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He proceeds to share his negativie opinions of the Democratic Party blaming its leadership for the ill feelings between North and South.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Democratic Party.","Republican Party.","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865.","Moore, J.S.","Moore, Dr. Thomas","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1154869\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["J.S. Moore to Dr. Thomas Moore Letter, \n 1860 November 13"],"collection_title_tesim":["J.S. Moore to Dr. Thomas Moore Letter, \n 1860 November 13"],"collection_ssim":["J.S. Moore to Dr. Thomas Moore Letter, \n 1860 November 13"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) 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The letter relates to matters of health, agriculture, and politics. J.S. Moore describes an outbreak of diptheria and \"lung fever\" or pneumonia in Georgia. He writes about the improving agricultural economy in Georgia that he boastfully compares to the state of Indiana. Moore cites as evidence the abundant wheat crop in Georgia due in large part to the adoption of the seed drill by Georgia farmers and the draining of marsh lands for agricultural use. He also points to the role played by the state's vast railroad system in making Georgia an agricultural giant. The political matter Moore writes about is the impact on the nation, specifically the South, of Abraham Lincoln's election as President of the United States. Moore held a negative opinion regarding the South's plan for secession. He argues that the South should wait until Lincoln or the Republicans commit an overt act against the region so that the South could justify such a rash act. Moore writes favorably about Lincoln and the Republican party saying that their positions on issues such as slavery have been misrepresented by the leaders of the Democratic Party. He proceeds to share his negativie opinions of the Democratic Party blaming its leadership for the ill feelings between North and South.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Letter dated November 13, 1860, written by J.S. Moore of Andersonville, Indiana, to Dr. Thomas Moore of Virginia. The letter relates to matters of health, agriculture, and politics. J.S. Moore describes an outbreak of diptheria and \"lung fever\" or pneumonia in Georgia. He writes about the improving agricultural economy in Georgia that he boastfully compares to the state of Indiana. Moore cites as evidence the abundant wheat crop in Georgia due in large part to the adoption of the seed drill by Georgia farmers and the draining of marsh lands for agricultural use. He also points to the role played by the state's vast railroad system in making Georgia an agricultural giant. The political matter Moore writes about is the impact on the nation, specifically the South, of Abraham Lincoln's election as President of the United States. Moore held a negative opinion regarding the South's plan for secession. He argues that the South should wait until Lincoln or the Republicans commit an overt act against the region so that the South could justify such a rash act. Moore writes favorably about Lincoln and the Republican party saying that their positions on issues such as slavery have been misrepresented by the leaders of the Democratic Party. He proceeds to share his negativie opinions of the Democratic Party blaming its leadership for the ill feelings between North and South.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Democratic Party.","Republican Party.","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865.","Moore, J.S.","Moore, Dr. Thomas"],"corpname_ssim":["Democratic Party.","Republican Party."],"persname_ssim":["Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865.","Moore, J.S.","Moore, Dr. Thomas"],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T01:19:55.053Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi01579","ead_ssi":"vi_vi01579","_root_":"vi_vi01579","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi01579","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi01579.xml","title_ssm":["J.S. Moore to Dr. Thomas Moore Letter, \n 1860 November 13\n"],"title_tesim":["J.S. Moore to Dr. Thomas Moore Letter, \n 1860 November 13\n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1154869\n"],"text":["1154869\n","J.S. Moore to Dr. Thomas Moore Letter, \n 1860 November 13","Agriculture--Georgia.","Diseases--Georgia.","Drills (Planting machinery)--Georgia.","Lungs--Diseases--Georgia.","Secession--Southern States.","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865.","Wheat--Georgia.","Letters (correspondence).","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","4 leaves","Letter dated November 13, 1860, written by J.S. Moore of Andersonville, Indiana, to Dr. Thomas Moore of Virginia. The letter relates to matters of health, agriculture, and politics. J.S. Moore describes an outbreak of diptheria and \"lung fever\" or pneumonia in Georgia. He writes about the improving agricultural economy in Georgia that he boastfully compares to the state of Indiana. Moore cites as evidence the abundant wheat crop in Georgia due in large part to the adoption of the seed drill by Georgia farmers and the draining of marsh lands for agricultural use. He also points to the role played by the state's vast railroad system in making Georgia an agricultural giant. The political matter Moore writes about is the impact on the nation, specifically the South, of Abraham Lincoln's election as President of the United States. Moore held a negative opinion regarding the South's plan for secession. He argues that the South should wait until Lincoln or the Republicans commit an overt act against the region so that the South could justify such a rash act. Moore writes favorably about Lincoln and the Republican party saying that their positions on issues such as slavery have been misrepresented by the leaders of the Democratic Party. He proceeds to share his negativie opinions of the Democratic Party blaming its leadership for the ill feelings between North and South.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Democratic Party.","Republican Party.","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865.","Moore, J.S.","Moore, Dr. Thomas","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1154869\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["J.S. Moore to Dr. Thomas Moore Letter, \n 1860 November 13"],"collection_title_tesim":["J.S. Moore to Dr. Thomas Moore Letter, \n 1860 November 13"],"collection_ssim":["J.S. Moore to Dr. Thomas Moore Letter, \n 1860 November 13"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This item came in a transfer of court papers from Rockbridge County.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Agriculture--Georgia.","Diseases--Georgia.","Drills (Planting machinery)--Georgia.","Lungs--Diseases--Georgia.","Secession--Southern States.","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865.","Wheat--Georgia.","Letters (correspondence).","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Agriculture--Georgia.","Diseases--Georgia.","Drills (Planting machinery)--Georgia.","Lungs--Diseases--Georgia.","Secession--Southern States.","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865.","Wheat--Georgia.","Letters (correspondence).","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["4 leaves"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLetter dated November 13, 1860, written by J.S. Moore of Andersonville, Indiana, to Dr. Thomas Moore of Virginia. The letter relates to matters of health, agriculture, and politics. J.S. Moore describes an outbreak of diptheria and \"lung fever\" or pneumonia in Georgia. He writes about the improving agricultural economy in Georgia that he boastfully compares to the state of Indiana. Moore cites as evidence the abundant wheat crop in Georgia due in large part to the adoption of the seed drill by Georgia farmers and the draining of marsh lands for agricultural use. He also points to the role played by the state's vast railroad system in making Georgia an agricultural giant. The political matter Moore writes about is the impact on the nation, specifically the South, of Abraham Lincoln's election as President of the United States. Moore held a negative opinion regarding the South's plan for secession. He argues that the South should wait until Lincoln or the Republicans commit an overt act against the region so that the South could justify such a rash act. Moore writes favorably about Lincoln and the Republican party saying that their positions on issues such as slavery have been misrepresented by the leaders of the Democratic Party. He proceeds to share his negativie opinions of the Democratic Party blaming its leadership for the ill feelings between North and South.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Letter dated November 13, 1860, written by J.S. Moore of Andersonville, Indiana, to Dr. Thomas Moore of Virginia. The letter relates to matters of health, agriculture, and politics. J.S. Moore describes an outbreak of diptheria and \"lung fever\" or pneumonia in Georgia. He writes about the improving agricultural economy in Georgia that he boastfully compares to the state of Indiana. Moore cites as evidence the abundant wheat crop in Georgia due in large part to the adoption of the seed drill by Georgia farmers and the draining of marsh lands for agricultural use. He also points to the role played by the state's vast railroad system in making Georgia an agricultural giant. The political matter Moore writes about is the impact on the nation, specifically the South, of Abraham Lincoln's election as President of the United States. Moore held a negative opinion regarding the South's plan for secession. He argues that the South should wait until Lincoln or the Republicans commit an overt act against the region so that the South could justify such a rash act. Moore writes favorably about Lincoln and the Republican party saying that their positions on issues such as slavery have been misrepresented by the leaders of the Democratic Party. He proceeds to share his negativie opinions of the Democratic Party blaming its leadership for the ill feelings between North and South.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Democratic Party.","Republican Party.","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865.","Moore, J.S.","Moore, Dr. Thomas"],"corpname_ssim":["Democratic Party.","Republican Party."],"persname_ssim":["Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865.","Moore, J.S.","Moore, Dr. Thomas"],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T01:19:55.053Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi01579"}},{"id":"vi_vi02216","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) 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The writer did not know what was discussed at the meeting.\n","Letter, 1861 Oct. 31, written by John Miller, a Confederate officer, to an unidentified official. He was writing from the \"Top of Allegheny.\" In the letter, Miller addressed a rumour floating among his men that the allowance to their families had ended because they were now receiving pay. Miller informed the offical if the rumour was true to restore the allowance because no pay had been received.\n","Letter, 1862 May 16, written by Alg. S. Wade, a Confederate soldier, to Joseph G. Steele, Circuit Court Clerk of Rockbridge County. Wade wanted to Steele to assist him in being transferred (or discharged) so that he could accept an unknown position with Adolph Elhart. Wade believed that his request should be accepted stating that he had fulfilled his service time in the Confederate army and he has three brothers in the service. Wade adds a sarcastic remark writing that his brother Ben thinks that Jefferson Davis wants to wipe out the whole family.\n","Letter, 1864 March 5, written by E. M. Walden, a Confederate soldier, to his unidentified sister. Walden, who served in the 28th Georgia Regiment, was writing from his camp near Jacksonville, Florida. He informed his sister that he was doing well, the health and spirit of the regiment was good. Despite the fact the troops were living on cold corn bread and pickled pork, Wade wrote his sister that \"we can live on bread and whip the Yankees and Yankee Negroes.\" He informs his sister that they recently fought the Union forces and sent them in retreat to Jacksonville perhaps referring to the Battle of Olustee. Wade told his sister that he was sending her and someone named Margaret ten dollars each. He encouraged them to spend it soon or use them to purchase confederate bonds since the money will be worthless in April.