{"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans--Segregation","last":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans--Segregation\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":3,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. 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Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.","From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.","The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.","This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. 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Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrom 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3Acollection|80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Related Digital Material"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["ODU Digital Collections"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the \u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eOld Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the  Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_cc312911e0755655711aff73f46b1cbc\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation."],"names_coll_ssim":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":425,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:40:26.566Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_187.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/187","title_filing_ssi":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation","title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated","Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"text":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187","Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.","Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.","From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.","The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.","This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. 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The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrom 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3Acollection|80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Related Digital Material"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["ODU Digital Collections"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the \u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eOld Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the  Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_cc312911e0755655711aff73f46b1cbc\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation."],"names_coll_ssim":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":425,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:40:26.566Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_310","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_310#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis research collection contains photocopies of newspaper articles related to Seaview and other African American beach resorts, Seashore State Park, and Dudley Cooper, who operated both Ocean View Amusement Park and Seaview Beach and Amusement Park. Any copies made from the collection are for research purposes only.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_310#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_310","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_310","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_310","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_310","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_310.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/310","title_filing_ssi":"Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection","title_ssm":["Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection"],"title_tesim":["Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1916-2017"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1916-2017"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RC 02","/repositories/5/resources/310"],"text":["RC 02","/repositories/5/resources/310","Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection","Amusement parks--Virginia--Virginia Beach--History","Amusement parks--Virginia--Princess Anne County--History","Seaside resorts--Virginia--Virginia Beach","Seaside resorts--Virginia--Princess Anne County","African Americans--Segregation","Seashore State Park and Natural Area (Va.)","clippings (information artifacts)","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The material in the collection was collected by Sherry Dibari as part of her research into the African American resorts in Virginia Beach. Dibari then gave her research to Special Collections and University Archives in 2021.","The collection was minimally processed by Kathleen Smith, Special Collections Metadata Specialist, in August 2021.","Ocean View, Seaside, and Seaview Amusement Parks Collection (MG 31); Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records (MG 76)","This research collection contains photocopies of newspaper articles related to Seaview and other African American beach resorts, Seashore State Park, and Dudley Cooper, who operated both Ocean View Amusement Park and Seaview Beach and Amusement Park. Any copies made from the collection are for research purposes only.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","ODU Community Collections","English"],"unitid_tesim":["RC 02","/repositories/5/resources/310"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Amusement parks--Virginia--Virginia Beach--History","Amusement parks--Virginia--Princess Anne County--History","Seaside resorts--Virginia--Virginia Beach","Seaside resorts--Virginia--Princess Anne County","African Americans--Segregation","Seashore State Park and Natural Area (Va.)","clippings (information artifacts)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Amusement parks--Virginia--Virginia Beach--History","Amusement parks--Virginia--Princess Anne County--History","Seaside resorts--Virginia--Virginia Beach","Seaside resorts--Virginia--Princess Anne County","African Americans--Segregation","Seashore State Park and Natural Area (Va.)","clippings (information artifacts)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.2 Linear Feet","One half Hollinger document case boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.2 Linear Feet","One half Hollinger document case boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"date_range_isim":[1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe material in the collection was collected by Sherry Dibari as part of her research into the African American resorts in Virginia Beach. Dibari then gave her research to Special Collections and University Archives in 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["The material in the collection was collected by Sherry Dibari as part of her research into the African American resorts in Virginia Beach. Dibari then gave her research to Special Collections and University Archives in 2021."