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British letter size, on unwatermarked laid paper; gutter shows evidence of previous pamphlet binding."],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 letter folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Engraving (printing process)","Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1774],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is minimally processed and open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is minimally processed and open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEdward Hugh Boscawen was born September 13, 1744, the eldest son of Admiral Edward Boscawen and Frances Evelyn Glanville. He was educated at Eton from 1753 to 1761 and Christ Church Oxford, 1761. He was elected representative in Parliament for the borough of Truro, a parliamentary constituency in Cornwall, twice from 1767 to 1774. In 1774, he became ill and went to a spa in Germany, where he died July 17, 1774, at the age of twenty-nine.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDrummond, Mary M. \"Member Biographies BOSCAWEN, Edward Hugh (1744-74).\" The History of Parliament. Last Accessed June 11, 2025https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/boscawen-edward-hugh-1744-74#footnoteref2_hp2xwhp. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRetanna. \"Edward Hugh Boscawen (1744-1774).\" Find a Grave...\" Accessed June 11, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/154671956/edward_hugh-boscawen. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note "],"bioghist_tesim":["Edward Hugh Boscawen was born September 13, 1744, the eldest son of Admiral Edward Boscawen and Frances Evelyn Glanville. He was educated at Eton from 1753 to 1761 and Christ Church Oxford, 1761. He was elected representative in Parliament for the borough of Truro, a parliamentary constituency in Cornwall, twice from 1767 to 1774. In 1774, he became ill and went to a spa in Germany, where he died July 17, 1774, at the age of twenty-nine.","Sources","Drummond, Mary M. \"Member Biographies BOSCAWEN, Edward Hugh (1744-74).\" The History of Parliament. Last Accessed June 11, 2025https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/boscawen-edward-hugh-1744-74#footnoteref2_hp2xwhp. ","Retanna. \"Edward Hugh Boscawen (1744-1774).\" Find a Grave...\" Accessed June 11, 2025. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/154671956/edward_hugh-boscawen. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16904, Edward Hugh Boscawen letter, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16904, Edward Hugh Boscawen letter, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a letter from Edward Hugh Boscawen (1744-1774), eldest son of Admiral Edward Boscawen, to John Nichols (1745-1826), an English printer and author. Boscawen writes to the Nichols about a forthcoming edition of John Evelyn's Sylva, the first of several to be edited by the Scottish physician, Alexander Hunter, then resident in York. Boscawen is soliciting Nichols' help in finding qualified engravers to work on the plates for the volumes. He notes that he has tried calling at Nichols' house several times but has not found him at home. It is believed that the author of this letter is Edward Hugh Boscawen, as he is writing from Audley Street, and it appears that Admiral Edward Boscawen and his family were the only members of that family to live on Audley Street.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a letter from Edward Hugh Boscawen (1744-1774), eldest son of Admiral Edward Boscawen, to John Nichols (1745-1826), an English printer and author. Boscawen writes to the Nichols about a forthcoming edition of John Evelyn's Sylva, the first of several to be edited by the Scottish physician, Alexander Hunter, then resident in York. Boscawen is soliciting Nichols' help in finding qualified engravers to work on the plates for the volumes. He notes that he has tried calling at Nichols' house several times but has not found him at home. It is believed that the author of this letter is Edward Hugh Boscawen, as he is writing from Audley Street, and it appears that Admiral Edward Boscawen and his family were the only members of that family to live on Audley Street."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Nichols, John, 1745-1826","Hunter, A. (Alexander), 1729-1809"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["Nichols, John, 1745-1826","Hunter, A. (Alexander), 1729-1809"],"persname_ssim":["Nichols, John, 1745-1826","Hunter, A. (Alexander), 1729-1809"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:52:36.377Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1789"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57_c03","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"English and French Medical Caricatures","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_57_c03#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCaricature by definition is a representation in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. Nineteenth-century medicine provided caricaturists with a wealth of material. Artists humorously exaggerated medical conditions and physical characteristics. Bulbous noses, protruding stomachs, and hunched backs were some of the more common features drawn to extraordinary proportions. Bizarre treatments, massive doses of pills, and excessive bloodletting, prescribed by trained physicians and quack doctors alike, were all lampooned. Suffering and discomfort from disease and the patient's reaction to medical treatment were also fodder for the satirist's pen.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_57_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57_c03","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_7_resources_57_c03"],"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57_c03","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_57"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_57"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"text":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection","English and French Medical Caricatures","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Grandville, J. J., 1803-1847","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Caricatures and cartoons","World politics -- Caricatures and cartoons","Cartoonists","Publisher/Printer","political cartoons","cartoons (humorous images)","Engraving (printing process)","box 7, MS-67","item 9, 21-49","Caricature by definition is a representation in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. Nineteenth-century medicine provided caricaturists with a wealth of material. Artists humorously exaggerated medical conditions and physical characteristics. Bulbous noses, protruding stomachs, and hunched backs were some of the more common features drawn to extraordinary proportions. Bizarre treatments, massive doses of pills, and excessive bloodletting, prescribed by trained physicians and quack doctors alike, were all lampooned. Suffering and discomfort from disease and the patient's reaction to medical treatment were also fodder for the satirist's pen.","While some caricatures were straightforward in their message, others contained yet another layer of meaning. Medical conditions could symbolize failed interpersonal relationships, national political affairs, and everything in between. Ailments caused by the follies of fashion, such as ill-fitting footwear or constricting corsets, inspired many drawings. Artists also directly linked illness to excesses in nineteenth-century social life, particularly over-consumption of food and alcohol.","The 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.","English Caricature:\nPrecariousness of Life\nHeroic Medicine\nPray Remember the Poor Debtors\nQuacks \u0026 Nostrums\nDoomed Relationships\nFashionable Follies\nNineteenth-Century Excess\nEnglish Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links","French Caricature:\nScenes of the Day\nMedicine in France\nMedical Caricatures or Political Commentary?\nHunchbacks: Mocked or Mocker?\nPublic Health: The Need Is Pressing\nWet Nursing: Paying Consumers\nFrench Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links"],"title_filing_ssi":"English and French Medical Caricatures","title_ssm":["English and French Medical Caricatures"],"title_tesim":["English and French Medical Caricatures"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1760-1835"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1760/1835"],"normalized_title_ssm":["English and French Medical Caricatures"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"creator_ssim":["Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Grandville, J. J., 1803-1847"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":2,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":37,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Some materials may be subject to copyright restrictions."],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"“Very Ill!”: The Many Faces of Medical Caricature in Nineteenth-Century England \u0026 France Online Exhibit\",\"href\":\"https://wayback.archive-it.org/18731/20250701185054/https://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/caricatures/\"}"],"date_range_isim":[1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835],"names_ssim":["Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Grandville, J. J., 1803-1847","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818"],"persname_ssim":["Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Grandville, J. J., 1803-1847","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Caricatures and cartoons","World politics -- Caricatures and