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Jackson, Stonewall, 1824-1863.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1154869\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n 1861-1865"],"collection_title_tesim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n 1861-1865"],"collection_ssim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n 1861-1865"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came in a transfer of court papers from Rockbridge County.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864.","Soldiers.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864.","Soldiers.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["10 p."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865, consist of four letters written by Confederate servicemen.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1861, May 12, written by an unidentified soldier who served in Colonel Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's Stonewall Brigade. He was writing from Mountain Top near Harpers Ferry. The soldier wrote about the brigade's movements towards Harpers Ferry, their readiness to fight Federal troops, sleeping in leaky tents, personal matters, and a meeting between twenty members of the Maryland legislature and Stonewall Jackson. The writer did not know what was discussed at the meeting.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1861 Oct. 31, written by John Miller, a Confederate officer, to an unidentified official. He was writing from the \"Top of Allegheny.\" In the letter, Miller addressed a rumour floating among his men that the allowance to their families had ended because they were now receiving pay. Miller informed the offical if the rumour was true to restore the allowance because no pay had been received.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1862 May 16, written by Alg. S. Wade, a Confederate soldier, to Joseph G. Steele, Circuit Court Clerk of Rockbridge County. Wade wanted to Steele to assist him in being transferred (or discharged) so that he could accept an unknown position with Adolph Elhart. Wade believed that his request should be accepted stating that he had fulfilled his service time in the Confederate army and he has three brothers in the service. Wade adds a sarcastic remark writing that his brother Ben thinks that Jefferson Davis wants to wipe out the whole family.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1864 March 5, written by E. M. Walden, a Confederate soldier, to his unidentified sister. Walden, who served in the 28th Georgia Regiment, was writing from his camp near Jacksonville, Florida. He informed his sister that he was doing well, the health and spirit of the regiment was good. Despite the fact the troops were living on cold corn bread and pickled pork, Wade wrote his sister that \"we can live on bread and whip the Yankees and Yankee Negroes.\" He informs his sister that they recently fought the Union forces and sent them in retreat to Jacksonville perhaps referring to the Battle of Olustee. Wade told his sister that he was sending her and someone named Margaret ten dollars each. He encouraged them to spend it soon or use them to purchase confederate bonds since the money will be worthless in April.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865, consist of four letters written by Confederate servicemen.\n","Letter, 1861, May 12, written by an unidentified soldier who served in Colonel Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's Stonewall Brigade. He was writing from Mountain Top near Harpers Ferry. The soldier wrote about the brigade's movements towards Harpers Ferry, their readiness to fight Federal troops, sleeping in leaky tents, personal matters, and a meeting between twenty members of the Maryland legislature and Stonewall Jackson. The writer did not know what was discussed at the meeting.\n","Letter, 1861 Oct. 31, written by John Miller, a Confederate officer, to an unidentified official. He was writing from the \"Top of Allegheny.\" In the letter, Miller addressed a rumour floating among his men that the allowance to their families had ended because they were now receiving pay. Miller informed the offical if the rumour was true to restore the allowance because no pay had been received.\n","Letter, 1862 May 16, written by Alg. S. Wade, a Confederate soldier, to Joseph G. Steele, Circuit Court Clerk of Rockbridge County. Wade wanted to Steele to assist him in being transferred (or discharged) so that he could accept an unknown position with Adolph Elhart. Wade believed that his request should be accepted stating that he had fulfilled his service time in the Confederate army and he has three brothers in the service. Wade adds a sarcastic remark writing that his brother Ben thinks that Jefferson Davis wants to wipe out the whole family.\n","Letter, 1864 March 5, written by E. M. Walden, a Confederate soldier, to his unidentified sister. Walden, who served in the 28th Georgia Regiment, was writing from his camp near Jacksonville, Florida. He informed his sister that he was doing well, the health and spirit of the regiment was good. Despite the fact the troops were living on cold corn bread and pickled pork, Wade wrote his sister that \"we can live on bread and whip the Yankees and Yankee Negroes.\" He informs his sister that they recently fought the Union forces and sent them in retreat to Jacksonville perhaps referring to the Battle of Olustee. Wade told his sister that he was sending her and someone named Margaret ten dollars each. He encouraged them to spend it soon or use them to purchase confederate bonds since the money will be worthless in April.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Jackson, Stonewall, 1824-1863."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"persname_ssim":["Jackson, Stonewall, 1824-1863."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T01:42:27.156Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi02216","ead_ssi":"vi_vi02216","_root_":"vi_vi02216","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi02216","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi02216.xml","title_ssm":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) 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The soldier wrote about the brigade's movements towards Harpers Ferry, their readiness to fight Federal troops, sleeping in leaky tents, personal matters, and a meeting between twenty members of the Maryland legislature and Stonewall Jackson. The writer did not know what was discussed at the meeting.\n","Letter, 1861 Oct. 31, written by John Miller, a Confederate officer, to an unidentified official. He was writing from the \"Top of Allegheny.\" In the letter, Miller addressed a rumour floating among his men that the allowance to their families had ended because they were now receiving pay. Miller informed the offical if the rumour was true to restore the allowance because no pay had been received.\n","Letter, 1862 May 16, written by Alg. S. Wade, a Confederate soldier, to Joseph G. Steele, Circuit Court Clerk of Rockbridge County. Wade wanted to Steele to assist him in being transferred (or discharged) so that he could accept an unknown position with Adolph Elhart. Wade believed that his request should be accepted stating that he had fulfilled his service time in the Confederate army and he has three brothers in the service. Wade adds a sarcastic remark writing that his brother Ben thinks that Jefferson Davis wants to wipe out the whole family.\n","Letter, 1864 March 5, written by E. M. Walden, a Confederate soldier, to his unidentified sister. Walden, who served in the 28th Georgia Regiment, was writing from his camp near Jacksonville, Florida. He informed his sister that he was doing well, the health and spirit of the regiment was good. Despite the fact the troops were living on cold corn bread and pickled pork, Wade wrote his sister that \"we can live on bread and whip the Yankees and Yankee Negroes.\" He informs his sister that they recently fought the Union forces and sent them in retreat to Jacksonville perhaps referring to the Battle of Olustee. Wade told his sister that he was sending her and someone named Margaret ten dollars each. He encouraged them to spend it soon or use them to purchase confederate bonds since the money will be worthless in April.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Jackson, Stonewall, 1824-1863.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1154869\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n 1861-1865"],"collection_title_tesim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n 1861-1865"],"collection_ssim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, \n 1861-1865"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came in a transfer of court papers from Rockbridge County.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864.","Soldiers.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Olustee, Battle of, Olustee, Fla., 1864.","Soldiers.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["10 p."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865, consist of four letters written by Confederate servicemen.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1861, May 12, written by an unidentified soldier who served in Colonel Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's Stonewall Brigade. He was writing from Mountain Top near Harpers Ferry. The soldier wrote about the brigade's movements towards Harpers Ferry, their readiness to fight Federal troops, sleeping in leaky tents, personal matters, and a meeting between twenty members of the Maryland legislature and Stonewall Jackson. The writer did not know what was discussed at the meeting.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1861 Oct. 31, written by John Miller, a Confederate officer, to an unidentified official. He was writing from the \"Top of Allegheny.\" In the letter, Miller addressed a rumour floating among his men that the allowance to their families had ended because they were now receiving pay. Miller informed the offical if the rumour was true to restore the allowance because no pay had been received.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1862 May 16, written by Alg. S. Wade, a Confederate soldier, to Joseph G. Steele, Circuit Court Clerk of Rockbridge County. Wade wanted to Steele to assist him in being transferred (or discharged) so that he could accept an unknown position with Adolph Elhart. Wade believed that his request should be accepted stating that he had fulfilled his service time in the Confederate army and he has three brothers in the service. Wade adds a sarcastic remark writing that his brother Ben thinks that Jefferson Davis wants to wipe out the whole family.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter, 1864 March 5, written by E. M. Walden, a Confederate soldier, to his unidentified sister. Walden, who served in the 28th Georgia Regiment, was writing from his camp near Jacksonville, Florida. He informed his sister that he was doing well, the health and spirit of the regiment was good. Despite the fact the troops were living on cold corn bread and pickled pork, Wade wrote his sister that \"we can live on bread and whip the Yankees and Yankee Negroes.\" He informs his sister that they recently fought the Union forces and sent them in retreat to Jacksonville perhaps referring to the Battle of Olustee. Wade told his sister that he was sending her and someone named Margaret ten dollars each. He encouraged them to spend it soon or use them to purchase confederate bonds since the money will be worthless in April.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Miscellaneous Rockbridge County (Va.) Civil War Era Correspondence, 1861-1865, consist of four letters written by Confederate servicemen.\n","Letter, 1861, May 12, written by an unidentified soldier who served in Colonel Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's Stonewall Brigade. He was writing from Mountain Top near Harpers Ferry. The soldier wrote about the brigade's movements towards Harpers Ferry, their readiness to fight Federal troops, sleeping in leaky tents, personal matters, and a meeting between twenty members of the Maryland legislature and Stonewall Jackson. The writer did not know what was discussed at the meeting.\n","Letter, 1861 Oct. 31, written by John Miller, a Confederate officer, to an unidentified official. He was writing from the \"Top of Allegheny.