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries..\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was minimally processed by Kathleen Smith, Special Collections Metadata Specialist, in August 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The collection was minimally processed by Kathleen Smith, Special Collections Metadata Specialist, in August 2021."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOcean View, Seaside, and Seaview Amusement Parks Collection (MG 31); Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records (MG 76)\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Ocean View, Seaside, and Seaview Amusement Parks Collection (MG 31); Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records (MG 76)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis research collection contains photocopies of newspaper articles related to Seaview and other African American beach resorts, Seashore State Park, and Dudley Cooper, who operated both Ocean View Amusement Park and Seaview Beach and Amusement Park. Any copies made from the collection are for research purposes only.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This research collection contains photocopies of newspaper articles related to Seaview and other African American beach resorts, Seashore State Park, and Dudley Cooper, who operated both Ocean View Amusement Park and Seaview Beach and Amusement Park. Any copies made from the collection are for research purposes only."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:39:38.472Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_310","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_310","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_310","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_310","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_310.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/310","title_filing_ssi":"Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection","title_ssm":["Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection"],"title_tesim":["Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1916-2017"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1916-2017"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RC 02","/repositories/5/resources/310"],"text":["RC 02","/repositories/5/resources/310","Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection","Amusement parks--Virginia--Virginia Beach--History","Amusement parks--Virginia--Princess Anne County--History","Seaside resorts--Virginia--Virginia Beach","Seaside resorts--Virginia--Princess Anne County","African Americans--Segregation","Seashore State Park and Natural Area (Va.)","clippings (information artifacts)","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The material in the collection was collected by Sherry Dibari as part of her research into the African American resorts in Virginia Beach. Dibari then gave her research to Special Collections and University Archives in 2021.","The collection was minimally processed by Kathleen Smith, Special Collections Metadata Specialist, in August 2021.","Ocean View, Seaside, and Seaview Amusement Parks Collection (MG 31); Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records (MG 76)","This research collection contains photocopies of newspaper articles related to Seaview and other African American beach resorts, Seashore State Park, and Dudley Cooper, who operated both Ocean View Amusement Park and Seaview Beach and Amusement Park. Any copies made from the collection are for research purposes only.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","ODU Community Collections","English"],"unitid_tesim":["RC 02","/repositories/5/resources/310"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Amusement parks--Virginia--Virginia Beach--History","Amusement parks--Virginia--Princess Anne County--History","Seaside resorts--Virginia--Virginia Beach","Seaside resorts--Virginia--Princess Anne County","African Americans--Segregation","Seashore State Park and Natural Area (Va.)","clippings (information artifacts)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Amusement parks--Virginia--Virginia Beach--History","Amusement parks--Virginia--Princess Anne County--History","Seaside resorts--Virginia--Virginia Beach","Seaside resorts--Virginia--Princess Anne County","African Americans--Segregation","Seashore State Park and Natural Area (Va.)","clippings (information artifacts)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.2 Linear Feet","One half Hollinger document case boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.2 Linear Feet","One half Hollinger document case boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"date_range_isim":[1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe material in the collection was collected by Sherry Dibari as part of her research into the African American resorts in Virginia Beach. Dibari then gave her research to Special Collections and University Archives in 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["The material in the collection was collected by Sherry Dibari as part of her research into the African American resorts in Virginia Beach. Dibari then gave her research to Special Collections and University Archives in 2021."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries..\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was minimally processed by Kathleen Smith, Special Collections Metadata Specialist, in August 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The collection was minimally processed by Kathleen Smith, Special Collections Metadata Specialist, in August 2021."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOcean View, Seaside, and Seaview Amusement Parks Collection (MG 31); Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records (MG 76)\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Ocean View, Seaside, and Seaview Amusement Parks Collection (MG 31); Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records (MG 76)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis research collection contains photocopies of newspaper articles related to Seaview and other African American beach resorts, Seashore State Park, and Dudley Cooper, who operated both Ocean View Amusement Park and Seaview Beach and Amusement Park. Any copies made from the collection are for research purposes only.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This research collection contains photocopies of newspaper articles related to Seaview and other African American beach resorts, Seashore State Park, and Dudley Cooper, who operated both Ocean View Amusement Park and Seaview Beach and Amusement Park. Any copies made from the collection are for research purposes only."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:39:38.472Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_310"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_239","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Vivian Carter Mason Interviews","creator":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_239#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_239#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Founding member of the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation and an active participant in the Civil Rights movement. Contains transcripts and audiotapes of an interview that documents her life and the Civil Rights movement in Norfolk.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://search.arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_239#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_239","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_239","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_239","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_239","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_239.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/239","title_filing_ssi":"Mason, Vivian Carter","title_ssm":["Vivian Carter Mason Interviews"],"title_tesim":["Vivian Carter Mason Interviews"],"unitdate_ssm":["1978","Date acquired: 07/19/1982"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1978","Date acquired: 07/19/1982"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 53","/repositories/5/resources/239"],"text":["MG 53","/repositories/5/resources/239","Vivian Carter Mason Interviews","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Race relations--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Segregation","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Discrimination against African Americans","The collection is open to researchers without restrictions.","Vivian Carter Mason was born February 10, 1900. Her father was a Methodist minister and her mother a music teacher. She grew up in a mostly white neighborhood in Auburn, New York, where she experienced discrimination first hand. She was also greatly affected by the stories her father told of her grandmother's life as a slave.\nCarter Mason credits her parents with encouraging her and her siblings to work hard in school and insisting that they go on to college. She succeeded in school and graduated from the University of Chicago in 1925. After college she was a social worker in New York where she worked her way up to the position of Director of Social Services from 1940-1942.\nAfter being injured in a train wreck in 1942 she went to Norfolk, her husband's home town, to recuperate. During this time she began thinking about ways to reconcile the differences between the races. She began by calling women that she knew or were recommended to her, both black and white, who were concerned about racial injustice. These concerned women formed the Women's Council on Interracial Cooperation in 1945. This was the first group in the area to hold integrated public meetings. Mason served as the Council's first president from 1945-47.\nMason was involved in many other civil rights organizations. In 1953 she was elected the third president of the National Council of Negro Women. During her tenure as president she helped the organization devise strategies to work toward implementation of the Brown vs. Board of Education supreme court decision. In Norfolk, when schools were closed during the massive resistance she helped educate the \"Norfolk 17\" by administering the school opened for them in the First Baptist Church.\nShe became the first black woman to serve on the Norfolk city school board in 1971. She served on the school board until 1978 when she resigned to start the Urban League of Hampton Roads.\nVivian Carter Mason died on May 10, 1982 in Norfolk. She is survived by her son William T. Mason, an attorney in Norfolk.","Note written by Special Collections Staff","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Papers (MG 54)","The collection consists of cassette tapes and transcripts of four interviews with Vivian Carter Mason, one of the founders of the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation. Each interview was conducted by Zelda Silverman, and were recorded between March and October of 1978. The interviews primarily cover the early 1900s to the 1950s, and largely concern Carter Mason's family history and civil rights issues. ","The March 24, 1978 interview tape was damaged. Although it was restored, some of it is still inaudible. Topics covered in this interview include: Carter Mason's experiences trying to find employment, her home town in upstate New York, police in Norfolk in the 1940s, and taking her son to New York to go to school.","The March 29, 1978 interview includes discussion of her childhood in Auburn New York, Carter family history, slavery, civil rights issues, social work, and a train accident.","The May 8, 1978 interview includes discussion of her civil rights experiences, job discrimination, black colleges, Adam Powell, the NAACP.","The October 19, 1978 interview covers civil rights issues, Norfolk politics, the Women's Council on Interracial Cooperation, segregation, Massive Resistance in Norfolk.