetery along with many of their immediate and extended family members.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBeyond the Newman family, much of this collection more generally documents Newtown, Harrisonburg's historically African American community located in the northeast section of the city. After Emancipation, this area was settled by formerly enslaved people who began purchasing lots in the Zirkle addition which was farmland located on the northeast edge of town that was newly opened up to residential development. During the 1950s and 1960s, Harrisonburg engaged in urban renewal (Project R4) during which the city identified \"blight\" areas and after acquiring homes and land under eminent domain, sold the property to developers. As a result many Black-owned homes and businesses in the Newtown area were razed, and community members were forced to relocate.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Ruth M. Toliver is a retired English teacher, local and family historian, and the author of   History of Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church, Newtown, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 1892-1906  (1998) and  Keeping Up With Yesterday  (2009). She is the daughter of Eugene Murdock and Myrtle Newman Murdock (1901-2000) and the granddaughter of George Ambrose Newman and Mary Dallard Newman. Ruth Toliver inherited many of the family papers that comprise this collection from her cousin Wendell Temple (d. 2005), son of Ruby Newman Temple. She married Lowell Toliver, son of Theodore Tolliver (1902-1967) and Phoebe Harper Tolliver (1906-1982). Lowell Toliver, who was born and raised in Harrisonburg, entered the U. S. Army in January 1953 and it was at this point that the spelling of his last name changed from Tolliver to Toliver.","Born February 4, 1855 in Winchester, Virginia to free Black parents, George Ambrose Newman moved to Harrisonburg in 1875 to serve as principal of the local African American school. Newman learned to read and write at an early age and also pursued his interests in music. He served for 33 years as a teacher and administrator in the city school system—chiefly at the Effinger Street School—and also held teaching positions in Warren County, Augusta County, and West Virginia. Six of Newman's children also pursued teaching and began their careers in Rockingham County. Along with Ulysses G. Wilson, local educator and half-brother of Lucy F. Simms, Newman paid the poll taxes of local Black men in response to disenfranchisement tactics during segregation. In addition to being an influential educator Newman was a minister, musician, a member of the Mt. Zion Lodge of Masons in Staunton, and a member of the John Wesley United Methodist Church (variously known as John Wesley Methodist Church and John Wesley M. E. Church) in Harrisonburg. Outside of teaching, Newman took positions as an agent of the Internal Revenue Service and a U.S. Deputy Marshall. ","George A. Newman married Margaret \"Maggie\" Dallard (1859-1887), daughter of Ambrose and Harriett Dallard, in 1877 and together they had four children. After Maggie's death in 1887, George Newman married Maggie's sister, Mary F. Dallard (1869-1968), as was Ghanian tradition. They had ten children. Newman is remembered as a trailblazing member of Harrisonburg's early African American community and a respected educational leader. Per his obituary, Newman had started his 66th reading of the Bible just months prior to his death. Newman passed away on April 6, 1944 at the age of 89.","Ruby Edith Newman (1898-1983) was born in Harrisonburg to George A. Newman and Mary Dallard Newman. She married Junius Leroy Temple in 1920. Ruby Newman Temple was a member of the John Wesley United Methodist Church and served for many years as the secretary of the church's Woman's Society of Christian Service (WSCS). WSCS met monthly at either the church or the home of a society member.","Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005) was born in Harrisonburg to Carlotta Newman Harris and Austin St. Clair \"Dick\" Harris. He was the grandson of George A. Newman and Mary Dallard Newman on his mother's side and W. N. P. Harris and Geraldine Robinson Harris on his father's side. Harris attended Lucy F. Simms School and while a student entered a local \"How To Beautify Your City\" contest sponsored by the Spotswood Garden Club's Road Beautification Committee. Due to Harrisonburg and Rockingham County's connection to turkeys, Harris submitted the idea and complementary design for turkey monuments to be placed at the highway approaches to Rockingham County. Harris's submission was selected as the winner and the monuments were subsequently dedicated in December 1955. Harris also attended Banneker Junior High School and Theodore Roosevelt High School in Washington, DC. After graduation from Roosevelt, Harris matriculated at Howard University where he graduated in 1964. While a student at Howard, Harris was a member of the ROTC. Harris obtained his master's degree from Syracuse University and later worked at Niagara Mohawk Power Company (Syracuse) and Associated Utilities Company (New Jersey).","Wendell Ambrose Temple (1923-2005) was born in Harrisonburg, Virginia to Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983) and Junius Leroy Temple (1898-1937). Locally, he attended Effinger High School and Lucy F. Simms School. He was an accomplished pianist and musician, and described as a child prodigy in the local newspaper. As a youth, Temple won state-wide music contests and performed at Harrisonburg's State Theater. He received his early training almost exclusively by local music instructor Thurston DeMasters. Temple graduated from Oberlin Conservatory of Music and the University of Iowa. He taught at Florida A\u0026M University and Wilberforce University.","George A. Newman, Ruby Newman Temple, and Gerald Harris are all buried in Newtown Cemetery along with many of their immediate and extended family members.","Beyond the Newman family, much of this collection more generally documents Newtown, Harrisonburg's historically African American community located in the northeast section of the city. After Emancipation, this area was settled by formerly enslaved people who began purchasing lots in the Zirkle addition which was farmland located on the northeast edge of town that was newly opened up to residential development. During the 1950s and 1960s, Harrisonburg engaged in urban renewal (Project R4) during which the city identified \"blight\" areas and after acquiring homes and land under eminent domain, sold the property to developers. As a result many Black-owned homes and businesses in the Newtown area were razed, and community members were forced to relocate."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA portion of the original photographs copied for the tri-folds were provided to the Tolivers by community and family members.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["A portion of the original photographs copied for the tri-folds were provided to the Tolivers by community and family members."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, SC 0313, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, SC 0313, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGeorge Newman's manuscript was digitized per the donor's request in February 2021. The digital scans are available to researchers upon request. Numerous manuscript pages have writing on their verso side (back) though these were not scanned. All of those pages were flagged by the archivist with a \"SEE VERSO\" slip of paper. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOriginal description of the photographs created by the donor was largely retained within descriptive elements of the container list (e.g. thematic titles of tri-folds and item-level titles).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLoose programs and handwritten documents were removed from George Newman's notebook documenting the history of the John Wesley M. E. Church and arranged according to material type.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterials related to Gerald Harris were largely kept in the same topical order in which they were received.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAllison Lyttle, JMU Libraries Music \u0026amp; Media Metadata Specialist, assisted in identifying, sorting, and describing Wendell Temple's sheet music which was donated in no discernable order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["George Newman's manuscript was digitized per the donor's request in February 2021. The digital scans are available to researchers upon request. Numerous manuscript pages have writing on their verso side (back) though these were not scanned. All of those pages were flagged by the archivist with a \"SEE VERSO\" slip of paper. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order.","Original description of the photographs created by the donor was largely retained within descriptive elements of the container list (e.g. thematic titles of tri-folds and item-level titles).","Loose programs and handwritten documents were removed from George Newman's notebook documenting the history of the John Wesley M. E. Church and arranged according to material type.","Materials related to Gerald Harris were largely kept in the same topical order in which they were received.","Allison Lyttle, JMU Libraries Music \u0026 Media Metadata Specialist, assisted in identifying, sorting, and describing Wendell Temple's sheet music which was donated in no discernable order."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eKelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church (Harrisonburg, Va.). Records, 1892-1905. Accession 37081, Church records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church (Harrisonburg, Va.). Records, 1892-1905. Accession 37081, Church records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, comprises a manuscript, writings, personal papers, facsimile photographs, church records, and correspondence related to George A. Newman (1855-1944), his daughter Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983), his grandson Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005), and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood and Newtown.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAccording to Ruth Toliver, George A. Newman's 480-page manuscript titled \"A Miserable Revenge: A story of life in Virginia\" is a work of fiction with autobiographical elements. The manuscript is divided into 40 chapters and begins: \"A finer estate than that of Joshua Sowers could not be found in all Virginia. We will not give the exact date, let it suffice for us to say we begin our story April the first, in a certain part of the nineteenth century. The morning was a clear, beautiful one. We locate the scene of our story in the county of Frederick, a short distance from the then small town of Winchester. The estate was rightly named Brookland, for the land was covered with brooks. Mr. Sowers owned a large mill.\" Newman introduces a character named William G. Reed as the hero of the story who is leaving Brookland for Chicago. While not explicitly discussed in the manuscript, it is presumed that both Sowers and Reed are white men. African American characters include Jack, Joshua Sowers's \"faithful servant;\" Aunt Sally, the Sowers' enslaved cook; and George, a free child who lived with Sowers. Researchers should note that the manuscript contains the use of racial slurs and further, the enslaved African American characters are depicted as speaking in a stereotypical dialect as was common practice in late 19th century American literature. George, on the other hand, \"had learned to read and write and he always spoke very fluently.