\" In the letter, Miller addressed a rumour floating among his men that the allowance to their families had ended because they were now receiving pay. Miller informed the offical if the rumour was true to restore the allowance because no pay had been received.\n","Letter, 1862 May 16, written by Alg. S. Wade, a Confederate soldier, to Joseph G. Steele, Circuit Court Clerk of Rockbridge County. Wade wanted to Steele to assist him in being transferred (or discharged) so that he could accept an unknown position with Adolph Elhart. Wade believed that his request should be accepted stating that he had fulfilled his service time in the Confederate army and he has three brothers in the service. Wade adds a sarcastic remark writing that his brother Ben thinks that Jefferson Davis wants to wipe out the whole family.\n","Letter, 1864 March 5, written by E. M. Walden, a Confederate soldier, to his unidentified sister. Walden, who served in the 28th Georgia Regiment, was writing from his camp near Jacksonville, Florida. He informed his sister that he was doing well, the health and spirit of the regiment was good. Despite the fact the troops were living on cold corn bread and pickled pork, Wade wrote his sister that \"we can live on bread and whip the Yankees and Yankee Negroes.\" He informs his sister that they recently fought the Union forces and sent them in retreat to Jacksonville perhaps referring to the Battle of Olustee. Wade told his sister that he was sending her and someone named Margaret ten dollars each. He encouraged them to spend it soon or use them to purchase confederate bonds since the money will be worthless in April.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Jackson, Stonewall, 1824-1863."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court."],"persname_ssim":["Jackson, Stonewall, 1824-1863."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T01:42:27.156Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02216"}},{"id":"vi_vi02800","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n 1925","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02800#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02800#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925. This judgment consists of the papers related to the suit that Atha Sorrells brought against the clerk of Rockbridge circuit court after he denied her a marriage license to marry Robert Painter on the grounds that she was not a white person. The case contains her petition for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to declare her a white person and grant her a marriage license, an order appointing William Sorrells as her next friend since she was a minor, a memorandum opinion of Judge Henry W. Holt ordering the license to issue, witness subpoenas, depositions, and correspondence and evidence related to the case including a large family tree of the Clark family from whom Altha Sorrells descended. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02800#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi02800","ead_ssi":"vi_vi02800","_root_":"vi_vi02800","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi02800","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi02800.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n 1925\n"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n 1925\n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1140744, 1164679\n"],"text":["1140744, 1164679\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n 1925","African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage.","Interracial marriage. -- Law and legislation.","Monacan Indians.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Depositions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.",".15 cu. ft. (1 box) and 1 oversized folder","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later. \n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored.  The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony.  The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia.  The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black.  The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception.  Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry.  This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics.  Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers.  From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925.  This judgment consists of the papers related to the suit that Atha Sorrells brought against the clerk of Rockbridge circuit court after he denied her a marriage license to marry Robert Painter on the grounds that she was not a white person.  The case contains her petition for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to declare her a white person and grant her a marriage license, an order appointing William Sorrells as her next friend since she was a minor, a memorandum opinion of Judge Henry W. Holt ordering the license to issue, witness subpoenas, depositions, and correspondence and evidence related to the case including a large family tree of the Clark family from whom Altha Sorrells descended.\n","Atha Sorrells's contention was that her family had some Native American ancestors not African American ancestors and that they had long been considered white or at least not negro.  Evidence in the form of a family tree, copies of federal land warrants and War of 1812 military service, a prior case of ancestor James Clarke who was declared in 1876 to be a white person in a similar case, and depositions to support her claim were submitted.  All of the depositions concern the family tree and family relationships, whether the Clark and Sorrells families had gone to to white or colored churches and schools, who these families associated and married with, and what the general opinion of the neighborhood was as to their color and the color of their ancestors.  Many questions centered on the families of the Irish Creek community in Rockbridge County, many of whom either claimed or were accused of some degree of Native American ancestry, probably Monacan.  Dr. Walter A. Plecker, then-registrar of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics, was one of the deponents for the defense.  The lawyer for Shields tried many times to ask deponents about additional families of the Irish Creek area and their ancestries but the judge continually disallowed such discussions.  Atha Sorrells won her case when the judge decided that her ancestry was Indian and not negro, and that she contained little enough Indian to be classified as a white person under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924.","Some correspondence filed at the end of the case discussed the possibility of an appeal of the decision.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court. ","Clark family.","Clarke family.","Sorrel family.","Sorrells family.","Puls family.","Pultz family.","Wood family.","Woods family.","Holt, Henry W.","Painter, Robert.","Plecker, Walter Ashby -- 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry -- 1852- .","Sorrells, Atha.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1140744, 1164679\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n 1925"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n 1925"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n 1925"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in shipments of court papers from Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n","Photolab id number for inkjet print of genealogical chart 091374.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage.","Interracial marriage. -- Law and legislation.","Monacan Indians.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Depositions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage.","Interracial marriage. -- Law and legislation.","Monacan Indians.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Depositions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":[".15 cu. ft. (1 box) and 1 oversized folder"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored.  The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony.  The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia.  The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black.  The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception.  Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry.  This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics.  Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers.  From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later. \n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored.  The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony.  The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia.  The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black.  The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception.  Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry.  This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics.  Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers.  From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925.  This judgment consists of the papers related to the suit that Atha Sorrells brought against the clerk of Rockbridge circuit court after he denied her a marriage license to marry Robert Painter on the grounds that she was not a white person.  The case contains her petition for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to declare her a white person and grant her a marriage license, an order appointing William Sorrells as her next friend since she was a minor, a memorandum opinion of Judge Henry W. Holt ordering the license to issue, witness subpoenas, depositions, and correspondence and evidence related to the case including a large family tree of the Clark family from whom Altha Sorrells descended.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAtha Sorrells's contention was that her family had some Native American ancestors not African American ancestors and that they had long been considered white or at least not negro.  Evidence in the form of a family tree, copies of federal land warrants and War of 1812 military service, a prior case of ancestor James Clarke who was declared in 1876 to be a white person in a similar case, and depositions to support her claim were submitted.  All of the depositions concern the family tree and family relationships, whether the Clark and Sorrells families had gone to to white or colored churches and schools, who these families associated and married with, and what the general opinion of the neighborhood was as to their color and the color of their ancestors.  Many questions centered on the families of the Irish Creek community in Rockbridge County, many of whom either claimed or were accused of some degree of Native American ancestry, probably Monacan.  Dr. Walter A. Plecker, then-registrar of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics, was one of the deponents for the defense.  The lawyer for Shields tried many times to ask deponents about additional families of the Irish Creek area and their ancestries but the judge continually disallowed such discussions.  Atha Sorrells won her case when the judge decided that her ancestry was Indian and not negro, and that she contained little enough Indian to be classified as a white person under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome correspondence filed at the end of the case discussed the possibility of an appeal of the decision.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925.  This judgment consists of the papers related to the suit that Atha Sorrells brought against the clerk of Rockbridge circuit court after he denied her a marriage license to marry Robert Painter on the grounds that she was not a white person.  The case contains her petition for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to declare her a white person and grant her a marriage license, an order appointing William Sorrells as her next friend since she was a minor, a memorandum opinion of Judge Henry W. Holt ordering the license to issue, witness subpoenas, depositions, and correspondence and evidence related to the case including a large family tree of the Clark family from whom Altha Sorrells descended.\n","Atha Sorrells's contention was that her family had some Native American ancestors not African American ancestors and that they had long been considered white or at least not negro.  Evidence in the form of a family tree, copies of federal land warrants and War of 1812 military service, a prior case of ancestor James Clarke who was declared in 1876 to be a white person in a similar case, and depositions to support her claim were submitted.  