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An undated item records his property in Jackson County, Arkansas, that was destroyed by the Union Army.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Baytop family","Fitzhugh family","Baytop, Lucy Taliaferro Catlett","Fitzhugh, Henrietta Ellen Baytop","Fitzhugh, Mary F.","Fitzhugh, Rufus King","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00111","/repositories/2/resources/40"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Baytop-Fitzhugh Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Baytop-Fitzhugh Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Baytop-Fitzhugh Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Baytop, Lucy Taliaferro Catlett","Baytop family","Fitzhugh family","Fitzhugh, Henrietta Ellen Baytop","Fitzhugh, Mary F.","Fitzhugh, Rufus King"],"creator_ssim":["Baytop, Lucy Taliaferro Catlett","Baytop family","Fitzhugh family","Fitzhugh, Henrietta Ellen Baytop","Fitzhugh, Mary F.","Fitzhugh, Rufus King"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Baytop, Lucy Taliaferro Catlett","Fitzhugh, Henrietta Ellen Baytop","Fitzhugh, Mary F.","Fitzhugh, Rufus King"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Baytop family","Fitzhugh family"],"creators_ssim":["Baytop, Lucy Taliaferro Catlett","Fitzhugh, Henrietta Ellen Baytop","Fitzhugh, Mary F.","Fitzhugh, Rufus King","Baytop family","Fitzhugh family"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Acc. 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","The letters relate various aspects of nineteenth century farm life, such as men and women's separate responsibilities on the farm, illnesses and treatments, childbirth and its complications, and social activities. There are comments on slaves, tensions between the slave states and the federal government and the abolitionists, and the eventual Civil War. Letters to Rufus King Fitzhugh are generally from business associates or his brother George Fitzhugh, of Port Royal, Virginia. Both his letters and business accounts offer insight into his affairs, such as land speculation, mining for coal, slaves as investments, as well as deeds, receipts of purchase and payment of property, and tax receipts. An undated item records his property in Jackson County, Arkansas, that was destroyed by the Union Army."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Baytop family","Fitzhugh family","Baytop, Lucy Taliaferro Catlett","Fitzhugh, Henrietta Ellen Baytop","Fitzhugh, Mary F.","Fitzhugh, Rufus King"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Baytop family","Fitzhugh family"],"famname_ssim":["Baytop family","Fitzhugh family"],"persname_ssim":["Baytop, Lucy Taliaferro Catlett","Fitzhugh, Henrietta Ellen Baytop","Fitzhugh, Mary F.","Fitzhugh, Rufus King"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":44,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:23:22.418Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_40","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_40","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_40","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_40","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_40.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Baytop-Fitzhugh Papers","title_ssm":["Baytop-Fitzhugh Papers"],"title_tesim":["Baytop-Fitzhugh Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1840-1866"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1840-1866"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00111","/repositories/2/resources/40"],"text":["MS 00111","/repositories/2/resources/40","Baytop-Fitzhugh Papers","Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","Anti-slavery movements","Farm management","Gloucester County (Va.)--History--19th century","Greene County (Va.)--History--19th century","Marriage-Virginia-Gloucester County","Slavery--Southern States--History","Slavery--Virginia--19th century","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","United States--Slavery","Women--Virginia--Social life and customs","Financial records","Receipts (financial records)","Collection is open to all researchers. 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Most letters to Henrietta are from her mother Lucy Taliaferro (Catlett) Baytop, and her sisters Rowena, Lucy Ann, and Eugenia, all of Springfield, Gloucester County, Virginia. The collection also includes letters from her sister-in-law Mary F. Fitzhugh of Fredericksburg, Virginia. ","The letters relate various aspects of nineteenth century farm life, such as men and women's separate responsibilities on the farm, illnesses and treatments, childbirth and its complications, and social activities. There are comments on slaves, tensions between the slave states and the federal government and the abolitionists, and the eventual Civil War. Letters to Rufus King Fitzhugh are generally from business associates or his brother George Fitzhugh, of Port Royal, Virginia. Both his letters and business accounts offer insight into his affairs, such as land speculation, mining for coal, slaves as investments, as well as deeds, receipts of purchase and payment of property, and tax receipts. An undated item records his property in Jackson County, Arkansas, that was destroyed by the Union Army.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Baytop family","Fitzhugh family","Baytop, Lucy Taliaferro Catlett","Fitzhugh, Henrietta Ellen Baytop","Fitzhugh, Mary F.","Fitzhugh, Rufus King","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00111","/repositories/2/resources/40"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Baytop-Fitzhugh Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Baytop-Fitzhugh Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Baytop-Fitzhugh Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Baytop, Lucy Taliaferro Catlett","Baytop family","Fitzhugh family","Fitzhugh, Henrietta Ellen Baytop","Fitzhugh, Mary F.","Fitzhugh, Rufus King"],"creator_ssim":["Baytop, Lucy Taliaferro Catlett","Baytop family","Fitzhugh family","Fitzhugh, Henrietta Ellen Baytop","Fitzhugh, Mary F.","Fitzhugh, Rufus King"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Baytop, Lucy Taliaferro Catlett","Fitzhugh, Henrietta Ellen Baytop","Fitzhugh, Mary F.","Fitzhugh, Rufus King"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Baytop family","Fitzhugh family"],"creators_ssim":["Baytop, Lucy Taliaferro Catlett","Fitzhugh, Henrietta Ellen Baytop","Fitzhugh, Mary F.","Fitzhugh, Rufus King","Baytop family","Fitzhugh family"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Acc. 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","The letters relate various aspects of nineteenth century farm life, such as men and women's separate responsibilities on the farm, illnesses and treatments, childbirth and its complications, and social activities. There are comments on slaves, tensions between the slave states and the federal government and the abolitionists, and the eventual Civil War. Letters to Rufus King Fitzhugh are generally from business associates or his brother George Fitzhugh, of Port Royal, Virginia. Both his letters and business accounts offer insight into his affairs, such as land speculation, mining for coal, slaves as investments, as well as deeds, receipts of purchase and payment of property, and tax receipts. An undated item records his property in Jackson County, Arkansas, that was destroyed by the Union Army."