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe manuscript was published for the first time in 2025 by James Madison University Libraries Press Books and was edited by Mollie Godfrey, Brooks E. Hefner, Jeslyn Poole, and Evan Sizemore. The back cover book blurb provides the following context and summary: \u003cblockquote\u003e\"In the mid-1870s, a young African American educator arrived in Harrisonburg, Virginia, where he wrote a novel about antebellum life in the Shenandoah Valley. George A. Newman's A Miserable Revenge: A Story of Life in Virginia appears here in print for the first time, nearly 150 years after its composition. The earliest known example of a 'white life' novel--a Black-authored novel about white protagonists--A Miserable Revenge is set in and around Winchester, Virginia, in the 1840s. It draws on the sensationalist conventions of popular fiction of the time to spin a story of dark secrets, lost relatives, mistaken identities, crime and detection, and romance. In the novel, Newman describes the relationship between free and enslaved Black Virginians, drawing on his experience as a free Black child indentured to a white landowner in Winchester before the Civil War.\"\u003c/blockquote\u003e  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe manuscript pages are numbered in the same hand as the manuscript (George A. Newman's). The following pages are not extant and are missing from the manuscript entirely: pages 71-72, 76-82, 84, 267, 272-275, 289-291, and 375. Newman's page number for page 331 was torn away and at a later time was numbered as page 332, but contextual clues confirm that it is in fact page 331. The page was marked as such by the archivist and the incorrect page number was also retained. Only two pages are present between pages 346-349, and for both of the extant pages the page numbers are at least partially torn away rendering them illegible and their exact order unclear. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile the manuscript is undated, writings potentially in Newman's hand and appearing on select verso pages date to 1875 and 1876. Editors of the published version of the manuscript date the document to mid-1870s. The aforementioned writings largely appear to be handwriting exercises or draft correspondence and also include a nine page essay titled \"An Essay on Truth\" which begins on the verso of page 391 continuing through page 409 on the odd page numbers with a few pages skipped. While undated, context clues within the essay, specifically an anecdote regarding New York Senator Roscoe Conkling recently returning from Europe, suggest a date of 1877. Internal evidence suggests that the remarks were likely given by Newman to the local order of the African American fraternal organization Independent Sons and Daughters of Purity, only identified in the essay by the abbreviation \"I. S. \u0026amp; D. P.\" and \"Sons \u0026amp; D. of P.\" In this same essay, Newman writes about having to keep his remarks brief due to an upcoming teacher's examination. All of the manuscript pages with writing on their versos were flagged by the archivist with a \"SEE VERSO\" slip of paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Newman's speech \"Observations on the Negro Problem\" primarily concerns education with commentary on industrial education, choice of occupation, and a comparison of education funding for American Indian students vs. African American students. Newman also discusses the topic of African colonization of Black individuals as proposed by \"so-called statesmen and mis-named philanthropists.\" Newman argues \"It is paradoxical to speak of sending him to a place when he is already there. We are to the manor born. This is now our native home....\" Newman recognizes that certain voting laws that require meeting educational and property qualifications are examples of \"adverse legislation,\" but argues that they might be a \"blessing in disguise.\" Newman concludes with a call for an equitably educated citizenry regardless of status. Edits made to the speech suggest that it may have originally been written circa 1902 and presented again in 1913. As such, a date of 1913 is applied to the speech given the contextual clues within despite the document being undated. A draft transcript created by Special Collections staff is filed with the speech.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTwelve cardboard tri-folds compiled by Lowell Toliver include approximately 133 facsimile photographs documenting people and places in Newtown and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood. The photograph descriptions were also compiled by Toliver as was the thematic arrangement of each tri-fold. Family names of people identified in the photographs include Harper, Tolliver/Toliver, Sampson, Yokley, Newman, Bundy, Dallard, Temple, Vickers, Brown, Nickens, and Johnson. Local churches and schools include John Wesley Methodist Church, Bethel AME Church, Effinger Street School, and Simms School. Researchers should note that the surname Toliver is spelled variously as Tolover, Tolliver, etc. in the collection. Lowell Toliver's last name was changed slightly from Tolliver to Toliver when he enlisted in the military.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSix minute books document the financial and administrative functions of the John Wesley Methodist Church's Woman's Society of Christian Service (WSCS) between 1943 and 1976. Ruby Newman Temple served as WSCS's secretary for a period of time and kept monthly minutes for the society. Member lists and membership dues are also documented in the minute books. WSCS meetings typically included prayer, scripture reading, hymn singing, a business report, and a program or a topic of discussion. WSCS engaged in community outreach by providing Christmas baskets for the sick in the community, sending sympathy cards, and making charitable donations. The Ruby Newman Temple correspondence primarily relates to her work with WSCS. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther materials related to John Wesley Methodist Church include anniversary programs as well as member lists and a brief church history compiled by George Newman. Printed materials related to the United Methodist Church but not specific to John Wesley Methodist Church are also included. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFour hand-colored sketches by George A. Newman, son of Frederick Newman (1883-1959) are dated August 28, 1929. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials related to Gerald Harris largely concern his design of the turkey monuments that are located on the highway approaches into Harrisonburg and his schooling and coursework at Lucy F. Simms School, Banneker Junior High School, Theodore Roosevelt Senior High School, and Howard University. Report cards and tuition receipts are included. Of interest is a 1954 letter from A. M. Stitt, Lucy F. Simms School principal, certifying that Harris was vaccinated as well as Harris's polio vaccination card.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials created by Wendell Temple primarily comprise original handwritten sheet music for piano. Pieces specifically written for the organ, pianoforte, and violin are also included. The bulk of the sheet music is undated but likely dates to the mid-1930s to late 1940s. The compositions are in various states of completeness and order. Sheet music was written on lined notebook paper, blank pages of voter rolls for the 1928 presidential election, and the back of letterhead for the Castle Hall of Rockingham Star Lodge No. 72 Knights of Pythias and the Democratic Campaign Committee. Additional papers include correspondence from Temple to his mother Ruby Newman Temple and an Effinger High School report card.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, comprises a manuscript, writings, personal papers, facsimile photographs, church records, and correspondence related to George A. Newman (1855-1944), his daughter Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983), his grandson Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005), and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood and Newtown.","According to Ruth Toliver, George A. Newman's 480-page manuscript titled \"A Miserable Revenge: A story of life in Virginia\" is a work of fiction with autobiographical elements. The manuscript is divided into 40 chapters and begins: \"A finer estate than that of Joshua Sowers could not be found in all Virginia. We will not give the exact date, let it suffice for us to say we begin our story April the first, in a certain part of the nineteenth century. The morning was a clear, beautiful one. We locate the scene of our story in the county of Frederick, a short distance from the then small town of Winchester. The estate was rightly named Brookland, for the land was covered with brooks. Mr. Sowers owned a large mill.\" Newman introduces a character named William G. Reed as the hero of the story who is leaving Brookland for Chicago. While not explicitly discussed in the manuscript, it is presumed that both Sowers and Reed are white men. African American characters include Jack, Joshua Sowers's \"faithful servant;\" Aunt Sally, the Sowers' enslaved cook; and George, a free child who lived with Sowers. Researchers should note that the manuscript contains the use of racial slurs and further, the enslaved African American characters are depicted as speaking in a stereotypical dialect as was common practice in late 19th century American literature. George, on the other hand, \"had learned to read and write and he always spoke very fluently.\" ","The manuscript was published for the first time in 2025 by James Madison University Libraries Press Books and was edited by Mollie Godfrey, Brooks E. Hefner, Jeslyn Poole, and Evan Sizemore. The back cover book blurb provides the following context and summary:  \"In the mid-1870s, a young African American educator arrived in Harrisonburg, Virginia, where he wrote a novel about antebellum life in the Shenandoah Valley. George A. Newman's A Miserable Revenge: A Story of Life in Virginia appears here in print for the first time, nearly 150 years after its composition. The earliest known example of a 'white life' novel--a Black-authored novel about white protagonists--A Miserable Revenge is set in and around Winchester, Virginia, in the 1840s. It draws on the sensationalist conventions of popular fiction of the time to spin a story of dark secrets, lost relatives, mistaken identities, crime and detection, and romance. In the novel, Newman describes the relationship between free and enslaved Black Virginians, drawing on his experience as a free Black child indentured to a white landowner in Winchester before the Civil War.\"","The manuscript pages are numbered in the same hand as the manuscript (George A. Newman's). The following pages are not extant and are missing from the manuscript entirely: pages 71-72, 76-82, 84, 267, 272-275, 289-291, and 375. Newman's page number for page 331 was torn away and at a later time was numbered as page 332, but contextual clues confirm that it is in fact page 331. The page was marked as such by the archivist and the incorrect page number was also retained. Only two pages are present between pages 346-349, and for both of the extant pages the page numbers are at least partially torn away rendering them illegible and their exact order unclear. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order.","While the manuscript is undated, writings potentially in Newman's hand and appearing on select verso pages date to 1875 and 1876. Editors of the published version of the manuscript date the document to mid-1870s. The aforementioned writings largely appear to be handwriting exercises or draft correspondence and also include a nine page essay titled \"An Essay on Truth\" which begins on the verso of page 391 continuing through page 409 on the odd page numbers with a few pages skipped. While undated, context clues within the essay, specifically an anecdote regarding New York Senator Roscoe Conkling recently returning from Europe, suggest a date of 1877. Internal evidence suggests that the remarks were likely given by Newman to the local order of the African American fraternal organization Independent Sons and Daughters of Purity, only identified in the essay by the abbreviation \"I. S. \u0026 D. P.\" and \"Sons \u0026 D. of P.