All of the depositions concern the family tree and family relationships, whether the Clark and Sorrells families had gone to to white or colored churches and schools, who these families associated and married with, and what the general opinion of the neighborhood was as to their color and the color of their ancestors.  Many questions centered on the families of the Irish Creek community in Rockbridge County, many of whom either claimed or were accused of some degree of Native American ancestry, probably Monacan.  Dr. Walter A. Plecker, then-registrar of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics, was one of the deponents for the defense.  The lawyer for Shields tried many times to ask deponents about additional families of the Irish Creek area and their ancestries but the judge continually disallowed such discussions.  Atha Sorrells won her case when the judge decided that her ancestry was Indian and not negro, and that she contained little enough Indian to be classified as a white person under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924.","Some correspondence filed at the end of the case discussed the possibility of an appeal of the decision.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court. ","Clark family.","Clarke family.","Sorrel family.","Sorrells family.","Puls family.","Pultz family.","Wood family.","Woods family.","Holt, Henry W.","Painter, Robert.","Plecker, Walter Ashby -- 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry -- 1852- .","Sorrells, Atha."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court. "],"famname_ssim":["Clark family.","Clarke family.","Sorrel family.","Sorrells family.","Puls family.","Pultz family.","Wood family.","Woods family."],"persname_ssim":["Holt, Henry W.","Painter, Robert.","Plecker, Walter Ashby -- 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry -- 1852- .","Sorrells, Atha."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T01:18:32.115Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi02800","ead_ssi":"vi_vi02800","_root_":"vi_vi02800","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi02800","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi02800.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n 1925\n"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n 1925\n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1140744, 1164679\n"],"text":["1140744, 1164679\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n 1925","African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage.","Interracial marriage. -- Law and legislation.","Monacan Indians.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Depositions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.",".15 cu. ft. (1 box) and 1 oversized folder","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later. \n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored.  The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony.  The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia.  The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black.  The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception.  Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry.  This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics.  Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers.  From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925.  This judgment consists of the papers related to the suit that Atha Sorrells brought against the clerk of Rockbridge circuit court after he denied her a marriage license to marry Robert Painter on the grounds that she was not a white person.  The case contains her petition for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to declare her a white person and grant her a marriage license, an order appointing William Sorrells as her next friend since she was a minor, a memorandum opinion of Judge Henry W. Holt ordering the license to issue, witness subpoenas, depositions, and correspondence and evidence related to the case including a large family tree of the Clark family from whom Altha Sorrells descended.\n","Atha Sorrells's contention was that her family had some Native American ancestors not African American ancestors and that they had long been considered white or at least not negro.  Evidence in the form of a family tree, copies of federal land warrants and War of 1812 military service, a prior case of ancestor James Clarke who was declared in 1876 to be a white person in a similar case, and depositions to support her claim were submitted.  All of the depositions concern the family tree and family relationships, whether the Clark and Sorrells families had gone to to white or colored churches and schools, who these families associated and married with, and what the general opinion of the neighborhood was as to their color and the color of their ancestors.  Many questions centered on the families of the Irish Creek community in Rockbridge County, many of whom either claimed or were accused of some degree of Native American ancestry, probably Monacan.  Dr. Walter A. Plecker, then-registrar of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics, was one of the deponents for the defense.  The lawyer for Shields tried many times to ask deponents about additional families of the Irish Creek area and their ancestries but the judge continually disallowed such discussions.  Atha Sorrells won her case when the judge decided that her ancestry was Indian and not negro, and that she contained little enough Indian to be classified as a white person under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924.","Some correspondence filed at the end of the case discussed the possibility of an appeal of the decision.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court. ","Clark family.","Clarke family.","Sorrel family.","Sorrells family.","Puls family.","Pultz family.","Wood family.","Woods family.","Holt, Henry W.","Painter, Robert.","Plecker, Walter Ashby -- 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry -- 1852- .","Sorrells, Atha.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1140744, 1164679\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n 1925"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n 1925"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, \n 1925"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in shipments of court papers from Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n","Photolab id number for inkjet print of genealogical chart 091374.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage.","Interracial marriage. -- Law and legislation.","Monacan Indians.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Depositions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage.","Interracial marriage. -- Law and legislation.","Monacan Indians.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Depositions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":[".15 cu. ft. (1 box) and 1 oversized folder"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored.  The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony.  The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia.  The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black.  The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception.  Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry.  This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics.  Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers.  From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later. \n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored.  The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony.  The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia.  The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black.  The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception.  Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry.  This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics.  Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers.  From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925.  This judgment consists of the papers related to the suit that Atha Sorrells brought against the clerk of Rockbridge circuit court after he denied her a marriage license to marry Robert Painter on the grounds that she was not a white person.  The case contains her petition for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to declare her a white person and grant her a marriage license, an order appointing William Sorrells as her next friend since she was a minor, a memorandum opinion of Judge Henry W. Holt ordering the license to issue, witness subpoenas, depositions, and correspondence and evidence related to the case including a large family tree of the Clark family from whom Altha Sorrells descended.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAtha Sorrells's contention was that her family had some Native American ancestors not African American ancestors and that they had long been considered white or at least not negro.  Evidence in the form of a family tree, copies of federal land warrants and War of 1812 military service, a prior case of ancestor James Clarke who was declared in 1876 to be a white person in a similar case, and depositions to support her claim were submitted.  All of the depositions concern the family tree and family relationships, whether the Clark and Sorrells families had gone to to white or colored churches and schools, who these families associated and married with, and what the general opinion of the neighborhood was as to their color and the color of their ancestors.  Many questions centered on the families of the Irish Creek community in Rockbridge County, many of whom either claimed or were accused of some degree of Native American ancestry, probably Monacan.  Dr. Walter A. Plecker, then-registrar of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics, was one of the deponents for the defense.  The lawyer for Shields tried many times to ask deponents about additional families of the Irish Creek area and their ancestries but the judge continually disallowed such discussions.  Atha Sorrells won her case when the judge decided that her ancestry was Indian and not negro, and that she contained little enough Indian to be classified as a white person under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome correspondence filed at the end of the case discussed the possibility of an appeal of the decision.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Atha Sorrells by her next friend William Sorrells vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Circuit Court, 1925.  This judgment consists of the papers related to the suit that Atha Sorrells brought against the clerk of Rockbridge circuit court after he denied her a marriage license to marry Robert Painter on the grounds that she was not a white person.  The case contains her petition for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to declare her a white person and grant her a marriage license, an order appointing William Sorrells as her next friend since she was a minor, a memorandum opinion of Judge Henry W. Holt ordering the license to issue, witness subpoenas, depositions, and correspondence and evidence related to the case including a large family tree of the Clark family from whom Altha Sorrells descended.\n","Atha Sorrells's contention was that her family had some Native American ancestors not African American ancestors and that they had long been considered white or at least not negro.  Evidence in the form of a family tree, copies of federal land warrants and War of 1812 military service, a prior case of ancestor James Clarke who was declared in 1876 to be a white person in a similar case, and depositions to support her claim were submitted.  All of the depositions concern the family tree and family relationships, whether the Clark and Sorrells families had gone to to white or colored churches and schools, who these families associated and married with, and what the general opinion of the neighborhood was as to their color and the color of their ancestors.  Many questions centered on the families of the Irish Creek community in Rockbridge County, many of whom either claimed or were accused of some degree of Native American ancestry, probably Monacan.  Dr. Walter A. Plecker, then-registrar of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics, was one of the deponents for the defense.  The lawyer for Shields tried many times to ask deponents about additional families of the Irish Creek area and their ancestries but the judge continually disallowed such discussions.  