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Baytop family","Fitzhugh family","Baytop, Lucy Taliaferro Catlett","Fitzhugh, Henrietta Ellen Baytop","Fitzhugh, Mary F.","Fitzhugh, Rufus King"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Baytop family","Fitzhugh family"],"famname_ssim":["Baytop family","Fitzhugh family"],"persname_ssim":["Baytop, Lucy Taliaferro Catlett","Fitzhugh, Henrietta Ellen Baytop","Fitzhugh, Mary F.","Fitzhugh, Rufus King"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":44,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:23:22.418Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_40"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2469","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Edward Coles Papers [typescripts]","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2469#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eTypescript copies of letters and extracts, written by Edward Coles (1786-1868), who held the positions of secretary to President James Madison and Governor of Illinois. Subjects covered by the letters include James Madison and the War of 1812; Madison's not emancipating persons enslaved by him at his death; the claiming of public lands by individual states; the estate of James Monroe; Andrew Jackson; Thomas Jefferson's authorship of the Ordinance of 1787; and Jefferson's relationship with John Adams. Typescripts of letters written by Edward Coles to Nicholas Biddle, Joseph C. Cabell, Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin, Thomas Jefferson, Dolley Madison, James Madison, Joel R. Poinsett, Henry S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, William Cabell Rives, Charles Sumner, Martin Van Buren and Robert C. Winthrop, among other correspondents.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2469#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2469","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2469","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2469","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2469","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_2469.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Edward Coles Papers","title_ssm":["Edward Coles Papers [typescripts]"],"title_tesim":["Edward Coles Papers [typescripts]"],"unitdate_ssm":["1814-1857"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1814-1857"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 39.2 C68","/repositories/2/resources/2469"],"text":["Mss. 39.2 C68","/repositories/2/resources/2469","Edward Coles Papers [typescripts]","Buckingham County (Va.)--History","Anti-slavery movements","Ordinance of 1787.","United States--History--War of 1812","United States--Politics and Government","Typescripts","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","This collection is arranged chronologically by date.","Edward Coles was born in Albemarle County, Va. 15 December 1786. He attended Hampden-Sydney College and the College of William and Mary. He was private secretary to James Madison. He emancipated persons enslaved by him upon his removal to Illinois. Coles was elected governor of Illinois. He moved to Philadelphia and died in 1868. ","https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/coles-edward-1786-1868/","Edward Coles was the second governor of Illinois (1822–1826) and a lifelong opponent of enslavement. Born in Albemarle County, he inherited a dozen of enslaved persons from his father and, against his family's wishes, decided to free them. But Coles was forced to delay his plans because of financial, moral, and practical difficulties. He served as secretary to U.S. president James Madison (1810–1815), traveling to the Northeast on behalf of the president in 1811 and acting as a special envoy to Russia in 1816. In 1814, Coles exchanged letters with Thomas Jefferson, encouraging the former president to support the gradual emancipation of enslaved persons, but Jefferson refused. In 1817, Coles sold his Rockfish plantation to his brother and moved seventeen of persons enslaved by him to Illinois, freeing them along the way. As governor of Illinois, he helped defeat a referendum aimed at calling a pro-slavery constitutional convention. He later moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he corresponded with Jefferson's grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, convincing him to oppose slavery in the General Assembly's debate of the issue in 1831. Coles also encouraged Madison to free persons enslaved by him in his will, but the former president did not. He married Sally Logan Roberts in 1833 and the couple had three children. Coles died in Philadelphia in 1868.","These letters are in typescript form, meaning that they are typed copies made from contemporary copies. All these letters have been printed/published in the William and Mary College Quarterly, 2nd Series, v.7, pp. 32-41, 97-113, 158-173.","Typescript copies of letters and extracts, written by Edward Coles (1786-1868), who held the positions of secretary to President James Madison and Governor of Illinois. Subjects covered by the letters include James Madison and the War of 1812; Madison's not emancipating persons enslaved by him at his death; the claiming of public lands by individual states; the estate of James Monroe; Andrew Jackson; Thomas Jefferson's authorship of the Ordinance of 1787; and Jefferson's relationship with John Adams. Typescripts of letters written by Edward Coles to Nicholas Biddle, Joseph C. Cabell, Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin, Thomas Jefferson, Dolley Madison, James Madison, Joel R. Poinsett, Henry S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, William Cabell Rives, Charles Sumner, Martin Van Buren and Robert C. Winthrop, among other correspondents.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Cabell, Joseph C. (Joseph Carrington), 1778-1856","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Madison, Dolley P., 1768-1849","Madison, James, Jr., 1751-1836","Rives, William C. 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Most likely James Townson, but \"Thomas\" is written in the lower left.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Townson, James","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 01706","/repositories/2/resources/9435"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jamaica Plantation Strike Letter"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jamaica Plantation Strike Letter"],"collection_ssim":["Jamaica Plantation Strike Letter"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Jamaica--History--19th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Jamaica--History--19th century"],"creator_ssm":["Townson, James"],"creator_ssim":["Townson, James"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Townson, James"],"creators_ssim":["Townson, James"],"places_ssim":["Jamaica--History--19th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Michael Brown Rare Books, LLC."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Plantation life","Anti-slavery movements","Slavery"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Plantation life","Anti-slavery movements","Slavery"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Linear Feet A single legal sized folder."],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Linear Feet A single legal sized folder."],"date_range_isim":[1842],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to all researchers. 