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Founding member of the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation and an active participant in the Civil Rights movement. Contains transcripts and audiotapes of an interview that documents her life and the Civil Rights movement in Norfolk.","ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","Powell, Adam Clayton (1908-1972)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 53","/repositories/5/resources/239"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Vivian Carter Mason Interviews"],"collection_title_tesim":["Vivian Carter Mason Interviews"],"collection_ssim":["Vivian Carter Mason Interviews"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"creator_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"creators_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. H. M. Silverman","Gift. Accession #A82-12"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Race relations--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Segregation","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Discrimination against African Americans"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Race relations--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Segregation","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Discrimination against African Americans"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.20 Linear Feet","One Hollinger document case boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.20 Linear Feet","One Hollinger document case boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1978,1982],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to researchers without restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVivian Carter Mason was born February 10, 1900. Her father was a Methodist minister and her mother a music teacher. She grew up in a mostly white neighborhood in Auburn, New York, where she experienced discrimination first hand. She was also greatly affected by the stories her father told of her grandmother's life as a slave.\nCarter Mason credits her parents with encouraging her and her siblings to work hard in school and insisting that they go on to college. She succeeded in school and graduated from the University of Chicago in 1925. After college she was a social worker in New York where she worked her way up to the position of Director of Social Services from 1940-1942.\nAfter being injured in a train wreck in 1942 she went to Norfolk, her husband's home town, to recuperate. During this time she began thinking about ways to reconcile the differences between the races. She began by calling women that she knew or were recommended to her, both black and white, who were concerned about racial injustice. These concerned women formed the Women's Council on Interracial Cooperation in 1945. This was the first group in the area to hold integrated public meetings. Mason served as the Council's first president from 1945-47.\nMason was involved in many other civil rights organizations. In 1953 she was elected the third president of the National Council of Negro Women. During her tenure as president she helped the organization devise strategies to work toward implementation of the Brown vs. Board of Education supreme court decision. In Norfolk, when schools were closed during the massive resistance she helped educate the \"Norfolk 17\" by administering the school opened for them in the First Baptist Church.\nShe became the first black woman to serve on the Norfolk city school board in 1971. She served on the school board until 1978 when she resigned to start the Urban League of Hampton Roads.\nVivian Carter Mason died on May 10, 1982 in Norfolk. She is survived by her son William T. Mason, an attorney in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Special Collections Staff\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Vivian Carter Mason was born February 10, 1900. Her father was a Methodist minister and her mother a music teacher. She grew up in a mostly white neighborhood in Auburn, New York, where she experienced discrimination first hand. She was also greatly affected by the stories her father told of her grandmother's life as a slave.\nCarter Mason credits her parents with encouraging her and her siblings to work hard in school and insisting that they go on to college. She succeeded in school and graduated from the University of Chicago in 1925. After college she was a social worker in New York where she worked her way up to the position of Director of Social Services from 1940-1942.\nAfter being injured in a train wreck in 1942 she went to Norfolk, her husband's home town, to recuperate. During this time she began thinking about ways to reconcile the differences between the races. She began by calling women that she knew or were recommended to her, both black and white, who were concerned about racial injustice. These concerned women formed the Women's Council on Interracial Cooperation in 1945. This was the first group in the area to hold integrated public meetings. Mason served as the Council's first president from 1945-47.\nMason was involved in many other civil rights organizations. In 1953 she was elected the third president of the National Council of Negro Women. During her tenure as president she helped the organization devise strategies to work toward implementation of the Brown vs. Board of Education supreme court decision. In Norfolk, when schools were closed during the massive resistance she helped educate the \"Norfolk 17\" by administering the school opened for them in the First Baptist Church.\nShe became the first black woman to serve on the Norfolk city school board in 1971. She served on the school board until 1978 when she resigned to start the Urban League of Hampton Roads.