\" In this same essay, Newman writes about having to keep his remarks brief due to an upcoming teacher's examination. All of the manuscript pages with writing on their versos were flagged by the archivist with a \"SEE VERSO\" slip of paper.","George Newman's speech \"Observations on the Negro Problem\" primarily concerns education with commentary on industrial education, choice of occupation, and a comparison of education funding for American Indian students vs. African American students. Newman also discusses the topic of African colonization of Black individuals as proposed by \"so-called statesmen and mis-named philanthropists.\" Newman argues \"It is paradoxical to speak of sending him to a place when he is already there. We are to the manor born. This is now our native home....\" Newman recognizes that certain voting laws that require meeting educational and property qualifications are examples of \"adverse legislation,\" but argues that they might be a \"blessing in disguise.\" Newman concludes with a call for an equitably educated citizenry regardless of status. Edits made to the speech suggest that it may have originally been written circa 1902 and presented again in 1913. As such, a date of 1913 is applied to the speech given the contextual clues within despite the document being undated. A draft transcript created by Special Collections staff is filed with the speech.","Twelve cardboard tri-folds compiled by Lowell Toliver include approximately 133 facsimile photographs documenting people and places in Newtown and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood. The photograph descriptions were also compiled by Toliver as was the thematic arrangement of each tri-fold. Family names of people identified in the photographs include Harper, Tolliver/Toliver, Sampson, Yokley, Newman, Bundy, Dallard, Temple, Vickers, Brown, Nickens, and Johnson. Local churches and schools include John Wesley Methodist Church, Bethel AME Church, Effinger Street School, and Simms School. Researchers should note that the surname Toliver is spelled variously as Tolover, Tolliver, etc. in the collection. Lowell Toliver's last name was changed slightly from Tolliver to Toliver when he enlisted in the military.","Six minute books document the financial and administrative functions of the John Wesley Methodist Church's Woman's Society of Christian Service (WSCS) between 1943 and 1976. Ruby Newman Temple served as WSCS's secretary for a period of time and kept monthly minutes for the society. Member lists and membership dues are also documented in the minute books. WSCS meetings typically included prayer, scripture reading, hymn singing, a business report, and a program or a topic of discussion. WSCS engaged in community outreach by providing Christmas baskets for the sick in the community, sending sympathy cards, and making charitable donations. The Ruby Newman Temple correspondence primarily relates to her work with WSCS. ","Other materials related to John Wesley Methodist Church include anniversary programs as well as member lists and a brief church history compiled by George Newman. Printed materials related to the United Methodist Church but not specific to John Wesley Methodist Church are also included. ","Four hand-colored sketches by George A. Newman, son of Frederick Newman (1883-1959) are dated August 28, 1929. ","Materials related to Gerald Harris largely concern his design of the turkey monuments that are located on the highway approaches into Harrisonburg and his schooling and coursework at Lucy F. Simms School, Banneker Junior High School, Theodore Roosevelt Senior High School, and Howard University. Report cards and tuition receipts are included. Of interest is a 1954 letter from A. M. Stitt, Lucy F. Simms School principal, certifying that Harris was vaccinated as well as Harris's polio vaccination card.","Materials created by Wendell Temple primarily comprise original handwritten sheet music for piano. Pieces specifically written for the organ, pianoforte, and violin are also included. The bulk of the sheet music is undated but likely dates to the mid-1930s to late 1940s. The compositions are in various states of completeness and order. Sheet music was written on lined notebook paper, blank pages of voter rolls for the 1928 presidential election, and the back of letterhead for the Castle Hall of Rockingham Star Lodge No. 72 Knights of Pythias and the Democratic Campaign Committee. Additional papers include correspondence from Temple to his mother Ruby Newman Temple and an Effinger High School report card."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOne copy of the pamphlet Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the John Wesley Methodist Church, Harrisonburg, Virginia, October 20th through 27th, 1940 was removed from the collection and cataloged separately as part of Special Collections' rare book holdings. A second copy remains in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["One copy of the pamphlet Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the John Wesley Methodist Church, Harrisonburg, Virginia, October 20th through 27th, 1940 was removed from the collection and cataloged separately as part of Special Collections' rare book holdings. A second copy remains in the collection."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_4bcb0d86958b487646d5b5f8bec1dc4e\"\u003eThe Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, comprises a manuscript, writings, personal papers, facsimile photographs, church records, and correspondence related to George A. Newman (1855-1944), his daughter Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983), his grandsons Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005) and Wendell Temple (1923-2005), and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood and Newtown.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, comprises a manuscript, writings, personal papers, facsimile photographs, church records, and correspondence related to George A. Newman (1855-1944), his daughter Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983), his grandsons Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005) and Wendell Temple (1923-2005), and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood and Newtown."],"names_coll_ssim":["Lucy F. Simms School (Public school)","John Wesley United Methodist Church (Harrisonburg, Va.)","John Wesley United Methodist Church (Harrisonburg, Va.). Woman's Society of Christian Service","Effinger Street School","Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Lucy F. Simms School (Public school)","John Wesley United Methodist Church (Harrisonburg, Va.)","John Wesley United Methodist Church (Harrisonburg, Va.). Woman's Society of Christian Service","Effinger Street School","Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church (Newtown, Rockingham County, Va.)","Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983","Harris, Austin Gerald, 1941-2005","Temple, Wendell A. (Wendell Ambrose), 1923-2005","Allen, Doris Harper, 1927-2021","Rhodes, Elon W. (Elon Walter), 1922-2006","Simms, Lucy F. (Lucy Frances), 1856-1934","Fairfax, Mary Awkard, 1912-2006","Harris, W.N.P. (William Nelson Pendleton), 1881-1977","Dickerson, Eugene, (Physician)","Friml, Rudolf, 1879-1972"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Lucy F. Simms School (Public school)","John Wesley United Methodist Church (Harrisonburg, Va.)","John Wesley United Methodist Church (Harrisonburg, Va.). Woman's Society of Christian Service","Effinger Street School","Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church (Newtown, Rockingham County, Va.)"],"persname_ssim":["Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983","Harris, Austin Gerald, 1941-2005","Temple, Wendell A. (Wendell Ambrose), 1923-2005","Allen, Doris Harper, 1927-2021","Rhodes, Elon W. (Elon Walter), 1922-2006","Simms, Lucy F. (Lucy Frances), 1856-1934","Fairfax, Mary Awkard, 1912-2006","Harris, W.N.P. (William Nelson Pendleton), 1881-1977","Dickerson, Eugene, (Physician)","Friml, Rudolf, 1879-1972"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":192,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:59:09.496Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_644","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_644","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_644","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_644","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_644.xml","title_ssm":["Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1875-2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1875-2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0313","/repositories/4/resources/644"],"text":["SC 0313","/repositories/4/resources/644","Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers","Newtown (Rockingham County, Va.)","African Americans -- Education","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","African American neighborhoods -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","Urban renewal -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","African American churches -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","Family papers","Photographs","Minutes (administrative records)","Manuscripts (documents)","Ledgers (account books)","Letters (correspondence)","Pamphlets","Speeches (Documents)","Brochures","Church records","Sheet music","Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","George Newman's manuscript and the individual photographs comprising the twelve tri-folds were digitized per the donor's request. George Newman's speech was also digitized. The digital scans are available to researchers upon request.","Newman's manuscript \"A Miserable Revenge: A story of life in Virginia\" was published for the first time in 2025 and edited by Mollie Godfrey, Brooks E. Hefner, Jeslyn Poole, and Evan Sizemore. It is available in printed form or online at  https://pressbooks.lib.jmu.edu/newmanmiserablerevenge/ .","The collection is arranged chronologically with the exception of the Gerald Harris and Wendell Temple papers which are intellectually and physically arranged as sub-groups at the end of the collection.","George Newman's manuscript is housed in one folder and two archival quality binders. The first two manuscript pages are on legal sized paper and were removed to a folder to ensure their physical integrity. Folder 1 includes manuscript pages 1-2. Binder 1 includes manuscript pages 3-140. The first four manuscript pages, approximately, were transcribed at an unknown time and are included in binder 1. Binder 2 includes manuscript pages 141-480. Missing pages are outlined in the Scope and Content note. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order. Each page is individually sleeved with a few exceptions, for example when it was discovered during scanning that two pages were in the same sleeve. In these instances the pages were kept in the same sleeve but repositioned so that both could be viewed.","Toliver, Ruth M. Keeping Up With Yesterday. Olney, MD: Lowell A. or Ruth M. Toliver, 2009.","Toliver, Ruth M. History of Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church, Newtown, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 1892-1906. Gaithersburg, MD: Signature Books, 1998.","Obituary for Austin G. Harris, Daily News-Record, April 8, 2005.","Ruth M. Toliver is a retired English teacher, local and family historian, and the author of   History of Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church, Newtown, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 1892-1906  (1998) and  Keeping Up With Yesterday  (2009). She is the daughter of Eugene Murdock and Myrtle Newman Murdock (1901-2000) and the granddaughter of George Ambrose Newman and Mary Dallard Newman. Ruth Toliver inherited many of the family papers that comprise this collection from her cousin Wendell Temple (d. 2005), son of Ruby Newman Temple. She married Lowell Toliver, son of Theodore Tolliver (1902-1967) and Phoebe Harper Tolliver (1906-1982). Lowell Toliver, who was born and raised in Harrisonburg, entered the U. S. Army in January 1953 and it was at this point that the spelling of his last name changed from Tolliver to Toliver.","Born February 4, 1855 in Winchester, Virginia to free Black parents, George Ambrose Newman moved to Harrisonburg in 1875 to serve as principal of the local African American school. Newman learned to read and write at an early age and also pursued his interests in music. He served for 33 years as a teacher and administrator in the city school system—chiefly at the Effinger Street School—and also held teaching positions in Warren County, Augusta County, and West Virginia. Six of Newman's children also pursued teaching and began their careers in Rockingham County. Along with Ulysses G. Wilson, local educator and half-brother of Lucy F. Simms, Newman paid the poll taxes of local Black men in response to disenfranchisement tactics during segregation. In addition to being an influential educator Newman was a minister, musician, a member of the Mt. Zion Lodge of Masons in Staunton, and a member of the John Wesley United Methodist Church (variously known as John Wesley Methodist Church and John Wesley M. E. Church) in Harrisonburg. Outside of teaching, Newman took positions as an agent of the Internal Revenue Service and a U.S. Deputy Marshall. ","George A. Newman married Margaret \"Maggie\" Dallard (1859-1887), daughter of Ambrose and Harriett Dallard, in 1877 and together they had four children. After Maggie's death in 1887, George Newman married Maggie's sister, Mary F. Dallard (1869-1968), as was Ghanian tradition. They had ten children. Newman is remembered as a trailblazing member of Harrisonburg's early African American community and a respected educational leader. Per his obituary, Newman had started his 66th reading of the Bible just months prior to his death. Newman passed away on April 6, 1944 at the age of 89.","Ruby Edith Newman (1898-1983) was born in Harrisonburg to George A. Newman and Mary Dallard Newman. She married Junius Leroy Temple in 1920. Ruby Newman Temple was a member of the John Wesley United Methodist Church and served for many years as the secretary of the church's Woman's Society of Christian Service (WSCS). WSCS met monthly at either the church or the home of a society member.","Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005) was born in Harrisonburg to Carlotta Newman Harris and Austin St. Clair \"Dick\" Harris. He was the grandson of George A. Newman and Mary Dallard Newman on his mother's side and W. N. P. Harris and Geraldine Robinson Harris on his father's side. Harris attended Lucy F. Simms School and while a student entered a local \"How To Beautify Your City\" contest sponsored by the Spotswood Garden Club's Road Beautification Committee. Due to Harrisonburg and Rockingham County's connection to turkeys, Harris submitted the idea and complementary design for turkey monuments to be placed at the highway approaches to Rockingham County. Harris's submission was selected as the winner and the monuments were subsequently dedicated in December 1955. Harris also attended Banneker Junior High School and Theodore Roosevelt High School in Washington, DC. After graduation from Roosevelt, Harris matriculated at Howard University where he graduated in 1964. While a student at Howard, Harris was a member of the ROTC. Harris obtained his master's degree from Syracuse University and later worked at Niagara Mohawk Power Company (Syracuse) and Associated Utilities Company (New Jersey).","Wendell Ambrose Temple (1923-2005) was born in Harrisonburg, Virginia to Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983) and Junius Leroy Temple (1898-1937). Locally, he attended Effinger High School and Lucy F. Simms School. He was an accomplished pianist and musician, and described as a child prodigy in the local newspaper. As a youth, Temple won state-wide music contests and performed at Harrisonburg's State Theater. He received his early training almost exclusively by local music instructor Thurston DeMasters. Temple graduated from Oberlin Conservatory of Music and the University of Iowa. He taught at Florida A\u0026M University and Wilberforce University.","George A. Newman, Ruby Newman Temple, and Gerald Harris are all buried in Newtown Cemetery along with many of their immediate and extended family members.","Beyond the Newman family, much of this collection more generally documents Newtown, Harrisonburg's historically African American community located in the northeast section of the city. After Emancipation, this area was settled by formerly enslaved people who began purchasing lots in the Zirkle addition which was farmland located on the northeast edge of town that was newly opened up to residential development. During the 1950s and 1960s, Harrisonburg engaged in urban renewal (Project R4) during which the city identified \"blight\" areas and after acquiring homes and land under eminent domain, sold the property to developers. As a result many Black-owned homes and businesses in the Newtown area were razed, and community members were forced to relocate.","A portion of the original photographs copied for the tri-folds were provided to the Tolivers by community and family members.","George Newman's manuscript was digitized per the donor's request in February 2021. The digital scans are available to researchers upon request. Numerous manuscript pages have writing on their verso side (back) though these were not scanned. All of those pages were flagged by the archivist with a \"SEE VERSO\" slip of paper. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order.","Original description of the photographs created by the donor was largely retained within descriptive elements of the container list (e.g. thematic titles of tri-folds and item-level titles).","Loose programs and handwritten documents were removed from George Newman's notebook documenting the history of the John Wesley M. E. Church and arranged according to material type.","Materials related to Gerald Harris were largely kept in the same topical order in which they were received.","Allison Lyttle, JMU Libraries Music \u0026 Media Metadata Specialist, assisted in identifying, sorting, and describing Wendell Temple's sheet music which was donated in no discernable order.","Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church (Harrisonburg, Va.). Records, 1892-1905. Accession 37081, Church records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.","The Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, comprises a manuscript, writings, personal papers, facsimile photographs, church records, and correspondence related to George A. Newman (1855-1944), his daughter Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983), his grandson Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005), and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood and Newtown.","According to Ruth Toliver, George A. Newman's 480-page manuscript titled \"A Miserable Revenge: A story of life in Virginia\" is a work of fiction with autobiographical elements. The manuscript is divided into 40 chapters and begins: \"A finer estate than that of Joshua Sowers could not be found in all Virginia. We will not give the exact date, let it suffice for us to say we begin our story April the first, in a certain part of the nineteenth century. The morning was a clear, beautiful one. We locate the scene of our story in the county of Frederick, a short distance from the then small town of Winchester. The estate was rightly named Brookland, for the land was covered with brooks. Mr. Sowers owned a large mill.\" Newman introduces a character named William G. Reed as the hero of the story who is leaving Brookland for Chicago. While not explicitly discussed in the manuscript, it is presumed that both Sowers and Reed are white men. African American characters include Jack, Joshua Sowers's \"faithful servant;\" Aunt Sally, the Sowers' enslaved cook; and George, a free child who lived with Sowers. Researchers should note that the manuscript contains the use of racial slurs and further, the enslaved African American characters are depicted as speaking in a stereotypical dialect as was common practice in late 19th century American literature. George, on the other hand, \"had learned to read and write and he always spoke very fluently.\" ","The manuscript was published for the first time in 2025 by James Madison University Libraries Press Books and was edited by Mollie Godfrey, Brooks E. Hefner, Jeslyn Poole, and Evan Sizemore. The back cover book blurb provides the following context and summary:  \"In the mid-1870s, a young African American educator arrived in Harrisonburg, Virginia, where he wrote a novel about antebellum life in the Shenandoah Valley. George A. Newman's A Miserable Revenge: A Story of Life in Virginia appears here in print for the first time, nearly 150 years after its composition. The earliest known example of a 'white life' novel--a Black-authored novel about white protagonists--A Miserable Revenge is set in and around Winchester, Virginia, in the 1840s. It draws on the sensationalist conventions of popular fiction of the time to spin a story of dark secrets, lost relatives, mistaken identities, crime and detection, and romance. In the novel, Newman describes the relationship between free and enslaved Black Virginians, drawing on his experience as a free Black child indentured to a white landowner in Winchester before the Civil War.\"","The manuscript pages are numbered in the same hand as the manuscript (George A. Newman's). The following pages are not extant and are missing from the manuscript entirely: pages 71-72, 76-82, 84, 267, 272-275, 289-291, and 375. Newman's page number for page 331 was torn away and at a later time was numbered as page 332, but contextual clues confirm that it is in fact page 331. The page was marked as such by the archivist and the incorrect page number was also retained. Only two pages are present between pages 346-349, and for both of the extant pages the page numbers are at least partially torn away rendering them illegible and their exact order unclear. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order.","While the manuscript is undated, writings potentially in Newman's hand and appearing on select verso pages date to 1875 and 1876. Editors of the published version of the manuscript date the document to mid-1870s. The aforementioned writings largely appear to be handwriting exercises or draft correspondence and also include a nine page essay titled \"An Essay on Truth\" which begins on the verso of page 391 continuing through page 409 on the odd page numbers with a few pages skipped. While undated, context clues within the essay, specifically an anecdote regarding New York Senator Roscoe Conkling recently returning from Europe, suggest a date of 1877. Internal evidence suggests that the remarks were likely given by Newman to the local order of the African American fraternal organization Independent Sons and Daughters of Purity, only identified in the essay by the abbreviation \"I. S. \u0026 D. P.\" and \"Sons \u0026 D. of P.\" In this same essay, Newman writes about having to keep his remarks brief due to an upcoming teacher's examination. All of the manuscript pages with writing on their versos were flagged by the archivist with a \"SEE VERSO\" slip of paper.","George Newman's speech \"Observations on the Negro Problem\" primarily concerns education with commentary on industrial education, choice of occupation, and a comparison of education funding for American Indian students vs. African American students. Newman also discusses the topic of African colonization of Black individuals as proposed by \"so-called statesmen and mis-named philanthropists.\" Newman argues \"It is paradoxical to speak of sending him to a place when he is already there. We are to the manor born. This is now our native home....\" Newman recognizes that certain voting laws that require meeting educational and property qualifications are examples of \"adverse legislation,\" but argues that they might be a \"blessing in disguise.