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Included are a list of subscriptions sold to private individuals, a letter to the auditors office discussing current and previous subscriptions, a letter from a prospective surveyor and a list of tollage rates along the canal. Individuals mentioned are John Hartwell Cocke, and his son John Hartwell Cocke Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1256#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1256","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1256","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1256","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1256","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_1256.xml","title_filing_ssi":"James River and Kanawha Company","title_ssm":["James River and Kanawha Company Records"],"title_tesim":["James River and Kanawha Company Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1834-1868"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1834-1868"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 00628","/repositories/2/resources/1256"],"text":["SC 00628","/repositories/2/resources/1256","James River and Kanawha Company Records","Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","American Temperance Union","Anti-slavery movements","Slavery--Virginia--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--19th century","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","Correspondence","Financial records","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","This collection is arranged chronologically by date.","The James River and Kanawha Company: The creation of Virginia's canal system was begun in 1746, spurred on by the support of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. The goal was to create an economical and reliable way for farmers living in the interior of the state to transport their goods to market. To achieve this, existing rivers were widened, dams were created to control water levels, bridges and aqueducts were erected, and a lock system established."," The James River Company was created to raise capital for this venture. For a time, the venture was very successful, producing significant returns for its investors. However, the citizens of Virginia demanded that the company also maintain and/or improve the canal structure. When the company was unable or unwilling to comply, the state bought the charter in 1820. The state intended to further improve the Kanawha River and to connect the existing canal to the western part of the country, via the Ohio River. The invention of the railroad, however, cast doubt upon the wisdom of this scheme."," Joseph Carrington Cabell became the leading proponent of the canal system. He, along with his long time friend John Hartwell Cocke, was able to convince the state to consider a joint public/private charter in 1832. The charter was conditioned upon the procurement of five million dollars in private capital. It took Cabell and his supporters nearly three years to interest enough investors in the project. Finally in 1835 the General Assembly officially granted a charter to the James River and Kanawha Company. Joseph Cabell was elected as its first president."," Canal construction was divided into three divisions. Ultimately, the plan was to connect Richmond to Covington. Further, railroad lines were to be added after the final division was completed in order to link towns to the waterways. Unfortunately, the company was faced with a myriad of technical and economic problems; subscribers refused to pay, flooding was continual, working conditions were deplorable creating severe labor shortages, and early work on the canal proved to be defective requiring nearly continuous repair work."," The demise of the James River Company was further hastened by the Civil War. In 1863, General Sheridan and his troops razed many of the bridges and canals and most of the company papers were destroyed during the burning of Richmond. This alone wasn't fatal, but without the funds for repairs the problems worsened. The combination of these difficulties, coupled with increasing competition from the railroads finally became too great and The James River and Kanawha Company was terminated by the General Assembly in 1880. Its assets were subsequently sold to the Richmond \u0026 Allegheny Railway Company."," John Hartwell CockeJohn Hartwell Cocke was born in Surry County, Virginia in 1780. He attended the College of William and Mary from 1794-1799. After serving in the War of 1812, he returned to his home, Bremo, a plantation in Fluvanna County, Virginia, to pursue an agrarian career. Known for his agricultural experimentation with crops and livestock, he maintained several estates and plantations in Virginia and Alabama. He helped found the University of Virginia, and set up a boy's seminary on Bremo. Although he owned many slaves, he encouraged their education, set up systems for them to buy their freedom, and supported their colonization in Africa."," Being a deeply religious man, John Hartwell Cocke held strong views against drinking and tobacco. In order to combat these \"evils,\" he was elected president of the American Temperance Union in 1836, and stopped all production of tobacco on his land. These views also led him to support and become a member of the James River and Kanawha Company board of directors. He believed that many poor farmers in Virginia were forced to turn their grain into whiskey because there was no profitable way to transport the grain to market. He felt that with the creation of the canal, farmers would turn to other occupations, thereby lessening the supply of alcohol and with it the desire to drink. He married Ann Blaus Barraud in 1802 and fathered several children. He died in 1866. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  .","Other Information:"," Additional information may be found at http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00092.frame","Processed by Victoria Yoder in 2002.","The collection relates to the James River Canal and Kanawha Company, which officially gained a charter in 1835. Included are a list of subscriptions sold to private individuals, a letter to the auditors office discussing current and previous subscriptions, a letter from a prospective surveyor and a list of tollage rates along the canal. Individuals mentioned are John Hartwell Cocke, and his son John Hartwell Cocke Jr.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","James River \u0026 Kanawha Company","James River and Kanawha Canal (Va.)","University of Virginia","Cocke, John Hartwell, 1780-1866","Cocke, John Hartwell","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 00628","/repositories/2/resources/1256"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James River and Kanawha Company Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["James River and Kanawha Company Records"],"collection_ssim":["James River and Kanawha Company Records"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["James River \u0026 Kanawha Company","Cocke, John Hartwell, 1780-1866"],"creator_ssim":["James River \u0026 Kanawha Company","Cocke, John Hartwell, 1780-1866"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Cocke, John Hartwell, 1780-1866"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["James River \u0026 Kanawha Company"],"creators_ssim":["Cocke, John Hartwell, 1780-1866","James River \u0026 Kanawha Company"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["4 items, in the possession of Swem Library between 1920-1950."