\nVivian Carter Mason died on May 10, 1982 in Norfolk. She is survived by her son William T. Mason, an attorney in Norfolk.","Note written by Special Collections Staff"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Vivian Carter Mason Interviews, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Vivian Carter Mason Interviews, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWomen's Council for Interracial Cooperation Papers (MG 54)\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Papers (MG 54)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of cassette tapes and transcripts of four interviews with Vivian Carter Mason, one of the founders of the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation. Each interview was conducted by Zelda Silverman, and were recorded between March and October of 1978. The interviews primarily cover the early 1900s to the 1950s, and largely concern Carter Mason's family history and civil rights issues. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe March 24, 1978 interview tape was damaged. Although it was restored, some of it is still inaudible. Topics covered in this interview include: Carter Mason's experiences trying to find employment, her home town in upstate New York, police in Norfolk in the 1940s, and taking her son to New York to go to school.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe March 29, 1978 interview includes discussion of her childhood in Auburn New York, Carter family history, slavery, civil rights issues, social work, and a train accident.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe May 8, 1978 interview includes discussion of her civil rights experiences, job discrimination, black colleges, Adam Powell, the NAACP.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe October 19, 1978 interview covers civil rights issues, Norfolk politics, the Women's Council on Interracial Cooperation, segregation, Massive Resistance in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of cassette tapes and transcripts of four interviews with Vivian Carter Mason, one of the founders of the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation. Each interview was conducted by Zelda Silverman, and were recorded between March and October of 1978. The interviews primarily cover the early 1900s to the 1950s, and largely concern Carter Mason's family history and civil rights issues. ","The March 24, 1978 interview tape was damaged. Although it was restored, some of it is still inaudible. Topics covered in this interview include: Carter Mason's experiences trying to find employment, her home town in upstate New York, police in Norfolk in the 1940s, and taking her son to New York to go to school.","The March 29, 1978 interview includes discussion of her childhood in Auburn New York, Carter family history, slavery, civil rights issues, social work, and a train accident.","The May 8, 1978 interview includes discussion of her civil rights experiences, job discrimination, black colleges, Adam Powell, the NAACP.","The October 19, 1978 interview covers civil rights issues, Norfolk politics, the Women's Council on Interracial Cooperation, segregation, Massive Resistance in Norfolk."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8b1ef2ba46c89d0889d1e26df27c974a\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eFounding member of the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation and an active participant in the Civil Rights movement. Contains transcripts and audiotapes of an interview that documents her life and the Civil Rights movement in Norfolk.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Founding member of the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation and an active participant in the Civil Rights movement. Contains transcripts and audiotapes of an interview that documents her life and the Civil Rights movement in Norfolk."],"names_coll_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Powell, Adam Clayton (1908-1972)","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","Powell, Adam Clayton (1908-1972)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"persname_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","Powell, Adam Clayton (1908-1972)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":7,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-04-30T21:42:11.056Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_239","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_239","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_239","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_239","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_239.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/239","title_filing_ssi":"Mason, Vivian Carter","title_ssm":["Vivian Carter Mason Interviews"],"title_tesim":["Vivian Carter Mason Interviews"],"unitdate_ssm":["1978","Date acquired: 07/19/1982"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1978","Date acquired: 07/19/1982"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 53","/repositories/5/resources/239"],"text":["MG 53","/repositories/5/resources/239","Vivian Carter Mason Interviews","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Race relations--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Segregation","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Discrimination against African Americans","The collection is open to researchers without restrictions.","Vivian Carter Mason was born February 10, 1900. Her father was a Methodist minister and her mother a music teacher. She grew up in a mostly white neighborhood in Auburn, New York, where she experienced discrimination first hand. She was also greatly affected by the stories her father told of her grandmother's life as a slave.\nCarter Mason credits her parents with encouraging her and her siblings to work hard in school and insisting that they go on to college. She succeeded in school and graduated from the University of Chicago in 1925. After college she was a social worker in New York where she worked her way up to the position of Director of Social Services from 1940-1942.\nAfter being injured in a train wreck in 1942 she went to Norfolk, her husband's home town, to recuperate. During this time she began thinking about ways to reconcile the differences between the races. She began by calling women that she knew or were recommended to her, both black and white, who were concerned about racial injustice. These concerned women formed the Women's Council on Interracial Cooperation in 1945. This was the first group in the area to hold integrated public meetings. Mason served as the Council's first president from 1945-47.