Atha Sorrells won her case when the judge decided that her ancestry was Indian and not negro, and that she contained little enough Indian to be classified as a white person under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924.","Some correspondence filed at the end of the case discussed the possibility of an appeal of the decision.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court. ","Clark family.","Clarke family.","Sorrel family.","Sorrells family.","Puls family.","Pultz family.","Wood family.","Woods family.","Holt, Henry W.","Painter, Robert.","Plecker, Walter Ashby -- 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry -- 1852- .","Sorrells, Atha."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court. "],"famname_ssim":["Clark family.","Clarke family.","Sorrel family.","Sorrells family.","Puls family.","Pultz family.","Wood family.","Woods family."],"persname_ssim":["Holt, Henry W.","Painter, Robert.","Plecker, Walter Ashby -- 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry -- 1852- .","Sorrells, Atha."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T01:18:32.115Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi02800"}},{"id":"vi_vi04027","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n 1912-1943","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04027#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04027#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943, consists principally of correspondence to the Rockbridge County clerk of the circuit court Abner Terry Shields from Walter Ashby Plecker, head of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. The correspondence includes Vital Statistics forms and instructions, Virginia Health Bulletins about enforcing the Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a letter to the attorney general asking for clarification of procedures required by the new Racial Integrity Act about issuing marriage licenses, pamphlets about eugenics issued by Plecker and the Bureau of Vital Statistics, lists of families that Plecker considered to be of questionable racial lineage including families of Amherst and Rockbridge counties, specific inquiries from Plecker about individuals he was seeking to prove were non-white, and newspaper articles about court cases challenging the Racial Integrity Law. References exist to the cases of Dorothy Johns and Atha Sorrells who separately challenged the Racial Integrity Law in 1924. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04027#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi04027","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04027","_root_":"vi_vi04027","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04027","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi04027.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n 1912-1943\n"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n 1912-1943\n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1160754\n"],"text":["1160754\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n 1912-1943","African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Indians of North America -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Miscegenation -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Public records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Pamphlets -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.",".33 cu. ft. (6 folders)","Arranged chronologically.\n","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics. Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers. From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943, consists principally of correspondence to the Rockbridge County clerk of the circuit court Abner Terry Shields from Walter Ashby Plecker, head of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. The correspondence includes Vital Statistics forms and instructions, Virginia Health Bulletins about enforcing the Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a letter to the attorney general asking for clarification of procedures required by the new Racial Integrity Act about issuing marriage licenses, pamphlets about eugenics issued by Plecker and the Bureau of Vital Statistics, lists of families that Plecker considered to be of questionable racial lineage including families of Amherst and Rockbridge counties, specific inquiries from Plecker about individuals he was seeking to prove were non-white, and newspaper articles about court cases challenging the Racial Integrity Law. References exist to the cases of Dorothy Johns and Atha Sorrells who separately challenged the Racial Integrity Law in 1924.\n","Plecker's obsession with racial integrity is well in evidence in this correspondence. Many of the letters and directives are to the clerk about specific individuals whom he felt were trying to pass as white but were in fact colored and he asks for evidence from the clerk to this end. Plecker also regularly sent out alerts to the clerk about entire family names that he considered suspect. He instructs that these families were not to be allowed to be listed as white in any record or to be treated as white in any way, including attendance at white schools. Evidence that people protested and resisted Plecker's campaign are clear in this correspondence as well.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Plecker, Walter Ashby, 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry, 1852- .","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1160754\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n 1912-1943"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n 1912-1943"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n 1912-1943"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockbridge County.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Indians of North America -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Miscegenation -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Public records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Pamphlets -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Indians of North America -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Miscegenation -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Public records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Pamphlets -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":[".33 cu. ft. (6 folders)"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged chronologically.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged chronologically.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics. Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers. From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics. Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers. From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943, consists principally of correspondence to the Rockbridge County clerk of the circuit court Abner Terry Shields from Walter Ashby Plecker, head of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. The correspondence includes Vital Statistics forms and instructions, Virginia Health Bulletins about enforcing the Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a letter to the attorney general asking for clarification of procedures required by the new Racial Integrity Act about issuing marriage licenses, pamphlets about eugenics issued by Plecker and the Bureau of Vital Statistics, lists of families that Plecker considered to be of questionable racial lineage including families of Amherst and Rockbridge counties, specific inquiries from Plecker about individuals he was seeking to prove were non-white, and newspaper articles about court cases challenging the Racial Integrity Law. References exist to the cases of Dorothy Johns and Atha Sorrells who separately challenged the Racial Integrity Law in 1924.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlecker's obsession with racial integrity is well in evidence in this correspondence. Many of the letters and directives are to the clerk about specific individuals whom he felt were trying to pass as white but were in fact colored and he asks for evidence from the clerk to this end. Plecker also regularly sent out alerts to the clerk about entire family names that he considered suspect. He instructs that these families were not to be allowed to be listed as white in any record or to be treated as white in any way, including attendance at white schools. Evidence that people protested and resisted Plecker's campaign are clear in this correspondence as well.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943, consists principally of correspondence to the Rockbridge County clerk of the circuit court Abner Terry Shields from Walter Ashby Plecker, head of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. The correspondence includes Vital Statistics forms and instructions, Virginia Health Bulletins about enforcing the Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a letter to the attorney general asking for clarification of procedures required by the new Racial Integrity Act about issuing marriage licenses, pamphlets about eugenics issued by Plecker and the Bureau of Vital Statistics, lists of families that Plecker considered to be of questionable racial lineage including families of Amherst and Rockbridge counties, specific inquiries from Plecker about individuals he was seeking to prove were non-white, and newspaper articles about court cases challenging the Racial Integrity Law. References exist to the cases of Dorothy Johns and Atha Sorrells who separately challenged the Racial Integrity Law in 1924.\n","Plecker's obsession with racial integrity is well in evidence in this correspondence. Many of the letters and directives are to the clerk about specific individuals whom he felt were trying to pass as white but were in fact colored and he asks for evidence from the clerk to this end. Plecker also regularly sent out alerts to the clerk about entire family names that he considered suspect. He instructs that these families were not to be allowed to be listed as white in any record or to be treated as white in any way, including attendance at white schools. Evidence that people protested and resisted Plecker's campaign are clear in this correspondence as well.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Plecker, Walter Ashby, 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry, 1852- ."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court."],"persname_ssim":["Plecker, Walter Ashby, 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry, 1852- ."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T02:00:47.503Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi04027","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04027","_root_":"vi_vi04027","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04027","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi04027.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n 1912-1943\n"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n 1912-1943\n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1160754\n"],"text":["1160754\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n 1912-1943","African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Indians of North America -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Miscegenation -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Public records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Pamphlets -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.",".33 cu. ft. (6 folders)","Arranged chronologically.\n","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics. Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers. From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943, consists principally of correspondence to the Rockbridge County clerk of the circuit court Abner Terry Shields from Walter Ashby Plecker, head of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. The correspondence includes Vital Statistics forms and instructions, Virginia Health Bulletins about enforcing the Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a letter to the attorney general asking for clarification of procedures required by the new Racial Integrity Act about issuing marriage licenses, pamphlets about eugenics issued by Plecker and the Bureau of Vital Statistics, lists of families that Plecker considered to be of questionable racial lineage including families of Amherst and Rockbridge counties, specific inquiries from Plecker about individuals he was seeking to prove were non-white, and newspaper articles about court cases challenging the Racial Integrity Law. References exist to the cases of Dorothy Johns and Atha Sorrells who separately challenged the Racial Integrity Law in 1924.