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","American Temperance Union","Anti-slavery movements","Slavery--Virginia--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--19th century","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","Correspondence","Financial records"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","American Temperance Union","Anti-slavery movements","Slavery--Virginia--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--19th century","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","Correspondence","Financial records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.01 Linear Foot"],"extent_tesim":["0.01 Linear Foot"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Financial records"],"date_range_isim":[1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. 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The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged chronologically by date.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged chronologically by date."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe James River and Kanawha Company: The creation of Virginia's canal system was begun in 1746, spurred on by the support of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. The goal was to create an economical and reliable way for farmers living in the interior of the state to transport their goods to market. To achieve this, existing rivers were widened, dams were created to control water levels, bridges and aqueducts were erected, and a lock system established.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The James River Company was created to raise capital for this venture. For a time, the venture was very successful, producing significant returns for its investors. However, the citizens of Virginia demanded that the company also maintain and/or improve the canal structure. When the company was unable or unwilling to comply, the state bought the charter in 1820. The state intended to further improve the Kanawha River and to connect the existing canal to the western part of the country, via the Ohio River. The invention of the railroad, however, cast doubt upon the wisdom of this scheme.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Joseph Carrington Cabell became the leading proponent of the canal system. He, along with his long time friend John Hartwell Cocke, was able to convince the state to consider a joint public/private charter in 1832. The charter was conditioned upon the procurement of five million dollars in private capital. It took Cabell and his supporters nearly three years to interest enough investors in the project. Finally in 1835 the General Assembly officially granted a charter to the James River and Kanawha Company. Joseph Cabell was elected as its first president.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Canal construction was divided into three divisions. Ultimately, the plan was to connect Richmond to Covington. Further, railroad lines were to be added after the final division was completed in order to link towns to the waterways. Unfortunately, the company was faced with a myriad of technical and economic problems; subscribers refused to pay, flooding was continual, working conditions were deplorable creating severe labor shortages, and early work on the canal proved to be defective requiring nearly continuous repair work.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The demise of the James River Company was further hastened by the Civil War. In 1863, General Sheridan and his troops razed many of the bridges and canals and most of the company papers were destroyed during the burning of Richmond. This alone wasn't fatal, but without the funds for repairs the problems worsened. The combination of these difficulties, coupled with increasing competition from the railroads finally became too great and The James River and Kanawha Company was terminated by the General Assembly in 1880. Its assets were subsequently sold to the Richmond \u0026amp; Allegheny Railway Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e John Hartwell CockeJohn Hartwell Cocke was born in Surry County, Virginia in 1780. He attended the College of William and Mary from 1794-1799. After serving in the War of 1812, he returned to his home, Bremo, a plantation in Fluvanna County, Virginia, to pursue an agrarian career. Known for his agricultural experimentation with crops and livestock, he maintained several estates and plantations in Virginia and Alabama. He helped found the University of Virginia, and set up a boy's seminary on Bremo. Although he owned many slaves, he encouraged their education, set up systems for them to buy their freedom, and supported their colonization in Africa.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Being a deeply religious man, John Hartwell Cocke held strong views against drinking and tobacco. In order to combat these \"evils,\" he was elected president of the American Temperance Union in 1836, and stopped all production of tobacco on his land. These views also led him to support and become a member of the James River and Kanawha Company board of directors. He believed that many poor farmers in Virginia were forced to turn their grain into whiskey because there was no profitable way to transport the grain to market. He felt that with the creation of the canal, farmers would turn to other occupations, thereby lessening the supply of alcohol and with it the desire to drink. He married Ann Blaus Barraud in 1802 and fathered several children. He died in 1866. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/James_River_\u0026amp;_Kanawha_Company\" title=\"James River \u0026amp; Kanawha Company\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note:"],"bioghist_tesim":["The James River and Kanawha Company: The creation of Virginia's canal system was begun in 1746, spurred on by the support of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. The goal was to create an economical and reliable way for farmers living in the interior of the state to transport their goods to market. To achieve this, existing rivers were widened, dams were created to control water levels, bridges and aqueducts were erected, and a lock system established."," The James River Company was created to raise capital for this venture. For a time, the venture was very successful, producing significant returns for its investors. However, the citizens of Virginia demanded that the company also maintain and/or improve the canal structure. When the company was unable or unwilling to comply, the state bought the charter in 1820. The state intended to further improve the Kanawha River and to connect the existing canal to the western part of the country, via the Ohio River. The invention of the railroad, however, cast doubt upon the wisdom of this scheme."," Joseph Carrington Cabell became the leading proponent of the canal system. He, along with his long time friend John Hartwell Cocke, was able to convince the state to consider a joint public/private charter in 1832. The charter was conditioned upon the procurement of five million dollars in private capital. It took Cabell and his supporters nearly three years to interest enough investors in the project. Finally in 1835 the General Assembly officially granted a charter to the James River and Kanawha Company. Joseph Cabell was elected as its first president."," Canal construction was divided into three divisions. Ultimately, the