\nMason was involved in many other civil rights organizations. In 1953 she was elected the third president of the National Council of Negro Women. During her tenure as president she helped the organization devise strategies to work toward implementation of the Brown vs. Board of Education supreme court decision. In Norfolk, when schools were closed during the massive resistance she helped educate the \"Norfolk 17\" by administering the school opened for them in the First Baptist Church.\nShe became the first black woman to serve on the Norfolk city school board in 1971. She served on the school board until 1978 when she resigned to start the Urban League of Hampton Roads.\nVivian Carter Mason died on May 10, 1982 in Norfolk. She is survived by her son William T. Mason, an attorney in Norfolk.","Note written by Special Collections Staff","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Papers (MG 54)","The collection consists of cassette tapes and transcripts of four interviews with Vivian Carter Mason, one of the founders of the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation. Each interview was conducted by Zelda Silverman, and were recorded between March and October of 1978. The interviews primarily cover the early 1900s to the 1950s, and largely concern Carter Mason's family history and civil rights issues. ","The March 24, 1978 interview tape was damaged. Although it was restored, some of it is still inaudible. Topics covered in this interview include: Carter Mason's experiences trying to find employment, her home town in upstate New York, police in Norfolk in the 1940s, and taking her son to New York to go to school.","The March 29, 1978 interview includes discussion of her childhood in Auburn New York, Carter family history, slavery, civil rights issues, social work, and a train accident.","The May 8, 1978 interview includes discussion of her civil rights experiences, job discrimination, black colleges, Adam Powell, the NAACP.","The October 19, 1978 interview covers civil rights issues, Norfolk politics, the Women's Council on Interracial Cooperation, segregation, Massive Resistance in Norfolk.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Founding member of the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation and an active participant in the Civil Rights movement. Contains transcripts and audiotapes of an interview that documents her life and the Civil Rights movement in Norfolk.","ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","Powell, Adam Clayton (1908-1972)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 53","/repositories/5/resources/239"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Vivian Carter Mason Interviews"],"collection_title_tesim":["Vivian Carter Mason Interviews"],"collection_ssim":["Vivian Carter Mason Interviews"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"creator_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"creators_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. H. 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Accession #A82-12"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Race relations--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Segregation","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Discrimination against African Americans"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Race relations--History--20th century","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Segregation","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Discrimination against African Americans"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.20 Linear Feet","One Hollinger document case boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.20 Linear Feet","One Hollinger document case boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1978,1982],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to researchers without restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVivian Carter Mason was born February 10, 1900. Her father was a Methodist minister and her mother a music teacher. She grew up in a mostly white neighborhood in Auburn, New York, where she experienced discrimination first hand. She was also greatly affected by the stories her father told of her grandmother's life as a slave.\nCarter Mason credits her parents with encouraging her and her siblings to work hard in school and insisting that they go on to college. She succeeded in school and graduated from the University of Chicago in 1925. After college she was a social worker in New York where she worked her way up to the position of Director of Social Services from 1940-1942.\nAfter being injured in a train wreck in 1942 she went to Norfolk, her husband's home town, to recuperate. During this time she began thinking about ways to reconcile the differences between the races. She began by calling women that she knew or were recommended to her, both black and white, who were concerned about racial injustice. These concerned women formed the Women's Council on Interracial Cooperation in 1945. This was the first group in the area to hold integrated public meetings. Mason served as the Council's first president from 1945-47.\nMason was involved in many other civil rights organizations. In 1953 she was elected the third president of the National Council of Negro Women. During her tenure as president she helped the organization devise strategies to work toward implementation of the Brown vs. Board of Education supreme court decision. In Norfolk, when schools were closed during the massive resistance she helped educate the \"Norfolk 17\" by administering the school opened for them in the First Baptist Church.\nShe became the first black woman to serve on the Norfolk city school board in 1971. She served on the school board until 1978 when she resigned to start the Urban League of Hampton Roads.