cartoons","Cartoonists","Publisher/Printer","political cartoons","cartoons (humorous images)","Engraving (printing process)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Caricatures and cartoons","World politics -- Caricatures and cartoons","Cartoonists","Publisher/Printer","political cartoons","cartoons (humorous images)","Engraving (printing process)"],"containers_ssim":["box 7, MS-67","item 9, 21-49"],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll of these illustrations were digitized and curated in an online exhibit written by Sara Huyser and Janet Pearson, members of the staff of Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Steve Stedman designed the Web exhibit. Special thanks to Joan Echtenkamp Klein and Andrew Sallans for their assistance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe web archived exhibit can be found via the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine here: \u003cextref\u003ehttps://web.archive.org/web/20251212135051/https://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/caricatures/index.html\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Other Finding Aids"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["All of these illustrations were digitized and curated in an online exhibit written by Sara Huyser and Janet Pearson, members of the staff of Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Steve Stedman designed the Web exhibit. Special thanks to Joan Echtenkamp Klein and Andrew Sallans for their assistance.","The web archived exhibit can be found via the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine here:  https://web.archive.org/web/20251212135051/https://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/caricatures/index.html"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCaricature by definition is a representation in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. Nineteenth-century medicine provided caricaturists with a wealth of material. Artists humorously exaggerated medical conditions and physical characteristics. Bulbous noses, protruding stomachs, and hunched backs were some of the more common features drawn to extraordinary proportions. Bizarre treatments, massive doses of pills, and excessive bloodletting, prescribed by trained physicians and quack doctors alike, were all lampooned. Suffering and discomfort from disease and the patient's reaction to medical treatment were also fodder for the satirist's pen.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile some caricatures were straightforward in their message, others contained yet another layer of meaning. Medical conditions could symbolize failed interpersonal relationships, national political affairs, and everything in between. Ailments caused by the follies of fashion, such as ill-fitting footwear or constricting corsets, inspired many drawings. Artists also directly linked illness to excesses in nineteenth-century social life, particularly over-consumption of food and alcohol.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnglish Caricature:\nPrecariousness of Life\nHeroic Medicine\nPray Remember the Poor Debtors\nQuacks \u0026amp; Nostrums\nDoomed Relationships\nFashionable Follies\nNineteenth-Century Excess\nEnglish Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026amp; Links\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrench Caricature:\nScenes of the Day\nMedicine in France\nMedical Caricatures or Political Commentary?\nHunchbacks: Mocked or Mocker?\nPublic Health: The Need Is Pressing\nWet Nursing: Paying Consumers\nFrench Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026amp; Links\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Caricature by definition is a representation in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. Nineteenth-century medicine provided caricaturists with a wealth of material. Artists humorously exaggerated medical conditions and physical characteristics. Bulbous noses, protruding stomachs, and hunched backs were some of the more common features drawn to extraordinary proportions. Bizarre treatments, massive doses of pills, and excessive bloodletting, prescribed by trained physicians and quack doctors alike, were all lampooned. Suffering and discomfort from disease and the patient's reaction to medical treatment were also fodder for the satirist's pen.","While some caricatures were straightforward in their message, others contained yet another layer of meaning. Medical conditions could symbolize failed interpersonal relationships, national political affairs, and everything in between. Ailments caused by the follies of fashion, such as ill-fitting footwear or constricting corsets, inspired many drawings. Artists also directly linked illness to excesses in nineteenth-century social life, particularly over-consumption of food and alcohol.","The 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.","English Caricature:\nPrecariousness of Life\nHeroic Medicine\nPray Remember the Poor Debtors\nQuacks \u0026 Nostrums\nDoomed Relationships\nFashionable Follies\nNineteenth-Century Excess\nEnglish Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links","French Caricature:\nScenes of the Day\nMedicine in France\nMedical Caricatures or Political Commentary?\nHunchbacks: Mocked or Mocker?\nPublic Health: The Need Is Pressing\nWet Nursing: Paying Consumers\nFrench Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links"],"_nest_path_":"/components#2","timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:24:18.661Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_57","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_7_resources_57.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/56","title_ssm":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"title_tesim":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1720-1969","undated"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["undated"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1720-1969"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS.67","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/57"],"text":["MS.67","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/57","University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection","Illustrators","Medical libraries","cartoons (humorous images)","drawings (visual works)","7.5 linear feet: 4 boxes with dimensions 16 in x 20 in x 3.5 in 2 document boxes","Collection is open to research.","Authenticated by Medicine Rara 185 Madison Ave, NY, NY 10016.","The illustrations are arranged by the name of their illustrator, and by chronology, then grouped by the subject of the drawing. The exceptions to this arrangement are items where the artist or subject is unknown or if there is no series for individual artists.","The University of Virginia has taught the study of human anatomy as part of the medical curriculum since its first session in 1825. ","The creator of several of the drawings in the collection, Harvey E. Jordan (1878-1963), was on the faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of Virginia between 1907 and 1949 and had a strong interest in anatomy throughout his career. Jordan served as a Professor of Histology and Embryology, Director of Anatomical Laboratories, and, from 1938 to 1949, as the Dean of the Department of Medicine (in 1950 the title changed to \"Dean of the School of Medicine\"). During his tenure as Dean, Jordan started a Division of Medical Illustration at the Univeristy. Among the many professional societies to which he belonged was the American Association of Anatomists, and throughout his career he wrote many papers on the subject of microscopic anatomy.","In addition to Harvey E. Jordan, the collection also contains work by illustrators including P. Le Paumier, Helen Lorraine, and Ted Bloodhart. P. Le Paumier (dates unknown) was a French illustrator whose work was published in the book  Travaux pratiques d'anatomie. Cahier d'ostéologie,  by French anatomist André Latarjet (1877-1947). Helen Lorraine (1892-1980) was a medical illustrator who graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Art as Applied to Medicine (1916) and studied under Max Brodel and J. Shelton Horsley. Lorraine's illustrations were produced for Dr. Charles Bruce Morton (1908-1966), a University of Virginia School of Medicine graduate (B.S. 1920, M.D. 1922) and professor of Surgery and Gynecology at UVA from 1927 to 1954. Little is known about the other illustrators. Some works in the collection are not identified.","Another set of prints included in this collection are the Elizabeth Mandell historical prints collection, which consists of prints, illustrations, and pages from an unidentified text. Items include 3 anatomical plates; 3 surgical plates; and a print of a physician and patient from the Illustrated Times, London Dec. 8, 1880. Also included: an image of a doctor and patients from an \"extra supplement to the Illustrated London News, May 19, 187?\"; and illustrations from the International Medical and Sanitary Exposition. The 4 loose pages contain an entry on Anatomy and are taken from the same text as the anatomical and surgical plates (possibly an encyclopedia).","In 2026, the English and French caricatures were added to the collection. ","The collection comprises mostly of anatomical illustrations of humans and animals by professional medical illustrators and medical practioners, but there is a good number of caricatures. Many of the images depict 20th century surgical prodedures; there are also physiological illustrations included in the collection. Most items are drawn in pencil on illustration paper with cardboard backing. In addition, there are some drawings in notepads and on tracing paper.","From The Graphic: an illustrated weekly newspaper, page 109","5 figures: 1. extempore dressing on the Battlefield. 