{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Civil+defense\u0026view=list","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Civil+defense\u0026page=1\u0026view=list"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":4,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viar_ViAr00032","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Documents from the County Manager's Library, \n 1889-1994","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viar_ViAr00032#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eRecord Group 32 contains materials gathered by various Arlington County managers and housed in their quasi-professional library existing from 1932, the year when the county manager form of government was adopted, until 1981. 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The materials saved for this record group were mostly County-generated. Other items expected to be available elsewhere were excluded.\n"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecord Group 32 contains materials gathered by various Arlington County managers and housed in their quasi-professional library existing from 1932, the year when the county manager form of government was adopted, until 1981. The collection consists largely of county-generated reports and other documents which the managers may have referred to over the years as they administered county business.\n\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is not a comprehensive grouping of materials from any particular time period. Rather it is simply whatever the managers might have gathered during their time in office and placed on their shelves. The materials date from 1889 to 1994, with the bulk dating from 1930 to 1981. 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Price was a member of the Washington and Lee University School of Law, Class of 1909, and the governor of Virginia from 1938-1942."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePreferred citation: [Identification of item], [Folder Title, if different from item title], [folder number], [box number], James Hubert Price Papers, WLU-Coll-0090, University Library Special Collections and Archives, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Preferred citation: [Identification of item], [Folder Title, if different from item title], [folder number], [box number], James Hubert Price Papers, WLU-Coll-0090, University Library Special Collections and Archives, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of James H. 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Willard (1924-1994) in the 1960s, including instructional pamphlets on how to construct community and family shelters in case of a nuclear attack. There are notes from the University of Virginia and Virginia Polytechnic Institute for a class for shelter managers and instructions for rations, work schedules, and community entry for the shelters.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4471#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4471","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4471","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4471","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4471","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_4471.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Willard, Raymond L. Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection","title_ssm":["Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection"],"title_tesim":["Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1961-1965"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1961-1965"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2025.056"],"text":["Ms.2025.056","Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection","Blacksburg (Va.)","Civil defense","Faculty and staff","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","University History","The collection is open for research.","The material in this collection is arranged by subject.","Raymond L. Willard was born in Virginia on August 22, 1924, to James and Elva Willard. He was married to Patsy Eileen Willard, born March 30, 1926, and they had two daughters Sandra and Susan Willard. Patsy died on November 10, 2015. Raymond was a police officer in Blacksburg, Virginia, and  earned a certificate of shelter management in 1965 from the Commonwealth of Virginia. Raymond died on March 7, 1994. ","External Sources: ","Raymond Lee Willard in the U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007. Ancestry Library.  https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/collections/60901/records/48137181 . Accessed July 24, 2025.","\nPatsy Eileen Thompson Willard. November 17, 2015. Find a Grave.  https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155088986/patsy-eileen-willard . Accessed July 24, 2025. ","\nRaymond Lee Willard. June 7, 2014. Find a Grave.  https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/130999607/raymond_lee-willard . Accessed July 24, 2025. ","The guide to the Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection was completed in July 2025.","The collection contains materials collected by Raymond L. Willard in the 1960s, including instructional pamphlets on how to construct community and family shelters in case of a nuclear attack. There are notes from the University of Virginia and Virginia Polytechnic Institute for a class for shelter managers and instructions for rations, work schedules, and community entry for the shelters. ","Folder one includes three instructional pamphlets/guides from the United States Department of Defense. First, a pamphlet titled \"Fallout Protection: What to Know and Do About Nuclear Attack.\" It contains definitions of common nuclear terms, the stages of fallout after an attack, models of community shelters, and instructions for single family shelters. The second, \"Family Shelter Designs,\" is a guide that has instructions on different family shelter designs, how to make them, and how to stock them for short-term protection. The last, published June 22, 1962, is a comprehensive guide for fallout community shelter management. It contains instructions for community entry, rations, work scheduling, and exiting the shelter. ","Folder two contains information about a shelter managment course offered at the University of Virginia and letters and paperwork from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in regard to the \"Civil Defense Shelter Managers and Shelter Management Instructors\" course. Class schedules for both courses are included, as well as a certificate of completion from the Commonwealth of Virginia, given to Raymond L. Williard on February 26, 1965. ","Folder three has the notes from Williard's binder from the shelter management course. ","Several Virginia Polytechnic Institute publications were separated to the Rare Book Collection.