\nVivian Carter Mason died on May 10, 1982 in Norfolk. She is survived by her son William T. Mason, an attorney in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Special Collections Staff\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Vivian Carter Mason was born February 10, 1900. Her father was a Methodist minister and her mother a music teacher. She grew up in a mostly white neighborhood in Auburn, New York, where she experienced discrimination first hand. She was also greatly affected by the stories her father told of her grandmother's life as a slave.\nCarter Mason credits her parents with encouraging her and her siblings to work hard in school and insisting that they go on to college. She succeeded in school and graduated from the University of Chicago in 1925. After college she was a social worker in New York where she worked her way up to the position of Director of Social Services from 1940-1942.\nAfter being injured in a train wreck in 1942 she went to Norfolk, her husband's home town, to recuperate. During this time she began thinking about ways to reconcile the differences between the races. She began by calling women that she knew or were recommended to her, both black and white, who were concerned about racial injustice. These concerned women formed the Women's Council on Interracial Cooperation in 1945. This was the first group in the area to hold integrated public meetings. Mason served as the Council's first president from 1945-47.\nMason was involved in many other civil rights organizations. In 1953 she was elected the third president of the National Council of Negro Women. During her tenure as president she helped the organization devise strategies to work toward implementation of the Brown vs. Board of Education supreme court decision. In Norfolk, when schools were closed during the massive resistance she helped educate the \"Norfolk 17\" by administering the school opened for them in the First Baptist Church.\nShe became the first black woman to serve on the Norfolk city school board in 1971. She served on the school board until 1978 when she resigned to start the Urban League of Hampton Roads.\nVivian Carter Mason died on May 10, 1982 in Norfolk. She is survived by her son William T. Mason, an attorney in Norfolk.","Note written by Special Collections Staff"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Vivian Carter Mason Interviews, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Vivian Carter Mason Interviews, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWomen's Council for Interracial Cooperation Papers (MG 54)\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Papers (MG 54)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of cassette tapes and transcripts of four interviews with Vivian Carter Mason, one of the founders of the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation. Each interview was conducted by Zelda Silverman, and were recorded between March and October of 1978. The interviews primarily cover the early 1900s to the 1950s, and largely concern Carter Mason's family history and civil rights issues. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe March 24, 1978 interview tape was damaged. Although it was restored, some of it is still inaudible. Topics covered in this interview include: Carter Mason's experiences trying to find employment, her home town in upstate New York, police in Norfolk in the 1940s, and taking her son to New York to go to school.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe March 29, 1978 interview includes discussion of her childhood in Auburn New York, Carter family history, slavery, civil rights issues, social work, and a train accident.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe May 8, 1978 interview includes discussion of her civil rights experiences, job discrimination, black colleges, Adam Powell, the NAACP.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe October 19, 1978 interview covers civil rights issues, Norfolk politics, the Women's Council on Interracial Cooperation, segregation, Massive Resistance in Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of cassette tapes and transcripts of four interviews with Vivian Carter Mason, one of the founders of the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation. Each interview was conducted by Zelda Silverman, and were recorded between March and October of 1978. The interviews primarily cover the early 1900s to the 1950s, and largely concern Carter Mason's family history and civil rights issues. ","The March 24, 1978 interview tape was damaged. Although it was restored, some of it is still inaudible. Topics covered in this interview include: Carter Mason's experiences trying to find employment, her home town in upstate New York, police in Norfolk in the 1940s, and taking her son to New York to go to school.","The March 29, 1978 interview includes discussion of her childhood in Auburn New York, Carter family history, slavery, civil rights issues, social work, and a train accident.","The May 8, 1978 interview includes discussion of her civil rights experiences, job discrimination, black colleges, Adam Powell, the NAACP.","The October 19, 1978 interview covers civil rights issues, Norfolk politics, the Women's Council on Interracial Cooperation, segregation, Massive Resistance in Norfolk."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8b1ef2ba46c89d0889d1e26df27c974a\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eFounding member of the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation and an active participant in the Civil Rights movement. Contains transcripts and audiotapes of an interview that documents her life and the Civil Rights movement in Norfolk.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Founding member of the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation and an active participant in the Civil Rights movement. Contains transcripts and audiotapes of an interview that documents her life and the Civil Rights movement in Norfolk."],"names_coll_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Powell, Adam Clayton (1908-1972)","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","Powell, Adam Clayton (1908-1972)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"persname_ssim":["Mason, Vivian Carter (1900-1982)","Powell, Adam Clayton (1908-1972)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content 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