\" Newman concludes with a call for an equitably educated citizenry regardless of status. Edits made to the speech suggest that it may have originally been written circa 1902 and presented again in 1913. As such, a date of 1913 is applied to the speech given the contextual clues within despite the document being undated. A draft transcript created by Special Collections staff is filed with the speech.","Twelve cardboard tri-folds compiled by Lowell Toliver include approximately 133 facsimile photographs documenting people and places in Newtown and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood. The photograph descriptions were also compiled by Toliver as was the thematic arrangement of each tri-fold. Family names of people identified in the photographs include Harper, Tolliver/Toliver, Sampson, Yokley, Newman, Bundy, Dallard, Temple, Vickers, Brown, Nickens, and Johnson. Local churches and schools include John Wesley Methodist Church, Bethel AME Church, Effinger Street School, and Simms School. Researchers should note that the surname Toliver is spelled variously as Tolover, Tolliver, etc. in the collection. Lowell Toliver's last name was changed slightly from Tolliver to Toliver when he enlisted in the military.","Six minute books document the financial and administrative functions of the John Wesley Methodist Church's Woman's Society of Christian Service (WSCS) between 1943 and 1976. Ruby Newman Temple served as WSCS's secretary for a period of time and kept monthly minutes for the society. Member lists and membership dues are also documented in the minute books. WSCS meetings typically included prayer, scripture reading, hymn singing, a business report, and a program or a topic of discussion. WSCS engaged in community outreach by providing Christmas baskets for the sick in the community, sending sympathy cards, and making charitable donations. The Ruby Newman Temple correspondence primarily relates to her work with WSCS. ","Other materials related to John Wesley Methodist Church include anniversary programs as well as member lists and a brief church history compiled by George Newman. Printed materials related to the United Methodist Church but not specific to John Wesley Methodist Church are also included. ","Four hand-colored sketches by George A. Newman, son of Frederick Newman (1883-1959) are dated August 28, 1929. ","Materials related to Gerald Harris largely concern his design of the turkey monuments that are located on the highway approaches into Harrisonburg and his schooling and coursework at Lucy F. Simms School, Banneker Junior High School, Theodore Roosevelt Senior High School, and Howard University. Report cards and tuition receipts are included. Of interest is a 1954 letter from A. M. Stitt, Lucy F. Simms School principal, certifying that Harris was vaccinated as well as Harris's polio vaccination card.","Materials created by Wendell Temple primarily comprise original handwritten sheet music for piano. Pieces specifically written for the organ, pianoforte, and violin are also included. The bulk of the sheet music is undated but likely dates to the mid-1930s to late 1940s. The compositions are in various states of completeness and order. Sheet music was written on lined notebook paper, blank pages of voter rolls for the 1928 presidential election, and the back of letterhead for the Castle Hall of Rockingham Star Lodge No. 72 Knights of Pythias and the Democratic Campaign Committee. Additional papers include correspondence from Temple to his mother Ruby Newman Temple and an Effinger High School report card.","One copy of the pamphlet Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the John Wesley Methodist Church, Harrisonburg, Virginia, October 20th through 27th, 1940 was removed from the collection and cataloged separately as part of Special Collections' rare book holdings. A second copy remains in the collection.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, comprises a manuscript, writings, personal papers, facsimile photographs, church records, and correspondence related to George A. Newman (1855-1944), his daughter Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983), his grandsons Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005) and Wendell Temple (1923-2005), and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood and Newtown.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Lucy F. Simms School (Public school)","John Wesley United Methodist Church (Harrisonburg, Va.)","John Wesley United Methodist Church (Harrisonburg, Va.). Woman's Society of Christian Service","Effinger Street School","Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church (Newtown, Rockingham County, Va.)","Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983","Harris, Austin Gerald, 1941-2005","Temple, Wendell A. (Wendell Ambrose), 1923-2005","Allen, Doris Harper, 1927-2021","Rhodes, Elon W. (Elon Walter), 1922-2006","Simms, Lucy F. (Lucy Frances), 1856-1934","Fairfax, Mary Awkard, 1912-2006","Harris, W.N.P. (William Nelson Pendleton), 1881-1977","Dickerson, Eugene, (Physician)","Friml, Rudolf, 1879-1972","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0313","/repositories/4/resources/644"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Newtown (Rockingham County, Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Newtown (Rockingham County, Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983","Harris, Austin Gerald, 1941-2005","Temple, Wendell A. (Wendell Ambrose), 1923-2005"],"creator_ssim":["Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983","Harris, Austin Gerald, 1941-2005","Temple, Wendell A. (Wendell Ambrose), 1923-2005"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983","Harris, Austin Gerald, 1941-2005","Temple, Wendell A. (Wendell Ambrose), 1923-2005"],"creators_ssim":["Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983","Harris, Austin Gerald, 1941-2005","Temple, Wendell A. (Wendell Ambrose), 1923-2005"],"places_ssim":["Newtown (Rockingham County, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated to Special Collections by Ruth and Lowell Toliver in February 2021. Ruth Toliver is George A. Newman's granddaughter. The Tolivers made additional donations in September 2021, October 2021, and January 2022."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Education","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","African American neighborhoods -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","Urban renewal -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","African American churches -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","Family papers","Photographs","Minutes (administrative records)","Manuscripts (documents)","Ledgers (account books)","Letters (correspondence)","Pamphlets","Speeches (Documents)","Brochures","Church records","Sheet music"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Education","African Americans -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","African American neighborhoods -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","Urban renewal -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","African American churches -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg -- History","Family papers","Photographs","Minutes (administrative records)","Manuscripts (documents)","Ledgers (account books)","Letters (correspondence)","Pamphlets","Speeches (Documents)","Brochures","Church records","Sheet music"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.8 cubic feet in 3 boxes and 12 tri-folds"],"extent_tesim":["3.8 cubic feet in 3 boxes and 12 tri-folds"],"genreform_ssim":["Family papers","Photographs","Minutes (administrative records)","Manuscripts (documents)","Ledgers (account books)","Letters (correspondence)","Pamphlets","Speeches (Documents)","Brochures","Church records","Sheet music"],"date_range_isim":[1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGeorge Newman's manuscript and the individual photographs comprising the twelve tri-folds were digitized per the donor's request. George Newman's speech was also digitized. The digital scans are available to researchers upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNewman's manuscript \"A Miserable Revenge: A story of life in Virginia\" was published for the first time in 2025 and edited by Mollie Godfrey, Brooks E. Hefner, Jeslyn Poole, and Evan Sizemore. It is available in printed form or online at \u003cextref href=\"https://pressbooks.lib.jmu.edu/newmanmiserablerevenge/\" show=\"new\"\u003ehttps://pressbooks.lib.jmu.edu/newmanmiserablerevenge/\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Other Formats Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["George Newman's manuscript and the individual photographs comprising the twelve tri-folds were digitized per the donor's request. George Newman's speech was also digitized. The digital scans are available to researchers upon request.","Newman's manuscript \"A Miserable Revenge: A story of life in Virginia\" was published for the first time in 2025 and edited by Mollie Godfrey, Brooks E. Hefner, Jeslyn Poole, and Evan Sizemore. It is available in printed form or online at  https://pressbooks.lib.jmu.edu/newmanmiserablerevenge/ ."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically with the exception of the Gerald Harris and Wendell Temple papers which are intellectually and physically arranged as sub-groups at the end of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Newman's manuscript is housed in one folder and two archival quality binders. The first two manuscript pages are on legal sized paper and were removed to a folder to ensure their physical integrity. Folder 1 includes manuscript pages 1-2. Binder 1 includes manuscript pages 3-140. The first four manuscript pages, approximately, were transcribed at an unknown time and are included in binder 1. Binder 2 includes manuscript pages 141-480. Missing pages are outlined in the Scope and Content note. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order. Each page is individually sleeved with a few exceptions, for example when it was discovered during scanning that two pages were in the same sleeve. In these instances the pages were kept in the same sleeve but repositioned so that both could be viewed.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically with the exception of the Gerald Harris and Wendell Temple papers which are intellectually and physically arranged as sub-groups at the end of the collection.","George Newman's manuscript is housed in one folder and two archival quality binders. The first two manuscript pages are on legal sized paper and were removed to a folder to ensure their physical integrity. Folder 1 includes manuscript pages 1-2. Binder 1 includes manuscript pages 3-140. The first four manuscript pages, approximately, were transcribed at an unknown time and are included in binder 1. Binder 2 includes manuscript pages 141-480. Missing pages are outlined in the Scope and Content note. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order. Each page is individually sleeved with a few exceptions, for example when it was discovered during scanning that two pages were in the same sleeve. In these instances the pages were kept in the same sleeve but repositioned so that both could be viewed."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eToliver, Ruth M. Keeping Up With Yesterday. Olney, MD: Lowell A. or Ruth M. Toliver, 2009.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eToliver, Ruth M. History of Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church, Newtown, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 1892-1906. Gaithersburg, MD: Signature Books, 1998.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eObituary for Austin G. Harris, Daily News-Record, April 8, 2005.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Toliver, Ruth M. Keeping Up With Yesterday. Olney, MD: Lowell A. or Ruth M. Toliver, 2009.","Toliver, Ruth M. History of Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church, Newtown, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 1892-1906. Gaithersburg, MD: Signature Books, 1998.","Obituary for Austin G. Harris, Daily News-Record, April 8, 2005."