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . ","Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The collection contains materials collected by Raymond L. Willard (1924-1994) in the 1960s, including instructional pamphlets on how to construct community and family shelters in case of a nuclear attack. 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","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . ","Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Raymond L. 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Find a Grave. \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155088986/patsy-eileen-willard\"\u003ehttps://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155088986/patsy-eileen-willard\u003c/a\u003e. Accessed July 24, 2025. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nRaymond Lee Willard. June 7, 2014. Find a Grave. \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/130999607/raymond_lee-willard\"\u003ehttps://www.findagrave.com/memorial/130999607/raymond_lee-willard\u003c/a\u003e. Accessed July 24, 2025. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Raymond L. Willard was born in Virginia on August 22, 1924, to James and Elva Willard. He was married to Patsy Eileen Willard, born March 30, 1926, and they had two daughters Sandra and Susan Willard. Patsy died on November 10, 2015. Raymond was a police officer in Blacksburg, Virginia, and  earned a certificate of shelter management in 1965 from the Commonwealth of Virginia. 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Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003cextref href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/extref\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Raymond L. 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Willard in the 1960s, including instructional pamphlets on how to construct community and family shelters in case of a nuclear attack. There are notes from the University of Virginia and Virginia Polytechnic Institute for a class for shelter managers and instructions for rations, work schedules, and community entry for the shelters. ","Folder one includes three instructional pamphlets/guides from the United States Department of Defense. First, a pamphlet titled \"Fallout Protection: What to Know and Do About Nuclear Attack.\" It contains definitions of common nuclear terms, the stages of fallout after an attack, models of community shelters, and instructions for single family shelters. The second, \"Family Shelter Designs,\" is a guide that has instructions on different family shelter designs, how to make them, and how to stock them for short-term protection. The last, published June 22, 1962, is a comprehensive guide for fallout community shelter management. It contains instructions for community entry, rations, work scheduling, and exiting the shelter. ","Folder two contains information about a shelter managment course offered at the University of Virginia and letters and paperwork from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in regard to the \"Civil Defense Shelter Managers and Shelter Management Instructors\" course. Class schedules for both courses are included, as well as a certificate of completion from the Commonwealth of Virginia, given to Raymond L. Williard on February 26, 1965. ","Folder three has the notes from Williard's binder from the shelter management course. "],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeveral Virginia Polytechnic Institute publications were separated to the Rare Book Collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Several Virginia Polytechnic Institute publications were separated to the Rare Book Collection."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . ","Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_7faf9e40a68c10a52b19b50d0faf45ac\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection contains materials collected by Raymond L. Willard (1924-1994) in the 1960s, including instructional pamphlets on how to construct community and family shelters in case of a nuclear attack. There are notes from the University of Virginia and Virginia Polytechnic Institute for a class for shelter managers and instructions for rations, work schedules, and community entry for the shelters.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection contains materials collected by Raymond L. Willard (1924-1994) in the 1960s, including instructional pamphlets on how to construct community and family shelters in case of a nuclear attack. There are notes from the University of Virginia and Virginia Polytechnic Institute for a class for shelter managers and instructions for rations, work schedules, and community entry for the shelters."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Willard, Raymond L."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Willard, Raymond L."],"language_ssim":["The material in this collection is in English."],"total_component_count_is":3,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:38:00.659Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4471","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4471","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4471","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4471","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_4471.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Willard, Raymond L. Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection","title_ssm":["Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection"],"title_tesim":["Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1961-1965"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1961-1965"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2025.056"],"text":["Ms.2025.056","Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection","Blacksburg (Va.)","Civil defense","Faculty and staff","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","University History","The collection is open for research.","The material in this collection is arranged by subject.","Raymond L. Willard was born in Virginia on August 22, 1924, to James and Elva Willard. He was married to Patsy Eileen Willard, born March 30, 1926, and they had two daughters Sandra and Susan Willard. Patsy died on November 10, 2015. Raymond was a police officer in Blacksburg, Virginia, and  earned a certificate of shelter management in 1965 from the Commonwealth of Virginia. Raymond died on March 7, 1994. ","External Sources: ","Raymond Lee Willard in the U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007. Ancestry Library.  https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/collections/60901/records/48137181 . Accessed July 24, 2025.","\nPatsy Eileen Thompson Willard. November 17, 2015. Find a Grave.  https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155088986/patsy-eileen-willard . Accessed July 24, 2025. ","\nRaymond Lee Willard. June 7, 2014. Find a Grave.  https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/130999607/raymond_lee-willard . Accessed July 24, 2025. ","The guide to the Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection was completed in July 2025.","The collection contains materials collected by Raymond L. Willard in the 1960s, including instructional pamphlets on how to construct community and family shelters in case of a nuclear attack. There are notes from the University of Virginia and Virginia Polytechnic Institute for a class for shelter managers and instructions for rations, work schedules, and community entry for the shelters. ","Folder one includes three instructional pamphlets/guides from the United States Department of Defense. First, a pamphlet titled \"Fallout Protection: What to Know and Do About Nuclear Attack.\" It contains definitions of common nuclear terms, the stages of fallout after an attack, models of community shelters, and instructions for single family shelters. The second, \"Family Shelter Designs,\" is a guide that has instructions on different family shelter designs, how to make them, and how to stock them for short-term protection. The last, published June 22, 1962, is a comprehensive guide for fallout community shelter management. It contains instructions for community entry, rations, work scheduling, and exiting the shelter. ","Folder two contains information about a shelter managment course offered at the University of Virginia and letters and paperwork from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in regard to the \"Civil Defense Shelter Managers and Shelter Management Instructors\" course. Class schedules for both courses are included, as well as a certificate of completion from the Commonwealth of Virginia, given to Raymond L. Williard on February 26, 1965. ","Folder three has the notes from Williard's binder from the shelter management course. ","Several Virginia Polytechnic Institute publications were separated to the Rare Book Collection.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . ","Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The collection contains materials collected by Raymond L. Willard (1924-1994) in the 1960s, including instructional pamphlets on how to construct community and family shelters in case of a nuclear attack. There are notes from the University of Virginia and Virginia Polytechnic Institute for a class for shelter managers and instructions for rations, work schedules, and community entry for the shelters.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Willard, Raymond L.","The material in this collection is in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2025.056"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Willard, Raymond L."],"creator_ssim":["Willard, Raymond L."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Willard, Raymond L."],"creators_ssim":["Willard, Raymond L."],"places_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . ","Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection was donated to Special Collections and University Archives in July 2018."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil defense","Faculty and staff","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","University History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil defense","Faculty and staff","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","University History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.2 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.2 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"date_range_isim":[1961,1962,1963,1964,1965],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe material in this collection is arranged by subject.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The material in this collection is arranged by subject."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRaymond L. Willard was born in Virginia on August 22, 1924, to James and Elva Willard. He was married to Patsy Eileen Willard, born March 30, 1926, and they had two daughters Sandra and Susan Willard. Patsy died on November 10, 2015. Raymond was a police officer in Blacksburg, Virginia, and  earned a certificate of shelter management in 1965 from the Commonwealth of Virginia. Raymond died on March 7, 1994. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eExternal Sources: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRaymond Lee Willard in the U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007. Ancestry Library. \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/collections/60901/records/48137181\"\u003ehttps://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/collections/60901/records/48137181\u003c/a\u003e. Accessed July 24, 2025.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nPatsy Eileen Thompson Willard. November 17, 2015. Find a Grave. \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155088986/patsy-eileen-willard\"\u003ehttps://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155088986/patsy-eileen-willard\u003c/a\u003e. Accessed July 24, 2025. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nRaymond Lee Willard. June 7, 2014. Find a Grave. \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/130999607/raymond_lee-willard\"\u003ehttps://www.findagrave.com/memorial/130999607/raymond_lee-willard\u003c/a\u003e. Accessed July 24, 2025. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Raymond L. Willard was born in Virginia on August 22, 1924, to James and Elva Willard. He was married to Patsy Eileen Willard, born March 30, 1926, and they had two daughters Sandra and Susan Willard. Patsy died on November 10, 2015. Raymond was a police officer in Blacksburg, Virginia, and  earned a certificate of shelter management in 1965 from the Commonwealth of Virginia. Raymond died on March 7, 1994. ","External Sources: ","Raymond Lee Willard in the U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007. Ancestry Library.  https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/collections/60901/records/48137181 . Accessed July 24, 2025.","\nPatsy Eileen Thompson Willard. November 17, 2015. Find a Grave.  https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155088986/patsy-eileen-willard . Accessed July 24, 2025. ","\nRaymond Lee Willard. June 7, 2014. Find a Grave.  https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/130999607/raymond_lee-willard . Accessed July 24, 2025. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003cextref href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/extref\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection, 1961-1965, Ms2025-056, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection, 1961-1965, Ms2025-056, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection was completed in July 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Raymond L. Willard Shelter Management/Civil Defense Collection was completed in July 2025."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains materials collected by Raymond L. Willard in the 1960s, including instructional pamphlets on how to construct community and family shelters in case of a nuclear attack. There are notes from the University of Virginia and Virginia Polytechnic Institute for a class for shelter managers and instructions for rations, work schedules, and community entry for the shelters. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFolder one includes three instructional pamphlets/guides from the United States Department of Defense. First, a pamphlet titled \"Fallout Protection: What to Know and Do About Nuclear Attack.\" It contains definitions of common nuclear terms, the stages of fallout after an attack, models of community shelters, and instructions for single family shelters. The second, \"Family Shelter Designs,\" is a guide that has instructions on different family shelter designs, how to make them, and how to stock them for short-term protection. The last, published June 22, 1962, is a comprehensive guide for fallout community shelter management. It contains instructions for community entry, rations, work scheduling, and exiting the shelter. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFolder two contains information about a shelter managment course offered at the University of Virginia and letters and paperwork from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in regard to the \"Civil Defense Shelter Managers and Shelter Management Instructors\" course. Class schedules for both courses are included, as well as a certificate of completion from the Commonwealth of Virginia, given to Raymond L. Williard on February 26, 1965. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFolder three has the notes from Williard's binder from the shelter management course. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains materials collected by Raymond L. Willard in the 1960s, including instructional pamphlets on how to construct community and family shelters in case of a nuclear attack. There are notes from the University of Virginia and Virginia Polytechnic Institute for a class for shelter managers and instructions for rations, work schedules, and community entry for the shelters. ","Folder one includes three instructional pamphlets/guides from the United States Department of Defense. First, a pamphlet titled \"Fallout Protection: What to Know and Do About Nuclear Attack.\" It contains definitions of common nuclear terms, the stages of fallout after an attack, models of community shelters, and instructions for single family shelters. The second, \"Family Shelter Designs,\" is a guide that has instructions on different family shelter designs, how to make them, and how to stock them for short-term protection. The last, published June 22, 1962, is a comprehensive guide for fallout community shelter management. It contains instructions for community entry, rations, work scheduling, and exiting the shelter. ","Folder two contains information about a shelter managment course offered at the University of Virginia and letters and paperwork from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in regard to the \"Civil Defense Shelter Managers and Shelter Management Instructors\" course. Class schedules for both courses are included, as well as a certificate of completion from the Commonwealth of Virginia, given to Raymond L. Williard on February 26, 1965. ","Folder three has the notes from Williard's binder from the shelter management course. "],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeveral Virginia Polytechnic Institute publications were separated to the Rare Book Collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Several Virginia Polytechnic Institute publications were separated to the Rare Book Collection."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . ","Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_7faf9e40a68c10a52b19b50d0faf45ac\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection contains materials collected by Raymond L. Willard (1924-1994) in the 1960s, including instructional pamphlets on how to construct community and family shelters in case of a nuclear attack. There are notes from the University of Virginia and Virginia Polytechnic Institute for a class for shelter managers and instructions for rations, work schedules, and community entry for the shelters.