plan was to connect Richmond to Covington. Further, railroad lines were to be added after the final division was completed in order to link towns to the waterways. Unfortunately, the company was faced with a myriad of technical and economic problems; subscribers refused to pay, flooding was continual, working conditions were deplorable creating severe labor shortages, and early work on the canal proved to be defective requiring nearly continuous repair work."," The demise of the James River Company was further hastened by the Civil War. In 1863, General Sheridan and his troops razed many of the bridges and canals and most of the company papers were destroyed during the burning of Richmond. This alone wasn't fatal, but without the funds for repairs the problems worsened. The combination of these difficulties, coupled with increasing competition from the railroads finally became too great and The James River and Kanawha Company was terminated by the General Assembly in 1880. Its assets were subsequently sold to the Richmond \u0026 Allegheny Railway Company."," John Hartwell CockeJohn Hartwell Cocke was born in Surry County, Virginia in 1780. He attended the College of William and Mary from 1794-1799. After serving in the War of 1812, he returned to his home, Bremo, a plantation in Fluvanna County, Virginia, to pursue an agrarian career. Known for his agricultural experimentation with crops and livestock, he maintained several estates and plantations in Virginia and Alabama. He helped found the University of Virginia, and set up a boy's seminary on Bremo. Although he owned many slaves, he encouraged their education, set up systems for them to buy their freedom, and supported their colonization in Africa."," Being a deeply religious man, John Hartwell Cocke held strong views against drinking and tobacco. In order to combat these \"evils,\" he was elected president of the American Temperance Union in 1836, and stopped all production of tobacco on his land. These views also led him to support and become a member of the James River and Kanawha Company board of directors. He believed that many poor farmers in Virginia were forced to turn their grain into whiskey because there was no profitable way to transport the grain to market. He felt that with the creation of the canal, farmers would turn to other occupations, thereby lessening the supply of alcohol and with it the desire to drink. He married Ann Blaus Barraud in 1802 and fathered several children. He died in 1866. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  ."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOther Information:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Additional information may be found at http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00092.frame\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Other Information:"," Additional information may be found at http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00092.frame"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames River and Kanawha Company Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["James River and Kanawha Company Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Victoria Yoder in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Victoria Yoder in 2002."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection relates to the James River Canal and Kanawha Company, which officially gained a charter in 1835. Included are a list of subscriptions sold to private individuals, a letter to the auditors office discussing current and previous subscriptions, a letter from a prospective surveyor and a list of tollage rates along the canal. Individuals mentioned are John Hartwell Cocke, and his son John Hartwell Cocke Jr.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection relates to the James River Canal and Kanawha Company, which officially gained a charter in 1835. Included are a list of subscriptions sold to private individuals, a letter to the auditors office discussing current and previous subscriptions, a letter from a prospective surveyor and a list of tollage rates along the canal. Individuals mentioned are John Hartwell Cocke, and his son John Hartwell Cocke Jr."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_coll_ssim":["James River and Kanawha Canal (Va.)","University of Virginia","Cocke, John Hartwell"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","James River \u0026 Kanawha Company","James River and Kanawha Canal (Va.)","University of Virginia","Cocke, John Hartwell, 1780-1866","Cocke, John Hartwell"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","James River \u0026 Kanawha Company","James River and Kanawha Canal (Va.)","University of Virginia"],"persname_ssim":["Cocke, John Hartwell, 1780-1866","Cocke, John Hartwell"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":6,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:33:41.809Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1256","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1256","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1256","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1256","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_1256.xml","title_filing_ssi":"James River and Kanawha Company","title_ssm":["James River and Kanawha Company Records"],"title_tesim":["James River and Kanawha Company Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1834-1868"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1834-1868"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 00628","/repositories/2/resources/1256"],"text":["SC 00628","/repositories/2/resources/1256","James River and Kanawha Company Records","Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","American Temperance Union","Anti-slavery movements","Slavery--Virginia--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--19th century","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","Correspondence","Financial records","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","This collection is arranged chronologically by date.","The James River and Kanawha Company: The creation of Virginia's canal system was begun in 1746, spurred on by the support of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. The goal was to create an economical and reliable way for farmers living in the interior of the state to transport their goods to market. To achieve this, existing rivers were widened, dams were created to control water levels, bridges and aqueducts were erected, and a lock system established."," The James River Company was created to raise capital for this venture. For a time, the venture was very successful, producing significant returns for its investors. However, the citizens of Virginia demanded that the company also maintain and/or improve the canal structure. When the company was unable or unwilling to comply, the state bought the charter in 1820. The state intended to further improve the Kanawha River and to connect the existing canal to the western part of the country, via the Ohio River. The invention of the railroad, however, cast doubt upon the wisdom of this scheme."," Joseph Carrington Cabell became the leading proponent of the canal system. He, along with his long time friend John Hartwell Cocke, was able to convince the state to consider a joint public/private charter in 1832. The charter was conditioned upon the procurement of five million dollars in private capital. It took Cabell and his supporters nearly