2. ward tent and apparatus for steaming throat and bronchial cases, Guy's Hospital. 3. (ditto), St. Mary's Hospital. 4. a bad accident case: London Hospital. 5. bath lift: Middlesex Hospital.","Extra supplement to the Illustrated London News May 19 1877.","Caricature by definition is a representation in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. Nineteenth-century medicine provided caricaturists with a wealth of material. Artists humorously exaggerated medical conditions and physical characteristics. Bulbous noses, protruding stomachs, and hunched backs were some of the more common features drawn to extraordinary proportions. Bizarre treatments, massive doses of pills, and excessive bloodletting, prescribed by trained physicians and quack doctors alike, were all lampooned. Suffering and discomfort from disease and the patient's reaction to medical treatment were also fodder for the satirist's pen.","While some caricatures were straightforward in their message, others contained yet another layer of meaning. Medical conditions could symbolize failed interpersonal relationships, national political affairs, and everything in between. Ailments caused by the follies of fashion, such as ill-fitting footwear or constricting corsets, inspired many drawings. Artists also directly linked illness to excesses in nineteenth-century social life, particularly over-consumption of food and alcohol.","The 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.","English Caricature:\nPrecariousness of Life\nHeroic Medicine\nPray Remember the Poor Debtors\nQuacks \u0026 Nostrums\nDoomed Relationships\nFashionable Follies\nNineteenth-Century Excess\nEnglish Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links","French Caricature:\nScenes of the Day\nMedicine in France\nMedical Caricatures or Political Commentary?\nHunchbacks: Mocked or Mocker?\nPublic Health: The Need Is Pressing\nWet Nursing: Paying Consumers\nFrench Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links","The caption of this image describes the 'Extraordinary Effects of Morison's Vegetable Pills', re-growing a man's legs overnight. Morison's Vegetable Pills were the brainchild of James Morison (1770-1840) and sold from 1825 onwards. Morison believed that all disease was caused by an impurity of the blood that could only be purged by his vegetable pills. The pills, a laxative based on a variety of herbs, including rhubarb and myrrh, were sold in chemists, grocers and even libraries. Morison believed that his pills could be taken in large doses but a number of deaths proved him wrong. Many labelled him a quack and his pills a poison. The print is by Charles Grant Jameson (active 1832-1850); artist: Grant, Charles Jameson; maker: J Kendrick; place made: London, England, United Kingdom.","Colored etching by G[eorge] Cruikshank: Source of the Southwark Water Works, or [headed] Salus Populi Suprema Lex. Published by S. Knight, [1832]. 51x32.5cm. Printed on broadsheet with text poem beneath: Royal Address of Cadwallader... water-king of Southwark [John Edwards]. Concern at pollution and threat to public health. ","The satirical poem 'Royal Address of Cadwallader ap-Tudor ap-Edwards ap-Vaughan, Water-King of Southwark', published in 1832, is a comment on the pollution of the River Thames, the main water supply for London. The crowd chants \"Give us clean water\" and \"We shall get the cholera\" – 1832 being the year that a major cholera epidemic hit London. The writer of the poem and the people in the illustration appear to believe that cholera is spread by vapours from rotting waste – the miasma theory of disease. However, John Snow (1813-1858) discovered that cholera is a water-borne disease. Despite this, many physicians still accepted the miasma theory. The illustration was drawn by the artist and caricaturist George Cruikshank (1792-1878).","Inscription: Lettered with title, \"Ex Marmore Antiquo,\" three lines of description of subject beginning \"He grounded his Precepts upon Aesculapius. ...,\" and production details: \"P. P. Rubens Del.,\" \"I. Faber Fecit,\" and \"Printed for \u0026 Sold by Tho: Bowles next the Chapter House in St. Pauls Ch. Yard and John Bowles at the Black Horse in Cornhill.\"","This satirical response to \"fast living\" centers on a figure whose left side is a skeleton holding a spade before a tombstone lettered with a quote from Romans 6.23, \"The wages of sin is death,\" with other biblical admonishments below. The figure's right side is fashionably dressed living aristocrat standing in a parkland with a temple similar to one at Stowe in Buckinghamshire. Emblems of the Order of the Garter are part of the man's dress and items that refer to gambling and partying are strewn around his buckled shoe. These include part of a \"EO\" wheel (an 18th century game similar to roulette), dice and a shaker, cards, and a masquerade ticket to the Pantheon in London. A scroll that confirms the man's \"Pedigree\" suggests that rank offers no protection from mortality.","This cartoon by J. A. Wales.found in Puck on April 14, 1880 satirizes the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania, a diploma mill selling fake medical degrees in the later decades of the 19th century. \"Professor Grind-Em-Out\" is, no doubt, the school's \"Dean,\" John Buchanan, who was finally arrested in 1880, due in part to his exposure in the popular media.","Etching depicting a group of male academics and students, many wearing mortar boards, gathered around a professor who reads form a book inscribed 'Datur Vacuum.'","Within a lugubrious coat-of-arms, Hogarth depicts three well-known quacks with a group of twelve portly physicians. The three quacks at the top of the print are Joshua Ward, perhaps the most famous charlatan of his time; Sarah Mapp, a well-known bonesetter; and John Taylor, an oculist. The bewigged physicians dispel the stench of death by sniffing the pomander attached to the top of their canes. According to Hogarth, proper physicians and disreputable quacks are all members of the same Company of Undertakers. The Latin caption, Et plurima mortis imago, translates as \"And many are the faces of death.\"","A sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.","A sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.","Some materials may be subject to copyright restrictions.","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916","Grandville, J. J., 1803-1847","English, French, Latin"],"unitid_tesim":["MS.67","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/57"],"normalized_title_ssm":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"collection_ssim":["University of Virginia Medical Illustrations collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916"],"creator_ssim":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916"],"creators_ssim":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916"],"access_terms_ssm":["Some materials may be subject to copyright restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The bulk of the illustrations in the collection were donated by Dr. Claude Coleman to the Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery Department at the University of Virginia. The collection was transferred to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library in approximately 2009."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Illustrators","Medical libraries","cartoons (humorous images)","drawings (visual works)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Illustrators","Medical libraries","cartoons (humorous images)","drawings (visual works)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"“Very Ill!”: The Many Faces of Medical Caricature in Nineteenth-Century England \u0026 France Online Exhibit\",\"href\":\"https://wayback.archive-it.org/18731/20250701185054/https://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/caricatures/\"}"],"physdesc_tesim":["7.5 linear feet: 4 boxes with dimensions 16 in x 20 in x 3.5 in 2 document boxes"],"extent_ssm":["7 boxes (7 containers)"],"extent_tesim":["7 boxes (7 containers)"],"physfacet_tesim":["77.0 linear inches "],"genreform_ssim":["cartoons (humorous images)","drawings (visual works)"],"date_range_isim":[0,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clegalstatus id=\"aspace_761807940929756b048fd8cece628502\"\u003eAuthenticated by Medicine Rara 185 Madison Ave, NY, NY 10016.\u003c/legalstatus\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research.","Authenticated by Medicine Rara 185 Madison Ave, NY, NY 10016."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe illustrations are arranged by the name of their illustrator, and by chronology, then grouped by the subject of the drawing. The exceptions to this arrangement are items where the artist or subject is unknown or if there is no series for individual artists.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The illustrations are arranged by the name of their illustrator, and by chronology, then grouped by the subject of the drawing. The exceptions to this arrangement are items where the artist or subject is unknown or if there is no series for individual artists."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe University of Virginia has taught the study of human anatomy as part of the medical curriculum since its first session in 1825. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe creator of several of the drawings in the collection, Harvey E. Jordan (1878-1963), was on the faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of Virginia between 1907 and 1949 and had a strong interest in anatomy throughout his career. Jordan served as a Professor of Histology and Embryology, Director of Anatomical Laboratories, and, from 1938 to 1949, as the Dean of the Department of Medicine (in 1950 the title changed to \"Dean of the School of Medicine\"). During his tenure as Dean, Jordan started a Division of Medical Illustration at the Univeristy. Among the many professional societies to which he belonged was the American Association of Anatomists, and throughout his career he wrote many papers on the subject of microscopic anatomy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to Harvey E. Jordan, the collection also contains work by illustrators including P. Le Paumier, Helen Lorraine, and Ted Bloodhart. P. Le Paumier (dates unknown) was a French illustrator whose work was published in the book \u003ci\u003eTravaux pratiques d'anatomie. Cahier d'ostéologie,\u003c/i\u003e by French anatomist André Latarjet (1877-1947). Helen Lorraine (1892-1980) was a medical illustrator who graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Art as Applied to Medicine (1916) and studied under Max Brodel and J. Shelton Horsley. Lorraine's illustrations were produced for Dr. Charles Bruce Morton (1908-1966), a University of Virginia School of Medicine graduate (B.S. 1920, M.D. 1922) and professor of Surgery and Gynecology at UVA from 1927 to 1954. Little is known about the other illustrators. Some works in the collection are not identified.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnother set of prints included in this collection are the Elizabeth Mandell historical prints collection, which consists of prints, illustrations, and pages from an unidentified text. Items include 3 anatomical plates; 3 surgical plates; and a print of a physician and patient from the Illustrated Times, London Dec. 8, 1880. Also included: an image of a doctor and patients from an \"extra supplement to the Illustrated London News, May 19, 187?\"; and illustrations from the International Medical and Sanitary Exposition. The 4 loose pages contain an entry on Anatomy and are taken from the same text as the anatomical and surgical plates (possibly an encyclopedia).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 2026, the English and French caricatures were added to the collection. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The University of Virginia has taught the study of human anatomy as part of the medical curriculum since its first session in 1825. ","The creator of several of the drawings in the collection, Harvey E. Jordan (1878-1963), was on the faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of Virginia between 1907 and 1949 and had a strong interest in anatomy throughout his career. Jordan served as a Professor of Histology and Embryology, Director of Anatomical Laboratories, and, from 1938 to 1949, as the Dean of the Department of Medicine (in 1950 the title changed to \"Dean of the School of Medicine\"). During his tenure as Dean, Jordan started a Division of Medical Illustration at the Univeristy. Among the many professional societies to which he belonged was the American Association of Anatomists, and throughout his career he wrote many papers on the subject of microscopic anatomy.","In addition to Harvey E. Jordan, the collection also contains work by illustrators including P. Le Paumier, Helen Lorraine, and Ted Bloodhart. P. Le Paumier (dates unknown) was a French illustrator whose work was published in the book  Travaux pratiques d'anatomie. Cahier d'ostéologie,  by French anatomist André Latarjet (1877-1947). Helen Lorraine (1892-1980) was a medical illustrator who graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Art as Applied to Medicine (1916) and studied under Max Brodel and J. Shelton Horsley. Lorraine's illustrations were produced for Dr. Charles Bruce Morton (1908-1966), a University of Virginia School of Medicine graduate (B.S. 1920, M.D. 1922) and professor of Surgery and Gynecology at UVA from 1927 to 1954. Little is known about the other illustrators. Some works in the collection are not identified.","Another set of prints included in this collection are the Elizabeth Mandell historical prints collection, which consists of prints, illustrations, and pages from an unidentified text. Items include 3 anatomical plates; 3 surgical plates; and a print of a physician and patient from the Illustrated Times, London Dec. 8, 1880. Also included: an image of a doctor and patients from an \"extra supplement to the Illustrated London News, May 19, 187?\"; and illustrations from the International Medical and Sanitary Exposition. The 4 loose pages contain an entry on Anatomy and are taken from the same text as the anatomical and surgical plates (possibly an encyclopedia).","In 2026, the English and French caricatures were added to the collection. "],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll of these illustrations were digitized and curated in an online exhibit written by Sara Huyser and Janet Pearson, members of the staff of Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Steve Stedman designed the Web exhibit. Special thanks to Joan Echtenkamp Klein and Andrew Sallans for their assistance.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe web archived exhibit can be found via the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine here: \u003cextref\u003ehttps://web.archive.org/web/20251212135051/https://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/caricatures/index.html\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Other Finding Aids"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["All of these illustrations were digitized and curated in an online exhibit written by Sara Huyser and Janet Pearson, members of the staff of Historical Collections and Services at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia. Steve Stedman designed the Web exhibit. Special thanks to Joan Echtenkamp Klein and Andrew Sallans for their assistance.","The web archived exhibit can be found via the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine here:  https://web.archive.org/web/20251212135051/https://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/caricatures/index.html"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUniversity of Virginia Anatomical Illustrations Collection, #MS-67, Historical Collections \u0026amp; Services, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["University of Virginia Anatomical Illustrations Collection, #MS-67, Historical Collections \u0026 Services, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection comprises mostly of anatomical illustrations of humans and animals by professional medical illustrators and medical practioners, but there is a good number of caricatures. Many of the images depict 20th century surgical prodedures; there are also physiological illustrations included in the collection. Most items are drawn in pencil on illustration paper with cardboard backing. In addition, there are some drawings in notepads and on tracing paper.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom The Graphic: an illustrated weekly newspaper, page 109\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5 figures: 1. extempore dressing on the Battlefield. 2. ward tent and apparatus for steaming throat and bronchial cases, Guy's Hospital. 3. (ditto), St. Mary's Hospital. 4. a bad accident case: London Hospital. 5. bath lift: Middlesex Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExtra supplement to the Illustrated London News May 19 1877.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCaricature by definition is a representation in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. Nineteenth-century medicine provided caricaturists with a wealth of material. Artists humorously exaggerated medical conditions and physical characteristics. Bulbous noses, protruding stomachs, and hunched backs were some of the more common features drawn to extraordinary proportions. Bizarre treatments, massive doses of pills, and excessive bloodletting, prescribed by trained physicians and quack doctors alike, were all lampooned. Suffering and discomfort from disease and the patient's reaction to medical treatment were also fodder for the satirist's pen.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWhile some caricatures were straightforward in their message, others contained yet another layer of meaning. Medical conditions could symbolize failed interpersonal relationships, national political affairs, and everything in between. Ailments caused by the follies of fashion, such as ill-fitting footwear or constricting corsets, inspired many drawings. Artists also directly linked illness to excesses in nineteenth-century social life, particularly over-consumption of food and alcohol.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEnglish Caricature:\nPrecariousness of Life\nHeroic Medicine\nPray Remember the Poor Debtors\nQuacks \u0026amp; Nostrums\nDoomed Relationships\nFashionable Follies\nNineteenth-Century Excess\nEnglish Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026amp; Links\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrench Caricature:\nScenes of the Day\nMedicine in France\nMedical Caricatures or Political Commentary?\nHunchbacks: Mocked or Mocker?