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection contains materials collected by Raymond L. Willard (1924-1994) in the 1960s, including instructional pamphlets on how to construct community and family shelters in case of a nuclear attack. There are notes from the University of Virginia and Virginia Polytechnic Institute for a class for shelter managers and instructions for rations, work schedules, and community entry for the shelters."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Willard, Raymond L."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Willard, Raymond L."],"language_ssim":["The material in this collection is in English."],"total_component_count_is":3,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T23:38:00.659Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_4471"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_685","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"United States Civil Defense pamphlets","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_685#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Vermont. State Board of Recreation","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_685#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Six pamphlets, including one duplicate, produced by United States Civil Defense organizations during World War II and the Cold War.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_685#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_685","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_685","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_685","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_685","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_685.xml","title_ssm":["United States Civil Defense pamphlets"],"title_tesim":["United States Civil Defense pamphlets"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1941-1966"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1941-1966"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0400","/repositories/2/resources/685"],"text":["C0400","/repositories/2/resources/685","United States Civil Defense pamphlets","Civil defense","Civil defense readiness","World War, 1939-1945","Cold War","Nuclear bomb shelters","Cold War -- Social aspects -- United States","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","\"Ann Young Collection of Civil Defense Materials, 1951-1967.\" 2012. Special Collections | Concord Free Public Library. March 3, 2012. https://concordlibrary.org/special-collections/fin_aids/CD.","Chapin, Emily. 2017. \"Civil Defense During the Cold War.\" Museum of the City of New York. September 11, 2017. https://www.mcny.org/story/civil-defense-during-cold-war.","\"Civil Defense Through Eisenhower.\" 2020. National Park Service. October 20, 2020. https://www.nps.gov/articles/coldwar_civildefense_thru-ike.htm.","The Office of Civilian Defense (OCD) was established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941 for the purpose of preparing and protecting the general public in the event of an attack on the United States during World War II. As such, operation of the organization ended in June 1945, however, as tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union increased, President Harry S. Truman reactivated the OCD as the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) in 1950 with the signing of the United States Civil Defense Act. In 1958, the FCDA merged with the Office of Defense Mobilization to become the Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization, later renamed the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, and was then divided into two separate organizations in 1961, one of which became the Office of Civil Defense.","Initial plans and education materials, such as the 1951 \"Duck and Cover\" campaign, focused largely on encouraging the same precautions taken with the dangers from traditional weaponry. However, with the new information regarding the extreme dangers of radioactive fallout following a nuclear explosion observed following the 1954 test of the Castle Bravo hydrogen bomb, the focus shifted to nuclear fallout shelter construction and survival strategies, largely communicated through the production of posters, films, and pamphlets. Responsibility for the dissemination of these plans was largely held at the state and local level.","The 1958 \"Civil Defense Recreation Bulletin\" was published under the guidance of Vermont's Director of Recreation Theresa S. Brungardt. Appointed as Vermont's first state Director of Recreation in 1943, Burngardt would go on to be elected as the first female president of the American Recreation Society 1952 and have a Vermont Recreation and Parks Association award named in her honor in 1975. Burngardt, who passed away in 1990, was posthumously inducted into the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) Hall of Fame in 1997.","Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from October - November 2023.","The Special Collections Research Center holds other Cold War and Civil Defense materials including the  Francis J. McNamara papers , and  Duck and Cover reel by Castle Films .","Cornell University Library's Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections holds the  Nuclear fallout shelter and safety collection .","Six pamphlets, including one duplicate, produced by United States Civil Defense organizations during World War II and the Cold War. Three of the titles were reprinted or created by local or state organizations in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Red Lion, Pennsylvania based on U.S. Government publications. There are two copies of \"Fallout Protection For…Homes with Basements\" printed in July 1966. One copy includes a \"Protection Evaluation Report\" for an Alexandria, Virginia residence on the back cover and the other includes the information for an Amherst, New Hampshire residence.","Remaining pamphlet titles and dates include:\n\"Survival Under Atomic Attack\", 1950\n\"Civilian Defense Handbook for Greater Red Lion\", circa 1941\n\"Civil Defense Recreation Bulletin\", circa 1958\n\"A Family Action Program: Home Protection Exercises\", Third Edition, March 1956","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","Six