\n","Plecker's obsession with racial integrity is well in evidence in this correspondence. Many of the letters and directives are to the clerk about specific individuals whom he felt were trying to pass as white but were in fact colored and he asks for evidence from the clerk to this end. Plecker also regularly sent out alerts to the clerk about entire family names that he considered suspect. He instructs that these families were not to be allowed to be listed as white in any record or to be treated as white in any way, including attendance at white schools. Evidence that people protested and resisted Plecker's campaign are clear in this correspondence as well.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Plecker, Walter Ashby, 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry, 1852- .","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1160754\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n 1912-1943"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n 1912-1943"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), \n 1912-1943"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"creator_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n"],"acqinfo_ssim":["These items came to the Library of Virginia in a transfer of court papers from Rockbridge County.\n"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Indians of North America -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Miscegenation -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Public records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Pamphlets -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Indians of North America -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Miscegenation -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Public records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Legal correspondence -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Letters (correspondence) -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Pamphlets -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":[".33 cu. ft. (6 folders)"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged chronologically.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged chronologically.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics. Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers. From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Walter Ashby Plecker, 1861-1947, was a physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics. Plecker graduated from Hoover Military Academy in 1880 and obtained a medical degree from the University of Maryland in 1885. He settled in Hampton, Virginia in 1892, and became its public health officer in 1902. He took an active interest in obstetrics and public health issues, educating midwives, inventing a home incubator, and prescribing home remedies for infants. His efforts are credited with an almost fifty percent decline in birthing deaths for black mothers. From 1912 to 1946, Plecker served as the first registrar of Virginia's newly created Bureau of Vital Statistics. An avowed white supremacist and advocate of eugenics, Plecker believed that the state's Native Americans had been mongrelized with its African American population. A law passed by the state's General Assembly in 1924, The Racial Integrity Act, recognized only two races, white and colored. Plecker believed that colored people were attempting to pass as Indian and obsessively documented each and every birth and marriage registration submitted to his agency. Plecker's policies pressured state agencies to reclassify most citizens claiming Indian identity as colored. This policy has left a modern day legacy where Virginia's Native Americans struggle to achieve federal recognition because they cannot prove their heritage as required by federal laws.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943, consists principally of correspondence to the Rockbridge County clerk of the circuit court Abner Terry Shields from Walter Ashby Plecker, head of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. The correspondence includes Vital Statistics forms and instructions, Virginia Health Bulletins about enforcing the Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a letter to the attorney general asking for clarification of procedures required by the new Racial Integrity Act about issuing marriage licenses, pamphlets about eugenics issued by Plecker and the Bureau of Vital Statistics, lists of families that Plecker considered to be of questionable racial lineage including families of Amherst and Rockbridge counties, specific inquiries from Plecker about individuals he was seeking to prove were non-white, and newspaper articles about court cases challenging the Racial Integrity Law. References exist to the cases of Dorothy Johns and Atha Sorrells who separately challenged the Racial Integrity Law in 1924.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlecker's obsession with racial integrity is well in evidence in this correspondence. Many of the letters and directives are to the clerk about specific individuals whom he felt were trying to pass as white but were in fact colored and he asks for evidence from the clerk to this end. Plecker also regularly sent out alerts to the clerk about entire family names that he considered suspect. He instructs that these families were not to be allowed to be listed as white in any record or to be treated as white in any way, including attendance at white schools. Evidence that people protested and resisted Plecker's campaign are clear in this correspondence as well.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Clerk's Correspondence (Walter A. Plecker to A. T. Shields), 1912-1943, consists principally of correspondence to the Rockbridge County clerk of the circuit court Abner Terry Shields from Walter Ashby Plecker, head of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. The correspondence includes Vital Statistics forms and instructions, Virginia Health Bulletins about enforcing the Racial Integrity Law of 1924, a letter to the attorney general asking for clarification of procedures required by the new Racial Integrity Act about issuing marriage licenses, pamphlets about eugenics issued by Plecker and the Bureau of Vital Statistics, lists of families that Plecker considered to be of questionable racial lineage including families of Amherst and Rockbridge counties, specific inquiries from Plecker about individuals he was seeking to prove were non-white, and newspaper articles about court cases challenging the Racial Integrity Law. References exist to the cases of Dorothy Johns and Atha Sorrells who separately challenged the Racial Integrity Law in 1924.\n","Plecker's obsession with racial integrity is well in evidence in this correspondence. Many of the letters and directives are to the clerk about specific individuals whom he felt were trying to pass as white but were in fact colored and he asks for evidence from the clerk to this end. Plecker also regularly sent out alerts to the clerk about entire family names that he considered suspect. He instructs that these families were not to be allowed to be listed as white in any record or to be treated as white in any way, including attendance at white schools. Evidence that people protested and resisted Plecker's campaign are clear in this correspondence as well.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Plecker, Walter Ashby, 1861-1867.","Shields, Abner Terry, 1852- ."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). 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Court Records, \n 1822-1846","African Americans -- Virginia.","Free African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Fugitive slaves -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Slaveholders -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Slavery -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Civil actions -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Criminal court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Judicial records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.",".15 cu. ft. (1 box)","Arranged chronologically.\n","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt Counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added in 1888. The county seat is the city of Lexington.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Court Records, 1822-1846, consist of one civil suit and two commonwealth causes.\n","Commonwealth versus Trustees of Washington College, 1822 August, includes information, bill of exceptions, subpoenas and other documents. The trustees were accused and found guilty of harboring a slave named Tamer, the property of Robert Douthat, without his consent and to the great detriment and annoyance of people in the neighborhood. The trustees were fined three dollars.\n","Commonwealth versus Polly Watkins (alias Dolly Freeman), 1827 April, includes two indictments, copy of record, recognizance, subpoenas, list of jurors, and other documents. Watkins was indicted for harboring a runaway slave named Rachel, the property of Christianna Holmes, and for feloniously carrying the same slave from Rockbridge County to Botetourt County. The copy of record includes depostions from witnesses on behalf of the Commonwealth, including the slave Rachel, who testified to how Watkins transported the slave to Boteourt County. She forged free papers for the slave and passed her off as a family member. Watkins was found not guilty for feloniously carrying the slave from Rockbridge County to Botetourt County, but was found guilty of harboring a slave. Watkins was fined ten dollars, but if she was unable to pay the fine, she was to be punished with ten lashes on her bare back at the public whipping post.\n","Peter Jordan vs. Thomas Gardner, 1846 September, was a civil suit in which Jordan sued Gardner for damages from an assault and battery. Gardner asked the court to dismiss the suit because Jordan was a slave and under the laws of Virginia could not sue a white man. The court ruled against Gardner and allowed the suit to continue. The suit originated out of a previous civil suit in which Gardner sued Jordan for slander and assault and battery. Jordan was found guilty and sentenced to ten lashes. \n","Court Records are useful when researching local history and genealogical information, particularly for African Americans. They are a valuable source of local, state, social, and legal history and serve as a primary source for understanding a locality's history.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Washington and Lee University.","Rockbridge County (Va.) Superior Court of Law.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["0007348619\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Court Records, \n 1822-1846"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Court Records, \n 1822-1846"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Court Records, \n 1822-1846"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) 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(1 box)"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged chronologically.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged chronologically.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt Counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added in 1888. The county seat is the city of Lexington.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt Counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added in 1888. The county seat is the city of Lexington.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) 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The copy of record includes depostions from witnesses on behalf of the Commonwealth, including the slave Rachel, who testified to how Watkins transported the slave to Boteourt County. She forged free papers for the slave and passed her off as a family member. Watkins was found not guilty for feloniously carrying the slave from Rockbridge County to Botetourt County, but was found guilty of harboring a slave. Watkins was fined ten dollars, but if she was unable to pay the fine, she was to be punished with ten lashes on her bare back at the public whipping post.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePeter Jordan vs. Thomas Gardner, 1846 September, was a civil suit in which Jordan sued Gardner for damages from an assault and battery. Gardner asked the court to dismiss the suit because Jordan was a slave and under the laws of Virginia could not sue a white man. The court ruled against Gardner and allowed the suit to continue. The suit originated out of a previous civil suit in which Gardner sued Jordan for slander and assault and battery. Jordan was found guilty and sentenced to ten lashes. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCourt Records are useful when researching local history and genealogical information, particularly for African Americans. They are a valuable source of local, state, social, and legal history and serve as a primary source for understanding a locality's history.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Court Records, 1822-1846, consist of one civil suit and two commonwealth causes.\n","Commonwealth versus Trustees of Washington College, 1822 August, includes information, bill of exceptions, subpoenas and other documents. The trustees were accused and found guilty of harboring a slave named Tamer, the property of Robert Douthat, without his consent and to the great detriment and annoyance of people in the neighborhood. The trustees were fined three dollars.\n","Commonwealth versus Polly Watkins (alias Dolly Freeman), 1827 April, includes two indictments, copy of record, recognizance, subpoenas, list of jurors, and other documents. Watkins was indicted for harboring a runaway slave named Rachel, the property of Christianna Holmes, and for feloniously carrying the same slave from Rockbridge County to Botetourt County. The copy of record includes depostions from witnesses on behalf of the Commonwealth, including the slave Rachel, who testified to how Watkins transported the slave to Boteourt County. She forged free papers for the slave and passed her off as a family member. Watkins was found not guilty for feloniously carrying the slave from Rockbridge County to Botetourt County, but was found guilty of harboring a slave. Watkins was fined ten dollars, but if she was unable to pay the fine, she was to be punished with ten lashes on her bare back at the public whipping post.\n","Peter Jordan vs. Thomas Gardner, 1846 September, was a civil suit in which Jordan sued Gardner for damages from an assault and battery. Gardner asked the court to dismiss the suit because Jordan was a slave and under the laws of Virginia could not sue a white man. The court ruled against Gardner and allowed the suit to continue. The suit originated out of a previous civil suit in which Gardner sued Jordan for slander and assault and battery. Jordan was found guilty and sentenced to ten lashes. \n","Court Records are useful when researching local history and genealogical information, particularly for African Americans. They are a valuable source of local, state, social, and legal history and serve as a primary source for understanding a locality's history.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Washington and Lee University.","Rockbridge County (Va.) Superior Court of Law."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Washington and Lee University.","Rockbridge County (Va.) Superior Court of Law."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T01:27:09.187Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi03629","ead_ssi":"vi_vi03629","_root_":"vi_vi03629","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi03629","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi03629.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) 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The copy of record includes depostions from witnesses on behalf of the Commonwealth, including the slave Rachel, who testified to how Watkins transported the slave to Boteourt County. She forged free papers for the slave and passed her off as a family member. Watkins was found not guilty for feloniously carrying the slave from Rockbridge County to Botetourt County, but was found guilty of harboring a slave. Watkins was fined ten dollars, but if she was unable to pay the fine, she was to be punished with ten lashes on her bare back at the public whipping post.\n","Peter Jordan vs. Thomas Gardner, 1846 September, was a civil suit in which Jordan sued Gardner for damages from an assault and battery. Gardner asked the court to dismiss the suit because Jordan was a slave and under the laws of Virginia could not sue a white man. The court ruled against Gardner and allowed the suit to continue. The suit originated out of a previous civil suit in which Gardner sued Jordan for slander and assault and battery. Jordan was found guilty and sentenced to ten lashes. \n","Court Records are useful when researching local history and genealogical information, particularly for African Americans. They are a valuable source of local, state, social, and legal history and serve as a primary source for understanding a locality's history.\n","Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Washington and Lee University.","Rockbridge County (Va.) Superior Court of Law.","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["0007348619\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Court Records, \n 1822-1846"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Court Records, \n 1822-1846"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Court Records, \n 1822-1846"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) 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(1 box)"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged chronologically.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement\n"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged chronologically.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt Counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added in 1888. The county seat is the city of Lexington.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt Counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added in 1888. The county seat is the city of Lexington.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) Court Records, 1822-1846, consist of one civil suit and two commonwealth causes.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCommonwealth versus Trustees of Washington College, 1822 August, includes information, bill of exceptions, subpoenas and other documents. The trustees were accused and found guilty of harboring a slave named Tamer, the property of Robert Douthat, without his consent and to the great detriment and annoyance of people in the neighborhood. The trustees were fined three dollars.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCommonwealth versus Polly Watkins (alias Dolly Freeman), 1827 April, includes two indictments, copy of record, recognizance, subpoenas, list of jurors, and other documents. Watkins was indicted for harboring a runaway slave named Rachel, the property of Christianna Holmes, and for feloniously carrying the same slave from Rockbridge County to Botetourt County. The copy of record includes depostions from witnesses on behalf of the Commonwealth, including the slave Rachel, who testified to how Watkins transported the slave to Boteourt County. She forged free papers for the slave and passed her off as a family member. Watkins was found not guilty for feloniously carrying the slave from Rockbridge County to Botetourt County, but was found guilty of harboring a slave. Watkins was fined ten dollars, but if she was unable to pay the fine, she was to be punished with ten lashes on her bare back at the public whipping post.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePeter Jordan vs. Thomas Gardner, 1846 September, was a civil suit in which Jordan sued Gardner for damages from an assault and battery. Gardner asked the court to dismiss the suit because Jordan was a slave and under the laws of Virginia could not sue a white man. The court ruled against Gardner and allowed the suit to continue. The suit originated out of a previous civil suit in which Gardner sued Jordan for slander and assault and battery. Jordan was found guilty and sentenced to ten lashes. \n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCourt Records are useful when researching local history and genealogical information, particularly for African Americans. They are a valuable source of local, state, social, and legal history and serve as a primary source for understanding a locality's history.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Court Records, 1822-1846, consist of one civil suit and two commonwealth causes.\n","Commonwealth versus Trustees of Washington College, 1822 August, includes information, bill of exceptions, subpoenas and other documents. The trustees were accused and found guilty of harboring a slave named Tamer, the property of Robert Douthat, without his consent and to the great detriment and annoyance of people in the neighborhood. The trustees were fined three dollars.\n","Commonwealth versus Polly Watkins (alias Dolly Freeman), 1827 April, includes two indictments, copy of record, recognizance, subpoenas, list of jurors, and other documents. Watkins was indicted for harboring a runaway slave named Rachel, the property of Christianna Holmes, and for feloniously carrying the same slave from Rockbridge County to Botetourt County. The copy of record includes depostions from witnesses on behalf of the Commonwealth, including the slave Rachel, who testified to how Watkins transported the slave to Boteourt County. She forged free papers for the slave and passed her off as a family member. Watkins was found not guilty for feloniously carrying the slave from Rockbridge County to Botetourt County, but was found guilty of harboring a slave. Watkins was fined ten dollars, but if she was unable to pay the fine, she was to be punished with ten lashes on her bare back at the public whipping post.\n","Peter Jordan vs. Thomas Gardner, 1846 September, was a civil suit in which Jordan sued Gardner for damages from an assault and battery. Gardner asked the court to dismiss the suit because Jordan was a slave and under the laws of Virginia could not sue a white man. The court ruled against Gardner and allowed the suit to continue. The suit originated out of a previous civil suit in which Gardner sued Jordan for slander and assault and battery. Jordan was found guilty and sentenced to ten lashes. \n","Court Records are useful when researching local history and genealogical information, particularly for African Americans. They are a valuable source of local, state, social, and legal history and serve as a primary source for understanding a locality's history.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Location\"\u003eLibrary of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Washington and Lee University.","Rockbridge County (Va.) Superior Court of Law."],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Washington and Lee University.","Rockbridge County (Va.) Superior Court of Law."],"language_ssim":["English\n"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T01:27:09.187Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi03629"}},{"id":"vi_vi04030","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, \n 1876 December","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04030#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.\n","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04030#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, 1876 December. This judgment consists of the petition of James Clark (alternately spelled Clarke in the documents) for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to issue him a previously denied marriage license to marry Cerinda Robison, a whtie woman, on the grounds that he is a black man. Clark claims to be of mixed blood and less than the one fourth minimum negro or Indian blood that the law required. Included is a letter from the clerk of court of Amherst County to whom Moore had written to inquire about Clark's racial background and ancestry. Clark was successful in getting the court to order the clerk issue him a marriage license. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04030#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi04030","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04030","_root_":"vi_vi04030","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04030","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi04030.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, \n 1876 December\n"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, \n 1876 December\n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1140710\n"],"text":["1140710\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. 