\nPublic Health: The Need Is Pressing\nWet Nursing: Paying Consumers\nFrench Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026amp; Links\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe caption of this image describes the 'Extraordinary Effects of Morison's Vegetable Pills', re-growing a man's legs overnight. Morison's Vegetable Pills were the brainchild of James Morison (1770-1840) and sold from 1825 onwards. Morison believed that all disease was caused by an impurity of the blood that could only be purged by his vegetable pills. The pills, a laxative based on a variety of herbs, including rhubarb and myrrh, were sold in chemists, grocers and even libraries. Morison believed that his pills could be taken in large doses but a number of deaths proved him wrong. Many labelled him a quack and his pills a poison. The print is by Charles Grant Jameson (active 1832-1850); artist: Grant, Charles Jameson; maker: J Kendrick; place made: London, England, United Kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColored etching by G[eorge] Cruikshank: Source of the Southwark Water Works, or [headed] Salus Populi Suprema Lex. Published by S. Knight, [1832]. 51x32.5cm. Printed on broadsheet with text poem beneath: Royal Address of Cadwallader... water-king of Southwark [John Edwards]. Concern at pollution and threat to public health. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe satirical poem 'Royal Address of Cadwallader ap-Tudor ap-Edwards ap-Vaughan, Water-King of Southwark', published in 1832, is a comment on the pollution of the River Thames, the main water supply for London. The crowd chants \"Give us clean water\" and \"We shall get the cholera\" – 1832 being the year that a major cholera epidemic hit London. The writer of the poem and the people in the illustration appear to believe that cholera is spread by vapours from rotting waste – the miasma theory of disease. However, John Snow (1813-1858) discovered that cholera is a water-borne disease. Despite this, many physicians still accepted the miasma theory. The illustration was drawn by the artist and caricaturist George Cruikshank (1792-1878).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInscription: Lettered with title, \"Ex Marmore Antiquo,\" three lines of description of subject beginning \"He grounded his Precepts upon Aesculapius. ...,\" and production details: \"P. P. Rubens Del.,\" \"I. Faber Fecit,\" and \"Printed for \u0026amp; Sold by Tho: Bowles next the Chapter House in St. Pauls Ch. Yard and John Bowles at the Black Horse in Cornhill.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis satirical response to \"fast living\" centers on a figure whose left side is a skeleton holding a spade before a tombstone lettered with a quote from Romans 6.23, \"The wages of sin is death,\" with other biblical admonishments below. The figure's right side is fashionably dressed living aristocrat standing in a parkland with a temple similar to one at Stowe in Buckinghamshire. Emblems of the Order of the Garter are part of the man's dress and items that refer to gambling and partying are strewn around his buckled shoe. These include part of a \"EO\" wheel (an 18th century game similar to roulette), dice and a shaker, cards, and a masquerade ticket to the Pantheon in London. A scroll that confirms the man's \"Pedigree\" suggests that rank offers no protection from mortality.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis cartoon by J. A. Wales.found in Puck on April 14, 1880 satirizes the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania, a diploma mill selling fake medical degrees in the later decades of the 19th century. \"Professor Grind-Em-Out\" is, no doubt, the school's \"Dean,\" John Buchanan, who was finally arrested in 1880, due in part to his exposure in the popular media.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEtching depicting a group of male academics and students, many wearing mortar boards, gathered around a professor who reads form a book inscribed 'Datur Vacuum.'\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWithin a lugubrious coat-of-arms, Hogarth depicts three well-known quacks with a group of twelve portly physicians. The three quacks at the top of the print are Joshua Ward, perhaps the most famous charlatan of his time; Sarah Mapp, a well-known bonesetter; and John Taylor, an oculist. The bewigged physicians dispel the stench of death by sniffing the pomander attached to the top of their canes. According to Hogarth, proper physicians and disreputable quacks are all members of the same Company of Undertakers. The Latin caption, Et plurima mortis imago, translates as \"And many are the faces of death.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection comprises mostly of anatomical illustrations of humans and animals by professional medical illustrators and medical practioners, but there is a good number of caricatures. Many of the images depict 20th century surgical prodedures; there are also physiological illustrations included in the collection. Most items are drawn in pencil on illustration paper with cardboard backing. In addition, there are some drawings in notepads and on tracing paper.","From The Graphic: an illustrated weekly newspaper, page 109","5 figures: 1. extempore dressing on the Battlefield. 2. ward tent and apparatus for steaming throat and bronchial cases, Guy's Hospital. 3. (ditto), St. Mary's Hospital. 4. a bad accident case: London Hospital. 5. bath lift: Middlesex Hospital.","Extra supplement to the Illustrated London News May 19 1877.","Caricature by definition is a representation in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. Nineteenth-century medicine provided caricaturists with a wealth of material. Artists humorously exaggerated medical conditions and physical characteristics. Bulbous noses, protruding stomachs, and hunched backs were some of the more common features drawn to extraordinary proportions. Bizarre treatments, massive doses of pills, and excessive bloodletting, prescribed by trained physicians and quack doctors alike, were all lampooned. Suffering and discomfort from disease and the patient's reaction to medical treatment were also fodder for the satirist's pen.","While some caricatures were straightforward in their message, others contained yet another layer of meaning. Medical conditions could symbolize failed interpersonal relationships, national political affairs, and everything in between. Ailments caused by the follies of fashion, such as ill-fitting footwear or constricting corsets, inspired many drawings. Artists also directly linked illness to excesses in nineteenth-century social life, particularly over-consumption of food and alcohol.","The 37 caricatures displayed in this exhibit are divided into two groups: English and French. The English prints are predominately drawn by two of the more famous British caricaturists, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. The French caricatures include artwork by J.J. Grandville, Louis-Léopold Boilly, and Edme Jean Pigal.","English Caricature:\nPrecariousness of Life\nHeroic Medicine\nPray Remember the Poor Debtors\nQuacks \u0026 Nostrums\nDoomed Relationships\nFashionable Follies\nNineteenth-Century Excess\nEnglish Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links","French Caricature:\nScenes of the Day\nMedicine in France\nMedical Caricatures or Political Commentary?\nHunchbacks: Mocked or Mocker?\nPublic Health: The Need Is Pressing\nWet Nursing: Paying Consumers\nFrench Artists\nFootnotes, Bibliography, \u0026 Links","The caption of this image describes the 'Extraordinary Effects of Morison's Vegetable Pills', re-growing a man's legs overnight. Morison's Vegetable Pills were the brainchild of James Morison (1770-1840) and sold from 1825 onwards. Morison believed that all disease was caused by an impurity of the blood that could only be purged by his vegetable pills. The pills, a laxative based on a variety of herbs, including rhubarb and myrrh, were sold in chemists, grocers and even libraries. Morison believed that his pills could be taken in large doses but a number of deaths proved him wrong. Many labelled him a quack and his pills a poison. The print is by Charles Grant Jameson (active 1832-1850); artist: Grant, Charles Jameson; maker: J Kendrick; place made: London, England, United Kingdom.","Colored etching by G[eorge] Cruikshank: Source of the Southwark Water Works, or [headed] Salus Populi Suprema Lex. Published by S. Knight, [1832]. 51x32.5cm. Printed on broadsheet with text poem beneath: Royal Address of Cadwallader... water-king of Southwark [John Edwards]. Concern at pollution and threat to public health. ","The satirical poem 'Royal Address of Cadwallader ap-Tudor ap-Edwards ap-Vaughan, Water-King of Southwark', published in 1832, is a comment on the pollution of the River Thames, the main water supply for London. The crowd chants \"Give us clean water\" and \"We shall get the cholera\" – 1832 being the year that a major cholera epidemic hit London. The writer of the poem and the people in the illustration appear to believe that cholera is spread by vapours from rotting waste – the miasma theory of disease. However, John Snow (1813-1858) discovered that cholera is a water-borne disease. Despite this, many physicians still accepted the miasma theory. The illustration was drawn by the artist and caricaturist George Cruikshank (1792-1878).","Inscription: Lettered with title, \"Ex Marmore Antiquo,\" three lines of description of subject beginning \"He grounded his Precepts upon Aesculapius. ...,\" and production details: \"P. P. Rubens Del.,\" \"I. Faber Fecit,\" and \"Printed for \u0026 Sold by Tho: Bowles next the Chapter House in St. Pauls Ch. Yard and John Bowles at the Black Horse in Cornhill.