pamphlets, including one duplicate, produced by United States Civil Defense organizations during World War II and the Cold War.","R 71, C 1, S 6","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Vermont. State Board of Recreation","Red Lion (Pa.). Chamber of Commerce","United States. Office of Civil Defense","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["C0400","/repositories/2/resources/685"],"normalized_title_ssm":["United States Civil Defense pamphlets"],"collection_title_tesim":["United States Civil Defense pamphlets"],"collection_ssim":["United States Civil Defense pamphlets"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["Vermont. State Board of Recreation","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_ssim":["Vermont. State Board of Recreation","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Vermont. State Board of Recreation","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["Vermont. State Board of Recreation","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Holly Segar and Jeffrey Rovenpor of Carolinia Books in August 2021."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil defense","Civil defense readiness","World War, 1939-1945","Cold War","Nuclear bomb shelters","Cold War -- Social aspects -- United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil defense","Civil defense readiness","World War, 1939-1945","Cold War","Nuclear bomb shelters","Cold War -- Social aspects -- United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Ann Young Collection of Civil Defense Materials, 1951-1967.\" 2012. Special Collections | Concord Free Public Library. March 3, 2012. https://concordlibrary.org/special-collections/fin_aids/CD.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eChapin, Emily. 2017. \"Civil Defense During the Cold War.\" Museum of the City of New York. September 11, 2017. https://www.mcny.org/story/civil-defense-during-cold-war.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"Civil Defense Through Eisenhower.\" 2020. National Park Service. October 20, 2020. https://www.nps.gov/articles/coldwar_civildefense_thru-ike.htm.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["\"Ann Young Collection of Civil Defense Materials, 1951-1967.\" 2012. Special Collections | Concord Free Public Library. March 3, 2012. https://concordlibrary.org/special-collections/fin_aids/CD.","Chapin, Emily. 2017. \"Civil Defense During the Cold War.\" Museum of the City of New York. September 11, 2017. https://www.mcny.org/story/civil-defense-during-cold-war.","\"Civil Defense Through Eisenhower.\" 2020. National Park Service. October 20, 2020. https://www.nps.gov/articles/coldwar_civildefense_thru-ike.htm."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Office of Civilian Defense (OCD) was established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941 for the purpose of preparing and protecting the general public in the event of an attack on the United States during World War II. As such, operation of the organization ended in June 1945, however, as tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union increased, President Harry S. Truman reactivated the OCD as the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) in 1950 with the signing of the United States Civil Defense Act. In 1958, the FCDA merged with the Office of Defense Mobilization to become the Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization, later renamed the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, and was then divided into two separate organizations in 1961, one of which became the Office of Civil Defense.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eInitial plans and education materials, such as the 1951 \"Duck and Cover\" campaign, focused largely on encouraging the same precautions taken with the dangers from traditional weaponry. However, with the new information regarding the extreme dangers of radioactive fallout following a nuclear explosion observed following the 1954 test of the Castle Bravo hydrogen bomb, the focus shifted to nuclear fallout shelter construction and survival strategies, largely communicated through the production of posters, films, and pamphlets. Responsibility for the dissemination of these plans was largely held at the state and local level.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe 1958 \"Civil Defense Recreation Bulletin\" was published under the guidance of Vermont's Director of Recreation Theresa S. Brungardt. Appointed as Vermont's first state Director of Recreation in 1943, Burngardt would go on to be elected as the first female president of the American Recreation Society 1952 and have a Vermont Recreation and Parks Association award named in her honor in 1975. Burngardt, who passed away in 1990, was posthumously inducted into the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) Hall of Fame in 1997.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical and Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Office of Civilian Defense (OCD) was established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941 for the purpose of preparing and protecting the general public in the event of an attack on the United States during World War II. As such, operation of the organization ended in June 1945, however, as tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union increased, President Harry S. Truman reactivated the OCD as the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) in 1950 with the signing of the United States Civil Defense Act. In 1958, the FCDA merged with the Office of Defense Mobilization to become the Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization, later renamed the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, and was then divided into two separate organizations in 1961, one of which became the Office of Civil Defense.","Initial plans and education materials, such as the 1951 \"Duck and Cover\" campaign, focused largely on encouraging the same precautions taken with the dangers from traditional weaponry. 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Burngardt, who passed away in 1990, was posthumously inducted into the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) Hall of Fame in 1997."