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRuth M. Toliver is a retired English teacher, local and family historian, and the author of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e History of Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church, Newtown, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 1892-1906\u003c/emph\u003e (1998) and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eKeeping Up With Yesterday\u003c/emph\u003e (2009). She is the daughter of Eugene Murdock and Myrtle Newman Murdock (1901-2000) and the granddaughter of George Ambrose Newman and Mary Dallard Newman. Ruth Toliver inherited many of the family papers that comprise this collection from her cousin Wendell Temple (d. 2005), son of Ruby Newman Temple. She married Lowell Toliver, son of Theodore Tolliver (1902-1967) and Phoebe Harper Tolliver (1906-1982). Lowell Toliver, who was born and raised in Harrisonburg, entered the U. S. Army in January 1953 and it was at this point that the spelling of his last name changed from Tolliver to Toliver.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBorn February 4, 1855 in Winchester, Virginia to free Black parents, George Ambrose Newman moved to Harrisonburg in 1875 to serve as principal of the local African American school. Newman learned to read and write at an early age and also pursued his interests in music. He served for 33 years as a teacher and administrator in the city school system—chiefly at the Effinger Street School—and also held teaching positions in Warren County, Augusta County, and West Virginia. Six of Newman's children also pursued teaching and began their careers in Rockingham County. Along with Ulysses G. Wilson, local educator and half-brother of Lucy F. Simms, Newman paid the poll taxes of local Black men in response to disenfranchisement tactics during segregation. In addition to being an influential educator Newman was a minister, musician, a member of the Mt. Zion Lodge of Masons in Staunton, and a member of the John Wesley United Methodist Church (variously known as John Wesley Methodist Church and John Wesley M. E. Church) in Harrisonburg. Outside of teaching, Newman took positions as an agent of the Internal Revenue Service and a U.S. Deputy Marshall. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGeorge A. Newman married Margaret \"Maggie\" Dallard (1859-1887), daughter of Ambrose and Harriett Dallard, in 1877 and together they had four children. After Maggie's death in 1887, George Newman married Maggie's sister, Mary F. Dallard (1869-1968), as was Ghanian tradition. They had ten children. Newman is remembered as a trailblazing member of Harrisonburg's early African American community and a respected educational leader. Per his obituary, Newman had started his 66th reading of the Bible just months prior to his death. Newman passed away on April 6, 1944 at the age of 89.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRuby Edith Newman (1898-1983) was born in Harrisonburg to George A. Newman and Mary Dallard Newman. She married Junius Leroy Temple in 1920. Ruby Newman Temple was a member of the John Wesley United Methodist Church and served for many years as the secretary of the church's Woman's Society of Christian Service (WSCS). WSCS met monthly at either the church or the home of a society member.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAustin Gerald Harris (1941-2005) was born in Harrisonburg to Carlotta Newman Harris and Austin St. Clair \"Dick\" Harris. He was the grandson of George A. Newman and Mary Dallard Newman on his mother's side and W. N. P. Harris and Geraldine Robinson Harris on his father's side. Harris attended Lucy F. Simms School and while a student entered a local \"How To Beautify Your City\" contest sponsored by the Spotswood Garden Club's Road Beautification Committee. Due to Harrisonburg and Rockingham County's connection to turkeys, Harris submitted the idea and complementary design for turkey monuments to be placed at the highway approaches to Rockingham County. Harris's submission was selected as the winner and the monuments were subsequently dedicated in December 1955. Harris also attended Banneker Junior High School and Theodore Roosevelt High School in Washington, DC. After graduation from Roosevelt, Harris matriculated at Howard University where he graduated in 1964. While a student at Howard, Harris was a member of the ROTC. Harris obtained his master's degree from Syracuse University and later worked at Niagara Mohawk Power Company (Syracuse) and Associated Utilities Company (New Jersey).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWendell Ambrose Temple (1923-2005) was born in Harrisonburg, Virginia to Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983) and Junius Leroy Temple (1898-1937). Locally, he attended Effinger High School and Lucy F. Simms School. He was an accomplished pianist and musician, and described as a child prodigy in the local newspaper. As a youth, Temple won state-wide music contests and performed at Harrisonburg's State Theater. He received his early training almost exclusively by local music instructor Thurston DeMasters. Temple graduated from Oberlin Conservatory of Music and the University of Iowa. He taught at Florida A\u0026amp;M University and Wilberforce University.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGeorge A. Newman, Ruby Newman Temple, and Gerald Harris are all buried in Newtown Cemetery along with many of their immediate and extended family members.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBeyond the Newman family, much of this collection more generally documents Newtown, Harrisonburg's historically African American community located in the northeast section of the city. After Emancipation, this area was settled by formerly enslaved people who began purchasing lots in the Zirkle addition which was farmland located on the northeast edge of town that was newly opened up to residential development. During the 1950s and 1960s, Harrisonburg engaged in urban renewal (Project R4) during which the city identified \"blight\" areas and after acquiring homes and land under eminent domain, sold the property to developers. As a result many Black-owned homes and businesses in the Newtown area were razed, and community members were forced to relocate.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Ruth M. Toliver is a retired English teacher, local and family historian, and the author of   History of Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church, Newtown, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 1892-1906  (1998) and  Keeping Up With Yesterday  (2009). She is the daughter of Eugene Murdock and Myrtle Newman Murdock (1901-2000) and the granddaughter of George Ambrose Newman and Mary Dallard Newman. Ruth Toliver inherited many of the family papers that comprise this collection from her cousin Wendell Temple (d. 2005), son of Ruby Newman Temple. She married Lowell Toliver, son of Theodore Tolliver (1902-1967) and Phoebe Harper Tolliver (1906-1982). Lowell Toliver, who was born and raised in Harrisonburg, entered the U. S. Army in January 1953 and it was at this point that the spelling of his last name changed from Tolliver to Toliver.","Born February 4, 1855 in Winchester, Virginia to free Black parents, George Ambrose Newman moved to Harrisonburg in 1875 to serve as principal of the local African American school. Newman learned to read and write at an early age and also pursued his interests in music. He served for 33 years as a teacher and administrator in the city school system—chiefly at the Effinger Street School—and also held teaching positions in Warren County, Augusta County, and West Virginia. Six of Newman's children also pursued teaching and began their careers in Rockingham County. Along with Ulysses G. Wilson, local educator and half-brother of Lucy F. Simms, Newman paid the poll taxes of local Black men in response to disenfranchisement tactics during segregation. In addition to being an influential educator Newman was a minister, musician, a member of the Mt. Zion Lodge of Masons in Staunton, and a member of the John Wesley United Methodist Church (variously known as John Wesley Methodist Church and John Wesley M. E. Church) in Harrisonburg. Outside of teaching, Newman took positions as an agent of the Internal Revenue Service and a U.S. Deputy Marshall. ","George A. Newman married Margaret \"Maggie\" Dallard (1859-1887), daughter of Ambrose and Harriett Dallard, in 1877 and together they had four children. After Maggie's death in 1887, George Newman married Maggie's sister, Mary F. Dallard (1869-1968), as was Ghanian tradition. They had ten children. Newman is remembered as a trailblazing member of Harrisonburg's early African American community and a respected educational leader. Per his obituary, Newman had started his 66th reading of the Bible just months prior to his death. Newman passed away on April 6, 1944 at the age of 89.","Ruby Edith Newman (1898-1983) was born in Harrisonburg to George A. Newman and Mary Dallard Newman. She married Junius Leroy Temple in 1920. Ruby Newman Temple was a member of the John Wesley United Methodist Church and served for many years as the secretary of the church's Woman's Society of Christian Service (WSCS). WSCS met monthly at either the church or the home of a society member.","Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005) was born in Harrisonburg to Carlotta Newman Harris and Austin St. Clair \"Dick\" Harris. He was the grandson of George A. Newman and Mary Dallard Newman on his mother's side and W. N. P. Harris and Geraldine Robinson Harris on his father's side. Harris attended Lucy F. Simms School and while a student entered a local \"How To Beautify Your City\" contest sponsored by the Spotswood Garden Club's Road Beautification Committee. Due to Harrisonburg and Rockingham County's connection to turkeys, Harris submitted the idea and complementary design for turkey monuments to be placed at the highway approaches to Rockingham County. Harris's submission was selected as the winner and the monuments were subsequently dedicated in December 1955. Harris also attended Banneker Junior High School and Theodore Roosevelt High School in Washington, DC. After graduation from Roosevelt, Harris matriculated at Howard University where he graduated in 1964. While a student at Howard, Harris was a member of the ROTC. Harris obtained his master's degree from Syracuse University and later worked at Niagara Mohawk Power Company (Syracuse) and Associated Utilities Company (New Jersey).","Wendell Ambrose Temple (1923-2005) was born in Harrisonburg, Virginia to Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983) and Junius Leroy Temple (1898-1937). Locally, he attended Effinger High School and Lucy F. Simms School. He was an accomplished pianist and musician, and described as a child prodigy in the local newspaper. As a youth, Temple won state-wide music contests and performed at Harrisonburg's State Theater. He received his early training almost exclusively by local music instructor Thurston DeMasters. Temple graduated from Oberlin Conservatory of Music and the University of Iowa. He taught at Florida A\u0026M University and Wilberforce University.","George A. Newman, Ruby Newman Temple, and Gerald Harris are all buried in Newtown Cemetery along with many of their immediate and extended family members.","Beyond the Newman family, much of this collection more generally documents Newtown, Harrisonburg's historically African American community located in the northeast section of the city. After Emancipation, this area was settled by formerly enslaved people who began purchasing lots in the Zirkle addition which was farmland located on the northeast edge of town that was newly opened up to residential development. During the 1950s and 1960s, Harrisonburg engaged in urban renewal (Project R4) during which the city identified \"blight\" areas and after acquiring homes and land under eminent domain, sold the property to developers. As a result many Black-owned homes and businesses in the Newtown area were razed, and community members were forced to relocate."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA portion of the original photographs copied for the tri-folds were provided to the Tolivers by community and family members.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["A portion of the original photographs copied for the tri-folds were provided to the Tolivers by community and family members."