\"","This satirical response to \"fast living\" centers on a figure whose left side is a skeleton holding a spade before a tombstone lettered with a quote from Romans 6.23, \"The wages of sin is death,\" with other biblical admonishments below. The figure's right side is fashionably dressed living aristocrat standing in a parkland with a temple similar to one at Stowe in Buckinghamshire. Emblems of the Order of the Garter are part of the man's dress and items that refer to gambling and partying are strewn around his buckled shoe. These include part of a \"EO\" wheel (an 18th century game similar to roulette), dice and a shaker, cards, and a masquerade ticket to the Pantheon in London. A scroll that confirms the man's \"Pedigree\" suggests that rank offers no protection from mortality.","This cartoon by J. A. Wales.found in Puck on April 14, 1880 satirizes the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania, a diploma mill selling fake medical degrees in the later decades of the 19th century. \"Professor Grind-Em-Out\" is, no doubt, the school's \"Dean,\" John Buchanan, who was finally arrested in 1880, due in part to his exposure in the popular media.","Etching depicting a group of male academics and students, many wearing mortar boards, gathered around a professor who reads form a book inscribed 'Datur Vacuum.'","Within a lugubrious coat-of-arms, Hogarth depicts three well-known quacks with a group of twelve portly physicians. The three quacks at the top of the print are Joshua Ward, perhaps the most famous charlatan of his time; Sarah Mapp, a well-known bonesetter; and John Taylor, an oculist. The bewigged physicians dispel the stench of death by sniffing the pomander attached to the top of their canes. According to Hogarth, proper physicians and disreputable quacks are all members of the same Company of Undertakers. The Latin caption, Et plurima mortis imago, translates as \"And many are the faces of death.\"","A sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration.","A sheet full of dozens of images of men and women's caricatured heads, after Hogarth's \"Characters and Caricaturas\" illustration."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome materials may be subject to copyright restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Some materials may be subject to copyright restrictions."],"names_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916","Grandville, J. J., 1803-1847"],"corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818"],"persname_ssim":["Bernie, Frederick, fl. 1792","Bowles, Henry Carington , 1763 - 1830","Carver, Samuel, 1756-1841","Crowquill, Alfred, 1804-1872","Cruikshank, George, 1792-1878","Dalí, Salvador , 1904-1989","Dighton, Robert, 1752-1814","Dunkarton, Robert, 1744-1815","Faber the Younger, John, 1684-1756","Gans, Sigismund, 1829-1831 ","Genty, Louis François, 1784-1852","Gillray, James, 1756-1815","Grant, Charles Jameson, 1832-1852 (active)","Heath, William, 1795-1840","Hogarth, William, 1697-1764","Hogg, Alexander, c. 1752–1809","Humphrey, Hannah, 1750-1818","Langlumé, Pierre, 1790–1874","Noël, Alphonse Léon, 1807-1884","Pigal, Edme-Jean, 1794-1872","Royce, Edward, 1738–1789","Wales, James Albert, 1852-1886","Wallis, Henry , 1830 - 1916","Grandville, J. J., 1803-1847"],"language_ssim":["English, French, Latin"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":248,"online_item_count_is":2,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:24:18.661Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_57_c03"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1163","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Philadelphia lithograph","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1163#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1163","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1163","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1163","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1163","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1163.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/129026","title_filing_ssi":"Philadelphia lithograph","title_ssm":["Philadelphia lithograph"],"title_tesim":["Philadelphia lithograph"],"unitdate_ssm":["1870"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1870"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16631","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival 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Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:48:36.769Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1163","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1163","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1163","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1163","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1163.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/129026","title_filing_ssi":"Philadelphia lithograph","title_ssm":["Philadelphia lithograph"],"title_tesim":["Philadelphia lithograph"],"unitdate_ssm":["1870"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1870"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16631","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival 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Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:48:36.769Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1163"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1914","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1914#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a copper plate engraved with a scene from Rockbridge Alum Springs. The resort name is diplayed in script at the top of the plate. It shows the main pavilion of the Alum Spring resort, built to supply spring water and various visitors to the springs, including horse-drawn carriages, ladies with parasols, and men loading crates of \"Alum water\" onto wagons.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1914#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1914","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1914","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1914","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1914","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1914.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/241296","title_filing_ssi":"Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate","title_ssm":["Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate"],"unitdate_ssm":["undated, c.mid-late 19th Century"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["undated, c.mid-late 19th Century"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.16961","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1914"],"text":["MSS.16961","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1914","Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate","Engraving (printing process)","Good.","This collection has been miminally processed and is open for research.","Development of what would become the Rockbridge Alum Springs resort began in 1790 when Alexander Campbell and John Dunlap purchased a 2,000-acre tract, including the mineral springs. Around 1820 Dunlap opened informal accommodations for visitors seeking the water's reputed medicinal benefits, and in 1834 a small resort hotel followed. Before 1850 the Campbell family constructed a three-story brick Central Hotel. In 1852 the property passed to John W. Frazier for $150,000, who immediately launched an ambitious building campaign that more than doubled existing accommodations. The rebuilt resort opened June 1, 1853, and under William Frazier's management became one of Virginia's most fashionable destinations, ranking second only to White Sulphur Springs in popularity and capable of accommodating 600 to 800 guests by 1859. The surviving buildings reflect Frazier's eclecticism, drawing on Gothic Revival, Greek Revival, and vernacular traditions. Beyond resort operations, William Frazier actively marketed the springs through bottled water sales and printed promotional literature. ","The Civil War ended the resort's antebellum prosperity when the complex was converted to a Confederate hospital. Competition from the adjacent Jordan Alum Springs, which opened a four-story Grand Hotel in 1873, further weakened its position. The two properties merged under new ownership in 1880, a railroad spur from Goshen was constructed to bring guests directly to the hotel, and further renovations were undertaken, but the resort never regained its antebellum standing. The main hotel closed in 1903, and the property finally succumbed during the Great Depression, selling in 1941 for $7,000. In 1942 Harold Bailey, a naval architect and ornithologist, purchased the property and undertook significant restoration, though he demolished the original Central Hotel to build a museum for his ornithological collection on its site. Following the deaths of Mr. and Mrs. Bailey the property passed to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University before entering private ownership. ","The district was listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register on April 21, 1987, and on the National Register of Historic Places on January 19, 1989. ","References ","\"Rockbridge Alum Springs Historic District.\" Virginia Department of Historic Resources, DHR file no. 081-0086. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/081-0086/. Accessed May 6, 2026. ","Virginia Division of Historic Landmarks Staff. \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Rockbridge Alum Springs Historic District.\" Richmond: Virginia Division of Historic Landmarks, 1987. On file, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, VA. Listed January 19, 1989, NRHP reference no. 88003204. ","This collection contains a copper plate engraved with a scene from Rockbridge Alum Springs. The resort name is diplayed in script at the top of the plate. It shows the main pavilion of the Alum Spring resort, built to supply spring water and various visitors to the springs, including horse-drawn carriages, ladies with parasols, and men loading crates of \"Alum water\" onto wagons.