three years to interest enough investors in the project. Finally in 1835 the General Assembly officially granted a charter to the James River and Kanawha Company. Joseph Cabell was elected as its first president."," Canal construction was divided into three divisions. Ultimately, the plan was to connect Richmond to Covington. Further, railroad lines were to be added after the final division was completed in order to link towns to the waterways. Unfortunately, the company was faced with a myriad of technical and economic problems; subscribers refused to pay, flooding was continual, working conditions were deplorable creating severe labor shortages, and early work on the canal proved to be defective requiring nearly continuous repair work."," The demise of the James River Company was further hastened by the Civil War. In 1863, General Sheridan and his troops razed many of the bridges and canals and most of the company papers were destroyed during the burning of Richmond. This alone wasn't fatal, but without the funds for repairs the problems worsened. The combination of these difficulties, coupled with increasing competition from the railroads finally became too great and The James River and Kanawha Company was terminated by the General Assembly in 1880. Its assets were subsequently sold to the Richmond \u0026 Allegheny Railway Company."," John Hartwell CockeJohn Hartwell Cocke was born in Surry County, Virginia in 1780. He attended the College of William and Mary from 1794-1799. After serving in the War of 1812, he returned to his home, Bremo, a plantation in Fluvanna County, Virginia, to pursue an agrarian career. Known for his agricultural experimentation with crops and livestock, he maintained several estates and plantations in Virginia and Alabama. He helped found the University of Virginia, and set up a boy's seminary on Bremo. Although he owned many slaves, he encouraged their education, set up systems for them to buy their freedom, and supported their colonization in Africa."," Being a deeply religious man, John Hartwell Cocke held strong views against drinking and tobacco. In order to combat these \"evils,\" he was elected president of the American Temperance Union in 1836, and stopped all production of tobacco on his land. These views also led him to support and become a member of the James River and Kanawha Company board of directors. He believed that many poor farmers in Virginia were forced to turn their grain into whiskey because there was no profitable way to transport the grain to market. He felt that with the creation of the canal, farmers would turn to other occupations, thereby lessening the supply of alcohol and with it the desire to drink. He married Ann Blaus Barraud in 1802 and fathered several children. He died in 1866. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  .","Other Information:"," Additional information may be found at http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00092.frame","Processed by Victoria Yoder in 2002.","The collection relates to the James River Canal and Kanawha Company, which officially gained a charter in 1835. Included are a list of subscriptions sold to private individuals, a letter to the auditors office discussing current and previous subscriptions, a letter from a prospective surveyor and a list of tollage rates along the canal. Individuals mentioned are John Hartwell Cocke, and his son John Hartwell Cocke Jr.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","James River \u0026 Kanawha Company","James River and Kanawha Canal (Va.)","University of Virginia","Cocke, John Hartwell, 1780-1866","Cocke, John Hartwell","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 00628","/repositories/2/resources/1256"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James River and Kanawha Company Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["James River and Kanawha Company Records"],"collection_ssim":["James River and Kanawha Company Records"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["James River \u0026 Kanawha Company","Cocke, John Hartwell, 1780-1866"],"creator_ssim":["James River \u0026 Kanawha Company","Cocke, John Hartwell, 1780-1866"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Cocke, John Hartwell, 1780-1866"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["James River \u0026 Kanawha Company"],"creators_ssim":["Cocke, John Hartwell, 1780-1866","James River \u0026 Kanawha Company"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["4 items, in the possession of Swem Library between 1920-1950."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","American Temperance Union","Anti-slavery movements","Slavery--Virginia--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--19th century","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","Correspondence","Financial records"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Agriculture--Virginia--History--18th century","American Temperance Union","Anti-slavery movements","Slavery--Virginia--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--19th century","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","Correspondence","Financial records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.01 Linear Foot"],"extent_tesim":["0.01 Linear Foot"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Financial records"],"date_range_isim":[1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged chronologically by date.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged chronologically by date."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe James River and Kanawha Company: The creation of Virginia's canal system was begun in 1746, spurred on by the support of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. The goal was to create an economical and reliable way for farmers living in the interior of the state to transport their goods to market. To achieve this, existing rivers were widened, dams were created to control water levels, bridges and aqueducts were erected, and a lock system established.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The James River Company was created to raise capital for this venture. For a time, the venture was very successful, producing significant returns for its investors. However, the citizens of Virginia demanded that the company also maintain and/or improve the canal structure. When the company was unable or unwilling to comply, the state bought the charter in 1820. The state intended to further improve the Kanawha River and to connect the existing canal to the western part of the country, via the Ohio River. The invention of the railroad, however, cast doubt upon the wisdom of this scheme.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Joseph Carrington Cabell became the leading proponent of the canal system. He, along with his long time friend John Hartwell Cocke, was able to convince the state to consider a joint public/private charter in 1832. The charter was conditioned upon the procurement of five million dollars in private capital. It took Cabell and his supporters nearly three years to interest enough investors in the project. Finally in 1835 the General Assembly officially granted a charter to the James River and Kanawha Company. Joseph Cabell was elected as its first president.