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnited States Civil Defense pamphlets, C0400, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["United States Civil Defense pamphlets, C0400, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from October - November 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing and finding aid completed by Meghan Glasbrenner from October - November 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds other Cold War and Civil Defense materials including the \u003ca href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/c0024\"\u003eFrancis J. 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Three of the titles were reprinted or created by local or state organizations in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Red Lion, Pennsylvania based on U.S. Government publications. There are two copies of \"Fallout Protection For…Homes with Basements\" printed in July 1966. One copy includes a \"Protection Evaluation Report\" for an Alexandria, Virginia residence on the back cover and the other includes the information for an Amherst, New Hampshire residence.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRemaining pamphlet titles and dates include:\n\"Survival Under Atomic Attack\", 1950\n\"Civilian Defense Handbook for Greater Red Lion\", circa 1941\n\"Civil Defense Recreation Bulletin\", circa 1958\n\"A Family Action Program: Home Protection Exercises\", Third Edition, March 1956\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Six pamphlets, including one duplicate, produced by United States Civil Defense organizations during World War II and the Cold War. Three of the titles were reprinted or created by local or state organizations in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Red Lion, Pennsylvania based on U.S. Government publications. There are two copies of \"Fallout Protection For…Homes with Basements\" printed in July 1966. 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Chamber of Commerce","United States. Office of Civil Defense","Vermont. State Board of Recreation"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Vermont. State Board of Recreation","Red Lion (Pa.). Chamber of Commerce","United States. Office of Civil Defense"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","Vermont. State Board of Recreation","Red Lion (Pa.). Chamber of Commerce","United States. Office of Civil Defense"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-01T00:21:35.788Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_685","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_685","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_685","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_685","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_685.xml","title_ssm":["United States Civil Defense pamphlets"],"title_tesim":["United States Civil Defense pamphlets"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1941-1966"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1941-1966"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0400","/repositories/2/resources/685"],"text":["C0400","/repositories/2/resources/685","United States Civil Defense pamphlets","Civil defense","Civil defense readiness","World War, 1939-1945","Cold War","Nuclear bomb shelters","Cold War -- Social aspects -- United States","There are no access restrictions.","This is a single folder collection.","\"Ann Young Collection of Civil Defense Materials, 1951-1967.\" 2012. Special Collections | Concord Free Public Library. March 3, 2012. https://concordlibrary.org/special-collections/fin_aids/CD.","Chapin, Emily. 2017. \"Civil Defense During the Cold War.\" Museum of the City of New York. September 11, 2017. https://www.mcny.org/story/civil-defense-during-cold-war.","\"Civil Defense Through Eisenhower.\" 2020. National Park Service. October 20, 2020. https://www.nps.gov/articles/coldwar_civildefense_thru-ike.htm.","The Office of Civilian Defense (OCD) was established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941 for the purpose of preparing and protecting the general public in the event of an attack on the United States during World War II. As such, operation of the organization ended in June 1945, however, as tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union increased, President Harry S. Truman reactivated the OCD as the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) in 1950 with the signing of the United States Civil Defense Act. 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Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased by Lynn Eaton from Holly Segar and Jeffrey Rovenpor of Carolinia Books in August 2021."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil defense","Civil defense readiness","World War, 1939-1945","Cold War","Nuclear bomb shelters","Cold War -- Social aspects -- United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil defense","Civil defense readiness","World War, 1939-1945","Cold War","Nuclear bomb shelters","Cold War -- Social aspects -- United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":[".1 Linear Feet 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a single folder collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This is a single folder collection."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"Ann Young Collection of Civil Defense Materials, 1951-1967.\" 2012. 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September 11, 2017. https://www.mcny.org/story/civil-defense-during-cold-war.","\"Civil Defense Through Eisenhower.\" 2020. National Park Service. October 20, 2020. https://www.nps.gov/articles/coldwar_civildefense_thru-ike.htm."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Office of Civilian Defense (OCD) was established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941 for the purpose of preparing and protecting the general public in the event of an attack on the United States during World War II. As such, operation of the organization ended in June 1945, however, as tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union increased, President Harry S. Truman reactivated the OCD as the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) in 1950 with the signing of the United States Civil Defense Act. 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