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Rockbridge County (Va.)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.16961","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1914"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Christine Cameron by the Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia on 14 July 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Engraving (printing process)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Engraving (printing process)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good."],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"genreform_ssim":["Engraving (printing process)"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection has been miminally processed and is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection has been miminally processed and is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDevelopment of what would become the Rockbridge Alum Springs resort began in 1790 when Alexander Campbell and John Dunlap purchased a 2,000-acre tract, including the mineral springs. Around 1820 Dunlap opened informal accommodations for visitors seeking the water's reputed medicinal benefits, and in 1834 a small resort hotel followed. Before 1850 the Campbell family constructed a three-story brick Central Hotel. In 1852 the property passed to John W. Frazier for $150,000, who immediately launched an ambitious building campaign that more than doubled existing accommodations. The rebuilt resort opened June 1, 1853, and under William Frazier's management became one of Virginia's most fashionable destinations, ranking second only to White Sulphur Springs in popularity and capable of accommodating 600 to 800 guests by 1859. The surviving buildings reflect Frazier's eclecticism, drawing on Gothic Revival, Greek Revival, and vernacular traditions. Beyond resort operations, William Frazier actively marketed the springs through bottled water sales and printed promotional literature. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Civil War ended the resort's antebellum prosperity when the complex was converted to a Confederate hospital. Competition from the adjacent Jordan Alum Springs, which opened a four-story Grand Hotel in 1873, further weakened its position. The two properties merged under new ownership in 1880, a railroad spur from Goshen was constructed to bring guests directly to the hotel, and further renovations were undertaken, but the resort never regained its antebellum standing. The main hotel closed in 1903, and the property finally succumbed during the Great Depression, selling in 1941 for $7,000. In 1942 Harold Bailey, a naval architect and ornithologist, purchased the property and undertook significant restoration, though he demolished the original Central Hotel to build a museum for his ornithological collection on its site. Following the deaths of Mr. and Mrs. Bailey the property passed to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University before entering private ownership. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe district was listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register on April 21, 1987, and on the National Register of Historic Places on January 19, 1989. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReferences \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Rockbridge Alum Springs Historic District.\" Virginia Department of Historic Resources, DHR file no. 081-0086. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/081-0086/. Accessed May 6, 2026. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eVirginia Division of Historic Landmarks Staff. \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Rockbridge Alum Springs Historic District.\" Richmond: Virginia Division of Historic Landmarks, 1987. On file, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, VA. Listed January 19, 1989, NRHP reference no. 88003204. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Development of what would become the Rockbridge Alum Springs resort began in 1790 when Alexander Campbell and John Dunlap purchased a 2,000-acre tract, including the mineral springs. Around 1820 Dunlap opened informal accommodations for visitors seeking the water's reputed medicinal benefits, and in 1834 a small resort hotel followed. Before 1850 the Campbell family constructed a three-story brick Central Hotel. In 1852 the property passed to John W. Frazier for $150,000, who immediately launched an ambitious building campaign that more than doubled existing accommodations. The rebuilt resort opened June 1, 1853, and under William Frazier's management became one of Virginia's most fashionable destinations, ranking second only to White Sulphur Springs in popularity and capable of accommodating 600 to 800 guests by 1859. The surviving buildings reflect Frazier's eclecticism, drawing on Gothic Revival, Greek Revival, and vernacular traditions. Beyond resort operations, William Frazier actively marketed the springs through bottled water sales and printed promotional literature. ","The Civil War ended the resort's antebellum prosperity when the complex was converted to a Confederate hospital. Competition from the adjacent Jordan Alum Springs, which opened a four-story Grand Hotel in 1873, further weakened its position. The two properties merged under new ownership in 1880, a railroad spur from Goshen was constructed to bring guests directly to the hotel, and further renovations were undertaken, but the resort never regained its antebellum standing. The main hotel closed in 1903, and the property finally succumbed during the Great Depression, selling in 1941 for $7,000. In 1942 Harold Bailey, a naval architect and ornithologist, purchased the property and undertook significant restoration, though he demolished the original Central Hotel to build a museum for his ornithological collection on its site. Following the deaths of Mr. and Mrs. Bailey the property passed to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University before entering private ownership. ","The district was listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register on April 21, 1987, and on the National Register of Historic Places on January 19, 1989. ","References ","\"Rockbridge Alum Springs Historic District.\" Virginia Department of Historic Resources, DHR file no. 081-0086. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/081-0086/. Accessed May 6, 2026. ","Virginia Division of Historic Landmarks Staff. \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Rockbridge Alum Springs Historic District.\" Richmond: Virginia Division of Historic Landmarks, 1987. On file, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, VA. Listed January 19, 1989, NRHP reference no. 88003204. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16961, Alum Springs, Rockbridge, Virginia copper printing plate, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16961, Alum Springs, Rockbridge, Virginia copper printing plate, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a copper plate engraved with a scene from Rockbridge Alum Springs. The resort name is diplayed in script at the top of the plate. It shows the main pavilion of the Alum Spring resort, built to supply spring water and various visitors to the springs, including horse-drawn carriages, ladies with parasols, and men loading crates of \"Alum water\" onto wagons.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a copper plate engraved with a scene from Rockbridge Alum Springs. The resort name is diplayed in script at the top of the plate. It shows the main pavilion of the Alum Spring resort, built to supply spring water and various visitors to the springs, including horse-drawn carriages, ladies with parasols, and men loading crates of \"Alum water\" onto wagons."],"names_coll_ssim":["Rockbridge County (Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Rockbridge County (Va.)"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Rockbridge County (Va.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:25:11.137Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1914","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1914","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1914","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1914","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1914.