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The 1866 law decreed that every person having one-fourth or more Negro blood shall be deemed a colored person, and every person not a colored person having one-fourth or more Indian blood shall be deemed an Indian. In 1924, the Racial Integrity Law changed this to the so-called one drop rule that held that the term white shall apply only to the person who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian, but persons who have one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian, and no other non-Caucasic blood shall be deemed white persons. Every other combination was to be negro or colored.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, 1876 December. This judgment consists of the petition of James Clark (alternately spelled Clarke in the documents) for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to issue him a previously denied marriage license to marry Cerinda Robison, a whtie woman, on the grounds that he is a black man. Clark claims to be of mixed blood and less than the one fourth minimum negro or Indian blood that the law required. Included is a letter from the clerk of court of Amherst County to whom Moore had written to inquire about Clark's racial background and ancestry. Clark was successful in getting the court to order the clerk issue him a marriage license.\n","Clark was an ancestor of Atha Sorrells of Rockbridge who in 1924 also sued for a writ of mandamus after denied a marriage license under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 that greatly narrowed racial definitions in Virginia.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Clark family","Clarke family","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1140710\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, \n 1876 December"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. 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The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnti-miscegenation laws banning interracial marriage between whites and non-whites were first enacted in Virginia in 1691. As early as 1792, a person was legally a mulatto if they had one fourth or greater part of negro blood. The 1866 law decreed that every person having one-fourth or more Negro blood shall be deemed a colored person, and every person not a colored person having one-fourth or more Indian blood shall be deemed an Indian. In 1924, the Racial Integrity Law changed this to the so-called one drop rule that held that the term white shall apply only to the person who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian, but persons who have one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian, and no other non-Caucasic blood shall be deemed white persons. Every other combination was to be negro or colored.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information\n"],"bioghist_tesim":["Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n","Anti-miscegenation laws banning interracial marriage between whites and non-whites were first enacted in Virginia in 1691. As early as 1792, a person was legally a mulatto if they had one fourth or greater part of negro blood. The 1866 law decreed that every person having one-fourth or more Negro blood shall be deemed a colored person, and every person not a colored person having one-fourth or more Indian blood shall be deemed an Indian. In 1924, the Racial Integrity Law changed this to the so-called one drop rule that held that the term white shall apply only to the person who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian, but persons who have one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian, and no other non-Caucasic blood shall be deemed white persons. Every other combination was to be negro or colored.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, 1876 December. This judgment consists of the petition of James Clark (alternately spelled Clarke in the documents) for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to issue him a previously denied marriage license to marry Cerinda Robison, a whtie woman, on the grounds that he is a black man. Clark claims to be of mixed blood and less than the one fourth minimum negro or Indian blood that the law required. Included is a letter from the clerk of court of Amherst County to whom Moore had written to inquire about Clark's racial background and ancestry. Clark was successful in getting the court to order the clerk issue him a marriage license.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClark was an ancestor of Atha Sorrells of Rockbridge who in 1924 also sued for a writ of mandamus after denied a marriage license under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 that greatly narrowed racial definitions in Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content\n"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, 1876 December. This judgment consists of the petition of James Clark (alternately spelled Clarke in the documents) for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to issue him a previously denied marriage license to marry Cerinda Robison, a whtie woman, on the grounds that he is a black man. Clark claims to be of mixed blood and less than the one fourth minimum negro or Indian blood that the law required. Included is a letter from the clerk of court of Amherst County to whom Moore had written to inquire about Clark's racial background and ancestry. Clark was successful in getting the court to order the clerk issue him a marriage license.\n","Clark was an ancestor of Atha Sorrells of Rockbridge who in 1924 also sued for a writ of mandamus after denied a marriage license under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 that greatly narrowed racial definitions in Virginia.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Shelf Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Clark family","Clarke family"],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). 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Clark claims to be of mixed blood and less than the one fourth minimum negro or Indian blood that the law required. Included is a letter from the clerk of court of Amherst County to whom Moore had written to inquire about Clark's racial background and ancestry. Clark was successful in getting the court to order the clerk issue him a marriage license.\n","Clark was an ancestor of Atha Sorrells of Rockbridge who in 1924 also sued for a writ of mandamus after denied a marriage license under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 that greatly narrowed racial definitions in Virginia.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Clark family","Clarke family","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1140710\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, \n 1876 December"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. 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In 1924, the Racial Integrity Law changed this to the so-called one drop rule that held that the term white shall apply only to the person who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian, but persons who have one-sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian, and no other non-Caucasic blood shall be deemed white persons. Every other combination was to be negro or colored.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRockbridge County (Va.) James Clark vs. J. P. Moore, Clerk of Court, 1876 December. This judgment consists of the petition of James Clark (alternately spelled Clarke in the documents) for a writ of mandamus to force the clerk to issue him a previously denied marriage license to marry Cerinda Robison, a whtie woman, on the grounds that he is a black man. Clark claims to be of mixed blood and less than the one fourth minimum negro or Indian blood that the law required. 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Clark claims to be of mixed blood and less than the one fourth minimum negro or Indian blood that the law required. Included is a letter from the clerk of court of Amherst County to whom Moore had written to inquire about Clark's racial background and ancestry. Clark was successful in getting the court to order the clerk issue him a marriage license.\n","Clark was an ancestor of Atha Sorrells of Rockbridge who in 1924 also sued for a writ of mandamus after denied a marriage license under the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 that greatly narrowed racial definitions in Virginia.\n"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc label=\"Shelf Location\"\u003eState Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n"],"names_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). Circuit Court.","Clark family","Clarke family"],"corpname_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.). 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This judgment consists of the petition of James Connor, a white man, and Dorothy Johns, a free issue or triple mixed blood (white, Indian and negro) woman, to the court to issue a writ of mandamus to the clerk of court. Shields had refused to issue them a marriage license under the provisions of the 1924 Racial Integrity Act. Also included in a witness summons for Silas Coleman of Amherst County. The verdict is not recorded on the court papers but Mr. Connors and Miss Johns were not successful in their request. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04029#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vi_vi04029","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04029","_root_":"vi_vi04029","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04029","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi04029.xml","title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n 1924 September\n"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n 1924 September\n"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["1140743\n"],"text":["1140743\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n 1924 September","African Americans -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Eugenics.","Indians of North America.","Interracial marriage -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Interracial marriage -- Law and legislation.","Miscegenation.","Civil court records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","Local government records -- Virginia -- Rockbridge County.","1 folder","Rockbridge County was named for Natural Bridge, an exceptional rock formation located in the county. The county was formed from Augusta and Botetourt counties in 1778, and another part of Botetourt was added later.\n","On March 20, 1924, Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act that recognized only two races, white and colored. The act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth, and made marriage between white persons and non-white persons a felony. The law was the most famous ban on miscegenation in the United States, and was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1967, in Loving vs. Virginia. The registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital of Statistics, Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker, developed the racial criteria behind the act and adhered strictly to the one-drop rule, a historical colloquial term that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black. The Racial Integrity Act was subject to the Pocahontas exception. Since many influential families claimed descent from Pocahontas, the legislature declared that a person could be considered white with as much as one-sixteenth Indian ancestry. This law, along with the Sterilization Act also of 1924, imposed the practice of scientific eugenics in the Commonwealth.\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, 1924 September. This judgment consists of the petition of James Connor, a white man, and Dorothy Johns, a free issue or triple mixed blood (white, Indian and negro) woman, to the court to issue a writ of mandamus to the clerk of court. Shields had refused to issue them a marriage license under the provisions of the 1924 Racial Integrity Act. Also included in a witness summons for Silas Coleman of Amherst County. The verdict is not recorded on the court papers but Mr. Connors and Miss Johns were not successful in their request.\n","State Records Center - Archives Annex, Library of Virginia\n","Rockbridge County (Va.) Circuit Court.","Shields, Abner Terry, 1852- .","English\n"],"unitid_tesim":["1140743\n"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge County (Va.) James Connor and Dorothy Johns vs. A. T. Shields, Clerk of Court, \n 1924 September"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge County (Va.) 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