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, SC 0313, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, SC 0313, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGeorge Newman's manuscript was digitized per the donor's request in February 2021. The digital scans are available to researchers upon request. Numerous manuscript pages have writing on their verso side (back) though these were not scanned. All of those pages were flagged by the archivist with a \"SEE VERSO\" slip of paper. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOriginal description of the photographs created by the donor was largely retained within descriptive elements of the container list (e.g. thematic titles of tri-folds and item-level titles).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLoose programs and handwritten documents were removed from George Newman's notebook documenting the history of the John Wesley M. E. Church and arranged according to material type.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterials related to Gerald Harris were largely kept in the same topical order in which they were received.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAllison Lyttle, JMU Libraries Music \u0026amp; Media Metadata Specialist, assisted in identifying, sorting, and describing Wendell Temple's sheet music which was donated in no discernable order.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["George Newman's manuscript was digitized per the donor's request in February 2021. The digital scans are available to researchers upon request. Numerous manuscript pages have writing on their verso side (back) though these were not scanned. All of those pages were flagged by the archivist with a \"SEE VERSO\" slip of paper. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order.","Original description of the photographs created by the donor was largely retained within descriptive elements of the container list (e.g. thematic titles of tri-folds and item-level titles).","Loose programs and handwritten documents were removed from George Newman's notebook documenting the history of the John Wesley M. E. Church and arranged according to material type.","Materials related to Gerald Harris were largely kept in the same topical order in which they were received.","Allison Lyttle, JMU Libraries Music \u0026 Media Metadata Specialist, assisted in identifying, sorting, and describing Wendell Temple's sheet music which was donated in no discernable order."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eKelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church (Harrisonburg, Va.). Records, 1892-1905. Accession 37081, Church records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church (Harrisonburg, Va.). Records, 1892-1905. Accession 37081, Church records collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, comprises a manuscript, writings, personal papers, facsimile photographs, church records, and correspondence related to George A. Newman (1855-1944), his daughter Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983), his grandson Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005), and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood and Newtown.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAccording to Ruth Toliver, George A. Newman's 480-page manuscript titled \"A Miserable Revenge: A story of life in Virginia\" is a work of fiction with autobiographical elements. The manuscript is divided into 40 chapters and begins: \"A finer estate than that of Joshua Sowers could not be found in all Virginia. We will not give the exact date, let it suffice for us to say we begin our story April the first, in a certain part of the nineteenth century. The morning was a clear, beautiful one. We locate the scene of our story in the county of Frederick, a short distance from the then small town of Winchester. The estate was rightly named Brookland, for the land was covered with brooks. Mr. Sowers owned a large mill.\" Newman introduces a character named William G. Reed as the hero of the story who is leaving Brookland for Chicago. While not explicitly discussed in the manuscript, it is presumed that both Sowers and Reed are white men. African American characters include Jack, Joshua Sowers's \"faithful servant;\" Aunt Sally, the Sowers' enslaved cook; and George, a free child who lived with Sowers. Researchers should note that the manuscript contains the use of racial slurs and further, the enslaved African American characters are depicted as speaking in a stereotypical dialect as was common practice in late 19th century American literature. George, on the other hand, \"had learned to read and write and he always spoke very fluently.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe manuscript was published for the first time in 2025 by James Madison University Libraries Press Books and was edited by Mollie Godfrey, Brooks E. Hefner, Jeslyn Poole, and Evan Sizemore. The back cover book blurb provides the following context and summary: \u003cblockquote\u003e\"In the mid-1870s, a young African American educator arrived in Harrisonburg, Virginia, where he wrote a novel about antebellum life in the Shenandoah Valley. George A. Newman's A Miserable Revenge: A Story of Life in Virginia appears here in print for the first time, nearly 150 years after its composition. The earliest known example of a 'white life' novel--a Black-authored novel about white protagonists--A Miserable Revenge is set in and around Winchester, Virginia, in the 1840s. It draws on the sensationalist conventions of popular fiction of the time to spin a story of dark secrets, lost relatives, mistaken identities, crime and detection, and romance. In the novel, Newman describes the relationship between free and enslaved Black Virginians, drawing on his experience as a free Black child indentured to a white landowner in Winchester before the Civil War.\"\u003c/blockquote\u003e  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe manuscript pages are numbered in the same hand as the manuscript (George A. Newman's). The following pages are not extant and are missing from the manuscript entirely: pages 71-72, 76-82, 84, 267, 272-275, 289-291, and 375. Newman's page number for page 331 was torn away and at a later time was numbered as page 332, but contextual clues confirm that it is in fact page 331. The page was marked as such by the archivist and the incorrect page number was also retained. Only two pages are present between pages 346-349, and for both of the extant pages the page numbers are at least partially torn away rendering them illegible and their exact order unclear. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile the manuscript is undated, writings potentially in Newman's hand and appearing on select verso pages date to 1875 and 1876. Editors of the published version of the manuscript date the document to mid-1870s. The aforementioned writings largely appear to be handwriting exercises or draft correspondence and also include a nine page essay titled \"An Essay on Truth\" which begins on the verso of page 391 continuing through page 409 on the odd page numbers with a few pages skipped. While undated, context clues within the essay, specifically an anecdote regarding New York Senator Roscoe Conkling recently returning from Europe, suggest a date of 1877. Internal evidence suggests that the remarks were likely given by Newman to the local order of the African American fraternal organization Independent Sons and Daughters of Purity, only identified in the essay by the abbreviation \"I. S. \u0026amp; D. P.\" and \"Sons \u0026amp; D. of P.\" In this same essay, Newman writes about having to keep his remarks brief due to an upcoming teacher's examination. All of the manuscript pages with writing on their versos were flagged by the archivist with a \"SEE VERSO\" slip of paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Newman's speech \"Observations on the Negro Problem\" primarily concerns education with commentary on industrial education, choice of occupation, and a comparison of education funding for American Indian students vs. African American students. Newman also discusses the topic of African colonization of Black individuals as proposed by \"so-called statesmen and mis-named philanthropists.\" Newman argues \"It is paradoxical to speak of sending him to a place when he is already there. We are to the manor born. This is now our native home....\" Newman recognizes that certain voting laws that require meeting educational and property qualifications are examples of \"adverse legislation,\" but argues that they might be a \"blessing in disguise.\" Newman concludes with a call for an equitably educated citizenry regardless of status. Edits made to the speech suggest that it may have originally been written circa 1902 and presented again in 1913. As such, a date of 1913 is applied to the speech given the contextual clues within despite the document being undated. A draft transcript created by Special Collections staff is filed with the speech.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTwelve cardboard tri-folds compiled by Lowell Toliver include approximately 133 facsimile photographs documenting people and places in Newtown and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood. The photograph descriptions were also compiled by Toliver as was the thematic arrangement of each tri-fold. Family names of people identified in the photographs include Harper, Tolliver/Toliver, Sampson, Yokley, Newman, Bundy, Dallard, Temple, Vickers, Brown, Nickens, and Johnson. Local churches and schools include John Wesley Methodist Church, Bethel AME Church, Effinger Street School, and Simms School. Researchers should note that the surname Toliver is spelled variously as Tolover, Tolliver, etc. in the collection. Lowell Toliver's last name was changed slightly from Tolliver to Toliver when he enlisted in the military.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSix minute books document the financial and administrative functions of the John Wesley Methodist Church's Woman's Society of Christian Service (WSCS) between 1943 and 1976. Ruby Newman Temple served as WSCS's secretary for a period of time and kept monthly minutes for the society. Member lists and membership dues are also documented in the minute books. WSCS meetings typically included prayer, scripture reading, hymn singing, a business report, and a program or a topic of discussion. WSCS engaged in community outreach by providing Christmas baskets for the sick in the community, sending sympathy cards, and making charitable donations. The Ruby Newman Temple correspondence primarily relates to her work with WSCS. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther materials related to John Wesley Methodist Church include anniversary programs as well as member lists and a brief church history compiled by George Newman. Printed materials related to the United Methodist Church but not specific to John Wesley Methodist Church are also included. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFour hand-colored sketches by George A. Newman, son of Frederick Newman (1883-1959) are dated August 28, 1929. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials related to Gerald Harris largely concern his design of the turkey monuments that are located on the highway approaches into Harrisonburg and his schooling and coursework at Lucy F. Simms School, Banneker Junior High School, Theodore Roosevelt Senior High School, and Howard University. Report cards and tuition receipts are included. Of interest is a 1954 letter from A. M. Stitt, Lucy F. Simms School principal, certifying that Harris was vaccinated as well as Harris's polio vaccination card.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials created by Wendell Temple primarily comprise original handwritten sheet music for piano. Pieces specifically written for the organ, pianoforte, and violin are also included. The bulk of the sheet music is undated but likely dates to the mid-1930s to late 1940s. The compositions are in various states of completeness and order. Sheet music was written on lined notebook paper, blank pages of voter rolls for the 1928 presidential election, and the back of letterhead for the Castle Hall of Rockingham Star Lodge No. 72 Knights of Pythias and the Democratic Campaign Committee. Additional papers include correspondence from Temple to his mother Ruby Newman Temple and an Effinger High School report card.