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Canal construction was divided into three divisions. Ultimately, the plan was to connect Richmond to Covington. Further, railroad lines were to be added after the final division was completed in order to link towns to the waterways. Unfortunately, the company was faced with a myriad of technical and economic problems; subscribers refused to pay, flooding was continual, working conditions were deplorable creating severe labor shortages, and early work on the canal proved to be defective requiring nearly continuous repair work.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The demise of the James River Company was further hastened by the Civil War. In 1863, General Sheridan and his troops razed many of the bridges and canals and most of the company papers were destroyed during the burning of Richmond. This alone wasn't fatal, but without the funds for repairs the problems worsened. The combination of these difficulties, coupled with increasing competition from the railroads finally became too great and The James River and Kanawha Company was terminated by the General Assembly in 1880. Its assets were subsequently sold to the Richmond \u0026amp; Allegheny Railway Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e John Hartwell CockeJohn Hartwell Cocke was born in Surry County, Virginia in 1780. He attended the College of William and Mary from 1794-1799. After serving in the War of 1812, he returned to his home, Bremo, a plantation in Fluvanna County, Virginia, to pursue an agrarian career. Known for his agricultural experimentation with crops and livestock, he maintained several estates and plantations in Virginia and Alabama. He helped found the University of Virginia, and set up a boy's seminary on Bremo. Although he owned many slaves, he encouraged their education, set up systems for them to buy their freedom, and supported their colonization in Africa.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Being a deeply religious man, John Hartwell Cocke held strong views against drinking and tobacco. In order to combat these \"evils,\" he was elected president of the American Temperance Union in 1836, and stopped all production of tobacco on his land. These views also led him to support and become a member of the James River and Kanawha Company board of directors. He believed that many poor farmers in Virginia were forced to turn their grain into whiskey because there was no profitable way to transport the grain to market. He felt that with the creation of the canal, farmers would turn to other occupations, thereby lessening the supply of alcohol and with it the desire to drink. He married Ann Blaus Barraud in 1802 and fathered several children. He died in 1866. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/James_River_\u0026amp;_Kanawha_Company\" title=\"James River \u0026amp; Kanawha Company\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note:"],"bioghist_tesim":["The James River and Kanawha Company: The creation of Virginia's canal system was begun in 1746, spurred on by the support of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. The goal was to create an economical and reliable way for farmers living in the interior of the state to transport their goods to market. To achieve this, existing rivers were widened, dams were created to control water levels, bridges and aqueducts were erected, and a lock system established."," The James River Company was created to raise capital for this venture. For a time, the venture was very successful, producing significant returns for its investors. However, the citizens of Virginia demanded that the company also maintain and/or improve the canal structure. When the company was unable or unwilling to comply, the state bought the charter in 1820. The state intended to further improve the Kanawha River and to connect the existing canal to the western part of the country, via the Ohio River. The invention of the railroad, however, cast doubt upon the wisdom of this scheme."," Joseph Carrington Cabell became the leading proponent of the canal system. He, along with his long time friend John Hartwell Cocke, was able to convince the state to consider a joint public/private charter in 1832. The charter was conditioned upon the procurement of five million dollars in private capital. It took Cabell and his supporters nearly three years to interest enough investors in the project. Finally in 1835 the General Assembly officially granted a charter to the James River and Kanawha Company. Joseph Cabell was elected as its first president."," Canal construction was divided into three divisions. Ultimately, the plan was to connect Richmond to Covington. Further, railroad lines were to be added after the final division was completed in order to link towns to the waterways. Unfortunately, the company was faced with a myriad of technical and economic problems; subscribers refused to pay, flooding was continual, working conditions were deplorable creating severe labor shortages, and early work on the canal proved to be defective requiring nearly continuous repair work."," The demise of the James River Company was further hastened by the Civil War. In 1863, General Sheridan and his troops razed many of the bridges and canals and most of the company papers were destroyed during the burning of Richmond. This alone wasn't fatal, but without the funds for repairs the problems worsened. The combination of these difficulties, coupled with increasing competition from the railroads finally became too great and The James River and Kanawha Company was terminated by the General Assembly in 1880. Its assets were subsequently sold to the Richmond \u0026 Allegheny Railway Company."," John Hartwell CockeJohn Hartwell Cocke was born in Surry County, Virginia in 1780. He attended the College of William and Mary from 1794-1799. After serving in the War of 1812, he returned to his home, Bremo, a plantation in Fluvanna County, Virginia, to pursue an agrarian career. Known for his agricultural experimentation with crops and livestock, he maintained several estates and plantations in Virginia and Alabama. He helped found the University of Virginia, and set up a boy's seminary on Bremo. Although he owned many slaves, he encouraged their education, set up systems for them to buy their freedom, and supported their colonization in Africa."," Being a deeply religious man, John Hartwell Cocke held strong views against drinking and tobacco. In order to combat these \"evils,\" he was elected president of the American Temperance Union in 1836, and stopped all production of tobacco on his land. These views also led him to support and become a member of the James River and Kanawha Company board of directors. He believed that many poor farmers in Virginia were forced to turn their grain into whiskey because there was no profitable way to transport the grain to market. He felt that with the creation of the canal, farmers would turn to other occupations, thereby lessening the supply of alcohol and with it the desire to drink. He married Ann Blaus Barraud in 1802 and fathered several children. He died in 1866. Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  ."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOther Information:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Additional information may be found at http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00092.frame\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Other Information:"," Additional information may be found at http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00092.frame"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames River and Kanawha Company Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["James River and Kanawha Company Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Victoria Yoder in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Victoria Yoder in 2002."