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/241296","title_filing_ssi":"Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate","title_ssm":["Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate"],"title_tesim":["Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate"],"unitdate_ssm":["undated, c.mid-late 19th Century"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["undated, c.mid-late 19th Century"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.16961","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1914"],"text":["MSS.16961","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1914","Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate","Engraving (printing process)","Good.","This collection has been miminally processed and is open for research.","Development of what would become the Rockbridge Alum Springs resort began in 1790 when Alexander Campbell and John Dunlap purchased a 2,000-acre tract, including the mineral springs. Around 1820 Dunlap opened informal accommodations for visitors seeking the water's reputed medicinal benefits, and in 1834 a small resort hotel followed. Before 1850 the Campbell family constructed a three-story brick Central Hotel. In 1852 the property passed to John W. Frazier for $150,000, who immediately launched an ambitious building campaign that more than doubled existing accommodations. The rebuilt resort opened June 1, 1853, and under William Frazier's management became one of Virginia's most fashionable destinations, ranking second only to White Sulphur Springs in popularity and capable of accommodating 600 to 800 guests by 1859. The surviving buildings reflect Frazier's eclecticism, drawing on Gothic Revival, Greek Revival, and vernacular traditions. Beyond resort operations, William Frazier actively marketed the springs through bottled water sales and printed promotional literature. ","The Civil War ended the resort's antebellum prosperity when the complex was converted to a Confederate hospital. Competition from the adjacent Jordan Alum Springs, which opened a four-story Grand Hotel in 1873, further weakened its position. The two properties merged under new ownership in 1880, a railroad spur from Goshen was constructed to bring guests directly to the hotel, and further renovations were undertaken, but the resort never regained its antebellum standing. The main hotel closed in 1903, and the property finally succumbed during the Great Depression, selling in 1941 for $7,000. In 1942 Harold Bailey, a naval architect and ornithologist, purchased the property and undertook significant restoration, though he demolished the original Central Hotel to build a museum for his ornithological collection on its site. Following the deaths of Mr. and Mrs. Bailey the property passed to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University before entering private ownership. ","The district was listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register on April 21, 1987, and on the National Register of Historic Places on January 19, 1989. ","References ","\"Rockbridge Alum Springs Historic District.\" Virginia Department of Historic Resources, DHR file no. 081-0086. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/081-0086/. Accessed May 6, 2026. ","Virginia Division of Historic Landmarks Staff. \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Rockbridge Alum Springs Historic District.\" Richmond: Virginia Division of Historic Landmarks, 1987. On file, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, VA. Listed January 19, 1989, NRHP reference no. 88003204. ","This collection contains a copper plate engraved with a scene from Rockbridge Alum Springs. The resort name is diplayed in script at the top of the plate. It shows the main pavilion of the Alum Spring resort, built to supply spring water and various visitors to the springs, including horse-drawn carriages, ladies with parasols, and men loading crates of \"Alum water\" onto wagons.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Rockbridge County (Va.)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.16961","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1914"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate"],"collection_title_tesim":["Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate"],"collection_ssim":["Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia copper printing plate"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Christine Cameron by the Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia on 14 July 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Engraving (printing process)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Engraving (printing process)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good."],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"genreform_ssim":["Engraving (printing process)"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection has been miminally processed and is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection has been miminally processed and is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDevelopment of what would become the Rockbridge Alum Springs resort began in 1790 when Alexander Campbell and John Dunlap purchased a 2,000-acre tract, including the mineral springs. Around 1820 Dunlap opened informal accommodations for visitors seeking the water's reputed medicinal benefits, and in 1834 a small resort hotel followed. Before 1850 the Campbell family constructed a three-story brick Central Hotel. In 1852 the property passed to John W. Frazier for $150,000, who immediately launched an ambitious building campaign that more than doubled existing accommodations. The rebuilt resort opened June 1, 1853, and under William Frazier's management became one of Virginia's most fashionable destinations, ranking second only to White Sulphur Springs in popularity and capable of accommodating 600 to 800 guests by 1859. The surviving buildings reflect Frazier's eclecticism, drawing on Gothic Revival, Greek Revival, and vernacular traditions. Beyond resort operations, William Frazier actively marketed the springs through bottled water sales and printed promotional literature. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Civil War ended the resort's antebellum prosperity when the complex was converted to a Confederate hospital. Competition from the adjacent Jordan Alum Springs, which opened a four-story Grand Hotel in 1873, further weakened its position. The two properties merged under new ownership in 1880, a railroad spur from Goshen was constructed to bring guests directly to the hotel, and further renovations were undertaken, but the resort never regained its antebellum standing. The main hotel closed in 1903, and the property finally succumbed during the Great Depression, selling in 1941 for $7,000. In 1942 Harold Bailey, a naval architect and ornithologist, purchased the property and undertook significant restoration, though he demolished the original Central Hotel to build a museum for his ornithological collection on its site. Following the deaths of Mr. and Mrs. Bailey the property passed to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University before entering private ownership. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe district was listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register on April 21, 1987, and on the National Register of Historic Places on January 19, 1989. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReferences \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Rockbridge Alum Springs Historic District.\" Virginia Department of Historic Resources, DHR file no. 081-0086. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/081-0086/. Accessed May 6, 2026. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eVirginia Division of Historic Landmarks Staff. \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Rockbridge Alum Springs Historic District.\" Richmond: Virginia Division of Historic Landmarks, 1987. On file, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, VA. Listed January 19, 1989, NRHP reference no. 88003204. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Development of what would become the Rockbridge Alum Springs resort began in 1790 when Alexander Campbell and John Dunlap purchased a 2,000-acre tract, including the mineral springs. Around 1820 Dunlap opened informal accommodations for visitors seeking the water's reputed medicinal benefits, and in 1834 a small resort hotel followed. Before 1850 the Campbell family constructed a three-story brick Central Hotel. In 1852 the property passed to John W. Frazier for $150,000, who immediately launched an ambitious building campaign that more than doubled existing accommodations. The rebuilt resort opened June 1, 1853, and under William Frazier's management became one of Virginia's most fashionable destinations, ranking second only to White Sulphur Springs in popularity and capable of accommodating 600 to 800 guests by 1859. The surviving buildings reflect Frazier's eclecticism, drawing on Gothic Revival, Greek Revival, and vernacular traditions. Beyond resort operations, William Frazier actively marketed the springs through bottled water sales and printed promotional literature. ","The Civil War ended the resort's antebellum prosperity when the complex was converted to a Confederate hospital. Competition from the adjacent Jordan Alum Springs, which opened a four-story Grand Hotel in 1873, further weakened its position. The two properties merged under new ownership in 1880, a railroad spur from Goshen was constructed to bring guests directly to the hotel, and further renovations were undertaken, but the resort never regained its antebellum standing. The main hotel closed in 1903, and the property finally succumbed during the Great Depression, selling in 1941 for $7,000. In 1942 Harold Bailey, a naval architect and ornithologist, purchased the property and undertook significant restoration, though he demolished the original Central Hotel to build a museum for his ornithological collection on its site. Following the deaths of Mr. and Mrs. Bailey the property passed to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University before entering private ownership. ","The district was listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register on April 21, 1987, and on the National Register of Historic Places on January 19, 1989. ","References ","\"Rockbridge Alum Springs Historic District.\" Virginia Department of Historic Resources, DHR file no. 081-0086. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/081-0086/. Accessed May 6, 2026. ","Virginia Division of Historic Landmarks Staff. \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Rockbridge Alum Springs Historic District.\" Richmond: Virginia Division of Historic Landmarks, 1987. On file, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, VA. Listed January 19, 1989, NRHP reference no. 88003204. 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The resort name is diplayed in script at the top of the plate. 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