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, comprises a manuscript, writings, personal papers, facsimile photographs, church records, and correspondence related to George A. Newman (1855-1944), his daughter Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983), his grandson Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005), and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood and Newtown.","According to Ruth Toliver, George A. Newman's 480-page manuscript titled \"A Miserable Revenge: A story of life in Virginia\" is a work of fiction with autobiographical elements. The manuscript is divided into 40 chapters and begins: \"A finer estate than that of Joshua Sowers could not be found in all Virginia. We will not give the exact date, let it suffice for us to say we begin our story April the first, in a certain part of the nineteenth century. The morning was a clear, beautiful one. We locate the scene of our story in the county of Frederick, a short distance from the then small town of Winchester. The estate was rightly named Brookland, for the land was covered with brooks. Mr. Sowers owned a large mill.\" Newman introduces a character named William G. Reed as the hero of the story who is leaving Brookland for Chicago. While not explicitly discussed in the manuscript, it is presumed that both Sowers and Reed are white men. African American characters include Jack, Joshua Sowers's \"faithful servant;\" Aunt Sally, the Sowers' enslaved cook; and George, a free child who lived with Sowers. Researchers should note that the manuscript contains the use of racial slurs and further, the enslaved African American characters are depicted as speaking in a stereotypical dialect as was common practice in late 19th century American literature. George, on the other hand, \"had learned to read and write and he always spoke very fluently.\" ","The manuscript was published for the first time in 2025 by James Madison University Libraries Press Books and was edited by Mollie Godfrey, Brooks E. Hefner, Jeslyn Poole, and Evan Sizemore. The back cover book blurb provides the following context and summary:  \"In the mid-1870s, a young African American educator arrived in Harrisonburg, Virginia, where he wrote a novel about antebellum life in the Shenandoah Valley. George A. Newman's A Miserable Revenge: A Story of Life in Virginia appears here in print for the first time, nearly 150 years after its composition. The earliest known example of a 'white life' novel--a Black-authored novel about white protagonists--A Miserable Revenge is set in and around Winchester, Virginia, in the 1840s. It draws on the sensationalist conventions of popular fiction of the time to spin a story of dark secrets, lost relatives, mistaken identities, crime and detection, and romance. In the novel, Newman describes the relationship between free and enslaved Black Virginians, drawing on his experience as a free Black child indentured to a white landowner in Winchester before the Civil War.\"","The manuscript pages are numbered in the same hand as the manuscript (George A. Newman's). The following pages are not extant and are missing from the manuscript entirely: pages 71-72, 76-82, 84, 267, 272-275, 289-291, and 375. Newman's page number for page 331 was torn away and at a later time was numbered as page 332, but contextual clues confirm that it is in fact page 331. The page was marked as such by the archivist and the incorrect page number was also retained. Only two pages are present between pages 346-349, and for both of the extant pages the page numbers are at least partially torn away rendering them illegible and their exact order unclear. The pages were kept in the order in which they were received with the exception of a few instances in which numbered pages were clearly misordered and were reordered by the archivist to reflect the accurate numerical page order.","While the manuscript is undated, writings potentially in Newman's hand and appearing on select verso pages date to 1875 and 1876. Editors of the published version of the manuscript date the document to mid-1870s. The aforementioned writings largely appear to be handwriting exercises or draft correspondence and also include a nine page essay titled \"An Essay on Truth\" which begins on the verso of page 391 continuing through page 409 on the odd page numbers with a few pages skipped. While undated, context clues within the essay, specifically an anecdote regarding New York Senator Roscoe Conkling recently returning from Europe, suggest a date of 1877. Internal evidence suggests that the remarks were likely given by Newman to the local order of the African American fraternal organization Independent Sons and Daughters of Purity, only identified in the essay by the abbreviation \"I. S. \u0026 D. P.\" and \"Sons \u0026 D. of P.\" In this same essay, Newman writes about having to keep his remarks brief due to an upcoming teacher's examination. All of the manuscript pages with writing on their versos were flagged by the archivist with a \"SEE VERSO\" slip of paper.","George Newman's speech \"Observations on the Negro Problem\" primarily concerns education with commentary on industrial education, choice of occupation, and a comparison of education funding for American Indian students vs. African American students. Newman also discusses the topic of African colonization of Black individuals as proposed by \"so-called statesmen and mis-named philanthropists.\" Newman argues \"It is paradoxical to speak of sending him to a place when he is already there. We are to the manor born. This is now our native home....\" Newman recognizes that certain voting laws that require meeting educational and property qualifications are examples of \"adverse legislation,\" but argues that they might be a \"blessing in disguise.\" Newman concludes with a call for an equitably educated citizenry regardless of status. Edits made to the speech suggest that it may have originally been written circa 1902 and presented again in 1913. As such, a date of 1913 is applied to the speech given the contextual clues within despite the document being undated. A draft transcript created by Special Collections staff is filed with the speech.","Twelve cardboard tri-folds compiled by Lowell Toliver include approximately 133 facsimile photographs documenting people and places in Newtown and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood. The photograph descriptions were also compiled by Toliver as was the thematic arrangement of each tri-fold. Family names of people identified in the photographs include Harper, Tolliver/Toliver, Sampson, Yokley, Newman, Bundy, Dallard, Temple, Vickers, Brown, Nickens, and Johnson. Local churches and schools include John Wesley Methodist Church, Bethel AME Church, Effinger Street School, and Simms School. Researchers should note that the surname Toliver is spelled variously as Tolover, Tolliver, etc. in the collection. Lowell Toliver's last name was changed slightly from Tolliver to Toliver when he enlisted in the military.","Six minute books document the financial and administrative functions of the John Wesley Methodist Church's Woman's Society of Christian Service (WSCS) between 1943 and 1976. Ruby Newman Temple served as WSCS's secretary for a period of time and kept monthly minutes for the society. Member lists and membership dues are also documented in the minute books. WSCS meetings typically included prayer, scripture reading, hymn singing, a business report, and a program or a topic of discussion. WSCS engaged in community outreach by providing Christmas baskets for the sick in the community, sending sympathy cards, and making charitable donations. The Ruby Newman Temple correspondence primarily relates to her work with WSCS. ","Other materials related to John Wesley Methodist Church include anniversary programs as well as member lists and a brief church history compiled by George Newman. Printed materials related to the United Methodist Church but not specific to John Wesley Methodist Church are also included. ","Four hand-colored sketches by George A. Newman, son of Frederick Newman (1883-1959) are dated August 28, 1929. ","Materials related to Gerald Harris largely concern his design of the turkey monuments that are located on the highway approaches into Harrisonburg and his schooling and coursework at Lucy F. Simms School, Banneker Junior High School, Theodore Roosevelt Senior High School, and Howard University. Report cards and tuition receipts are included. Of interest is a 1954 letter from A. M. Stitt, Lucy F. Simms School principal, certifying that Harris was vaccinated as well as Harris's polio vaccination card.","Materials created by Wendell Temple primarily comprise original handwritten sheet music for piano. Pieces specifically written for the organ, pianoforte, and violin are also included. The bulk of the sheet music is undated but likely dates to the mid-1930s to late 1940s. The compositions are in various states of completeness and order. Sheet music was written on lined notebook paper, blank pages of voter rolls for the 1928 presidential election, and the back of letterhead for the Castle Hall of Rockingham Star Lodge No. 72 Knights of Pythias and the Democratic Campaign Committee. Additional papers include correspondence from Temple to his mother Ruby Newman Temple and an Effinger High School report card."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOne copy of the pamphlet Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the John Wesley Methodist Church, Harrisonburg, Virginia, October 20th through 27th, 1940 was removed from the collection and cataloged separately as part of Special Collections' rare book holdings. A second copy remains in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["One copy of the pamphlet Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the John Wesley Methodist Church, Harrisonburg, Virginia, October 20th through 27th, 1940 was removed from the collection and cataloged separately as part of Special Collections' rare book holdings. A second copy remains in the collection."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_4bcb0d86958b487646d5b5f8bec1dc4e\"\u003eThe Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, comprises a manuscript, writings, personal papers, facsimile photographs, church records, and correspondence related to George A. Newman (1855-1944), his daughter Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983), his grandsons Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005) and Wendell Temple (1923-2005), and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood and Newtown.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Ruth and Lowell Toliver Collection of Newman Family Papers, circa 1875-2005, comprises a manuscript, writings, personal papers, facsimile photographs, church records, and correspondence related to George A. Newman (1855-1944), his daughter Ruby Newman Temple (1898-1983), his grandsons Austin Gerald Harris (1941-2005) and Wendell Temple (1923-2005), and Harrisonburg's Northeast Neighborhood and Newtown."],"names_coll_ssim":["Lucy F. Simms School (Public school)","John Wesley United Methodist Church (Harrisonburg, Va.)","John Wesley United Methodist Church (Harrisonburg, Va.). Woman's Society of Christian Service","Effinger Street School","Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Lucy F. Simms School (Public school)","John Wesley United Methodist Church (Harrisonburg, Va.)","John Wesley United Methodist Church (Harrisonburg, Va.). Woman's Society of Christian Service","Effinger Street School","Kelley Street United Brethren in Christ Church (Newtown, Rockingham County, Va.)","Toliver, Ruth M.","Toliver, Lowell","Newman, George A. (George Ambrose), 1855-1944","Temple, Ruby Edith Newman, 1898-1983","Harris, Austin Gerald, 1941-2005","Temple, Wendell A. (Wendell Ambrose), 1923-2005","Allen, Doris Harper, 1927-2021","Rhodes, Elon W. (Elon Walter), 1922-2006","Simms, Lucy F. (Lucy Frances), 1856-1934","Fairfax, Mary Awkard, 1912-2006","Harris, W.N.P. 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