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection relates to the James River Canal and Kanawha Company, which officially gained a charter in 1835. Included are a list of subscriptions sold to private individuals, a letter to the auditors office discussing current and previous subscriptions, a letter from a prospective surveyor and a list of tollage rates along the canal. Individuals mentioned are John Hartwell Cocke, and his son John Hartwell Cocke Jr.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection relates to the James River Canal and Kanawha Company, which officially gained a charter in 1835. Included are a list of subscriptions sold to private individuals, a letter to the auditors office discussing current and previous subscriptions, a letter from a prospective surveyor and a list of tollage rates along the canal. Individuals mentioned are John Hartwell Cocke, and his son John Hartwell Cocke Jr."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_coll_ssim":["James River and Kanawha Canal (Va.)","University of Virginia","Cocke, John Hartwell"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","James River \u0026 Kanawha Company","James River and Kanawha Canal (Va.)","University of Virginia","Cocke, John Hartwell, 1780-1866","Cocke, John Hartwell"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","James River \u0026 Kanawha Company","James River and Kanawha Canal (Va.)","University of Virginia"],"persname_ssim":["Cocke, John Hartwell, 1780-1866","Cocke, John Hartwell"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":6,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:33:41.809Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1256"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8889","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Marie M. and Edith W. Smith Papers","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_8889#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003ePapers, 1783-1862, of the Thomas Smith family of Powhatan County, Va., Kentucky, and Ohio. Includes typescripts of letters, 1841-1842, of James George Smith; typescript of letter, 1862, of Thomas E. Smith; constitution, 1798, of the Emigration Society; and letter, 1799, and address, n.d., of the Humane Society against slavery. The Marie M. and Edith W. Smith Papers are primarily the genealogical charts and notes used to trace ancestral lines to the twenty-five Sureties of the Magna Carta (Barons of Runnymede). The notes are almost all from printed sources. Research covers Huguenot settlers in Virginia and Quaker and Scots-Irish settlers of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The collection also includes genealogical charts and notes compiled by Marie M. Smith and Edith W. 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Smith."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":45,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:08:15.326Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8889","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8889","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8889","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8889","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_8889.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Smith, Marie M. and Edith W.","title_ssm":["Marie M. and Edith W. 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Smith."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":45,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T22:08:15.326Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_8889"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9213","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Virginia Counties Collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9213#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eArtificial collection of papers relating to various counties in the Commonwealth of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9213#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9213","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9213","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9213","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9213","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9213.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Virginia Counties Collection","title_ssm":["Virginia Counties Collection"],"title_tesim":["Virginia Counties Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1600-2000","1730-1890"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1730-1890"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1600-2000"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 39.4 V82co","/repositories/2/resources/9213"],"text":["Mss. 39.4 V82co","/repositories/2/resources/9213","Virginia Counties Collection","Accomack County (Va.)--History","Albemarle County (Va.)--History","Amelia County (Va.)--History","Amherst County (Va.)--History","Augusta County (Va.)--History","Bedford County (Va.)--History","Berkeley County (W.Va.)--History","Botetourt County (Va.)--History","Brunswick County (Va.)--History","Buckingham County (Va.)--History","Campbell County (Va.)--History","Caroline County (Va.)--History","Charles City County (Va.)--History","Charlotte County (Va.)--History","Chesterfield County (Va.)--History","Clarke County (Va.)--History","Culpeper County (Va.)--History","Cumberland County (Va.)--History","Dinwiddie County (Va.)--History","Fluvanna County (Va.)--History","Goochland County (Va.)--History","Halifax County (Va.)--History","Isle of Wight County (Va.)--History","Jefferson County (W.Va.)--History","Lancaster County (Va.)--History","Lee County (Va.)--History","Louisa County (Va.)--History","Lunenburg County (Va.)--History","Madison County (Va.)--History","Mathews County (Va.)--History","Mecklenburg County (Va.)--History","Middlesex County (Va.)--History","Montgomery County (Va.)--History","Nelson County (Va.)--History","New Kent County (Va.)--History","Norfolk County (Va.)--History","Page County (Va.)--History","Patrick County (Va.)--History","Prince George County (Va.)--History","Prince William County (Va.)--History","Princess Anne County (Va.)--History","Rappahannock County (Va.)--History","Richmond County (Va.)--History","Stafford County (Va.)--History","Virginia--Governors","Virginia--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775","Virginia--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","Virginia--Militia","Virginia--Religious history","Warwick County (Va.)--History","Washington County (Va.)--History","West Augusta County (Va.)--History","Westmoreland County (Va.)--History","Williamsburg (Va.)--Photographs","Wythe County (Va.)--History","York County (Va.)--History","Accounts","Agriculture--Virginia--History","Anti-slavery movements","Church records and registers--Virginia","College of William and Mary--History--18th century","Criss Cross House (New Kent County, Va.)","Deeds--Virginia","Dunmore County (Va.)--History--18th century","Education--Virginia--History","Elizabeth City County (Va.)--History","Episcopal Church--Virginia--History","Fairfax County (Va.)--History","Fauquier County (Va.)--History","Fayette County (W. 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